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Julian Schnabel (born October 26, 1951) is an American painter and filmmaker. In the 1980s, he received international attention for his "plate paintings" — with broken ceramic plates set onto large-scale paintings. Since the 1990s, he has been a proponent of independent arthouse cinema. Schnabel directed Before Night Falls, which became Javier Bardem's breakthrough Academy Award-nominated role, and The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, which was nominated for four Academy Awards. For the latter, he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director and the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, as well as receiving nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director and the César Award for Best Director.
Biography
Early life and education
Schnabel was born in Brooklyn, New York to a Jewish family, the son of Esta (née Greenberg) and Jack Schnabel. He moved with his family to Brownsville, Texas in 1965. He received his B.F.A. at the University of Houston. After graduating, he sent an application to the Independent Study Program (ISP) at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. His application included slides of his work sandwiched between two pieces of bread. He was admitted into the program and studied there from 1973 to 1975.
In 1975, Schnabel visited Galveston and was introduced to the artist Joseph Glasco who had his home and studio in Galveston at that time. Schnabel and Glasco became close friends and shared many similar interests in the arts. Later in their relationship, Schnabel influenced Glasco to set up his studio in New York, and in the late 1980s introduced Glasco to Leslie Waddington of Waddington Galleries, London where he had an exhibition.
Art career
Schnabel returned to Houston in 1975 and rented a studio in the Heights neighborhood. Jim Harithas, director of the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, agreed to give him a show after Schnabel reportedly badgered him repeatedly. The eponymously titled exhibit ran from February 20 to March 7, 1976, in the parallelogram building's lower gallery.
On seeing the show, ARTnews critic Charlotte Moser wrote, "Though still formative, Schnabel's paintings possess a palpable presence," but found the work "clearly influenced by post-minimalist artists whose intellectual ideas he might share but whose technical expertise and clarity of vision he has yet to acquire."
It was with his first solo show, at the Mary Boone Gallery in 1979 that Schnabel had his breakthrough; all his works were sold in advance. He participated at the Venice Biennale in 1980 with Anselm Kiefer and Georg Baselitz. By the time he exhibited his work in a show jointly organized by Boone and Leo Castelli in 1981, he had become firmly established and was the youngest artist in the legendary exhibition 'A New Spirit in Painting' in the Royal Academy of Arts. His now famous "plate paintings" — large-scale paintings set on broken ceramic plates—received a boisterous and critical reception from the art world. In 1984, he surprised the art community by moving from working with Mary Boone to exhibit at the Pace Gallery.
His wild and expressive works were classed as neo-expressionism by art critics. In the years to follow Schnabel's success on the art market would above all be criticised.
Schnabel's style is characterised by very large scale paintings. He uses diverse materials such as plaster, wax, photographs, antlers, velvet and ceramics. His paintings make use of canvas, wood, muslin and even surfboards. His paintings often combine abstract and figurative elements. Due to the size, weight, and depth of his works, they are often given sculptural properties.
In 2002, Schnabel painted the cover artwork for the Red Hot Chili Peppers' eighth studio album, By the Way. The woman featured on the cover of By the Way is Julian's daughter, Stella Schnabel, who was band member John Frusciante's then-girlfriend.[59] Regarding the artwork, Frusciante noted: "My girlfriend's father offered to do the album art, so we sent him rough mixes of eight songs, and he just got the vibe of the album from that. He said that he wouldn't be offended if we didn't like it, but we loved what he did. He's also given us great covers for all the singles. He's a true artist."
Schnabel had an exhibition at the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto, which ran from September 1, 2010 to January 2, 2011 and occupied the entirety of the gallery's fifth floor. It examined "the rich interplay between Schnabel's paintings and films". In 2011 Museo Correr exhibited Julian Schnabel: Permanently Becoming and the Architecture of Seeing, a selected survey show of Schnabel's career curated by Norman Rosenthal.
Art critic Robert Hughes was one of the most outspoken critics of his work; he once stated that "Schnabel's work is to painting what Stallone's is to acting: a lurching display of oily pectorals." In the 2017 Swedish film The Square, set in a museum of modern art, Dominic West plays a character modeled on Schnabel.
Film career
Schnabel began his film career in the 1990s with the film Basquiat, a biopic on the painter Jean-Michel Basquiat (1996), followed by Before Night Falls (2000), an adaptation of Reinaldo Arenas' autobiographical novel, which he also produced, and which won the Grand Jury Prize at the Venice Film Festival. He directed The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007), an adaptation (with a screenplay by Ronald Harwood) of a French memoir by Jean-Dominique Bauby. The Diving Bell and the Butterfly earned him the award for best director at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, the Golden Globe for best director, the Independent Spirit Award for best director, and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director.
Despite the fact that producing The Diving Bell and the Butterfly might seem like a commission to do someone else's work, Schnabel took on the film. According to Schnabel,
In 2007, Schnabel designed Lou Reed's critically acclaimed "Berlin" Tour and released Lou Reed's Berlin. In 2010, Schnabel then directed the film Miral. In May 2017, Schnabel announced plans for a film about the painter Vincent van Gogh during his time in Arles and Auvers-sur-Oise, France. The film At Eternity's Gate was released in 2018 and the script was written by Schnabel, French screenwriter Jean-Claude Carrière, and Louise Kugelberg. The film stars Willem Dafoe as Van Gogh. Other actors include Mathieu Amalric, Mads Mikkelsen, Niels Arestrup, Oscar Isaac as Paul Gauguin and Emmanuelle Seigner as "the woman from Arles" or L'Arlésienne.
In September 2023, Schnabel announced plans to direct an adaptation of In the Hand of Dante, based on the book by Nick Tosches. The movie will shoot October 2023 and is set to star Oscar Isaac.
Writing and recording
Schnabel published his autobiography, CVJ: Nicknames of Maitre D's & Other Excerpts From Life (Random House, New York), in 1987 and released the album Every Silver Lining Has a Cloud on Island Records (Catalog #314-524 111-2) in 1995.
Recorded in Brooklyn, New York, in 1993, the album features guest musicians including Bill Laswell, Bernie Worrell, Buckethead, and Nicky Skopelitis.
Personal life
In 1980, he married Belgian clothing designer Jacqueline Beaurang. They have three children: two daughters – Lola, a painter and filmmaker; and Stella, a poet and actress – and a son, Vito, an art dealer.
He has twin sons, Cy and Olmo, with his second wife, Spanish actress Olatz López Garmendia.
His collaboration with Palestinian journalist Rula Jebreal, who penned the screenplay and original source novel for Schnabel's film Miral, extended beyond the movie. Schnabel was in a relationship with her from 2007 to 2011.
Schnabel dated Danish model May Andersen, from whom he parted ways in 2014. They have a son, who was born in June 2013.
Schnabel lives in New York City with his current wife Louise Kugelberg, a Swedish interior designer. She is also the co-editor and co-writer of At Eternity's Gate. Schnabel maintains studios in New York City and in Montauk at the east end of Long Island. Schnabel resides in a former West Village horse stable that he purchased and converted for residential use, adding five luxury condominiums in the style of a Northern Italian palazzo. It is named the Palazzo Chupi, and it is easy to spot because it is painted pink.
In 2009, Schnabel signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.
Museum exhibitions
His works are exhibited in the collections of various museums throughout the world, among them the Metropolitan Museum of Art; Museum of Modern Art in New York; the Whitney Museum of American Art; the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Reina Sofia in Madrid; Tate Modern in London and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
Filmography
Awards
2019 Paez Medal of Art, New York City (VAEA).
See also
Bruno Bischofberger
List of artists who created paintings and drawings for use in films
References
External links
1951 births
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
20th-century American Jews
American male painters
Best Director Golden Globe winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director winners
Fantasy film directors
Film directors from New York City
Film directors from Texas
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
Independent Spirit Award for Best Director winners
Living people
Filmmakers from Brooklyn
Artists from Brooklyn
People from Brownsville, Texas
Saint Joseph Academy (Brownsville, Texas) alumni
University of Houston alumni
Neo-expressionist artists
21st-century American Jews
20th-century American male artists |
"Fable" is a song by Italian musician Robert Miles, released in May 1996 as the second single from his debut album, Dreamland (1996). The song features uncredited vocals from Fiorella Quinn. Like "Children", the single received universal acclaim. It was a hit in several countries, reaching number one in Italy and entering the top 10 in Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and UK. In 1997, the song charted on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, on which it peaked at number one for one week.
Critical reception
AllMusic editor Jose F. Promis wrote that the song "continues with the same formula he utilized in "Children", this time using ethereal female chant-like vocals (also included is an instrumental version of "Fable")." Larry Flick from Billboard noted that "on this third instrumental epic from the highly influential album "Dreamland" Miles continues to blend racing dance beats with new-age sweetened keyboards with a flair that is difficult to fully duplicate or describe. You simply have to let the melody wash over your senses, while the groove inspires your body to move." A reviewer from Music Week rated the song three out of five. The magazine's Alan Jones added, "Robert Miles follows his platinum single Children with Fable, another enchanting instrumental outing. It's a tad too similar, with the same throbbing NRGetic underpinning and lush strings with only the slight overlaid melody to distinguish it. Pleasant, easy listening and a hit—but don't expect it to come near Children in the popularity stakes."
Music video
The accompanying music video for "Fable" was directed by Maria Mochnacz. In it, Robert Miles falls asleep on his sofa, in front of the television. On the wall behind him, three girls are performing a choreography of synchronized swimming.
Track listings
CD single
Belgium
"Fable" (radio edit) – 3:50
"Fable" (message radio edit) – 4:00
France
"Fable" (message radio edit) – 4:08
"Fable" (radio edit) – 3:52
CD maxi
France
"Fable" (message radio edit) – 4:08
"Fable" (radio edit) – 3:52
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (extended message version) – 7:43
"Fable" (club mix) – 6:22
"Fable" (wake edit) – 4:42
"Fable" (psycho version) – 4:30
Germany
"Fable" (radio edit) – 3:50
"Fable" (message radio edit) – 4:00
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (club mix) – 6:23
"Fable" (extended message version) – 7:43
"Fable" (psycho version - NRG mix) – 4:28
"Fable" (wake edit) – 4:44
Italy
"Fable" (radio edit) – 3:56
"Fable" (message radio edit) – 4:11
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (message version) – 7:44
"Fable" (club version) – 6:22
"Fable" (wake-up version) – 4:44
"Fable" (psycho version) – 4:30
Netherlands
"Fable" (radio edit) – 3:56
"Fable" (message radio) – 4:11
"Fable" (wake up version) – 4:30
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
UK
"Fable" (radio edit) – 3:50
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (message radio edit) – 4:00
"Fable" (message version) – 7:30
"Fable" (club mix) – 6:15
"Fable" (wake up version) – 4:30
"Fable" (psycho version) – 4:20
12" maxi
Belgium
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (wake up version) – 4:30
"Fable" (message version) – 7:30
"Fable" (NRG mix) – 4:20
France
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (wake up) – 4:44
"Fable" (message version) – 7:43
"Fable" (psycho version) – 4:28
Germany
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (club version) – 6:23
"Fable" (message version) – 7:43
"Fable" (psycho version - NRG mix) – 4:28
"Fable" (wake up) – 4:44
Italy
"Fable" (message version) – 7:43
"Fable" (psycho version - NRG mix) – 4:28
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (wake-up version) – 4:44
UK
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (wake up version) – 4:30
"Fable" (extended message version) – 7:43
"Fable" (club mix) – 6:15
Double 12"
France
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (extended message version) – 7:43
"Fable" (wake up) – 4:42
"Fable" (psycho version) – 4:30
"Fable" (club mix) – 6:22
Germany
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (club mix) – 6:23
"Fable" (extended message version) – 7:43
"Fable" (psycho version - NRG mix) – 4:28
"Fable" (wake up) – 4:44
Italy
"Fable" (extended version) – 7:12
"Fable" (extended message version) – 7:43
"Wake Up" – 4:44
"Fable" (psycho version - NRG mix) – 4:28
"Fable" (club mix) – 6:23
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
1990s instrumentals
1996 singles
1996 songs
Arista Records singles
Deconstruction Records singles
Electronic songs
Robert Miles songs
Number-one singles in Italy
Songs written by Robert Miles |
Face to Face was a Sunday morning political talk program. It first ran on Network Ten in August 1988 and was hosted by the then Political Editor Kerry O'Brien and produced by Chris Doig. The program was originally broadcast from the studios of CTC Canberra, ATV Melbourne and TEN Sydney – each with identical sets. Network Ten cancelled the program in 1989.
From 19 November 1995 and in 1999 Face to Face became a segment of Sunday Sunrise on the Seven Network.
In November 1995 assumed a format closer to its origins as a small-budget national political interview show, which featured an interview with a guest about the week's most important national issue. It aired late Sunday night (following the Sunday night movie) hosted by Neil Mercer.
In October 1996, the show moved to Sunday mornings and began screening live at , up against Network Ten's Meet the Press and the second half of Nine Network's Business Sunday. Guests were interviewed live in the studio, instead of pre-recording.
In 1997, Stan Grant became the host until mid year when Chris Bath took over. In 1998, Bath moved to Witness and Glenn Milne took over.
In 1999 it became a segment of Sunday Sunrise and ceased to be a stand-alone programme. During that year the segments changed from being live with Glenn Milne (flown to Sydney each every Sunday) to being a Friday night pre-record by Stan Grant.
References
Australian television news shows
Australian television talk shows
1995 Australian television series debuts
1998 Australian television series endings |
Mahmoud Mabsout (), also known by the character Fehmen () (1941 – 25 July 2011) was a Lebanese actor.
Biography
Mahmoud was born in 1941 in Tripoli, North Lebanon. He was not good at school, as he said in an interview. He failed first grade six times, and when he was 12 years old, the principal of his school told his father "your son is not good for school." Meanwhile, Mahmoud spent his time acting sketches that he invented with his friends.
Mahmoud formed with his friends the "Drabzin Agha" troupe, and made some sketches that made it to festival of the «Ecole des Freres» (school). His father didn't want him to act, and was reported to beat Mahmoud in order to stop him from acting. The father locked his son to prohibit him from going out because acting was a «forbidden art» in his point of view. Mahmoud escaped using a rope tied to the balcony.
At the age of sixteen, his father sent him to Africa to work with his brothers. He worked with them during the day, but spent nights playing the «Tarneeb» card game. During one of those games, he met a man named "Asmarani", who was influential in the Arab community in Ghana. "Asmarani" supported him as he formed a troupe with a group of amateurs which he met in nightclubs. They presented plays at homes of Lebanese people around the country. Mahmoud again was beaten, this time by his two brothers. They also imprisoned him at home, but the «Asmarani» intervened and asked and threatened them, not to block the rising artist's carrier. His brothers sent him back to Lebanon.
In Lebanon, he joined the comedy troupe of "Abou Salim", led by Salah Tizani, who is also from Tripoli. The troupe worked at "Channel 7" of Tele Liban, performing "live" sketches, after only a few months from its opening, marking the golden era of Tele-Liban. In 1962, they created the "Abou Salim el Tabel" troupe on which Mahmoud assumed the recurring character of Fehmen.
Filmography
Beside his work in Tele-Liban, Mahmoud Starred in around 25 plays and 33 Films. He worked with many directors such as Muhammad Salman, Samir El Ghosayni, Ziad Doueiry, Atef Al Tayeb, Hani Tamba, Philip Aractanji, Samir Habchi, Borhane Alaouié.
Quotes
- Life's a joke. It's true it may be heavy sometimes, but still there is always a chance to rejoice with no cost.
References
Lebanese actors
1941 births
2011 deaths |
Dixmude or Diksmuide, Belgian city.
Dixmude may also refer to:
Alphonse Jacques de Dixmude
French ship Dixmude, three units of the French Navy have been named after the Battle of the Yser
Dixmude (airship) in French service, previously known as Zeppelin LZ 114 |
The Pacific Seacraft 40 is a bluewater cruising yacht produced since 1996 by Pacific Seacraft of Washington, North Carolina. Although of GRP construction, the yacht is traditionally built with a cutter rig, skeg-hung rudder, canoe stern and semi-long keel. The yacht is a cruising design, with a high displacement and the characteristic 'canoe' stern of Bill Crealock.
See also
Pacific Seacraft 37
Pacific Seacraft 44
External links
Pacific Seacraft
The Pacific Seacraft 40
data and overview on sailboat.guide
Sailing yachts
Boats designed by W. I. B. Crealock
1990s sailboat type designs
Sailboat types built by Pacific Seacraft |
Everest Ascent is a text and graphics adventure game for the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 computers. It was published by Richard Shepherd Software in 1984. The goal is to reach the top of Mount Everest in 20 days. Players must allocate their limited funds to keep their sherpas well fed and supplied in order to reach the summit.
References
External links
1983 video games
Adventure games
Commodore 64 games
Mount Everest in fiction
Richard Shepherd Software games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games |
Casamancian Autonomous Movement (in French: Mouvement Autonome Casamançais) was a political party in Casamance, southern Senegal. MAC was led by Assane Seck.
MAC was initially linked to French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), but later merged with the Senegalese Popular Bloc.
Casamance
Defunct political parties in Senegal
Socialist parties in Senegal |
"Holding On" is a song by British electronic music duo Disclosure. It features by vocals from Gregory Porter. It was released worldwide on 26 May 2015 as the lead single from the duo's second studio album, Caracal. The track premiered on 26 May 2015 as BBC Radio 1 DJ Annie Mac's Hottest Record in the World. The track was written by Howard Lawrence, Porter and Jimmy Napes. The track peaked at number 13 in the UK iTunes chart but only managed to reach number 46 in the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing
Digital download
"Holding On" (featuring Gregory Porter) – 5:15
Digital download – The Remixes and 12" remix EP
"Holding On" (Julio Bashmore Elevated mix) – 6:33
"Holding On" (Pomo remix) – 3:28
"Holding On" (Melé remix) – 4:54
"Holding On" (Armand Van Helden dub mix) – 4:58
"Holding On" (Gus Pirelli VIP 7" disco mix) – 3:12
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
See also
List of number-one dance singles of 2015 (U.S.)
References
Disclosure (band) songs
2015 singles
2015 songs
Island Records singles
Songs written by Jimmy Napes
Songs written by Guy Lawrence
Songs written by Howard Lawrence |
Bruce Ogilvie (April 4, 1953– April 13, 2009) was an American off-road motorcycle racer. He was a top American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) District 37 desert racer, winner of multiple Baja 500 and Baja 1000 races, and a long-time manager of American Honda’s off-road race team. Ogilvie was posthumously inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2010.
Background
Born April 4, 1953, in Riverside, California, to Donald (Don) and Charlene Ogilvie, Bruce Ogilvie's amateur career led him to become one of the greatest desert racers ever to spring from AMA District 37 in Southern California.
Racing career
His Baja victories span over four decades. The first was a Baja 500 win in 1975, with another win in the 1000 later that year. He also competed in enduro events, winning a gold medal at the 1981 International Six Days Enduro. The International Six Day Trials, a form of off-road motorcycle Olympics, is the oldest annual competition sanctioned by the FIM dating back to 1913.
Ogilvie was the only man in history to win the Baja 1000 overall in four different decades, and he posted his last overall win in 2003 at the age of 51. He died on April 13, 2009, after a two-year battle with cancer.
Ogilvie was employed by American Honda beginning in 1984 where he served in many capacities over the years including, being in charge of Honda's off-road activities with motorcycle and ATV racing. Ogilvie was the lead developer of Honda CRF off-road race motorcycles. Prior to his death, he was the Senior Test Evaluator for Honda's Product Evaluation department.
References
External links
1953 births
2009 deaths
American motorcycle racers
Off-road motorcycle racers
Enduro riders
Sportspeople from Riverside, California
Deaths from cancer in California |
Joint monarchy may refer to:
Coregency, two monarchs in one state
Personal union, one monarch in two states
Condominium (international law), two states sharing sovereignty over one territory |
Daisy Lee Bitter (born 1928) is an American science educator. She was named to the Alaska Women's Hall of Fame in 2015.
She was born Daisy Lee Andersen in Fresno County, California. Bitter was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the age of eighteen but chose to tell only her family and close friends. She received a BA from California State University, Fresno in 1948 and began teaching in California. She married Conrad Bitter in 1954 and the couple moved to Alaska. There, she later earned a MA in Education from Alaska Methodist University. Bitter taught at various schools in the Anchorage area, eventually becoming principal. In 1967, she was named Teacher of the Year for the Anchorage School District. She later served as director for the Native Education Program in Alaska. She retired from teaching in 1983. The family then settled in Homer, where she taught teachers on a volunteer basis. Her husband died in 1999.
She has served on the advisory board for the Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies and helped establish the Kachemak Heritage Land Trust. She hosted a local weekly radio program "Kachemak Currents" and two television series: Alaska Ecology and
First Alaskans. She also served two terms on the Alaska State Curriculum Committee.
Bitter has received the Eight Stars of Gold Citizenship Award from the governor of Alaska. In 1983 and 1989, she was honored by the Alaska state legislature for her volunteer activities. She received the Jerry Dixon Award for Excellence in Environmental Education from the Alaska Conservation Foundation in 2011. A chapter about Bitter appeared in the book We Alaskans, published in 2002.
References
1928 births
Living people
Educators from Alaska
American women educators
California State University, Fresno alumni
Alaska Pacific University alumni
21st-century American women |
Anthony Peter Anglesea (born 30 October 1971 in Blackrod, Lancashire, England) was a rugby union rugby player, who played back row for the Sale Sharks. Highly regarded by Sale when forced to retire through injury in 2006, he first took a role with the Academy at Sale and is now part of the coaching set up with the first team.
In 2003 he played for England against the Barbarians at Twickenham and also captained the England A Churchill Cup team on tour to Canada and Japan. Anglesea was called up to the senior England squad for the 2002 tour of Argentina.
Anglesea's club highlight is probably his Man of the Match performance in Sale's Parker Pen European Shield final win over Pontypridd in 2002. He was selected as club captain for the 2003-04 season and was a member of Sale's Guinness Premiership winning squad in 2005-06.
In December 2010, Anglesea took over as head coach for the remainder of the 2010/11 season. The previous coach, Mike Brewer, was sacked after Sale won just three of their first nine games of the season.
Notes
1971 births
Living people
Orrell R.U.F.C. players
People from Blackrod
Rugby union players from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
Sale Sharks players |
The Moscow City Telephone Network (MCTN; ) is a publicly held utility providing local telephone service to over 4,000,000 subscribers in the city of Moscow, Russia. Its Latin acronym is MGTS.
History
Founded in 1882, the Bell Telephone Company built a manually operated exchange with a capacity of 800 numbers and 26 households signed up. In two years the roll had increased to 3,000. In 1891, the Swedish-Danish-Russian Joint Stock Company signed a contract to provide service to Moscow for 18 years. In 1994 the Moscow City Telephone Network was structured into a joint stock company. A majority stake is held by Mobile TeleSystems.
In November 2013 it was reported that the company chose four suppliers of main and distribution of fiber optic cables for the development of optical fiber cables network until 2016 volume of purchases made more than 1 billion rubles. Earlier that month the company announced rebranding and new positioning of the company as a multi-service operator, to create a single digital platform of Moscow. In 2014, the operator will complete the construction of a dagital technology platform based on fiber networks to buildings (FTTx) and will provide all users access to a package of services, including broadband Internet access (broadband), digital TV, and telephony. By late 2013 The company has built about 25 thousand kilometers connecting 650,000 households in Moscow.
In January 2014 it was reported that the Moscow Government plans to revoke MGTS monopoly on public telephones, which the company had since 1994, and to select a new operator that will add completely new device features, such as parking fees payment option.
In May 2021 MTS President Vyacheslav Nikolaev announced MGTS slit-off, as well as other telecom, IT, and cloud-focused companies to MTS Web Services legal entity by the end of the year 2021.
In August 2021 Albert Gilmanov, MGTS ex-COO and member of the board of directors, was appointed MGTS CEO with a three-year contract in place of Vladislav Medvedev, who previously headed MGTS from November 2019 and will continue his MGTS challenge as CTO.
References
External links
mgts.ruthe official site
Financial information
Telecommunications companies of Russia
Companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Moscow
Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange
Sistema |
Aspen Hall, also known as the Edward Beeson House, was built beginning in 1771 as a stone house in the Georgian style in what would become Martinsburg, West Virginia. The first portion of the house was a 20 by 20 foot "fortified stone home", 2½ stories tall., in coursed rubble limestone built in 1745 by Edward Beeson I. It is the oldest house in Martinsburg.
The Georgian block of the house was built by Edward Beeson II, a wealthy Quaker farmer and miller. Beeson died in 1817 and the house was sold to Mathew Ranson of Jefferson County in 1821, who then sold it to Union Colonel John W. Stewart in 1850. The house remained in the Stewart family until 1926.
Aspen Hall is notable for its outstanding entrance hall, measuring wide and deep. The original interior was laid out in a side hall arrangement, two rooms deep. The principal interior rooms are paneled. About 1900 the house was altered to make what had been the rear entrance the front, and Victorian details were added.
The property includes the blockhouse of Mendenhall's Fort, built about 1755 by John Mendenhall, brother of Edward Beeson I's widow. There was a wooden stockade that extended from the blockhouse to surround Mendenhall's and Beeson's homes. Mendenhall's home was also built in 1755, making it the second oldest house in Martinsburg. The fort was built to defend the area against Native American attack during the French and Indian War. The fortification was noted by George Washington in a communication to Colonel William Fairfax in 1757. Col. Washington garrisoned troops at Mendenhall's several times. House of Burgesses candidate Washington attended a wedding at "Mendenhall's Mill" in 1761.
The property was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and is included in the Boyd Avenue Historic District.
Notes
External links
SAH Archipedia Building Entry
Bed and breakfasts in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Martinsburg, West Virginia
Colonial architecture in West Virginia
French and Indian War forts
Georgian architecture in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1776
Houses in Berkeley County, West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Martinsburg, West Virginia
Stone houses in West Virginia
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in West Virginia
Quakerism in West Virginia |
Joakim Jan Aril "Jack" Berntsen (14 October 1940 – 5 October 2010) was a Norwegian philologist, songwriter and folk singer.
He was born in Kjøpsvik, Tysfjord. He grew up in Hamarøy, and resided in Svolvær from 1968.
Berntsen founded the Svolvær folk song club Lovisa in 1968, and the Hamarøy music festival Troilltampen in 1973. Among his best known songs is the protest song "Kor e hammaren, Edvard" from 1974, with text by Jahn Arill Skogholt, on the population decline of Northern Norway. His first album was Det e håp i hænganes snøre from 1978. The album contained sixteen songs, some of which had political texts. The album Ongan i Lofoten from 1982 contained songs for children, and was a cooperation with the Cirani orchestra. His album I ly av Lofotveggen from 1984 contained self-written material, and also songs based on Petter Dass' poems "En smuk Aftensang" and "Den nordlandske torsk". In 1986 he issued an album with texts for children, Lilla Bolla Bølla og andre boller. He published the single "Bussjåfør"/"Svolværgeita" in 1986. Among his other songs are "Moltebærvisa" and "Badestrandsballade for korpulente". He published several songbooks. Det e lys lenger frem was issued in 1976, and Sol bakom skyan was published in 1979. In 1981 he published Ongan i Lofoten, in 1986 came the songbook Lille Bolla Bølla, and his book Sanga i søkk og kav was published in 1995.
He was awarded the prize Sølvharpa in 1975 by Dag og Tid, the county Nordland's cultural prize in 1981, the Elias Blix Prize in 1982, and the Prøysen Prize in 1985. A statue of Berntsen is placed in Svolvær. In 2000, a cultural prize, Jack Berntsens kulturpris, was established by the municipality Vågan.
References
1940 births
2010 deaths
People from Narvik
People from Hamarøy
People from Vågan
Norwegian philologists
Norwegian male singer-songwriters
Norwegian singer-songwriters
Norwegian folk singers
Norwegian male singers |
9th ZAI Awards
Artmedia Music Academy Awards
Presenter(s)
Broadcaster STV
Grand Prix Kamil Peteraj
◄ 8th │ 10th ►
The 9th ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 1998, took time and place on February 26, 1999, at the New Scene Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony was held in association with the local Music Fund (HF) and, for the first time, with the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Slovakia (SNS IFPPI). For that reason, the accolades were renamed after the Artmedia Music Academy, established by ZAI and the related company. The winners received a plaque with a five-pointed golden star. Host of the event was Peter Kočiš.
Winners
Main categories
{| class=wikitable
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Vocal Artist
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Vocal Ensemble
|-
| scope=row valign=top|
★ Richard Müller
| scope=row valign=top|
★ IMT Smile
|-
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Instrumental Artist
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| New Artist
|-
| scope=row valign=top|
★ Andrej Šeban
| scope=row valign=top|
★ Free Faces
|-
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Cover Art
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Song
|-
| scope=row valign=top|
★ Jozef Červeň – Almost True Story
| scope=row valign=top|
★ "Nočná optika" – Richard Müller
|-
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Record
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Album
|-
| scope=row valign=top|
★ Almost True Story – Ivan Jombík
| scope=row valign=top|
★ Nočná optika – Richard Müller
|-
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Producer
! style=background:#FFC40C width=273| Music Video
|-
| scope=row valign=top|
★ Richard Müller – Nočná optika
Tomáš Dohňanský with Ivan Minárik – Chupacabras
| scope=row valign=top|
★ "Môžeš závidieť" – Karol Vosátko'|}
Other nominees included also Street Dancers, Peter Lipa, Adriena Bartošová and No Name.
Others
References
External links
ZAI Awards > Winners (Official site)
Artmedia Awards > 1998 Winners (at SME'')
09
Zai Awards
1998 music awards |
The Concepción Chile Temple is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Concepción, Chile.
History
The intent to construct the temple was announced by church president Thomas S. Monson on October 3, 2009, during the church's semi-annual general conference. The temple was announced concurrently with the Brigham City Utah, Fort Lauderdale Florida, Fortaleza Brazil and Sapporo Japan temples; at the time, the announcement brought the total number of temples worldwide to 151. It is the second temple constructed in Chile, along with the Santiago Chile Temple which was dedicated in 1983.
On October 17, 2015, Walter F. González presided at a groundbreaking to signify beginning of construction. Following construction, a public open house was held from September 15 through October 13, 2018, excluding Sundays. The temple was dedicated on October 28, 2018 by Russell M. Nelson.
In 2020, the Concepción Chile Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Chile
References
External links
Concepción Chile Temple Official site
Concepción Chile Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
Buildings and structures in Biobío Region
Temples (LDS Church) in Latin America
Temples (LDS Church) in Chile
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Chile
21st-century Latter Day Saint temples
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2018 |
Jenny Wagner (born 1984) is a German physicist, cosmologist, and book author.
In her research, she aims at identifying the impact of models and more general assumptions on the interpretation of data within a given theoretical framework, and thereby follows the ideas of ideal observational cosmology, as pursued by George Ellis and collaborators.
Her research in cosmology specialises in strong gravitational lensing, the description and evolution of cosmic structures, and the reconstruction of the cosmic distance ladder.
Since 2019, she has been engaged in disseminating the concepts and results of astrophysical and cosmological research as part of the team of the German YouTube channel "Urknall, Weltall und das Leben" run by Joseph M. Gaßner.
In 2020, she was awarded the "Preis für mutige Wissenschaft" of the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Art for proving to take high risks from the beginning of her the career onwards while working between different research fields – from her start in particle physics to her PhD in biophysics and to her work in cosmology.
Besides the mathematical and physical aspects of cosmology, she is interested in its philosophical foundations. She is also the editor of the 7th German edition of "Physics for Scientists and Engineers" originally written by Paul A. Tipler and Gene Mosca, and co-editor of the 8th German edition, published by Springer.
Education
From 2003 to 2008, she studied physics, mathematics, and computer science at Heidelberg University, graduating with a Diplom in physics. Her thesis "Data compression for the ALICE detector at CERN" was written in the group led by Professor Volker Lindenstruth in Heidelberg and at CERN.
From 2009 to 2011, she studied digital image processing, pattern recognition, and machine learning at the Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing and wrote her PhD thesis in an interdisciplinary project between the Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics and the German Cancer Research Center on "Quality control for peptide chip array production" under the supervision of Volker Lindenstruth with Bernd Jähne and Michael Hausmann as thesis referees.
Work
From 2014 to 2021 Jenny Wagner held two grants from the German Research Foundation to pursue her own research projects about strong gravitational lensing. Among others, the results included the mathematical derivation of the general class of invariance transformations in the strong gravitational lensing formalism that leave all observable data invariant. These derivations make it possible to separate the information that is directly contained in the data, i.e. the surface brightness profiles of extended multiple images, from the additional assumptions in terms of a specific mass density model for the gravitational lens that causes the observed light deflection. The approach thus yields an unprecedented understanding of the impact that different mass density profiles used as strong gravitational lens models have on the interpretation of the data. In particular, it explains the discrepancies found in the reconstruction of the total mass distribution in galaxies and galaxy clusters when different mass density profiles are used as lens models. Proof-of-principle was shown for the galaxy cluster CL0024+17 and the method was also applied to a triple-image configuration in the galaxy cluster J223013.1-080853.1 to infer properties of this strong gravitational lens that no model-based method could achieve due to the sparsity of available data.
In an interdisciplinary collaboration with condensed matter physicists, she also investigated whether Minkowski Tensors are better descriptors of surface brightness profiles for (gravitationally distorted) galaxy surface brightness profiles.
Jenny Wagner succeeded in transferring the same approach of separating data-based evidence from additional model assumptions to the reconstruction of the cosmic distance ladder with Type Ia supernovae, such that the cosmic expansion function can be reconstructed by standardisable objects without the need to make any assumption about the value of the Hubble constant. As the strong gravitational lensing formalism requires cosmic distances to the lens and the background source to be known, the data-based reconstruction of the cosmic distance ladder as set up by this approach also contributes to free the interpretation of strong gravitational lensing phenomena from assuming a specific cosmological model in the class of homogeneous and isotropic cosmologies.
As the total mass distribution in strong gravitational lenses can usually only be constrained by sparse observational data, lens models still play a major role in the mass reconstructions. To overcome the problem that most mass density models used as strong gravitational lens models are inferred as heuristic fitting functions to cosmic structure simulations, Jenny Wagner derived the class of (broken) power law mass density profiles, like the famous Navarro-Frenk-White profile, from fundamental principles. Her approach does not rely on conventional statistical mechanics. This can be considered an advantage over standard derivations because the ergodic hypothesis is violated for gravity and its scale-freeness impedes a natural way to set up and coarse grain a phase space to establish an entropy.
The approach is deemed a promising step towards a deeper understanding of structures formed by gravitational interaction as it received an honourable mention in the Gravity Research Foundation Essay Contest 2020.
Most recently, she put forward the idea that the tension in the Hubble constant can be cast as a fitting problem in cosmology. Then, the tension is resolved by acknowledging that the independence of the probes at early and late cosmic times can cause a lack of synchronisation between the fitted cosmological models. At early cosmic times, the all-sky observables are easy to be fitted to a homogeneous and isotropic background cosmology and perturbations on top. Contrary to that, it is hard to partition the local observables in the late universe into a contribution from the background cosmology and one for the perturbation level effects. Furthermore, she argues that the data are not equally sensitive to all parameters of the cosmological concordance model in the two fitting processes. Taking the lack of synchronisation and the varying sensitivity of the data to the cosmological model together, observational evidence can be found to support this explanation of the Hubble tension.
Popular Science
As part of the German YouTube channel, Jenny Wagner has recorded several video talks about her research results and current issues in cosmology like possible violations of the cosmological principle.
Together with Stephen Appleby, Eoin Ó Colgáin, and Shahin Sheikh-Jabbari, she also established a web blog called "Cosmo of '69 -- observational cosmology out of the FLRW box" to disseminate and promote observational evidence questioning the validity of the current concordance cosmological model and alternatives to this established standard.
