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Florens Luoga is a Tanzanian lawyer and academic.
He is the deputy vice chancellor of the University of Dar es Salaam and the chair of the Tanzania Revenue Authority. He was the governor of the Bank of Tanzania, the country's central bank from 2018–2023.
References
1958 births
Living people
Governors of Bank of Tanzania
Academic staff of the University of Dar es Salaam
20th-century Tanzanian lawyers
University of Dar es Salaam alumni
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Lund University alumni
Alumni of the University of Warwick |
In cryptography, CECPQ1 (combined elliptic-curve and post-quantum 1) is a post-quantum key-agreement protocol developed by Google as a limited experiment for use in Transport Layer Security (TLS) by web browsers. It was succeeded by CECPQ2.
Details
CECPQ1 was designed to test algorithms that can provide confidentiality even against an attacker who possesses a large quantum computer. It is a key-agreement algorithm for TLS that combines X25519 and NewHope, a ring learning with errors primitive. Even if NewHope were to turn out to be compromised, the parallel X25519 key-agreement ensures that CECPQ1 provides at least the security of existing connections.
It was available in Google Chrome 54 beta. In 2016, its experimental use in Chrome ended and it was planned to be disabled in a later Chrome update.
It was succeeded by CECPQ2.
See also
Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) – an anonymous key agreement protocol
References
Cryptographic protocols
Application layer protocols
Transport Layer Security |
The Birch is a national biannual undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture.
History and profile
The Birch was established in 2004. The journal, which is run by undergraduates at Columbia University, is the first exclusively undergraduate journal of Slavic, Eastern European and Eurasian studies in America. It is published biannually, in fall and spring semesters. Any enrolled undergraduate can submit work to one of three sections: creative writing, literary criticism and culture and affairs. The Birch has featured interviews with the children of Vladimir Mayakovsky, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Boris Pasternak. The Fall 2006 issue featured an interview with Eduard Shevardnadze.
References
External links
Student magazines published in the United States
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Columbia University publications
Cultural magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines published in New York City |
The Lacon Baronetcy, of Great Yarmouth in the County of Norfolk, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 December 1818 for Edmund Lacon. The second Baronet was High Sheriff of Norfolk. The third Baronet sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Great Yarmouth and Norfolk North. The family seat has been Ormesby House in Ormesby St Michael.
Lacon baronets, of Great Yarmouth (1818)
Sir Edmund Lacon, Kt., 1st Baronet (died 1826)
Sir Edmund Knowles Lacon, 2nd Baronet (1780–1839)
Sir Edmund Henry Knowles Lacon, 3rd Baronet (1807–1888)
Sir Edmund Broughton Knowles Lacon, 4th Baronet (1842–1899)
Sir Edmund Beecroft Heathcote Lacon, 5th Baronet (1878–1911)
Sir George Haworth Ussher Lacon, DSO, 6th Baronet (1881–1950)
Sir George Vere Francis Lacon, 7th Baronet (1909–1980)
Sir Edmund Vere Lacon, 8th Baronet (1936–2014)
Sir (Edmund) Richard Vere Lacon, 9th Baronet (born 1967)
The heir apparent to the baronetcy is Luke Edmund Lacon (born 2001), only son of the 9th Baronet.
Arms
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
Lacon
People from the Borough of Great Yarmouth |
John David Folse (born July 9, 1946) is an American chef, restaurant owner, and television host. A lifelong resident of Louisiana, he is seen as a leading authority on Cajun and Creole cuisine and culture.
Early life
Folse was born on July 9, 1946, in St. James Parish, Louisiana, on the German Coast of the Mississippi River.
Restaurants and other ventures
In 1978, Folse opened Lafitte's Landing Restaurant in the historic Viala Plantation House near Donaldsonville in St. James Parish south of Baton Rouge.
In 2002, Bittersweet Plantation Dairy opened, and offers a full line of fresh and aged cheeses, butters, yogurts and ice cream.
In November 2019, Folse opened Folse Market in the state-of-the-art New Orleans International Airport. As the anchor restaurant of Concourse C, Folse Market serves a traditional taste of New Orleans cuisine to travelers.
TV and radio
Chef Folse has for many years hosted a culinary radio show on Saturdays called "Stirrin' It Up!" The show is broadcast on many stations throughout the state of Louisiana, chiefly WBRP TALK 107.3 FM, Baton Rouge. The show is usually co-hosted by Michaela D. York, his director of communications and marketing.
The TV version of Stirrin' It Up is broadcast during the afternoon news hour on WAFB TV, Baton Rouge. WAFB and Folse partnered to create a Stirrin' It Up app containing episodes and recipes, available through the iTunes store.
Folse previously served as the marketing specialist on the Louisiana Seafood Promotion & Marketing Board. He is a member of Chaines des Rotisseurs, and the Sister Dulce Foundation Board.
Bibliography
Folse is the author of:
The Evolution of Cajun & Creole Cuisine (1990)
Chef John Folse's Plantation Celebrations (1994), a cookbook focusing on recipes whose origins can be traced to Louisiana plantations along the Mississippi River
Louisiana Sampler (1996), a collection of recipes from Louisiana Fairs & Festivals
Hot Beignets & Warm Boudoirs (1999), a guide to Louisiana bed-and-breakfast inns and their recipes
The Encyclopedia of Cajun & Creole Cuisine (2004)
After the Hunt-Louisiana's Authoritative Collection of Wild Game & Game Fish Cookery (2007)
Folse also co-authored:
Something Old & Something New-Louisiana Cooking With A Change of Heart (1997), with Craig M. Walker, a cookbook of healthy versions of traditional Cajun and Creole cuisine
Hooks, Lies & Alibis-Louisiana's Authoritative Collection of Game Fish & Seafood Cookery (2009) with co-author Michaela D. York.
Can You Dig It-Louisiana's Authoritative Collection of Vegetable Cookery (2015) with co-author Michaela D. York.
References
External links
Official site
Nicholls State University biography
Turner South television biography
Living people
1946 births
American television chefs
American male chefs
People from St. James Parish, Louisiana
People from Donaldsonville, Louisiana
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Louisiana cuisine
American restaurateurs |
David Philip King (born 3 September 1990) is an English footballer who plays for Oxford City as a midfielder.
Career
King made his debut for MK Dons, coming on as a substitute in the 2–1 defeat to Cardiff City in the League Cup on 26 August 2008.
In October 2009, King joined Conference National side Forest Green Rovers on a one-month loan. He made his debut for Forest Green on 3 October 2009 as a substitute on 77 minutes in a 1–0 away defeat against Mansfield Town. King's loan spell was terminated in December 2009. Along with three other players, he was released by MK Dons at the end of his contract on 30 June 2010. He then signed for Boreham Wood.
In July 2012, it was announced that King had signed for Southern Premier Division side Hemel Hempstead Town.
In September 2015, Southern Premier Division side Oxford City FC announced the signing of King with a number of other clubs looking in to him.
King suffered an shoulder injury during 2015 leaving him out for about 2 months. Many football league clubs were interested in King.
References
External links
David King's player profile at mkdons.com
1990 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Boreham Wood F.C. players
Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players
National League (English football) players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Milton Keynes |
```python
"""Provide a compatibility layer for requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth."""
import requests
class _ThreadingDescriptor(object):
def __init__(self, prop, default):
self.prop = prop
self.default = default
def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
return getattr(obj._thread_local, self.prop, self.default)
def __set__(self, obj, value):
setattr(obj._thread_local, self.prop, value)
class _HTTPDigestAuth(requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
init = _ThreadingDescriptor('init', True)
last_nonce = _ThreadingDescriptor('last_nonce', '')
nonce_count = _ThreadingDescriptor('nonce_count', 0)
chal = _ThreadingDescriptor('chal', {})
pos = _ThreadingDescriptor('pos', None)
num_401_calls = _ThreadingDescriptor('num_401_calls', 1)
if requests.__build__ < 0x020800:
HTTPDigestAuth = requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth
else:
HTTPDigestAuth = _HTTPDigestAuth
``` |
Marcella Jeandeau (26 June 1928 – 13 November 2018) was an Italian sprinter. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1928 births
2018 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Italian female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Italy
Athletes from Naples
Olympic female sprinters
20th-century Italian women
21st-century Italian women |
Thomas George Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (28 September 1822 – 13 September 1865), styled Lord Glamis between 1834 and 1846, was a Scottish peer and cricketer.
Background
Lyon-Bowes was the eldest surviving son of Thomas Lyon-Bowes, Lord Glamis, son of Thomas Bowes-Lyon, 11th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. His mother was Charlotte Grimstead, daughter of Joseph Valentine Grimstead, of Merry Hall, Lower Ashtead, Surrey. He succeeded his grandfather in the earldom in 1846.
Public life
An amateur cricketer, Strathmore played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club from 1844 to 1857. In 1852 he was elected a Scottish representative peer, a post he held until July 1865.
Personal life
Lord Strathmore married the Honourable Charlotte Maria Barrington, daughter of William Barrington, 6th Viscount Barrington, on 30 April 1850. The marriage was childless. She died on 3 November 1854, aged 27. Lord Strathmore died on 13 September 1865, aged 42, and was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother, Claude.
References
Strathmore and Kinghorne, Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of
Strathmore and Kinghorne, Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of
12
Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne
Scottish cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Grenadier Guards officers |
States of Fear is a documentary series produced by Mary Raftery and broadcast on the Irish television channel Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) between April and May 1999.
The film detailed abuse suffered by children between the 1930s and 1970s in the state childcare system of Ireland, primarily in the Reformatory and Industrial Schools. After public outcry, Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern apologised on behalf of the State.
The Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse was established in 2000 and delivered its Report in May 2009.
A 2005 editorial in The Irish Times suggested that the documentary influenced jury members and played a role in the miscarriage of justice against Nora Wall.
See also
Cardinal Secrets
References
1999 in Christianity
1999 Irish television series debuts
1999 Irish television series endings
Criticism of the Catholic Church
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Ireland
Irish documentary television series
Irish religious television series
Media coverage of Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals
RTÉ original programming |
Sailortown was a working-class dockland community in the docks area of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Established in the mid-19th century on partly reclaimed land, it had a mixed Protestant and Catholic population. The 1907 dock strike called by trade union leader James Larkin commenced in Sailortown before spreading throughout the city.
Urban redevelopment in the late 1960s resulted in Sailortown's eventual demolition. As of 2021, only two churches, one pub and three houses remain of the once bustling waterfront enclave. However, a combination of private investment in the greater Docks area and building of social housing by associations such as Clanmill has led to a growth in population since 2010 in the Pilot St area.
A "sailortown" is a dockland area "that catered to the transient population of seafarers" that have existed in seaports throughout the world.
Location
Sailortown is in the Docks area north of Belfast city centre. It is bordered by Henry Street, York Street and the Whitla Street dock gate. It was adjacent to the old York Road railway station. Garmoyle Street serves as Sailortown's main arterial road, and at one time over 5,000 people lived in the small, cobblestoned streets of red-brick terraced houses packed between the docks and York Street. Visiting sailors from many European nations (in particular those bordering the Baltic Sea) and from even as far away as India and China added to the resident population, which was mixed Protestant and Catholic. People from all over the island of Ireland settled in Sailortown, including many who were left destitute during the Great Famine. The late 19th century saw the arrival of many Italian immigrants; this community, known as "Little Italy", was largely based around Little Patrick Street adjacent to the southern end of Sailortown.
The maritime-themed Sinclair Seamen's Presbyterian Church and St. Joseph's Chapel, a Catholic church, served as the places of worship for the Sailortown populace. Sinclair Seamen's church is still standing on Corporation Street as is St Joseph's, built in 1880 on Princes Dock Street. St Joseph's, however, is no longer in use, having been closed by the Diocese of Down and Connor in 2001, due to falling attendances and the lack of a local community. There is currently a community-led campaign for the renovation of St Joseph's chapel and it is opened on occasion for events.
The Midlands Hotel, adjacent to Sailortown on York Street, was once known as one of Belfast's most prestigious hotels. Notable guests included Laurel and Hardy and 1960s singer P. J. Proby.
History
The working-class enclave of Sailortown was established on partly reclaimed land in the mid-19th century and was Belfast's first waterfront village. It came into being in the period when Belfast's industry expanded and flourished; Sailortown was displayed on an 1845 Belfast street map. In addition to the docks and warehouses, Sailortown had linen mills, factories, a large fire station, a hotel, boarding houses, a variety of shops and businesses, and many pubs and taverns. Later there were a number of boxing clubs and cinemas. Many local men found employment as dock labourers, carters or merchant seamen; the women worked in the mills and cigarette factories. Most families had men away at sea, including boys as young as 14. During the period when Belfast reached its apex as the hub of the shipbuilding, engineering, and linen manufacturing industry, there were more than 2000 men working in the docks. The main distribution centre was beside the railway station with a constant flow of horses and carts passing through the main thoroughfares.
Life was hard for most of the people in Sailortown as they had to endure harsh working conditions with low wages and return home to small, damp, dilapidated homes, which often housed more than one family. The waterfront was described as having been "desperate with crime and inhumanity". As a result of these factors, Sailortown became closely affiliated with Irish trade unionism and the Labour movement. In January 1907, trade union leader James Larkin arrived in Belfast with the aim of organising the dock workers for the National Union of Dock Labourers (NUDL). He was successful in bringing the dockers and carters, both Protestant and Catholic, into the NUDL union. In May of that same year, he sent them out on strike after their employers refused their demand for higher wages, better conditions and union recognition. The strike soon spread across the city and the striking dockers and carters were joined by transport workers, coal heavers, shipyard workers, boilermakers, firemen, sailors, and factory workers. The strike lasted until 28 August, and was largely unsuccessful; the British Army was eventually sent in to restore order after the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) mutinied. The dockers' strike and lock-out did, however lead to Larkin establishing the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU).
Protestants and Catholics were not always segregated, often living in neighbouring houses and sharing the same workplace. As a rule, however, 'upper' Sailortown between Nelson St and York St was predominately Protestant, while the district closer to the chapel was mostly Catholic. Despite being host to a steady stream of foreign sailors, Sailortown was a close-knit community and viewed strangers with mistrust and suspicion. William Murphy, the father of loyalist Lenny Murphy (the leader of the notorious Shankill Butchers gang), was a dock labourer from Sailortown's Fleet Street. Jobs in Sailortown were traditionally passed from father to son; Lenny Murphy's grandfather had also worked as a dock labourer. Murphy was a common surname in Sailortown, albeit traditionally borne by Catholics.
Parts of Sailortown were damaged during the Second World War when the Luftwaffe rained bombs down onto Belfast on the nights of 7 April, 15/16 April and 4/5 May 1941, the Docks being a strategic target for the German bombers. Many buildings in Sailortown were engulfed with fire, the docks were hit and the Victorian York Street Spinning Mill was completely destroyed.
Demolition and redevelopment
The gradual demolition of Sailortown began in the late 1960s to construct the M2 motorway. The population was largely dispersed and rehoused in districts such as the Shore Crescent, a Protestant development adjacent to the Greencastle suburb of North Belfast, and the New Lodge. The last terrace of houses in Ship Street was knocked down in the 1970s. The Docks area has been extensively redeveloped and only three houses from the original Sailortown community remain standing. From the mid-1980s, the "Rotterdam Bar", an old historic pub at the corner of Pilot Street and the harbour gates close to Clarendon Dock, was a popular venue for live music – in particular alternative rock bands. The 19th-century pub was slated for demolition in 2008. That plan, however, was shelved, although the bar has been closed from the early 2010s.
The Sailortown Cultural and Historical Society was founded in October 1999. Since the beginning of the 21st century, some new houses and apartment buildings have been built in the area as part of a Sailortown regeneration scheme. St Joseph's is currently in a state of renovation and is opened for community events.
The Troubles
On 21 July 1972, known as Bloody Friday, the Provisional IRA set off 22 bombs in Belfast; one of the explosions destroyed the premises of a seed merchant on Garmoyle Street. Stephen Parker, who at age 14 became the youngest victim of the day's bombings, was the son of the Reverend Joseph Parker, at the time chief chaplain of the Flying Angel Club. This was a seamen's mission in Sailortown located on Corporation Street, providing a temporary home for visiting sailors. Several months before Stephen was killed in the Cavehill Road blast, a bomb exploded in the vicinity of the mission and destroyed part of the building.
On Halloween night 1972, two young Catholic girls, Paula Strong (aged 6) and Clare Hughes (4), were in costume dress and playing near a bonfire when a 100-pound car bomb planted by the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) exploded nearby outside Benny's Bar at the corner of Ship Street and Garmoyle Street. They were both killed in the blast and 12 customers inside the pub suffered injuries. There is a memorial plaque commemorating the girls on the façade of the defunct St. Joseph's church.
Fireman Brian Douglas, a Protestant based at the old Whitla Street fire station, was shot to death on 7 February 1973 by loyalist paramilitaries whilst fighting a fire caused by street disturbances in Bradbury Place, Sandy Row. A study room is dedicated to his memory at the new Whitla Street fire station which opened later that year.
In February 2003, UDA brigadier John Gregg and associate Rab Carson were shot dead whilst travelling in a taxi in Nelson Street near the docks. They had just returned to Belfast after attending a Rangers F. C. match in Glasgow. The killing was carried out by rivals from the UDA's "C Company" as part of an internal feud.
Notable residents
Natives of Sailortown who achieved wider notability down the years include SDLP founder member Paddy Wilson, a former senator in the by-then defunct Senate of Northern Ireland, who was murdered by Loyalist paramilitaries in 1973; and poet and writer John Campbell. Paul Hill, one of the Guildford Four, spent his childhood in Sailortown before his family moved to west Belfast. Notorious street fighter, bootlegger and member of the Ulster Volunteers, Buck Alec Robinson, was also from the area, having been born in York Street and raised in Back Ship Street. He was often seen walking his two pet lions through Sailortown. The lions, which he had obtained from a visiting circus, were kept inside a cage in a back yard at the end of Back Ship Street. He frequently invited local children in to see them.
Sailortown in popular culture
Sailortown native John Campbell has published poems about Sailortown, and two of his books, Corner Kingdom and The Disinherited, are set in Sailortown's Docks. The latter book is based on the corrupt system which existed in the Docks beginning at the outbreak of the Second World War when men known as "Blue Button Men" were given preference in hiring over the Red Button Men who could only obtain work if they had fathers or brothers who were themselves employed as dockers. Novelist Eoin McNamee wrote about Sailortown in his novel Resurrection Man.
Playwright Martin Lynch's 1981 play Dockers vividly recreates Sailortown life in the early 1960s, its central theme being the fierce competition for jobs amongst the dockers and the power of the union which was the final arbitrator in who was hired or not.
Irish artist Terry Bradley was inspired by Sailortown to feature its dockers in a series of paintings.
Northern Irish singer/songwriter Anthony Toner's song "Sailortown" was written following a performance at the Rotterdam Bar. It is featured on his album A Sky For Every Day.
References
External links
Old images of Sailortown on YouTube
Districts of Belfast
History of Belfast |
Ezequiel Alexander Denis (born 4 April 1996) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Real España.
Career
Denis had spells with Ferro de Alvear and Independiente (GP) in his youth career, prior to joining Independiente of Avellaneda in 2011 and making the step into senior football in 2017. He was promoted into the club's first-team squad towards the end of 2017, being an unused substitute for an Argentine Primera División match with Racing Club on 25 November. On 9 December, Denis came off the substitute's bench in a league match with Arsenal de Sarandí to make his professional debut and subsequently scored a stoppage time winner in a 1–2 victory. He was loaned to Almagro of Primera B Nacional in July 2018.
Denis remained with Almagro for two seasons, scoring goals against Central Córdoba, Temperley and Quilmes across thirty-two total appearances. Denis returned to Independiente in June 2020, before departing on loan to Paraguayan Primera División side General Díaz in the succeeding October. However, in early November, Denis terminated his deal after not featuring. On 3 February 2021, Denis terminated his contract in order to join Primera B Nacional's San Martín.
In January 2022, Denis moved to Honduran club Real C.D. España.
Career statistics
.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
People from General Pico
Footballers from La Pampa Province
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Club Almagro players
Club General Díaz (Luque) footballers
San Martín de San Juan footballers
Real C.D. España players
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras players
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Honduras
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Paraguay
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Honduras |
Manheru is one of the largest village in Bhiwani district, Haryana state, India. Manheru shares its boundaries with the Madhumadhvi, Nangal, Dhareru Gauripur,kasni and Hindol villages. The village has railway stations on the Hissar-Jaipur track broad-gauge line of the North Western Railway.
Geography
Manheru is situated about southwest of the district capital Bhiwani and has an average elevation of about . Much like the rest of India, the people of Manheru rely on ground water for their basic needs, which falls during the monsoon season. However, the majority of the groundwater is potable. The climate can be classified as tropical steppe, hot semi-arid which is mainly characterized by the extreme dryness of the air except during monsoon months. During the three months of the south west monsoon from last week of June to September, moist oceanic air penetrates the village and causes high humidity, cloudiness and monsoon rainfall.
The period from October to December constitutes post monsoon season. The cold weather season prevails from January to the beginning of March and is followed by the hot weather or summer season which prevails up to the last week of June.
Geologically, the area is almost plain and is on the tail of the Aravalli range, the oldest fold mountains in India. The plain area is largely covered with alluvial sand with good fertility for crops. Seismically the area falls in zone-3 creating low damage risk from earthquakes.
The village is primarily residential and has 10000-12000 residents.
History
The village has played an active role in politics and in the army, navy and air force of India as well as carved a niche in political history as the birthplace of Banarsi Das Gupta (Ex-Chief Minister of Haryana). He was a renowned freedom Fighter and went to jail many times during the British Raj.
Government
The Village has many government edifices for the facilities of peoples, like hospital for mankind and for cattle too, banks and water works for smooth water supply. The village has consecrated temples like Devi Mandir, Dudha Dhari Mandir, Shyam Baba Mandir, Baba Baniwala Mandir and The Bala Ji Mandir, this too is popular nearby areas.
Villages in Bhiwani district |
Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere (14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865), was a British Army officer, diplomat and politician. As a junior officer, he took part in the Flanders Campaign, in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmet's insurrection in 1803. He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief, India. In the latter role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable.
Career
1790–1805
Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire, the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton, 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton (née Stapleton). When he was eight, Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the family's estate at Combermere Abbey, where he was tutored by the headmaster, the Reverend William Salmon, who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates. A quick, lively boy, he was known by his family as 'Young Rapid,' and was continually in scrapes. After three years in Audlem, he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr. Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng, Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey. He was then sent to Norwood House, a private military academy in Bayswater, which was run by a Shropshire militiaman, Major Reynolds, an acquaintance of his father's. On 26February 1790, Cotton's father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy, without purchase, in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers, which he joined in Dublin in 1791. He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and, having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791, he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793. He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign. He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794 and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons (subsequently 22nd) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794.
In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India. En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony (July to August 1796), and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley, later the Duke of Wellington. He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons, then based in Brighton, on 18 February 1800. Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800, he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took part in the suppression of Robert Emmet's insurrection in 1803. Promoted to major-general on 2 November 1805, he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth.
Peninsular War
Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806. He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army. Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the "Lion d' Or" ("Lion of Gold"). He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and, having succeeded to his father's baronetcy in August 1809, returned home to view his estate. He returned to Portugal in May 1810 and, having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant-general and given overall command of the cavalry, fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year.
After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811, Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 1 January 1812. He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, where he was second-in-command of the Army. During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucune's division, leading Wellington to exclaim, "By God, Cotton, I never saw anything so beautiful in my life; the day is yours." According to Wellington's subsequent despatch, "Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemy's infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces." At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry. In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813.
Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813, the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815.
1815–1822
Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given, at the insistence of the Prince Regent, to Lord Uxbridge, a more senior general. When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities.
Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817. In the West Indies, Cotton's aide-de-camp was Sir Thomas Moody
Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly "moving coffins" while serving as Governor of Barbados. Between 1814 and 1820, Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home, Combermere Abbey, including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbot's House and the construction of Wellington's Wing (now demolished) to mark Wellington's visit to the house in 1820. He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief, Ireland in 1822.
1825–30
Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief, India. In that role on 18January 1826, after a three-week siege, he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur (also known as Bhurtpore) with its fort, which had previously been deemed impregnable, and restored the rightful raja to the throne. For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827. On his return to England, he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun, which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich. He retired from active service in 1830.
Post 1850
He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855. He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861.
Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons, and of the 3rd (The King's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards. He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 aged 91 and was buried at St Margaret's Church, Wrenbury. An equestrian statue in bronze, the work of Carlo, Baron Marochetti, was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865. An obelisk was also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890. Combermere was succeeded by his only son, Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton.
Slave ownership
According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London, Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837. The British Government took out a £15 million loan (worth £ in ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers (ending in 2015). Combermere was associated with two different claims, he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at the time (worth £ in ).
Family
Combermere was married three times:
On 1 January 1801, Lady Anna Maria Clinton (d. 31 May 1807), daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle. They had three children:
Robert Henry Stapleton Cotton (18 January 1802 – 1821)
a son who died young
another son who died young.
On 22 June 1814, Caroline Greville (d. 25 January 1837), daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville. They had three children:
Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton, 2nd Viscount Combermere (1818–1891)
Hon. Caroline Stapleton-Cotton (b. 1815), who in 1837 married Arthur Hill, 4th Marquess of Downshire
Hon. Meliora Emily Anna Maria Cotton, who on 18 June 1853 married John Charles Frederick Hunter
In 1838, Mary Woolley (née Gibbings), by whom he had no issue.
References
Sources
Attribution
External links
1773 births
1865 deaths
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Companion of the Order of the Star of India
Lord-Lieutenants of the Tower Hamlets
Constables of the Tower of London
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British field marshals
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
British Army personnel of the Peninsular War
British military personnel of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
British Commanders-in-Chief of India
Commanders-in-Chief, Ireland
People educated at Westminster School, London
Cotton, Stapleton
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Governors of Barbados
Cotton, Stapleton
Cotton, Stapleton
Cotton, Stapleton
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards) officers
16th The Queen's Lancers officers
3rd The King's Own Hussars officers
Peers of the United Kingdom created by George III
Peers of the United Kingdom created by George IV
Recipients of payments from the Slavery Abolition Act 1833
British slave owners |
```javascript
Function constructor vs. function declaration vs. function expression
`.bind()`
IIFE pattern
Method chaining
Check if a document is done loading
``` |
The Desert of Maine is a natural curiosity and privately owned tourist attraction whose main feature is a expanse of barren glacial sand in the town of Freeport, Maine, United States. The area was devegetated by poor farming practices in the 19th century.
History
The land that encompasses the Desert of Maine became a farm in 1821 when it was purchased by the Tuttle family. Like other Maine farmers of the era who were struggling to compete in an expanding agricultural market, the Tuttles' methods of farming gradually depleted the soil of essential nutrients. Subsequent overgrazing by large numbers of sheep produced widespread erosion of the topsoil, exposing a deposit of aeolian sand that was lying underneath. Eventually the entire farm became barren, and the Tuttles abandoned the land in 1890. For years, it was known as "the sand farm" and was a popular local feature. In 1925, Henry Goldrup purchased the land for and developed it into a tourist attraction; he named it the "Desert of Maine".
Geology
Toward the end of the last ice age, New England was completely covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which was up to 3,000 meters (almost 2 miles) thick in the region at its maximum extent. The immense weight of the ice sheet at its maximum pushed the land of coastal Maine down below sea level, as much as 175–245 meters below current elevations.
As the glaciers in Maine started to melt, approximately 15,000 years ago, the land began to rebound. By about 13,500 years ago, the glaciers' retreat reached the Freeport area, where the land that would comprise the future Desert of Maine began to emerge from below the sea.
At some point after the Desert area emerged, it became a sink for wind-blown sand, probably around 12,500 years ago. Pioneer plants would have begun to stabilize the open sand deposits fairly quickly, perhaps within just a few hundred years. From those initial plants grew a forest, stabilizing the sand deposit until the Tuttles' farming practices uncovered it and allowed the wind to once again move the sand.
The Desert of Maine is not technically classified as a desert, as it receives an abundance of precipitation annually. The average annual snowfall is 72.1 inches, and the average annual precipitation is 50 inches, both far above the United States' averages, which are 28 inches and 38 inches respectively. To be considered a desert, the area must not receive more than 10 inches of precipitation a year.
Tourism
The Desert of Maine has been privately owned and maintained as a tourist attraction since 1925, with the most recent change in ownership in 2018 followed by a redevelopment campaign launched in 2020. This included excavating a house, built in 1938, that had become buried in sand during the park's closure in World War II. The town of Freeport has supported the development of the site, authorizing a special zoning district to enable the construction of new facilities and to keep the site intact and maintained. As of 2022, the site hosts a campground, rental cabins, a performing arts venue, and a miniature golf course. It also includes attractions that draw on the desert and its history, such as interpretive trails across the sand, historical buildings, and an original Ford Model T to commemorate the year of the site's opening as a tourist destination.
See also
Słowiński National Park
Błędów Desert
Carcross Desert
References
External links
Desert of Maine
Desert of Maine History on YouTube
Tourist attractions in Cumberland County, Maine
Geography of Cumberland County, Maine
Desertification
Human impact on the environment |
Artuk can refer to:
Artuk Bey
Artuk Bey (fictional character)
Artuk, Çermik |
Clepsis parorycta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.
References
Moths described in 2003
Clepsis |
Sangbor is a village in Badghis Province in northwestern Afghanistan.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Badghis Province |
Rockingham railway station is a railway station in Rockingham, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. It is on the Mandurah railway line, which is part of the Transperth commuter rail network. It has two side platforms, linked by a pedestrian overpass accessed by stairs, a lift, and escalators. Services run every 10 minutes during peak, and every 15 minutes between peak. The journey to Perth railway station is , and takes 34 minutes. The journey to Mandurah railway station is , and takes 17 minutes. The station has a bus interchange with twelve bus stands, and 14 regular bus routes.
The station opened on 23 December 2007, along with the rest of the Mandurah line.
Description
Rockingham railway station is in Rockingham, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth. It is located east of the intersection of Ennis Avenue and Rae Road. The land on which the station lies was originally reserved for a road interchange. The station is , or a 34-minute train journey, from Perth railway station; and , or a 17-minute train journey, from Mandurah railway station. The adjacent stations are Wellard railway station towards Perth, and Warnbro railway station towards Mandurah.
The station consists of two side platforms. The platforms are approximately long, or long enough for a Transperth 6 car train – the longest trains used by Transperth. Platform one can be accessed through fare gates from the western side. Platform two is linked to platform one by a pedestrian overpass, which can be accessed by stairs, an escalator, or a lift. The station has a large roof covering much of the platforms. The station is fully accessible.
Outside the station building's entrance is a twelve stand bus interchange. West of the bus interchange is the station's car park. There is another car park on the western side of Ennis Avenue, which can be accessed on foot via an underpass under Ennis Avenue, or by the several bus routes that pass that car park. Parking costs $2 per day on weekdays, and in total, the station has 1,950 standard parking bays, 23 short term parking bays, 16 motorcycle bays, and disabled bays. Other facilities at the station include toilets, and a transit officer booth.
History
A timber railway from Jarrahdale to Rockingham was built in the 19th century, crossing the main South Western Railway line from Perth to Bunbury at Mundijong. It ran closely along what is now Patterson Road and terminated at the jetty at Mangles Bay. As well as freight there were also excursion trains along the line. However, over time it became cheaper to load timber at the deep-water port in Fremantle and the rails were removed in 1949. The street name Railway Terrace in central Rockingham is a legacy of this line.
Planning
Under the original 1999 Southern Suburbs Railway plan, Rockingham station would have been located within the Rockingham central business district in close proximity to major shopping and civic areas. This plan proposed the line to access Rockingham CBD by tunnel.
However, in 2002, the Southern Suburbs Railway (Mandurah line) was altered to operate via a more direct route from Perth via the median strip of the Kwinana Freeway rather than via the Armadale and Kwinana lines as originally planned. The planned central Rockingham station was abandoned at this time, in order to offset the extra cost of the Perth leg. The new location avoided the cost of tunnelling under Rockingham, but was now located on the edge of the city rather than in the centre of it two kilometres east of Rockingham Shopping Centre.
To offset this, the State Government announced plans to construct a light rail link to the Rockingham CBD instead. This did not transpire, although provision was made in the station design and layout for it. Evidence of the abandoned light rail is seen in the busway approach to the station, where concrete 'tracks' can be seen. These would have accommodated rail inset into a concrete base and presumably can still be used in this way in the future. The light rail track would have ended at a platform under the existing station canopy near the western entrance.
Construction
The design and construction of the Mandurah railway line was split up into eight "packages". Rockingham station, along with Mandurah station and Warnbro station, was part of Package C. Rockingham station was designed by Jones Coulter Young Architects. The station was designed as a major regional bus/rail transfer station. The $32 million contract for building Rockingham station and Warnbro station was awarded to a joint venture between Doric Constructions and Brierty Contractors in June 2005.
Construction on the station began in August 2005. The station opened along with the rest of the Mandurah line on 23 December 2007.
Services
Rockingham railway station is served by the Mandurah railway line on the Transperth network. The line goes between Mandurah railway station and Perth railway station, continuing north from there as the Joondalup railway line. Mandurah line trains stop at the station every 10 minutes during peak on weekdays, and every 15 minutes during the day outside peak every day of the year except Christmas Day. At night, trains are half-hourly, or hourly. Rockingham station is the terminus and starting point of K stopping pattern. The pattern operates once per day in each direction at the beginning of peak in the early morning. The station saw 1,178,710 boardings in the 2013–14 financial year.
Buses
Rockingham station has a bus interchange with twelve bus stands: six on either side of the bus road. 14 regular bus routes serve the station, as well as rail replacement services, which operate as route 909, and school routes.
Stands 1–6
Stands 7–12
References
External links
Mandurah line
Transperth railway stations
Railway stations in Australia opened in 2007
City of Rockingham
Transperth bus stations |
Pirhasan is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Horasan, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 55 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Horasan District |
Ilikhi Bolaghi (, also Romanized as Īlīkhī Bolāghī; also known as Īlkh Bolāghī and Īlīkh) is a village in Qomrud Rural District, in the Central District of Qom County, Qom Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 53, in 14 families.
References
Populated places in Qom Province |
Graham David Harding (born 19 October 1966) is an English former cricketer.
Harding was born at Oldham. He was educated at Nottingham High School, before going up to Durham University, where he was awarded a palatinate for his cricketing activities. While studying at Durham, Harding was selected in the British Universities squad for the 1988 Benson & Hedges Cup, making two List A one-day appearances in the competition against Gloucestershire at Bristol, and Hampshire at Fenner's. He scored 3 runs in his two matches, as well as taking a single wicket.
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Cricketers from Oldham
People educated at Nottingham High School
English cricketers
British Universities cricketers
Alumni of St Chad's College, Durham |
The Ninth Council of Toledo was a provincial synod of bishops of Carthaginiensis. It began on 2 November 655 under the auspices of King Reccesuinth. It ended on November 24 in the Church of Santa María.
It was attended by only sixteen or seventeen bishops, six abbots, two dignitaries, and four counts of the palace. The bishops promulgated seventeen canons about the honesty of the clergy, the property of the church, and clerical celibacy. The council closed by scheduling another synod for 1 November 655, but the Tenth Council of Toledo, a general council, was called first and the planned provincial synod never met.
The council authorised bishops to transfer up to a third of the income of any church in their diocese to any other church of their choosing. The council decided that if a cleric, from subdeacon to bishop, had a child by a woman, free or slave, that child became automatically a slave of the church in which his father served. No freed male or female ecclesiastic was allowed to marry a freeman (Hispano-Roman or Visigoth) and if one did, the children of such a union were enslaved to the church.
The council gave a layman the privilege of Jus patronatus for each church he built, but the founder had no proprietary rights.
Finally, the synod declared that all conversos, not only converted Jews also others who had come during the Migration Period, had to pass Christian festivals in the presence of their bishop so as to prove the veracity of their faith. Lack of compliance with this last rule resulted in flogging or forced fasting, depending on the age of the offender.
References
Sources
Thompson, E. A. (1969), The Goths in Spain, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Synodus Toletana nona, minutes from the Collectio Hispana Gallica Augustodunensis (Vat. lat. 1341)
Ninth
655
7th century in the Visigothic Kingdom
7th-century church councils
Toledo
Slavery in Spain |
```javascript
/**
* @fileoverview Enforces props default values to be valid.
* @author Armano
*/
'use strict'
const utils = require('../utils')
const { capitalize } = require('../utils/casing')
/**
* @typedef {import('../utils').ComponentProp} ComponentProp
* @typedef {import('../utils').ComponentObjectProp} ComponentObjectProp
* @typedef {import('../utils').ComponentArrayProp} ComponentArrayProp
* @typedef {import('../utils').ComponentTypeProp} ComponentTypeProp
* @typedef {import('../utils').ComponentInferTypeProp} ComponentInferTypeProp
* @typedef {import('../utils').ComponentUnknownProp} ComponentUnknownProp
* @typedef {import('../utils').VueObjectData} VueObjectData
*/
const NATIVE_TYPES = new Set([
'String',
'Number',
'Boolean',
'Function',
'Object',
'Array',
'Symbol',
'BigInt'
])
const FUNCTION_VALUE_TYPES = new Set(['Function', 'Object', 'Array'])
/**
* @param {ObjectExpression} obj
* @param {string} name
* @returns {Property | null}
*/
function getPropertyNode(obj, name) {
for (const p of obj.properties) {
if (
p.type === 'Property' &&
!p.computed &&
p.key.type === 'Identifier' &&
p.key.name === name
) {
return p
}
}
return null
}
/**
* @param {Expression} targetNode
* @returns {string[]}
*/
function getTypes(targetNode) {
const node = utils.skipTSAsExpression(targetNode)
if (node.type === 'Identifier') {
return [node.name]
} else if (node.type === 'ArrayExpression') {
return node.elements
.filter(
/**
* @param {Expression | SpreadElement | null} item
* @returns {item is Identifier}
*/
(item) => item != null && item.type === 'Identifier'
)
.map((item) => item.name)
}
return []
}
module.exports = {
meta: {
type: 'suggestion',
docs: {
description: 'enforce props default values to be valid',
categories: ['vue3-essential', 'vue2-essential'],
url: 'path_to_url
},
fixable: null,
schema: [],
messages: {
invalidType:
"Type of the default value for '{{name}}' prop must be a {{types}}."
}
},
/** @param {RuleContext} context */
create(context) {
/**
* @typedef {object} StandardValueType
* @property {string} type
* @property {false} function
*/
/**
* @typedef {object} FunctionExprValueType
* @property {'Function'} type
* @property {true} function
* @property {true} expression
* @property {Expression} functionBody
* @property {string | null} returnType
*/
/**
* @typedef {object} FunctionValueType
* @property {'Function'} type
* @property {true} function
* @property {false} expression
* @property {BlockStatement} functionBody
* @property {ReturnType[]} returnTypes
*/
/**
* @typedef { ComponentObjectProp & { value: ObjectExpression } } ComponentObjectDefineProp
* @typedef { { type: string, node: Expression } } ReturnType
*/
/**
* @typedef {object} PropDefaultFunctionContext
* @property {ComponentObjectProp | ComponentTypeProp | ComponentInferTypeProp} prop
* @property {Set<string>} types
* @property {FunctionValueType} default
*/
/**
* @type {Map<ObjectExpression, PropDefaultFunctionContext[]>}
*/
const vueObjectPropsContexts = new Map()
/**
* @type { {node: CallExpression, props:PropDefaultFunctionContext[]}[] }
*/
const scriptSetupPropsContexts = []
/**
* @typedef {object} ScopeStack
* @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
* @property {BlockStatement | Expression} body
* @property {null | ReturnType[]} [returnTypes]
*/
/**
* @type {ScopeStack | null}
*/
let scopeStack = null
function onFunctionExit() {
scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.upper
}
/**
* @param {Expression} targetNode
* @returns { StandardValueType | FunctionExprValueType | FunctionValueType | null }
*/
function getValueType(targetNode) {
const node = utils.skipChainExpression(targetNode)
switch (node.type) {
case 'CallExpression': {
// Symbol(), Number() ...
if (
node.callee.type === 'Identifier' &&
NATIVE_TYPES.has(node.callee.name)
) {
return {
function: false,
type: node.callee.name
}
}
break
}
case 'TemplateLiteral': {
// String
return {
function: false,
type: 'String'
}
}
case 'Literal': {
// String, Boolean, Number
if (node.value === null && !node.bigint) return null
const type = node.bigint ? 'BigInt' : capitalize(typeof node.value)
if (NATIVE_TYPES.has(type)) {
return {
function: false,
type
}
}
break
}
case 'ArrayExpression': {
// Array
return {
function: false,
type: 'Array'
}
}
case 'ObjectExpression': {
// Object
return {
function: false,
type: 'Object'
}
}
case 'FunctionExpression': {
return {
function: true,
expression: false,
type: 'Function',
functionBody: node.body,
returnTypes: []
}
}
case 'ArrowFunctionExpression': {
if (node.expression) {
const valueType = getValueType(node.body)
return {
function: true,
expression: true,
type: 'Function',
functionBody: node.body,
returnType: valueType ? valueType.type : null
}
}
return {
function: true,
expression: false,
type: 'Function',
functionBody: node.body,
returnTypes: []
}
}
}
return null
}
/**
* @param {*} node
* @param {ComponentObjectProp | ComponentTypeProp | ComponentInferTypeProp} prop
* @param {Iterable<string>} expectedTypeNames
*/
function report(node, prop, expectedTypeNames) {
const propName =
prop.propName == null
? `[${context.getSourceCode().getText(prop.node.key)}]`
: prop.propName
context.report({
node,
messageId: 'invalidType',
data: {
name: propName,
types: [...expectedTypeNames].join(' or ').toLowerCase()
}
})
}
/**
* @param {(ComponentObjectDefineProp | ComponentTypeProp | ComponentInferTypeProp)[]} props
* @param { { [key: string]: Expression | undefined } } withDefaults
*/
function processPropDefs(props, withDefaults) {
/** @type {PropDefaultFunctionContext[]} */
const propContexts = []
for (const prop of props) {
let typeList
let defExpr
if (prop.type === 'object') {
const type = getPropertyNode(prop.value, 'type')
if (!type) continue
typeList = getTypes(type.value)
const def = getPropertyNode(prop.value, 'default')
if (!def) continue
defExpr = def.value
} else {
typeList = prop.types
defExpr = withDefaults[prop.propName]
}
if (!defExpr) continue
const typeNames = new Set(
typeList.filter((item) => NATIVE_TYPES.has(item))
)
// There is no native types detected
if (typeNames.size === 0) continue
const defType = getValueType(defExpr)
if (!defType) continue
if (defType.function) {
if (typeNames.has('Function')) {
continue
}
if (defType.expression) {
if (!defType.returnType || typeNames.has(defType.returnType)) {
continue
}
report(defType.functionBody, prop, typeNames)
} else {
propContexts.push({
prop,
types: typeNames,
default: defType
})
}
} else {
if (
typeNames.has(defType.type) &&
!FUNCTION_VALUE_TYPES.has(defType.type)
) {
continue
}
report(
defExpr,
prop,
[...typeNames].map((type) =>
FUNCTION_VALUE_TYPES.has(type) ? 'Function' : type
)
)
}
}
return propContexts
}
return utils.compositingVisitors(
{
/**
* @param {FunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration | ArrowFunctionExpression} node
*/
':function'(node) {
scopeStack = {
upper: scopeStack,
body: node.body,
returnTypes: null
}
},
/**
* @param {ReturnStatement} node
*/
ReturnStatement(node) {
if (!scopeStack) {
return
}
if (scopeStack.returnTypes && node.argument) {
const type = getValueType(node.argument)
if (type) {
scopeStack.returnTypes.push({
type: type.type,
node: node.argument
})
}
}
},
':function:exit': onFunctionExit
},
utils.defineVueVisitor(context, {
onVueObjectEnter(obj) {
/** @type {ComponentObjectDefineProp[]} */
const props = utils.getComponentPropsFromOptions(obj).filter(
/**
* @param {ComponentObjectProp | ComponentArrayProp | ComponentUnknownProp} prop
* @returns {prop is ComponentObjectDefineProp}
*/
(prop) =>
Boolean(
prop.type === 'object' && prop.value.type === 'ObjectExpression'
)
)
const propContexts = processPropDefs(props, {})
vueObjectPropsContexts.set(obj, propContexts)
},
/**
* @param {FunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration | ArrowFunctionExpression} node
* @param {VueObjectData} data
*/
':function'(node, { node: vueNode }) {
const data = vueObjectPropsContexts.get(vueNode)
if (!data || !scopeStack) {
return
}
for (const { default: defType } of data) {
if (node.body === defType.functionBody) {
scopeStack.returnTypes = defType.returnTypes
}
}
},
onVueObjectExit(obj) {
const data = vueObjectPropsContexts.get(obj)
if (!data) {
return
}
for (const { prop, types: typeNames, default: defType } of data) {
for (const returnType of defType.returnTypes) {
if (typeNames.has(returnType.type)) continue
report(returnType.node, prop, typeNames)
}
}
}
}),
utils.defineScriptSetupVisitor(context, {
onDefinePropsEnter(node, baseProps) {
const props = baseProps.filter(
/**
* @param {ComponentProp} prop
* @returns {prop is ComponentObjectDefineProp | ComponentInferTypeProp | ComponentTypeProp}
*/
(prop) =>
Boolean(
prop.type === 'type' ||
prop.type === 'infer-type' ||
(prop.type === 'object' &&
prop.value.type === 'ObjectExpression')
)
)
const defaults = utils.getWithDefaultsPropExpressions(node)
const propContexts = processPropDefs(props, defaults)
scriptSetupPropsContexts.push({ node, props: propContexts })
},
/**
* @param {FunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration | ArrowFunctionExpression} node
*/
':function'(node) {
const data =
scriptSetupPropsContexts[scriptSetupPropsContexts.length - 1]
if (!data || !scopeStack) {
return
}
for (const { default: defType } of data.props) {
if (node.body === defType.functionBody) {
scopeStack.returnTypes = defType.returnTypes
}
}
},
onDefinePropsExit() {
scriptSetupPropsContexts.pop()
}
})
)
}
}
``` |
Jacqueline Bouette de Blémur or Marie-Jacqueline Bouette de Blémur, (8 January 1618 – 24 March 1696 in Chatillon (fr)) known under the name Mère Saint-Benoît, was a 17th-century French Benedictine nun and mystical writer.
As an historian, she wrote several works:
L'année bénédictine,
Éloges de plusieurs personnes illustres en piété de l'ordre de Saint-Benoît,
Vies des saints,
Abrégé de la vie de la vénérable mère Charlotte Le Sergent, religieuse de Montmartre, etc.
References
External links
Dictionnaire de Fortunée Briquet on the site of the SIEFAR
Notice nécrologique de Jacqueline Bouette de Blemur, O. S. B. du Saint Sacrement
Jacqueline Bouette de Blémur in Histoire des religieuses
17th-century French nuns
French women writers
1618 births
1696 deaths |
This is a list of the municipalities in the province of Valladolid in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon, Spain.
See also
Geography of Spain
List of cities in Spain
Valladolid |
Mark Kiely is an American actor, probably best known for his recurring guest appearance as Gil Meyers in Beverly Hills, 90210. He also appeared in Charlie's Angels and The Judge. He currently lives in Rhode Island, and works as a swim coach. He also graduated from Assumption College in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Partial filmography
Television
Beverly Hills, 90210 (1992–1995)
Tears and Laughter: The Joan and Melissa Rivers Story (1994)
Star Trek: Voyager (1995)
Full Circle (1996)
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1996)
NYPD Blue (1996–1997)
JAG (1996, 2003)
A Nightmare Come True (1997)
Brooklyn South (1997–1998)
Primal Force (1999)
City of Angels (2000)
Rain (2000)
The Fugitive (2001)
Crossing Jordan (2002)
The Shield (2002)
American Dreams (2003)
The Guardian (2003)
CSI (2004)
Without a Trace (2004)
CSI: Miami (2006)
CSI: NY (2007)
24 (season 7, 2009)
Movies
The Edge (1997)
Gods and Monsters (1998)
Falcon Down (2000)
Daybreak (2000)
Bruce Almighty (2003)
Johnny Virus (2005)
Islander (2006)
Cheesecake Casserole (2012)
The Judge (2014)
References
External links
Mark Kiely's official website
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Assumption University (Worcester) alumni |
Ami Trivedi (born 15 July 1982) is an Indian television and theatre artist. She is most known for her roles of "Kittu" in Kituu Sab Janti Hai (2005–06) and "Kokila" in popular comedy sitcom Papad Pol (2010–11). she is currently portraying Manjari Harshvardhan Birla in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai.