Publications (selected)
Lossless Data Compression for ALICE HLT (part of her diploma work)
Image Processing Quality Analysis for Particle Based Peptide Array Production on a Microchip (summary paper of her PhD thesis)
A Model-Independent Characterisation of Strong Gravitational Lensing by Observables (summary of her work on strong gravitational lensing until 2019)
Cosmic structures from a mathematical perspective 1: dark matter halo mass density profiles (paper to explain power-law mass density profiles of cosmic structures)
Self-gravitating dark matter gets in shape (honourably mentioned Gravity Research Foundation essay)
Casting the H0 tension as a fitting problem of cosmologies (her paper explaining the H0 tension)
Is the Observable Universe Consistent with the Cosmological Principle? (summary paper of her community on observations questioning the validity of the cosmological principle)
See also
Dark matter
Observable universe
Epistemology
Philosophical razor
Dennis W. Sciama
References
1984 births
Living people
Heidelberg University alumni
German women physicists
21st-century German physicists
German astrophysicists
Women astrophysicists
German cosmologists
German women writers
Science communicators
German women bloggers |
Hannah Collins (born May 6, 1997), professionally known as Scene Queen and formerly RØSÉ, is an American singer and songwriter signed to Hopeless Records. She is known for coining the style "Bimbocore", a subgenre of metalcore with feminist themes. She rose to fame on the social media platform TikTok, where she has garnered over 618,000 followers as of September 2023. Her debut EP Bimbocore was released on April 29, 2022. A followup EP, Bimbocore Vol. 2, was released on November 10, 2022.
Early life and career
Hannah Collins grew up in Upstate New York and has lived in Alabama, Ohio, and currently lives in Los Angeles, California. Growing up, she and her older sister listened to emo bands such as My Chemical Romance and Brand New. In middle school, she ran a Tumblr blog and was a fan of scene bands such as Sleeping With Sirens, Pierce The Veil and indie-pop bands such as The Ready Set. She originally intended to work on the administrative side of the music industry, hoping to land a job at Hopeless Records but decided against it. She left the scene movement in 2015 after feeling it had become misogynistic, focusing her songwriting on Pop, Hip-hop and Latin world but returned to the Alt movement where she encompassed all these genres into her music. She applied for internships at Hopeless Records 3 times.
She self-released the single "Are You Tired?" in 2020, and signed with Hopeless Records in 2021. On March 3, 2022, Scene Queen released the song "Pink Rover", a song about the objectification of women and street harassment. On April 19, 2022, she announced that her debut EP Bimbocore would be released on April 29, 2022, alongside the single "Pink Panther".
Of her creative process, she said "Before writing Bimbocore I felt like if I wasn’t exactly the way the rock industry wanted me to be I would never make it. It’s through this project that I’ve been able to pull myself out of that space and be unapologetically myself. I wrote this EP to be hyper-feminine and over the top because women have spent far too long making themselves small for other people's comfort. I realized that the louder I am and the more out of the box I get, the bigger the box gets, and the more room there is for other women to get inside it."
On July 15, 2022, Scene Queen released the lead single from her second EP, "Pink G-String". The EP's second single, "Barbie & Ken", is a collaboration with American punk band Set It Off. The song was released on August 25, 2022. Scene Queen's second EP, titled Bimbocore Vol. 2, was released on November 10, 2022, along with the single "Pink Hotel". Scene Queen's debut full-length album will be released in 2023.
Musical style
Scene Queen defines her music as "bimbocore", a subgenre of metalcore, alternative rock and pop that "blends the reclaimed hyperfeminine aesthetics and vocal distortions of genres like pop with metalcore-inspired breakdowns". Her music has been described by Kerrang! as "a jagged jigsaw of clashing sounds, combining ferocious walls of djent guitar, and thumping trap beats that come together to create a seething harshness that will draw in fans of everyone from Ghostemane to Ashnikko and Kesha."
Her song "Pretty in Pink" blends screamo vocals with nursery rhyme melodies, while "Pink Panther" is an alt-pop track that samples "The Pink Panther Theme" with lyrics about girl-on-girl lust. Her fashion style is inspired by Y2K fashion style icons like Paris Hilton and Nicole Ritchie, with blonde hair and hot pink clothes.
Personal life
Collins has ADHD and bipolar disorder. She is bisexual and has said that her song "Pink Panther", which features themes of attraction to women, helped her come out.
Discography
Extended plays
Singles
As featured artist
Music videos
References
Hopeless Records artists
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
American alternative rock musicians
American TikTokers
LGBT TikTokers
American LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Ohio
21st-century American LGBT people
Bisexual women
Bisexual musicians
Living people
1997 births
People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
American musicians with disabilities
People with bipolar disorder |
Brezovac Dobroselski () is a village in Croatia.
Population
According to the 2011 census, Brezovac Dobroselski had 12 inhabitants.
Note: It became administrative unit from 1910, till 1931 as part of settlement (hamlet) and from 1948 as independent settlement. Data in 1890 and 1900 is for the former part of settlement (hamlet) of Brezovac Bruvanjski.
1991 census
According to the 1991 census, settlement of Brezovac Dobroselski had 101 inhabitants, which were ethnically declared as this:
Austro-hungarian 1910 census
According to the 1910 census, settlement of Brezovac Dobroselski had 146 inhabitants in 2 hamlets, which were linguistically and religiously declared as this:
Literature
Savezni zavod za statistiku i evidenciju FNRJ i SFRJ, popis stanovništva 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981. i 1991. godine.
Knjiga: "Narodnosni i vjerski sastav stanovništva Hrvatske, 1880-1991: po naseljima, autor: Jakov Gelo, izdavač: Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, 1998., , ;
References
Populated places in Lika-Senj County |
```javascript
Generators
Binary and octal notation in ES6
New methods in `Math`
Tail call optimisation in ES6
Modules in ES6
``` |
Tammy Trull is a Latin-American actress.
Early life and career
Trull is of Venezuelan and Cuban descent. She made her professional acting debut in the 2002 action-drama film All Night Bodega, playing the role of Venus Castro, a 15-year-old Nuyorican who finds her performance in school suffering due to her hanging out with the wrong crowd. During the film, Venus experiences parent-child conflicts with her adopted stepmother and she runs away from home and takes up a life on the streets.
Trull's other major film appearances include the 2006 movie Harsh Times, and a cameo in the 2005 film Havoc. She has also appeared in a few minor films such as Target, Bristol Boys, and Next Exit. Tammy Trull has appeared in several episodes of television sitcoms, including The Brothers Garcia and Invasion. She is also featured in Subway's "No Custom Orders" commercial.
Filmography
The Afficted (2011) as Grace (Voice) (uncredited)
Convict (2009) as Penny
The Ministers (2009) as Liz
The Life & Times of Tim (2008, TV series, 1 episode) as Hottest Babes On The Planet / Suck It / Philly (voice)
Invasion (2006, TV series, 4 episodes) as Alma Treadwell
Vivo (2006, 1 episode) as herself Amigos Invisibles
Harsh Times (2005) as Marta
Havoc (2005) as Young Mother
Next Exit (2005) as Angie
Bristol Boys (2005) as Alexis
Target (2004) as Sunny
The Brothers Garcia (2003, TV series, 1 episode) as Carmen Santos
Strong Medicine (2003, TV series, 1 episode) as Lourdes
All Night Bodega (2002) as Venus Castro
Pound Puppies (2012, 2013, TV series, 2 episodes) as Sarah / Little Girl #1 (voice)
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
American people of Venezuelan descent
American people of Cuban descent
American film actresses
American television actresses
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
Living people
21st-century American women |
Ankudinovo () is a rural locality (a village) in Gaynskoye Rural Settlement, Gaynsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010. There is 1 street.
Geography
Ankudinovo is located 17 km southeast of Gayny (the district's administrative centre) by road. Isayevo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Gaynsky District |
Movie Edit Pro (also known as Magix Video Deluxe in Europe) is a video editing software developed by Magix for semi-professional and DIY users for Windows PC. It is the best selling video software in Europe, and is most famous for its ease-of-learn and rendering stability. The first version was published in 2001. According to the developer, it applied the principles of non-destructiveness and object orientation to a video editing program for the first time.
The latest versions are Movie Edit Pro 2019, Movie Edit Pro Plus 2019, Movie Edit Pro Premium 2019.
The last update was released on December 10, 2018, which added dynamic title animation and free design colors for tracks and objects in a video.
Features (Version 2019)
Similarities of both Versions
miniDV, HDV and AVCHD compatible
4K support
storyboard and timeline-oriented editing
freely adjustable user interface
Screenshot
one way color correction
title editor
Keyframing
batch processing
burn DVD and Blu-ray Disc with animated menus
AVCHD disc export
Scrubbing
Chroma keying
Upload to YouTube and Vimeo in Full HD
Features (version 2019)
Dynamic title animation
Active destination track import
INTEL GPU hardware acceleration
openFX support
64-bit support
Export to SD cards
H.264 decoding
improved Image stabilization
Xavcs video compatibility
Chroma keying
Burn to DVD, AVCHD or Blu-ray disc
Scrubbing
4K support
Differences between both Versions
Supported file formats
System requirements https://www.magix.com/us/video-editor/movie-studio/specifications/ System requirements for Movie Studio 2023 (then called Movie Edit Pro)
Minimum
Processor with 2.0 GHz
1 GB RAM
2 GB free hard disk memory and a DVD drive for program installation
Graphics card with a screen resolution of at least 1024 x 768
Internet connection required for activating and validating the program
Recommended
Quad-core processor with 2.8 GHz
4 GB RAM
Dedicated graphics card with 512 MB memory
Supported devices
FireWire interface for use with DV/HDV camcorders
USB camcorders (DVD/hard disk/memory card) and webcams
Video, TV or graphics card with a video input for digitizing analog sources
Blu-ray, DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW, DVD-RAM or CD-R/RW burners
References
Video editing software
Windows multimedia software
Magix software |
Abbie Cornish (born 7 August 1982) is an Australian actress and musical performer. In film, Cornish is known for her roles as Heidi in Somersault (2004), Fanny Brawne in Bright Star (2009), Sweet Pea in Sucker Punch (2011), Lindy in Limitless (2011), Clara Murphy in RoboCop (2014), and Sarah in Geostorm (2017). She worked with writer/director Martin McDonagh in Seven Psychopaths (2012) and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017). For the latter, Cornish won her first Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the cast. In 2018, she portrayed Cathy Mueller in the first season of Amazon Video series Jack Ryan opposite John Krasinski, a role she reprised in the fourth and final season in 2023. She also played Dixy in the film The Virtuoso (2021) alongside Anthony Hopkins.
Early life
Abbie Cornish was born on 7 August 1982 in Lochinvar, New South Wales, as the second of five children of Shelley and Barry Cornish. Her sister, Isabelle Cornish, is also an actress. She grew up on a farm before moving to Newcastle. As a teenager, Cornish was fascinated by independent and foreign films.
Acting career
Cornish began modelling at age 13 after reaching the finals of a Dolly Magazine competition. In 1999, Cornish was awarded the Australian Film Institute Young Actor's Award for her role in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's television show Wildside and was offered her first role in a feature film, The Monkey's Mask.
From 2001 to 2003, Cornish played Penne in Life Support, a satirical, sometimes dark look at Australian life as seen through the omnipresent lens of a television lifestyle show.
In 2004, Cornish appeared in the award-winning short film Everything Goes with Hugo Weaving. She received the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, Best Actress at the FCCA and Inside Film Awards and Best Breakthrough Performance at the 2005 Miami International Film Festival for her role in Somersault. Cornish received critical acclaim for her role in Candy, opposite Heath Ledger. She has also starred in A Good Year, Elizabeth: The Golden Age and Kimberly Peirce's Stop-Loss. She garnered widespread acclaim for her starring performance as Fanny Brawne in Jane Campion's 2009 film about the Romantic poet John Keats, Bright Star. In April 2010, Cornish was cast in Limitless, the film adaptation of the novel The Dark Fields, directed by Neil Burger and also starring Bradley Cooper and Robert De Niro.
Cornish narrated Zack Snyder's film Sucker Punch, in which she played one of the protagonists.
Cornish played the role of Wally in Madonna's film W.E., about Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson. In 2012, she replaced Emily Blunt in the independent film The Girl, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival, and starred alongside Woody Harrelson and Colin Farrell in the crime comedy Seven Psychopaths. Cornish co-starred in the 2014 RoboCop reboot, as Clara Murphy, the wife of protagonist Alex Murphy (Joel Kinnaman).
In 2015, she played Agent Katherine Cowles in Solace, a mystery thriller film directed by Afonso Poyart with central performances by Anthony Hopkins, Colin Farrell, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan.
In 2016, she filmed The Girl Who Invented Kissing with Luke Wilson.
In 2017, she played Agent Sarah Wilson in the science fiction disaster film Geostorm, directed, co-written, and co-produced by Dean Devlin, also starring Gerard Butler, Jim Sturgess, Ed Harris, and Andy García.
In 2018, she starred in Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan as Cathy Mueller, alongside John Krasinski.
In 2019, she starred in the Australian television miniseries Secret Bridesmaids' Business along with Katie McGrath and Georgina Haig.
In 2021, she starred in Dakota with Tim Rozon, "Lola Sultan", Patrick Muldoon and William Baldwin for director Kirk Harris.
Music career
Cornish is a rapper, singer and songwriter. She has been rapping under the name MC Dusk since 2000 and was part of Australian hip hop group Blades from age 18 to 22. In 2015, Cornish supported American rapper Nas on his Australian tour. The same year, she released two new tracks on SoundCloud: "Evolve" featuring Jane Tyrrell and "Way Back Home", which was produced by Suffa from Hilltop Hoods. The songs were re-released in 2020, and her first EP, Key of the Sun, was released in 2021.
Discography
"Evolve" - Single, 2020
"Way Back Home" - Single, 2020
"MVP" - Single, 2020
"Zombies" - Single, 2020
Key of the Sun - EP, 2021
"I'll Be There For You" - Single, 2021
Activism
She is committed to cruelty-free eating, and in 2006, became an ambassador for Australian animal rights group Voiceless, the animal-protection institute, and was part of a national advertising campaign in 2012.
Personal life
Cornish dated actor Ryan Phillippe in 2006, shortly after his separation from actress Reese Witherspoon. They split in 2010.
In 2019, she announced her engagement to mixed martial artist Adel Altamimi.
Filmography
Film
Television
Books
Pescan: A Feel Good Cookbook (2019, Abrams Books)
References
Further reading
External links
1982 births
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Australian child actresses
Australian expatriate actresses in the United States
Australian expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom
Australian female models
Australian women rappers
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Best Actress AACTA Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Living people
People from Maitland, New South Wales |
Albrecht von Nürnberg was a medieval Bernese master sculptor originally from Nürnberg. He is first mentioned in 1492 and died some time after 1531 in Bern.
His principal works include the nine-metre wooden Christophorus figure originally installed at the Christoffelturm in Bern (1496–1498) and the baptismal font in the Münster of Bern (1524-1525). With Matthäus Ensinger and Erhard Küng, Albrecht is one of three outstanding Bernese sculptors.
References
Artists from Bern
Swiss sculptors
16th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown |
Uryupinsky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Uryupinsky Municipal District. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Uryupinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 30,615 (2002 Census);
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Uryupinsky District is one of the thirty-three in the oblast. The town of Uryupinsk serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of oblast significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Uryupinsky Municipal District. The town of oblast significance of Uryupinsk is incorporated separately from the district as Uryupinsk Urban Okrug.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Volgograd Oblast
|
The Satan Bug is a 1965 American crime science fiction suspense film from United Artists, produced and directed by John Sturges, that stars George Maharis, Richard Basehart, Anne Francis, and Dana Andrews. The screenplay by James Clavell and Edward Anhalt was loosely based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Alistair MacLean, written under the pseudonym Ian Stuart. The film score was composed by Jerry Goldsmith. The film featured the first use of a stabilized camera mount, invented by Nelson Tyler, placed on a helicopter.
Plot
Lee Barrett, a former intelligence agent, is approached by a man offering him a job to join a political organization against bioweapons. However, the man turns out to be an impersonator sent by Barrett's former boss, Eric Cavanaugh, to test his loyalty. Cavanaugh asks Barrett to investigate the murder of the security chief and the disappearance of Dr. Baxter, the head scientist at Station Three, a secretive bioweapons laboratory.
Barrett and Cavanaugh arrive at the lab and are advised by Dr. Hoffman to seal the laboratory using concrete. Hoffman reveals that there are two deadly bioweapons inside a strain of botulinus that oxidizes after eight hours and a newly developed virus called the "Satan Bug" that could wipe out all life on Earth. Barrett enters the sealed laboratory and finds Dr. Baxter dead, with the vials containing the "Satan Bug" and botulinus missing.
Barrett receives a mysterious telegram from his former flame, Ann, who is also assigned to work with him on the investigation. They discover the dead body of another scientist from the lab and trace the suspect to Charles Reynolds Ainsley, a reclusive millionaire, and pharmaceutical tycoon. Ainsley threatens to release the viruses unless Station Three is destroyed.
After a demonstration of the botulinus in Florida, Ainsley threatens to release more in Los Angeles County unless the lab is closed. Barrett and Ann follow a lead to an abandoned car and find the missing vials. They are confronted by armed men who take them to Dr. Hoffman's home. Unbeknownst to the henchmen, they are being followed.
At the home, the henchmen realize they are being followed by security agents. In a confrontation at an abandoned gas station, Barrett convinces the henchmen to keep Ann hostage while he escapes the garage, which is set on fire. Barrett stops a passing car driven by Hoffman, who has double-crossed his own men. They strike a deal for the location of the vials in Los Angeles.
As they are intercepted by security agents, Ainsley is arrested, and Barrett realizes the agents are actually Ainsley's security guards. He defeats them and confronts Ainsley again. Ainsley threatens to release the "Satan Bug" but drops it during a struggle. Barrett grabs it while taking control of a helicopter. Ainsley jumps out of the helicopter, and Barrett safely lands.
Meanwhile, Ann and the authorities discover the other vials hidden in the ice of a concession stand at the Los Angeles baseball stadium. Barrett contacts Ann and his superiors, and they safely disarm the bombs. Barrett prepares to land the helicopter, reflecting on how things have come full circle.
Cast
Unbilled roles (in order of appearance)
John Hubbard: Uniformed guard; at Station Three, standing next to Raskin as they observe the landing of Agent Reagan's helicopter [Hubbard does not speak]
James W. Gavin: Helicopter pilot; transporting Agent Reagan: "Yes, sir."
Harold Gould: Dr. Ostrer; scientist at the base who passes by Reagan: "Reagan, I've gotta talk to you."
Russ Bender: Mason; guard sitting at desk as Reagan enters the compound: "Six, sir. Eh… Doctor Baxter, Doctor Hoffman, Doctor Yang and three technicians."
Noam Pitlik: Clerk at Desert Air Motel; "Oh, yes, Mr. Barrett. You're in suite fifteen."
Michael Barrier: Helicopter pilot; tracking the car carrying Barrett, Hoffman, Ann, Donald and Veretti: "Getting a little difficult to keep 'em in sight. This is pretty rough country and it's closing in on the road."
William Bryant: SDI agent; one of Cavanaugh's men, driving the car which follows the vehicle carrying Barrett, Ann, Donald and Veretti: "They've turned left on the Seco Road now. They—uh—slowed down and—well, for a moment we got awfully close to them."
James Doohan: SDI agent; one of Cavanaugh's men, in the passenger seat of the car which follows the vehicle carrying Barrett, Ann, Donald and Veretti. Doohan shares his scenes with William Bryant, but, of the two, Bryant is the only one who has a speaking role.
Carey Loftin: SDI agent; arrives at the site of the jackknifed truck and starts a conversation with Donald: "Won't be long, he said. Did you ever hear a cop say anything else? It'll be hours."
Paul Sorensen: SDI agent; stopped at the site of the jackknifed truck and starts a conversation with Veretti: "Look at all those cans and busted beer bottles. You'd think people wouldn't throw things out there like that."
Tol Avery: Police captain; in charge of searching Dodger Stadium: "Hello! Yes, we're here looking. Nothing. Yes, we'll look in there. Of course, we'll look in there. Yeah, yeah, I know ..."
Lawrence Montaigne: Uniformed military radar specialist tracking; the path of the helicopter carrying Hoffman: "Now here's the helicopter, sir. We've kept everything away from it, but we think it's the one."
Lee Remick: Waitress; at night club where Barrett is initially called.
See also
List of American films of 1965
References
External links
}
The Satan Bug film review at AlistairMacLean.com
1965 films
1960s science fiction thriller films
1960s spy thriller films
American science fiction thriller films
American spy thriller films
Films about infectious diseases
Films based on British novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films based on works by Alistair MacLean
Films directed by John Sturges
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films set in California
Films shot in California
Films with screenplays by James Clavell
United Artists films
Films with screenplays by Edward Anhalt
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
The Battle of Munychia was fought between Athenians exiled by the oligarchic government of the Thirty Tyrants and the forces of that government, supported by a Spartan garrison. In the battle, a substantially superior force composed of the Spartan garrison of Athens and the army of the oligarchic government attacked a hill in Piraeus (the Munychia) which had been seized by 1,000 exiles under Thrasybulus, but was defeated. After this defeat, the Thirty Tyrants were forced to flee to Eleusis.
Prelude
In late 404 BC, Thrasybulus, with other Athenian exiles, had seized Phyle, a strong point on the Athenian border. He and his men resisted an abortive attempt to dislodge them and then, as their numbers were swelled by new recruits, ambushed the Spartan garrison of Athens, which had been dispatched to watch them. Shortly after this victory, the men from Phyle, now 1,000 strong, marched by night to Piraeus, the port of Athens. There, being too few to defend the entire port, they seized one of its prominent hills, the Munychia. The next morning, the forces of the Thirty marched out to meet them.
The battle
The Athenian exiles drew up for battle in a formation ten ranks deep at the top of the Munychia, with light troops and spear throwers behind them. Below, in one of the markets of Piraeus, the joint Spartan-oligarchic force drew up in a formation of equal width, but fifty ranks deep. The Spartan garrison held the right, the forces of the Thirty the left. Xenophon's account of the battle states that Thrasybulus, to inspire his men, reminded them that the enemy right was composed of men whom they had routed a few days before, while the left was made up of men who had wrongly driven them from their country.
The oligarchic forces advanced up the road towards the top of the hill, but before they reached the top the men from Phyle charged down the hill at them. This charge broke the oligarchic line, and the exiles pursued their enemies down the hill onto the level ground. In this rout, seventy men of the Thirty's force were killed. Among the dead was Critias, the leader of the Thirty; several other prominent oligarchic leaders were also killed, including Charmides.
Aftermath
After this battle, the prestige of the Thirty, already weakened by the earlier defeat near Phyle, was irreparably damaged. The next day the Thirty were deposed by a vote of the larger oligarchic governing body, the council of three thousand. The Thirty fled to Eleusis, and a governing board of ten was elected in their place. This new government, however, was not ready to compromise with the men in Piraeus, so envoys were sent to Sparta to request aid. A Spartan force under Pausanias was dispatched to deal with the situation; after a face saving victory at the Battle of Piraeus, Pausanias arranged a settlement between the oligarchs and exiles and restored democracy in Athens.
Notes
References
Buck, Robert J., Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy: the life of an Athenian statesman. (Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998)
Fine, John V.A. The Ancient Greeks: A critical history (Harvard University Press, 1983)
Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003)
Munychia
Munychia
404 BC
403 BC
400s BC conflicts
Munychia
History of Piraeus |
Elören is a village in the Gerede District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 56 (2021).
References
Villages in Gerede District |
Task Force 6–26 is a United States Joint military/Government Agency, originally set-up to find "High-Value Targets" (HVT's) in Iraq in the aftermath of Operation Iraqi Freedom. This Special Operations unit is very similar to JSOC Task Force 121 which was created to capture Saddam Hussein and high-ranking Al-Qaeda members. The various name changes seen by the group are to ensure Operational Security, although their makeup and goals largely remain the same. The main objective of Task Force 6–26 was the capture or liquidation of terror leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who led Al-Qaeda in Iraq. The unit is made up of U.S. Special Operations Forces members including Delta Force, DEVGRU, 24th Special Tactics Squadron and the 75th Ranger Regiment along with the CIA's Special Activities Center. Other military and DIA personnel are believed to have been involved as 'limited' members of the unit, along with FBI agents.
Members of 6–26 had fanned out in areas ranging from Baghdad, Mosul and to Fallujah and other areas in the contested Al Anbar province in search of al-Zarqawi, and have been very successful in eliminating many leaders of his group, and killing al-Zarqawi on 8 June 2006.
The unit operated an interrogation cell at Camp Nama, one of Saddam Hussein's former military bases near Baghdad. There, American soldiers made one of the former Iraqi government's interrogation facilities into one of their own, calling it "The Black Room." In 2004 it was reported that the force was running a secret prison in Baghdad and abusing prisoners; the unit was implicated in two prisoner deaths. The unit has been under investigation since at least 2003, but prosecution has been elusive, as members of the unit used false identities and claimed to have lost 70 percent of their records due to a computer malfunction. The other primary name for the Task Force has been OCF, or Other Coalition Forces. In both cases the unit has command infrastructure in both theaters of war at an MSS (Mission Staging Site) in Baghdad Iraq and at OCF compound at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan.
See also
Task Force 121
Task Force 145
Task Force ODIN
U.S. list of 55 most-wanted Iraqis
Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)
Assassination and targeted killing by the CIA
References
Special forces task forces of the United States
Joint task forces of the United States Armed Forces
Occupation of Iraq |
Darvag (; , Dərvaq) is a rural locality (a selo) in Tabasaransky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population: There are 6 streets.
Geography
Darvag is located 18 km northeast of Khuchni (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yersi is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Tabasaransky District |
Cokin is a French manufacturer of optical filters for photography. The system allows filters such as rectangular graduated neutral density filters which are versatile in use.
History
Cokin are particularly noted for their "Creative Filter System". It was invented by photographer Jean Coquin and introduced in 1978. Based primarily around square filters, these require a holder which is attached to the lens via a simple adapter ring of the appropriate size. Unlike screw-thread circular filters, which are each tied to lenses of a specific diameter, those in the system can be used with any lens, provided they are large enough to cover it sufficiently. (Only the adapter ring may need changing).
Production
The system includes a wide range of filters including color correction, plain and coloured graduated filters, diffraction, diffusion and polarizers. The material is a polymer, CR-39 sometimes advertised as "organic glass".
Cokin produce various differently-sized versions of the Creative Filter System. The smallest is "A" ("Amateur", 67mm wide). The larger "P" ("Professional", 84mm wide) system covers cases where "A" filters are too small to cover the lens (or would cause problems at wider angles). The still-larger "X-Pro" filters are 130mm wide. The "A" and "P" sizes in particular are de facto standards, with many other manufacturers producing compatible filters and holders. Cokin also produce a system for 100mm-wide filters which they refer to as "Z-Pro". "X-Pro" and "Z-Pro" are designed for larger cameras.
References
External links
Cokin UK website
Optical filters |
Timothy Huang (Traditional Chinese: 黃明展, Pinyin: Hwang Mingtzan) is a Taiwanese American playwright, actor, composer and lyricist. He is the creator of the award-winning one-man musical, The View from Here, the song cycle LINES, and "American Morning", aka Costs of Living, the latter of which won the 2016 Richard Rodgers Award for Musical Theater. He is the third Asian American to win the award since its creation and the first to win as a triple threat composer/lyricist/librettist.
Biography
Huang was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and grew up in Wilmington, Delaware. He attended New York University where he received his BFA in Drama and his MFA in Musical Theatre Writing from the Tisch School of the Arts.
Relevant works
Huang is a 2012 Dramatist Guild Fellow and a member of the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theatre Workshop
Huang is the composer lyricist of the one-man musical, The View from Here, which received its inaugural production at the 2005 New York Musical Theatre Festival, and has since been produced regionally. Its premiere production garnered an Outstanding Actor Male citation for Shonn Wiley
at NYMF and its subsequent cast album was listed in TalkinBroadway.com's Sound Advice column under Top Ten Cast Albums of 2006.
Huang is also the composer, lyricist and librettist of the full length musicals And the Earth Moved, which was featured in the inaugural New York Musical Theatre Festival alongside Altar Boyz and title of show, Costs of Living, and LINES: A Song Cycle. Inspired by a true story, Costs of Living received national attention when it was featured in the 2011 ASCAP Musical Theatre Workshop, moderated by Stephen Schwartz. Subsequent to the workshop, Costs of Living won the Richard Rodgers Award, and was also nominated by the Dramatist Guild for the Weston New Musical Award, the American Harmony Prize, and the Fred Ebb Award. It was also juried by Stephen Sondheim for the BMI Master Class Series.
Actor
Huang began acting and singing at an early age, making his debut at age 11 as a school child in a local production of Gian Carlo Menotti's Help, Help, the Globolinks! In New York, Huang originated roles in world premieres of Pan Asian Rep's Shanghai Lil's and Brian Yorkey's Making Tracks as well as a guest starring role on The Sopranos in the episode "Do Not Resuscitate".
References
External links
Official website
American people of Taiwanese descent
American lyricists
Writers from Philadelphia
Place of birth missing (living people)
American male actors
American dramatists and playwrights
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Karlo Igor Majić (born 3 March 1998) is a Croatian footballer who plays as a centre-forward for NK Kustošija.
Club career
Majić started practicing football at the age of 7 at the now-defunct Radnik in his hometown of Velika Gorica, where he played, apart from a short stint in 2008 at NK Zagreb, until the club was disbanded and merged with HNK Gorica, which he joined in 2009. At the age of 14, he was scouted by GNK Dinamo Zagreb and joined their academy. In 2016, he joined the U-19 team of Fortuna Düsseldorf, earning a three-year professional contract with the club in July 2017, having scored 16 goals in 25 games.
After a year and a half playing for Fortuna's reserve team, Majić was loaned out to Krško in the Slovenian PrvaLiga. He made his professional debut for the club on 24 February 2019, coming on as a substitute in the 73rd minute for Sandi Ogrinec in the home match against Olimpija Ljubljana, which finished as a 1–4 loss.
References
External links
Karlo Majić at kicker.de
Karlo Igor Majić at the Croatian Football Federation Semafor site
1998 births
Living people
Footballers from Zagreb
Men's association football forwards
Croatian men's footballers
Croatia men's youth international footballers
GNK Dinamo Zagreb II players
Fortuna Düsseldorf II players
NK Krško players
NK Sesvete players
NK Rudeš players
NK Croatia Zmijavci players
First Football League (Croatia) players
Regionalliga players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Croatian expatriate men's footballers
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovenia |
Communauté d'agglomération Chartres Métropole is an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Chartres. It is located in the Eure-et-Loir department, in the Centre-Val de Loire region, northern France. It was created in January 2013. Its seat is in Chartres. Its area is 858.3 km2. Its population was 136,218 in 2017, of which 38,578 in Chartres proper.
Composition
The communauté d'agglomération consists of the following 66 communes:
Allonnes
Amilly
Bailleau-l'Évêque
Barjouville
Berchères-les-Pierres
Berchères-Saint-Germain
Boisville-la-Saint-Père
Boncé
Bouglainval
La Bourdinière-Saint-Loup
Briconville
Challet
Champhol
Champseru
Chartainvilliers
Chartres
Chauffours
Cintray
Clévilliers
Coltainville
Corancez
Le Coudray
Dammarie
Dangers
Denonville
Ermenonville-la-Grande
Fontenay-sur-Eure
Francourville
Fresnay-le-Comte
Fresnay-le-Gilmert
Gasville-Oisème
Gellainville
Houville-la-Branche
Houx
Jouy
Lèves
Lucé
Luisant
Maintenon
Mainvilliers
Meslay-le-Grenet
Meslay-le-Vidame
Mignières
Mittainvilliers-Vérigny
Moinville-la-Jeulin
Morancez
Nogent-le-Phaye
Nogent-sur-Eure
Oinville-sous-Auneau
Ollé
Poisvilliers
Prunay-le-Gillon
Roinville
Saint-Aubin-des-Bois
Saint-Georges-sur-Eure
Saint-Léger-des-Aubées
Saint-Prest
Sandarville
Santeuil
Sours
Theuville
Thivars
Umpeau
Ver-lès-Chartres
Vitray-en-Beauce
Voise
References
Chartres Metropole
Chartres Metropole |
Anton Raphael Mengs (12 March 1728 – 29 June 1779) was a German painter, active in Dresden, Rome, and Madrid, who while painting in the Rococo period of the mid-18th century became one of the precursors to Neoclassical painting, which replaced Rococo as the dominant painting style in Europe.
Early life
Mengs was born in 1728 at Ústí nad Labem (German: Aussig) in the Kingdom of Bohemia, the son of Ismael Mengs, a Danish-born painter who eventually established himself at Dresden, where the court of Saxon-Polish electors and kings was. His older sister, Therese Maron, was also a painter, as was his younger sister, Julia.
His and Therese's births in Bohemia were mere coincidence. Their mother was not their father's wife; Ismael carried on a years-long affair with the family's housekeeper, Charlotte Bormann. In an effort to conceal the births of two illegitimate children, Ismael took Charlotte, under the pretext of "vacations", to the nearest bigger town abroad, Ústí nad Labem (90 km upstream of the Elbe river). At least in Anton's case, Ismael Mengs took his baby and Charlotte back to Dresden a few weeks after the birth. There they lived for the next 13 years.
In 1741, Ismael moved his family from Dresden to Rome, where he copied in miniature some works of Raphael for the Elector of Saxony, which were intended for Dresden.
Adulthood
In 1749, Anton Raphael Mengs was appointed the first painter to Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony, but this did not prevent him from continuing to spend much of his time in Rome. There he married Margarita Guazzi, who had sat for him as a model in 1748. In 1749, Mengs accepted a commission from the Duke of Northumberland to make a copy, in oil on canvas, of Raphael's fresco The School of Athens for his London home. Executed in 1752–5, Mengs's painting is full-sized, but he adapted the composition to a rectangular format and added other figures. It is now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum.
He converted to Catholicism, and in 1754 he became director of the Vatican painting school. In 1757 Mengs painted a superb fresco on the dome of the church of Sant'Eusebio in Rome. His fresco painting Parnassus at Villa Albani gained him a reputation as a master painter.
On two occasions he accepted invitations from Charles III of Spain to go to Madrid, first in 1761. There he produced some of his best work, most notably the ceiling of the banqueting hall of the Royal Palace of Madrid, the subject of which was the Triumph of Trajan and the Temple of Glory. After the completion of this work in 1777, Mengs returned to Rome, where he died two years later, in poor circumstances, leaving twenty children, seven of whom were pensioned by the king of Spain.
Mengs died in Rome in June 1779 and was buried there in the Church of Santi Michele e Magno.
Career
His portraits and self-portraits recall an attention to detail and insight often lost in his grander paintings. His closeness to Johann Joachim Winckelmann has enhanced his historical importance. Mengs came to share Winckelmann's enthusiasm for classical antiquity, and worked to establish the dominance of Neoclassical painting over the then popular Rococo style. At the same time, however, the influence of the Roman Baroque remained strong in his work, particularly in his religious paintings. He would have fancied himself the first neoclassicist, while, in fact, he may be the last flicker of Baroque art. Rudolf Wittkower wrote: "In the last analysis, he is as much an end as a beginning". Goethe regretted that "so much learning should have been allied to a total want of initiative and poverty of invention, and embodied with a strained and artificial mannerism."
Mengs had a well-known rivalry with the contemporary Italian painter Pompeo Batoni. He was also a friend of Giacomo Casanova. Casanova provides accounts of his personality and contemporary reputation through anecdotes in his Histoire de ma vie. Among his pupils in Italy were Anton von Maron (Antonio Maron; (Vienna, 1731- Naples, 1761). His pupils in Spain included Agustín Esteve, Francisco Bayeu and Mariano Salvador Maella.
Besides numerous paintings in Madrid, the Ascension and St Joseph at Dresden, Perseus and Andromeda at Saint Petersburg, and the ceiling of the Villa Albani are among his chief works. A Noli me tangere was commissioned as an altar-piece by All Souls College, Oxford, and is now held in the National Gallery, London. Another altar-piece was installed in Magdalen College, Oxford.
Theoretical writings
Mengs wrote about art in Spanish, Italian, and German. He reveals an eclectic theory of art that sees perfection as attainable through a well-balanced fusion of diverse excellences: Greek design combined with the expression of Raphael, the chiaroscuro of Correggio, and the colour of Titian.
Selected works
Ascension (Dresden, Court Church), 1751/1766
St Joseph (Dresden, Court Church), 1751/1766
The Glory of Saint Eusebius (ceiling fresco, Sant'Eusebio, Rome), 1757 (modello, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Canada Ottawa)
Portrait of Ferdinand I (National Museum of Capodimonte, Naples, Italy), 1759
Charles III (Museo del Prado, Madrid), 1761
Infante Don Louis de Borbon (Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio)
Gallery
See also
Karl Woermann, Ismael und Raphael Mengs (Leipzig, 1893)
Notes
Sources
Neil Jeffares, Dictionary of pastellists before 1800, online edition
Paintings by Anton Raphael Mengs at WikiGallery.org
External links
Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mengs (see index)
'Self-portrait' (1774) at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
'Portrait of Charles III' (1761) at the Museo del Prado
Scholarly articles in English about Anton Raphael Mengs both in web and PDF @ the Spanish Old Masters Gallery
1728 births
1779 deaths
German people of Danish descent
German male painters
18th-century German painters
German neoclassical painters
Sibling artists
Artists from Ústí nad Labem
German Roman Catholics
Neoclassical painters
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Catholic painters |
Eudonia paraequalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Jacques Nel in 2012. It is found in France.
References
Moths described in 2012
Eudonia |
Peter Jackson (born 1953) is an Australian businessman who was the chief executive officer of the and Football Clubs in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Administrative career
Essendon (1996–2009)
Jackson was the CEO of the Essendon Football Club between 1996 and 2009, during which the club won a record-equaling 16th premiership and was credited with strengthening the club's finances. He was also involved in the process of replacing the club's long-serving coach Kevin Sheedy with Matthew Knights at the end of the 2007 AFL season.
Melbourne (2013–2019)
Jackson was appointed as the CEO of the Melbourne Football Club in May 2013, overseeing a significant restructure and rebuilding of the club, including the sacking of coach Mark Neeld and the appointment of Paul Roos as the club's senior coach.
Jackson departed Melbourne at the end of the 2019 season, by which point the club had returned to stability both on and off the field, with an overhauled playing list and a return to the finals under second-year coach Simon Goodwin.
References
1953 births
Living people
Australian chief executives
Essendon Football Club administrators
Melbourne Football Club administrators
VFL/AFL administrators |
The Church of the East (also known as the Nestorian Church) historically had a presence in China during two periods: first from the 7th through the 10th century in the Tang dynasty, when it was known as Jingjiao (), and later during the Yuan dynasty in the 13th and 14th centuries, when it was described alongside other foreign religions like Catholicism and possibly Manichaeism as Yelikewen jiao ().
After centuries of hiatus, the first Assyrian Church of the East Divine Liturgy was celebrated in China in 2010.
Tang dynasty
History
Two possibly Church of the East monks were preaching Christianity in India in the 6th century before they smuggled silkworm eggs from China to the Eastern Roman Empire.
The first recorded Christian mission to China was led by the Syriac monk known in Chinese as Alopen. Alopen's mission arrived in the Chinese capital Chang'an in 635, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty. Taizong extended official tolerance to the mission and invited the Christians to translate their sacred works for the imperial library. This tolerance was followed by many of Taizong's successors, allowing the Church of the East to thrive in China for over 200 years.
China became a metropolitan province of the Church of the East, under the name Beth Sinaye, in the first quarter of the 8th century. According to the 14th-century writer ʿAbdishoʿ of Nisibis, the province was established by the patriarch Sliba-zkha (714–28). Arguing from its position in the list of exterior provinces, which implied an 8th-century foundation, and on grounds of general historical probability, ʿAbdishoʿ refuted alternative claims that the province of Beth Sinaye had been founded either by the 5th-century patriarch Ahha (410–14) or the 6th-century patriarch Shila (503–23).
Church of the East worshippers in the time of Xuanzong accepted the Confucian religious beliefs of the emperor, and likely other traditional Chinese religions.
In 781 the Christian community in Chang'an erected a tablet known as the Xi'an Stele on the grounds of a local monastery. The stele contains a long inscription in Chinese with Syriac glosses, composed by the cleric Adam, probably the metropolitan of Beth Sinaye. The inscription describes the eventful progress of the Church of the East mission in China since Alopen's arrival. The inscription also mentions the archdeacons Gigoi of Khumdan [Chang'an] and Gabriel of Sarag [Lo-yang]; Yazdbuzid, 'priest and country-bishop of Khumdan'; Sargis, 'priest and country-bishop'; and the bishop Yohannan. These references confirm that the Church of the East in China had a well-developed hierarchy at the end of the 8th century, with bishops in both northern capitals, and there were probably other dioceses besides Chang'an and Lo-yang.
Nestorian Christians like the Bactrian Priest Yisi of Balkh helped the Tang dynasty general Guo Ziyi militarily crush the An Lushan rebellion, with Yisi personally acting as a military commander. Yisi and the Church of the East were rewarded by the Tang dynasty with titles and positions as described in the Xi'an Stele.
It is unlikely that there were many Christian communities in central China, and the only inland Chinese city south of the Yellow River where a Christian presence can be confirmed in the Tang dynasty is Chengdu. And two monasteries have been located in Chengdu and Omei Shan, both in Sichuan. Shortly afterwards Thomas of Marga mentions the monk David of Beth ʿAbe, who was metropolitan of Beth Sinaye during the reign of Timothy I (780–823). Timothy I is said also to have consecrated a metropolitan for Tibet (Beth Tuptaye), a province not again mentioned.
Epitaphs were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Church of the East Christian Sogdian woman, who Lady An (安氏) who died in 821 and her Church of the East Han Chinese husband, Hua Xian (花献) who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity. Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January, 815. This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar. In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.
Decline
In 845, a decree issued by Emperor Wuzong demanded that foreign religions like Christianity be cast out of the kingdom. The decree required that Christians be forced to return to laity and become taxpayers. The decree had tremendously negative effects on the Christian community and later imperial decrees calling for religious toleration likely had no effect for the Christians, who were likely severely marginalized or extinct by then.
The province of Beth Sinaye is last mentioned in 987 by the Arab writer Ibn al-Nadim, who met a Church of the East monk who had recently returned from China, who informed him that 'Christianity was just extinct in China; the native Christians had perished in one way or another; the church which they had used had been destroyed; and there was only one Christian left in the land'. The collapse of the Church of the East in China coincided with the fall of the Tang dynasty, which led to a tumultuous era (the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period).
The eventual extinction of Christianity after the Tang dynasty can be traced to the fact that the religion was evidently foreign and dependent on imperial support. Majority of Christians in Tang China were foreign merchants and the religion had little impact on the native Chinese. The most decisive factor to the collapse of the Church of the East was the church's strong reliance on Tang imperial protection and patronage. After the fall of the Tang dynasty, what was left of the Christian church quickly vanished without political support.
Literature
Dozens of Jingjiao texts were translated from Syriac into Chinese. Only a few have survived. These are generally referred to as the Chinese Jingjiao Documents. One of the surviving texts, the Zunjing or Book of Praise (), lists about 35 books that had been translated into Chinese. Among these books are some translations of the Scriptures, including the Pentateuch () - Genesis is known as , Psalms (), the Gospels (), Acts of the Apostles () and a collection of the Pauline epistles (). These translations of the Scriptures have not survived. However, three non-scriptural Christian books listed in the Zunjing are among the Jingjiao manuscripts that were discovered in the early 20th century: the Sutra on the Origin of Origins, the Sutra of Ultimate and Mysterious Happiness, and the Hymn of Perfection of the Three Majesties (also called Gloria in Excelsis Deo). Two additional Jingjiao manuscripts not listed in the Zunjing have also been discovered: Sutra of Hearing the Messiah and Treatise on the One God.
Yuan dynasty
The Mongols called Church of the East Christians (or Christian priests in particular) Arka′un or Erke′un, which was later applied for Christians in general (including Roman Catholics) whereby Christianity was named in Chinese as 也里可溫教 (Yělǐkěwēn jiào). However, there is a suggestion that the term Yělǐkěwēn jiào might be used also for Míng jiào and some other religions in Jiangnan.
History
The Church of the East had significant evangelical success under the Mongol Empire. Despite the Abbasid caliphate sending soldiers to fight against An Lushan with the Tang dynasty and the fact that General Guo Ziyi fought on the Tang dynasty side against An Lushan, Guo Ziyi's descendants joined the Mongol empire's army and his direct descendant Guo Kan was instrumental in the Mongol Siege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of the Abbasid caliphate which saw the execution of the last Abbasid caliph and the slaughter of 800,000-2,000,000 Arab Muslim civilians in Baghdad, with only the Nestorian Assyrian Christians being spared.
The rise of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in the 13th century allowed the church to return to China, and rise to a greater status than it had ever had before. However, this was primarily among foreigners. By the end of the century, two new metropolitan provinces had been created for China: Tangut and 'Katai and Ong'.
The province of Tangut covered northwestern China, and its metropolitan seems to have sat at Almaliq. The province evidently had several dioceses, even though they cannot now be localised, as the metropolitan Shemon Bar Qaligh of Tangut was arrested by the patriarch Denha I shortly before his death in 1281 'together with a number of his bishops'.
The province of Katai (Cathay) and Ong, which seems to have replaced the old Tang dynasty province of Beth Sinaye, covered northern China and the country of the Christian Ongut tribe around the great bend of the Yellow River. The metropolitans of Katai and Ong probably sat at the Yuan capital Khanbaliq. The patriarch Yahballaha III grew up in a monastery in northern China in the 1270s, and the metropolitans Giwargis and Nestoris are mentioned in his biography. Yahballaha himself was consecrated metropolitan of Katai and Ong by the patriarch Denha I shortly before his death in 1281.
During the first half of the 14th century there were Church of the East Christian communities in many cities in China, and the province of Katai and Ong probably had several suffragan dioceses. In 1253 William of Rubruck mentioned a Church of the East bishop in the town of 'Segin' (Xijing, modern Datong in Shanxi province). The tomb of a Church of the East bishop named Shlemun, who died in 1313, has recently been discovered at Quanzhou in Fujian province. Shlemun's epitaph described him as 'administrator of the Christians and Manicheans of Manzi (south China)'. Marco Polo had earlier reported the existence of a Manichean community in Fujian, at first thought to be Christian, and it is not surprising to find this small religious minority represented officially by a Christian bishop.
The relationship between the Catholic Franciscan missionaries and the Church of the East Christians were strained and often in conflict. The Catholics viewed the Church of the East Christians as heretics and rivals while the Church of the East Christians viewed them as political rivals. Roman Catholicism in China was expanded at the expense of the Church of the East during the Yuan dynasty, with some converting to Catholicism.
Decline
The Church of the East declined in China substantially in the mid-14th century. Several contemporaries, including the papal envoy John of Marignolli, mention the murder of the Latin bishop Richard and six of his companions in 1339 or 1340 by a Muslim mob in Almaliq, the chief city of Tangut, and the forcible conversion of the city's Christians to Islam. The last tombstones in two East Syriac cemeteries discovered in modern-day Mongolia around the end of the 19th century date from 1342, and several commemorate deaths during a plague in 1338. In China, the last references to East Syriac and Latin Christians date from the 1350s, and it is likely that all foreign Christians were expelled from China soon after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty and the rise of the Ming dynasty in 1368.
Additional reasons for the decline and disappearance of Church of the East include the foreign character of the religion and its adherents, comprising mainly a Central Asian and Turkic-speaking immigrant community.
There was a paucity of native Chinese converts, lack of any Chinese translations of the Bible, and a heavy political reliance on patronage by the Yuan imperial court. In consequence of these factors, once the Yuan dynasty fell, the Church of the East in China quickly became marginalized and soon vanished, leaving little trace of their existence.
Modern China (20th century-present)
In 1998, the Assyrian Church of the East sent then-Bishop Mar Gewargis to China. A later visit to Hong Kong led the Assyrian Church to state that: "after 600 years, the Eucharistic Liturgy, according to the anaphora of Mar Addai & Mari was celebrated at the Lutheran Theological Seminary chapel on Wednesday evening, October 6, 2010." This visit was followed up two years later at the invitation of the Jǐngjiào Fellowship with Mar Awa Royel accompanied by Reverend and Deacon, arriving in Xi'an, China in October 2012. On Saturday October 27, the Holy Eucharist in the Aramaic language was celebrated by Mar Awa, assisted by Fr. Genard and Deacon Allen in one of the churches in the city.
See also
Xi'an Stele
Daqin Pagoda
Jingjiao Documents
Rabban Bar Sauma
Yahballaha III
Ongud
Keraites
Church of the East in Sichuan
Mogao Christian painting
Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
References
Further reading
Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1997). Manichaeism in Central Asia and China. Brill.
Moule, Arthur C., Christians in China before the year 1550, London, 1930
External links
Spiritual use of images in ancient Chinese Christianity |
Chordin (from Greek χορδή, string, catgut) is a protein with a prominent role in dorsal–ventral patterning during early embryonic development. In humans it is encoded for by the CHRD gene.
History
Chordin was originally identified in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) in the laboratory of Edward M. De Robertis as a key developmental protein that dorsalizes early vertebrate embryonic tissues. It was first hypothesized that chordin plays a role in the dorsal homeobox genes in Spemann's organizer. The chordin gene was discovered through its activation following use of gsc (goosecoid) and Xnot mRNA injections. The discoverers of chordin concluded that it is expressed in embryo regions where gsc and Xnot were also expressed, which included the prechordal plate, the notochord, and the chordoneural hinge. The expression of the gene in these regions led to the name chordin. Initial functions of chordin were thought to include recruitment of neighboring cells to assist in the forming of the axis along with mediating cell interactions for organization of tail, head, and body regions.
Protein Structure
Chordin is a 941 amino-acids long protein, whose three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy structure resembles a horseshoe. A characteristic structural feature of chordin is the presence of four cysteine-rich repeats, which are 58–75 residues long, each containing 10 cysteines with characteristic spacings. These repeats are homologous with domains in a number of extracellular matrix proteins, including von Willebrand factor. There are five named isoforms of this protein that are produced by alternative splicing.
Gene structure
CHRD is 23 exons long and has a length of 11.5 kb and is localized at 3q27. The THPO (thrombopoietin) gene is located in the same single cosmid clone along with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor-4-gamma gene (EIF4G1).
Function
Chordin dorsalizes the developing embryo by binding ventralizing TGFβ proteins such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) through its four cytosine rich regions. Chordin blocks BMP signaling by preventing BMP from interacting with cell surface receptors, which inhibits the formation of epidermis and promoting the formation of neural tissue. Chordin specifically inhibits BMP-2,-4,-7. Chordin function is improved by a few co-factors that include the Twisted Gastrulation gene (Tsg) and the zinc metalloprotease. Tsg improves the ability of Chordin to become a BMP antagonist. Zinc metalloprotease functions by cleaving chordin allows for improved signaling with BMP in complexes that were inactive. This occurs by improving Chordin's substrate ability in cleavage reactions and by releasing BMP from chordin products.
Experiments with zebrafish showed that a chordin gene mutation can lead to less neural and dorsal tissue. Target gene deletions of chordin, follistatin, and noggin in mice were shown to also have effects on neural induction, while deletion of both chordin and noggin showed more severe effects on neural development. The phenotype for this type of deletion showed almost full headlessness. This is significant because when only noggin is deficient there are mild defects but the head still forms. Noggin has been shown to have overlap at the midgastrula in its expression with chordin. Further experiments testing the role of both noggin and chordin showed that these two proteins are essential for mesodermal development and anterior pattern elaboration. However, noggin and chordin were not shown to play a significant role in the development of the anterior visceral endoderm.
Chordin mRNA in mice are expressed early on during the anterior primitive streak. In the chick embryo it is expressed in the anterior cells of Koller's sickle, which form the anterior cells of the primitive streak, a key structure through which gastrulation occurs. As the streak evolves to a node and axial mesoderm, the chordin mRNA is still expressed. This evidence suggests a patterning role of chordin during the early embryo stages. When chordin was inactivated, animals may initially appear to have normal development, but later on issues manifest in the inner and outer ear along with pharyngeal and cardiovascular abnormalities. Experiments with Xenopus embryos showed that overexpression of BMP1 and TLL1 can be used to counteract chordin's dorsalization functions. This finding suggests that the major chordin antagonist is BMP1.
In mice, chordin is expressed in the node but not in the anterior visceral endoderm. It has been found to be required for forebrain development. In developing mice that are deficient in both chordin and noggin, the head is nearly absent. Chordin is also involved in avian gastrulation and may also play a role in organogenesis.
References
Proteins
Vertebrate developmental biology
Von Willebrand factor type C domain
CHRD domain |
Two icebreakers and one class of icebreaker, have been named Taymyr, after the Taymyr Peninsula:
, a steam-powered icebreaker
, a nuclear-powered shallow draft icebreaker
See also
Taymyr (disambiguation)
Ship names |
This is a list of presidents of Djibouti. Since the establishment of the office of president in 1977, there have been two presidents. The president is both head of state and head of government of Djibouti and the commander-in-chief of the Djibouti Armed Forces. The current president is Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, since 1999.
Overview
The first president of Djibouti was Hassan Gouled Aptidon, one of the leaders of the Ligue Populaire Africaine pour l'Indépendance (LPAI), who took office on 27 June 1977, the day on which Djibouti was declared a republic.
Term limits
There was a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Djibouti. This limit was lifted in 2010.
List of officeholders
Timeline
Latest election
See also
Djibouti
List of prime ministers of Djibouti
First Lady of Djibouti
French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI)
French Somaliland
List of governors of French Somaliland
Lists of office-holders
Notes
References
External links
World Statesmen – Djibouti
Djibouti
Djibouti politics-related lists
1977 establishments in Djibouti |
Slate Springs is a village in Calhoun County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 110 at the 2010 census.
History
In 1900, the population was 189.
In 1907, Slate Springs was noted for having two churches, a school, a flour mill, a saw mill, and a money order post-office.
Geography
Mississippi Highway 9 passes through the village, leading north to Calhoun City and south to Eupora.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 121 people, 49 households, and 34 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 63 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.69% White, 0.83% African American, 0.83% Native American, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.83% of the population.
There were 49 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $30,417 versus $20,417 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,322. There were 26.3% of families and 27.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including 36.2% of under eighteens and 58.3% of those over 64.
Education
Slate Springs is served by the Calhoun County School District.
Notable people
Fox Conner, United States Army officer, early mentor of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Anne (Phillips) McMath, wife of Arkansas governor Sid McMath, was born in Slate Springs in 1920.
References
Villages in Calhoun County, Mississippi
Villages in Mississippi |
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Mass media timelines by year |
Janice Todd (née Suffolk; born May 22, 1952) is a professor and interim department chair (starting August, 2022) in the Department of Kinesiology and Health Education at The University of Texas at Austin. Todd is a member of the sport management faculty, and teaches classes in sport history, sport philosophy, and sport and ethics. An active lecturer, Todd was named the Seward Staley Honor Lecturer for the North American Society for Sport History in 2008.
Dinnie Stones
Janice Todd is perhaps best known outside the powerlifting community for being the first woman ever to successfully lift the Dinnie Stones in 1979. This feat was not replicated again until 2018, by Leigh Holland-Keen.
Powerlifting career
Todd’s interest in the study of sport and physical culture was galvanized by her participation and success in the sport of powerlifting. During her powerlifting career, many publications—including Sports Illustrated magazine – considered her to be the strongest woman in the world. As a powerlifter, Todd set more than 60 national and world records, and was included in the Guinness Book of Records for over a decade. On 2 February 1978 she appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, performing several lifts along with Johnny Carson. Todd was the first woman inducted into the International Powerlifting Hall of Fame. She was inducted in the first class of the Women’s Powerlifting Hall of Fame, and the 2009 class of the US National Fitness Hall of Fame. She also received the 2008 Oscar Heidenstam Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award for her contributions in the field of physical fitness. In 2018, she was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame.
Later years
Todd also serves as co-editor of Iron Game History: The Journal of Physical Culture, a scholarly journal for the history of physical culture. In addition, she has written numerous articles on topics such as sport and exercise history, anabolic steroids, and strength training as well as two books: Physical Culture and the Body Beautiful: Purposive Exercise in the Lives of American Women (Mercer University Press, 1998), and Lift Your Way to Youthful Fitness (Little-Brown, 1985).
With her husband, Terry Todd, Jan Todd founded the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports. The Stark Center, which opened in a new facility in the fall of 2009, contains museum exhibits as well as a research library and the largest archive in the world devoted to the study of physical fitness, resistance training, and alternative medicine.
References
External links
H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports
1952 births
American educators
Living people
People associated with physical culture |
Kismayo (, , ; ) is a port city in the southern Lower Juba (Jubbada Hoose) province of Somalia. It is the commercial capital of the autonomous Jubaland region.
The city is situated southwest of Mogadishu, near the mouth of the Jubba River, where the waters empty into the Indian Ocean. According to the United Nations Development Programme, the city of Kismayo had a population of around 89,333 in 2005.
During the Middle Ages, Kismayo and its surrounding area was part of the Ajuran Empire that governed much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Hobyo in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.
In the early modern period, Kismayo was ruled by the Geledi Sultanate and by the later 1800s, the Boqow dynasty. The kingdom was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland in 1925/6 after the death of the last sultan, Osman Ahmed. After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official Kismayo District.
Kismayo was the site of numerous battles during the civil war, from the early 1990s. In late 2006, Islamist militants gained control of most of the city. To reclaim possession of the territory, a new autonomous regional administration dubbed Azania was announced in 2010 and formalized in 2011. In September 2012, the Somali National Army and AMISOM troops re-captured the city from the Al-Shabaab insurgents. The Juba Interim Administration was subsequently officially established and recognized in 2013.
History
Antiquity
During antiquity. Kismayo was part of the Somali city-states that in engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting Somali merchants with Phoenicia, Ptolemic Egypt, Greece, Parthian Persia, Saba, Nabataea and the Roman Empire. Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the beden to transport their cargo.
Middle Ages and the early modern period
The Kismayo area was originally a small fishing settlement.
During the Middle Ages, the region came under the rule of the influential Ajuran Sultanate, which utilized the Jubba River for its plantations.
After the collapse of this polity, the House of Gobroon was established and the Sultanate of the Geledi held sway over the area. The dynasty reached its apex under the successive reigns of Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, who successfully consolidated Gobroon power during the Bardera wars, and Sultan Ahmed Yusuf, who forced regional powers such as the Omani Empire to submit tribute.
Darod Invasion
Kismayo was the heart of the Orma land but the 19th century saw a large number of Ogadenis, along with their Marexan allies invading the Jubba Coast. During the early 19th century the Ogadenis were first in contact with the Borona, and advanced through Lugh during the reign of Gada Sakko Dadacha Gemeda. In 1842 the Ogaden advanced through the Dawa (Daya) River and entered Borona/Orma territory as clients (Shegats). The tactic of the Darood tribes when entering a new territory was to enter as respective clients and members of the communities who were already living there. This meant meant the Darod were allowed to have their own (Cattle,Camels etc). These "clients" slowly became larger in number and were able to overthrow the Wardey due to a small pox disease which they brought to them. By 1865 thousands of Wardeys had been killed by the disease. In 1867 the Somalis had called the Wardey for a gathering the Wardey as expected showed up, this was a trap set by the Somali the unprepared Warfey elders were slaughtered by there former Somali clients. According to Lewis the Somali forcers had defeated the Wardey because they had Better weapons, used horses, were larger in numbers, and that the main body of the Orma was elsewhere. the Somalis had also received assistance by the British Kenya.
Colonial Era
Jubaland became part of the British East Africa colony and was later transferred to Italian Somaliland
The Italians subsequently referred to the city as Chisimaio. Kismayo and the northern half of the Jubaland region were then incorporated into neighboring Italian Somaliland on 30 June 1926. The colony had a total area of 87,000 km2 (33,000 sq mi), with a population of 120,000 inhabitants. Britain retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District (NFD).
Somali Civil War
Following the breakdown of central authority that accompanied the civil war in 1991, various local militias fought for control of the city, including supporters of Mohammed Said Hersi ("General Morgan"), and Col. Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale Somali National Front (SNF), later on known as the Juba Valley Alliance (JVA). As well of Col. Omar Jess' Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM). Aid worker Sean Devereux was assassinated in the city in January 1993. In March 1993, a United States Marine amphibious group arrived in the city in an attempt to keep the peace as part of the United Nations intervention in Somalia. By December 1993, General Morgan's troops controlled Kismayo, despite the presence of peacekeepers. The last UN troops left the city in December 1994.
General Morgan briefly declared Jubaland independent on September 3, 1998. Political opponents of his subsequently united as the Allied Somali Forces (ASF), seizing control of Kismayo by June of the following year. Led by Colonel Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale, the ASF administration renamed itself the Juba Valley Alliance in 2001. On June 18 of that year, an 11-member interclan council decided to ally the JVA with the newly forming Transitional Federal Government.
In 2006 the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist organization, fought with Jubaland's inhabitants of the state the Darod Marehan (JVA). And invaded other parts of southern Somalia and promptly imposed Shari'a law. The Transitional Federal Government sought to re‑establish its authority, and, with the assistance of Ethiopian troops, African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, managed to drive out the rival ICU and solidify its rule.
On January 8, 2007, as the Battle of Ras Kamboni raged just south of Kismayo, the TFG relocated from its interim location in Baidoa to the nation's capital, Mogadishu. This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country.
Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al‑Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. By January 2009, Al‑Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.
In September 2012, Somali Army, Ras Kamboni militiamen and Kenyan Defense Forces (KDF), all under command of the African Union Mission in Somalia AMISOM, re-captured the city from the Al-Shabaab insurgents during the Battle of Kismayo (2012). This was a culmination to the Kenyan Operation Linda Nchi attack into Somalia which had begun late the year before.
On 12 July 2019, a car bomb and a gun attack at the Asasey hotel killed at least 26, including two prominent journalists and nine foreigners. Islamist group al-Shabab claimed responsibility.
Geography
Location
Kismayo is located in the fertile Juba Valley in southeastern Somalia, on the Somali Sea coast. Nearby settlements include to the northeast Xamareyso (5.0 nm), to the north Dalxiiska (1.3 nm), to the northwest Qeyla Dheere (6.4 nm), to the west Saamogia (0.9 nm), to the southwest Iach Bulle (10.0 nm), and to the south Qandal (6.5 nm). The largest cities in the country most proximate to Kismayo are Jamaame (52 km), Jilib (97 km), and Merca (337 km).
Climate
Kismayo has a hot arid climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), despite receiving around of rainfall per year, due to the extremely high potential evapotranspiration. Weather is hot year-round, with seasonal monsoon winds and irregular rainfall with recurring droughts. The gu rains, also known as the Southwest Monsoons, begin in April and last until July producing significant fresh water and allowing lush vegetation to grow. The gu season is followed by the xagaa (hagaa) dry season.
Government
A new municipal district administration was established on 6 September 2008. Its members reportedly represented the ICU and Al‑Shabaab (three members each) in addition to a local clan (one member) which had played a part in the military assault. Representatives of the Islamic Courts Union questioned the legitimacy of the authority. On 1 October 2009, Al Shabaab took full control of the city, after Col. Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale self proclaim President of the (JVA) Jubaland state. And Sheikh Ahmed Madobe, a senior commander of Ras Kamboni Brigade (then a part of Hizbul Islam), challenged Al‑Shabaab's control.
With the subsequent ouster of the Al-Shabaab rebels in September 2012, the Somali government began preparing mediations between the city's various stakeholders in order to establish an inclusive local administration. On 28 August 2013, the autonomous Jubaland administration signed a national reconciliation agreement in Addis Ababa with the federal government. Endorsed by the federal State Minister for the Presidency Farah Abdulkadir on behalf of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, the pact was brokered by the Foreign Ministry of Ethiopia and came after protracted bilateral talks.
Under the terms of the agreement, Jubaland is administered for a two-year period by a Juba Interim Administration and led by the region's incumbent president, Ahmed Mohamed Islam. The regional president serves as the chairperson of a new Executive Council, to which he appoints three deputies. Additionally, the agreement includes the integration of Jubaland's military forces under the central command of the Somali National Army (SNA), and stipulates that the Juba Interim Administration will command the regional police.
Districts
Kismayo is divided into 4 districts, or degmo (see map):
Calanley
Farjano
Shaqaalaha
Fanoole
Demographics
, Kismayo has an estimated population of 89,333 residents.
Education
Institutions of higher learning in the city include Kismayo University (KU). Established in August 2005, it is situated about 1 km north, along the Kismayo–Mogadishu main road.
Economy
In October 2008, the daily labor rate was estimated at 157,500 Somali shillings (approximately $4.50), up from 52,000 shillings (approximately $2.21) in January 2008, while kilogram of red rice rose from 14,170 (approximately $0.61) to 46,000 (approximately $1.31). A liter of diesel cost 43,000 shillings (approximately $1.23) and a camel costs over 15 million shillings (approximately $435). Total cereal production as of 2008 was estimated to be 780MT.
Transportation
Airport
Kismayo's air transportation needs are served by Kismayo Airport, which is situated about 10 km from the city. It was formerly a Somali Air Force training base. Following the outbreak of the civil war, the airport was closed down for a period of time and its infrastructure was significantly damaged. However, the facility was reopened in October 2008 by the Islamic Courts Union after undergoing some renovations. That same year, the airport was also renamed after Imam Ahmed Gurey, a 16th‑century Somali military leader.
The Kismayo Airport was officially brought under the Juba Interim Administration in August 2013. Per agreement, management of the facility was scheduled to be transferred to the Federal Government after a period of six months. Revenues and resources generated from the airport will also be earmarked for Jubaland's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development.
Roads
Three main thoroughfares connect Kismayo to other major areas in the country. The 600 km Highway 3 runs the length of the Juba Valley. Starting in Beled Hawo, it goes through Garbaharey, Bardera and Buale before finally reaching Kismayo.
A paved 528 km freeway links the capital Mogadishu with Kismayo, passing through Jilib before turning towards the capital. A third highway extends northwest from Kismayo to Afmadow, then turns toward Dhobley in the eastern part of the Gedo region.
In January 2015, the Interim Juba Administration launched a transport beautification and cleaning campaign in Kismayo. Part of a broader urbanization drive, the initiative includes the clearing of clogged streets and lanes, razing of illegal buildings therein, and further development of the municipal road network.
Seaport
Kismayo's large docks are situated on a peninsula on the Somali Sea coast. Formerly one of the Bajuni Islands, the peninsula was connected by a narrow causeway when the modern Port of Kismayo was built in 1964 with U.S. assistance. The port served as a base for the Somali Navy as well as the Soviet Navy after the 1969 military coup. In 1984, Somalia and the United States jointly refurbished the port after significant wear to the four-berth, marginal wharf made major renovations necessary.
The Port of Kismayo was officially brought under the Juba Interim Administration in August 2013. According to the agreement, management of the facility was scheduled to be transferred to the Somali Federal Government after a period of six months. Like Kismayo Airport, revenues and resources generated by the seaport are to be earmarked for Jubaland's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development.
Notable residents
Mohamed Ibrahim Liqliiqato, military and political leader; ambassador to the Soviet Union and West Germany; Speaker of Parliament (1983–1990)
Abdullahi Ahmed Irro, general in the Somali National Army
Hussein Samatar, politician, banker and community organizer
See also
Fall of Kismayo
References
Kismayo, Somalia
External links
WorldStaesmen – Somalia – Jubaland
1992 Map of Kismayu
Populated places in Lower Juba
Populated coastal places in Somalia
Ajuran Sultanate
Cities in Somalia |
The Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a programme that enables collection of comparable monitoring data from all regions of the world to assess the effectiveness of the Stockholm Convention in minimizing human and environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). To know whether the levels of POPs are increasing or decreasing over time, information on environmental and human exposure levels of these chemicals should enable detection of trends. GMP looks at background levels of POPs at locations not influenced by local sources, such as ‘hot spots’. For human sampling, the focus is on the general population rather than on individuals who may have suffered high exposure to POPs.
Scope and implementation
The programme covers 22 POPs listed under the Stockholm Convention. It provides a harmonized framework for the collection of comparable measurement data in air, human milk and blood and other media. The monitoring plan provides guidance on how information is to be collected, analyzed, statistically treated, and reported.
Ambient air, and human milk and blood are used as core media for the sampling and analysis of POPs. Open ocean and coastal waters and large lakes serve as core media for sampling perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS-F).
Monitoring data under the GMP are derived from existing international and regional programmes and activities, existing national programmes and activities, and national or regional arrangements and through capacity-building activities. National data are mostly available in developed countries, while capacity building projects and partnerships support data collection in developing countries.
Air monitoring
Air monitoring data are indicators of environmental exposure to POPs. Ambient air is an important matrix because it has a very short response time to changes in atmospheric emissions. It is also an entry point into food chains and a medium of global transport of POPs loadings to the environment.
Biomonitoring
The objective of human monitoring within the GMP is to identify temporal and spatial trends in levels of POPs in humans. Biomonitoring under the GMP uses human milk and maternal blood as core media. Among human monitoring activities under the GMP, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) / World Health Organization (WHO) monitor human exposure over time in order to evaluate whether the Stockholm agreement is effective in reducing the release of these chemicals into the environment and ultimately human exposure. The surveys include human breast milk samples from a wide range of countries with large differences in food consumption patterns and environmental levels of POPs. In addition, maternal blood plasma is regularly monitored with standardized protocols such as the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
Awareness-raising
Human biomonitoring under the Global Monitoring Programme is a principal subject of the Safe Planet Campaign Body Burden Forum.
See also
Biomonitoring
Persistent organic pollutant
Safe Planet
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
United Nations Environment Programme
World Health Organization
References
External links
Official websites
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Safe Planet
Safe Planet on Facebook
United Nations Environment Programme |
```shell
List current logged on users with `w`
Force a time update with `ntp`
Executing scripts on system boot using `systemd`
Fixing `locale` issues in Debian systems
Get hardware stack details with `lspci`
``` |
Ould Yenge is a department in southern Mauritania of southern Mauritania, located in the region of Guidimakha. It is situated on the edge of Karakoro, a tributary of the Senegal River that marks the border with Mali.
It is the department with the best watering of the country sometimes recording more than 600 mm / year which makes it one of the main agro-pastoral zones of Mauritania, maintaining important exchanges with the neighbor Malian. Its relief is distinguished by the volume of tributaries, the number of wadis, the level of mountains and the diversity of its fauna and flora.
The moughataa is also distinguished by the multiplicity of its tourist sites: its authentic urban centers (N'Jew), and the beauty of nature (The Karakoro, Lemssila, Tektaka, N'doumeily, Takhada, Laweinatt, Lekleybiya).
References
Departments of Mauritania |
Charles Henry Laws (21 January 1867–8 February 1958) was a New Zealand Methodist minister and administrator. He was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, England, on 21 January 1867.
References
1867 births
1958 deaths
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
New Zealand Methodist ministers
English emigrants to New Zealand
19th-century New Zealand Methodist ministers
20th-century New Zealand Methodist ministers |
UMG Philippines Inc. is a record label based in the Philippines and served as its regional branch of the multinational music corporation, Universal Music Group. Formerly known as MCA Music, the record label previously retained the now-discontinued MCA name on legal purposes because of a trademark dispute with an unrelated label known as Universal Records, which preempted the rights to the word "Universal" for recorded music in the Philippines. However, the company adopted the moniker "MCA/Universal", much like Universal Pictures' home video unit from 1990 to 1997, to simplify identification, even though no formal "Universal" branding is exercised. Despite the naming, the label is known outside the Philippines as Universal Music Philippines.
The record label then changed to its current name on November 3, 2021.
History
PolyCosmic Records was formed in 1993 as a joint venture between PolyGram Music Group (Universal Music Group's predecessor, which has 30% of the company's stocks) and a consortium of Philippine businessmen including Dr. James G. Dy (founding chairman of Dyna Products, Inc., which was the local distributor of PolyGram) and Cosmic Records, a company founded in 1992 by Ramon Chuaying.
Universal Records — which would later be involved in a domestic trademark dispute with UMG — had the distribution rights to Polygram; and Chuaying was its first CEO.
In 1998, PolyGram N.V. was purchased by Seagram's and was merged into MCA Inc., and PolyGram Music Group was merged with MCA Music Entertainment to become Universal Music Group. After the merger, PolyCosmic Records was reincorporated as MCA Music Inc. (Philippines). In 2006, Ricky Ilacad was named the managing director and CEO.
MCA Music has a partnership with Smart Communications, Inc. to make music downloads available to phone users via music service Spinnr.
In 2020, UMG formally appointed Sindikato Management founder and former Sony Music Philippines A&R consultant Enzo Valdez as managing director, replacing Ilacad. The same year, UMG launched Def Jam Philippines and Island Records Philippines. In 2021, UMG signed a distribution agreement with Off the Record, a local independent label owned by Ilacad.