Trivedi has done Gujarati theatre for many years and has appeared in number of Hindi serials also. Her father is a well-known theatre actor, Tushar Trivedi who has been involved in Gujarati plays for over 20 years. Her younger brother, Karan Trivedi, is also a theatre actor and voice-over artist.
Early life
Career
Acting
Trivedi started acting at a very young age. As a child artist, she has acted in Hindi serials like Hamrahi and Zee Horror Show in small cameo roles. In 1994, she acted in Prakash Jha's telefilm Didi which focused on the education of female children in rural areas. After taking a gap for studies in class 10th and 12th, Trivedi returned to acting as a teenager and did Gujarati theatre for few years. She has also received appreciation for her acting skills from the Gujarati audiences.
Her major theatre background helped her in getting many acting offers from television channels. She got her first break for a small role in a daily soap Babul Ki Duwayen Leti Jaa which aired on Zee TV. Thereafter, she did cameos & supporting roles in few shows like Dil Chahata Hai on Sony SAB as Ragini Mathur and Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan as Vrinda. She also acted in the popular comedy sitcom Khichdi, the first show produced by Hats Off Productions. Despite the popularity of the show, Trivedi would not appear in its second season Instant Khichdi because she would be committed to other projects.
Later in 2005, Trivedi auditioned for Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai on the insistence of a coordinator. She didn't even have her photographs taken for self-promotion but she impressed them and managed to get a call back in two days. She won the lead role of Kittu in the show. She was chosen among 40–45 women based on her talent. It was the breakthrough point of her career. She played the role of a young extrovert 20-something young woman Kituu who takes the plunge to face the professional world. The show ran for two years and ended in March 2007.
After that, she worked in various other Hindi serials like Zaara, Jaane Kya Baat Hui and Bajega Band Baaja.
In 2010, Trivedi acted in SAB TV's comedy sitcom Papad Pol opposite Swapnil Joshi. She became popular for her role of Kokila in the show for which she was nominated at the Indian Telly Awards in the category for Best Actress in a Comic Role. Papad Pol ended on 13, September 2011.
Trivedi also portrayed the role of Tulika in SAB TV's comedy serial Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo. The show ended on 6 January 2012 after successfully running for 2 years. Trivedi also appeared as a guest in famous dance class show Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan hosted by Saroj Khan, on 21 December 2011.
Since 2012, Trivedi kept a distance from television, spending time with her family, until she made a comeback in July 2013 with Zee TV's horror show Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein. She did an episodic role in the show. She later entered in Sony TV's popular court room drama Adaalat where she played the role of a public prosecutor.
She acted as mother in Tedi Medi Family a wonderful TV series on Big Magic channel.
she also worked with SAB TV as Rupal (Chakudi) in their TV show Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie.
Dubbing
In 2001, Trivedi gave her voice to Daniel Radcliffe's role as "Harry Potter" in the Hindi-dubbed version of the first film of the Harry Potter Series. Since the second film of the series, her brother, Karan Trivedi took over as the second Hindi dubbing voice for Harry Potter, until it was passed to Rajesh Kava after the fifth film. Since then, she has lent voices in various animated and live-action films like The Incredibles and Barbie Mariposa. She has dubbed for some Gujarati films also.
She's also said that to be the official current Hindi voice for Disney character, Hiro Hamada.
Personal life
Trivedi's father, Tushaar Trivedi is now directing plays as a drama director at the Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan in London. Her mother, Jaya Trivedi is a housewife, and the greatest inspiration in her life. Her mother commutes between Mumbai and London. Whenever she's in Mumbai, she frequently visits her daughter on the sets with homemade food and also helps her to select the right kind of work. Trivedi's brother, Karan Trivedi is also a theatre artist.
Trivedi married her boyfriend, Niraj Sanghai in 2009. Niraj Sanghai works at Prime Focus Ltd, a post production services company. They met through a common friend on the sets of Kituu Sab Janti Hai. They belong to different castes, but finally after four years of dating, they were married on 10 December 2009. At present, they live in a sought-after area of Mumbai, Lokhandwala, Andheri (W). The couple have a son, born on 15 December 2012.
Gujarati plays
Ami has worked in many Gujarati plays. Some of her famous commercial Gujarati plays are listed below.
Television
Dubbing roles
Live action films
Animated films
Awards
Winner, New Promising Actress Award by Indo-American Society for Kituu Sab Janti Hai in December 2005.
Winner, Gujarati Actress Award in 2008.
Nominated, at Indian Telly Awards in the category Best Actor in a Comic Role (Female) in 2010 for Papad Pol.
Winner, Kala Ratna Award for achieving excellence in her field at Hira Manik Awards Ceremony in 2011.
See also
Karan Trivedi – Ami's Younger Brother who is also an actor.
List of people from Gujarat
List of Indian dubbing artists
References
External links
Actresses from Mumbai
Indian voice actresses
Living people
Indian television actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Indian stage actresses
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
1982 births |
In workplaces, especially in Australia, a mental health day is where an employee takes sick leave, or where a student does not attend school for a day or longer, for reasons other than physical illness. Mental health days are believed to reduce absenteeism and presenteeism, which is a reduction in productivity or other negative consequences resulting from a pressure to work. Mental health days differ from absenteeism in that the purpose is to reset one's mental health rather than due to a nonspecific desire or feeling to skip work.
Motivation
Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other mental illnesses, along with moods such as stress, depression, and anxiety, can cause impairment on workplace functioning and learning. There is evidence in the United States that inadequate managerial support for mental illnesses and negative moods has led to increased absenteeism, morbidity, and an estimated US$300 billion yearly loss as a result of workplace stress.
The stigma associated with mental illness also restricts the ability of students and employees to claim sick leave for mental health. One interpretation of the term "mental health day" is to function as an alternative wording to "sick day" to avoid stigma from workplace mental health issues, so that employees are more able to express difficulty and request support.
A 2010 study showed that one third of workers "admit to faking an illness to get the day off work because they feel they are not coping."
Legality
In Australia, according to the Fair Work Act 2009, employees are entitled to use sick leave and personal leave since according to the Fair Work Ombudsman, personal illness includes stress that may impact an employee's mental health. Since casual workers in Australia do not receive sick leave, this means they are not able through the Fair Work Act 2009 to have a mental health day, however negotiation with employers is possible. People with mental disorders do not need to disclose the conditions for this purpose unless they pose a harm to themselves or other people, however disclosing the issues may enable employers to better accommodate needs.
Most countries have no law requiring employees to produce a medical certificate for only one day of absence. However, in 2010, the National government of New Zealand proposed a law to require a medical certificate for one day of absence, and the employer must cover the cost of obtaining the certificate if the duration of absence is less than three consecutive days.
In the United States, under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, individuals can have mental health days as part of "reasonable accommodations" for a disclosed mental illness. In other cases such as for stress, taking time off is allowed entirely at the discretion of the employer.
See also
Emotional exhaustion
Industrial and organizational psychology
Mental disorder
Occupational burnout
Occupational health psychology
Occupational safety and health
Occupational stress
Perceived psychological contract violation
Perceived organizational support
References
Labour law
Leave of absence
Mental health
Social security |
The Buolkalakh (; , Buolkalax) is a river in Yakutia (Sakha Republic), Russia. It is a tributary of the Olenyok with a length of and a drainage basin area of .
It is a lowland river with its mouth very close to the Olenyok delta. It flows north of the Arctic Circle across a lonely, desolate tundra area devoid of settlements.
Course
The Buolkalakh is a left tributary of the Olenyok. It has its origin in a swampy area full of lakes, just a little north of the sources of the Udya and the Bur. It flows roughly northwestwards, meandering along its course. After the confluence of the Khaastaakh it flows roughly northwards, skirting a low ridge. Finally it joins the left bank of the Olenyok river only upstream of its mouth. The confluence is a little upstream from the village of Ust-Olenyok.
The river is fed by snow and rain. It is frozen between early October and early June. The longest tributaries are the long Khaastaakh (Хаастаах) and the long Molokho (Молохо) from the right. The river basin is mostly in Olenyoksky District, with the upper course section of the Khaastaakh in Bulunsky District.
See also
List of rivers of Russia
References
External links
Fishing & Tourism in Yakutia
Rivers of the Sakha Republic
North Siberian Lowland
Tributaries of the Olenyok |
The Argentina men's national 3x3 team is a national basketball team of Argentina, governed by the Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol.
It represents the country in international 3x3 (3 against 3) basketball competitions.
Senior Competitions
Performance at World Championships
See also
Argentina women's national 3x3 team
Argentina mixed national 3x3 team
Argentina national basketball team
References
Men
Men's national 3x3 basketball teams |
Husband Factor () is a 2015 Turkish comedy film directed by Kivanç Baruönü.
Cast
Ezgi Mola - Efsun
Murat Yıldırım - Sinan
Nevra Serezli - Peyker
- Gonul
- Nur
References
External links
2015 romantic comedy films
2015 films
Turkish romantic comedy films
2010s Turkish-language films |
Joseph Anton Rhomberg (24 September 1786, Dornbirn - 3 December 1853, Munich) was an Austrian-born German painter, illustrator and graphic artist.
Biography
Rhomberg was the youngest son of ten children. He was born to an entrepreneurial family that dealt in textiles, although they suffered financial hardships throughout much of his youth, and he received little education. His father, Johannes Rhomberg (1733–1795), worked as a local portrait painter, which inspired him to seek his career elsewhere.
In 1802, he began his art studies at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. From 1809 to 1816, he was enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where he studied with , , the history painter, and Moritz Kellerhoven. He had his first exhibition there in 1814.
From 1817 to 1822, he lived in Vienna, painting portraits of prominent people. In 1823, he returned to Munich and, in 1827, became a Professor of drawing at the Technical University. His notable students there included , Gebhard Flatz, Theodor Horschelt, Friedrich Salzer and Alexander Strähuber. During this period, he specialized in religious art.
His son, , also became a painter.
Sources
Josef Anton Rhomberg @ Deutsche Biographie
Georg Kaspar Nagler: Neues allgemeines Künstler-Lexicon oder Nachrichten von dem Leben und den Werken der Maler, Bildhauer, Baumeister, Kupferstecher, Formschneider, Lithographen, Zeichner, Medailleure, Elfenbeinarbeiter, etc, 1843, Verlag Fleischmann (Online @ Google Books)
External links
More works by Rhomberg @ ArtNet
1786 births
1853 deaths
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German portrait painters
German illustrators
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
People from Dornbirn
Austrian emigrants to Germany |
4motion is a registered trademark of Volkswagen AG, used exclusively on Volkswagen-branded automobiles with four-wheel drive (4WD) systems. Volkswagen has previously used the term "Syncro" for its 4WD models, such as in Volkswagen T3.
Of the Volkswagen Group's other marques, the "quattro" nomenclature is used for 4WD Audi cars. Sister companies Škoda simply uses the nomenclature "4x4" after the model name, whereas Porsche merely uses "4".
None of the above trademarks is specific to any particular 4WD system or technology being employed. Generally, Volkswagen would use Haldex Traction clutch system on their "4motion" transverse engined cars. For longitudinal engined cars, they would use a Torsen limited-slip differential-based 4WD system or lockable centre differential instead.
See also
quattro - Audi
4Matic - Mercedes-Benz
xDrive - BMW
All-Trac - Toyota
ATTESA - Nissan
S-AWC - Mitsubishi Motors
Symmetrical All Wheel Drive - Subaru
References
Volkswagen Group
Four-wheel-drive system tradenames |
Australia 108 (previously 70 Southbank Boulevard) is a residential supertall skyscraper in the Southbank precinct of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Having officially topped out in June 2020, it became the tallest building in Australia by roof height, surpassing the Eureka Tower, and the second-tallest building in Australia by full height, surpassed by Q1 Tower.
The World Class Land development project consists of a apartment building with 1,105 apartments over 100 floors. Construction of the revised Fender Katsalidis Architects–design by Brookfield Multiplex commenced in 2015 and was completed in 2020.
Prior to its current form, plans were initially for a 72–level residential building with a height of . In 2012, these plans were revised and resubmitted in favour of mixed–use residential and hotel skyscraper, reaching and comprising 108 levels. This proposal was approved by the Government of Victoria in March 2013; however, it was shelved four months later after it struggled to meet conditions imposed by state and federal government authorities including VicRoads and the Civil Aviation Safety Authority.
Site
The 70 Southbank Boulevard site is situated on the corner of City Road and Southbank Boulevard in the Southbank precinct of Melbourne. The land comprised two separately titled buildings, both of which had two levels. The buildings had a total net lettable area of , on a land area of .
The site was purchased by architecture firm Fender Katsalidis Architects in April 2008, for 14.2 million, after the original tenancies ran an expression of interest campaign.
Previous proposals
First proposal at 70 Southbank Boulevard (2009–2012)
In 2009, plans were submitted by Fender Katsalidis Architects to the City of Melbourne for an 400 million residential building to be built on the 70 Southbank Boulevard site. In its original proposal, the building, 70 Southbank Boulevard, was planned to be in height and consist of 532 residential apartments, six levels of office space, a fresh food market and other retail amenities, spanning 72 floors. The building was designed to replicate the nearby Eureka Tower, also a Fender Katsalidis development. Nonda Katsalidis noted that his firm "wanted to re-create elements of what we had achieved at Eureka and apply it to 70 Southbank Boulevard" with the Eureka Tower.
The building development was approved by then–Victorian Planning Minister Justin Madden on 21 April 2010, a decision which received backlash from the City of Melbourne council, dubbing the development as "excessively high" and "at odds with the City of Melbourne's height guidelines for the area". In May 2010, the council lodged an appeal to the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT) to have the building permit overturned, asserting that the building surpassed the height limit in the area's planning scheme. VCAT rejected the appeal and noted that the planning scheme did not specify a maximum height.
Nonetheless, in July 2012, the site was put up for sale through an international public expression of interest campaign and was listed at A$25 million. This was to allow the Fender Katsalidis partners time to "go in different directions".
Second proposal with 'Australia 108' moniker (2012–2013)
In November 2012, Katsalidis revealed revised plans for the building which would have seen it "super-sized" to in height, with 108 floors. The new proposal integrated the previous plans, but went on to include more residential apartments, a six-star hotel, and a two-storey star-shaped sky lobby with restaurants and bars.
The residential section of the skyscraper would have comprised 646 apartments, throughout levels 13 to 81. This included a penthouse apartment on levels 80 and 81. Meanwhile, the hotel aspect of the skyscraper would have occupied levels 83 to 102 and feature 288 rooms. A prominent component of this proposal was its star-shaped sky lobby on the 83rd and 84th floors, which would have protruded outside of the building, in similar vein to the Eureka Tower's Edge experience, only larger. The Commonwealth Star on the Flag of Australia was used as inspiration for the "starburst". Another design feature was the use of two metal-cladded beacon towers atop the skyscraper's roof. Whilst Australia 108's main roof would have terminated at level 104, the two beacons of varying heights –the taller rising to above ground– would have comprised levels 105 to 108. A cantilevered 'skybar' forming level 108, was to be hoisted between the beacons at approximately above ground.
Fender Katsalidis Architects incorporated the Chinese system of geomancy, known as Feng shui, when developing the new proposal. The building's name, height and top floor all contain the number 8, which "relates to prosperity, abundance and security".
The new proposal was subjected to a second planning application process for approval. On 5 March 2013, the City of Melbourne council voted to oppose the development, citing it as an "over-development of the site". The Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Robert Doyle, a Shrine of Remembrance trustee, argued that the building would exceed the council's planning scheme in the area by almost and it could potentially create a shadow over the Shrine of Remembrance. However, the Shrine's CEO, Denis Baguley, believed otherwise, stating, "I don't believe there are issues of overshadowing that will concern us." VCAT had already approved the project, but the final decision was up to Victorian Planning Minister Matthew Guy.
Despite concerns, the project received its final approval on 18 March 2013 by Guy, who went on to describe the development as "a magnificent addition to Melbourne's skyline. Australia 108 will be a signature development that will define Melbourne for decades to come."
The project was put on the market on 20 April 2013.
Construction on the 1 billion dollar development was to have commenced in 2014, and would have taken three to four years to build, with completion around 2018. The construction was expected to have created 300 jobs in construction and hospitality industries. Upon completion, Australia 108 would have become the tallest building in Australia – surpassing The Gold Coast's Q1 Tower at and Melbourne's Eureka Tower at – and would have therefore been the tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere, and the only such building to have over 100 floors.
In April 2013, it was reported that Australia 108 would have infringed on federal regulations protecting aircraft safety, known as PANS-OPS, particularly in regard to aircraft departing and arriving at Essendon Airport, located some to the north of the project site. At the time, it was claimed that the tower would have extended into Essendon Airport's flight path "envelope," whose southerly approach requires a height limit to any potential obstruction within of the airfield. When asked about this situation, architect Nonda Katsilidis claimed that the flight paths would not be a problem, and that a technical solution could be drawn up if required. He also stressed that any design changes would be "minimal".
Despite this, the project (in its original form) was officially shelved in July 2013, following its inability to meet a "hybrid of requirements" from authorities such as VicRoads and CASA - the latter of which stated that there was "no flexibility" to approve a building that breached height restrictions. Consequently, Planning Minister Guy held talks with Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss, regarding the height restrictions on inner city buildings.
Final iteration (2013–present)
Planning, design, and approval
The project was bought for approximately $30 million by Singapore developer Aspial Corporation, during late 2013. Plans were later resubmitted to the Department of Planning in 2014, for a new proposal; a 100-storey, -tall apartment tower, to comprise 1,105 apartments (a gain of 500 from the previous proposal). The hotel from the superseded design was removed from the plans, making the project solely residential. The star-shaped sky lobby feature from the previous proposal was incorporated in the design of the building, albeit with various purposes (as opposed to a public observation), and would be located on levels 69 through to 71.
Approval for this proposal was granted by Minister Guy on 25 June 2014.
Launch
Australia 108 was launched to the public on 14 February 2015, having already secured up to 300 buyers during a soft pre-launch period. Less than a month following its launch, 1,000 of the 1,105 apartments had been sold. This includes the sale of the penthouse spread across the 100th floor — the "tallest" home in the southern hemisphere. It was sold for A$25 million, an Australian record at the time, to a businessman based in China. By July 2015, almost all of the apartments were sold and in October 2015 only 33 apartments remained on the market. The cheaper apartments on the lower storeys sold for $450,000.
Construction and completion
The initial aspect of the construction phase, demolition and site preparation, was completed in early 2015. Construction on the $900 million residential skyscraper itself, commenced in October 2015, with work on the skyscraper's foundation having concluded in July 2016. In September 2015, Aspial Corporation announced their formal appointment of Brookfield Multiplex as the main contractor of Australia 108. Kone, an international engineering and service company, secured an order to supply 13 elevators to Australia 108 in March 2016. By April 2018, the building's core reached its 50th level – marking the halfway point of the skyscraper.
The skyscraper was completed in 2020 and underwent construction in 5 stages:
In June 2020, the skyscraper had topped-out at level 100, and by late 2020 construction concluded. Upon completion, Australia 108 claimed the following height distinctions from Eureka Tower: the tallest building in Melbourne and the tallest building in Australia to roof. Additionally, it became the second–tallest building in Australia overall, surpassed by Q1 Tower on the Gold Coast. The latter skyscraper reaches in height via its spire, which is included in the first method (height to architectural top) and third method (height to tip) of ranking the heights of tall buildings according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). Nonetheless, Australia 108 is ranked the tallest building in Australia based on the second CTBUH method (highest occupied floor), with its highest occupied floor at — compared to the second tallest, Eureka Tower at , and Q1 Tower at . Furthermore, Australia 108 is the Southern Hemisphere's only building with at least 100 floors, and only the second residential skyscraper in the world to comprise at least 100 floors, after the Princess Tower in Dubai.
Gallery
See also
Eureka Tower
List of tallest buildings in Melbourne
List of tallest buildings in Australia
References
External links
Australia 108
Australia 108 — on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
Skyscrapers in Melbourne
Residential skyscrapers in Australia
Apartment buildings in Melbourne
Residential buildings completed in 2020
2020 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Southbank, Victoria |
José Manuel García Maurin (born 13 January 1997) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a winger for Extremadura UD.
Club career
Osasuna
García was born in Pamplona, Navarre. In 2003, the lifelong CA Osasuna supporter appeared in a TV show called El Día Después from Canal+, after a supporting act in a game against Athletic Bilbao, and joined the former's youth system five years later, aged 11.
On 8 November 2013, before even having appeared for the B-side, García made his professional debut, playing the last 24 minutes of a 0–1 La Liga home loss against UD Almería. Aged 16 years and 299 days, he was the third-youngest player to play his first match for the club.
García renewed his contract with Osasuna on 21 July 2015, signing until 2018. On 14 July of the following year, however, he left after failing to agree to new terms.
Alcoyano / Extremadura
On 3 August 2016, García signed for Segunda División B side CD Alcoyano. On 10 January 2018, he moved to fellow league team Extremadura UD.
García contributed with 15 appearances for Extremadura, as his side achieved promotion to the second division for the first time ever. On 22 August 2018, he joined Salamanca CF in the third division on loan for one year.
On 30 July 2019, García moved to fellow third division side CD Atlético Baleares also in a temporary deal. The following 25 January, he moved to Pontevedra CF on loan for the remainder of the campaign.
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Footballers from Pamplona
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
CA Osasuna players
CA Osasuna B players
CD Alcoyano footballers
Extremadura UD footballers
Salamanca CF UDS players
CD Atlético Baleares footballers
Pontevedra CF footballers |
Anil Sinha or Anil Kumar Sinha (born 16 January 1956) is a Bihar Cadre Indian Police Service officer of the 1979 batch and was the Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation till 2 December 2016.
He had earlier served as DIG and IG in Special Protection Group, New Delhi, and Additional Secretary in Central Vigilance Commission.
Education
Anil Sinha possesses a post-graduate degree in psychology and an MPhil degree in strategic studies. He is an alumnus of the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. He also attended the National Defence College, India.
Career
Anil Sinha held several positions in his State cadre in Vigilance & Anti-Corruption, Administration, Special Branch & other Divisions as SP, DIG, IG & ADG. He has served as Additional Director-General of Police (Law & Order) and thereafter as Additional DG, he also headed the Vigilance Investigation Bureau. He has been associated with the investigations of a number of sensitive cases, including a large number of trap cases and Disproportionate Assets Cases against corrupt public servants.
He had received the Police Medal for Meritorious Service in 2000 and the President’s Police Medal for Distinguished Service in 2006.
References
Living people
Directors of the Central Bureau of Investigation
Bihar cadre civil servants
1956 births
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
People from Bihar |
The 2020 Latvian Athletics Championships () was the 30th edition of the national outdoor track and field championships for Latvia. It took place from 8–9 August at Zemgale Olympic Center in Jelgava. The 10,000 metres championships were contested separately in Piltene on 4 July.
Results
Men
Women
References
Results
Latvian Championships and Latvian U23 Championships. Latvian Athletics Federation. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
External links
Latvian Athletics Federation website
Latvian Athletics Championships
Latvian Athletics Championships
Latvian Athletics Championships
Latvian Athletics Championships
Jelgava |
Consciousness is a 2009 book by Christopher S. Hill, in which the author offers explanations of six forms of consciousness: agent consciousness, propositional consciousness, introspective consciousness, relational consciousness, phenomenal consciousness, and experiential consciousness.
Reception
The book has been reviewed by Joseph Levine, Fred Dretske, Daniel Stoljar,
Adam Pautz, Ellen Fridland, Erhan Demircioglu and Gabriel Jucá.
References
External links
Consciousness
2009 non-fiction books
Cambridge University Press books
Books about consciousness
Philosophy of mind literature |
Abigail "Abbey" Guthrie is a New Zealand former tennis player. On the Junior Circuit, she peaked at No. 360 in 2008. She and partner Kristi Boxx won two doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit in 2013.
Career
Guthrie competed at the Auckland Open in the summer of 2012/2013. She also made her debut for the New Zealand Fed Cup team in 2013. She holds a 9–1 record in competition after the 2014 Asia/Oceania Group Round Robin Tournament in Astana, Kazakhstan. In 2014, again as a wildcard, she and partner Sacha Jones defeated second seeds Marina Erakovic and Cara Black in the first round.