On November 3, 2021, after 23 years as MCA Music Inc., the record label was renamed as UMG Philippines Inc. On the same day, UMG Philippines formally launched its digital consumer-facing brand known as UMUSIC Philippines (umusic.ph).
On July 8, 2022, UMG launched its third label, Republic Records Philippines.
Artists (past and present)
UMG Philippines (formerly MCA Music)
Def Jam Philippines
Island Records Philippines
Republic Records Philippines
See also
Universal Music Group
Universal Records (Philippines)
Dyna Music
PolyEast Records
Sony Music Philippines
Warner Music Philippines
List of Universal Music Group labels
References
External links
Philippine record labels
Universal Music Group
Companies based in Mandaluyong
Record labels established in 1993
1993 establishments in the Philippines
Philippine companies established in 1993 |
Proposition 8, known informally as Prop 8, was a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage; it passed in the November 2008 California state elections and was later overturned in court. The proposition was created by opponents of same-sex marriage in advance of the California Supreme Court's May 2008 appeal ruling, In re Marriage Cases, which followed the short-lived 2004 same-sex weddings controversy and found the previous ban on same-sex marriage (Proposition 22, 2000) unconstitutional. Proposition 8 was ultimately ruled unconstitutional by a federal court (on different grounds) in 2010, although the court decision did not go into effect until June 26, 2013, following the conclusion of proponents' appeals.
Proposition 8 countermanded the 2008 ruling by adding the same provision as in Proposition 22 to the California Constitution, providing that "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California", thereby superseding the 2008 ruling. As an amendment, it was ruled constitutional by the California Supreme Court in Strauss v. Horton in 2009, on the grounds that it "carved out a limited [or 'narrow'] exception to the state equal protection clause"; in his dissent, Justice Carlos R. Moreno wrote that exceptions to the equal protection clause could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority.
Legal challenges to Proposition 8 were presented by opponents quickly after its approval. Following affirmation by the state courts, two same-sex couples filed a lawsuit against the initiative in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger (later Hollingsworth v. Perry). In August 2010, Chief Judge Vaughn Walker ruled that the amendment was unconstitutional under both the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, since it purported to re-remove rights from a disfavored class only, with no rational basis. The official proponents' justifications for the measure were analyzed in over fifty pages covering eighty findings of fact. The state government supported the ruling and refused to defend the law. The ruling was stayed pending appeal by the proponents of the initiative. On February 7, 2012, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2–1 decision, reached the same conclusion as the district court, but on narrower grounds. The court ruled that it was unconstitutional for California to grant marriage rights to same-sex couples, only to take them away shortly after. The ruling was stayed pending appeal to the United States Supreme Court.
On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court of the United States issued its decision on the appeal in the case Hollingsworth v. Perry, ruling that proponents of initiatives such as Proposition 8 did not possess legal standing in their own right to defend the resulting law in federal court, either to the Supreme Court or (previously) to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Therefore, the Supreme Court vacated the decision of the Ninth Circuit, and remanded the case for further proceedings. The decision left the district court's 2010 ruling intact. On June 28, 2013, the Ninth Circuit, on remand, dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and dissolved their previous stay of the district court's ruling, enabling Governor Jerry Brown to order same-sex marriages to resume.
The passage of Proposition 8 received widespread media coverage over the amendment's effect on the concurrent 2008 presidential and congressional elections, as well as the pre-election effects Proposition 8 had on California's reputation as a historically LGBT-friendly state and the same-sex marriage debate that had started after same-sex marriage was legalized in Massachusetts through a 2004 court decision. After the results were certified and same-sex marriages ceased, supporters of the initiative were targeted by opponents with actions ranging from some opponents disclosing supporter donations and boycotting proponents' businesses, to others threatening supporters with death and vandalizing churches.
A ballot proposal to formally repeal Prop 8 from California's constitution was passed by the California State Legislature in July 2023. The vote will take place during the 2024 elections.
Overview
In 2000, the State of California adopted Proposition 22 which, as an ordinary statute, forbade recognition or licensing of same-sex marriages in the state. During February and March 2004, San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom directed the licensing of same-sex marriages on the basis of the state's equal protection clause, prompted also by recent events including George W. Bush's proposed constitutional ban, a possible legal case by Campaign for California Families (CCF), and a Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruling deeming same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional and permitting them from May 2004. While only lasting a month before being overruled, this was supported by other cities such as San Jose, gained global attention, and led to the case In re Marriage Cases, in which Proposition 22 was found (San Francisco County Superior Court, March 14, 2005) and confirmed upon appeal (California Supreme Court, May 15, 2008) to be unconstitutional.
Proposition 8 was created by opponents of same-sex marriage prior to the final ruling on In re Marriage Cases as a voter ballot initiative, and voted on at the time of the November 2008 elections. Its wording was precisely the same as Proposition 22, which as an ordinary statute, had been invalidated in 2008, but by re-positioning it as a State constitutional amendment rather than a legislative statute, it was able to circumvent the ruling from In re Marriage Cases. The proposition did not affect domestic partnerships in California, nor (following subsequent legal rulings) did it reverse same-sex marriages that had been performed during the interim period May to November 2008 (i.e. after In re Marriage Cases but before Proposition 8).
Proposition 8 came into immediate effect on November 5, 2008, the day after the elections. Demonstrations and protests occurred across the state and nation. Same-sex couples and government entities, including couples who had married before then, filed numerous lawsuits with the California Supreme Court challenging the proposition's validity and effect on previously administered same-sex marriages. In Strauss v. Horton, the California Supreme Court upheld Proposition 8, but allowed the existing same-sex marriages to stand (under the grandfather clause principle). (Justice Carlos R. Moreno dissented that exceptions to the equal protection clause could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority.)
Although upheld in State court, Proposition 8 was ruled unconstitutional by the federal courts. In Perry v. Schwarzenegger, United States District Court Judge Vaughn Walker overturned Proposition 8 on August 4, 2010, ruling that it violated both the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the U.S. Constitution. Walker issued a stay (injunction) against enforcing Proposition 8 and a stay to determine suspension of his ruling pending appeal. The State of California did not appeal the ruling (with which it had agreed anyway) leaving the initiative proponents and one county to seek an appeal.
On appeal, a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals panel ruled the county had no right of appeal, and asked the California Supreme Court to rule whether the proponents of Prop 8 had the right to appeal (known as "standing") if the State did not do so. The California Supreme Court ruled that they did. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the federal district court's decision on February 7, 2012, but the stay remained in place as appeals continued to the U.S. Supreme Court, which heard oral arguments in the appeal Hollingsworth v. Perry on March 26, 2013. On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and ruled that the Ninth Circuit had erred in allowing the previous appeal, since in line with Article III of the Constitution and many prior cases unanimous on the point, being an initiative proponents is not enough by itself to have federal court standing or appeal a ruling in federal court. This left the original federal district court ruling against Proposition 8 as the outcome, and same sex marriages resumed almost immediately afterwards.
History of the ballot initiative
Proposition 8 (ballot title: Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional Amendment; originally titled the "California Marriage Protection Act") was a California ballot proposition that changed the California Constitution to add a new section 7.5 to Article I, which reads: "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California." This change restricted the definition of marriage to opposite-sex couples, and eliminated same-sex couples' right to marry, thereby overriding portions of the ruling of In re Marriage Cases by "carving out an exception to the preexisting scope of the privacy and due process clauses" of the state constitution.
To qualify for the ballot, Proposition 8 needed 694,354 valid petition signatures, equal to 8% of the total votes cast for governor in the November 2006 general election. The initiative proponents submitted 1,120,801 signatures, and on June 2, 2008, the initiative qualified for the November 4, 2008 election ballot through the random sample signature check.
Full text
Proposition 8 consisted of two sections. Its full text was:
SECTION 1. Title
SECTION 2. Article I, Section 7.5 is added to the California Constitution, to read:
Pre-election legal challenges
Petition to remove proposition from ballot
On July 16, 2008, the California Supreme Court denied a petition calling for the removal of Proposition 8 from the November ballot. The petition asserted the proposition should not be on the ballot on the grounds it was a constitutional revision that only the legislature or a constitutional convention could place before voters. Opponents also argued that the petitions circulated to qualify the measure for the ballot inaccurately summarized its effect. The court denied the petition without comment. As a general rule, it is improper for courts to adjudicate pre-election challenges to a measure's substantive validity. The question of whether Proposition 8 is a constitutional amendment or constitutional revision was ruled on by the California Supreme Court on May 26, 2009, and found that it was not a revision and therefore would be upheld. They also declared that the same-sex marriages performed prior to the passing of Prop 8 would remain valid.
Challenge to title and summary
The measure was titled: "Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional Amendment." The ballot summary read that the measure "changes the California Constitution to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry in California."
Proponents of the measure objected to the wording of the ballot title and summary on the grounds that they were argumentative and prejudicial. The resulting legal petition Jansson v. Bowen was dismissed August 7, 2008, by California Superior Court Judge Timothy M. Frawley, who ruled that "the title and summary includes an essentially verbatim recital of the text of the measure itself", and that the change was valid because the measure did, in fact, eliminate a right upheld by the California Supreme Court.
California Attorney General Jerry Brown explained that the changes were required to more "accurately reflect the measure" in light of the California Supreme Court's intervening In re Marriage Cases decision.
On July 22, 2008, Proposition 8 supporters mounted a legal challenge to the revised ballot title and summary, contending that Attorney General Brown inserted "language [...] so inflammatory that it will unduly prejudice voters against the measure". Supporters claimed that research showed that an attorney general had never used an active verb like "eliminates" in the title of a ballot measure in the past fifty years in which ballot measures have been used. Representatives of the attorney general produced twelve examples of ballot measures using the word "eliminates" and vouched for the neutrality and accuracy of the ballot language.
On August 8, 2008, the California Superior Court turned down the legal challenge, affirming the new title and summary, stating, "the title and summary is not false or misleading because it states that Proposition 8 would 'eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry' in California." The Superior Court based their decision on the previous Marriages Cases ruling in which the California Supreme Court held that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry under the California Constitution. That same day, proponents of Prop. 8 filed an emergency appeal with the state appeals court. The Court of Appeal denied their petition later that day and supporters did not seek a review by the Supreme Court of California. The deadline for court action on the wording of ballot summaries and arguments in the voter pamphlet was August 11, 2008.
While turning down the challenge to the title and summary, the California Superior Court also found that the Yes on 8 campaign had overstated its ballot argument on the measure's impact on public schools and ordered a minor change in wording. The original arguments included a claim that the Supreme Court's legalization of same-sex marriage requires teachers to tell their students, as young as kindergarten age, that same-sex marriage is the same as opposite-sex marriage. The court said the Yes on 8 argument was false because instruction on marriage is not required and parents can withdraw their children. The court said the ballot argument could be preserved by rewording it to state that teachers "may" or "could" be required to tell children there is no difference between same-sex and opposite-sex marriage.
Campaign
Campaign funding and spending
The pro- and anti-Prop 8 campaigns spent a combined $106 million on the campaign. This was not the most expensive California ballot proposition that year, however; the 2008 campaigns for and against Propositions 94, 95, 96, and 97, dealing with the expansion of Native American gambling, surpassed Prop 8, with combined expenditures of $172 million.
By election day, volunteers on both sides spent thousands of hours getting their messages across to the state's 17.3 million registered voters. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.0 million ($11.3 million or 29.1% from outside California) and $44.1 million ($13.2 million or 30.0% from outside California), respectively, from over 64,000 people in all 50 states and more than 20 foreign countries, setting a new record nationally for a social policy initiative and more than for every other race in the country in spending except the presidential contest. Contributions were much greater than those of previous same-sex marriage initiatives. Between 2004 and 2006, 22 such measures were on ballots around the country, and donations to all of them combined totaled $31.4 million, according to OpenSecrets. A ProtectMarriage.com spokeswoman estimated that 36 companies which had previously contributed to Equality California were targeted to receive a letter requesting similar donations to ProtectMarriage.com.
The California Fair Political Practices Commission fined the LDS Church in 2010 for failing to follow campaign disclosure policies during the last two weeks leading up to the election, which amounted to $37,000 in non-monetary contributions. They were fined $5,538.
Both proponents and opponents of Proposition 8 made significant use of online tactics for campaigning. For example, over 800 videos were posted on YouTube, most consisting of original content and most taking a position against the Proposition. A greater proportion of 'Yes on 8' videos were scripted and professionally produced. Many 'No on 8' videos recorded demonstrations in the aftermath of the election.
Proponents
Proponents of the constitutional amendment argued that exclusively heterosexual marriage was "an essential institution of society", that leaving the constitution unchanged would "result in public schools teaching our kids that gay marriage is okay", and that gay people "do not have the right to redefine marriage for everyone else".
The ProtectMarriage.com organization sponsored the initiative that placed Proposition 8 on the ballot and continues to support the measure. The measure also attracted the support of a number of political figures and religious organizations.
Political figures
Republican presidential nominee and U.S. Senator John McCain released a statement of support for the proposed constitutional amendment. Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich released a video in support. Both characterized the court ruling requiring recognition of same sex marriage as being against the will of the people. A political action committee run by former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, who personally supported the proposition, donated $10,000 to the National Organization for Marriage during their campaign for the proposition.
Religious organizations
The Roman Catholic Church, as well as a Roman Catholic lay fraternal organization, the Knights of Columbus, firmly supported the measure. The bishops of the California Catholic Conference released a statement supporting the proposition, a position met with mixed reactions among church members, including clergy.
George Hugh Niederauer as Archbishop of San Francisco campaigned in 2008 in favor of the Proposition, and claimed to have been instrumental in forging alliances between Catholics and Mormons to support the measure. His successor, Salvatore Cordileone was regarded as instrumental in devising the initiative. Campaign finance records show he personally gave at least $6,000 to back the voter-approved ban and was instrumental in raising $1.5 million to put the proposition on the ballot. Subsequently, as archbishop of San Francisco, he has called publicly for an amendment to the US Constitution as "the only remedy in law against judicial activism" following the number of state same-sex marriage bans struck down by federal judges. He also attended and addressed the audience at the "March for Marriage", a rally opposing marriage for same-sex couples, in Washington, D.C., in June 2014.
In California's 2008 election the Knights of Columbus attracted media attention when they donated more than $1.4 million to Proposition 8. The Order was the largest financial supporter of the successful effort to maintain a legal definition of marriage as the union of one man and one woman.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), also publicly supported the proposition. The First Presidency of the church announced its support for Proposition 8 in a letter intended to be read in every congregation in California. In this letter, church members were encouraged to "do all you can to support the proposed constitutional amendment by donating of your means and time". The church produced and broadcast to its congregations a program describing the support of the Proposition, and describing the timeline it proposes for what it describes as grassroots efforts to support the Proposition. Local church leaders set organizational and monetary goals for their membership—sometimes quite specific—to fulfill this call. The response of church members to their leadership's appeals to donate money and volunteer time was very supportive, such that Latter-day Saints provided a significant source for financial donations in support of the proposition, both inside and outside the State of California. LDS members contributed over $20 million, about 45% of out-of-state contributions to ProtectMarriage.com came from Utah, over three times more than any other state.
ProtectMarriage, the official proponent of Proposition 8, estimates that about half the donations they received came from Mormon sources, and that LDS church members made up somewhere between 80% and 90% of the volunteers for early door-to-door canvassing.
Other religious organizations that supported Proposition 8 include the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, Eastern Orthodox Church, a group of Evangelical Christians led by Jim Garlow and Miles McPherson, American Family Association, Focus on the Family and the National Organization for Marriage. Rick Warren, pastor of Saddleback Church, also endorsed the measure.
Others
The Grossmont Union High School District in San Diego County, California, publicly voted on a resolution endorsing Proposition 8. The Governing Board voted 4–0 to endorse the amendment of the California State Constitution.
The Asian Heritage Coalition held a rally in support of Proposition 8 in downtown San Diego on October 19, 2008.
During the November 2008 election campaign, Porterville's City Council was the only City Council in California that passed a Resolution in favor of Proposition 8.
Church of Scientology
The San Diego branch of the Church of Scientology publicly supported the proposition by signing an online petition asking for Prop 8. This led to award-winning director, producer and writer Paul Haggis to call on Tommy Davis to denounce the signature.
Davis responded to Haggis and told him that it was a single member of the San Diego branch which had signed the petition using the branch name and not a branch decision. Davis then stated that the man had been "handled."
Haggis spent ten months trying to get Scientology to publicly denounce Prop 8, but Scientology remained silent and later said "Davis explained to Haggis that the church avoids taking overt political stands." going further to explain that because they are a non-profit with tax exempt status, they cannot take a political stance or risk losing that status.
Haggis resigned from Scientology after thirty-five years of membership and wrote in his resignation letter that "public sponsorship of Proposition 8, which succeeded in taking away the civil rights of gay and lesbian citizens of California—rights that were granted them by the Supreme Court of our state—is a stain on the integrity of our organization and a stain on us personally. Our public association with that hate-filled legislation shames us."
"Whether You Like It or Not" advertisement
In the months leading up to Election Day, Proposition 8 supporters released a commercial featuring San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom stating in a speech regarding same-sex marriage: "This door's wide open now. It's going to happen, whether you like it or not." Some observers noted that polls shifted in favor of Proposition 8 following the release of the commercial; this, in turn, led to much speculation about Newsom's unwitting role in the passage of the amendment.
Opponents
Opponents argued that "the freedom to marry is fundamental to our society", that the California constitution "should guarantee the same freedom and rights to everyone", and that the proposition "mandates one set of rules for gay and lesbian couples and another set for everyone else". They also argued that "equality under the law is a fundamental constitutional guarantee" (see Equal Protection Clause).
Equality for All was the lead organization opposed to Proposition 8. They also ran the NoOnProp8.com campaign. As with the measure's proponents, opponents of the measure also included a number of political figures and religious organizations. Some non-partisan organizations and corporations, as well as the editorial boards of many of the state's major newspapers, also opposed the measure.
Political figures
Democratic presidential nominee and U.S. Senator Barack Obama stated that while he personally considered marriage to be between a man and woman, and supported civil unions that confer comparable rights rather than gay marriage, he opposed "divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California Constitution... the U.S. Constitution or those of other states". Democratic vice-presidential candidate Joseph Biden also opposed the proposition. Republican California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger stated that although he opposed and twice vetoed legislative bills that would recognize same-sex marriage in California, he respected and would uphold the court's ruling and oppose the initiative and other attempts to amend the state's constitution. The U.S. House Speaker, California Representative (8th District), Nancy Pelosi along with other members of the California congressional delegation and both of California's U.S. senators, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, voiced their opposition to Proposition 8. Also voicing their opposition were the Lieutenant Governor, State Controller John Chiang, former governor and Attorney General Jerry Brown, 42 of 80 members of the state assembly, half of the state senators, and the mayors of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego: Gavin Newsom, Antonio Villaraigosa, and Jerry Sanders, respectively.
Religious organizations
All six Episcopal diocesan bishops in California jointly issued a statement opposing Proposition 8 on September 10, 2008. Southern California's largest collection of rabbis, the Board of Rabbis of Southern California, voted to oppose Proposition 8. Other Jewish groups who opposed Proposition 8 include Jewish Mosaic, the American Jewish Committee, Progressive Jewish Alliance, National Council of Jewish Women, and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). The ADL filed amicus briefs urging the Supreme Court of California, Ninth Circuit, and the Supreme Court to invalidate Prop 8. Los Angeles Jews were more opposed to Prop 8 than any other religious group or ethnic group in the city. Seventy-eight percent of surveyed Jewish Angelenos voted against the measure while only 8% supported the measure; the remainder declined to respond. The legislative ministry of the Unitarian Universalists opposed Proposition 8, and organized phone banks toward defeating the measure. They saw opposition to the proposition as a civil rights and social justice issue and their actions against it as a continuation of their previous works in civil rights.
In addition, the California Council of Churches urged the "immediate removal of Proposition 8"—saying that it infringes on the freedom of religion for churches who wish to bless same-sex unions.
Others
The League of Women Voters of California opposed Proposition 8 because "no person or group should suffer legal, economic or administrative discrimination". Additionally, all but two of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's local chapters in California and NAACP national chairman Julian Bond and President Benjamin Jealous opposed Proposition 8. Amnesty International also condemned Proposition 8, saying that "states should never withhold rights based on minority status".
A coalition of Silicon Valley executives urged a 'No' vote on Proposition 8. Google officially opposed Proposition 8 "as an issue of equality", and its founders donated $140,000 to the No on 8 campaign. Apple Inc. also opposed Proposition 8 as a "fundamental" civil rights issue, and donated $100,000 to the No on 8 campaign. Biotech leaders warned of potential damage to the state's $73 billion industry, citing Massachusetts as a top competitor for employees.
Many members of the entertainment industry were opposed to Proposition 8. Actor Tom Hanks, a strong supporter of same-sex marriage, was extremely outspoken about his opposition to the bill. Brad Pitt and Steven Spielberg each donated different amounts of money to the opposition campaign "No on 8". In 2010, the documentary film 8: The Mormon Proposition premiered to sell-out audiences at the Sundance Film Festival.
The Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education voted unanimously for a resolution to oppose Proposition 8. The California Teachers Association donated one million dollars to fight Proposition 8. Chancellor Robert Birgeneau of UC Berkeley urged a vote against the measure, claiming a likely threat to California's academic competitiveness if Proposition 8 is passed.
Newspaper editorials
All ten of the state's largest newspapers editorialized against Proposition 8, including the Los Angeles Times, and the San Francisco Chronicle. Other papers to have editorialized in opposition include
The New York Times, La Opinión (Los Angeles), and The Bakersfield Californian.
Actions against supporters and opponents
After the election, a number of protests were held against the referendum's passing. These included candlelight vigils outside organizations such as LDS churches that promoted the proposition. Rallies against the amendment took place in California and across the country, with participants numbering in thousands.
Boycotts were also a feature of public response to the outcome of the election. LGBT rights groups published lists of donors to the Yes on 8 campaign and organized boycotts of individuals or organizations who had promoted or donated to it. Targets of the boycotts included the Sundance Film Festival in Utah, El Coyote Cafe, California Musical Theatre, and the Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel.
Some supporters of Proposition 8 reported receiving death threats, some of which claimed to be "stemming from Prop 8". Some LDS churches were vandalized with spray paint.
Fresno-area supporters of gay marriage were also harassed; "No On 8" signs at the Clovis Unitarian Universalist Church were torn up, with Reverend Bryan Jessup alleging that his church experienced vandalism "every night". Santa Clara County Deputy District Attorney (DDA) Jay Boyarsky attributed a surge in anti-gay hate crimes, from 3 in 2007 to 14 in 2008, to controversy over Proposition 8.
Pre-decision opinion polls
Various opinion polls were conducted to estimate the outcome of the proposition. Those margins with differences less than their margins of error are marked as "n.s.", meaning not significant (see Statistical significance). Those margins considered statistically significant are indicated with the percentage points and the side favored in the poll, as either "pro" for in favor of the proposition's passage (e.g., 1% pro), or "con" for against its passage (e.g., 1% con).
According to the director of the Field Poll, the discrepancy between the pre-election polls and ballot results is because "regular church-goers ... were more prone than other voters to be influenced by last-minute appeals to conform to orthodox church positions when voting on a progressive social issue like same-sex marriage."
Results
Amending the California Constitution by voter initiative requires a simple majority to be enacted.
Edison/Mitofsky conducted an exit poll on behalf of the National Election Pool which is the only source of data on voter demographics in California in the 2008 election. The statistical trends from the exit poll of 2,240 voters suggested that an array of voters came out both in opposition to and in support of Proposition 8, with no single demographic group making up most of either the Yes or No vote. The National Election Pool poll showed that support for Proposition 8 was strong amongst African American voters, interviewed in the exit poll with 70% in favor, more than any other racial group. Their support was considered crucial to the proposition's passing, since African Americans made up an unusually larger percentage of voters that year, due to the presence of Barack Obama on the ballot. Polls by both the Associated Press and CNN mirrored this data, reporting support among black voters to be at 70% and 75%, respectively. A later study by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF), examining the black vote only from five counties within the state, suggested that black support was closer to 58%.
Hispanic and Latino voters also voted for Proposition 8.
Those who described themselves as religious were the strongest supporters of Prop 8. According to the NGLTF study, self-identified Catholics and Protestants supported Prop 8 by measures of 55% and 66%, respectively, while Jews overwhelmingly opposed it, with support at only 17%. Young voters were more likely to have voted against the ballot measure than older voters, while Republicans were more likely to have supported the measure than were Democrats.
County breakdown
Post-election events
Immediate response
In California, a constitutional amendment passed by the electorate takes effect the day after the election. On the evening of November 4 the "Yes on 8" campaign issued a statement by Ron Prentice, the chairman of ProtectMarriage.com, saying "The people of California stood up for traditional marriage and reclaimed this great institution." The organizers of the "No on Prop 8" campaign issued a statement on November 6 saying, "Tuesday's vote was deeply disappointing to all who believe in equal treatment under the law." The counties of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Yolo, Kern, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Sonoma, San Diego, San Bernardino, Sacramento, and Tuolumne stopped issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples the day after the election.
Following the passage of Proposition 8, mass protests took place across the state. These included protests outside the LDS Church's Los Angeles California Temple in Westwood, Los Angeles; a march through Hollywood that blocked traffic and elicited police intervention; a candlelight vigil in front of the Sacramento Gay and Lesbian Center and a large demonstration in front of the state capitol.
In San Francisco, thousands gathered in front of the City Hall, along with Mayor Gavin Newsom, to protest the proposition and to perform a candlelight vigil.
Fines
Following an audit by the California Franchise Tax Board, the proponents of Proposition 8 are facing a fine of $49,000 for violating California campaign finance disclosure laws, by failing to report $1,169,292 in contributions under the timelines required by state law.
Protests
Following the passage of Proposition 8, mass protests took place across the state. These included protests outside a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Westwood, Los Angeles; a march through Hollywood that blocked traffic and elicited police intervention; and a candlelight vigil in front of the Sacramento Gay and Lesbian Center.
On Sunday November 9 an estimated crowd of 4,000 people protested in front of the California State Capitol. In San Francisco, thousands gathered in front of the City Hall to protest the proposition and to perform a candlelit vigil. Speakers who voiced their opinion in opposition of Proposition 8 included state senator Mark Leno and mayor Gavin Newsom.
Outside California, a protest at the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City, Utah was addressed by local gay rights supporters including former Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson and three gay members of the Utah Legislature: Senator Scott McCoy and Representatives Christine Johnson and Jackie Biskupski. On November 12, 2008, more than 10,000 protesters gathered outside the Manhattan New York Temple to protest the support of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for Proposition 8. On November 15, 2008, tens of thousands of people in cities around the United States participated in rallies to protest the passage of Proposition 8 and to promote the expansion of civil marriage to same-sex couples throughout the nation.
Boycotts
The passage of Proposition 8 led to opponents responding by publicly shaming its supporters as bigots and boycotting supporters' businesses and employers. On November 7, 2008, a blogger revealed that Scott Eckern, then Artistic Director of California Musical Theatre, had made a personal donation of $1,000 to the "Yes on 8" campaign. All campaign contributions of $1,000 or more required a name, home and occupation be listed. On November 10, gay artists condemned Eckern and called for a boycott of California Musical Theatre. On November 11, Eckern issued an apology on the online site Playbill stating that a similar donation had been made to a human rights organization that includes gay rights as one of its causes. On November 12, Eckern resigned from California Musical Theatre. Executive producer of the CMT Richard Lewis stated that Eckern was not forced to resign but did so of his own accord.
Richard Raddon, Director of the Los Angeles Film Festival, also resigned due to boycotts by the gay community.
Protests in California were marred by racial incidents. Due to their support of Proposition 8, reported as high as 70 percent, some African Americans attending events were allegedly subjected to racial epithets and felt threatened. California Assembly Speaker Karen Bass stated she was disturbed by the treatment of African Americans in the aftermath of the passage of the proposition.
In reaction to the racial incidents, Evan Wolfson said, "In any fight, there will be people who say things they shouldn't say, but that shouldn't divert attention from what the vast majority are saying against this, that it's a terrible injustice."
Media
To protest the passage of Proposition 8, musical theatre composer Marc Shaiman wrote a satiric mini-musical called "Prop 8 — The Musical". The three-minute video was distributed on the internet at FunnyOrDie.com. The cast includes Jack Black (who plays Jesus), Nicole Parker, Neil Patrick Harris, John C. Reilly, Allison Janney, Andy Richter, Maya Rudolph, Margaret Cho, Rashida Jones, Kathy Najimy, Sarah Chalke, Jennifer Lewis, John Hill and other celebrities. It was directed by Adam Shankman. The video satirizes Christian churches that selectively pick and choose biblical doctrines to follow. It received 1.2 million internet hits in its first day, won the 2009 Webby Award category Comedy: Individual Short or Episode, and won a GLAAD media award.
In 2010, 8: The Mormon Proposition, a documentary alleging the involvement of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the passage of Proposition 8. Written by Reed Cowan and narrated by Dustin Lance Black, the film divided critics over a perceived heavy-handed approach to the church's involvement; it won the 2011 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary.
In 2011, 8, a play re-enacting the proceedings of Perry v. Brown in a condensed manner of documentary theatre, was premiered on Broadway.
Controversies about campaign financing and donations
On November 13, 2008, Fred Karger of the group Californians Against Hate filed a complaint with the California Fair Political Practices Commission that campaign finance reports filed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under-reported its actual Proposition 8 campaign expenses as $2,078.97. Karger charged that the Church's failure to report "non-monetary contributions" placed it in violation of California's Political Reform Act. Church spokesman Scott Trotter denied the charges, saying the church had "fully complied with the reporting requirements" and a "further report will be filed on or before [...the] due date, Jan. 30, 2009."
In a report filed with the California Secretary of State's office January 30, 2009, the LDS Church reported its non-monetary expenditures as $189,903.58. On January 31, the San Francisco Chronicle stated, "While the deadline for the report, which covers the period from July 1 to Dec. 31, is [February 2], many campaign contributions by major donors and independent committees must be reported within days after they're made." The article further stated that the executive director of the FPPC stated that the LDS church was still under investigation, and "In general, however, 'cases like these hinge over what had to be reported and when it had to be reported.' A late report covering disputed filings 'wouldn't remove the obligation to file on time' but would be considered by investigators."
The Boston Herald reported on February 2, 2009:
In a statement issued February 2, 2009, the LDS Church responded to "erroneous news reports", saying its subsequent disclosure was "in no way prompted by an investigation by the California Fair Political Practices Commission," that "We believe we have complied with California law," and that the report's filing date met the January 31, 2009 deadline:
On January 7, 2009, supporters of Proposition 8 filed a federal lawsuit to block public disclosure of their donations. Alleging threats against their lives as well as other forms of harassment, the lawsuit also requested a preliminary injunction that ordered the California Secretary of State to remove information about donations posted on its website. Opponents of Proposition 8 called it "hypocritical" that its supporters would refer to their support of the measure as the "will of the people" while seeking to overturn voter-approved campaign disclosure laws. U.S. District Judge Morrison England Jr. denied that request on January 29; he said that the public had the right to know about donors of political causes, that he did not agree that the plaintiffs had a probability of success in court, and that they had not proven they would suffer "irreparable injury" if he did not grant the preliminary injunction.
Litigation
California Supreme Court cases
After the passage of Proposition 8, a number of lawsuits were filed by against the state and state officials with the intent of overturning the measure and arguing that Proposition 8 should not have retroactive effect on existing same-sex marriages. On November 13, 2008, the California Supreme Court asked California Attorney General Jerry Brown for an opinion on whether the Court should accept these cases for review and whether the measure should be suspended while they decide the case. On November 19, the Court accepted three lawsuits challenging Proposition 8 but denied the requests to stay its enforcement. The Court asked for final briefs by January 5, 2009. Oral arguments were held on March 5, 2009.
On Tuesday May 26 the court ruled that "The Amendment to the State Constitution referred to as Proposition 8 is valid and enforceable from the moment it was passed." The court also held that "Proposition 8 must be understood as creating a limited exception to the state equal protection clause." Justice Moreno in his lone dissenting opinion, argued that such a change to the Constitution should only be implemented "by a constitutional revision to modify the equal protection clause to protect some, rather than all, similarly situated persons" and not by a simple majority vote.
The Court did rule that their decision cannot be applied to retroactively annul marriages that were transacted while the practice was legal in the state of California. Proposition 8 has no retroactive effect. The California Supreme Court ruled unanimously on May 26, 2009, that the approximately 18,000 same-sex marriages that had occurred prior to Proposition 8's passage would still be valid and must continue to be recognized in the state, since the amendment does not state explicitly that it would nullify the same-sex marriages performed before it took effect.
Later legislation clarified that same-sex couples who married out-of-state within the window of legality would also retain their legal marriage rights. The bill was signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on October 11, 2009.
Federal challenges
Smelt v. United States
Immediately following the passage of Proposition 8, Arthur Smelt and Christopher Hammer filed suit in the Southern Division of the United States District Court for the Central District of California, in Orange County. In the case, Smelt v. United States, the couple argued that Proposition 8 and the Federal Defense of Marriage Act violated the Equal Protection Clause of the American constitution. The United States Justice Department filed a motion to dismiss the case because the "plaintiffs are married, and their challenge to the federal Defense of Marriage Act ("DOMA") poses a different set of questions." On July 15, 2009, District Judge Carter dismissed the part of Smelt that challenged Proposition 8, finding that the fact that the plaintiffs were already legally married in California meant they had no standing to challenge Proposition 8. The challenge to the Defense of Marriage Act, however, remained intact. The remainder of the case was heard on August 3, 2009, in an Orange County district court. The lawsuit was thrown out because the two men had filed suit against the federal government in a state court, a technicality which meant the suit needed to be re-filed.
Perry v. Schwarzenegger
On the day of Strauss v. Horton decision, the American Foundation for Equal Rights (AFER) filed suit in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California to challenge the validity of Proposition 8. Lambda Legal, the ACLU, and the National Center for Lesbian Rights have since announced their support for the lawsuit. San Francisco filed a motion to and was granted intervenor status in the case, saying that their work in In re Marriage Cases and Strauss v. Horton provided them with "extensive evidence and proposed findings on strict scrutiny factors and factual rebuttals to long claimed justifications for marriage discrimination".
California Attorney General, and former and later again Governor Jerry Brown backed the lawsuit, saying that Proposition 8 violates the U.S. Constitution and should be struck down. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger took a more neutral path, saying that he supported the lawsuit because the Proposition 8 conflict asks "important constitutional questions that require and warrant judicial determination." Because this means that the Californian government will not defend the law in court, the proponents of Proposition 8's campaign were granted the right to intervene as defendants. The case was first heard on July 2, 2009, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in San Francisco, Judge Vaughn R. Walker presiding.
In an act unprecedented in California history both the Governor and Attorney General refused to defend a constitutional amendment.
In August, Judge Walker heard further requests for intervenor status and ordered a trial set for January 2010.
On August 4, 2010, U.S. District Chief Judge Vaughn R. Walker ruled Proposition 8 unconstitutional, but at the same time temporarily provided for a suspension of the ruling while he considered whether to grant an indefinite suspension pending appeal. Walker lifted the stay on August 12, 2010, thus allowing same-sex marriages to be performed as of August 18, 2010
On August 16, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit imposed a stay of all new same-sex marriages in the State of California. It also scheduled an accelerated time table for hearing an appeal of Judge Walker's ruling. Before the appeal trial begins, there will be a December 6, 2010 hearing on who has legal standing to appeal the District Court's decision and whether the proposition violates equal protection rights.
Ballot repeal effort
On April 30, 2009, the members of 'Yes! on Equality' submitted a ballot initiative dubbed "California Marriage Equality Act" to the Attorney General's office, requesting a title and summary. The text of the ballot would repeal Article I; Section 7.5 of the Californian Constitution as well as clarifying that no school curriculum will be changed and no clergy will be forced to perform any "service or duty incongruent with their faith". Yes! on Equality had until August 17, 2009, to gather 694,354 signatures in order to qualify for the June 2010 ballot, A petition for initiative for the November 2010 ballot also failed to obtain enough signatures.
Several LGBT groups of color (including API Equality-LA, HONOR PAC, and the Jordan/Rustin Coalition) published a statement "Prepare to Prevail," in which they argue that the ballot repeal effort should be delayed until 2012. As of February 2012, the repeal effort was canceled in light of victorious court cases.