ITF Circuit finals
Doubles: 5 (2–3)
References
External links
Living people
New Zealand female tennis players
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century New Zealand women |
Jam with the Band, known in Japan as is a music video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It is the sequel to the Japan-exclusive Daigasso! Band Brothers, which was released at the DS' launch. Jam with the Band was released in Japan in June 2008 and in Europe in May 2010. It uses the largest save capacity for a Nintendo DS game at eight megabytes. Its release was accompanied by a Wii Channel for the Wii console called the Live Channel, known in Japan as the Speaker Channel, that allows players to hear the game's sound through their television. It features the character Barbara Bat, who was also in the predecessor.
It has been very well received commercially. It sold more than 120,000 copies in Japan in its first four days of release; at approximately 424,477 units, it sold well enough to become the 24th best-selling game of 2008 in Japan. It has also received positive reception. Jam with the Band features more than 60 instruments that can be played. Its gameplay focuses on button input similar to its predecessor, which involves notes that scroll down and an arrow to indicate when to hit them. Players may create and download songs, though the download limit was 100 due to JASRAC licensing issues. The Japanese list of songs consisted of more than 4,000 songs. Players could preview the song before downloading, and also rate them on a scale of one to five. The game was followed up in 2013 by the Japan-only release of the Nintendo 3DS game Daigasso! Band Brothers P.
Gameplay
Jam with the Band features more than 60 instruments that can be played. During gameplay, Jam with the Bands gameplay focuses on button input similar to its predecessor. It also includes the ability to play chords instead of single button inputs for certain instruments. The buttons used increases as the difficulty increases—while on the lowest difficulty, any of the buttons may be used to hit a note, while the hardest difficulty usually makes use of all buttons. The notes scroll down at a certain speed, and the players must hit a note with the corresponding button. There are four ways a player may hit a note - "Best", "Good", "Bad", and "Miss". There is no health meter in Jam with the Band, allowing players to play the song to completion. A song can have a number of different ways to play it—if the song uses both a string and percussion instruments, players may play through it with either. Up to eight players may play together, each able to choose from one of the instruments available in a song. It also makes use of the microphone for an alternate mode of play which allows players to do karaoke to songs that include lyrics using the Nintendo DS' microphone.
Players can connect their game to a Wii console and utilize a game-specific Wii Channel called the Live Channel, known in Japan as the Speaker Channel, which transmits the game's audio through the television. Players could also download up to 100 songs out of over 1000 onto the game, via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection which has ceased service, as well as play locally with up to eight people using single-card download play.
Song list
The Japanese version of Jam with the Band features 31 songs, which are mostly classical songs, while the European release includes 50 pre-installed songs. The Japanese version's roster included more than 4,000 downloadable songs created by users. It has enough storage space to hold 231 songs—the 31 default songs, 100 downloadable songs, and 100 custom-made songs. Once a song is downloaded, it cannot be deleted from the Japanese version's game data unless the player erases the save data, owing to legal issues with JASRAC. Jam with the Band features the largest capacity save chip currently used in a DS game. The chip has a capacity of 64 megabits (eight megabytes) of save data.
While it is Japan-oriented, the Japanese version features international songs, such as the "Ghostbusters theme", "When You Wish Upon A Star", "Highway Star", "Locomotion", and "The Final Countdown".
Development
Jam with the Band was announced on Nintendo's Japanese website, and was eventually released in Japan on June 26, 2008. The game was released in Europe on May 21, 2010.
While previously it wasn't possible to run Jam with the Band on flashcarts on the Nintendo DS, several patches and fixes have been made to allow the use of an 8 MB save file, which the game uses. Nevertheless, flashcarts are unable to use the Wi-Fi Download function, as Nintendo's server keeps track of the IDs assigned to each physical copy of the game, which, even though they can be faked on flashcarts, the amount of possible IDs makes it for an extremely low chance to happen upon an ID that actually exists, thus effectively stopping illegal copies from downloading songs.
Reception
In its first four days of release, Jam with the Band sold 120,000 copies in Japan. It is the 24th best-selling game of Japan in 2008, selling approximately 424,477 units. It was also the 161st best-selling game in Japan in 2009, selling 73,108 copies. As of the end of 2009, it has sold approximately 518,722 copies.
In their review of the Japanese version, Edge described Jam with the Band as the finest Nintendo DS game in recent memory. They described it as unapologetic in its simplicity. They also said it was more difficult than more popular rhythm games, such as Guitar Hero, making reference to one of the most difficult songs in Guitar Hero called "Through the Fire and Flames". They bemoaned the fact that players could only download 100 songs and cannot delete them, they praised it for having a "remarkably generous library". They also praised its Wii Channel, praising it as an excellent use of the Wii compared to how Wii games such as Wii Fit and Mario Kart Wii use it. IGN praised it as well, calling it an "enjoyable music game packed with value and personality".
Jam with the Bands lack of an English release prior to the European announcement was viewed as disappointing by IGN, which listed it amongst four other Nintendo DS games as ones that should be released stateside.
Notes
References
External links
2008 video games
Games with Wii-DS connectivity
Music video games
Nintendo DS-only games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo games
Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games
Video games developed in Japan
ja:大合奏!バンドブラザーズ#大合奏!バンドブラザーズDX |
Gifford's Hall and Giffords Hall are frequently interchanged names for two historic buildings of similar periods in Suffolk, United Kingdom.
Giffords Hall, Stoke-by-Nayland, a timber framed manor house in southern Suffolk with a brick gatehouse and famous for its hammerbeam roof.
Gifford's Hall, Wickhambrook, an entirely timber framed manor house in northern Suffolk. |
Thomas William Walker, ONZM (2 July 1916 – 8 November 2010) was an Anglo-New Zealand soil scientist. He was known as "Tom" or "John" or "Johnnie" after the Johnnie Walker brand of whisky, or "The Prof" to students and latterly viewers of Maggie's Garden Show. To his family he was "Baba".
Born in Shepshed, Leicestershire, he was educated at Loughborough Grammar School and the Royal College of Science. He continued his career at Rothamsted Experimental Station, University of Manchester and for the National Agricultural Advisory Service. In 1952, he emigrated to New Zealand, to become the first professor of soil science at Canterbury Agricultural College. He returned to Britain in 1958, but came back in 1960, to his old job at the soon to be renamed Lincoln College, New Zealand. He retired in 1979, becoming emeritus professor from then until his death in 2010.
Honours
1997: the Rutherford Gold Medal from the RSNZ
2000: appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to soil science, in the 2000 New Year Honours.
References
1916 births
2010 deaths
People educated at Loughborough Grammar School
Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Recipients of the Rutherford Medal
Academic staff of Lincoln University (New Zealand)
People from Shepshed
British emigrants to New Zealand
Alumni of the Royal College of Science |
Nanjing County () is a county under the administration of Zhangzhou City, in the south of Fujian province, People's Republic of China.
Administrative division
Nanjing County is administratively divided into several towns:
Shancheng () - the county seat
Jingcheng (),
Longshan (),
Chuanchang (),
Jinshan (),
Hexi (),
Kuiyang (),
Nankeng (),
Fengtian (),
Meilin (),
Shuyang ()
Climate
Sights
Nanjing County, and in particular its western part (Shuyang and Meilin Towns), is the location of many famous Fujian Tulou. Out of the 10 tulou sites listed on UNESCO's World Heritage list, four are in Nanjing County:
Tianluokeng Tulou cluster
Hekeng Tulou cluster (Hekeng Village), near Qujiang administrative village, Shuyang Town
Hegui Lou
Huaiyuan Lou
Transportation
Until 2012, Nanjing County had no railways. The Longyan–Xiamen Railway, opened on June 30, 2012, became the first railway to cross the county. The two stations within the county are Nanjing Station (located near Fengtian Town, about (by road) to the northeast of the county seat, Shancheng) and Longshan; they serve the county's eastern and northern parts.
References
County-level divisions of Fujian
Zhangzhou |
Mark Pearson may refer to:
Mark Pearson (entrepreneur) (born 1980), British entrepreneur and founder of Markco Media
Mark Pearson (field hockey) (born 1987), Canadian field hockey player
Mark Pearson (footballer) (1939–2023), British footballer
Mark Pearson (musician), American singer with Nielsen Pearson
Mark Pearson (politician) (born 1959), Australian politician
Mark Pearson (journalist) (1957–2012), American agricultural journalist and television personality |
The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) is a species of frog in the narrow-mouthed frog family Microhylidae. Native to Southeast Asia, it is also known as the Asian painted frog, digging frog, Malaysian bullfrog, common Asian frog, and painted balloon frog. In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. Adults measure and have a dark brown back with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink.
The banded bullfrog lives at low altitudes and is found in both urban and rural settings, as well as in forest habitats. They bury themselves underground during dry periods and emerge after heavy rainfall to emit calls and breed. They feed primarily on ants and termites; predators of adults and tadpoles include snakes, dragonfly larvae, and snails. When threatened, they inflate their lungs and secrete a noxious white substance. The species is prevalent in the pet trade and is a potential invasive species being introduced in Taiwan, the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi.
Taxonomy and etymology
The banded bullfrog was first described in 1831 by the British zoologist John Edward Gray, as Kaloula pulchra (pulchra meaning "beautiful" in Latin). Cantor (1847) described the species under the name Hylaedactylus bivittatus, which was synonymized with K. pulchra by Günther (1858). The subspecies K. p. hainana was described by Gressitt (1938) as having a shorter snout and hind legs compared to the nominate subspecies, K. p. pulchra. A former subspecies in Sri Lanka, originally named K. p. taprobanica by Parker (1934), has since been reclassified as a separate species, Uperodon taprobanicus. Bourret (1942) described a subspecies K. p. macrocephala that is now considered by several authors to be a distinct species, K. macrocephala.
According to Darrel Frost's Amphibian Species of the World, common names for Kaloula pulchra include the Malaysian narrowmouth toad, Asian painted frog, digging frog, painted bullfrog, Malaysian bullfrog, painted burrowing frog, common Asian bullfrog, painted balloon frog, and painted microhylid frog. It is also known as the chubby frog in the pet trade.
Description
The banded bullfrog is medium-sized with a stocky, triangular body and a short snout. Males grow to a snout–vent length (SVL) of and females are slightly larger, reaching an SVL of . Other than the slight difference in length, there is very limited sexual dimorphism. They have a body weight of . The back is dark brown with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink, and the abdomen is cream-colored.
Tadpoles are about long after hatching and reach an SVL of about at the end of metamorphosis. They have an oval body that is brown or black with a pale belly, a round snout, and a moderately long, tapered tail with yellow speckles and tall fins. The eyes are relatively small and the side of the head, with black or dark gray irises and a golden ring around the pupil. They do not possess any tail filament. During metamorphosis, their eyes increase in size and bulge and they develop slender limbs and digits with rounded tips. The tadpoles metamorphose beginning at two weeks.
Distribution and habitat
The species is native to Southeast Asia. It is common over a range from northeastern India, and Nepal, to southern India and Sri Lanka to southern China (especially Hainan) and Myanmar, and south to the islands of maritime Southeast Asia. Its wide distribution, compared to the related species Kaloula assamensis, has been attributed to its burrowing ability.
The banded bullfrog has been found at elevations between sea level and above sea level. It can occur in both urban and rural settings, and in forest habitats.
As an invasive species
The banded bullfrog is a potential invasive species. It has been introduced through both the pet trade and maritime transport, and has become established in Taiwan, the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi. Some specimens have been observed in Australia and New Zealand. Its introduction into the Philippines was likely accidental, via contamination of plant nursery materials or stowaways on ships and boats.
Several species, likely introduced through the pet trade, were observed in Florida in 2006 and 2008; however, as of 2011, the population is under control and there is no evidence of reproduction. The frog was observed at an airport in Perth, Australia, and at a cargo port in New Zealand, but no established invasive population has been found in either country as of 2019.
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding is stimulated by heavy monsoon rains, after which the frogs relocate from underground to rain pools or ponds. They are more commonly found on wetter nights, and while they are not reproductively active during dry periods, their gonads remain ripe so that they can mate soon after rainfall. In India, the male frogs call after the monsoon season begins in April or May. The pulses of the calls recorded in India were 28–56 per second with a frequency range of 50–1760 Hz. In Thailand the dominant frequency was 250 Hz (duration 560–600 ms long) and 18–21 pulses per call.
Their form is suited for walking and burrowing rather than jumping. They are able to survive dry conditions by burying themselves in the ground and waiting for rain; the burrowing also helps them avoid predators. When burrowing they dig their way down hindlimb first and use their forelimbs to push themselves several inches under the soil, where they can remain for the duration of the dry season. Banded bullfrogs hide under leaf litter during the daylight hours and eat in the evening. They have been found in trees and have been observed hunting termites in them.
Diet, predators, and parasites
In the wild, the banded bullfrog primarily eats ants and termites. It also feeds on other small invertebrates including flies, crickets, moths, grasshoppers, and earthworms. Its relatively small head and mouth mostly limit its diet to small and slow-moving prey. The feeding cycle from opening of the mouth to closing is about 150 milliseconds and is relatively symmetrical, meaning that the bullfrog spends an equal amount of time extending its tongue and bringing the prey into the mouth. Banded bullfrogs kept as pets can be fed insects such as crickets, mealworms, insect larvae, and beetles.
Snakes such as the kukri snake are predators of adult banded bullfrogs. For eggs and tadpoles, predators include dragonfly larvae and snails such as the golden apple snail. Banded bullfrogs display deimatic behaviour when threatened, greatly inflating their bodies in an attempt to distract or startle predators. By inflating its body and bending its head down, the bullfrog can appear larger than its actual size. It also secretes a noxious white substance through its skin that is distasteful, though non-toxic, to predators. The secretion contains a trypsin inhibitor and can induce hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells).
Parasites include parasitic worms that have been found in the frog's intestinal mesentery and leeches that attach to the frog's back.
Pet trade
Commonly sold in pet stores, banded bullfrogs thrive in terrariums with substrate choices consisting of peat–soil mixes or moss mixtures. In contrast to the ant and termite diets of wild bullfrogs, captive bullfrogs typically feed on slightly larger insects such as crickets or mealworms.
A survey of internet pet trade listings between 2015 and 2018 in Europe and the United States found that there were three to four times as many offers as requests for the banded bullfrog, with no evidence of captive breeding. In the Philippines, traders collect the frogs locally. Low interest in the Philippine pet trade has been attributed to the bullfrog's muted colours and burrowing behavior. Máximo and colleagues hypothesize that the species has been illegally sold in South America for decades, based on identifications in Argentina during the 1980s and in Brazil in 2020.
Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the species as least concern due to its extensive distribution, tolerance of a wide range of environments, and predicted large population. In many regions, the banded bullfrog is captured for consumption, but this does not appear to have a substantial impact on its population.
References
External links
Kaloula
Amphibians of Bangladesh
Amphibians of Brunei
Amphibians of Cambodia
Frogs of China
Fauna of Hong Kong
Frogs of India
Amphibians of Indonesia
Amphibians of Laos
Amphibians of Malaysia
Amphibians of Myanmar
Amphibians of Singapore
Amphibians of Thailand
Amphibians of Vietnam
Amphibians described in 1831
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Amphibians of Borneo |
Tifon () was an monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid-1860s. The design was based on the American , but was modified to suit Russian engines, guns and construction techniques. Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet, the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen, but very little is known about her service. She was struck from the Navy List in 1900, converted into a storage hulk for mines in 1909 and renamed Blokshiv No. 3. The ship was abandoned by the Soviets in Finland in 1918; although retroceded to the Soviets in 1922, she was later scrapped by the Finns.
Description
While the Uragans were extensively modified by the Russians, they did retain the single twin-gun turret and low freeboard of the original Passaic-class design. Tifon was long overall, with a beam of and a draft of . She displaced , and her crew numbered 8 officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865. They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877.
The ship was fitted with a two-cylinder, horizontal direct-acting steam engine built by the Baird Works of Saint Petersburg. It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers. Specific information on the output of the ship's engine has not survived, but it ranged between for all the ships of this class. During Tifons sea trials on 19 June 1865, she reached a maximum speed of . The ship carried a maximum of of coal, which gave her a theoretical endurance of at full speed.
Tifon was designed to be armed with a pair of smoothbore muzzle-loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia, but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with the Krupp smoothbore guns. These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license-built smoothbore muzzle-loading Rodman guns in 1867–68. The Rodmans were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine-inch rifled guns.
All of the wrought-iron armor that was used in the Uragan-class monitors was in plates, just as in the Passaic-class ships. The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates, of which the three innermost plates extended below the waterline. The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor. Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of above the deck. Unlike their predecessors, the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight, but Tifon was modified for the addition of armor plates after completion, although it is unknown if they were ever fitted. They were, however, manufactured and then placed in storage.
Construction and career
Construction of the ship began on 13 June 1863 at the New Admiralty Shipyard in Saint Petersburg. Tifon was laid down on 1 December 1863 and she was launched on 27 May 1864. She entered service in 1865 and cost a total of 1,105,800 rubles, almost double her contract cost of 600,000 rubles. The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she, and all of her sister ships except , made a port visit to Stockholm, Sweden in July–August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich.
Sometime after Tifon was completed, an armored ring, thick and tall, was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it. Later, an armored, outward-curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there. Three sponsons were later added, probably during the 1870s, to the upper portion of the turret. Each sponson, one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret, mounted a light gun, probably a Engstrem gun, for defense against torpedo boats. A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret, also probably during the 1870s.
Little is known about the ship's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze. Tifon was reclassified as a coast-defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900, although she was not stricken until 17 August. Tifon was converted into a mine storage hulk in 1909 and renamed Blokshiv No. 3 on 27 October of that year. She was abandoned by the Soviets in Helsingfors (Helsinki) when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, but she was later returned by the Finns in 1922. The ship was subsequently broken up in Finland.
Notes
Footnotes
References
Uragan-class monitors
1864 ships
Ships built at Admiralty Shipyard |
Cannon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,506. Its county seat is Woodbury. Cannon County is part of the Nashville–Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Cannon County was established by the Tennessee state legislature on January 31, 1836. It was formed from portions of Rutherford, Smith, Wilson, and Warren counties and was named for Governor Newton Cannon. This was part of the Middle Tennessee region, with mixed farming and livestock raising, including of thoroughbred horses.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.02%) is water.
Adjacent counties
DeKalb County (northeast)
Warren County (east)
Coffee County (south)
Rutherford County (west)
Wilson County (northwest)
State protected areas
Headwaters Wildlife Management Area
Short Mountain State Natural Area
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 14,506 people, 5,488 households, and 3,903 families residing in the county.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,826 people, 4,998 households, and 3,643 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 5,420 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 96.87% White, 1.46% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. 1.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,998 households, out of which 33.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.60% were married couples living together, 9.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.10% were non-families. 24.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.40% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 28.90% from 25 to 44, 23.70% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.20 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $32,809, and the median income for a family was $38,424. Males had a median income of $28,659 versus $21,489 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,405. About 9.60% of families and 12.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.00% of those under age 18 and 17.80% of those age 65 or over.
Government
The policy-making and legislative authority in Cannon County is vested in the Board of County Commissioners. Commissioners are elected to four-year terms by a simple majority of the residents in their district. Each district has two commissioners, and all ten seats are up for election at the same time. Commissioners set personnel policies for the county, appropriate funds for county departments, and set the property tax rate. The county mayor typically serves as chair of the County Commission and breaks a tie if one occurs during voting. Members typically meet in January, April, July and October with special call meetings taking place when necessary.
County officials:
County Executive: Brent Bush
Sessions Court Judge: Susan Melton
Circuit Court Clerk: Katina George
County Clerk: Lana Jones
Clerk & Master: Dana Davenport
Register of Deeds: Sandy Hollandsworth
Property Assessor: Angela Schwartz
Trustee: Norma Knox
Sheriff: Darrell Young
Constable 1st District: None
Constable 2nd District: Charles Nokes
Constable 3rd District: None
Constable 4th District: None
Constable 5th District: None
Each official is elected to a four-year term. With the exception of the tax assessor, the terms of most of the officials above will end on September 1, 2022. The tax assessor's term will end on September 1, 2020. The general sessions judge is elected to an eight-year term, and the clerk and master is appointed to a six-year term by the chancellor.
Board of County Commissioners (2018–2022)
Each district is represented by two commissioners.
District 1 (Readyville and parts of Bradyville and Woodbury):
Jeannine Floyd (member since 2018)
James Russell Reed (member since 2010)
District 2 (Auburntown, Gassaway and parts of Short Mountain):
Corey Davenport (member since 2018)
Karen Ashford (member since 2014)
District 3 (Woodland, Bradyville and parts of Woodbury):
Jim Bush (member since 2010)
Greg Mitchell (member since 2017)
District 4 (Eastside, part of Short Mountain, Sunny Slope, and parts of Woodbury):
Brent Brandon (member since 2018)
Randy Gannon (member since 2018)
District 5 (city limits of Woodbury):
Kim Davenport (member since 2018)
Ronnie Mahaffey (member since 2018)
Election results
Education
Beginning with the 2022–2023 school year, Auburn, East Side, and Short Mountain schools were closed. West Side, Woodbury Grammar, and Woodland schools were renamed Cannon North Elementary, Cannon County Elementary, and Cannon South Elementary, respectively, and house grades PreK–5. A new middle school, Cannon County Middle (grades 6–8), was housed temporarily with Cannon County Elementary.
The Cannon County School District operates five schools:
Cannon County High School, Woodbury (9–12)
Cannon County Middle School, Woodbury (6–8) – Opened in 2022
Cannon North Elementary School (formerly West Side School, PreK–8), Readyville (PreK–5) – Renamed in 2022
Cannon County Elementary School (formerly Woodbury Grammar School, PreK–8), Woodbury (PreK–5) – Renamed in 2022
Cannon South Elementary School (formerly Woodland School, PreK–8), Bradyville (PreK–5) – Opened in 1955, renamed in 2022
Three elementary schools were closed during consolidation after the 2021–2022 school year:
Auburn School, Auburntown (K–8) – Closed in 2022
East Side Elementary School, Woodbury (K–8) – Closed in 2022
Short Mountain Elementary School, Woodbury (K–8) – Opened in 1955, closed in 2022
Future
Long-term plans call for construction of a new Cannon County Middle School building, as well as the closure of Cannon North and Cannon South by 2025.
Communities
Towns
Auburntown
Woodbury (county seat)
Unincorporated communities
Bluewing
Bradyville
Gassaway
Hopewell
Iconium
Midway
Readyville
Sugar Tree Knob
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cannon County, Tennessee
References
External links
Cannon County Official website
Chamber of Commerce
TNGenWeb
Cannon County on FamilySearch Wiki.
1836 establishments in Tennessee
Populated places established in 1836
Nashville metropolitan area
Middle Tennessee
Counties of Appalachia |
Anime UK was a British magazine founded in 1991 dedicated to Japanese animation and published for six years before ceasing publication in 1996. Peter Goll, Steve Kyte, Helen McCarthy, and Wil Overton founded the magazine in London. Published for six years, it was sold worldwide and was widely admired for its innovative design, high production standards and varied, entertaining content. Its stated aims were to make the then arcane and unknown world of Japanese animation accessible to non-Japanese speakers, and to promote a positive and open image for a medium that received some negative press during its early years in the U.K.
History
The magazine grew out of Anime UK newsletter, a fan publication started after the 1990 Eastercon (the British National Science Fiction Convention.) Overton, one of the early subscribers, took the newsletter to his boss Goll, who offered to fund and publish a magazine devoted to anime through his company, Sigma. McCarthy was the magazine's editor throughout its run. Overton and Kyte were designers and house artists.
To re-create the visual excitement of a Japanese anime magazine, the team dreamed up features such as Kyte's A–Z of anime in pullout form so it could be carried in a pocket for reference, paper dolls of well known anime characters, postcards and folding desk calendars. One unexpected hit was Ah Oishii! (Ah, delicious!) a simple recipe illustrated with anime characters. Printed on the inside back cover so it could be cut out and filed, it was so popular with readers that many submitted their own recipes and art, and it ran until the magazine folded.
A number of the writers and artists who worked for the magazine have achieved greater success elsewhere, including authors Jonathan Clements (the magazine's staff translator), Peter J. Evans and James Swallow. Contributors from Europe, America and Japan included Frederik L. Schodt, translator and author of the seminal Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics, and anime and manga historian Fred Patten.