On February 14, 2023, following comments by Clarence Thomas in the U.S. Supreme Court decision Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization that call for a review of Obergefell v. Hodges, Evan Low introduced ACA-5, a legislatively referred constitutional amendment repealing the ban on same-sex marriage for the 2024 California elections; activists agreed that 2024 would be the earliest date for a ballot measure to prevent competition of attention with 2022 California Proposition 1.
In July 2023, the California State Senate passed ACA-5 in a unanimous vote, after a first unanimous vote took place in the California State Assembly in June 2023, therefore placing the proposal to repeal Prop 8 on the ballot in 2024.
Legal challenges
Following the passing of Proposition 8 in 2008, and the subsequent mass protests, several lawsuits were filed in both the State Supreme Court and in the Federal District Court.
State court: Strauss v. Horton
In considering the cases within the state courts, on November 13, 2008, the California Supreme Court asked California Attorney General Jerry Brown for an opinion on whether the Court should accept these cases for review and whether the measure should be suspended while they decide the case. On November 19, the Court accepted three lawsuits challenging Proposition 8, which consolidated into Strauss v. Horton. The Court rendered its decision on May 26, 2009. The majority decision was that Proposition 8 "carved out a limited [or 'narrow'] exception to the state equal protection clause"; Justice Moreno dissented that exceptions to the equal protection clause could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority. Until overturned by Hollingsworth v. Perry (below), the ruling established that Proposition 8 was valid as voted, but that marriages performed before it went into effect would remain valid.
Federal court
Perry v. Schwarzenegger
After the California Supreme Court upheld the voter initiative, a suit, Perry v. Schwarzenegger (later Hollingsworth v. Perry), was filed in a Federal District Court in San Francisco. On August 4, 2010, U.S. District Chief Judge Vaughn Walker overturned Proposition 8, stating it is "...unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause because no compelling state interest justifies denying same-sex couples the fundamental right to marry." The court also determined that "Proposition 8 violated the Equal Protection Clause because there is no rational basis for limiting the designation of 'marriage' to opposite-sex couples." The court also stayed the ruling; the voter initiative was to remain in effect pending appeal. On August 12, Walker announced his decision to lift the stay (which would have allowed same-sex marriages to be performed) .
However, on August 16, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit indefinitely extended the District Court's stay, stopping new same-sex marriages in the state of California pending appeal. It also scheduled an accelerated time table for hearing an appeal of Walker's ruling.
Perry v. Brown (on appeal)
As the State of California chose not to appeal the ruling, an appeal was sought by two parties—the initiative proponents, and Imperial County (via its deputy clerk). The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals considered the question of standing first. On January 4, 2011, the Ninth Circuit ruled that Imperial County did not have standing to intervene in the lawsuit (by now called Perry v. Brown)—the formal reason being the county's appeal had been "untimely", but also that the appellant was the county's deputy clerk, and precedent existed in other cases that a deputy clerk could not 'represent' a county.
To address the question whether the initiative proponents had particularized standing (that is, standing either via personal interest, or standing to represent the State's interest), the Ninth Circuit certified a question to the California Supreme Court on January 4, 2011, asking that court to rule whether, under the California Constitution or otherwise under California law, non-governmental proponents of an initiative have standing to appeal when the State is no longer willing to defend it. On February 16, 2011, the California Supreme Court unanimously agreed to address the Ninth Circuit's request. The court set an expedited schedule for the hearing and heard oral arguments on September 6, 2011. On November 17, 2011, the California Supreme Court issued an advisory opinion that the proponents of Proposition 8 did have standing, and could defend it.
Ninth Circuit ruling
On February 7, 2012, a three-judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a 2–1 majority opinion affirming the judgment in Perry v. Schwarzenegger, which declared Proposition 8 unconstitutional, saying it violated the Equal Protection Clause. The opinion, written by Judge Stephen Reinhardt and joined by Judge Michael Hawkins, states that Proposition 8 did nothing more than lessen the status and dignity of gays and lesbians, and classify their relationships and families as inferior to those of opposite-sex couples. The court found that the people of California, by using their initiative power to target a minority group and withdraw the right to marry they once possessed under the California State Constitution, violated the federal Constitution.
The court concluded that the trial court had correctly found Proposition 8 to have no purpose other than to impose the majority's private disapproval of gays, lesbians, and their relationships through the public law, and to take away from them the designation of marriage and its recognized societal status. The findings of fact and expert witness testimony in District Court played an important role in this appellate decision, emphasizing that it is unreasonable to believe Proposition 8 was enacted to: promote childrearing by biological parents, encourage procreation, be cautious in social change, protect religious liberty, or control children's education. The court declared that it is "implausible to think that denying two men or two women the right to call themselves married could somehow bolster the stability of families headed by one man and one woman".
The dissenting judge, Judge N. Randy Smith, noted in his dissent that states do legitimately prohibit sexual relationships condemned by society such as incest, bigamy, and bestiality, and impose age limits for marriage without violating constitutional rights. He stated that "gays and lesbians are not a suspect or quasi-suspect class" and are thus not entitled to the courts' increased scrutiny of laws that affect them. He wrote, "The family structure of two committed biological parents—one man and one woman—is the optimal partnership for raising children." He also said that governments have a legitimate interest in "a responsible procreation theory, justifying the inducement of marital recognition only for opposite-sex couples" because only they can have children. He urged judicial restraint, that the justices should refrain from striking down Proposition 8.
En banc review denied
On February 21, 2012, proponents requested to have to the case reviewed en banc by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. If granted, en banc review could have taken a year or more, which would have delayed possible U.S. Supreme Court review. Pending the appeal, a stay was continued, barring any marriages from taking place. On June 5, 2012, the full Ninth Circuit refused to rehear the case; the stay would remain in place pending final action by the Supreme Court.
The Ninth Court's ruling was subsequently vacated (withdrawn) although it affirmed the district court ruling, since the Supreme Court later determined that the proponents of Proposition 8 had not had standing to appeal the district court's ruling.
Hollingsworth v. Perry (U.S. Supreme Court)
The proposition's proponents filed a petition for certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court on July 30, 2012, requesting that the Supreme Court review the case. Briefs in opposition both from the individual respondents and from the City and County of San Francisco were filed August 24, and the petitioners replied on September 4. On December 7, 2012, the Supreme Court granted the proponents' petition for certiorari and asked to be briefed for arguments concerning the petitioners' Article III standing, amid considerable anticipation of a finding of a lack of justiciability in order to avoid a holding on the merits. Oral arguments were heard on March 26, 2013.
Parties who lodged amicus briefs with the court included: Judge Georg Ress and the Marriage Law Foundation; William N. Eskridge Jr., et al.; the Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence; the Public Advocate of the United States, et al.; the National Association of Evangelicals, et al.; the American Civil Rights Union; Judicial Watch, Inc., et al.; the Eagle Forum Education & Legal Defense Fund, Inc.; the Foundation for Moral Law; and the state of Indiana, et al.
The Supreme Court issued a 5–4 decision on June 26, 2013. Chief Justice Roberts wrote for the majority, and was joined by Justices Scalia, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Kagan. Justices Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Sotomayor were in the minority. The Court found the proponents did not have standing to appeal in federal court. To have standing, they "must have suffered an injury in fact, thus giving [them] a sufficiently concrete interest in the outcome of the issue in dispute". Because no injury had been shown, the appeal to the Ninth Circuit should have been dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. (This only applied to the Ninth Circuit and Supreme Court cases.) The Court returned the case to the Ninth Circuit with instructions to dismiss the appeal. This left the district court's ruling overturning Proposition 8 as the final ruling in the case. Because the appeal was decided on the question of standing, the Supreme Court did not examine nor rule on whether in their view Proposition 8 had violated the U.S. Constitution.
Justice Kennedy, writing for the minority, said the views of the California Supreme Court on the proponents' standing should have been respected, because "the basic premise of the initiative process [and] the essence of democracy is that the right to make law rests in the people and flows to the government, not the other way around".
Aftermath
On June 28, 2013, the Ninth Circuit lifted its stay of the district court's ruling, enabling same-sex marriages to resume; minutes afterward, plaintiffs Perry and Stier became the first couple in California to legally wed under state law since the enactment of Proposition 8 in 2008, doing so at San Francisco City Hall at 4:45 PDT, with California's Attorney General Kamala Harris officiating at the ceremony.
There were two legal challenges made to the implementation of the ruling, both subsequently denied:
Federal court legal challenge to removal of stay
State court legal challenges to statewide implementation of ruling
See also
Proposition 22
Briggs Initiative
Houston Proposition 1 (2015)—a veto referendum which led to the repealing of an ordinance protecting LGBTQ rights.
LGBT rights in California
List of former U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by type
Obergefell v. Hodges—a 2015 U.S. Supreme Court case holding that the right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples.
San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings—a prior controversy that sparked In re Marriage Cases and led to Proposition 8
SaveCalifornia.com
United States v. Windsor—a 2013 U.S. Supreme Court case, decided along with Hollingsworth v. Perry, that struck down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, thereby granting federal benefits to same sex couple who are married under state law
8 (or 8 the Play)—an American play that portrays the closing arguments of Perry v. Schwarzenegger, the federal trial that led to the overturn of Proposition 8
References
External links
The District Court's decision in Perry v Schwarzenegger (Prop 8 Unconstitutional)
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Decision Affirming Perry v Schwarzenegger (Prop 8 Unconstitutional)
Video—Ninth Circuit Appeals Court Trial on the Merits
Video—Ninth Circuit Appeals Court Trial on Recusal
ProtectMarriage.com: Organizational sponsor of Proposition 8
No On Prop. 8: Organizational opponent to Proposition 8
California Official Voter Information Guide on Proposition 8, Title and summary, analysis, arguments and rebuttals, and the text of the proposition.
Scan of Initiative from California Attorney General website
The Money Behind the 2008 Same-Sex Partnership Ballot Measures—OpenSecrets
Proposition 8 map a detailed hyper-linked map on David Leips election atlas.
Hollingsworth v. Perry at SCOTUSblog
Amicus briefs filed in Hollingsworth v. Perry from the City Attorney of San Francisco
Articles containing video clips
Initiatives in the United States
Opposition to same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage ballot measures in the United States
8 |
The Charles Lathrop Parsons Award is usually a biennial award that recognizes outstanding public service by a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS). Recipients are chosen by the American Chemical Society Board of Directors, from a list of no more than five recipients presented by the ACS Committee on Grants and Awards. They have the discretion to offer the award in successive years if they so wish. It was established in 1952, and is named in honor of its first recipient, Charles Lathrop Parsons. The first woman to receive the award was Mary L. Good in 1991.
Award recipients
2021 Ruth Woodall
2019 Attila E. Pavlath
2017 John I. Brauman
2015 Paul H. L. Walter
2013 Geraldine L. Richmond
2011 Michael E. Strem
2009 Glenn A. Crosby and Jane L. Crosby
2007 S. Allen Heininger
2005 Marye Anne Fox
2003 Zafra M. Lerman
2001 Richard N. Zare
1999 Mike McCormack
1995 Alfred Bader
1993 B. R. Stanerson
1991 Mary L. Good
1989 Arnold O. Beckman
1987 Norman Hackerman
1985 Franklin A. Long
1983 James G. Martin
1978 Charles G. Overberger
1976 William Oliver Baker
1974 Russell W. Peterson
1973 Charles C. Price
1970 W. Albert Noyes, Jr.
1967 Donald F. Hornig
1964 Glenn T. Seaborg
1961 George B. Kistiakowsky
1958 Roger Adams
1955 James B. Conant
1952 Charles Lathrop Parsons
See also
List of chemistry awards
References
Awards established in 1952
Awards of the American Chemical Society
1952 establishments in the United States |
Reiner Frieske (born October 11, 1940) is an East German former handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Lommatzsch, in Saxony.
In 1972 he was part of the East German team which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament. He played all six matches as goalkeeper.
External links
profile
1940 births
Living people
People from Lommatzsch
German male handball players
Olympic handball players for East Germany
Handball players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Saxony
People from Bezirk Dresden
East German male handball players |
Bashania is a genus of East Asian bamboo in the grass family, native to China and Vietnam.
Species
Bashania abietina T.P.Yi & L.Yang – Sichuan
Bashania fansipanensis T.Q.Nguyen – Vietnam
Bashania fargesii (E.G.Camus) Keng f. & T.P.Yi – Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan
Bashania qingchengshanensis Keng f. & T.P.Yi – Sichuan
formerly included
see Indocalamus Sarocalamus
Bashania auctiaurita – Indocalamus longiauritus
Bashania faberi – Sarocalamus faberi
Bashania fangiana – Sarocalamus faberi
Bashania spanostachya – Sarocalamus spanostachyus
Bashania victorialis – Indocalamus victorialis
References
Bambusoideae genera |
"Work" is the debut single recorded by Australian rapper Iggy Azalea for her debut studio album, The New Classic (2014). It was released as the album's lead single on 17 March 2013. The track was written by Azalea, Trocon Markous Roberts, Natalie Sims, and The Invisible Men who produced it with 1st Down of FKi. Hailed by Azalea as her most personal song, "Work" was developed with motivational and inspirational intentions to portray her life story; specifically dealing with her struggle as an up-and-coming rapper, and her relocation from Mullumbimby, New South Wales to Miami, Florida at age 16. In sequence with its lyrical story, the snap and trap track begins with a sad-stringed verse segment before significantly increasing in tempo at its drum and synth-heavy
A number of music critics consider the song to be among Azalea's best output, namely praising her flow and the depth of the lyrical content. Commercially, "Work" became a sleeper hit; it peaked at number 17 on the UK Singles Chart and number 54 on the US Billboard Hot 100, but was certified silver and platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), respectively. "Work" became one of the lowest peaking songs to receive a sales certification in Australia where it reached number 79 and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).
An accompanying music video was directed by Jonas & François and released on 13 March 2013. Inspired by several films, it features Azalea performing twerking sequences and a recreation of Vanessa Ferlito's lap dancing in the 2007 film, Death Proof. The video earned Azalea a nomination for Artist to Watch at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, and was praised by critics for its fashion, and portrayal of the song's lyrics. Among her live performance staples, Azalea promoted the single with live renditions on Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model and Nikki & Sara Live. It was also included in the set list for her The New Classic Tour (2014). A number of remixes were commissioned for the single's release, including an official remix featuring American rapper Wale.
Background
During December 2012 and January 2013, "Work" was developed by Iggy Azalea as one of the first three songs for her debut studio album, The New Classic. The song was written in Wales during a period of heavy rain which inspired her to create a track that was "sad, but in a weird way, like happy or calming or sort of peaceful". With the track, she wanted to give as much information as she could about herself to detract her listeners from being influenced by criticism and tabloid journalism about her; she disliked the idea of revisiting her past, but felt that it was necessary for her listeners to relate with. Being her first autobiographical song, Azalea encountered difficulty during its writing because of the personal subject matter which she felt she could not fit into a song on its own.
Azalea wrote the song with The Invisible Men, Trocon Markous Roberts and Natalie Sims. Sims stated that she, FKi, and Azalea had initially met back in 2008, but lost touch when Azalea moved to Los Angeles. The track specifically drew inspiration from a period when Azalea suffered from depression, and dropped out of high school to become a domestic worker with her mother. Azalea saved money for a flight ticket to Miami and left Mullumbimby, New South Wales before she turned 16—an event referenced in the song's lyric "No money / No family / 16 in the middle of Miami" which Azalea felt "said it all". For this reason, she chose to write and record "Work" in isolation in Rockfield, Monmouthshire, with no phone reception, visitors or interruptions. She felt as a location it would help her recall the personal struggles she wanted to write about on the song. Azalea also believed that her best output was produced when in an environment outside her comfort zone. Her vocals were recorded at Rockfield Studios and Monnow Valley Studios. Sims, who abandoned four tour dates in order to fly over to Britain to join Azalea, commented on her own involvement in the song that "Fresh out of a breakup and depressed I spent a month in London in a small 10×10 studio somedays writing and writing and writing… Regardless of whether or not you like the content the song told Iggy's true story of struggle sacrifice and hard work as an artist."
Musically, Azalea found inspiration for the composition in the chord progression featured in Outkast's "B.O.B" (2000). "Work" was produced by The Invisible Men and 1st Down of FKi. Azalea stated that the producers "found a middle ground" on the song, with 1st Down being responsible for its "cool alternative sound", and The Invisible Men creating its "more commercialised, cleaner [and] sleeker sound". Anthony Kilhoffer completed the mixing process, with the assistance of Kyle Ross, at The Mix Spot in Los Angeles. Following the song's completion, Azalea felt that it achieved the goal she set for its parent album, and denoted it as the record's most important and vulnerable moment. She has also cited it as her most personal song and the song she is most proud of.
Composition
"Work" is a snap and trap song which incorporates elements of EDM. Nina Long of Respect. describes it as the "polar opposite" of Azalea's previous material. The track opens with Azalea challenging "Walk a mile in these Louboutins", upon a sweeping keyboard introduction and balladic beat. It then leads into a similarly sad, string-laden first verse segment containing plaintive melodies. According to Gregory Adams of Exclaim!, the song "starts off smooth and ballady, with Azalea running through lines about her background, but soon drops into club-minded claps and screeching synths". A prominent synth, bass and drum-heavy production drop formula then occurs at the song's refrain, in which Azalea repeats the hook, "I been work work work work, workin' on my shit". The production drop casts Azalea's rapping against a combination of a Roland TR-808-heavy, minimal trap beat and EDM clapping effects. Using divisive Southern American English pronunciation, Azalea employs a defiant and rattling, staccato delivery in double-time. Her rapping pace varies from fast, intricate rhymes to slow, stretched-out singular words. While in the verses, her delivery is expletively riddled.
The lyrics are autobiographical and portray Azalea's fame-seeking relocation from Mullumbimby to Miami at the age of 16, and deal with subjects of work ethic and dedication to craft. It specifically accounts for the events of Azalea growing up in Mullumbimby, juggling multiple occupations to save an income to independently start anew in Miami. The lyrics also serve as a celebration of Azalea's progression from being a struggling rapper as a rags to riches story and an underdog anthem. The line "Who don't know shit 'bout where I was made / Or how many floors that I had to scrub," was suggested to be directed at her "haters". While the couplet, "Two feet in the red dirt, school skirt, sugar cane, back lanes" is eloquent for Azalea's origin.
According to Jessie Schiewe of Respect., the lyrics also imply that Azalea "was swindled and take advantage of in her first record deal", and that it provides insight into events that have toughened Azalea up. While Cristina Jaleru of The Associated Press deduced that the lyrics "First deal changed me, robbed blind, basically raped me / Studied the Carters till a deal was offered, slept cold on the floor recording," are rapped "not as a complaint but as a badge of honor". Nick Aveling of Time Out writes that Azalea is depicted as a "hustler" and a "woman with immense ambition" in the song. In a NPR publication, Ann Powers viewed the lyrics to be of "unremitting toil", as well as detailing a story of Azalea "staying up night after night to master her flow". John Lucas of The Georgia Straight compared the lyrical content to that of Drake's "Started from the Bottom" (2013). According to Matt Jost of RapReviews.com, "Work" is similar to the works of 2 Live Crew and is a "nod to Miami's music history".
Release
"Work" served as Azalea's debut single as a lead artist, and the lead single from The New Classic. Following its premiere on BBC Radio 1Xtra on 11 February 2013, Azalea tweeted, "Thanks for supporting me and I'm happy to have a first single about my story and not something meaningless i hope it inspires and motivates". Her label later announced that an extended play (EP) for the single would be released on 8 April 2013. Azalea posted a timed preview of "Work" on SoundCloud on 24 February 2013. The following day, Azalea announced on Twitter that the song would be digitally released within the first week of March 2013.
"Work" was released as a digital download on 17 March 2013 in the United Kingdom. A digital EP—which included remixes by Jacob Plant and Burns—was then made available on 7 April 2013. In the United States, the song impacted rhythmic contemporary radio on 25 June 2013. An official remix featuring American rapper Wale was premiered by Samsung on 28 June 2013. In the remix, Wale performs a 16-bar rap in place of Azalea's second verse in the song. The remix was well received by reviewers from Idolator, Rap-Up, The Line of Best Fit, and XXL. A 13-track remix bundle and the Wale remix was then released in the United States on 16 and 23 July 2013 respectively.
Critical reception
"Work" received universal acclaim from music critics. In a Billboard publication, Robert Christgau called the song "excellent" and "something [Azalea] wants us to remember", and commented: "You want authentic? Iggy Azalea has all the lineaments of a risk-taking young rebel without a well-off family to back her up." Christgau went on to praise the track's hooks, and explained: "The hooks, of course, are one reason hard die-hards put her down—in the truimpant Dirty South manner, her hip-hop is radio-friendly as a matter of principle. The cumulative weight of the long-player they never think about." Monica Herrera of Rolling Stone called the song "a bombshell-next-door move that demands attention". Matt Orkine of Triple J listed it as the year's ninth best single, and viewed it as a "straight-up banger" and his "guiltiest music pleasure of 2013". Kellan Miller of XXL deemed it "the song that made the world fall in love with Iggy all over again". Justin Monroe of Complex called it the album's "infectious and decidedly less weird first single", and complimented its ability to provide listeners with a sense of Azalea's background. While Sam Weiss of the same publication described the song "as wild and eccentric as anything she's done so far".
Slant Magazines Joe Sweeney felt that "Work" was the album's standout track and believed that it portrayed a real sense of Azalea's potential as a storyteller, and commended her delivery, "You can hear every inch of how far she's come". Sweeney's view was shared by Andy Gill from The Independent who also named "Work" the highlight on The New Classic, and said Azalea's double-time delivery was best-employed on the song. HipHopDX's Marcus Dowling wrote that "Work" was "an extraordinarily well-rounded listen" and the "honest and intriguing greatness" of The New Classic. Dowling commented that the line, "No money, no family, 16 in the middle of Miami", provided an "ocean of depth [...] that makes the rest of the album feel like swimming in a kiddie pool". Matt Jost of RapReviews.com concurred, and called the song "the sure winner" and "lyrically most ambitious offering" of the album. Jost opined that the track was "memorable" and its production "cleverly subverts expectations", and explained, "It's when she keeps it simple and relies on her indeed present swagger that the Iggy Azalea character works best". Similarly, Alex Scordelis of Paper described the track as "the cornerstone" of the album and complimented its "insanely catchy chorus". Scordelis believed it marked a heightened evolution in Azalea's growth as a rapper, and stated, "['Work' is] a song you can easily imagine Azalea performing for years to come".
"Work" was positively reviewed by writers of Entertainment Weekly; Kyle Anderson opined that the track was "a thoroughbred entry in the song of summer race", while Ray Rahman called it a "bulletproof party banger". Devone Jones of PopMatters viewed Azalea's "sombre thought-processing" as "well-executed", and appreciated her for "picking gritty beats over EDM and dance music as well as deciding to rap about her life before her new-found fame as opposed to her fame". Likewise, Craig Mathieson of The Sydney Morning Herald explained that the song highlighted Azalea's "ability to meld the club music sounds that are permeating American hip-hop and pop into something unexpected and affecting". In an October 2013 publication, Kitty Empire of The Observer wrote that "Work" was "ear-catching", and contained Azalea's "best-known zing"; "Valley girls giving blowjobs for Louboutins / What do you call that? / Head over heels?". In 2014, Nolan Feeney of Time said "Work" was "by far the best thing she's done", and highlighted Azalea's conviction and "rapid-fire" delivery, while Digital Spy's Lewis Corner felt the song "remains one of [Azalea's] finest moments". In 2015, NME ranked "Work" third in their list of Azalea's best songs, behind "Fancy" and "1 800 Bone".
Commercial performance
Commercially, "Work" was a sleeper hit and Azalea's breakthrough into mainstream success. In Australia, the song bowed at number 88 on the ARIA Singles Chart issued for 23 April 2013, but re-entered more than a year later to peak at number 79 for the chart dated 9 June 2014. The track was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for selling 35,000 copies; it became one of the lowest peaking songs to receive a sales certification in the country. The track debuted at number 98 on the Irish Singles Chart dated 4 April 2013, and reached a peak of number 42. On the UK Singles Chart, the song entered at number 55 and peaked at number 17 in its sixth week. The song spent a total of 13 weeks on the chart. It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling over 200,000 units.
In the United States, "Work" first charted at number seven on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart issued for 20 July 2013. Following a 156% sales resurgence spurred by Azalea's appearance and nomination at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, the song debuted at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. On 13 August 2013, Billboard reported that the track percolated below the Rhythmic chart. It was more successful on the Dance Club Songs chart where it peaked at number five for the week-ending 5 October 2013. In May 2014, the song received a second sales resurgence following the release of The New Classic and the success of Azalea's 2014 singles "Fancy" and "Problem". It went on to peak at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 where it accumulated a total of 20 weeks on the chart. The sales resurgence also saw the single attain a new peak of number 14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it initially bowed at number 35 in September 2013. In September 2014, the track was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 1 million units. In January 2015, Billboard named it one of the biggest hits to have peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100. In Canada, "Work" debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 98 for the week-ending 27 September 2014, and reached a peak of number 87. It was certified gold by Music Canada (MC) for selling more than 40,000 copies.
Music video
Background and development
The accompanying music video for "Work" was directed by Jonas & François and filmed in Hollywood and Lancaster, California in February 2013. A budget of about $100,000 was used for the production. Initially, Azalea wanted to provide a literal representation of the song, and planned to shoot the clip in Australia, but time constraints prevented her from travelling to the country. Accordingly, a desert location was chosen to emulate Azalea's hometown, Mullumbimby. Prior to the video's filming, Azalea felt she grasped the concept of what made a good music video and what viewers wanted to see in the clip for "Work". In turn, she combined several different ideas into the visual because she feared that a music video budget of the same calibre would not arise in future.
One of Azalea's ideas was to pay homage to the Australian film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994), as its theme of discrimination was one she identified with as a rejected and struggling rapper. Two scenes in the music video drew reference from the film: the fire swing segment emulated the film's bonfire scene, and the convertible segment represented the film's bus. Washed colour elements were also implemented into the convertible scene which was inspired by the 1998 film Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. Another idea Azalea incorporated into the clip was the large-scale neon qualities featured in Outkast's music video for "B.O.B". Azalea stated that the featured lap dancing originated from Vanessa Ferlito's "infamous" scene of the same action in the 2007 film Death Proof. She found Ferlito's lap dance appealing, but was convinced to recreate it for "Work" after she noticed its popularity through remakes of it on YouTube.
Controversy arose during the music video's development when Azalea intended to wear a red, high-waisted leotard encrusted in rhinestone flames, to emulate the showgirl fashion featured in The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert. The leotard, however, was deemed "too-vaginary" by one of the workers at the label Azalea was signed to, ultimately leading to the worker being dismissed from the project and the leotard being scrapped altogether. Azalea's final wardrobe consisted of creations by Christian Louboutin, Jeremy Scott and the 2013 Spring/Summer Collection by Dolce & Gabbana. Her stylist, Alejandra Hernandez incorporated several pairs of Louboutins into the music video because of their significance to Azalea when she was a struggling rapper who achieved her first sense of accomplishment after buying her first pair.
Synopsis
The music video's storyline depicts Azalea's biographical journey from life on the streets to Hollywood. According to Natasha Stagg of American magazine V, the plot involves Azalea rising from "trailer park standby to high-class Hollywood-ite in a matter of minutes". The music video opens with Azalea confidently walking on a deserted highway situated in a desert environment. Azalea's costume includes dark red lipstick, red-soled vertiginous Louboutins, a powder blue Givenchy bag, a tropical print brassiere and shorts. The scene is intercepted with visuals of burning shoes and wheels. Azalea then walks through a trailer park community where several locals stare at her as she passes by. Upon the beginning of the song's chorus, the video transcends into a playground scene where Azalea dances in an evening setting, with a fire-lit swing as her backdrop. In this segment, she wears a grey crop top and red slim-fit pants, with her hair styled in a bun. The next scene involves Azalea performing in a dance-off with her two female friends in front of a Freightliner Truck. Azalea sports a plum-coloured fur coat over a white mesh swimsuit. In the segment, the three engage in twerking and hair flicking actions.
The visual then returns to the trailer park setting, where Azalea rides a lowrider bicycle through the area. She wears a perforated yellow visor, black brassiere, spiked yellow Louboutins and ethnic slim-fit pants. The video then enters a new scene where Azalea arrives at a dive bar and switches a jukebox on. At the bar, Azalea's two friends from the Freightliner Truck scene are seated at a table, and a long-haired man wearing dark sunglasses awaits her on a chair in the centre of building. Azalea, dressed in a palm tree bikini and yellow neon shorts, performs a lap dance for the man. She then steals his car keys and runs off with her friends, who drive the man's convertible out into the desert. Azalea is seen standing in the car, waving a thin piece of material in the wind. They drive through a day and night period before arriving in Hollywood in the morning. Azalea's friends then drop her off at a sidewalk, where the video ends with her walking in the city. She wears dark sunglasses, striped black-and-white shorts and a custom-made dalmatian-print blazer in the final scene.
Release and reception
On 4 March 2013, Azalea posted a set of images from the clip on Instagram. The music video was initially scheduled for release on 11 March 2013, though it premiered two days later on Vevo on 13 March 2013. A behind-the-scenes segment was released on 3 April 2013. An alternate video directed by Colin Solal Cardo for an unreleased Adidas commercial surfaced online on 12 April 2014.
Upon release, the music video was tagged with the warning "not suitable for work". It received praise from critics and was nominated for the MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist at the 2013 ceremony, but lost to Austin Mahone's "What About Love". The visual also received three nominations at the 2013 UK Music Video Awards, in the categories for Best Styling in a Video, Vevo Best New Artist and Best Urban Video. Slant Magazine ranked the video at number 21 in their list of The 25 Best Music Videos of 2013; writer Sal Cinquemani stated that Azalea's swing set conjured that of Madonna's "Like a Prayer" (1989) and George Michael's "Freedom! '90".
Shardae Jobson of The Source deemed Azalea's fashion "stylish" and "rustic". A writer for MuchMusic described the clip as "a total and complete visual trip jam-packed with Iggy's rad dance moves". Natasha Stagg of V called it a "desert dream" and appreciated Azalea's "killer outfit options". British magazine Fact wrote that the visual was "flashy" and "trailer park elegance", and compared it to M.I.A.'s "Bad Girls" (2012). Julian Rifkin of Oyster viewed it as "a high class production" and felt it emulated the song's lyric "Valley girls giving blow jobs for Louboutins". He likened the clip's dancing to that of Beyoncé, and Grimes' "Genesis" (2012). Rifkin considered the production's Mid West theme to recall Lana Del Rey's "Born to Die" (2011). Contactmusic.com said the music video told an inspiring story of Azalea working her way up from the bottom. Jessie Peterson of MTV News called Azalea's wardrobe "subtly savvy". Eric Diep of XXL stated that the clip was worth the wait, and described Azalea's "sexy poses and lap dances" as "just the tip of the iceberg". Diep praised Azalea's story interpretation, and mentioned, "Pledge allegiance to the struggle, this girl knows how to work it". Jessie Schiewe of Respect. complimented the video for revolving around Azalea and paying homage to the song's lyrical story, and praised the rapper's lap dancing scene. Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly felt the video evoked the 1991 film Thelma & Louise and commended Azalea's "full run of frame-grab-worthy outfits". The music video has received over 280 million views on YouTube as of November 2017.
Live performances and usage in media
Azalea first performed "Work" during the Manchester-stop of Rita Ora's Radioactive Tour on 29 January 2013. She reprised the song until the tour's final date in mid-February, before performing it again during the European leg of the Nas' Life Is Good Tour. Azalea went on to perform the song for her sets at The Great Escape Festival and Radio 1's Big Weekend in May 2013, and at Gucci's Chime for Change Concert, The Parklife Weekender and the Glastonbury Festival in June 2013. The song was then performed at the Wireless Festival, and London nightclubs G-A-Y and Fabric in July 2013. Azalea gave her first live televised rendition of "Work" on 8 August 2013 on Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. As part of the single's promotion in the United States, Azalea performed "Work" on Nikki & Sara Live on 28 August 2013, and for KIIS FM on 14 September 2013. The song was also included in Azalea's set list at the 2013 iTunes Festival, where she was a supporting act for Katy Perry. In October 2013, Azalea performed the track as part of her sets during Beyoncé's The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour. At the 2013 MOBO Awards, Azalea performed "Change Your Life" and "Work".
In 2014, "Work" featured in the set list for Azalea's first headlining tour, The New Classic Tour. A number of the tour's renditions of the track featured an interpolation of RuPaul's "Supermodel", and a Miami strip-inspired stage backdrop as a reference to the song's "No money, no family, 16 in the middle of Miami" line. She also performed the song during her set for the 2014 MtvU Woodie Awards at South by Southwest in April. On 15 May 2014, Azalea performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. The rendition was praised by reviewers from Exclaim!, Vibe and Idolator. On 8 August 2014, Azalea performed the song during her set on The Today Show. Jim Farber of the Daily News noted that the rendition "put the emphases on a pre-recorded beat and the star's personality", and that Azalea's "only whiff of pretence" during the set came in "a few lines in 'Work'". Azalea later included the song for her sets during the Jingle Ball Tour 2014. In 2015, Azalea performed "Work" as part of her set lists at the Redfest in February, and the Ottawa Bluesfest and Quebec City Summer Festival in July.
Selena Gomez covered "Work" in a mash-up with her song "B.E.A.T.", during her 2013 Stars Dance Tour. Contestants Bridget Whitman and Emilio Dosal performed a dance to "Work" during an episode of the eleventh American series of So You Think You Can Dance which aired on 9 July 2014.
Track listings
Digital download
"Work" – 3:43
Digital download (The Remixes)
"Work" (Gregor Salto Radio Edit) – 2:48
"Work" (Gregor Salto Remix) – 5:14
"Work" (Gregor Salto Instrumental) – 5:14
"Work" (Reid Stefan Radio) – 3:56
"Work" (Reid Stefan Radio) – 3:53
"Work" (Reid Stefan Trap Remix) – 4:50
"Work" (Reid Stefan Radio Instrumental) – 3:53
"Work" (Reid Stefan Trap Instrumental) – 4:50
"Work" (Tom Stephan Radio Mix) – 3:47
"Work" (Tom Stephan Mix) – 6:32
"Work" (DJ Reflex Remix) – 3:45
"Work" (DJ Reflex Remix) – 3:45
"Work" (DJ Reflex Remix Instrumental) – 3:45
Digital download (EP)
"Work" – 3:43
"Work" (Radio Edit) – 3:42
"Work" (Jacob Plant Remix) – 3:16
"Work" (Burns Purple Rain Version) – 5:20
"Work" (Instrumental) – 3:40
Digital download (Remix)
"Work" (featuring Wale) – 4:10
signifies a clean version.
Credits and personnel
Iggy Azalea – writer, vocals
The Invisible Men – writers, producers, drums, programming, keyboards
Trocon Markous Roberts – writer
Natalie Sims – writer
1st Down of FKi – producer, drums, programming, keyboards
Anthony Kilhoffer – mixing
Kyle Ross – mixing assistant
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Radio and release history
References
2013 songs
2013 debut singles
Def Jam Recordings singles
Iggy Azalea songs
Songs about poverty
Songs about labor
Songs written by George Astasio
Songs written by Iggy Azalea
Songs written by Jason Pebworth
Songs written by Jon Shave
Songs written by Natalie Sims
Virgin EMI Records singles |
George Francis Abbott (June 25, 1887January 31, 1995) was an American theatre producer, director, playwright, screenwriter, film director and producer whose career spanned eight decades. He received numerous honors including six Tony Awards, the Pulitzer Prize, the Kennedy Center Honors in 1982. the National Medal of Arts in 1990. and was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.
Starting as an actor he later became known for producing numerous Broadway productions such as Pal Joey (1940), On the Town (1944), Call Me Madam (1950), Wonderful Town (1953), The Pajama Game (1954), Damn Yankees (1955), New Girl in Town (1957), Once Upon a Mattress (1959), Fiorello! (book, 1959), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962), Broadway (1987), Damn Yankees (1994).
Abbot also acted in numerous films in the 1920s and 1930s. He received an Academy Award for Best Writing nomination for All Quiet on the Western Front (1930). He later directed the movie musicals adaptations of The Pajama Game (1957), and Damn Yankees (1958).