In glossy, full-colour card covers, the magazine progressed from a bi-monthly publication with partial colour to a monthly, and eventually to full colour, although a dispute over editorial policy with Andy Frain of Manga Entertainment resulted in no paid advertising from the then-biggest UK anime retailer. In early 1995, in a move by Goll to secure better financing, the magazine was re-launched as a professional high-street monthly publication with new numbering. The magazine's name was changed to Anime FX and it was published by Ashdown Publishing, with the same editorial and design team and from the same offices in Mortimer Street, London W1.
It ceased publishing in February 1996, leaving many contributors unpaid for the last few issues. Many contributors subsequently moved on to the UK's only other contemporary anime magazine, Manga Mania. Ironically, by the time of the magazine's cancellation, Andy Frain had left Manga Entertainment and their promotional material was finally sent to the Anime FX offices, too late to be included in the final issue.
See also
KO Beast
List of manga magazines published outside of Japan
References
Wil Overton's webpage
UK Anime FAQ
Anime UK magazine early review
1991 establishments in the United Kingdom
1996 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Anime and manga magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Film magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines disestablished in 1996
Magazines established in 1991
Magazines published in London
Television magazines published in the United Kingdom |
In the men's 2018–19 Biathlon World Cup total score, for each participating athlete the points earned in all Individual, Sprint, Pursuit and Mass start competitions held during the season are added up with the two lowest scores subtracted at the end of the season to give that athlete's final score. This includes the results from the Biathlon World Championships 2019 (held between the World Cup stages in Salt Lake City and Oslo).
2017–18 Top 3 standings
Events summary
Standings
In each event places 1 to 40 (1 to 30 in a Mass start) are awarded points, a victory being worth 60 points. The full point system is shown in the table on the right. In a Mass start event only 30 athletes are allowed to participate and the points awarded for ranks 22 to 30 differ from the system used in other events. Equal placings (ties) give an equal number of points. An athlete's total World Cup Score is the sum of all World Cup points earned in the season, minus the points from 2 events in which the athletes got their worst scores. Ties in this score are broken by comparing the tied athletes' number of victories. If this number is the same for the athletes in question, the number of second places is compared, and so on. If a tie cannot be broken by this procedure, it remains a tie.
References
Overall Men |
Vittorio Emanuele Dabormida, 2nd Count Dabormida, OSML, OCI (25 November 1842 – 1 March 1896) was an Italian general and noble, mostly known for his role during the First Italo-Ethiopian War. He died in combat at Adwa, and was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor.
Early life
Dabormida was the son of Count Giuseppe Dabormida, an artillery colonel, Minister of War of the Kingdom of Sardinia during the First Italian War of Independence and Foreign Minister in the first Cavour government. He was admitted in the Royal Military Academy in 1859, and graduated in December 1861 as an artillery sub-lieutenant. In March 1862 was attached to the Artillery Staff, then, a year later, assigned to the 5th Artillery Regiment. On 31 December 1863 was promoted to lieutenant. During the 1866 Italo-Austrian War he commanded a supply column, and by December was moved to the Army Staff. A year later he entered the newly founded School of War for a two-year specialization course. Promoted captain in 1868, in 1870 he started teaching courses of Military History in the same institution.
Army Staff and Academic career
Dabormida served as a professor in the School of War for eight years, until promoted Infantry major in 1878. Quite a prolific writer, he published Sunti sullo svolgimento storico dell'arte della guerra prima della rivoluzione francese (trans. "Essays on the history of the art of war before the French revolution") in 1874, and in 1876 Vincenzo Gioberti e il Dabormida, a defence of his father's actions against the accusations made by Vincenzo Gioberti in 1857. In 1878 he wrote La difesa delle nostre frontiere occidentali in relazione agli ordinamenti militari odierni (trans. "The defence of our western borders with respect to current military organization"): the increasing attrition with France after the collapse of the Second French Empire led him to analyze the possibility of a conflict between France and Italy. Dabormida urged the usage of Alps as a strong defensive line capable of restoring balance of force in a fight with the more numerous French, against the common opinion based on Napoleonic experience that deemed the mountains as a mere delaying obstacle.
The same year he published, on the same matter, a study: Ordinamento militare delle popolazioni alpine (trans. "Military organization of Alpine people") and, in August 1879, he was back to the School of War as full professor. While maintaining his teaching activity, in May 1880 Dabormida was re-attached to the Army Staff, and by November 1881 he was nominated secretary to the Army Chief of Staff, general Cosenz. Promoted Lt. colonel in 1883, he served in this capacity until June 1887, when he was reassigned to the 3rd Infantry Regiment as provisional commander. In April 1888 he was promoted colonel and confirmed in his role. Two years later, Dabormida was again reassigned to the Army Staff. In 1891, he published in Rome La battaglia dell'Assietta, a study wrote for his students when he was a teacher in the School of War about the 1747 Battle of Assietta.
Promoted major general in July 1895, he received the command of "Cagliari" Brigade. On 12 January 1896, he was shipped to Eritrea and took command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade.
Battle of Adwa and death
On 12 February, pressed by the Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, Baratieri had his forces dug in at strong positions at Sauria, from Menelik's camp. By 27 February, the army had only a few days supply left and the intelligence wrongly reported that the Ethiopians were scattered across the hills of Adwa, foraging. Unable or unwilling to decide between a temporary withdrawal or a small advance, the Governor asked for the advice of his brigade commanders: Giuseppe Arimondi, Matteo Albertone, Dabormida and the newly appointed Giuseppe Ellena. Dabormida joined Arimondi and Albertone in their call for an aggressive approach, reportedly arguing that, since the troops morale was high, a retreat would only bring it down. He declared that Italy would prefer the loss of two to three thousand men to a dishonorable retreat.
On 28 February, Baratieri resolved to advance towards the Ethiopian camp at Adwa. His orders on 29 February called for an offensive thrust to occupy a solid position on the hill east of Adwa. From there on he could react according to the moves of the Abyssinians; defend if attacked, keep the position if unmolested or attack the rearguard of the Negus' army if it retreated from Adwa. The field force was ordered to move during the night; Albertone and the Native Brigade on the left flank, was to occupy the Kidane Meret peak, Dabormida on the right flank, the mountain of the Rebbi Arienni and Arimondi, with the center, again the Rebbi Arienni, in a less prominent position. The reserve brigade of General Ellena was stationed behind Arimondi.
Night march
At 21:30 the brigades of Albertone, Arimondi and Dabormida were on their way, each following different roads; Ellena's brigade was to follow Arimondi three hours later, with Baratieri and his staff.
Uninvolved in the marching incidents between Arimondi and Albertone, Dabormida reach his intended position at 5:15 on 1 March, fifteen minutes before his colleague. By the time he deployed his men, the isolated force of Albertone on the Kidane Meret was launching its attack on the Ethiopian camp. The Native Brigade at first met little resistance, but was soon repulsed by the larger number of enemy troops.
Dabormida's advance
At 6:45 Baratieri, who had spent a full hour reconnoitering the ground on which he planned to fight, reached the Rebbi Arienni and heard the sounds of the ongoing battle on the left. He ordered Dabormida to advance to the Spur of Belah and support by fire Albertone, whom he assumed to be at the "false" Kidane Meret or little ahead. Once Dabormida got his brigade to the Spur, he discovered Albertone was much further off than supposed, and continued to slowly march westwards, across difficult ground. By 7:45 his rearguards had left the Hill and Spur of Belah, and, following the terrain's nature, Dabormida's brigade entered the west–east arm of the Mariam Shavitu valley, about 3 miles north of Albertone's Native Brigade.
By 8:15 the morning mist cleared: Baratieri climbed the slopes of Mount Eshasho to survey the situation, and discovered that Albertone was heavily engaged. At 8:30 the advanced 1st Native Battalion of Albertone's command was forced to retreat in disarray: Baratieri sent a message to Dabormida, ordering him to aid Albertone, but the messenger decided he could turn back once he had met a courier from Dabormida. The commander of the 2nd Infantry Brigade informed his commanding officer that he was "holding out his hand to Albertone", and Baratieri assumed the 2nd Brigade was about to link up with Albertone. Baratieri, still assuming Dabormida had a strong hold over the Spur of Belah, sent two other messengers, but neither reach Dabormida. Actually, the major general had left at the Spur only local auxiliaries, and about 9:30 they had been driven off by infiltrating Ethiopians, who also started to attack the isolated 2nd Brigade.
Awards and decorations
Gold Medal of Military Valor – Adwa, 1 March 1896
Officer of the Order of Saint Maurice and Lazarus – August 1895
Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy – January 1895.
Notes
References
Bibliography
1842 births
1896 deaths
Italian generals
Italian military personnel killed in the First Italo-Ethiopian War
Military personnel from Turin |
```c++
/*
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the
* names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
* derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
* AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
* CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
* SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
* INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
* CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
/**
* @file
* This file includes definitions for Thread Link Metrics.
*/
#include "link_metrics.hpp"
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_MLE_LINK_METRICS_INITIATOR_ENABLE || OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_MLE_LINK_METRICS_SUBJECT_ENABLE
#include "common/code_utils.hpp"
#include "common/encoding.hpp"
#include "common/locator_getters.hpp"
#include "common/log.hpp"
#include "common/num_utils.hpp"
#include "common/numeric_limits.hpp"
#include "instance/instance.hpp"
#include "mac/mac.hpp"
#include "thread/link_metrics_tlvs.hpp"
#include "thread/neighbor_table.hpp"
namespace ot {
namespace LinkMetrics {
RegisterLogModule("LinkMetrics");
static constexpr uint8_t kQueryIdSingleProbe = 0; // This query ID represents Single Probe.
static constexpr uint8_t kSeriesIdAllSeries = 255; // This series ID represents all series.
// Constants for scaling Link Margin and RSSI to raw value
static constexpr uint8_t kMaxLinkMargin = 130;
static constexpr int32_t kMinRssi = -130;
static constexpr int32_t kMaxRssi = 0;
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_MLE_LINK_METRICS_INITIATOR_ENABLE
Initiator::Initiator(Instance &aInstance)
: InstanceLocator(aInstance)
{
}
Error Initiator::Query(const Ip6::Address &aDestination, uint8_t aSeriesId, const Metrics *aMetrics)
{
Error error;
Neighbor *neighbor;
QueryInfo info;
SuccessOrExit(error = FindNeighbor(aDestination, neighbor));
info.Clear();
info.mSeriesId = aSeriesId;
if (aMetrics != nullptr)
{
info.mTypeIdCount = aMetrics->ConvertToTypeIds(info.mTypeIds);
}
if (aSeriesId != 0)
{
VerifyOrExit(info.mTypeIdCount == 0, error = kErrorInvalidArgs);
}
error = Get<Mle::Mle>().SendDataRequestForLinkMetricsReport(aDestination, info);
exit:
return error;
}
Error Initiator::AppendLinkMetricsQueryTlv(Message &aMessage, const QueryInfo &aInfo)
{
Error error = kErrorNone;
Tlv tlv;
// The MLE Link Metrics Query TLV has two sub-TLVs:
// - Query ID sub-TLV with series ID as value.
// - Query Options sub-TLV with Type IDs as value.
tlv.SetType(Mle::Tlv::kLinkMetricsQuery);
tlv.SetLength(sizeof(Tlv) + sizeof(uint8_t) + ((aInfo.mTypeIdCount == 0) ? 0 : (sizeof(Tlv) + aInfo.mTypeIdCount)));
SuccessOrExit(error = aMessage.Append(tlv));
SuccessOrExit(error = Tlv::Append<QueryIdSubTlv>(aMessage, aInfo.mSeriesId));
if (aInfo.mTypeIdCount != 0)
{
QueryOptionsSubTlv queryOptionsTlv;
queryOptionsTlv.Init();
queryOptionsTlv.SetLength(aInfo.mTypeIdCount);
SuccessOrExit(error = aMessage.Append(queryOptionsTlv));
SuccessOrExit(error = aMessage.AppendBytes(aInfo.mTypeIds, aInfo.mTypeIdCount));
}
exit:
return error;
}
void Initiator::HandleReport(const Message &aMessage, OffsetRange &aOffsetRange, const Ip6::Address &aAddress)
{
Error error = kErrorNone;
bool hasStatus = false;
bool hasReport = false;
Tlv::ParsedInfo tlvInfo;
ReportSubTlv reportTlv;
MetricsValues values;
uint8_t status;
uint8_t typeId;
OT_UNUSED_VARIABLE(error);
VerifyOrExit(mReportCallback.IsSet());
values.Clear();
for (; !aOffsetRange.IsEmpty(); aOffsetRange.AdvanceOffset(tlvInfo.GetSize()))
{
SuccessOrExit(error = tlvInfo.ParseFrom(aMessage, aOffsetRange));
if (tlvInfo.mIsExtended)
{
continue;
}
// The report must contain either:
// - One or more Report Sub-TLVs (in case of success), or
// - A single Status Sub-TLV (in case of failure).
switch (tlvInfo.mType)
{
case StatusSubTlv::kType:
VerifyOrExit(!hasStatus && !hasReport, error = kErrorDrop);
SuccessOrExit(error = Tlv::Read<StatusSubTlv>(aMessage, aOffsetRange.GetOffset(), status));
hasStatus = true;
break;
case ReportSubTlv::kType:
VerifyOrExit(!hasStatus, error = kErrorDrop);
// Read the report sub-TLV assuming minimum length
SuccessOrExit(error = aMessage.Read(aOffsetRange, &reportTlv, sizeof(Tlv) + ReportSubTlv::kMinLength));
VerifyOrExit(reportTlv.IsValid(), error = kErrorParse);
hasReport = true;
typeId = reportTlv.GetMetricsTypeId();
if (TypeId::IsExtended(typeId))
{
// Skip the sub-TLV if `E` flag is set.
break;
}
if (TypeId::GetValueLength(typeId) > sizeof(uint8_t))
{
// If Type ID indicates metric value has 4 bytes length, we
// read the full `reportTlv`.
SuccessOrExit(error = aMessage.Read(aOffsetRange.GetOffset(), reportTlv));
}
switch (typeId)
{
case TypeId::kPdu:
values.mMetrics.mPduCount = true;
values.mPduCountValue = reportTlv.GetMetricsValue32();
LogDebg(" - PDU Counter: %lu (Count/Summation)", ToUlong(values.mPduCountValue));
break;
case TypeId::kLqi:
values.mMetrics.mLqi = true;
values.mLqiValue = reportTlv.GetMetricsValue8();
LogDebg(" - LQI: %u (Exponential Moving Average)", values.mLqiValue);
break;
case TypeId::kLinkMargin:
values.mMetrics.mLinkMargin = true;
values.mLinkMarginValue = ScaleRawValueToLinkMargin(reportTlv.GetMetricsValue8());
LogDebg(" - Margin: %u (dB) (Exponential Moving Average)", values.mLinkMarginValue);
break;
case TypeId::kRssi:
values.mMetrics.mRssi = true;
values.mRssiValue = ScaleRawValueToRssi(reportTlv.GetMetricsValue8());
LogDebg(" - RSSI: %u (dBm) (Exponential Moving Average)", values.mRssiValue);
break;
}
break;
}
}
VerifyOrExit(hasStatus || hasReport);
mReportCallback.Invoke(&aAddress, hasStatus ? nullptr : &values,
hasStatus ? MapEnum(static_cast<Status>(status)) : MapEnum(kStatusSuccess));
exit:
LogDebg("HandleReport, error:%s", ErrorToString(error));
}
Error Initiator::SendMgmtRequestForwardTrackingSeries(const Ip6::Address &aDestination,
uint8_t aSeriesId,
const SeriesFlags &aSeriesFlags,
const Metrics *aMetrics)
{
Error error;
Neighbor *neighbor;
uint8_t typeIdCount = 0;
FwdProbingRegSubTlv fwdProbingSubTlv;
SuccessOrExit(error = FindNeighbor(aDestination, neighbor));
VerifyOrExit(aSeriesId > kQueryIdSingleProbe, error = kErrorInvalidArgs);
fwdProbingSubTlv.Init();
fwdProbingSubTlv.SetSeriesId(aSeriesId);
fwdProbingSubTlv.SetSeriesFlagsMask(aSeriesFlags.ConvertToMask());
if (aMetrics != nullptr)
{
typeIdCount = aMetrics->ConvertToTypeIds(fwdProbingSubTlv.GetTypeIds());
}
fwdProbingSubTlv.SetLength(sizeof(aSeriesId) + sizeof(uint8_t) + typeIdCount);
error = Get<Mle::Mle>().SendLinkMetricsManagementRequest(aDestination, fwdProbingSubTlv);
exit:
LogDebg("SendMgmtRequestForwardTrackingSeries, error:%s, Series ID:%u", ErrorToString(error), aSeriesId);
return error;
}
Error Initiator::SendMgmtRequestEnhAckProbing(const Ip6::Address &aDestination,
EnhAckFlags aEnhAckFlags,
const Metrics *aMetrics)
{
Error error;
Neighbor *neighbor;
uint8_t typeIdCount = 0;
EnhAckConfigSubTlv enhAckConfigSubTlv;
SuccessOrExit(error = FindNeighbor(aDestination, neighbor));
if (aEnhAckFlags == kEnhAckClear)
{
VerifyOrExit(aMetrics == nullptr, error = kErrorInvalidArgs);
}
enhAckConfigSubTlv.Init();
enhAckConfigSubTlv.SetEnhAckFlags(aEnhAckFlags);
if (aMetrics != nullptr)
{
typeIdCount = aMetrics->ConvertToTypeIds(enhAckConfigSubTlv.GetTypeIds());
}
enhAckConfigSubTlv.SetLength(EnhAckConfigSubTlv::kMinLength + typeIdCount);
error = Get<Mle::Mle>().SendLinkMetricsManagementRequest(aDestination, enhAckConfigSubTlv);
if (aMetrics != nullptr)
{
neighbor->SetEnhAckProbingMetrics(*aMetrics);
}
else
{
Metrics metrics;
metrics.Clear();
neighbor->SetEnhAckProbingMetrics(metrics);
}
exit:
return error;
}
Error Initiator::HandleManagementResponse(const Message &aMessage, const Ip6::Address &aAddress)
{
Error error = kErrorNone;
OffsetRange offsetRange;
Tlv::ParsedInfo tlvInfo;
uint8_t status;
bool hasStatus = false;
VerifyOrExit(mMgmtResponseCallback.IsSet());
SuccessOrExit(error = Tlv::FindTlvValueOffsetRange(aMessage, Mle::Tlv::Type::kLinkMetricsManagement, offsetRange));
for (; !offsetRange.IsEmpty(); offsetRange.AdvanceOffset(tlvInfo.GetSize()))
{
SuccessOrExit(error = tlvInfo.ParseFrom(aMessage, offsetRange));
if (tlvInfo.mIsExtended)
{
continue;
}
switch (tlvInfo.mType)
{
case StatusSubTlv::kType:
VerifyOrExit(!hasStatus, error = kErrorParse);
SuccessOrExit(error = Tlv::Read<StatusSubTlv>(aMessage, offsetRange.GetOffset(), status));
hasStatus = true;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
VerifyOrExit(hasStatus, error = kErrorParse);
mMgmtResponseCallback.Invoke(&aAddress, MapEnum(static_cast<Status>(status)));
exit:
return error;
}
Error Initiator::SendLinkProbe(const Ip6::Address &aDestination, uint8_t aSeriesId, uint8_t aLength)
{
Error error;
uint8_t buf[kLinkProbeMaxLen];
Neighbor *neighbor;
SuccessOrExit(error = FindNeighbor(aDestination, neighbor));
VerifyOrExit(aLength <= kLinkProbeMaxLen && aSeriesId != kQueryIdSingleProbe && aSeriesId != kSeriesIdAllSeries,
error = kErrorInvalidArgs);
error = Get<Mle::Mle>().SendLinkProbe(aDestination, aSeriesId, buf, aLength);
exit:
LogDebg("SendLinkProbe, error:%s, Series ID:%u", ErrorToString(error), aSeriesId);
return error;
}
void Initiator::ProcessEnhAckIeData(const uint8_t *aData, uint8_t aLength, const Neighbor &aNeighbor)
{
MetricsValues values;
uint8_t idx = 0;
VerifyOrExit(mEnhAckProbingIeReportCallback.IsSet());
values.SetMetrics(aNeighbor.GetEnhAckProbingMetrics());
if (values.GetMetrics().mLqi && idx < aLength)
{
values.mLqiValue = aData[idx++];
}
if (values.GetMetrics().mLinkMargin && idx < aLength)
{
values.mLinkMarginValue = ScaleRawValueToLinkMargin(aData[idx++]);
}
if (values.GetMetrics().mRssi && idx < aLength)
{
values.mRssiValue = ScaleRawValueToRssi(aData[idx++]);
}
mEnhAckProbingIeReportCallback.Invoke(aNeighbor.GetRloc16(), &aNeighbor.GetExtAddress(), &values);
exit:
return;
}
Error Initiator::FindNeighbor(const Ip6::Address &aDestination, Neighbor *&aNeighbor)
{
Error error = kErrorUnknownNeighbor;
Mac::Address macAddress;
aNeighbor = nullptr;
VerifyOrExit(aDestination.IsLinkLocalUnicast());
aDestination.GetIid().ConvertToMacAddress(macAddress);
aNeighbor = Get<NeighborTable>().FindNeighbor(macAddress);
VerifyOrExit(aNeighbor != nullptr);
VerifyOrExit(aNeighbor->GetVersion() >= kThreadVersion1p2, error = kErrorNotCapable);
error = kErrorNone;
exit:
return error;
}
#endif // OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_MLE_LINK_METRICS_INITIATOR_ENABLE
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_MLE_LINK_METRICS_SUBJECT_ENABLE
Subject::Subject(Instance &aInstance)
: InstanceLocator(aInstance)
{
}
Error Subject::AppendReport(Message &aMessage, const Message &aRequestMessage, Neighbor &aNeighbor)
{
Error error = kErrorNone;
Tlv tlv;
Tlv::ParsedInfo tlvInfo;
uint8_t queryId;
bool hasQueryId = false;
uint16_t length;
uint16_t offset;
OffsetRange offsetRange;
MetricsValues values;
values.Clear();
// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
// Parse MLE Link Metrics Query TLV and its sub-TLVs from
// `aRequestMessage`.
SuccessOrExit(error =
Tlv::FindTlvValueOffsetRange(aRequestMessage, Mle::Tlv::Type::kLinkMetricsQuery, offsetRange));
for (; !offsetRange.IsEmpty(); offsetRange.AdvanceOffset(tlvInfo.GetSize()))
{
SuccessOrExit(error = tlvInfo.ParseFrom(aRequestMessage, offsetRange));
if (tlvInfo.mIsExtended)
{
continue;
}
switch (tlvInfo.mType)
{
case SubTlv::kQueryId:
SuccessOrExit(error =
Tlv::Read<QueryIdSubTlv>(aRequestMessage, tlvInfo.mTlvOffsetRange.GetOffset(), queryId));
hasQueryId = true;
break;
case SubTlv::kQueryOptions:
SuccessOrExit(error =
ReadTypeIdsFromMessage(aRequestMessage, tlvInfo.mValueOffsetRange, values.GetMetrics()));
break;
default:
break;
}
}
VerifyOrExit(hasQueryId, error = kErrorParse);
// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
// Append MLE Link Metrics Report TLV and its sub-TLVs to
// `aMessage`.
offset = aMessage.GetLength();
tlv.SetType(Mle::Tlv::kLinkMetricsReport);
SuccessOrExit(error = aMessage.Append(tlv));
if (queryId == kQueryIdSingleProbe)
{
values.mPduCountValue = aRequestMessage.GetPsduCount();
values.mLqiValue = aRequestMessage.GetAverageLqi();
values.mLinkMarginValue = Get<Mac::Mac>().ComputeLinkMargin(aRequestMessage.GetAverageRss());
values.mRssiValue = aRequestMessage.GetAverageRss();
SuccessOrExit(error = AppendReportSubTlvToMessage(aMessage, values));
}
else
{
SeriesInfo *seriesInfo = aNeighbor.GetForwardTrackingSeriesInfo(queryId);
if (seriesInfo == nullptr)
{
SuccessOrExit(error = Tlv::Append<StatusSubTlv>(aMessage, kStatusSeriesIdNotRecognized));
}
else if (seriesInfo->GetPduCount() == 0)
{
SuccessOrExit(error = Tlv::Append<StatusSubTlv>(aMessage, kStatusNoMatchingFramesReceived));
}
else
{
values.SetMetrics(seriesInfo->GetLinkMetrics());
values.mPduCountValue = seriesInfo->GetPduCount();
values.mLqiValue = seriesInfo->GetAverageLqi();
values.mLinkMarginValue = Get<Mac::Mac>().ComputeLinkMargin(seriesInfo->GetAverageRss());
values.mRssiValue = seriesInfo->GetAverageRss();
SuccessOrExit(error = AppendReportSubTlvToMessage(aMessage, values));
}
}
// Update the TLV length in message.
length = aMessage.GetLength() - offset - sizeof(Tlv);
tlv.SetLength(static_cast<uint8_t>(length));
aMessage.Write(offset, tlv);
exit:
LogDebg("AppendReport, error:%s", ErrorToString(error));
return error;
}
Error Subject::HandleManagementRequest(const Message &aMessage, Neighbor &aNeighbor, Status &aStatus)
{
Error error = kErrorNone;
OffsetRange offsetRange;
Tlv::ParsedInfo tlvInfo;
FwdProbingRegSubTlv fwdProbingSubTlv;
EnhAckConfigSubTlv enhAckConfigSubTlv;
Metrics metrics;
SuccessOrExit(error = Tlv::FindTlvValueOffsetRange(aMessage, Mle::Tlv::Type::kLinkMetricsManagement, offsetRange));
// Set sub-TLV lengths to zero to indicate that we have
// not yet seen them in the message.
fwdProbingSubTlv.SetLength(0);
enhAckConfigSubTlv.SetLength(0);
for (; !offsetRange.IsEmpty(); offsetRange.AdvanceOffset(tlvInfo.GetSize()))
{
uint16_t minTlvSize;
Tlv *subTlv;
OffsetRange tlvOffsetRange;
SuccessOrExit(error = tlvInfo.ParseFrom(aMessage, offsetRange));
if (tlvInfo.mIsExtended)
{
continue;
}
tlvOffsetRange = tlvInfo.mTlvOffsetRange;
switch (tlvInfo.mType)
{
case SubTlv::kFwdProbingReg:
subTlv = &fwdProbingSubTlv;
minTlvSize = sizeof(Tlv) + FwdProbingRegSubTlv::kMinLength;
break;
case SubTlv::kEnhAckConfig:
subTlv = &enhAckConfigSubTlv;
minTlvSize = sizeof(Tlv) + EnhAckConfigSubTlv::kMinLength;
break;
default:
continue;
}
// Ensure message contains only one sub-TLV.