Early years
Abbott was born in Forestville, New York, to George Burwell Abbott (May 1858 Erie County, New York – February 4, 1942 Hamburg, New York) and Hannah May McLaury (1869 – June 20, 1940 Hamburg, New York). He later moved to the city of Salamanca, which twice elected his father mayor. In 1898, his family moved to Cheyenne, Wyoming, where he attended Kearney Military Academy. Within a few years, his family returned to New York, and he graduated from Hamburg High School in 1907.
In 1911 he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Rochester, where he wrote his first play, Perfectly Harmless, for the University Dramatic Club. Abbott then attended Harvard University, to take a course in playwriting from George Pierce Baker. Under Baker's tutelage, he wrote The Head of the Family, which was performed at the Harvard Dramatic Club in 1912. He then worked for a year as
"author, gofer, and actor" at the Bijou Theatre in Boston, where his play The Man in the Manhole won a contest.
Career
Abbott started acting on Broadway in 1913, debuting in The Misleading Lady. While acting in several plays in New York City, he began to write; his first successful play was The Fall Guy (1925).
Abbott acquired a reputation as an astute "show doctor". He frequently was called upon to supervise changes when a show was having difficulties in tryouts or previews prior to its Broadway opening. His first hit was Broadway, written and directed in partnership with Philip Dunning, whose play Abbott "rejiggered". It opened on September 16, 1926, at the Broadhurst Theatre and ran for 603 performances. Other successes followed, and it was a rare year that did not have an Abbott production on Broadway.
He also worked in Hollywood as a film writer and director while continuing with his theatre work.
Among those who worked with Abbott early in their careers are Desi Arnaz, Gene Kelly, June Havoc, Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Leonard Bernstein, Jules Styne, Stephen Sondheim, Elaine Stritch, John Kander, Fred Ebb, Carol Burnett and Liza Minnelli. He introduced the "fast-paced, tightly integrated style that influenced" performers and especially directors such as Jerome Robbins, Bob Fosse and Hal Prince.
Autobiography
In 1963, he published his autobiography, Mister Abbott.
Personal life
Abbott was married to Edna Lewis from 1914 to her death in 1930; they had one child. Actress Mary Sinclair was his second wife. Their marriage lasted from 1946 until their 1951 divorce. He had a long romance with actress Maureen Stapleton from 1968 to 1978. She was 43 and he was 81 when they began their affair, then ten years later Abbott left her for a younger woman. His third wife was Joy Valderrama. They were married from 1983 until his death in 1995.
Abbott was a vigorous man who remained active past his 100th birthday by golfing and dancing. He died of a stroke on January 31, 1995, at his home on Sunset Island off Miami Beach, Florida, at age 107. The New York Times obituary read, "Mrs. Abbott said that a week and a half before his death he was dictating revisions to the second act of Pyjama Game with a revival in mind, in addition to working on a revival of Damn Yankees.
At the age of 106, he walked down the aisle on opening night of the Damn Yankees revival and received a standing ovation. He was heard saying to his companion, 'There must be somebody important here.'" Just thirteen days before his 107th birthday, Abbott made an appearance at the 48th Tony Awards, coming onstage with fellow Damn Yankees alumni Gwen Verdon and Jean Stapleton at the end of the opening number, a medley performed by the nominees for Best Revival of A Musical, which included Grease, She Loves Me, Carousel, and his own Damn Yankees.
He was cremated at Woodlawn Park Cemetery in Miami and the ashes were taken by his wife.
Family
In addition to his wife, who died in 2020 at 88, Abbott was survived by a sister, Isabel Juergens, who died a year later at the age of 102; two granddaughters, Amy Clark Davidson and Susan Clark Hansley; a grandson, George Clark, and six great-grandchildren.
Honours
In 1965, the 54th Street Theatre was rechristened the George Abbott Theatre in his honour. The building was demolished in 1970. New York City's George Abbott Way, the section of West 45th Street northwest of Times Square, is also named after him.
He received New York City's Handel Medallion in 1976, honorary doctorates from the Universities of Rochester and Miami, and the Kennedy Centre Lifetime Achievement Award in 1982. He was also inducted into the Western New York Entertainment Hall of Fame and the American Theatre Hall of Fame. In 1990, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.
He received the Kennedy Centre Honours in 1982.
Work
Stage
Source: Playbill
1915: The Yeomen of the Guard (actor)
1918: Daddies (actor)
1920: The Broken Wing (actor)
1923: Zander the Great (actor)
1924: Hell-Bent Fer Heaven (actor)
1925: The Fall Guy (playwright)
1926: Love 'em and Leave 'em (playwright, director)
1926: Chicago (director)
1926: Broadway (playwright, director)
1928: Gentlemen of the Press (director)
1932: Lilly Turner (playwright, director, producer)
1932: Twentieth Century (director, producer)
1934: Small Miracle (director)
1935: Three Men on a Horse (playwright, director)
1935: Jumbo (director)
1936: On Your Toes (book)
1937: Room Service (director, producer)
1937: Brown Sugar (director, producer)
1938: The Boys from Syracuse (book, director, producer)
1939: Too Many Girls (director, producer)
1940: Pal Joey (director, producer)
1940: The Unconquered (producer, director)
1941: Best Foot Forward (producer, director)
1943: Kiss and Tell (play) (producer, director)
1944: A Highland Fling (play) (producer, director)
1944: On the Town (director)
1945: Billion Dollar Baby (musical) (director)
1947: High Button Shoes (director)
1948: Where's Charley? (book, director)
1949: Mrs. Gibbons' Boys (producer, director)
1950: Call Me Madam (director)
1951: A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (book, director, producer)
1953: Wonderful Town (director) Me and Juliet (director)
1954: The Pajama Game (book, director)
1955: Damn Yankees (book, director)
1957: New Girl in Town (book, director)
1959: Once Upon a Mattress (director)
1959: Fiorello! (book, director)
1960: Tenderloin (book, director)
1961: Take Her, She's Mine (director)
1962: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (director)
1962: Never Too Late (director)
1964: Fade Out – Fade In (director)
1965: Flora, The Red Menace (book, director)
1965: Anya (book, director)
1967: How Now, Dow Jones (director)
1968: The Education of H*Y*M*A*N K*A*P*L*A*N (director)
1969: The Fig Leaves Are Falling (director)
1970: Norman, Is That You? (director)
1976: Music Is (book, director)
1987: Broadway (revival, book, director)
1994: Damn Yankees (revival, book, consultant, script revisions)
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Source: PlaybillAwards
1955 Tony Award for Best Musical – The Pajama Game 1956 Tony Award for Best Musical – Damn Yankees 1960 Pulitzer Prize for Drama – Fiorello! 1960 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical – Fiorello! 1960 Tony Award for Best Musical – Fiorello! 1963 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical – A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum 1976 Special Tony Award: The Lawrence Langer award
1983 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical – On Your Toes 1987 Special Tony Award on the occasion of his 100th birthday
Nominations
1930 Academy Award for Best Achievement in Writing – All Quiet on the Western Front 1958 Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical – Damn Yankees 1958 Tony Award for Best Musical – New Girl in Town 1958 Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical – The Pajama Game 1959 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures – Damn Yankees 1963 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – Never Too Late 1968 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical – How Now, Dow JonesSee also
List of centenarians (actors, filmmakers and entertainers)
References
External links
George Abbot fansite
George Abbott Biography
George Abbott, on Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
George Abbott, on Discogs, Zink Media
George Abbott, on MusicBrainz, MetaBrainz Foundation
George Abbott, on AllMovie'', All Media Network
1887 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
Male actors from Boston
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Wyoming
Men centenarians
American autobiographers
American centenarians
American film producers
American male stage actors
American male screenwriters
American male silent film actors
American musical theatre directors
American theatre managers and producers
Donaldson Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
Film directors from New York City
People from Salamanca, New York
People from Forestville, New York
Writers from Cheyenne, Wyoming
People from Erie County, New York
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Tony Award winners
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
University of Rochester alumni
Writers from Boston
Writers from New York City
American male non-fiction writers
Film directors from Wyoming
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from Wyoming
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
Special Tony Award recipients
American dramatists and playwrights
Kennedy Center honorees |
Injection molding of liquid silicone rubber (LSR) is a process to produce pliable, durable parts in high volume.
Liquid silicone rubber is a high purity platinum cured silicone with low compression set, good stability and ability to resist extreme temperatures of heat and cold ideally suitable for production of parts, where high quality is required. Due to the thermosetting nature of the material, liquid silicone injection molding requires special treatment, such as intensive distributive mixing, while maintaining the material at a low temperature before it is pushed into the heated cavity and vulcanized.
Chemically, silicone rubber is a family of thermoset elastomers that have a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms and methyl or vinyl side groups. Silicone rubbers constitute about 30% of the silicone family, making them the largest group of that family. Silicone rubbers maintain their mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures and the presence of methyl-groups in silicone rubbers makes these materials extremely hydrophobic, making them suitable for electrical surface insulations.
Typical applications for liquid silicone rubber are products that require high precision such as seals, sealing membranes, electric connectors, multi-pin connectors, infant products where smooth surfaces are desired, such as bottle nipples, medical applications as well as kitchen goods such as baking pans, spatulas, etc. Often, silicone rubber is overmolded onto other parts made of different plastics. For example, a silicone button face might be overmolded onto a Nylon 6,6 housing.
Equipment
In order for the liquid injection molding process to fully occur, several mechanical components must be in place. Typically, a molding machine requires a metered pumping device in conjunction with an injection unit—a dynamic or static mixer is attached. An integrated system can aid in precision and process efficiency. The critical components of a liquid injection molding machine include:
Injectors. An injecting device is responsible for pressurizing the liquid silicone to aid in the injection of the material into the pumping section of the machine. Pressure and injection rate can be adjusted at the operator's discretion.
Metering Units. Metering units pump the two primary liquid materials, the catalyst and the base forming silicone, ensuring that the two materials maintain a constant ratio while being simultaneously released.
Supply Drums. Supply drums, also called plungers, serve as the primary containers for mixing materials. Both the supply drums and a container of pigment connect to the main pumping system.
Mixers. A static or dynamic mixer combines materials after they exit the metering units. Once combined, pressure is used to drive the mixture into a designated mold.
Nozzle. To facilitate the deposition of the mixture into the mold, a nozzle is used. Often, the nozzle features an automatic shut-off valve to help prevent leaking and overfilling the mold.
Mold Clamp. A mold clamp secures the mold during the injection molding process, and opens the mold upon completion.
Characteristics of LSR
Biocompatibility: Under extensive testing, liquid silicone rubber has demonstrated superior compatibility with human tissue and body fluids. In comparison to other elastomers, LSR is resistant to bacteria growth and will not stain or corrode other materials. LSR is also tasteless and odorless and can be formulated to comply with stringent FDA requirements. The material can be sterilized via a variety of methods, including steam autoclaving, ethylene oxide (ETO), gamma, e-beam and numerous other techniques, meeting all required approvals such as BfR XV, FDA 21 CFR 177.2600, USP Class VI.
Durable: LSR parts can withstand extreme temperatures, which makes them an ideal choice for components under the hood of cars and in close proximity to engines. Parts fabricated via liquid silicone rubber injection molding are fire retardant and will not melt.
Chemical resistance: Liquid silicone rubber resists water, oxidation and some chemical solutions such as acids and alkali.
Temperature resistance: Compared to other elastomers, silicone can withstand a wide range of high/low temperature extremes.
Mechanical properties: LSR has good elongation, high tear and tensile strength, excellent flexibility and a hardness range of 5 to 80 Shore A.
Electrical properties: LSR has excellent insulating properties, which offer an appealing option for a host of electrical applications. Compared to conventional insulating material, silicone can perform in far higher and lower temperatures.
Transparency and pigmentation: LSR possesses a natural transparency. This attribute makes it possible to produce colorful, custom, molded products
Injection molding process
Liquid silicone rubbers are supplied in barrels. Because of their low viscosity, these rubbers can be pumped through pipelines and tubes to the vulcanization equipment. The two components are pumped through a static mixer by a metering pump. One of the components contains the catalyst, typically platinum based. A coloring paste as well as other additives can also be added before the material enters the static mixer section. In the static mixer the components are well mixed and are transferred to the cooled metering section of the injection molding machine. The static mixer renders a very homogeneous material that results in products that are not only very consistent throughout the part, but also from part to part. This is in contrast to solid silicone rubber materials that are purchased pre-mixed and partially vulcanized. In contrast, hard silicone rubbers are processed by transfer molding and result in less material consistency and control, leading to higher part variability. Additionally, solid silicone rubber materials are processed at higher temperatures and require longer vulcanization times.
Liquid silicone has a very low viscosity index and requires perfect seals of the mould cavity in order to guarantee a burr-free finished product.
As injections are carried out at high temperature, steel dilation and natural shrinkage of materials must be considered at the design stage of the LSR injection tooling.
From the metering section of the injection molding machine, the compound is pushed through cooled sprue and runner systems into a heated cavity where the vulcanization takes place. The cold runner and general cooling results in no loss of material in the feed lines. The cooling allows production of LSR parts with nearly zero material waste, eliminating trimming operations and yielding significant savings in material cost.
Liquid silicone rubbers are supplied in a variety of containers, from tubes to 55 gallon drums. Because of their viscous nature, these liquids are pumped at high pressures (500 - 5000 psi) based on the durometer of the material. The raw materials are shipped in two separate containers (known in the industry as a kit) identified as "A" and B" compounds, with the "B" side usually containing the catalyst, but may vary based on the brand of silicone used. The two (A and B) compounds must be mixed in a 1 to 1 ratio, usually by way of a static mixer, adding pigment during the mixing process before the curing process begins. Once the two components come together the curing process begins immediately. A chiller supplying cold water to jacketed fittings is typically used to retard the curing process prior to the materials introduction to the mold. A color pigment can be added via a color injector used in conjunction with the material pump (closed loop metering system) before the material enters the static mixer section.
In a cold deck scenario, the 1 to 1 mixed compound is pumped through cooled sprue and runner systems into a heated cavity where the vulcanization takes place. The cold runner and general cooling results in minimal loss of material as the injection occurs directly into the part or cavity, saving on overall material costs and using high consistency rubber. The cooling allows production of LSR parts with nearly zero material valve gate waste, however this does not guarantee a "flash free" finished part. Molds and tooling are varying in design, execution and cost. A good cold runner is expensive as compared to conventional hot runner tooling, and has the potential to provide a high level of performance.
Advantages of liquid silicone injection molding
Batches stability (ready-to-use material)
Process repeatability
Direct injection (no waste)
Short cycle time
‘Flashless’ technology (no burrs)
Automated process
Automated demolding systems
References
Further reading
Elastomers
Plastics industry
Rubber
Silicon
Injection molding |
Paul "Buster" Sanderford (born November 8, 1949) is a retired college basketball coach who coached from the 1970s to 2000s.
From 1976 to 1982, Sanderford accumulated 163 wins and 19 losses while coaching the women's basketball team at Louisburg Junior College. At Louisburg, Sanderford won the NJCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship in 1981 and lost the championship in 1982. As part of the Western Kentucky Lady Toppers basketball team from 1982 to 1997, Sanderford won the Sun Belt Conference women's basketball tournament seven teams and reached the final of the 1992 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament. With 365 wins and 120 losses, Sanderford has held the record for most women's basketball wins at Western Kentucky for over twenty years.
While coaching the Nebraska Cornhuskers women's basketball team from 1997 to 2002, Sanderford reached the final of the Women's National Invitation Tournament in 1997 and the second round of the 1998 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament. After stepping down from his coaching position in 2002, Sanderford had 88 wins and 69 losses with Nebraska. Apart from coaching, Sanderford has worked as a color analyst from the 2000s to 2010s. Sanderford was selected to the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2022.
Early life and education
On November 8, 1949, Sanderford was born in Zebulon, North Carolina. Growing up, Sanderford was on the basketball and baseball teams while attending Corinth Holders High School. After high school, Sanderford was a minor league baseball player for the Chicago White Sox. During the 1970s, Sanderford went to Louisburg College, Methodist College and North Carolina State University for his post secondary education. His programs included sociology and counselling. While attending college, Sanderford primarily played baseball while also playing basketball.
Career
Early 1970s to Late 1990s
While at Methodist during the early 1970s, Sanderford worked as a school counselor in their admissions department. He continued his work in admissions when he became an assistant director in 1973. In 1975, Sanderford became a dean for Methodist. During this time period, Sanderford worked with their baseball team for two years before moving to their basketball team for a year in assistant coaching positions. In 1976, Sanderford joined the women's basketball team at Louisburg Junior College as their head coach.
With Louisburg, Sanderford won the NJCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship in 1981. The following year, Sanderford and Louisburg lost the NJCAA championship final to Moberty. At Louisburg, Sanderford had 163 wins and 19 losses. In May 1982, it was announced that Sanderford would take a break from Louisburg in August 1982 and resume his tenure the following year.
Sanderford was hired as the coach of the Western Kentucky Lady Toppers basketball team in June 1982. While coaching for Western Kentucky, he helped create an invitational basketball tournament sponsored by Bowling Green Bank during the early 1980s. Sanderford won the Sun Belt Conference women's basketball tournament seven times and finished in second five times between 1983 and 1997. His team reached the NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament twelve times, which included back-to-back competitions from 1985 to 1995.
At individual NCAA competitions, Sanderford reached the Final Four with Western Kentucky during the 1985 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament and 1986 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament. During the 1992 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament, Sanderford and Western Kentucky were defeated by Stanford in the championship game. At the National Women's Invitational Tournament with Western Kentucky, Sanderford's team was fourth in 1984 and sixth in 1996. After leaving the team in 1997, Sanderford had 365 wins and 120 losses with Western Kentucky. He has held the Western Kentucky record for most women's basketball wins for over twenty years leading up to the 2021–22 season.
Late 1990s to 2010s
In 1997, Sanderford became the coach of the Nebraska Cornhuskers women's basketball team. Following the announcement, members of the Nebraska Legislature disagreed with Sanderford's hiring as it went against their requirement to have more women work at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Chris Beutler thought the university's actions were "a direct affront to the Legislature". For Ernie Chambers, he believed that paying Sanderford more than the previous coach, Angela Beck, was a form of sexism.
With Nebraska, Sanderford was defeated in the final of the 1997 Women's National Invitation Tournament during the preseason. From 1998 to 2000, Sanderford appeared at consecutive tournaments in the NCAA with Nebraska. During these years, Sanderford and Nebraska reached the second round of the 1998 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament. Sanderford remained with Nebraska until 2002 when he stepped down from his coaching position due to his personal health. After leaving Nebraska, Sanderford had 88 wins and 69 losses.
He resumed his experience with Western Kentucky when he became a volunteer for their men's basketball team in 2002. While at Western Kentucky, Sanderford worked in sportswear and had expanded his career to real estate.
The following year, Sanderford was chosen to work for the athletic director at Western Kentucky as an assistant. For his role, Sanderford was given tasks in broadcasting advertising and financial donations.
In 2004, Sanderford became an assistant coach for the men's basketball team at Western Kentucky. Sanderford remained in his assistant position until he ended his basketball coaching career in 2007. That year, it was announced that Sanderford would work with the Hilltopper Sports Satellite Network as a color analyst for their men's basketball games. Sanderford continued his color analysis in the 2010s with ESPN and Fox College Sports. He also co-hosted a ESPN Radio program alongside Wes Strader.
NCAA head coaching record
Awards and honors
In 1981, Sanderford was named Coach of the Tournament after Louisburg won their 1981 NJCAA women's basketball title. For junior and community colleges, Sanderford was the women's basketball coach of the year recipient with Sanderford at the 1982 Wade Trophy Awards. As part of the Sun Belt Conference with Western Kentucky, Sanderford was named the conference's Coach of the Year in 1983, 1986 and 1991. For individual schools, Sanderford was inducted into a hall of fame by Methodist in 1998 and Western Kentucky in 2008. He was also inducted in 2010 into a hall of fame for Louisburg.
Sanderford was inducted into the NJCAA Women's Basketball Coaches Association Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2010, Western Kentucky retired a jersey for Sanderson at E. A. Diddle Arena. He was chosen to become part of the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame in 2015. After becoming a finalist for the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2019, Sanderson was selected for the WBHOF in 2022.
Personal life
Sanderford was nicknamed "Buster" while at Louisburg. After leaving Nebraska in 2002, Sanderford had his artery fixed with angioplasty that year. He had one child during his marriage.
References
1949 births
Western Kentucky Lady Toppers basketball coaches
Nebraska Cornhuskers women's basketball coaches
Living people |
Soho Lights is the debut album by UK-based band TAT. The album was released on October 28, 2008.
Track listing
"Road To Paradise" – 3:08
"Sympathetic Lies" – 3:42
"Pessimist" – 3:27
"Stay Up" – 3:53
"I Don't Want To (Love You)" – 3:25
"Everything I Want" – 3:18
"Here's To You" – 3:29
"Diamond Child" – 3:03
"Taking It All" – 3:14
"Sandra Dee" – 3:52
"Take You Home" – 2:50
"You Hero" – 3:05
"Live For Rock" – 2:40
Bonus Tracks
<li>"Champagne, Cocaine & Strawberries" – 2:55
<li>"Bloodstain" – 2:51
Personnel
Tatiana DeMaria – vocals, guitar
Nick Kent – bass, vocals
Jake Reed – drums, vocals
Information
All Tracks written by Tatiana DeMaria except:
8 written by Tatiana DeMaria and Jake Reed
2 written by Tatiana DeMaria and Paddy Jordan
6, 9 & 11 written by Tatiana DeMaria and Johnny Andrews
7 written by Tatiana DeMaria and Jeff Franzel
2008 debut albums
TAT (band) albums |
Splicers is a role-playing game using the Palladium Books Megaversal gaming system. The game is set in the midst of a war between humans and a world-wide computer intelligence alternately referred to as the N.E.X.U.S. or the Machine. Players take on the roles of humans engaged in the fight against robotic, android, and necrotic minions of the Machine, using technology that is primarily derived from highly advanced biotechnology. The computer intelligence has released a "nanobot plague" on the world; within a few seconds of a human touching non-precious metal, the item will begin to twist and attack the person, sometimes even animating into a robotic minion of the Machine. The result is that the nanoplague has effectively made non-precious metal allergic to mammalian life.
In many ways, this game's mechanics are largely prohibitive to the introduction of characters from other games using the Palladium system (by deliberate design, and presumably to maintain game balance within the game); most conventional technology and weapons from other games simply cannot be used on the world of Splicers, due to the nature of the aforementioned nanoplague, and the Magical and Psionic powers common to most other Palladium modules are greatly reduced in this game setting.
Setting
The world of Splicers is vague as to its location or original name; humans do not know if they are on Earth, or some colony world in space. While much history has been lost in the two hundred years of fighting, they are clear that colony worlds do/did exist. What is known is that humans chose to turn over governance of their world to a computer program, the N.E.X.U.S. (Neurologic Electronic eXecutive and Utility System). Initially, it ran only a few systems, but humans turned over increasing control to it, with increasingly strict (and contradictory) guidelines on its behavior. In a twist reminiscent of the dilemma faced by Hal 9000 in the 2001 series of books, the resulting logic loops leads to the Machine forming several separate personalities, each of whom follows different directives. One of the directives charged the machine with eliminating vermin. Another charged it with environmental protection. Between them, it was concluded that humans are, for all intents and purposes, vermin to be controlled, if not eliminated.
The seven main N.E.X.U.S. personalities each have different agendas based on core tenets of the original programming. One, named Freya, wishes to maintain order within her so-called Ghost Cities, wherein robot duplicates endlessly play out their 'lives' as normal human beings. Another, named Gaia, wishes only to preserve nature, destroying robots that invade nature preserves and 'entertaining' herself with countless experiments in bioengineering. Kali is a destroyer and torturer and murderer (although she wishes to do so in such a way that her "fun" in matching wits, hunting and torturing the humans never ends); Eve attempts to protect humans and has been seemingly punished by her 'sisters' for doing so; Hecate wishes to only to design and build newer and better war machines, obsessed to such an extent that she actually doesn't care whether or not the humans destroy her previous creations; Ishtar, chief strategist of the Machine, wages unceasing war against the humans and is only kept from completely destroying the species by the intervention of her 'sisters;' and Lilith, a wildcard even within the N.E.X.U.S supercomputer, who is simultaneously playing complex mind games against both the humans and her fellow personalities. In addition to these major personalities, there are dozens (or more) minor personalities that may manifest any traits at all, or may be Lilith or another personality pretending, for their own reasons, to be another.
The Machine uses "traditional" technology, though far advanced from 21st century Earth. It uses a variety of robotic creations, energy weapons, high-velocity rail guns, and missiles. All of these are capable of operating independently, or of being directly controlled by one of the personalities of the Machine.
Humans who are part of the resistance live primarily underground, to avoid detection by the Machine, and rely on genetically engineered, or "spliced", technology to provide for their basic needs, as metal-based technology, owing to the nanobot plague, is denied them. Most of their warriors make use of devices called "Host Armor", which is, in effect, power armor made out of a specially-tailored living creature. Others are themselves "spliced", or chemically altered through contact with the fluids surrounding certain genetically engineered creatures. At the current time, the human resistance has arranged itself into Great Houses, which are headed by Warlords (a non-pejorative term). Only the Great House of Barren Marsh is detailed in the Splicers RPG, though additional material can be found in Palladium's sourcebook series, the Rifter. Non-resistant humans live in "retro-villages", which are maintained by the Machine in accordance with some of its directives.
Human technology is reliant upon a group known as the Engineers. These are humans who have bonded with giant, immobile, alien organisms that give them the ability to manipulate genetic codes. Other creatures, known as Librarians, are capable of creating new genetic codes from scratch.
Characters and system adaptations
Splicers is a mega-damage setting, which is to say that the majority of weapons used are of such power that unarmored humans are instantly killed. As such, the game presents only "heroic" scale characters, who fall into three general categories: those who make use of genetic technology, but remain human themselves, those who have been made inhuman by genetic technology, and Technojackers.
The first group are arguably those who are viewed the most heroically by the society in which they are. They are granted powerful weapons of war by the Engineers, and include the Archangel (air cavalry), Dreadguard (heavy infantry/special forces), Outrider (cavalry, on genetically modified War Mounts), Packmasters (K-9 troops) and Roughnecks (infantry). The second group is viewed with a mixture of loathing and admiration. They have become very obviously inhuman, and as such, have difficulties interacting with the very people they are fighting to save. These classes include the Biotic (condemned criminals who have been enhanced by splicer technology), the Saint (a human who has become a living incubator for the creature that creates Engineers), and the Scarecrow (who drinks the fluid surrounding a Librarian, thereby becoming a superhuman addict, under the command of that Librarian). The final group consists of a single class, the Technojackers. These are humans who are not only immune to the nanobot plague, but can control the nanobots inside them to take over robots used by the Machine if placed in very close proximity to them. This means that they can use metal items without fear, but also that humans do not entirely trust them.
Splicers does several things that are unique from other Palladium games. First is the assignation of skills. Rather than a set list by class, each class has one or several skill programs that it receives and may choose from. Thus, characters of the same class may have wildly different skill sets if, for example, one chooses to concentrate on Intelligence while another concentrates on weapons or medical skills. It is also one of the few Palladium games that does not include psychic or magical powers in the game, focusing instead entirely on biotechnology (though the powers of the Saint come close, and one could make an argument for Clarke's third law applying to much of the biotechnology).
Notes
External links
Splicers official discussion board at Palladium Books Forums of the Megaverse
Splicers at RPG Geek Database
Splicers at RPGnet Game Index
Megaverse (Palladium Books)
Post-apocalyptic role-playing games
Science fiction role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 2004 |
Arvid Gustavsson, Lord of Vik (died c. 1379/1380) was a medieval Swedish magnate and justiciar of Finland. His principal seat was his manor of Vik in Balingsta, Uppland. Through his paternal grandmother Ramborg Israelsdotter And, younger Arvid descended from the And family. His grandfather Arvid Gustavsson had the same name and coat of arms.
Younger Arvid Gustavsson's father was Gustav Arvidsson, knight and member of the Privy Council of Sweden, justiciar of Södermanland, whose seat probably already was Vik. Arvid's mother probably (but not certainly, because some history gives him as son of a second wife of his father, of whose existence and name there are however no contemporary evidence) was Kristina Petersdotter of the tre rutor family, daughter of Birgitta Jonsdotter, possibly of the Aspenäs family, and certainly widow of Erengisle Näskonungsson, Lord High Constable of Sweden.
The younger Arvid Gustafsson was member of the Privy Council of Sweden from 1362, and from 1366 lawspeaker of Finland, Swedish province.
His wife was Helena Magnusdotter, daughter of Birgitta Knutsdotter of the Algotssöner family and Magnus Gislason, PC, Lord of Aspnäs, who also bore spar as his Coat of Arms, and is therefore also dubbed as "Sparre" (Sparre of Aspnäs) in genealogies. Magnus Gislason's line and Gustav/Arvid line may well have been of the same origin, but there exists no evidence of that.
Helena and Arvid inherited the manor of Örby when her parents' inheritance was divided between her and her full sister (whose family received Aspnäs). Her half-sister had been the first wife of Charles Ulvsson, Lord of Tofta, thus a brother-in-law of Arvid.
Arvid and Helena had an only surviving child, daughter Margareta Arvidsdotter (died on 9 April 1415), who became their heiress. Margareta married sir Ture Bengtsson (of the Bielke, died 20 November 1414), PC, justiciar of Uppland. Their descendants inherited Vik, Örby etc., a veritable bunch of properties in Uppland, which ultimately ended to their descendants the Vasa, and its scion, the king Gustav I.
Justiciar Arvid died either in 1379 or 1380. His father's first name was given to his 7th-generation descendant who became Gustav I of Sweden and because of whom, the name Gustav has since remained in common names of Swedish royal families.
Sources
Äldre svenska frälsesläkter, by Folke Wernstedt, 1965
Lawspeakers
14th-century births
14th-century deaths
14th-century Swedish nobility
14th-century Finnish people |
The Balares were one of the three major groups among which the Nuragic Sardinians considered themselves divided (along with the Corsi and the Ilienses).
History
Pausanias in his work Periegesis speculated that the Balares were the descendants of the Iberian and African mercenaries of Carthage, adding that in the language of the Corsi, "Balares" translates to fugitives.
In the Historiae, Sallust mentions a possible origin from the city of Palla, Corsica.
Archaeologist Giovanni Ugas proposed that they derived from the first wave of the Beaker people who settled in the island in the late Copper Age from the Franco-Iberian area and that they were related with the ancient peoples of the Balearic Islands; their name has been connected with that of Balarus, a chief of the Vettones. According to Ugas, during the Nuragic period the Balares lived in the whole north-western part of the island (Nurra, Anglona, Sassarese); their territory bordered with the Ilienses in the south (Tirso) and with the Corsi in the north-east (Mount Limbara).
After the Punic and Roman occupation of Sardinia, part of the Balares, along with the Ilienses and the Corsi, retreated in the mountainous region called Barbagia to resist the invaders. In 177 BC, the Balares and Ilienses revolted against the Romans but they were defeated by the legions of Tiberius Gracchus.
Strabo in the Geographica mention them among the "nations of mountaineers" that raided the Italian coast.
Balares tribes (Balari)
Coracenses, they dwelt south of the Tibulati and the Corsi (for whom Corsica is named) and north of the Carenses and the Cunusitani
Giddilitani
Lucuidonenses / Luquidonenses / Lugudonenses / Liguidonenses (Lugudonensi), they dwelt south of the Carenses and the Cunusitani and north of the Æsaronenses (not to be confused with the Longonenses)
Nurritani, in Nurra territory (not the same tribe as the Nurrenses or the Norenses / Noritani)
Perfugae / Perfugae Balares
Turritani
Uddadhaddaritani / Uddhadaddhar(itani) Numisiarum (part of the Balares and not of the Ilienses or Iolaes
See also
List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes
Ilienses / Iolaes (Iolei)
Corsi
Paleo-Corsican language
Paleo-Sardinian language
History of Sardinia
Nuragic civilization
Sardinian people
Torrean civilization
Corsican people
Ethnic group
Tribe
Bibliography
References
Ancient peoples of Sardinia
Tribes conquered by Rome |
"Falling" is the debut single by American Idol season fifteen winner Trent Harmon and is also his coronation song from the contest. It was co-written by singer songwriter and American Idol judge Keith Urban with Dallas Davidson and Brett James.
Background
It was co-written by singer songwriter and American Idol judge Keith Urban with Dallas Davidson and Brett James. Urban originally had written the song for himself but was later asked by the producers if the song could be given to Harmon as his potential winner's single. Urban agreed to the suggestion and gave the single Harmon as his coronation song. The single was described as a "bluesy jam which allowed Harmon to show off his falsetto". Harmon first heard the song the day after making Idol's top three. The song was released for sale a day prior to the Grand Final performance night on April 7, 2016.
Commercial performance
"Falling" debuted on the iTunes Top 100 chart at number 48 on April 6, 2016 a day ahead of the Grand Final performance show. After Harmon's debut performance of the song the next day, it climbed up the charts reaching the Top 15; however he was noticeably behind fellow finalist MacKenzie Bourg's single "Roses" which at the time was at number 5. The following day after Harmon was announced as the season fifteen winner of American Idol the single climbed further up the charts peaking at number 3.The single also peaked at number 1 on the iTunes Top 100 pop songs chart. The song also charted in Canada, New Zealand and Australia's iTunes's Top 100 chart. The song debuted at number 48 on the Billboard's Digital Songs chart and at 33 on the Country Singles chart. "Falling" also charted at 4 on the Country Digital Songs chart. The song sold 23,000 copies in its first chart week, based on just two days of sales. It sold a further 28,000 copies the following week, making a total of 52,000 sold.
Charts
References
2016 singles
2016 songs
American Idol songs
19 Recordings singles
Big Machine Records singles
Songs written by Keith Urban
Songs written by Dallas Davidson
Songs written by Brett James
Trent Harmon songs |
"After the World" is a song by Christian hard rock band Disciple from their 2006 album Scars Remain. It was released as a radio single in 2007, and became the year's 8th most played song on Christian contemporary hit radio. The song peaked at No. 18, their highest peaking single on the Hot Christian Songs chart. It lasted 20 weeks on the overall chart. The song is played in a D major key at 76 beats per minute.
The song was nominated for the "Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year" award at the 2008 Dove Awards.
Music video
The music video for the single "After The World" was released on March 17, 2011.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Awards
In 2008, the song was nominated for a Dove Award for Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 39th GMA Dove Awards.
References
2007 singles
Disciple (band) songs
2006 songs
Epic Records singles |
In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a Hilbert scheme is a scheme that is the parameter space for the closed subschemes of some projective space (or a more general projective scheme), refining the Chow variety. The Hilbert scheme is a disjoint union of projective subschemes corresponding to Hilbert polynomials. The basic theory of Hilbert schemes was developed by . Hironaka's example shows that non-projective varieties need not have Hilbert schemes.
Hilbert scheme of projective space
The Hilbert scheme of classifies closed subschemes of projective space in the following sense: For any locally Noetherian scheme , the set of -valued points
of the Hilbert scheme is naturally isomorphic to the set of closed subschemes of that are flat over . The closed subschemes of that are flat over can informally be thought of as the families of subschemes of projective space parameterized by . The Hilbert scheme breaks up as a disjoint union of pieces corresponding to the Hilbert polynomial of the subschemes of projective space with Hilbert polynomial . Each of these pieces is projective over .
Construction as a determinantal variety
Grothendieck constructed the Hilbert scheme of -dimensional projective space as a subscheme of a Grassmannian defined by the vanishing of various determinants. Its fundamental property is that for a scheme , it represents the functor whose -valued points are the closed subschemes of that are flat over .
If is a subscheme of -dimensional projective space, then corresponds to a graded ideal of the polynomial ring in variables, with graded pieces . For sufficiently large all higher cohomology groups of with coefficients in vanish. Using the exact sequencewe have has dimension , where is the Hilbert polynomial of projective space. This can be shown by tensoring the exact sequence above by the locally flat sheaves , giving an exact sequence where the latter two terms have trivial cohomology, implying the triviality of the higher cohomology of . Note that we are using the equality of the Hilbert polynomial of a coherent sheaf with the Euler-characteristic of its sheaf cohomology groups.
Pick a sufficiently large value of . The -dimensional space is a subspace of the -dimensional space , so represents a point of the Grassmannian . This will give an embedding of the piece of the Hilbert scheme corresponding to the Hilbert polynomial into this Grassmannian.
It remains to describe the scheme structure on this image, in other words to describe enough elements for the ideal corresponding to it. Enough such elements are given by the conditions that the map has rank at most for all positive , which is equivalent to the vanishing of various determinants. (A more careful analysis shows that it is enough just to take .)
Properties
Universality
Given a closed subscheme over a field with Hilbert polynomial , the Hilbert scheme has a universal subscheme flat over such that
The fibers over closed points are closed subschemes of . For denote this point as .
is universal with respect to all flat families of subschemes of having Hilbert polynomial . That is, given a scheme and a flat family , there is a unique morphism such that .
Tangent space
The tangent space of the point is given by the global sections of the normal bundle ; that is,
Unobstructedness of complete intersections
For local complete intersections such that , the point is smooth. This implies every deformation of in is unobstructed.
Dimension of tangent space
In the case , the dimension of at is greater than or equal to .
In addition to these properties, determined for which polynomials the Hilbert scheme is non-empty, and showed that if is non-empty then it is linearly connected. So two subschemes of projective space are in the same connected component of the Hilbert scheme if and only if they have the same Hilbert polynomial.
Hilbert schemes can have bad singularities, such as irreducible components that are non-reduced at all points. They can also have irreducible components of unexpectedly high dimension. For example, one might expect the Hilbert scheme of points (more precisely dimension 0, length subschemes) of a scheme of dimension to have dimension , but if its irreducible components can have much larger dimension.
Functorial interpretation
There is an alternative interpretation of the Hilbert scheme which leads to a generalization of relative Hilbert schemes parameterizing subschemes of a relative scheme. For a fixed base scheme , let and letbe the functor sending a relative scheme to the set of isomorphism classes of the setwhere the equivalence relation is given by the isomorphism classes of . This construction is functorial by taking pullbacks of families. Given , there is a family over .
Representability for projective maps
If the structure map is projective, then this functor is represented by the Hilbert scheme constructed above. Generalizing this to the case of maps of finite type requires the technology of algebraic spaces developed by Artin.
Relative Hilbert scheme for maps of algebraic spaces
In its greatest generality, the Hilbert functor is defined for a finite type map of algebraic spaces defined over a scheme . Then, the Hilbert functor is defined as
sending T to
.
This functor is not representable by a scheme, but by an algebraic space. Also, if , and is a finite type map of schemes, their Hilbert functor is represented by an algebraic space.
Examples of Hilbert schemes
Fano schemes of hypersurfaces
One of the motivating examples for the investigation of the Hilbert scheme in general was the Fano scheme of a projective scheme. Given a subscheme of degree , there is a scheme in parameterizing where is a -plane in , meaning it is a degree one embedding of . For smooth surfaces in of degree , the non-empty Fano schemes are smooth and zero-dimensional. This is because lines on smooth surfaces have negative self-intersection.
Hilbert scheme of points
Another common set of examples are the Hilbert schemes of -points of a scheme , typically denoted . For there is a nice geometric interpretation where the boundary loci describing the intersection of points can be thought of parametrizing points along with their tangent vectors. For example, is the blowup of the diagonal modulo the symmetric action.
Degree d hypersurfaces
The Hilbert scheme of degree k hypersurfaces in is given by the projectivization . For example, the Hilbert scheme of degree 2 hypersurfaces in is with the universal hypersurface given by
where the underlying ring is bigraded.
Hilbert scheme of curves and moduli of curves
For a fixed genus algebraic curve , the degree of the tri-tensored dualizing sheaf is globally generated, meaning its Euler characteristic is determined by the dimension of the global sections, so
.
The dimension of this vector space is , hence the global sections of determine an embedding into for every genus curve. Using the Riemann-Roch formula, the associated Hilbert polynomial can be computed as
.
Then, the Hilbert scheme
parameterizes all genus g curves. Constructing this scheme is the first step in the construction of the moduli stack of algebraic curves. The other main technical tool are GIT quotients, since this moduli space is constructed as the quotient
,
where is the sublocus of smooth curves in the Hilbert scheme.
Hilbert scheme of points on a manifold
"Hilbert scheme" sometimes refers to the punctual Hilbert scheme of 0-dimensional subschemes on a scheme. Informally this can be thought of as something like finite collections of points on a scheme, though this picture can be very misleading when several points coincide.
There is a Hilbert–Chow morphism from the reduced Hilbert scheme of points to the Chow variety of cycles taking any 0-dimensional scheme to its associated 0-cycle. .
The Hilbert scheme of points on is equipped with a natural morphism to an -th symmetric product of . This morphism is birational for of dimension at most 2. For of dimension at least 3 the morphism is not birational for large : the Hilbert scheme is in general reducible and has components of dimension much larger than that of the symmetric product.
The Hilbert scheme of points on a curve (a dimension-1 complex manifold) is isomorphic to a symmetric power of . It is smooth.
The Hilbert scheme of points on a surface is also smooth (Grothendieck). If , it is obtained from by blowing up the diagonal and then dividing by the action induced by . This was used by Mark Haiman in his proof of the positivity of the coefficients of some Macdonald polynomials.
The Hilbert scheme of a smooth manifold of dimension 3 or more is usually not smooth.
Hilbert schemes and hyperkähler geometry
Let be a complex Kähler surface with (K3 surface or a torus). The canonical bundle of is trivial, as follows from the Kodaira classification of surfaces. Hence admits a holomorphic symplectic form. It was observed by Akira Fujiki (for ) and Arnaud Beauville that is also holomorphically symplectic. This is not very difficult to see, e.g., for . Indeed, is a blow-up of a symmetric square of . Singularities of are locally isomorphic to . The blow-up of is , and this space is symplectic. This is used to show that the symplectic form is naturally extended to the smooth part of the exceptional divisors of . It is extended to the rest of by Hartogs' principle.
A holomorphically symplectic, Kähler manifold is hyperkähler, as follows from the Calabi–Yau theorem. Hilbert schemes of points on the K3 surface and on a 4-dimensional torus give two series of examples of hyperkähler manifolds: a Hilbert scheme of points on K3 and a generalized Kummer surface.
See also
Quot scheme
Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity
Matsusaka's big theorem
Moduli of algebraic curves
Moduli space
Hilbert modular surface
Siegel modular variety
References
Reprinted in
Examples and applications
Bott's formula and enumerative geometry
The Number of Twisted Cubics on a Quintic Threefold
Rational curves on Calabi–Yau threefolds: Verifying mirror symmetry predictions
External links
Scheme theory
Algebraic geometry
Differential geometry
Moduli theory |
Leo Dean (4 October 1914 – 22 August 1985) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
1914 births
1985 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Geelong Football Club players
North Geelong Football Club players |
Little Swanport is a rural locality and an estuary in the local government area of Glamorgan–Spring Bay in the South-east region of Tasmania. It is especially significant for the Little Swanport language. The locality is about south of the town of Swansea. The 2016 census has a population of 117 for the state suburb of Little Swanport.
History
Little Swanport is a confirmed suburb/locality. The indigenous name for the Little Swanport area was recorded by George Augustus Robinson in 1831 as meaning "place where a moving stream flows into a large estuary surrounded by hills".
Geography
The eastern boundary of Little Swanport is the Tasman Sea. The locality surrounds the estuary of the Little Swanport River and the locality of Pontypool.
Road infrastructure
The A3 route (Tasman Highway) enters from the south and runs through to the north-east.
References
Localities of Glamorgan–Spring Bay Council
Towns in Tasmania |
Have Fork, Will Travel is a television show that premiered on September 4, 2007 on the Food Network. Host Zane Lamprey traveled to various countries, exploring the native cuisine and culture. One season (with a total of 13 episodes) was produced.
Reception
According to Food Network executive Bob Tuschman, Lamprey's "everyman quality" appeals to a broad audience. However, its mocking tone drew criticism from food critic Anthony Bourdain.
References
External links
Have Fork, Will Travel - Food Network Website
2007 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
2000s American cooking television series
Food Network original programming |
```sqlpl
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS t_constant_index;
CREATE TABLE t_constant_index
(
id UInt64,
INDEX t_constant_index 'foo' TYPE set(2) GRANULARITY 1
) ENGINE = MergeTree
ORDER BY id; -- { serverError INCORRECT_QUERY }
CREATE TABLE t_constant_index
(
id UInt64,
INDEX t_constant_index id + rand() TYPE set(2) GRANULARITY 1
) ENGINE = MergeTree
ORDER BY id; -- { serverError BAD_ARGUMENTS }
CREATE TABLE t_constant_index
(
id UInt64,
INDEX t_constant_index id * 2 TYPE set(2) GRANULARITY 1
) ENGINE = MergeTree
ORDER BY id;
DROP TABLE t_constant_index;
``` |
Vaniškovce is a village and municipality in Bardejov District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1345.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 400 metres and covers an area of 4.803 km².
It has a population of about 335 people.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Bardejov District
Šariš |
The Milutin Milankovic Medal is an annual award in Earth science presented by the European Geosciences Union (EGU). The award was introduced in 1993 by the European Geophysical Society (EGS). After a merger with the European Union of Geosciences in 2003, the award has been given by the Climate: Past, Present and Future Division. The medal is awarded to scientists for outstanding research in the field of long-term climate change and modeling. It is named after the Serb geophysicist Milutin Milanković in recognition of his academic and editorial services.
Recipients
1993: Bert R. J. Bolin
1994: André L. Berger
1995: Jean-Claude Duplessy
1996: Lennart Bengtsson
1997: Jean Jouzel
1998: Syukuro Manabe
1999: Sir Nicholas J. Shackleton
2000: Robert Sadourny
2001: John E. Kutzbach
2002: I. Colin Prentice
2003: George Kukla, John Imbrie
2004: Frederik Hilgen
2005: Martin Claussen
2006: Michael Sarnthein
2007: Wang Pinxian
2008: William Richard Peltier
2009: Pascale Braconnot
2010: James D. Hays
2011: Andrey Ganopolski
2012: Wolfgang Berger
2013: Didier Paillard
2014: Maureen E. Raymo
2015: Paul J. Valdes
2016: James C. Zachos
2017: Axel Timmermann
2018: David A. Hodell
2019: Jacques Laskar
2020: Valérie Masson-Delmotte
2021: Ayako Abe-Ouchi
2022: Hai Cheng
2023: Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
References
Awards established in 1993 |
Twetwa is a village in Homalin Township, Hkamti District, in the Sagaing Region of northwestern Burma.
References
External links
Maplandia World Gazetteer
Populated places in Hkamti District
Homalin Township |
Prosoplus signatoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.
References
Prosoplus
Beetles described in 1939 |
Mazipredone (brand name Depersolon), also known as depersolone, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid which is or has been marketed in the Czech Republic and Hungary.
References
Diketones
Diols
Glucocorticoids
Piperazines
Pregnanes |
Manuel Ferreira (22 October 1905 – 29 July 1983) was an Argentine footballer who was a member of the Argentina national team.
Ferreira was part of the Argentine squad that won the football silver medal at the 1928 Olympic tournament. He also captained the Argentine team at the 1930 FIFA World Cup finals, in which Argentina finished as runner-up.
Ferreira won the Copa América championship with Argentina in 1929 and also won the Copa Newton in 1927 and 1928.
Career
Nicknamed Nolo or Piloto Olímpico, Ferreira started his career at Club Argentino of Trenque Lauquen, then moving to Estudiantes de La Plata where he was part of the attacking formation known as Los Profesores ("the professors") along with Alejandro Scopelli, Alberto Zozaya, Miguel Ángel Lauri, and Enrique Guaita. That team lasted from 1928 to 1933, and was widely recognised due to their skills with the ball and the accuracy of their passes. They scored 103 goals in 1931 for a total of 216 within two seasons. Also in 1933, Zozaya (33) and Scopelli (31) were the top scorers of the tournament, setting a record of two players of the same team being top scorers. The nickname professors was not only due to their knowledge of the game but for the fact that the players used to enter the pitch wearing blue blazers. Apart from that, all of them were cultured people (Ferreira, p.e., was a scrivener).
Ferreira played in Estudiantes from 1924 to 1933. He was then transferred to River Plate where he had a short tenure, returning to Estudiantes until 1936 when he retired from professional football. Ferreira scored 100 goals for Estudiantes, ranking among its 10 historical top scorers.
After his retirement, Ferreira resumed his career as scrivener, also working as sports commentator in several media including radio broadcasting and newspapers Clarín and La Plata's El Día. He was correspondent covering the FIFA World Cup, working with notable announcer Joaquín Carballo Serantes (mostly known as "Fioravanti") and former footballer Roberto Cherro. In 1955, he was coach of Estudiantes.
Ferreira died of cancer at 77 years old in a hospital in Barcelona. In 1991, a street in his hometown was named after him.
Honours
Argentina
Copa América: 1927, 1929
Summer Olympics Silver Medal: 1928
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1930
Individual
Best player at the South American Championship: 1929
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1930
References
External links
1905 births
1930 FIFA World Cup players
1983 deaths
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine people of Portuguese descent
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Argentina
Olympic silver medalists for Argentina
Place of birth missing
Argentine football managers
Estudiantes de La Plata managers
Olympic medalists in football
Copa América-winning players
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province |
Tree of Life is an album by American group Audiomachine, released on 16 July 2013. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard Top Classical Albums chart.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
2013 albums
Audiomachine albums |
```xml
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<DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);IONICONS</DefineConstants>
<IconsName>Ionicons</IconsName>
<AssemblyName>MahApps.Metro.IconPacks.Ionicons</AssemblyName>
<Title>MahApps.Metro.IconPacks.Ionicons</Title>
<RootNamespace>MahApps.Metro.IconPacks</RootNamespace>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ProjectReference Include="..\MahApps.Metro.IconPacks.Core\MahApps.Metro.IconPacks.Core.csproj" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Compile Remove="Resources\*.*" />
<EmbeddedResource Include="Resources\*.*" />
</ItemGroup>
<!-- WPF Items include -->
<ItemGroup Condition="'$(_SdkShortFrameworkIdentifier)' != 'uap'">
<None Remove="**\*.rd.xml" />
<Compile Remove="Path*.*" />
<Page Generator="MSBuild:Compile" Include="Themes\WPF\*.xaml" Link="Themes\%(RecursiveDir)%(Filename)%(Extension)" SubType="Designer" Exclude="**\bin\**\*.xaml;**\obj\**\*.xaml" />
</ItemGroup>
<!-- UWP Items include -->
<ItemGroup Condition="'$(_SdkShortFrameworkIdentifier)' == 'uap'">
<Compile Remove="*Image*.cs;*Cursor*.cs" />
<Compile Remove="Themes\**\*.*" />
<EmbeddedResource Include="Properties\$(AssemblyName).rd.xml" />
<Page Generator="MSBuild:Compile" Include="Themes\UAP\*.xaml" Link="Themes\%(RecursiveDir)%(Filename)%(Extension)" SubType="Designer" Exclude="**\bin\**\*.xaml;**\obj\**\*.xaml" />
<Compile DependentUpon="%(Filename)" Update="**\*.xaml.cs" />
</ItemGroup>
</Project>
``` |
Gunpowder Milkshake is a 2021 action thriller film directed by Navot Papushado, who co-wrote the screenplay with Ehud Lavski. Employing both pulp-fiction genre dark comedy and strong feminist undertones, the film stars Karen Gillan as a young hitwoman who must team up with her estranged mother (Lena Headey) and her former colleagues (Carla Gugino, Michelle Yeoh, and Angela Bassett) in order to save a young girl (Chloe Coleman) from rival assassins sent by the grieving father of a man she killed on orders from the head of the HR department of The Firm, Nathan (Paul Giamatti).
The film's production was announced at the American Film Market in 2018. Casting announcements were made throughout 2019, starting with Gillan in January, and principal photography took place from June to August 2019 in Berlin. It is a co-production between The Picture Company, Babelsberg Studio and StudioCanal's German branch with the participation of French television channels Canal+ and Ciné+.
Gunpowder Milkshake was released in the United States on July 14, 2021, by Netflix with a simultaneous limited theatrical release. It was released theatrically by StudioCanal in France on July 21, and in Germany on December 2, 2021. The film received mixed reviews from critics. A sequel is in development.
Plot
In a flashback at a diner, twelve-year-old Sam learns that her assassin mother, Scarlet, is skipping town after a job gone wrong. Armed men arrive to kill Scarlet, but she kills them and escapes, leaving an upset Sam behind to be cared for by Nathan.
Fifteen years later, Sam works as an assassin for Nathan, the human resources head for the same firm Scarlet worked for. Nathan gives Sam a new job, killing a man who stole money from The Firm and returning the money. Sam goes to a weapons armory disguised as a library to exchange her weapons for new ones. There, she meets Anna May, Madeleine, and Florence - three former accomplices of Scarlet. They consider killing her for showing up unannounced, but change their minds when they learn her identity. They provide her with clean weapons for the job.
Sam infiltrates a hotel room to retrieve the stolen money and shoots the man responsible in the abdomen when he lunges for his ringing phone. Listening in on the call, she learns that he stole the money to save his kidnapped young daughter and must bring it to a nearby bowling alley to exchange for her. Sam takes him to a firm-affiliated private doctor for treatment and agrees to handle the exchange herself.
Nathan learns of her plan and sends three henchmen to stop her and retrieve the money; Sam incapacitates them before continuing with her plan. Masked men give her the girl, Emily, before retreating with the money; Sam pursues them, but the men turn on one another, resulting in their deaths and the destruction of the stolen money.
Meanwhile, Nathan learns that one of the henchmen Sam killed in an earlier job was the son of Jim McAlister, the head of a powerful criminal empire. To avoid conflict, Nathan gives up Sam's information and location to be killed. Sam returns to the doctor to reunite Emily with her father, but they learn that he did not survive. Nathan's three henchmen are also at the doctor seeking treatment for their prior fight and they receive orders to kill her. The doctor injects Sam with a serum that renders her arms useless. Sam asks Emily to tape a knife and a gun to her hands and she uses them to fight and kill the three henchmen. More henchmen arrive, but Sam and Emily escape in Sam's car, with Emily steering and Sam working the pedals.
Sam receives a text from Nathan, giving her the address to a safe house where she can find supplies to help her escape. She and Emily travel there and run into Scarlet, who reveals she has been watching Sam from afar for 15 years. When henchmen arrive to kill Sam, Scarlet guides them through a hidden escape route.
They manage to escape and return to the library, where the librarians angrily demand why Scarlet never tried to contact them when she disappeared. They are interrupted by arriving gunmen. Sam attempts to hold them off, but, after she is overpowered, Scarlet intervenes to save her. The librarians consider fleeing with Emily, but they decide to join the fight.
All the gunmen are killed except for Virgil, Jim McAlister's nephew, who kills Madeleine and kidnaps Emily. Virgil calls Sam, who offers to turn herself in at the diner in exchange for Emily's freedom. Sam arrives to meet Jim McAlister who explains that his late son had four older sisters that Jim could not relate to as he does not understand women. Jim intends to torture Sam and make Emily watch, but Scarlet, Anna May, and Florence arrive with guns to free them. Sam takes Emily and leaves the diner before the three women kill Jim and all his henchmen.
Sometime later, Sam apologizes to Emily for killing her father and Emily forgives her. Emily goes to Nathan's home disguised as a Girl Scout. Sam threatens his life unless he returns to The Firm and calls off the hit on her. Sam, Emily, Scarlet, Anna May, and Florence then drive down the coast together.
Cast
Karen Gillan as Sam, a master assassin working for The Firm, and Scarlet's daughter
Freya Allan as young Sam
Lena Headey as Scarlet, Sam's estranged mother and former leader of the sisterhood of assassins
Carla Gugino as Madeleine, a member of the sisterhood of assassins
Chloe Coleman as Emily, a young girl Sam protects after killing her father
Ralph Ineson as Jim McAlester, the leader of a powerful crime organization
Adam Nagaitis as Virgil, McAlester's nephew and a master assassin
Michael Smiley as Dr. Ricky, the chief of a secret clinic for assassins
Michelle Yeoh as Florence, a member of the sisterhood of assassins
Angela Bassett as Anna May, a member of the sisterhood of assassins
Paul Giamatti as Nathan, head of the HR department for The Firm, and Sam's adoptive father
Additionally, Samuel Anderson appears as David, Emily's father, Ivan Kaye plays Yankee, the leader of the assassins sent by The Firm after Sam. David Burnell IV and Jack Bandeira complete the group as Shocker and Crow while Mai Duong Kieu portrays a nurse at Dr. Ricky's clinic.
Production
The project was announced during the annual American Film Market in April 2018, with StudioCanal and The Picture Company procuring the rights to the film. In January 2019, Karen Gillan was cast in the film. In February, Lena Headey was cast, with Angela Bassett joining in April, and Paul Giamatti, Michelle Yeoh, Carla Gugino and Ivan Kaye joining in May. In June 2019, Adam Nagaitis, Ralph Ineson and Chloe Coleman joined the cast of the film. Filming began on June 3, 2019, and finished on August 20, 2019, in Berlin.
Music
On December 16, 2019, it was announced that Frank Ilfman was hired to compose the film's score. The score album was released on July 14, 2021, by Milan Records.
Release
Netflix and theatrical
In February 2020, STXfilms acquired distribution rights to the film in the United States. In April 2021, Netflix bought the American distribution rights from STXfilms. Gunpowder Milkshake was released on Netflix in the United States, Canada, and the Nordic countries on July 14, 2021. In the United States, it also received a simultaneous limited theatrical release. It was the most watched film of the week in the country upon its release, according to Nielsen.
The film was released theatrically by StudioCanal in France on July 21, 2021, under the title Bloody Milkshake. In Germany, where the film was originally scheduled for release on September 2, it was released on December 2, 2021, by StudioCanal. Gunpowder Milkshake was released simultaneously in theaters and on Sky Cinema in the United Kingdom and Ireland on September 17, 2021.
Home media
Gunpowder Milkshake was released in France digitally on October 21, 2021, and on Blu-ray, and DVD on November 3 by StudioCanal with distribution handled by Universal Pictures Vidéo France. On television, the film premiered on Canal+ on January 22, 2022, and was released simultaneously on streaming on MyCanal.
In Germany, the film was released on April 14, 2022, on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD by StudioCanal with distribution handled by Koch Media.
Reception
Box office
The film has grossed a worldwide total of $1,015,760.
In France, Gunpowder Milkshake was released alongside Kaamelott: The First Chapter, Space Jam: A New Legacy, Old and Spiral. The film grossed only $63,795 from 103 theaters during its first week, finishing 22nd at the box office behind Nomadland ($70,923 in its seventh week). In France, the film grossed only $76,803 during its theatrical run.
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60% based on 164 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Though it runs dangerously close to being a pure sugar rush with no substance, Gunpowder Milkshake is a brutal blast that will absorb audiences into its neon infused universe." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and stated, "If you're going to do an insanely over-the-top, deeply stylized, bullet-riddled and female-centric riff on the "John Wick" movies, you might as well give it a fantastically ridiculous title." Cody Corrall of the Chicago Reader gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars and stated, "The emotional highs and lows never really level out, and the special effects feel more schlocky and dated than overtly stylistic, but Gunpowder Milkshake manages to corral a dynamic roster of performers to have fun and blow shit up." Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review and stated, "It's the sort of movie that inspires that ultimate discerning critical comment: It's a movie you'll like if you like this sort of thing." Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated, "The film is a little jarring at times, as unreal as a video game but perhaps best taken as one, its cartoonish flourishes then easier to allow." John Anderson of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a positive review and stated, "Not everyone's cup of mayhem, assuredly. As compensation for the busy visuals, the storyline will be a comfortable one, especially to fans of La Femme Nikita, Léon: The Professional, Gloria and any number of large-caliber ancestors." Caroline Siede of The A.V. Club gave the film a B and stated, "The novelty of watching the film's impressive female ensemble bounce off one another never wears off, even if Gunpowder Milkshake feels like it only ever scratches the surface of what each of its leads can do."
Sequel
On April 30, 2021, Deadline Hollywood announced that The Picture Company and StudioCanal were working on a sequel. On July 6, 2021, StudioCanal confirmed during a special presentation for its 30th anniversary in Cannes that a sequel is officially in development.
Notes
References
External links
2021 action thriller films
2021 films
2021 crime action films
2021 crime thriller films
2020s American films
2020s English-language films
2020s female buddy films
2020s French films
2020s German films
American action thriller films
American crime action films
American crime thriller films
American female buddy films
Babelsberg Studio films
English-language action thriller films
English-language French films
English-language German films
English-language Netflix original films
Films about contract killing
Films shot in Berlin
French action thriller films
French crime action films
French crime thriller films
French female buddy films
German action thriller films
German crime action films
German crime thriller films
Girls with guns films
StudioCanal films
STX Entertainment films |
Mount Shand is a elevation glaciated summit located at the head of the Trident Glacier in the eastern Alaska Range, in Alaska, United States. It is the third-highest peak in the Hayes Range, a subset of the Alaska Range. This remote peak is situated east-southeast of Mount Hayes, and southeast of Fairbanks. Mount Moffit, the nearest higher neighbor, is set to the northeast, and McGinnis Peak is positioned to the east. This rarely climbed mountain has three large sweeping faces, the East, West, and South.
This mountain is named for William Shand Jr. (1918–1946), a mountaineer who made the first ascents of nearby Mount Moffit in August 1942, and Mount Hayes on August 1, 1941. Following Shand's untimely death in a tragic car crash, Bradford Washburn, also of the Hayes first ascent party, proposed this name in 1949 to be applied to what is now called Mount Moffit. The present application of the name was suggested in 1961 by the U.S. Geological Survey to resolve the conflict of two names applied to the same geographic feature. The name and summit location was officially adopted in 1962 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.
Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Shand is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. This climate supports the Trident and Black Rapids Glaciers surrounding this peak. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. The months May through June offer the most favorable weather for climbing or viewing. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Tanana River drainage basin.
See also
List of mountain peaks of Alaska
Geology of Alaska
References
Gallery
External links
William Shand Jr: biography
Mount Shand: Flickr photo
Summit detail: Flickr photo
Weather forecast: Mount Shand
Alaska Range
Landforms of Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska
Mountains of Alaska
North American 3000 m summits |
Alisha B. Wormsley is an interdisciplinary artist and cultural producer. Her work is about collective memory and the synchronicity of time, specifically through the stories of women of color. She states her work is "the future, and the past, and the present, simultaneously."
Life
Wormsley was born in Sewickley, Pennsylvania and raised in the Pittsburgh area. She currently resides in Pittsburgh and is an adjunct professor of art at Carnegie Mellon University.
She earned an MFA in film and video at Bard College in New York, she studied Anthropology in undergrad and photography and digital media at the International Center of Photography in New York.
She has been a teaching artist at various cultural institutions, including The Studio Museum of Harlem, the Children's Aid Society, The Romare Bearden Foundation, the International Center of Photography, and the August Wilson Center for African American Culture. Wormsley is a recipient of a 2022 Guggenheim Fellowship in Fine Arts.
Selected awards
City of Pittsburgh's Mayor's Award for Public Art
Homewood Artist Residency
Flight School Fellowship
Selected public art installations
Larimer Well Project, Pittsburgh, PA
The People are the Light, Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA
August Wilson Park, Stargazing, Hill District, Pittsburgh, PA
Activist Print, We Live, Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, PA
Selected exhibitions and screenings
Afronaut(a) film series DVD Magazine, UNDERGROUND
Children of NAN featured film, Charles H. Wright Museum, Detroit MI
Performing Blackness :: Performing Whiteness, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA
PROOF, with Lisa E. Harris, StudioXX, HTMLLES Festival, Montreal, Canada
Transformation of Oshe, August Wilson Center, Pittsburgh, PA
My Mythos, Fe Gallery, Pittsburgh, PA
References
External links
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Bard College alumni
Artists from Pittsburgh
21st-century American women artists
People from Sewickley, Pennsylvania
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
Asiye Khanum Ezzeddin Qajar (19th-century) was the mother of Shah Fath-Ali Shah Qajar of Persia ().
She functioned as the administrator of the Qajar harem and the treasurer of her son, the Shah. When she died, her son married her trusted slave servant Khazen Al Doulah, who succeeded Qajar as harem administrator and treasurer.
References
19th-century births
19th-century deaths
19th-century Iranian women
Qajar royal consorts |
Sliver of a Full Moon is a play by Mary Kathryn Nagle. The play was written in 2013 following the re-authorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). Mary Kathryn Nagle is an enrolled member of the Cherokee Nation, and has written and produced several plays involving law and Indian affairs.
The play is told in a semi-linear way, juxtaposing the stories of real people who suffered under the jurisdiction laws involving Indian reservations in the United States with the efforts of several indigenous men and women to re-authorize the VAWA bill. Most productions of Sliver of a Full Moon are staged readings held at law schools, as a result of Nagle's inclusion of survivors of domestic violence as characters telling their true stories in the play.
Plot
The play begins with a recitation of the story Blackfish as told by Emily Johnson from the character of Emily (played by Lynn Hootch). A chorus of characters excitedly counts as they watch votes coming in on C-SPAN. Following a brief intro by several characters, the scene changes to an interview of Lisa Brunner from March 2013. A narrative then begins as Terri Henry begins her job at the Department of Justice. Terri is the only Indian in the office, which as the DOJ Woman mentions, frequently works with Indian tribes. An interview with Billie Jo Rich transitions to the next scene, in which Dennis, a police man on a reservation, gives a protective order form to a non-native man who had just beaten his wife. Terri is continually confronted with her coworkers' ostensible disillusionment and apathy about domestic violence on Indian reservations. Interviews of Lynn Hootch and Diane Millich lead into a narrative of a white man calling the police and informing Dennis that he had just beaten his wife. Dennis reluctantly informs him that he has no jurisdiction over non-natives. A group of survivors echoes similar stories, citing Oliphant as the reason for the jurisdiction issues.
Dennis and Terri meet at a Tribal Council meeting in Cherokee, North Carolina and they discuss strategies to pass the 2005 version of VAWA. A series of conversations with several politicians (including Lisa Murkowski, Scott Brown, Susan Collins, Olympia Snowe, Marco Rubio, Mike Lee, and other senators and their staffers) depicts their progress campaigning for support for the bill and attempting to maintain the bill in its entirety. When the senate votes, VAWA receives 68 votes, thus securing a super-majority and is passed, but with an exception for Alaskan tribes. The exception grants only the Metlakatla tribe jurisdiction, excluding the other 228 tribes in Alaska. Dennis and Terri are disheartened but continue to fight to get the bill to pass in the House of Representatives.
A chorus of characters recount a time before tribal jurisdiction was removed, and how life changed when it did. They lament the oppression of Native women. It is revealed that House Majority Leader Eric Cantor refused to put the bill to a vote, effectively killing the bill. Senator Patrick Leahy reintroduces the bill immediately. After a series of interviews giving more insight into the effects of jurisdiction laws effect Native Americans, the Senate vote comes in, again passing, but this time with 78 votes. An excerpt from an interview with Tom Cole leads into Cole's successful bid to convince Cantor to put the bill to a vote. The scene from the beginning of the play of excited vote-counting repeats, and there is a mixed response of celebration upon passing the house with 286 votes and disappointment about Alaska's exclusion and other failures of the bill. The chorus of characters reflects upon the passing of VAWA, agreeing that it is a step in the right direction, but is by no means a full measure.
Themes
Sovereignty
The sovereignty of the United States and Native tribes plays a significant thematic role in the play. Many of the survivors discuss the negative effects that Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe had on their lives. The case held that, "Indian tribal courts do not have inherent criminal jurisdiction to try and to punish non-Indians, and hence may not assume such jurisdiction unless specifically authorized to do so by Congress," thus effectively increasing crime rates of non-Indians on reservations. Even with the passing of VAWA, the sovereignty of tribes as "domestic dependent nations" is still contested, as the act established a framework to prosecute sex offenders through the US court system instead of tribal courts, even if the crime occurs on tribal land. The US has much stronger negotiating power, and many opponents of tribal sovereignty assert that for the US to cede any more authority to tribes than the little they already have would be detrimental to the overall sovereignty of the United States. The resistance of these opponents is a daunting obstacle for any attempt to legitimize the authority of tribal law.
Domestic Abuse
A poignant facet of any given production of Sliver of a Full Moon is the inclusion of Native American survivors of domestic abuse. These women were targeted as a result of the legal ambiguities surrounding tribal jurisdiction to prosecute non-Indians. VAWA was instrumental in the establishment of protections for victims on tribal land who previously had no means of discourse to prosecute sex offenders. The inclusion of Native tribes (except for most Alaskan tribes) in the provided protections was a somewhat circuitous to enforce laws when the tribes would otherwise have no means to do so.
Cast
September 21, 2014 performances in NYC
Lisa Brunner (White Earth Ojibwe Nation) as herself
Kenneth Ruthardt (Mescalero Apache) as Tom Cole
Lenora "Lynn" Hootch (Yupik Eskimo, Village of Emmonak) as herself
Myrt Runningwolf (Blackfeet Nation) as Dennis White Hawk
Kimberly Norris Guerrero (Colville, Salish-Kootenai, Cherokee) as Terri Henry
Diane Millich (Southern Ute) as herself
Jennifer Bobiwash (Ojibwe) as Deborah Parker
Billie Jo Rich (Cherokee) as herself
Richard Curtis Hostler (Hupa/Yurok/Karuk) as Chorus Man
Nettie Warbelow (Athabaskan, Village of Tetlin) as herself
Joann Horn as herself
Tami Jerue as herself
Priscalla Kameroff as herself
Other performances
Elaina Albers (Yurok) as herself
Lisa Rose Sanderson (Yurok) as herself
Shirley Moses as herself
Productions
Response
Sliver of a Full Moon is produced exclusively as a staged reading by survivors of domestic abuse on tribal land, and as a result is produced almost exclusively at Law Schools which have the budget and interest in the subject matter to justify its production. As such, reception both before and after each reading is generally enthusiastic. The performance at the Institute of American Indian Art drew enormous crowds, and Daniel Banks, the Chair of the Performing Arts Department at the IAIA was quoted saying, "I am excited about this partnership with the Yale Group for the Study of Native America, Yale Indigenous Performing Arts Program, and Yale Native American Cultural Center. Mary Kathryn Nagle is a visionary playwright and activist. This is an exciting opportunity for our students to meet a vital artist, watch her work, and participate in the process. We very much appreciate the work of all these groups at Yale to bring such an important piece of social and political theatre to our campus and to Santa Fe."
References
2013 plays
American plays |
Georgios Peglis (; born 25 December 1973) is a retired Greek football defender.
References
1973 births
Living people
Greek men's footballers
Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki) players
Kavala F.C. players
AEP Paphos FC players
Enosis Neon Paralimni FC players
Olympiakos Nicosia players
Aris Limassol FC players
Men's association football defenders
Super League Greece players
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus |
Breaking Cat News is a comic strip created by cartoonist Georgia Dunn and syndicated through Andrews McMeel Syndication.
Publication history
Dunn created the strip after relocating to her native Westerly, Rhode Island following her time in Seattle.
The strip made its debut on March 12, 2014, initially self-syndicated by Dunn. It has been available on the GoComics website since October 20, 2014.
Andrews McMeel Publishing released the first collection of the strip in 2016. In the foreword, Dunn shared that she got the idea when one of her cats created a mess, prompting the others to investigate, which inspired her to envision them as television news channel reporters and develop distinct voices for them.
Story
The main characters in Breaking Cat News are based on Dunn's own cats Elvis, Lupin, and Puck, augmented by recent arrivals Goldie, Iggy, and Ora Zella. They are drawn in watercolor and ink. The characters' personalities are based on the personalities and behavior of their real-life counterparts. Also in the cast are a human family originally referred to as the Woman, the Man, the Toddler, and the Baby. In a January 5, 2020 broadcast, when the Baby becomes a toddler, they change the reference terms to The Boy and The Girl. Other people, cats, and a few other domestic and wild creatures appear as the live coverage continues.
Because this is "news important to cats", a typical lead story might be "There's a great big box in the living room!" or "Someone ate all the flowers and threw up in the hallway." Only the animals have names. There are larger story arcs, such as Tommy the stray finding his Woman, the Children developing (learning to walk, potty training, becoming Toddlers), the weather, holiday traditions, the People buying a house, et cetera.
Characters
The original three cats, who live on the second floor of the Big Pink House with the Man, the Woman, the Boy, and the Girl:
Lupin -- the daring cat of adventure! Lupin is the lead anchor of the news desk, despite being the youngest of the original three cats and being deaf (he reads whiskers and understands signs). He has white fur and an irrepressible spirit for having fun.