VerifyOrExit(fwdProbingSubTlv.GetLength() == 0, error = kErrorParse);
VerifyOrExit(enhAckConfigSubTlv.GetLength() == 0, error = kErrorParse);
VerifyOrExit(tlvInfo.GetSize() >= minTlvSize, error = kErrorParse);
// Read `subTlv` with its `minTlvSize`, followed by the Type IDs.
SuccessOrExit(error = aMessage.Read(tlvOffsetRange, subTlv, minTlvSize));
tlvOffsetRange.AdvanceOffset(minTlvSize);
SuccessOrExit(error = ReadTypeIdsFromMessage(aMessage, tlvOffsetRange, metrics));
}
if (fwdProbingSubTlv.GetLength() != 0)
{
aStatus = ConfigureForwardTrackingSeries(fwdProbingSubTlv.GetSeriesId(), fwdProbingSubTlv.GetSeriesFlagsMask(),
metrics, aNeighbor);
}
if (enhAckConfigSubTlv.GetLength() != 0)
{
aStatus = ConfigureEnhAckProbing(enhAckConfigSubTlv.GetEnhAckFlags(), metrics, aNeighbor);
}
exit:
return error;
}
Error Subject::HandleLinkProbe(const Message &aMessage, uint8_t &aSeriesId)
{
Error error = kErrorNone;
OffsetRange offsetRange;
SuccessOrExit(error = Tlv::FindTlvValueOffsetRange(aMessage, Mle::Tlv::Type::kLinkProbe, offsetRange));
error = aMessage.Read(offsetRange, aSeriesId);
exit:
return error;
}
Error Subject::AppendReportSubTlvToMessage(Message &aMessage, const MetricsValues &aValues)
{
Error error = kErrorNone;
ReportSubTlv reportTlv;
reportTlv.Init();
if (aValues.mMetrics.mPduCount)
{
reportTlv.SetMetricsTypeId(TypeId::kPdu);
reportTlv.SetMetricsValue32(aValues.mPduCountValue);
SuccessOrExit(error = reportTlv.AppendTo(aMessage));
}
if (aValues.mMetrics.mLqi)
{
reportTlv.SetMetricsTypeId(TypeId::kLqi);
reportTlv.SetMetricsValue8(aValues.mLqiValue);
SuccessOrExit(error = reportTlv.AppendTo(aMessage));
}
if (aValues.mMetrics.mLinkMargin)
{
reportTlv.SetMetricsTypeId(TypeId::kLinkMargin);
reportTlv.SetMetricsValue8(ScaleLinkMarginToRawValue(aValues.mLinkMarginValue));
SuccessOrExit(error = reportTlv.AppendTo(aMessage));
}
if (aValues.mMetrics.mRssi)
{
reportTlv.SetMetricsTypeId(TypeId::kRssi);
reportTlv.SetMetricsValue8(ScaleRssiToRawValue(aValues.mRssiValue));
SuccessOrExit(error = reportTlv.AppendTo(aMessage));
}
exit:
return error;
}
void Subject::Free(SeriesInfo &aSeriesInfo) { mSeriesInfoPool.Free(aSeriesInfo); }
Error Subject::ReadTypeIdsFromMessage(const Message &aMessage, const OffsetRange &aOffsetRange, Metrics &aMetrics)
{
Error error = kErrorNone;
OffsetRange offsetRange = aOffsetRange;
aMetrics.Clear();
while (!offsetRange.IsEmpty())
{
uint8_t typeId;
SuccessOrExit(aMessage.Read(offsetRange, typeId));
switch (typeId)
{
case TypeId::kPdu:
VerifyOrExit(!aMetrics.mPduCount, error = kErrorParse);
aMetrics.mPduCount = true;
break;
case TypeId::kLqi:
VerifyOrExit(!aMetrics.mLqi, error = kErrorParse);
aMetrics.mLqi = true;
break;
case TypeId::kLinkMargin:
VerifyOrExit(!aMetrics.mLinkMargin, error = kErrorParse);
aMetrics.mLinkMargin = true;
break;
case TypeId::kRssi:
VerifyOrExit(!aMetrics.mRssi, error = kErrorParse);
aMetrics.mRssi = true;
break;
default:
if (TypeId::IsExtended(typeId))
{
offsetRange.AdvanceOffset(sizeof(uint8_t)); // Skip the additional second byte.
}
else
{
aMetrics.mReserved = true;
}
break;
}
offsetRange.AdvanceOffset(sizeof(uint8_t));
}
exit:
return error;
}
Status Subject::ConfigureForwardTrackingSeries(uint8_t aSeriesId,
uint8_t aSeriesFlagsMask,
const Metrics &aMetrics,
Neighbor &aNeighbor)
{
Status status = kStatusSuccess;
VerifyOrExit(0 < aSeriesId, status = kStatusOtherError);
if (aSeriesFlagsMask == 0) // Remove the series
{
if (aSeriesId == kSeriesIdAllSeries) // Remove all
{
aNeighbor.RemoveAllForwardTrackingSeriesInfo();
}
else
{
SeriesInfo *seriesInfo = aNeighbor.RemoveForwardTrackingSeriesInfo(aSeriesId);
VerifyOrExit(seriesInfo != nullptr, status = kStatusSeriesIdNotRecognized);
mSeriesInfoPool.Free(*seriesInfo);
}
}
else // Add a new series
{
SeriesInfo *seriesInfo = aNeighbor.GetForwardTrackingSeriesInfo(aSeriesId);
VerifyOrExit(seriesInfo == nullptr, status = kStatusSeriesIdAlreadyRegistered);
seriesInfo = mSeriesInfoPool.Allocate();
VerifyOrExit(seriesInfo != nullptr, status = kStatusCannotSupportNewSeries);
seriesInfo->Init(aSeriesId, aSeriesFlagsMask, aMetrics);
aNeighbor.AddForwardTrackingSeriesInfo(*seriesInfo);
}
exit:
return status;
}
Status Subject::ConfigureEnhAckProbing(uint8_t aEnhAckFlags, const Metrics &aMetrics, Neighbor &aNeighbor)
{
Status status = kStatusSuccess;
Error error = kErrorNone;
VerifyOrExit(!aMetrics.mReserved, status = kStatusOtherError);
if (aEnhAckFlags == kEnhAckRegister)
{
VerifyOrExit(!aMetrics.mPduCount, status = kStatusOtherError);
VerifyOrExit(aMetrics.mLqi || aMetrics.mLinkMargin || aMetrics.mRssi, status = kStatusOtherError);
VerifyOrExit(!(aMetrics.mLqi && aMetrics.mLinkMargin && aMetrics.mRssi), status = kStatusOtherError);
error = Get<Radio>().ConfigureEnhAckProbing(aMetrics, aNeighbor.GetRloc16(), aNeighbor.GetExtAddress());
}
else if (aEnhAckFlags == kEnhAckClear)
{
VerifyOrExit(!aMetrics.mLqi && !aMetrics.mLinkMargin && !aMetrics.mRssi, status = kStatusOtherError);
error = Get<Radio>().ConfigureEnhAckProbing(aMetrics, aNeighbor.GetRloc16(), aNeighbor.GetExtAddress());
}
else
{
status = kStatusOtherError;
}
VerifyOrExit(error == kErrorNone, status = kStatusOtherError);
exit:
return status;
}
#endif // OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_MLE_LINK_METRICS_SUBJECT_ENABLE
uint8_t ScaleLinkMarginToRawValue(uint8_t aLinkMargin)
{
// Linearly scale Link Margin from [0, 130] to [0, 255].
// `kMaxLinkMargin = 130`.
uint16_t value;
value = Min(aLinkMargin, kMaxLinkMargin);
value = value * NumericLimits<uint8_t>::kMax;
value = DivideAndRoundToClosest<uint16_t>(value, kMaxLinkMargin);
return static_cast<uint8_t>(value);
}
uint8_t ScaleRawValueToLinkMargin(uint8_t aRawValue)
{
// Scale back raw value of [0, 255] to Link Margin from [0, 130].
uint16_t value = aRawValue;
value = value * kMaxLinkMargin;
value = DivideAndRoundToClosest<uint16_t>(value, NumericLimits<uint8_t>::kMax);
return static_cast<uint8_t>(value);
}
uint8_t ScaleRssiToRawValue(int8_t aRssi)
{
// Linearly scale RSSI from [-130, 0] to [0, 255].
// `kMinRssi = -130`, `kMaxRssi = 0`.
int32_t value = aRssi;
value = Clamp(value, kMinRssi, kMaxRssi) - kMinRssi;
value = value * NumericLimits<uint8_t>::kMax;
value = DivideAndRoundToClosest<int32_t>(value, kMaxRssi - kMinRssi);
return static_cast<uint8_t>(value);
}
int8_t ScaleRawValueToRssi(uint8_t aRawValue)
{
int32_t value = aRawValue;
value = value * (kMaxRssi - kMinRssi);
value = DivideAndRoundToClosest<int32_t>(value, NumericLimits<uint8_t>::kMax);
value += kMinRssi;
return ClampToInt8(value);
}
} // namespace LinkMetrics
} // namespace ot
#endif // OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_MLE_LINK_METRICS_INITIATOR_ENABLE || OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_MLE_LINK_METRICS_SUBJECT_ENABLE
``` |
Nomin Bold () is a Mongolian painter born in 1982 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. She is part of a new generation of artists which uses the Mongol Zurag painting style. Nomin Bold studied Mongol Zurag at the School of Fine Arts at the Mongolian University of Arts and Culture. According to her, Nomin's paintings are influenced by the Buddhist Thangka paintings. She is married to a Mongolian artist Baatarzorig Batjargal.
dokumenta 14
Two of her paintings, One Day of Mongolia 2017 (acrylic, gold sheets on canvas, 150×200 cm) and Grey Palace 2017 (acrylic on canvas, 150×200 cm) had been shown at documenta 14 in Kassel, Germany, at the Natural History Museum Ottoneum.
Notable exhibitions
Solo exhibitions
2014 Naughty Game, at Art Space 976+, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Group exhibitions
2018 2nd Yinchuan Biennale, at Yinchuan, China
2017 documenta 14, at Kassel, Germany
2015 Asia Pacific Triennial, at Queensland, Australia
Paintings at Google Arts & Culture
The Painting Tomorrow at Google Arts & Culture
The Painting Labyrinth game at Google Arts & Culture
References
External links
Interview with Nomin Bold
Other paintings from Nomin Bold
About Nomin Bold aichitriennale 2016
About Nomin Bold in yinchuanbiennale
Nomin Bold in art avenue
The Painting Tomorrow (2014) from Nomin Bold is discussed
1982 births
Mongolian painters
Modern painters
Living people
21st-century Mongolian painters
21st-century Mongolian women |
Yunreng (6 June 1674 – 27 January 1725), born Yinreng, was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty. He was the second among the Kangxi Emperor's sons to survive into adulthood and was designated as Crown Prince for two terms between 1675 and 1712 before being deposed. He was posthumously honoured as Prince Limi of the First Rank.
Biography
Yunreng was born of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan as the seventh son of the Kangxi Emperor, but was the second among the emperor's sons to survive into adulthood. He was given the infant name "Baocheng" (保成), and was renamed "Yinreng" when he became older. His mother was the Kangxi Emperor's first empress, Empress Xiaochengren from the Hešeri clan, who was also a granddaughter of Sonin (one of the four regents in the Kangxi Emperor's early reign). She died not long after giving birth to Yinreng, and was greatly lamented by the Kangxi Emperor.
The Kangxi Emperor personally taught Yinreng to read and he proclaimed Yinreng as his Crown Prince when Yinreng was only a year old. Under the tutelage of several scholar-officials, Yinreng became well-versed in the Chinese and Manchu languages. Between 1696 and 1697, when the Kangxi Emperor was away twice on military campaigns against Galdan Khan of the Zunghar Khanate, Yinreng was appointed as regent to supervise affairs in the imperial capital, Beijing. Despite scandals and accusations of immorality, Yinreng remained in his father's favour and was given the Western Gardens (西花園) of Beijing as his residence.
In 1703, Yinreng's granduncle Songgotu was found guilty of attempting to murder the Kangxi Emperor, along with a series of corruption charges, and was imprisoned and died shortly afterwards. Yinreng gradually fell out of his father's favour as a result. In 1708, during a hunting expedition in Rehe, the Kangxi Emperor accused Yinreng of immorality, sexual impropriety, usurping power, and treason. Yinreng was stripped of his position as Crown Prince and imprisoned. When it was later discovered that the First Prince Yinzhi had employed lamas to cast evil spells on Yinreng, the Kangxi Emperor pardoned Yinreng in 1709 and restored him as Crown Prince. In the following three years, Yinreng's condition deteriorated and the Kangxi Emperor became convinced that Yinreng was insane. Consequently, in 1712, Yinreng was deposed again and placed in perpetual confinement.
In 1722, the Kangxi Emperor died and was succeeded by his fourth son Yinzhen, who became historically known as the Yongzheng Emperor. Yinreng changed his name to Yunreng to avoid naming taboo because the Chinese character for "Yin" (胤) in "Yinreng" is the same as the one in the Yongzheng Emperor's personal name "Yinzhen" (胤禛). Yunreng died three years later in 1725 while still being incarcerated. He was granted the posthumous title of "Prince Limi of the First Rank" (和碩理密親王).
The bitter factionalism between the Kangxi Emperor's sons and the dispute over the succession prompted the Yongzheng Emperor to establish a practice of writing a secret imperial edict on who would succeed to the throne, and sealing the edict in a box behind a tablet in the Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City. The edict would only be publicly revealed upon the death of the reigning emperor.
Family
Primary Consort
Imperial Princess Consort Limi, of the Gūwalgiya clan (和碩亲王福晋 瓜爾佳氏; d. July/August 1718)Titles: Crown Princess (皇太子妃), Primary Consort to the Seventh Prince (七王子嫡福晋), Imperial Princess Consort Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王福晋)
Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; 25 September 1697 – 5 May 1735), third daughter
Married Alabutan (阿喇布坦) of the Tumed in June/July 1720
Secondary Consort
Secondary Consort, of the Ligiya clan (側福晉 李佳氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Crown Prince (皇太子侧妃), Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)
First son (4 February 1692 – 27 December 1701)
First daughter (27 May 1693 – June/July 1693)
Second daughter (11 March 1694 – March/April 1694)
Hongxi, Prince Li of the First Rank (理親王 弘晳; 25 August 1694 – 26 October 1742), second son
Secondary consort, of the Lingiya clan (側福晉 林佳氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Crown Prince (皇太子侧妃), Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)
Hongjin, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公 弘晉; 14 November 1696 – 23 April 1717), third son
Princess of the Fourth Rank (縣主; 10 January 1715 – 12 July 1762), ninth daughter
Married Cewangduo'erji (策旺多爾濟; d. 1751) of the Aohan in January/February 1730
Secondary consort, of the Tanggiya clan (側福晉 唐佳氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Crown Prince (皇太子侧妃), Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)
Fourth son (1 November 1704 – 4 February 1706)
Princess Shushen of the Second Rank (和碩淑慎公主; 24 January 1708 – 23 October 1784), sixth daughter
Married Janggimboo (觀音保; d. 1735) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in December 1726 or January 1727
Hongyan, Duke Kexi of the Second Rank (輔國恪僖公 弘曣; 5 August 1712 – 19 May 1750), sixth son
Secondary consort, of the Cenggiya clan (側福晉 程佳氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)
Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; 2 March 1714 – 21 November 1760), eighth daughter
Married Pengsukelashi (彭蘇克拉氏) of the Aohan Borjigit clan in January/February 1731
Tenth daughter (27 July 1717 – February/March 1720)
Hongwei, Prince Like of the Second Rank (理恪郡王 弘㬙; 27 January 1719 – 25 September 1780), tenth son
Hongwan, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公 弘晥; 6 November 1724 – 29 May 1775), 12th son
Secondary consort, of the Wanyan clan (側福晉 完颜氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)
Hongtiao, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公 弘晀; 16 June 1714 – 28 August 1774), seventh son
Hongbing (弘昞; 8 February 1720 – 4 May 1763), 11th son
Concubine
Concubine, of the Fangiya clan (范佳氏)Titles: Crown Prince's Concubine (皇太子庶妃), Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)
Fourth daughter (16 March 1706)
Fifth daughter (4 January 1708 – February/March 1712)
Concubine, of the Liu clan (劉氏)Titles: Crown Prince's Concubine (皇太子庶妃), Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)
Fifth son (16 December 1708)
Concubine, of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏)Titles: Crown Prince's Concubine (皇太子庶妃), Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)
Seventh daughter (25 November 1711 – November/December 1716)
11th daughter (27 July 1717 – 29 March 1725)
Concubine, of the Qian clan (錢氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)
Eighth son (1 March 1715 – 4 July 1726)
Concubine, of the Qiu clan (邱氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)
Hongyao (弘暚; 3 July 1716 – 9 February 1783), ninth son
Concubine, of the Qi clan (祁氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)
Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; 14 November 1717 – 30 April 1776), 12th daughter
Married Kaying'a (喀英阿) of the Kharchin in January/February 1732
Concubine, of the Zhu clan (朱氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)
13th daughter (4 February 1718 – May/June 1719)
Concubine, of the Pei clan (裴氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)
14th daughter (25 April 1722 – August/September 1722)
Ancestry
In fiction and popular culture
Portrayed by Xu Min in Yongzheng Dynasty (1999)
Portrayed by Zong Fengyan in Palace (2011)
Portrayed by Zhang Lei in Scarlet Heart (2011)
Portrayed by Lam Chi-chung in The Palace (2013)
Portrayed by Power Chan in Gilded Chopsticks (2014)
Portrayed by Liao Yan Long in Love In The Imperial Palace (2017)
Portrayed by Ni Song Yang in Dreaming Back To Qing Dynasty (2019)
See also
Prince Li (理)
Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing
Mongolian nobility#Qing period and Boghda Khaan Mongolia
References
1674 births
1725 deaths
Manchu politicians
Kangxi Emperor's sons
Chinese people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Chinese detention
Qing dynasty government officials
Heirs apparent who never acceded |
Stanwell Park railway station is located on the South Coast railway line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the seaside village of Stanwell Park opening on 23 December 1901, relocating to its current location on 10 October 1920.
Buildings and railway history
The original rail line followed what is now Lawrence Hargrave Drive, curving around the southern headland and through Stanwell Park. The station opened on 14 March 1890 at its original site opposite Station Street under the footbridge. To the north the line followed Chellow Dene Avenue to the Otford Tunnel through Bald Hill.
A platform was provided on the eastern side on 24 April 1890, and was moved to the western side to make room for a crossing loop which opened on 23 December 1901. Station buildings were added on 4 June 1903 and a signal box on 17 May 1909. A second platform was provided on 13 July 1909, and the footbridge over the station installed on 9 October 1911.
To the north a steep grade of 1 in 40 faced northbound trains almost all the way to Otford. This combined with the long Otford Tunnel meant that many trains were divided at Stanwell Park and hauled through to Otford or Waterfall in stages. Refuge sidings were provided for northbound trains at Stanwell Park from 17 December 1912 so that the rear portion of divided trains no longer had to be left on the main line.
In 1920, the original single line was replaced with a double track deviation. The deviation avoided the Otford Tunnel and steep grades by tracing around the Stanwell Park amphitheatre at a higher level, and the present station was constructed. The new line featured an eight span, long, high curved viaduct over Stanwell Creek south of the station which required over three million bricks in its construction.
Platforms and services
Stanwell Park has two side platforms and is serviced by NSW TrainLink South Coast line services travelling between Waterfall and Port Kembla. Some peak hour and late night services operate to Sydney Central, Bondi Junction and Kiama.
Transport links
Premier Charters operates two bus routes via Stanwell Park station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
2: to Wollongong via Thirroul
15: to Helensburgh station
References
External links
Stanwell Park station details Transport for New South Wales
Buildings and structures in Wollongong
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1890
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1920
Regional railway stations in New South Wales |
Jiří Suchý (born 1 October 1931) is a Czech actor and writer. He also writes music. Currently he is the owner of the theatre Semafor in Prague where he has performed for many years and which he helped to establish in 1959.
See also
Tante Cose da Veder with Petr Hapka, Michal Horáček & Ondřej Brzobohatý
References
External links
1931 births
Living people
Actors from Plzeň
20th-century Czech dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Czech poets
Czech male dramatists and playwrights
Czech male poets
Czech male stage actors
Czech male film actors
Czech songwriters
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)
Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Recipients of the Thalia Award |
Enuresis is a repeated inability to control urination. Use of the term is usually limited to describing people old enough to be expected to exercise such control. Involuntary urination is also known as urinary incontinence. The term "enuresis" comes from the .
Enuresis has been previously viewed as a psychiatric condition, however, scientific evidence has shown this view to be unsupported through current understanding of the condition and its underlying causes.
Management of enuresis varies and includes either mitigation via specialized nightwear or bedding, or identification and correction of the underlying cause, behavioral therapy, and the use of medications.
Signs and symptoms
Nocturnal enuresis usually presents with voiding of urine during sleep in a child for whom it is difficult to wake. It may be accompanied by bladder dysfunction during the day which is termed non-mono symptomatic enuresis. Day time enuresis, also known as urinary incontinence, may also be accompanied by bladder dysfunction.
The symptoms of bladder dysfunction include:
Urge incontinence – the presence of an overwhelming urge to urinate, frequent urination, attempts to hold the urine and urinary tract infections.
Voiding postponement – delaying urination in certain situations such as school.
Stress incontinence – incontinence that occurs in situations when increased intra-abdominal pressure occurs such as coughing.
Giggling incontinence – incontinence that occurs when laughing.
Secondary incontinence usually occurs in the context of a new life event that is stressful such as abuse or parental divorce.
Signs indicating a child has a daytime wetting condition may include:
urgency to urinate with leakage of urine
urinating 8 times a day or more
urinating less than a regular amount of 4-7 times a day (infrequent urination)
inability to fully empty the bladder when urinating (incomplete urination)
avoiding urine leakage through physical compensation, like squatting, squirming, leg crossing, or heel sitting.
Signs indicating a child has a nighttime wetting condition, if they are at least 5 years old, may include:
bedwetting that occurs at least 2 times a week over at least 3 months
reoccurrence of bedwetting after 6 months of no bedwetting.