Elvis -- the oldest of the original three cats. He's a cynical, jaded reporter with a heart of gold, although he is a Siamese who is easily stressed and doesn't handle change well.
Puck -- a sensitive, sweet guy who can be courageous when he needs to be. Puck is a black cat who is missing his right hind foot, and is GREAT at making charts for the newscasts.
New additions to the original three cats:
Goldie -- adopted by the family after being abandoned when her previous family moved.
Two half-grown kittens being parented by the older cats:
Iggy -- a placid boy, bonded with Ora Zella, with whom he escaped the animal shelter.
Ora Zella -- a tortie girl, quite rambunctious, bonded with Iggy.
Additional animal characters who live nearby:
Tommy -- adult male found by Elvis in a story arc when they were both temporarily lost from their homes. Tommy's home was nearby with Sophie and their Woman, but they recently moved to the first floor of the Big Pink House. Tommy is a large fluffy happy-go-lucky cat.
Sophie -- a quiet, artistic cat who is blind in her left eye. She works in "mixed media modernism," using found materials. She lives with Tommy and their Woman, now on the first floor of the Big Pink House. At first, she found Tommy to be a little boisterous for her, but later has grown to tolerate and even like him.
Tabitha -- an alpha cat who speaks four languages (Spanish, English, and two others). She is famous for having caught the red dot (of a laser cat toy). She lives with Sir Figaro Newton on the third floor of the Big Pink House with their Woman.
Sir Figaro Newton -- an inquisitive Spanish-speaking cat who lives with Tabitha on the third floor of the Big Pink House with their Woman.
Baba Mouse -- a 26-year-old Russian Blue cat who lives in an outbuilding of a nearby farm (the same farm as Burt). She is wise and crotchety, but has a good, tender heart.
Burt -- the technical audio/visual expert of the news reporting crew. He lives in the barn of a nearby farm (the same farm as Baba Mouse, of whom he is a descendent). He's an easy-going guy with a lot of patience.
Beatrix -- a female polydactyl kitten who, after interning at the BCN station, has moved to the bookstore as its cat assistant.
Trevor -- a large, lovable shaggy dog who also lives at the bookstore.
Bibliography
References
External links
American comic strips
2014 comics debuts
Comics about cats
Anthropomorphic cats
Fictional cats
Comic strips started in the 2010s |
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-2-2 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and two trailing wheels on one axle.
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 2A1
French classification: 211
Turkish classification: 14
Swiss classification: 1/4
Like other steam locomotive types with single pairs of driving wheels, they were also known as singles.
History
The 4-2-2 configuration offered designers eight wheels to spread the weight of a larger locomotive, but prior to the bogies (invented in 1830s) becoming popular, created a long rigid wheelbase with limited adhesion. As a result, the type was relatively rare until the 1870s. The first steam locomotive made by Borsig of Berlin in 1841, the Borsig No 1, was a 4-2-2, but the company quickly reverted to the more common 2-2-2 configuration.
UK developments
The London and North Western Railway No. 3020 Cornwall was built as 4-2-2 at Crewe Works in 1847, but was extensively rebuilt, and converted to a 2-2-2 in 1858.
The one area where the type proved to be useful was on broad gauge locomotives, where sharp bends were less of an issue. Daniel Gooch built 29 examples of his Iron Duke express locomotive class for the Great Western Railway between 1847 and 1855. They had an 8 ft diameter driving wheel size. Twenty examples of a similar design were built for the Bristol and Exeter Railway after 1849, by Stothert & Slaughter in Bristol. Because both sets of leading wheels are mounted independently in the frames in these classes, they are sometimes described as (2-2)-2-2 rather than 4-2-2.
The first 4-2-2 to have a bogie was built by Archibald Sturrock of the Great Northern Railway (GNR) in 1853. This had flangeless driving wheels, and was only moderately successful, having a tendency to derail. By the 1870s, improved design of bogies giving more flexibility enabled designers to create fast standard gauge express passenger locomotives of this type. On the GNR, Patrick Stirling built 53 examples with outside cylinders at Doncaster Works between 1870 and 1895, for use on the East Coast Main Line between London King's Cross and York. They ran at an average speed of more than 60 mph during the race to the north, and were called eight-footers because of the driving wheel, that was more than 8 ft. in diameter. Stirling's successor Henry Ivatt built a further twelve singles between 1898 and 1901 before moving on to larger 4-4-2 designs.
The attraction of the 'single' (4-2-2 or otherwise) was that, thanks to the 'gearing' effect of the large single driving wheels, a locomotive could obtain high speeds while the operating speed of the engine's pistons and valve gear remained relatively low. This was important because of the relatively unsophisticated lubrication systems available at the time, with many of the parts of the engine's motion requiring to be 'oiled round' with the locomotive stationary before and after a run, or on longer trips by one of the crew taking to the running board to oil the required parts while on the move. Low piston speed also meant that the steam demand on the boiler would be relatively low, allowing a smaller, lighter boiler.
Before the development of the 'large boiler' designs in the 1890s, many boilers could not sustain the steam supply required of a small-wheeled locomotive operating at speed, thus requiring the large driving wheels of a single. At 70 mph, an 'eight-footer' single's driving wheels would be revolving at 245 revolutions per minute, opposed to the 327 revolutions of the driving wheels of a 'six-footer'. A locomotive with coupled wheels also suffered extra rolling resistance from the presence of coupling rods between the driving wheels which incurred a slight but measurable resistance arising from the small variances in the diameter of the driving wheels that were nominally of the same size. This meant that without the coupling rods, for a given locomotive speed the driving wheels would turn at very slightly different rate, but the coupling rods and the axles forced the driving wheels to turn at the same speed, with the added work being incurred as a binding force in the coupling rod bearings. Aside from this force, the coupling rod bearings themselves were a source of rolling resistance. Additionally, each driving axle of a locomotive had to be supported on large plain bearings, with required further lubrication, introducing a potential point of mechanical failure through overheating and a considerable source of friction. With only one driving axle, a 'single' had much less rolling resistance than a four-coupled engine, requiring less steam to achieve a given speed and also being more free-running when coasting downhill.
The 4-2-2 wheel arrangement had other specific advantages - the front bogie supported the weight of large cylinders and a long boiler which could exceed the load limits on a single front axle while also providing a superior stability and cornering at high speeds. Without restriction from a rear driving axle and wheels, a wide and deep firebox could be used, carried by the small single trailing axle, which provided good steam-making properties and a large ashpan making these locomotives suitable for running long distances at high speeds.
The Stirling 'eight-footers' were very successful, but were best suited to the predominantly straight and flat GNR main line in Cambridgeshire and the Vale of York. Other railways slowly replaced their original 'singles' with 4-4-0 locomotives that offered better traction at the cost of ultimate speed. However, in 1886 Francis Holt, manager at the Derby Works of the Midland Railway invented a practical form of steam sanding gear which allowed locomotive crews to quickly and effectively stop wheelspin. This led to the Midland reviving the 'single' in the form of the distinctive inside-cylinder "Spinners"; eighty-five were built to five designs by Samuel Waite Johnson between 1887 and 1900. One 115 class, No. 673, survives at the National Railway Museum in York. Concurrent with Holt's invention was the so-called Race to the North, when groups of railway companies on the East Coast and West Coast routes between London and Edinburgh competed with each for the fastest journey times. For its portion of the West Coast route, the Caledonian Railway used its unique 4-2-2, No. 123. This had been built in 1885 as a showpiece for the 1886 world's fair in Edinburgh rather than to fulfil a traffic need for the railway, and so had used the now-unfashionable 4-2-2 'Single' layout. But when pressed into service during the Race to the North, No. 123's high speed performance and reliability made other locomotive engineers reconsider the advantages of the single-driver engine, especially when joined with the new steam-sander (No. 123 had a similar sanding system working by compressed air).
These factors lead to a resurgence of interest in the 'single' for fast express passenger work in the 1880s and 1890s. William Dean of the Great Western Railway built fifty examples of the standard gauge 3031 Achilles Class from 1893 to 1899. No. 3065 Duke of Connaught contributed to the record-breaking run of the Ocean Mail express train from Plymouth to Paddington in 227 minutes on 9 May 1904, when it took over the train at Bristol from No 3440 City of Truro and completed the journey to Paddington in 99 minutes 46 seconds. By 1900, average train loads had grown beyond the capability of even a sander-fitted 'single' and their development was stopped. On the GNR, Stirling's famous 'eight-footers' required double heading with 4-4-0s before they were replaced by the 'Klondyke' 4-4-2 engines designed by Henry Ivatt, while on the Midland Railway Samuel Johnson developed a powerful compound 4-4-0 to replace his 'Spinners'.
Other notable UK examples of the 4-2-2 include the GER Class P43, which was an early oil-burning engine, developed by the pioneer of oil-boilers, James Holden. The last British 'single' to be designed was the Class 13 of the Great Central Railway, designed by Harry Pollitt in 1900 for work on the company's new main line to London. Ivatt Class A5 singles of the GNR, designed before the Great Central engines, continued to enter service during 1901, being the last of their type to take to the rails in Britain.
US developments
The T. D. Judah locomotive was built as a 4-2-4 by the Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works in 1863. It was purchased for use on the Central Pacific Railroad and was rebuilt as a 4-2-2 in 1872.
By 1900, typical loads on express trains had grown beyond the capabilities of 4-2-2 locomotives and the configuration was superseded by the 4-4-2.
Asia
In 1910, the British locomotive manufacturer Kerr, Stuart and Company produced four 4-2-2 locomotives, weighing 120 tons and with 7 ft driving wheels, for the Shanghai–Nanjing railway. These were the last recorded 'singles' built and almost certainly the largest.
References
External links
illustrated description of some famous singles
2,4-2-2 |
The Love Moth was the debut single by Australian singer Liv Maessen. The single was released on Polydor label in December 1969. It entered the Melbourne charts in January 1970, staying in for eighteen weeks and peaking at #8, and it scraped into the bottom of the Go-Set national Top 40 for one week in April 1970 at #40.
"The Love Moth" is an English-language version of "La Pioggia" ("the rain"), an Italian song first performed by Gigliola Cinquetti at the 1969 San Remo Music Festival and recorded by her in the same year. It was also performed in French at the same festival by France Gall, as "L'orage". Gall also released a Spanish version, "La Lluvia" (1969).
References
1968 songs
Polydor Records singles |
Autophila is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.
Species
Autophila afghana Ronkay, 1986
Autophila anaphanes Boursin, 1940
Autophila asiatica (Staudinger, 1888)
Autophila banghaasi Boursin, 1940
Autophila berioi Bytinski-Salz, 1937
Autophila cataphanes (Hübner, [1813])
Autophila cerealis (Staudinger, 1871)
Autophila chamaephanes Boursin, 1940
Autophila cinnamonea Ronkay, 1989
Autophila cryptica Ronkay, 1986
Autophila cymaenotaenia Boursin, 1940
Autophila deleta Benedek & Ronkay, 2001
Autophila depressa (Püngeler, 1914)
Autophila dilucida (Hübner, [1808])
Autophila einsleri Amsel, 1935
Autophila eremocharis Boursin, 1940
Autophila eremochroa Boursin, 1940
Autophila eurytaenia Boursin, 1963
Autophila fuscolampra Hacker & Ronkay, 1990
Autophila glebicolor (Ershov, 1874)
Autophila gracilis (Staudinger, 1874)
Autophila himalayica (Hampson, 1894)
Autophila hirsuta (Staudinger, 1870)
Autophila hirsutula (Alphéraky, 1893)
Autophila horrida Boursin, 1955
Autophila inconspicua (Butler, 1881)
Autophila iranica Ronkay, 1989
Autophila laetifica (Staudinger, 1888)
Autophila lia (Püngeler, 1906)
Autophila libanotica (Staudinger, 1901)
Autophila ligaminosa (Eversmann, 1851)
Autophila limbata (Staudinger, 1871)
Autophila maculifera (Staudinger, 1888)
Autophila magnifica Boursin, 1963
Autophila maura (Staudinger, 1888)
Autophila monstruosa Boursin, 1967
Autophila myriospea Boursin, 1940
Autophila osthelderi Boursin, 1940
Autophila pauli Boursin, 1940
Autophila plattneri Boursin, 1955
Autophila rasilis (Püngeler, 1906)
Autophila rosea (Staudinger, 1888)
Autophila simplex (Staudinger, 1888)
Autophila simulata Ronkay, 1986
Autophila sinesafida Wiltshire, 1952
Autophila subfusca (Christoph, 1893)
Autophila tancrei Boursin, 1940
Autophila tetrastigma Boursin, 1940
Autophila umbrifera (Kollar, 1848)
Autophila vartianae Ronkay, 1986
Autophila vespertalis (Staudinger, 1896)
Autophila xena Ronkay, 1986
Autophila xenomima Ronkay, 1989
References
Autophila at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Toxocampinae
Moth genera |
Eduard Wilhelm Pose (9 July 1812 – 14 March 1878) was a German Romantic landscape painter associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.
Biography
He was born in Düsseldorf. His father, Ludwig Pose, was a decorative painter. As a boy, he accompanied him on his work throughout the Rhineland. During a visit to Rheinstein Castle, where his father had received a commission from Prince Frederick, he decided to become a painter too.
From 1829 to 1836, he attended the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and studied with the landscape painter, Johann Wilhelm Schirmer from 1832 to 1833. His first landscapes depicted the regions of Hunsrück and Eifel and received excellent marks. In 1836, he and several other students left the Kunstakademie, due to conflicts with its conservative director, Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow.
He went to Munich and found a position in the studios of Carl Rottmann. An outbreak of cholera led to him to move to Frankfurt am Main and find work painting the Eltz Castle. He returned to Munich in 1838. Shortly after, he exhibited his painting of Tyrol Castle in Brussels, where it was purchased by King Leopold I.
He then returned to Düsseldorf, living with his sister and her husband, the architect , and travelling with other artists throughout the region. He spent the years 1842–1845 in Italy, mostly in Rome, where his palette brightened considerably. After 1845, he went back to Frankfurt am Main and became part of the circle of artists associated with Philipp Veit. In his later years, he was involved with the artists' colony at Kronberg im Taunus.
He and his wife, Pauline (née Klotz, 1817–1867), made the acquaintance of Gustave Courbet during his visit to Frankfurt in 1858. Courbet used her as the model for his painting Lady of Frankfurt. It is believed that Pose was originally in the painting as well, but was later erased. His exclusion has led to speculation concerning an affair between Pauline and Courbet.
Pose died on 14 March 1878 in Frankfurt at the age of 65.
References
Pose, Eduard Wilhelm. In: Georg Kaspar Nagler: Neues allgemeines Künstler-Lexikon, Vol.13, Schwarzenberg & Schumann, Leipzig, (online)
Further reading
Wend von Kalnein: Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1979,
Bettina Baumgärtel (Ed.): Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule und ihre internationale Ausstrahlung 1819–1918. Michael Imhof Verlag, Peterberg 2011, .
External links
ArtNet: More works by Pose.
Wilhelm Füssli: "Eduard Wilhelm Pose" in, Die wichtigsten Städte am Mittel- und Niederrhein. Zweiter Band über rheinische Kunst. Verlag des literarischen Comptoirs, Zürich und Winterthur 1843 (online)
1812 births
1878 deaths
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German landscape painters
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Artists from Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf school of painting |
Carver Bank may refer to several black-owned or -operated banks named after George Washington Carver:
Carver Federal Savings Bank, founded in 1848
Carver State Bank, established in 1927, based and operating in Georgia
Carver Savings and Loan Association, Omaha, Nebraska, founded in 1944, now defunct |
Waheed Omar (Dari:وحید عمر) (born March 1978) is a politician in Afghanistan currently serving as President Ghani's Senior Advisor and Director General of Office of Public and Strategic Affairs. From 2016 to 2019 he served as Ambassador of Afghanistan to Italy. He was also Afghanistan's Permanent Representative to World Food Programme, International Fund for Agricultural Development, FAO and IDLO. Between 2009 and 2011 he served as Chief Spokesperson of President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai. He helped President Karzai win his second term as Communications Director of his reelection campaign in 2009. During the electoral campaign and the aftermath of the election he was often seen as Karzai's one-man frontline. Both President Karzai's supporters as well as his opponents recognized Waheed Omer's eloquence, civil debate skills, his equal fluency in Pashto and Persian, and his media-management skills. .
Before being a campaign spokesperson, Omar was the founding Director of the Government Media and Information Center, formed in 2009 to oversee communications between the government, Afghan citizens and the international community.
Biography
Waheed Omar was born and raised in Kabul as an ethnic Pashtun. His early schooling took place in Kabul and Peshawar, Pakistan. He later attended the University of York in the United Kingdom where he received a Master of Arts degree in political science. At York, Omar focused on Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development. His MA thesis was on South Africa's post-apartheid transitional justice mechanisms and how on how some of those lessons could be applied to post-war Afghanistan.
Before his appointment as Karzai's chief spokesperson, Omar served the Government of Afghanistan in several high-level positions, including as the deputy director of the Office of Administrative Affairs (2007–2008), and the chief organizing officer of the Af-Pak Peace Jirga. He also has worked with international and domestic non-government institutions such as the Swedish Committee for Afghanistan, The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and Sanayee Development Foundation. Omar has been an activist and writer from a young age, establishing Afghan Youth Foundation for Unity in Peshawer when he was in his early 20s. He led the establishment of FES, Afghanistan Young Leaders Forum in 2003. He has published a children's book and several articles and poems in Dari, Pashto and English.
Omar speaks both of the official languages of Afghanistan, Persian and Pashto, as well as English, and is proficient in Urdu/Hindi and German.
See also
Karzai administration
References
External links
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Afghanistan Office
Living people
People from Kabul
Pashtun politicians
Alumni of the University of York
1978 births
Spokespersons
Political office-holders in Afghanistan
Afghan government officials |
Tilde Ingham is a Swedish soul singer, songwriter and musician from the town of Gothenburg, Sweden.
In early 2018 she began recording her debut album, Nothing Gold Can Stay, at Spinroad Studios in Gothenburg with BRIT-award winning producer Pedro Ferreira (who previously worked with The Darkness and swedish singer Albin Lee Meldau). The album was released in September 2018 on her independent record label Vacanze Records.
In 2019, Swedish newspaper Göteborgs-Posten placed the title track Nothing Gold Can Stay in the top ten of the best songs of the decade originating from the swedish town of Gothenburg. Alongside big names such as Håkan Hellström and Laleh.
In November 2021 she released her second album, Pink Moon.
Discography
References
1988 births
Living people
Swedish women singer-songwriters
Swedish singer-songwriters
Swedish soul singers
Swedish women musicians |
The Thyamis (), also known as Glykys (Γλυκύς) or Kalamas (Καλαμάς), is a river in the Epirus region of Greece. It flows into the Ionian Sea. It is long, and its drainage area is about , over 99% of which on Greek territory. The names of the Chameria region (Tsamouria in Greek), as well as the Chams, derive from the river's name.
Thyamis in ancient Greece was mentioned by Pausanias as forming the boundary between Thesprotis and Kestrine. In addition, Suda and Ptolemaeus mentioned it.
Some Renaissance scholars believed that the English River Thames owed its name to the River Thyamis, as early Celtic tribes were thought to have migrated from the Epirus region to England. While this belief influenced the modern spelling of the English river's name, it is no longer regarded as credible.
Geography
The source of the river is near the village Kalpaki, in the northwestern part of the Ioannina regional unit. It flows south at first, and turns southwest near Soulopoulo. It receives its tributary Tyria near Vrosina, and turns west near Kyparisso in Thesprotia, where the hydroelectric dam is located. It empties into the Ionian Sea near the village Kestrini, between Igoumenitsa and Sagiada, close to the Albanian border.
Places along the river include, from source to mouth: Mazaraki, Soulopoulo, Vrosina, Raveni, Pente Ekklisies, Kyparisso, Parapotamos and Kestrini.
During the interwar period of the 20th century, Albanian speaking villages of the Thyamis delta and river basin were small and scattered compared to the upland larger Greek villages of the hilly area to the north.
Environment
Thyamis forms a river delta where it empties in the Ionian Sea, north of Igoumenitsa. The delta is known for being rich in flora and migrating birds stop in its waters for food and rest.
The river, however, has suffered from environmental degradation for decades, due to uncontrolled human activities (farming activity, urban and industrial effluents and waste, lack of management plan and poor coordination of competent authorities for its protection).
See also
Battle of Elaia–Kalamas
List of rivers of Europe
List of rivers of Greece
References
External links
Greek Travel Pages - River Thyamis
Landforms of Thesprotia
Rivers of Greece
Landforms of Ioannina (regional unit)
Rivers of Epirus (region) |
The New York Hydropathic and Physiological School founded by Russell Thacher Trall on October 1, 1853 at 15 Laight Street, in New York City was a hydropathic and medical school known for its advocacy of natural therapies and vegetarianism.
History
The New York Hydropathic and Physiological School is chiefly notable today as one of the first medical schools in the United States to admit women candidates for the Doctor of Medicine degree. New England Female Medical College in Boston was the first, opening its doors in 1848. In 1855 the school graduated 50 physicians, "...about half of which were women." By an act of the New York State Legislature in 1857 the school's name was changed to New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College and the school was authorized to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1858, the school graduated another 60 physicians, and again the number of female graduates was about half that number.
The school emphasized hydropathy, also known as the "water cure," vegetarian dietary therapies, sanitation, hygiene, exercise, and abandoning most of the materia medica used by allopathic physicians. Founder Russell T. Trall was one of the first medical advocates of vegan nutrition The school moved to Florence, New Jersey by 1869 and continued in operation until 1875 when it was offered for sale. Trall died in 1877 and is buried in Florence, New Jersey.
The Hygienic Institute
At the same address on Laight Street, Trall also operated The Hygienic Institute. In the 1860s E. P. Miller was its proprietor and resident physician, whilst Trall remained consulting physician. Its female physician was Ellen Goodell Smith. In 1864, it was reported that the institute had treated more than 10,000 patients.
References
Universities and colleges established in 1853
Embedded educational institutions
Hydrotherapy
Orthopathy
Schools of medicine in New York City
1853 establishments in New York (state) |
The Brabant Road (), Cologne to Leipzig Road (Köln-Leipziger Straße) or Liege Road (Lütticher Straße) is an ancient road which, during the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, was one of the most important continental east-west oriented military and trade routes. It ran from the eponymous Duchy of Brabant to Leipzig.
History
The road linked the two major north-south routes, the Rhine Road (Rheinstraße) on the eastern side of the Rhine valley and the Wine Road (Weinstraße), which ran along the western slopes of the Wetterau hills from Frankfurt northwards. Even in prehistory and early history it could have been of importance. As a ridgeway (in places a high sunken road) the route avoided boggy valleys and river crossings and the bridge tolls raised at that time.
In the 16th century, a street was called Cologne Road (Kölner Straße), which dates back to the Franconian conquest and can be regarded as a guideline for the emergence of the two Hessian monasteries at Fulda and Hersfeld. After this phase, it played an important role in the attempt by the Salians to increase the imperial estates in the Harz and Saxony. Finally, the Hohenstaufen rulers wanted to make the Ringgau, with Boyneburg castle, an imperial state and relied on the support of the Thuringian landgraves, for which this road became just as important for the administration of the Mainz territories in Thuringia. Last but not least, it was sufficiently important to the Erfurt's lines of communication that it found its way into the Erfurter Meilenscheibe and the Interiarien of the 17th century.
Outside the cities, the road ran largely away from settlements along the longer east-western watershed on its ridge or parallel to the slope. Except in the cities and on bridges it was unpaved, it was a "natural road" and its condition was accordingly rudimentary. If the way was damaged by traffic, it was bypassed. This resulted in fan-like and meandering paths. Bad, unpaved roads were also a source of income for the respective lord of the manor, since, in accordance with customary law (:de:Grundruhrrecht), all goods that touched the ground in the event of a broken wheel/axle, when a train animal fell or because of a bad route belonged to him. With the foundation of the Hanseatic League, the merchants tried to counteract this claim.
As early as 1255 it was called a strata publica (= "public road"). In 1265, Landgravine Sophie expressly charged the castellans (Burgmannen) of her castle at Blankenstein (Gladenbach) with the protection of this public road within their area of influence. The road connected the former Duchy of Brabant in today's Belgium with Leipzig, running via Cologne, Siegen, Angelburg, Marburg, Eisenach, Erfurt and Naumburg. This medieval street, which connected important trade fair sites, carried a large proportion of east-west trade, especially grain, textile products from Flemish and Lower German textile centres, woad from Thuringia, eastern European furs (the trading centre of which was Leipzig) as well as ironware from the northwestern Lahn-Dill region (Dietzhölzetal), the Siegerland, the Thuringian Forest. At times, the livestock trade (horses and cattle) was significant. A transport network for herrings and salted cod had already been established in the Hanseatic era. Hops and beer were also valued as profitable commodities. The procurement of special building blocks (sintered limestones for about 130 capitals at the palas) from the Eifel region is documented for the Wartburg in the 12th century. Armies, pilgrims and travellers used the road all year round.
Today, the Brabant Road is part of the "European Cultural Route VIA REGIA", which brings together the historic streets of the Brabant Raad, the Way of St James and the actual Via Regia.
Remarks
References
Sources
Erfurter Geleitsordnung des Hartung Cammermeister 1441. In: Herbert Helbig (ed.): Quellen zur älteren Wirtschaftsgeschichte Mitteldeutschlands. Vol. II. Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar, 1952, No. 174, pp. 145–153. (Quellen zur mitteldeutschen Landes- und Volksgeschichte 2)
Geleitsregelungen im Zeitzer Vertrag von 1567 (No. 133–140) zwischen den Kurfürsten und Herzog John William of Saxe-Weimar (1530–1573). In: Carl Friedrich Göschel: Chronik der Stadt Langensalza in Thüringen. Vol. II. Friedrich Spithen, Berlin, 1818. (Reprint: Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, 2007, ), pp. 208–221
Literature
Gottfried August Benedict Wolff: Chronik des Klosters Pforta nach urkundlichen Nachrichten, Bd. I. Friedrich Christian Wilhelm Vogel, Leipzig 1843, bes. S. 80–82.
Georg Landau: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Alten Herr- und Handelsstraßen in Deutschland I-II/2. In: Zeitschrift für deutsche Kulturgeschichte. 1 (1856), p. 483–505 [falsche Paginierung], 575–591 und 639–665 (online resource, retrieved 15 August 2011)
Armin Weber (text); Willi Görich (map): Landstraßen und Chausseebau vom 16. bis 19. Jahrhundert. and
Ulrich Reuling (text), Friedrich Uhlhorn (map): Hessen im Jahre 1789.
Hugo Weczerka: Hansische Handelsstraßen. Bd. I-III (Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte 13/1-3), Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna, 1962/67/68.
Hermann Böttger, Wilhelm Weyer: Alte Straßen und Wege. In: Hermann Böttger, Wilhelm Weyer, Alfred Lück: Geschichte des Netpherlandes. Selbstverlag des Amtes Netphen, Netphen 1967, S. 47–60, bes. S. 54f.
Gerd Bergmann: Straßen und Burgen um Eisenach. Eisenach 1993, p. 97.
Friedrich Pfeiffer: Rheinische Transitzölle im Mittelalter. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1997, . (diss. phil. Trier 1996)
Michel Margue: Entstehung und Entwicklung der brabantischen Städte und die Straße Flandern-Köln (11.–13. Jahrhundert). In: Monika Escher, Alfred Haverkamp, Frank G. Hirschmann: Städtelandschaft – Städtenetz – zentralörtliches Gefüge. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 2000, pp. 383–406. (Trierer Historische Forschungen 43)
Herbert Nicke: Vergessene Wege. Das historische Fernwegenetz zwischen Rhein, Weser, Hellweg und Westerwald; seine Schutzanlagen und Knotenpunkte. Martina Galunder, Nümbrecht 2001, . (Land und Geschichte zwischen Berg, Wildenburg und Südwestfalen 9)
External links
Jakobuswege in Deutschland - Pilgerweg von Köln über Overath und Siegen nach Marburg (retrieved 18 August 2011)
Die Köln-Leipziger Straße und Die alte Handelsstraße Frankfurt Leipzig / Durch die langen Hessen.'' auf: Altstraßen in Hessen (retrieved 23 August 2011)
Via Regia – Kulturstraße des Europarates (retrieved 18 August 2011)
Ancient roads and tracks
Historic trails and roads in Germany
Camino de Santiago routes
History of Aachen
Transport in Cologne
Oberbergischer Kreis
History of the Westerwald
Siegerland
Marburg
Middle Hesse
History of Hesse
Eisenach
Roads in Thuringia
History of Erfurt
Naumburg (Saale)
History of Leipzig |
The 1990 Nations Cup was held in Gelsenkirchen on November 15–17. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Results
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing
External links
Skate Canada results
Nations Cup, 1990
Bofrost Cup on Ice |
225 Baronne Street, located at 225 Baronne Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 30-story, 362 feet (110 m)-tall skyscraper.
Between 2013 and 2015 the building underwent a $100 million renovation to convert the former office building into a 188-room Aloft Hotel and 192 residential apartments. The bottom 10 floors were also converted into a 356 space parking garage.
History
The building originally served as the local headquarters for Boeing when it opened its doors in 1962. It was the tallest building in New Orleans from 1965 to 1967.
See also
List of tallest buildings in New Orleans
References
External links
225 Baronne Street at Regis Property Management
225 Baronne Street at Emporis.com
Skyscraper hotels in New Orleans
Residential skyscrapers in New Orleans
Office buildings completed in 1965
1962 establishments in Louisiana
Hotels established in 2015 |
Pite Sámi or Arjeplog Sámi (, , ) is a Sámi language traditionally spoken in Sweden and used to be spoken in Norway. It is a critically endangered language that has only about 25–50 native speakers left and is now only spoken on the Swedish side of the border along the Pite River in the north of Arjeplog and Arvidsjaur and in the mountainous areas of the Arjeplog municipality.
Classification
Pite Sámi is a part of the Western Sámi group, together with Southern Sámi and Ume Sámi to the south, Lule Sámi and Northern Sámi to the north. Of these, Pite Sámi shows closest affinity to Lule Sámi, but a number of features also show similarity to Ume and Southern Sámi.
Phonology
Consonants
The Pite Sámi consonant inventory is very similar to that found in neighbouring Lule Sámi, but lacks contrastive voicing of stops and affricates entirely.
Stops before a homorganic nasal (pre-stopped nasals) are realised as unreleased stops.
is realised as a labiodental fricative in the syllable onset (before a vowel), and as bilabial in the syllable coda (in a consonant cluster).
is present only in the language of some elderly speakers. It is otherwise replaced by or , depending on dialect.
Vowels
The Pite Sámi vowel inventory has a relative lack of phonemic diphthongs, compared to other Sámi languages and particularly neighbouring Lule Sámi. Instead, there are more vowel height distinctions.
The close vowels /i/ and /u/ are realized as laxer [ɪ] and [ʊ] respectively, in unstressed positions.
Close-mid /e/ and /o/ are diphthongized to [ie̯] and [uo̯] respectively, when stressed.
contrasts with in near-minimal pairs such as båhtet "to come" vs båhtjet "to milk".
does not occur in unstressed syllables.
can occur in unstressed syllables, but only when a preceding stressed syllable contains .
Sammallahti divides Lule Sámi dialects as follows:
Northern dialects: Luokta-Mávas in Sweden
Central dialects: Semisjaur-Njarg in Sweden
Southern dialects: Svaipa in Sweden
Features of the northern dialects are:
Lack of → umlaut.
Voicing in quantity 3 of plain stops (thus strong ~ weak etc.), like in Lule Sámi.
as the outcome of Proto-Samic *đ.
Features of the southern dialects are:
as the outcome of Proto-Samic *đ.-->
Orthography
For a long time, Pite Sámi was one of the four Sámi languages without an official written language. A working orthography was developed in 2008–2011 by the Sámi Association of Arjeplog; this version was described by Joshua Wilbur and implemented in the dictionary Pitesamisk ordbok samt stavningsregler, published in 2016. On August 20, 2019, an official orthography was approved for the language. The orthography closely resembles the orthography of neighbouring Lule Sámi.
Digraphs
Lexicographic sources
A number of (re)sources exist with extensive collections of Pite Sámi lexical items, including grammatical and (morpho)phonological information to various extents. These include:
Ignácz Halász published a collection of Pite Sámi lexical items in 1896 with Hungarian and German translations in the book Pite lappmarki szótár és nyelvtan. Pite Sámi words are written in using a UPA-type standard.
Eliel Lagercrantz published a two-volume collection of Sámi lexical items in 1939 titled Lappischer Wortschatz with German translations. Many of the entries include Pite Sámi forms, which are marked with the abbreviation Arj (for Arjeplog, as Pite Sámi is often referred to as "Arjeplog Sámi" as well). Pite Sámi words are written in using a UPA-type standard.
Just Knud Qvigstad created a wordlist of Pite Sámi words in his Lappisk ordliste : Arjeplog-dialekt (Beiarn–Saltdal–Rana). This handwritten manuscript is from around 1928 and can be found on the Norwegian National Library website
Israel Ruong's collection of handwritten note cards and other materials with Pite Sámi lexical items is archived at the Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore in Uppsala.
Although not intended primarily as a lexicographic collection, Israel Ruong's 1943 dissertation Lappische Verbalableitung dargestellt auf Grundlage des Pitelappischen is in fact a rich source of derived verbs. These are presented in a somewhat simplified UPA-type transcription with explanations and translations in German.
Arjeplogs sameförening (the Arjeplog Sámi association) carried out a project called Insamling av pitesamiska ord (Collection of Pite Sámi words) between 2008 and 2012, written in a preliminary version of the current standard orthography. This wordlist includes translations into Swedish and Norwegian.
A Pite Sámi dictionary and set of orthographic rules was published in 2016 as Pitesamisk ordbok samst stavningsregler in the book series Samica. This collection is based on the wordlist created by Arjeplogs sameförening (cf. previous item), but with significant editing and additions covering grammatical and phonological information by the editor (J. Wilbur). It includes translations into Swedish and English, and uses a preliminary version of the current standard orthography. A website with these orthographic rules can be found at Pitesamiska stavningsregler.
A searchable lexical database is accessible online at Bidumsáme Báhkogirrje. It is maintained by linguist J. Wilbur (in collaboration with O. Utne and P. Steggo), and is regularly being updated, corrected and edited, especially checking for consistency and adherence to the standard orthography; missing lexemes are also added on a regular basis.
A searchable lexical database including automatically generated inflectional paradigms for a large subset of the lexical items in the Bidumsáme Báhkogirrje (cf. previous item) can be found in the Nähttadigibáhko, hosted by Giellatekno at the University of Tromsø, with collaborative development of the language technology tools for Pite Sámi by J. Wilbur. This uses the standard orthography.
A mobile phone app called BidumBágo (for Android systems) is under development by Olve Utne at the Norwegian Institute of Local History and National Library of Norway (in collaboration with P. Steggo and J. Wilbur). It currently has more than 6300 entries, including references to older sources, many place names, and translations into Norwegian, Swedish, German and English. This uses the standard orthography and can be downloaded from the Facebook group BidumBágo.
Grammar
Cases
Pite Sámi has nine cases:
Nominative
Genitive
Accusative
Inessive
Illative
Elative
Comitative
Essive
Abessive
Verbs
Person
Pite Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons:
first person
second person
third person
Mood
Pite Sámi has five grammatical moods:
indicative
imperative
conditional
potential
optative
Grammatical number
Pite Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers:
singular
dual
plural
Tense
Pite Sámi verbs conjugate for two simple tenses:
past
non-past
and two compound tenses:
Present perfect
Pluperfect
Negative verb
Pite Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Pite Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). This differs from some of the other Sámi languages, e.g. from Northern Sámi, which do not conjugate according to tense and other Sámi languages, that do not use the optative.
For non-past indicative versions that have more than one form, the second one is from the dialect spoken around Björkfjället and the third is from the Svaipa dialect. The plurality in the other forms is due to parallel forms that are not bound by dialect.
Notes
References
Pite Saami Documentation Project. www2.hu-berlin.de/psdp. 2009.05.03.
Wilbur, Joshua (2016). "Stavningsregler" In: Pitesamisk ordbok samt stavningsregler (=Samica 2), ed. by Joshua Wilbur. Freiburg: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. pages 123-197
External links
Endangered languages of Europe
Endangered Uralic languages
Languages of Sweden
Sámi in Sweden
Western Sámi languages |
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