Impact
It is recommended that children are made aware that bedwetting is not their fault, especially due to preconceived notions of inadequate parenting or psychiatric issues leading to enuresis. Untreated enuresis may lead to a lack of self-esteem or avoidance of social activities. Children with nocturnal enuresis are found to have lower quality of life, but it is not clear which aspects are most affected. More studies are needed to understand the impact of nocturnal enuresis on parents.
Causes
Bedwetting children are often normal emotionally and physically, although enuresis can be caused by other health conditions. Primary nocturnal enuresis can have multiple causes, which can make approaching a course of treatment more difficult.
Enuresis can be caused by one or more of the following:
Caffeine consumption
Caffeine is a diuretic, which means that it increases urine production. Reports from those who have failed enuresis treatment say that they were not recommended to limit caffeine and that they mostly consume 2 to 4 mg/kg/day.
Pattern and volume of fluid intake
A pediatric day can be categorized into 3 periods: 7 AM to 12 PM, 12 PM to 5 PM, and after 5 PM. Children with enuresis are usually dehydrated and drink the most after 5 PM. This can be remedied by having the child drink 40% of daily fluid requirement before noon, 40% from noon to 4:30 PM, and 20% in the evening.
Lower functional bladder capacity
Children with enuresis have lower functional bladder capacity than healthy children. This means that their bladders hold less urine, often over 50% less.
Dysfunctional voiding
Both bladder voiding and storage problems may be present with dysfunctional voiding and may be present at any age. It is characterized by an obstruction of the bladder as a result of a non-neurogenic cause, which is due to the muscles controlling urine flow that do not completely relax. Symptoms may include daytime wetting, night wetting, urgency, a feeling that the bladder is always full, and straining to urinate.
Urinary tract infection
It is uncommon for nocturnal enuresis, in the absence of other symptoms, to be caused by an infection. Pinworms have also been linked with sudden onset enuresis in young girls.
Delay in maturation and development
Mastering urinary control during sleep time is a normal part of childhood development and may be delayed by stress and social pressures. The risk for enuresis increases threefold for children who experience stress, demonstrated by the higher prevalence of enuresis in lower socioeconomic groups.
Anxiety experienced by a child between ages 2 to 4 also increases the risk for enuresis because this particular time period is sensitive for the development of nighttime bladder control.
Nocturnal enuresis has been found to be more common in those with developmental delay, physical or intellectual disabilities, and psychological or behavioral disorders.
Bladder instability
Urodynamic sleep studies show that enuretic children have high pressure bladder contractions more frequently while they are asleep when compared to healthy children.
Nocturnal polyuria and antidiuretic hormone secretion
Nocturnal polyuria is defined as having more than 130% of the expected bladder capacity, which is specific for each age. Many children with nocturnal enuresis have altered nighttime secretion levels of antidiuretic hormone, which controls water retention in the body. This results in low antidiuretic hormone levels and excessive amounts of urine produced during sleep time.
Sleep disorders
The inability to wake from sleep has been understood as one cause of nocturnal enuresis, however studies focused on the importance of the time of night in which enuresis episodes occur have shown inconsistent results. Parents often report that their bedwetting children are very difficult to awaken from sleep, therefore research regarding enuresis has also aimed to elucidate why children with enuresis do not awaken from the sensation of a full bladder. Some studies have led to hypotheses that children with enuresis have altered hemodynamics during sleep (in terms of measurements of blood pressure and heart rate), sleep-disordered breathing, and altered hypothalamus function leading to a lack of bladder control during sleep.
Genetics
Enuresis is also theorized to be a hereditary condition based on epidemiological and genetic studies. Although several genes are considered of interest in relation to enuresis, lack of a single gene that may cause enuresis means that individuals of a family may have differing genetic mechanisms resulting in the condition.
Pathophysiology
Currently, nocturnal enuresis is understood to be caused by three main underlying factors: excess urine production at night, lack of capacity for bladder storage, and inability to wake from sleep, with pathogenesis possibly varying based on presence of daytime symptoms. The inability to control the detrusor muscle has been theorized as a possible pathophysiological cause of enuresis, which may explain why anticholinergic drugs are effective as medication therapy, since they act on the detrusor muscles.
Diagnosis
Clinical definition of enuresis is urinary incontinence beyond age of 4 years for daytime and beyond 6 years for nighttime, or loss of continence after three months of dryness.
Current DSM-5 criteria:
Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (whether involuntary or intentional)
Behavior must be clinically significant as manifested by either a frequency of twice a week for at least three consecutive months or the presence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning.
Chronological age is at least 5 years of age (or equivalent developmental level).
The behavior is not due exclusively to the direct physiological effect of a substance (such as a diuretic) or a general medical condition (such as diabetes, spina bifida, a seizure disorder, etc.).
All these criteria must be met in order to diagnose an individual. Generally, healthcare providers may further investigate for bladder control issues if a child is still enuretic in the daytime by age 4, or if they are still enuretic at nighttime by age 5 or 6.
Classification
The International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) has developed the following standard terminology:
Primary enuresis refers to children who have never been successfully trained to control urination.
Secondary enuresis refers to children who have been successfully trained and are continent for at least 6 months but revert to wetting in a response to some sort of stressful situation.
There are 2 categories of enuresis:
Monosymptomatic enuresis (MNE) – Does not include bladder dysfunction during daytime.
Nonmonosymptomatic enuresis (NMNE) – Includes bladder dysfunction causing daytime incontinence that is frequent and urgent. Wetting that occurs in the daytime is sometimes referred to as diurnal enuresis. Other conditions, or comorbidities, that commonly accompany enuresis may be expected to be more common with NMNE.
Management
There are a number of management options for enuresis. Management of enuresis, both nocturnal and daytime, can include behavioral therapy, drug therapy, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and other alternative medicine therapies. Treatment of enuresis for children under 5 years old is not recommended. In adults with nocturnal enuresis, use of a bedwetting diary, which keeps track of when enuresis occurs, may be helpful for healthcare providers to figure out the causes of a person's enuresis and their best route for treatment.
Behavioral therapy
Simple behavioral interventions may prove to be superior in comparison to no ongoing form of treatment and are recommended as initial treatment.
Nighttime fluid limitation
Enuresis alarm – includes sleeping mats with electrical circuits; alarms with sensors placed in child's underwear; alarms that are wired or wireless and produce noise, vibration, or light; and alarm clocks or mobile phones for older individuals
Motivational therapy
Bladder training – training the bladder to hold more urine
Reward systems – give star charts for dry nights
Lifting – carrying the child, who is still asleep, away from the bed to an appropriate place to urinate
Waking a child up at night is not a medically supported long-term cure or solution for nocturnal enuresis, and may just be a one-time solution even if it appears to resolve enuresis.
Neurostimulation
Evidence suggests that neurostimulation therapy may be an efficacious and safe form of treatment of pediatric primary enuresis, also known as bedwetting. Neurostimulation of the sacral nerve is an option for children in which all other therapies have failed. Neurostimulation treatment of adult enuresis may be considered prior to pursuing surgical methods. For adult enuresis, sacral nerve stimulation can be administered to decrease bladder muscle activity so that the bladder muscles are not constantly in a contracted state to help improve enuresis symptoms.
Hypnotherapy
Hypnotherapy is often performed under the guidance of a licensed clinician or hypnotherapist. It is a guided state of relaxation, concentration and focused attention, and is often where the individual is in a guided trance-like state to treat conditions such as pediatric enuresis. However, some studies have shown that the utilization of enuresis alarm may be more effective than hypnotherapy. On the other hand, certain types of hypnotherapy may be more effective compared to no treatment of enuresis, but evidence is insufficient.
Medications
Nighttime incontinence may be treated by increasing antidiuretic hormone levels. The hormone can be boosted by a synthetic version known as desmopressin, or DDAVP. Desmopressin is approved by the United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for use in children 6 years and older with primary nocturnal enuresis and is available in both spray and tablet formulations. There is good short-term success rate; however, there is difficulty in keeping the bed dry after medication is stopped.
In children whose enuresis symptoms do not resolve with desmopressin, anticholinergic drugs may be effective as a second-line therapy or as an add-on drug with desmopressin. However currently only oxybutynin has an FDA-approved labeled indication in children aged 6 and older. An additional third-line alternative shown to be effective is the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, however the use of tricyclic antidepressants carries the risk of cardiotoxicity and is not recommended to be given without evaluating a person's risk factors for certain heart diseases.
Acupuncture
There are multiple studies examining the efficacy of acupuncture in treating nocturnal enuresis in children, but the evidence is generally of low quality and has multiple limitations. Therefore, there is not strong evidence to suggest that acupuncture is useful for treating enuresis.
Epidemiology
Approximately 10% of six- to seven-year-olds around the world experience enuresis. While 15% to 20% of five‐year‐old children experience nocturnal enuresis which usually goes away as they grow older, approximately 2% to 5% of young adults experience nocturnal enuresis. About 3% of teenagers and 0.5% to 1% of adults experience enuresis or bedwetting, with the chance of it resolving being lower if it is considered frequent.
History
Enuresis was first documented in the Ebers Papyrus in 1550 BCE. Roman author Gaius Plinius Secundus (CE 23/24–79) (Pliny the Elder) documents nocturnal enuresis in his work, "Natural History" (CE 77), stating that "the incontinence of urine in infants is checked by giving boiled mice in their food." Furthermore, in the eighteenth century, children with enuresis were subjected to a variety of chemical and mechanical treatments including fluid restriction, enemata, the use of an alarm clock, cold baths, warm baths, cold dashes to the perineum and douches to the lower spine.
Enuresis has previously been documented as an occurrence in members of the military. Bedwetting has also been documented as part of neuropsychiatric evaluation of a soldier for discharge. Female members of the military may experience a higher rate of bedwetting than the average person, possibly due to being exposed to lasting psychological stressors as part of military service.
See also
Nocturnal enuresis
Urinary incontinence
References
External links
Urological conditions
Symptoms and signs: Urinary system |
Gaighat is an Indian village in the town of Zamania within the Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh.
Geography
Gaighat is located 35 km south of the district headquarters Ghazipur, 12 km from Zamania, and 363 km from the state capital Lucknow.
Nearby villages include Dhuska (3 km), Deorhi (5 km), Baruin Rural (8 km), Baresar (9 km), and Burhadih (9 km). Gaighat is surrounded by Ramgarh Tehsil and Nuaon Tehsil to the east, Zamania Tehsil to the north, and Durgawati Tehsil to the south.
Gaighat is on the border of the Ghazipur, Kaimur, and Chandauli districts. It is also near the Karamnasha and Ganga rivers, which sometimes causes flooding.
Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, there were 2,281 people and 294 houses in the village, including 1,210 males and 1,071 females. There were 326 children aged 0–6, including 186 males and 140 females, making up 14.29% of the total population.
In 2011, the literacy rate among the population was 76.01%, which was above the state-wide rate of 67.68%. The male literacy rate was 88.57% while the female literacy rate was 52.19%.
Education
The main college in Gaigaht is Baudh Sukhnanadan Inter College. Colleges near Gaighat include Hindu Inter College and Hindu P.G. College.
There is also a government-run primary school which teaches through 8th grade.
Transportation
Zamania Railway Station and Bahora Chandil Railway Station are the nearest railway stations to Gaighat. Mughalsarai Junction railway station is a major railway station, located 49 km from Gaighat.
References
Further reading
Saiyad Hasan Ansari (1986). Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley. Concept Publishing Company. p. 61.
Villages in Ghazipur district |
Major-General Norcliffe Norcliffe (24 September 1791 – 8 February 1862) was a British Army officer and landowner. Having joined the 4th Dragoons in 1807, he fought with them in the Peninsular War, and survived a serious head wound at the Battle of Salamanca in 1812. After the war he continued in the army, transferring to the 17th Lancers and then the 18th Hussars before going on half-pay as a major. Norcliffe continued to purchase promotions and became a major-general in 1855. He inherited the Langton Hall estate from his mother in 1835 but chose to live more in London. He died there at the age of 70 in 1862.
Life
Military career
Norcliffe Norcliffe was born Norcliffe Dalton on 24 September 1791, the eldest son of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Dalton and Anne ( Wilson). Norcliffe had six younger siblings, two brothers and four sisters. His two brothers died at an early age. Norcliffe embarked on a career in the British Army on 5 February 1807, aged 16, as a cornet in the 4th Dragoons. In August 1807 Norcliffe's father changed his surname from Dalton to Norcliffe upon inheriting the Langton Hall estate from his maternal uncle. Norcliffe was then promoted to lieutenant on 30 April 1808, and from April 1809 served with his regiment in the Peninsular War.
Norcliffe fought at the Battle of Talavera on 27 July 1809, and then the Battle of Busaco on 27 September 1810, the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811, and the Battle of Usagre on 25 May the same year. He was severely wounded in the head at the Battle of Salamanca on 22 July 1812. With the French infantry having been broken, Norcliffe was part of the cavalry charging after them. He became separated from his regiment along with a few members of the 5th Dragoon Guards, and was surrounded by French infantry. As he attempted to fight through this force his horse was shot in the ear and turned around, in which moment Norcliffe was shot in the head. He lost his balance and fell from the horse.
Norcliffe lay on the ground, unable to move, and was found by several French infantrymen who took him prisoner and provided some medical care. The British then continued their advance and pushed the French away from Norcliffe. With his wound possibly mortal, he was brought in for treatment by a surgeon. He was nursed back to health by his cousin Susanna Dalbiac, who was the wife of Norcliffe's commanding officer Colonel James Charles Dalbiac. While in hospital on 10 August Norcliffe wrote a letter to his father describing the battle, saying:
Norcliffe continued in the Iberian Peninsula until November. The Napoleonic Wars ended in the following year but Norcliffe stayed in the army and was promoted to captain on 29 February 1816. For his war service he received the Military General Service Medal with four clasps in 1848.
Norcliffe was promoted to major on 20 August 1821, and then transferred to the 17th Lancers on 20 December. Norcliffe transferred again on 22 May 1823, this time to the 18th Hussars. The 18th had in fact been disbanded in 1821, and Norcliffe had transferred to them to go on half pay for what he described as "peculiar private motives". Norcliffe spent the rest of his army career on half pay, continuing to buy his promotions. He was created a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order by William IV in 1836. On 10 January the following year he advanced to lieutenant-colonel. Norcliffe then became a colonel on 11 November 1851, before being promoted by seniority to major-general on 31 August 1855. The National Army Museum suggests that Norcliffe stayed in the army despite not actively serving past 1823 because the commissions kept their value and could be used as an investment.
Family and retirement
Norcliffe inherited Langton Hall from his mother in 1835, but did not stay there often, preferring to instead live in London when he was not partaking in extensive travels of North America and Europe. One of Norcliffe's nieces was the artist Mary Ellen Best, the daughter of his third-born sister Mary. Norcliffe was very close to Best and supported her artistry. She painted a number of scenes of life at Langton Hall and the family there, including some of Norcliffe. In one image Best portrays Norcliffe sitting in his study surrounded by paintings and prints of battles of the Napoleonic Wars, and in another in the dining room having breakfast with his extended family.
Norcliffe married Decima Hester Beatrix Foulis in York on 24 June 1824. The couple had a son, Thomas, in 1825, who died unmarried in 1849. Norcliffe's wife also predeceased him, dying in 1828, and Norcliffe was left without a direct heir. He died in London on 8 February 1862 after an illness of three days, aged 70. He was succeeded by his niece Rosamond Robinson, Best's elder sister, who subsequently changed her surname to Norcliffe by Royal Licence. Norcliffe was buried next to his son in Kensal Green Cemetery.
Notes and citations
Notes
Citations
References
British Army major generals
1791 births
1862 deaths |
Aprey () is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in the Grand Est region in northeastern France.
The commune is famous for its faience. Aprey Faience was produced at a glass-works at Aprey, set up in 1744 by Jacques Lallemont de Villehaut, Baron d'Aprey. The factory closed in 1885.
Population
See also
Communes of the Haute-Marne department
References
Communes of Haute-Marne |
HALE may refer to:
Healthy life expectancy, statistics defined as the average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health"
High-altitude long endurance, a description of an air-borne vehicle which functions optimally at high-altitude
See also
Hale (disambiguation) |
The Caballo Marino Chilote (chilote sea horse) is an aquatic creature of the Chilote mythology of Chile, that bears some resemblance to the hippocampus.
Legend says that the "Caballo marino chilote" is an invisible creature, which could only be seen by those with magical powers.
The creature would look like a normal horse, but would have the longer snout, golden mane, four paws in the form of fins, and a long tail, similar to the tail of a fish. They can exist in various sizes, from dwarfs to giants. The Brujo Chilote (a type of sorcerer or warlock) would use a "Caballo marino chilote" as transportation to get to the Caleuche ghost ship.
References
Bernardo Quintana Mansilla. Chiloé mitológico: mitos, pájaros agoreros, ceremonias mágicas de la provincia de Chiloé. s.n., 1987.
Chilote legendary creatures
Horses in mythology
Sea monsters
Water spirits |
Szczypiorno is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Kalisz, Poland, located in its south-western part. Formerly until 1976 a separate village at the outskirts of the city, it is best known as a seat of a World War I and Polish–Soviet War prisoner of war camp and the name-sake for szczypiorniak, the Polish language name for the game of handball.
Transport
The borough is located along the National Road 25 linking Kalisz with Ostrów Wielkopolski. There is a Kalisz Szczypiorno railway station located in the neighbourhood.
History
As part of the region of Greater Poland, i.e. the cradle of the Polish state, the area formed part of Poland since its establishment in the 10th century. Szczypiorno was a private village of Polish nobility, incl. the Scipierski family, administratively located in the Kalisz County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. In the 19th century Szczypiorno with its garden, forest and restaurants was a popular recreation place for the inhabitants of nearby Kalisz.
During World War I the village housed a German-built prisoner of war camp for soldiers of the Polish Legions following their internment in the aftermath of the so-called Oath crisis. It was there that the internees first started playing a game of handball, that later became popular with the reborn Polish Army and general population. Because of that the game is still commonly referred to as szczypiorniak in Polish.
After World War I the camp remained operational for POWs from Germany and Soviet Russia. As mny as 8,000 Germans were interned for several months. Among the interned was the head of the United Evangelical Church in Poznań, Paul Blau, along with 39 other pastors who were not allowed to travel to Berlin after their release for "political reasons". In July 1919, the church was handed over to the Polish Lutheran Church. Disbanded some time in the early 1920s, it was turned into a Central School of Prison Service, still operational. The 2nd Battalion of the 29th Kaniowski Rifle Regiment of the Polish Army was stationed in Szczypiorno in the interbellum.
Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the village was occupied by Germany and renamed, first to Friedersbrunn and then to Deutschehren, to erase traces of Polish origin. In 1942, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, who were deported to forced labour in Germany and German-annexed Austria, while their houses and farms were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.
In 1976 the village was incorporated into the city of Kalisz.
See also
Oath crisis
References
External links
Szczypiorno in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1890)
Kalisz
Neighbourhoods in Poland |
Young England was a patriotic melodrama written by Walter Reynolds. It ran for 278 performances in the West End in 1934. The play attracted a cult following, transferring from the Victoria Palace Theatre to the Kingsway Theatre and then to Daly's Theatre.
Reynolds was 83 at the time he wrote Young England, and was the owner of several theatres. It was popular with audiences due to its unintentional humour. The show was panned by critics; TIME magazine wrote that they had described it as "the worst show that had opened in London in 20 years". The Times described the play as a "pretty melodrama" that was "betrayed by shame-faced acting" in a September 1934 review, but by March of the following year noted that the "audience are definitely over-rehearsed" speaking the performers lines in "anticipation of their cues".
The plot concerns the machinations of Major Carlingford, a 'betrayer of women, shady promoter and sanctimonious humbug' who conspires with his son to sabotage the plans of a young scoutmaster, parliamentary candidate and councillor who wants to improve the River Thames at Charing Cross. The humorous writer Stephen Pile described it as a 'serious work describing the triumph of good over evil and the Boy Scout movement'.
Stephen Pile included it as the 'Worst West End Play' in his Book of Heroic Failure.
In a December 1939 article TIME magazine wrote that "London's bright boys just had to see what the worst show in 20 years looked like. They screamed with laughter at its superpatriotic goings-on, involving gallant officers, dastardly villains, prostitutes, Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, taints of illegitimacy, stolen papers, stolen cash, the Union Jack".
Reynolds would remonstrate with misbehaving members of the audience during performances of the play.
Original cast
Disabled Soldier – Bruce Moir
Tommy – Albert Bassett
'Enry – William Hallett
Sam – Arnold English
Ronald Spencer – Cyril Aiken
Ikey, Bailiff – E. Somerset
Izzy – Percy Cahill
Dr. Captain Frank Inglehurst V.C. – Gerald Case
Jackson – Reginald Hartley
Jabez Hawk (father) – John Oxford/Guy Middleton
Jabez Hawk (son) – Guy Middleton
Alderman Young – Sydney Compton
Councillor Wild, Superintendent of Police – Nicholas Pymm
Councillor, Scoutmaster, Hope Ravenscroft – Patrick Ludlow
Goggins – Bert Randall
Jack Norman – Reginald Andrews
Rover Scout, Lord Headingly – Barry Storri
Salvation Army Lass – Betty Dorian
Policewoman – Violet Douglas
Mrs Jones – Josie Hammersley
Mrs Maloney – Daisy Maynard
Sophie – Elsie Adams
Mrs Brown – Dorothy Garth
Mrs. Ravenscroft – Vivian O'Connor
Feeble Old Woman – Jessica Black
Louise Palmer – Barbara Savage
Margaret Thursby – Dorothy Pringle
Liza Jenkins – Mary Blackmore
Girl – Cecily Mazur
Mrs Hurst, Mrs Jackson – Irene Graham
Edith Stanley – Betty Aubery
Mrs Stanley – Zita Ponder
Miss Montgomery – Winifred Wright
Mrs Hawk – Mina Greene
Mary Ellen – Diana Moore
Lady Mary Headingly – Sylvia Allen
Duchess of Headingly – Josset Legh
References
External links
Young England – the worst play ever? at JOT101
1934 plays
British plays
Melodramas
Plays set in England
West End plays |
Jason Alexander Pinnock (born June 30, 1999) is an American football safety for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Pittsburgh.
Professional career
New York Jets
Pinnock was selected by the New York Jets in the fifth round, 175th overall, of the 2021 NFL Draft. On May 7, 2021, Pinnock officially signed with the Jets. He was waived on August 30, 2022.
New York Giants
On August 31, 2022, Pinnock was claimed off waivers by the New York Giants.
References
External links
New York Giants bio
Pitt Panthers bio
1999 births
Living people
New York Jets players
New York Giants players
People from Windsor, Connecticut
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
Players of American football from Hartford County, Connecticut
American football cornerbacks |
MicroPort is a multinational medical technology developer and manufacturer that is primarily headquartered in Shanghai, China. It mainly designs and produces medical devices for a range of fields including cardiology, interventional radiology, orthopedics, electrophysiology, and surgical management. MicroPort is considered one of the global Medtech Big 100 and has been consistently known as the leading spender in research and development by percentage of revenue.
History
MicroPort was founded in 1998 by Zhaohua Chang, who currently serves as CEO, chairman, and Director. The company rose to prominence from the early success of its coronary stent line due its focus on serving the needs of the Chinese device market. It is now one of the top global manufacturers of cardiac interventional devices. Notably, it produces the world's first and only commercially available targeted drug eluting stent system, which uses a significantly reduced amount of drug than traditional drug eluting stents while maintaining effectiveness. As of early 2018, MicroPort is one of few medical device companies still developing a commercial coronary bioresorbable stent with ongoing clinical trials.
Beginning in the 2010s, MicroPort has rapidly expanded around the world via international acquisitions to other medical device industries, including orthopedics and cardiac rhythm management. These acquisitions have been followed up with substantial local investment, including a US$398 Million investment in 2019 to develop pacemakers and defibrillators in France.
In 2022, MicroPort established its US headquarters in Irvine, California with facilities that include a manufacturing base and innovation center. As of 2022, its principal business is valued at over US$6.5 Billion.
Acquisitions
In 2014, MicroPort expanded operations in the United States by acquiring Wright Medical's OrthoRecon business to become the 6th largest international producer of orthopedic devices at the time. MicroPort's orthopedic business is based in Arlington, Tennessee and in 2018 has expanded its business into India.
In 2018, MicroPort and LivaNova closed the sale of LivaNova's cardiac rhythm management business for $190M.
In 2018, MicroPort purchased Lombard Medical, a US-based endovascular device company, from bankruptcy after it defaulted on loans in early 2018.
In 2021, MicroPort purchased Hemovent GmbH, a German-based manufacturer of extracorporeal life support systems.
References
Medical device manufacturers
Life sciences industry
Medical technology companies of China
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Health care companies established in 1998
Technology companies established in 1998
Chinese companies established in 1998
Manufacturing companies based in Shanghai
Chinese brands |
Sergej Charin (born 17 November 1963) is a Slovak water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
1963 births
Living people
Slovak male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Slovakia
Water polo players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Lviv |
The Tarunã River is a river of Mato Grosso do Sul state in southwestern Brazil.
See also
List of rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul
References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
Rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul |
SC Jetran Air SRL was a charter airline with its head office in Sector 1, Bucharest, Romania. Its main hub was at Henri Coandă International Airport in Bucharest.
History
JeTran Air as an airline was established in 2005, through a merger with the already existing company Jetran Asset Management, whose crews had been operating and maintaining MD80 Aircraft since 2003. In 2008, Jetran Air flew approximately 7,000 flight hours all over Europe and North Africa for various airline operators on Wet-Lease (ACMI) agreements. It operated scheduled passenger services to a small number of holiday destinations throughout Europe, Wet lease services to other airlines under ACMI contracts and Dry lease contracts.The airline was owned by Ovidiu Tender https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu_Tender.
Destinations
Jetran Air was operating charter flights out of Henri Coandă International Airport, Oradea International Airport.
Fleet
The JeTran Air fleet consisted of the following registered aircraft (as of April 2019):
As of April 2019, the average age of the JeTran Air fleet was 30.7 years.
References
External links
Official website
Defunct airlines of Romania
Airlines established in 2005
Charter airlines
Companies based in Bucharest
Airlines disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Romania
Romanian companies established in 2005 |
Lars Skalm (born Lorentz Skallman, circa 1430 in Pargas) was a Finnish noble, having been granted hereditary nobility by King Christian I of Denmark in 1461 for helping his army against rebels in Sweden. He served as Mayor of Turku from 1501 to 1502.
Bibliography
Ramsay, Jully: Frälsesläkter i Finland intill stora ofreden . Helsinki: Förlagsaktiebolaget Söderström & Co, 1909–16.
Elgenstierna, Gustav: The introductory part of the Swedish adjective . Stockholm: PA Nordstedt & Söner, 1925–34.
Hiekkanen, Markus; Klemelä, Marja; Ahlström-Taavitsainen, Camilla; Rosenlew, Fredrik: Sauvo Church . Sauvo, 1996.
Hausen, Reinhold: Finlands medeltidsurkunder I-VIII . Helsinki: National Archives of Finland, 1910–35.
References
15th-century Finnish nobility
15th-century births
16th-century deaths
Year of death unknown
People from Pargas
Politicians from Turku |
A directional derivative is a concept in multivariable calculus that measures the rate at which a function changes in a particular direction at a given point.
The directional derivative of a multivariable differentiable (scalar) function along a given vector v at a given point x intuitively represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function, moving through x with a velocity specified by v.
The directional derivative of a scalar function f with respect to a vector v at a point (e.g., position) x may be denoted by any of the following:
It therefore generalizes the notion of a partial derivative, in which the rate of change is taken along one of the curvilinear coordinate curves, all other coordinates being constant.
The directional derivative is a special case of the Gateaux derivative.
Definition
The directional derivative of a scalar function
along a vector
is the function defined by the limit
This definition is valid in a broad range of contexts, for example where the norm of a vector (and hence a unit vector) is undefined.
For differentiable functions
If the function f is differentiable at x, then the directional derivative exists along any unit vector v at x, and one has
where the on the right denotes the gradient, is the dot product and v is a unit vector. This follows from defining a path and using the definition of the derivative as a limit which can be calculated along this path to get:
Intuitively, the directional derivative of f at a point x represents the rate of change of f, in the direction of v with respect to time, when moving past x.
Using only direction of vector
In a Euclidean space, some authors define the directional derivative to be with respect to an arbitrary nonzero vector v after normalization, thus being independent of its magnitude and depending only on its direction.
This definition gives the rate of increase of per unit of distance moved in the direction given by . In this case, one has
or in case f is differentiable at x,
Restriction to a unit vector
In the context of a function on a Euclidean space, some texts restrict the vector v to being a unit vector. With this restriction, both the above definitions are equivalent.
Properties
Many of the familiar properties of the ordinary derivative hold for the directional derivative. These include, for any functions f and g defined in a neighborhood of, and differentiable at, p:
sum rule:
constant factor rule: For any constant c,
product rule (or Leibniz's rule):
chain rule: If g is differentiable at p and h is differentiable at g(p), then
In differential geometry
Let be a differentiable manifold and a point of . Suppose that is a function defined in a neighborhood of , and differentiable at . If is a tangent vector to at , then the directional derivative of along , denoted variously as (see Exterior derivative), (see Covariant derivative), (see Lie derivative), or (see ), can be defined as follows. Let be a differentiable curve with and . Then the directional derivative is defined by
This definition can be proven independent of the choice of , provided is selected in the prescribed manner so that .
The Lie derivative
The Lie derivative of a vector field along a vector field is given by the difference of two directional derivatives (with vanishing torsion):
In particular, for a scalar field , the Lie derivative reduces to the standard directional derivative:
The Riemann tensor
Directional derivatives are often used in introductory derivations of the Riemann curvature tensor. Consider a curved rectangle with an infinitesimal vector along one edge and along the other. We translate a covector along then and then subtract the translation along and then . Instead of building the directional derivative using partial derivatives, we use the covariant derivative. The translation operator for is thus
and for ,
The difference between the two paths is then
It can be argued that the noncommutativity of the covariant derivatives measures the curvature of the manifold:
where is the Riemann curvature tensor and the sign depends on the sign convention of the author.
In group theory
Translations
In the Poincaré algebra, we can define an infinitesimal translation operator P as
(the i ensures that P is a self-adjoint operator) For a finite displacement λ, the unitary Hilbert space representation for translations is
By using the above definition of the infinitesimal translation operator, we see that the finite translation operator is an exponentiated directional derivative:
This is a translation operator in the sense that it acts on multivariable functions f(x) as
Rotations
The rotation operator also contains a directional derivative. The rotation operator for an angle θ, i.e. by an amount θ = |θ| about an axis parallel to is
Here L is the vector operator that generates SO(3):
It may be shown geometrically that an infinitesimal right-handed rotation changes the position vector x by
So we would expect under infinitesimal rotation:
It follows that
Following the same exponentiation procedure as above, we arrive at the rotation operator in the position basis, which is an exponentiated directional derivative:
Normal derivative
A normal derivative is a directional derivative taken in the direction normal (that is, orthogonal) to some surface in space, or more generally along a normal vector field orthogonal to some hypersurface. See for example Neumann boundary condition. If the normal direction is denoted by , then the normal derivative of a function f is sometimes denoted as . In other notations,
In the continuum mechanics of solids
Several important results in continuum mechanics require the derivatives of vectors with respect to vectors and of tensors with respect to vectors and tensors. The directional directive provides a systematic way of finding these derivatives.
See also
Notes
References
External links
Directional derivatives at MathWorld.
Directional derivative at PlanetMath.
Differential calculus
Differential geometry
Generalizations of the derivative
Multivariable calculus
Scalars
Rates |
Sprout is an unincorporated community in Nicholas County, Kentucky, United States. It was also known as Buzzard Roost or The Roost. The Sprout Post Office closed in 1907. Of note, the Buzzard Roost Post Office, closed in 1861.
The community was named after the local family (a transcription error accounts for the error in spelling, which was never corrected).
References
Unincorporated communities in Nicholas County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky |
Sadrabad (, also Romanized as Şadrābād) is a village in Hakimabad Rural District, in the Central District of Zarandieh County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,302, in 352 families.
References
Populated places in Zarandieh County |
Günther Deschner (14 May 1941 – 11 January 2023) was a German author, historian, journalist, and filmmaker.
Biography
Born in Fürth on 14 May 1941, Deschner studied history and political science at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg. He was a student of Hans-Joachim Schoeps and received his doctorate in 1968 with the work Gobineau und Deutschland. Der Einfluss von Gobineaus «Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines» auf die deutsche Geistesgeschichte 1853–1917. He then worked as a lecturer and editor for various newspapers and publishers until settling on Die Welt, where he worked until 2005. He continued to contribute to Junge Freiheit.
Deschner was a member of the board of directors of Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland from 1976 to 1981. In the 1980s, he served on the editorial board of Nouvelle École, the newspaper of the ethnonationalist think tank GRECE. In October 1987, he became editor-in-chief of Unabhängigen Nachrichtenmagazins PLUS, which aimed to break the alleged "autocracy" of Der Spiegel and to prevent part-owner Rudolf Augstein "from conducting further character assassination campaigns". In 1990, he founded the media publishing house Media D, which produced numerous films.
Deschner was founding editor-in-chief of the far-right magazine Zuerst!, where his works were published by , including his statement "I and my colleagues have not written in the world differently than we write today. If you think that's right-wing today, you can say that we didn't move further to the right, but that the party system and the media landscape moved further to the left".
Deschner also defended the Kurdish independence movement, speaking with Mustafa Barzani and Jalal Talabani, the latter of whom led the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, as well as Kurdistan Workers' Party leader Abdullah Öcalan. According to him, the Kurds were used as pawns on the chessboard of regional and international politics.
Günther Deschner died on 11 January 2023, at the age of 81.
Publications
Gobineau und Deutschland: Der Einfluß von J. A. de Gobineaus „Essai sur inégalité des races humaines“ auf die deutsche Geistesgeschichte 1853-1917 (1968)
Menschen im Ghetto (1969)[link]
Reinhard Heydrich. Statthalter der totalen Macht (1977)
Saladins Söhne: Die Kurden – das betrogene Volk (1983)
Der 2. Weltkrieg. Bilder, Daten, Dokumente (1983)
Gab es ein „Unternehmen Barbarossa“ der Westmächte? Eine historische Betrachtung (1984)
Die Kurden, das betrogene Volk (1989)
Die Kurden. Volk ohne Staat (2003)
Bomben auf Baku, Kriegspläne der Alliierten gegen die Sowjetunion 1939/1940 (2009)
Friedrich der Große und sein Preußen in historischen Gemälden (2010)
References
1941 births
2023 deaths
German writers
German historians
German journalists
German film producers
People from Fürth |
In 1857, at the time of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Brigham Young, was serving as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and as Governor of Utah Territory. He was replaced as governor the following year by Alfred Cumming. Evidence as to whether or not Young ordered the attack on the migrant column is conflicted. Historians still debate the autonomy and precise roles of local Cedar City LDS Church officials in ordering the massacre and Young's concealing of evidence in its aftermath. Young's use of inflammatory and violent language in response to a federal expedition to the territory (known as the Utah War) added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. After the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the Baker–Fancher party. It is unclear whether Young held this view because of a possible belief that this specific group posed a threat to colonists or that they were responsible for past crimes against Mormons. According to historian William P. MacKinnon, "After the war, Buchanan implied that face-to-face communications with Brigham Young might have averted the Utah War, and Young argued that a north–south telegraph line in Utah could have prevented the Mountain Meadows Massacre."
Young's theology
The Mountain Meadows Massacre victimized several groups of emigrants from the northwestern Arkansas region who had started their treks to California in early 1857, joining along the way and becoming known as the Baker–Fancher party. For the decade prior the emigrants' arrival, Utah Territory had existed essentially as a theocracy led by Brigham Young. As part of Young's vision of a pre-millennial "Kingdom of God," Young established colonies along the California and Old Spanish Trails, where Mormon officials governed as leaders of church, state, and military. Two of the southernmost establishments were Parowan and Cedar City, led respectively by stake presidents William H. Dame and Isaac C. Haight. Haight and Dame were also the senior regional military leaders of the Mormon militia. During the period just before the massacre, known as the Mormon Reformation, Mormon teachings were dramatic and strident. The religion had undergone a period of intense conflict with non-Mormons in the American midwest, and faithful Mormons made solemn oaths to pray for vengeance upon those who killed the "prophets" including founder Joseph Smith, and more recently apostle Parley P. Pratt, who was murdered in April 1857 while traveling as a missionary in Arkansas.
Young's belated message to Isaac C. Haight, acting commander of the Iron County Brigade
On September 8, 1857, Captain Stewart Van Vliet, of the US Army Quartermaster Corps, arrived in Salt Lake City. Van Vliet's mission was to inform Young that the US troops then approaching Utah did not intend to attack the Mormons, but intended to establish an army base near Salt Lake City and to request Young's cooperation in procuring supplies for the army. Young informed Van Vliet that he was skeptical that the army's intentions were peaceful and that the Mormons intended to resist occupation.
On September 10, 1857, James Holt Haslam arrived in Salt Lake City, after experiencing long delays during his nearly 300-mile journey, to deliver a message to Young from the acting commander of the Iron County Brigade, Isaac C. Haight. This letter has yet to be found, but accounts say that it asked Young what, if anything, should be done with the Baker–Fancher party camped at nearby Mountain Meadows. After delivering the letter to Young, Haslam was told to rest for a few hours then return to pick up the reply. After his rest, Haslam picked up the reply from Young and was instructed to return to Cedar City with the letter quickly and not to "spare horseflesh."
Young's message of reply to Haight, dated September 10, 1857, read:
In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. You must not meddle with them. The Indians we expect will do as they please but you should try and preserve good feelings with them. There are no other trains going south that I know of[.] [I]f those who are there will leave let them go in peace.
However, by the time that the express rider delivered Young's letter to Haight, the massacre at Mountain Meadows had already taken place. According to trial testimony given later by Haslam, when Haight read Young's words, he sobbed like a child and could manage only the words, "Too late, too late."
Historians debate whether the Haight letter absolves Young of any complicity. Mormon historian Juanita Brooks believes that the letter demonstrates that Young "did not order the massacre, and would have prevented it if he could." Brooks writes, "While Brigham Young and other church authorities did not specifically order the massacre, they did preach sermons and set up social conditions that made it possible." Brooks has argued the massacre was an overreaction by Mormon militia forces which resulted in the death of settlers and the tarnishing of the Church's reputation.
In Blood of the Prophets, Mormon historian William Bagley echoes David White's conclusion that the letter does not absolve Young of any wrongdoing. Bagley notes that Young often started his letters with broad generalizations with little meaning and then conceal the main message in one or two terse sentences in the middle of the text. In this case, the "real message" would have been that the Indians should be left to "do as they please." In such a framework, the message to "not interfere" would be subordinate to the main message: let nothing stand in the way of the Mormon-Paiute alliance.
Young's investigation
Young first heard about the massacre from John D. Lee, one of the participants. A few days after the massacre, September 29, 1857, Lee briefed Young in Salt Lake City. (Brigham Young was mistaken when he later testified that the meeting took place "some two of three months after the massacre" .) Decades later, Young's son, who was 13 in 1857, said that he was in the office during that meeting and that he remembered Lee blaming the massacre on the Native Americans. According to Lee, he informed Young that the Mormons were responsible. However, Young later testified that he cut Lee off when he started to describe the massacre because he could not bear to hear the details.
Some time after Lee's meeting with Young, Jacob Hamblin said that he had heard a detailed description of the massacre and Mormon involvement from Lee and that Hamblin had reported it to Young and George A. Smith soon after the massacre. Hamblin said he was told by Young and Smith to keep quiet, but that "as soon as we can get a court of justice, we will ferret this thing out."
When Young sent his report on the massacre to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1858, he said that it was the work of Native Americans.
Lee's suggestion of a conspiracy
During the 1870s Lee, Dame, Philip Klingensmith, Ellott Willden, and George Adair, Jr. were indicted and arrested; warrants were obtained to pursue the arrests of four others (Haight, John Higbee, William C. Stewart, and Samuel Jukes) who had successfully gone into hiding. Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others. In 1870, Young excommunicated some of the participants, including Haight and Lee, from the LDS Church. The U.S. posted bounties of $500 each for the capture of Haight, Higbee, and Stewart, and prosecutors chose not to pursue their cases against Dame, Willden, and Adair.
At Lee's sentencing, as required by Utah Territory statute, he was given the option of being hung, shot, or beheaded, and he chose to be shot. Lee was executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on March 23, 1877. Young believed that Lee's punishment was just but not a sufficient blood atonement, given the enormity of the crime, to allow Lee entrance into the celestial kingdom. Prior to his execution, Lee claimed that he was a scapegoat for others involved:
Notes
References
.
.
.
. The Washington Post review and Letter to the editor in response to the review.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Further reading
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
; also included in Brooks (1991) Appendix XI.
.
; also The Mormons (Documentary).
External links
Mountain Meadows Massacre
Mountain meadows
Books about presidents of the church (LDS Church) |
Dhogs is an independent Galician film in the Galician language directed by Andrés Goteira (Meira, 1983), which was released in 2017. This was the director's debut film, and starred Carlos Blanco Vila, Antonio Durán "Morris", Miguel de Lira, Melania Cruz, Iván Marcos and María Costas. It premiered at the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema (BAFICI) on April 19, 2017, and was nominated for the Best Feature Film in the Avant-Garde and Genre section. This is the first film shot in Galicia to premiere at the Sitges Film Festival, on October 9, 2017. In Galicia, the premiere took place at the Ourense International Film Festival on October 21, 2017.
Plot
The film connects 6 parallel stories that revolve around different characters: a beautiful woman, a man with a dark life, a taxi driver and an old ex-military man.
Production
The film was funded by AGADIC and the Provincial Council of Lugo, but also a part of the budget of the film was obtained through the Verkami platform, with more than 400 patrons. The film was shot in several locations in Galicia, such as Viveiro, As Pontes de García Rodríguez, Oleiros and A Coruña, as well as in the desert of Tabernas, in Almería.
Awards and nominations
Mestre Mateo Awards 2017
Dhogs won thirteen awards, including best film, best director, best screenplay, best actor, best actress, best supporting actor and best supporting actress, becoming the most awarded film in the history of the awards. It was nominated for 17 awards in 14 categories.
References
External links
Official page
2017 films
Galician-language films
Spanish comedy-drama films
Spanish crime films
2017 directorial debut films |
In Malaysia, the Emergency Ordinance (, abbreviated EO) is used and enacted following a Proclamation of Emergency that has been issued by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (as the Malaysian head of state) under Articles 150 of the Constitution.
List of Emergency Ordinance
References
Malaysian legislation |
Parmalee is an American country music band.
Parmalee may also refer to:
Bernie Parmalee (born 1967)
Paul Parmalee (1926-2006)
Henry S. Parmalee, American piano maker from New Haven, Connecticut
Parmalee Transfer Company
See also
Parmelee (disambiguation)
Parmele, North Carolina
Parmal, medieval Indian king, contemporary of Prithviraj Chauhan |
Schoenus adnatus is a species of sedge endemic to mountainous locations in southern regions of South Africa.
Description
Schoenus adnatus is a species of southern African Schoenus that shares traits characteristic of the Epischoenus group of Schoenus.
The main important character distinguishing S. adnatus from other similar species is that the spikelet receptacle is adnate to the lowest (basal) glume (bract).
The growth forms of Schoenus gracillimus and Schoenus schonlandii similar to that of S. adnatus; however, neither of these two species have a spikelet receptacle that is adnate to the lowest glume.
Schoenus adnatus can sometimes be slightly hairy, but its spikelets and culms are much less hairy that those of Schoenus crinitus. Another difference between the two species is that the culms of the S. adnatus are narrower (≤ 5 mm) than those of S. crinitus (≥ 6mm).
The southern African Schoenus tend to form hybrids with each other, which partially explains why they can be difficult to identify. It is impossible to determine if S. adnatus forms hybrids with other southern African Schoenus species because of a lack of evidence.
Taxonomy
Schoenus adnatus is a species in family Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae. Costularia, Gahnia, Lepidosperma, Oreobolus and Tetraria are other notable genera in tribe Schoeneae.
Morphological evidence suggests that Schoenus adnatus is most closely related to other southern African Schoenus species, especially species in the Epischoenus group.
The southern African Schoenus were previously included within the genus Tetraria; however, we now know that the two groups are evolutionary distinct based on molecular and morphological differences. In 2017, several species of Epischoenus and the southern African Tetraria were transferred into Schoenus to ensure that this group of sedges is monophyletic (i.e. the genus only has closely related species). The southern African Schoenus can be distinguished from Tetraria species in the field by their lack of stem leaves and the absence of reticulate sheaths at the bases of the flowering stems.
Few recent field collections of S. adnatus exist, meaning that it has been impossible to study its evolutionary relationships with the Epischoenus group of Schoenus. Further material is needed to be able to reassess the taxonomy of this species.
Distribution and habitat
Collections of Schoenus adnatus have been made from the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape Province to the Steytlerville region in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.
Schoenus adnatus has primarily been collected from both moist and dry mountainous sites, ranging between 450 and 1375 m in elevation.
References
adnatus
Southern African Schoenus
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces |
Ponerorchis alpestris is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to Taiwan.
Taxonomy
The species was first described in 1935 by Noriaki Fukuyama as Amitostigma alpestre. A molecular phylogenetic study in 2014 found that species of Amitostigma, Neottianthe and Ponerorchis were mixed together in a single clade, making none of the three genera monophyletic as then circumscribed. Amitostigma and Neottianthe were subsumed into Ponerorchis, with this species becoming Ponerorchis alpestris.
References
alpestris
Flora of Taiwan
Plants described in 1935 |
Alan Dale Fiers Jr. (born 15 April 1939) is an American former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer, who served as President Ronald Reagan's chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force from October 1984 until his retirement in 1988. Fiers Jr. gained attention for his role in the Iran–Contra affair. Fiers Jr. would later plead guilty to two misdemeanor counts of withholding information from Congress but served no prison time.
Early life
Alan Fiers Jr. was born in Ohio to a family led by an evangelical Christian minister. He attended Thomas Carr Howe Community High School in Indianapolis and was the most valuable player on the football team. He played tackle and guard at Ohio State University on several title-contending teams coached by Woody Hayes. Fiers was a starter for the 1960 team, playing both offense and defense. His tenacity so impressed Mr. Hayes that Hayes kept him as an assistant coach for the 1961 National Championship Team.
Military service
Alan Fiers joined the Marine Corps while still in college on 18 December 1958, and was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant on 7 June 1961. He was promoted to 1st Lieutenant on 7 December 1962. Fiers was serving at Camp Lejeune by 1965, when President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered his battalion, the 1st Battalion 8th Marines, along with other infantry battalions of the 2nd Marine Division, to the Dominican Republic to curb civil unrest as part of Operation Power Pack. There, The Indianapolis Star-News reported, that Lt. Fiers and two other marines crashed a Jeep through barricades under heavy gunfire to rescue a wounded civilian, for which, he was decorated with a Bronze Star for heroic achievement and a Purple Heart for wounds received in action.
Central Intelligence Agency
Following his service in the Marines, Fiers went home to Indiana and earned a degree in physical education, readying himself to coach football. His coaching career was not to be; however, and by 1969 he was under diplomatic cover by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). His postings included Istanbul and Ankara, Turkey, followed by Karachi, Pakistan. By 1981, Fiers, whose alias in clandestine matters was "Cliff Grubbs", had risen to the coveted post of chief of station in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. While with the CIA, he was awarded the Intelligence Medal of Merit, the Meritorious Officer Award and the Distinguished Officer Award.
Iran–Contra Affair
In 1984 he had been picked to command a group involved in the agency's undercover war against the Communist government in Afghanistan, but it wasn't to be. Instead, he was given the job of Chief of Central American Task Force, with the primary mission of supporting the Contras. After succeeding Duane Clarridge, he assumed a major responsibility for support of the Nicaraguan Contras' armed opposition to the Sandinista's Soviet-backed, Communist government. In this capacity, Fiers became aware of Lt. Col. Oliver North's efforts to circumvent congressional limitations on aid to the rebel forces. Fiers was known for wholeheartedly supporting Adolfo Calero and Enrique Bermúdez against so-called reformers like Arturo Cruz and Alfonso Robelo. He clashed with the State Department's Elliott Abrams, who supported Cruz and Robelo.
Fiers became party to the Lawrence Walsh investigation. Walsh determined that Fiers had knowledge of North's activities, and participated in concealing it from congressional investigators. On July 9, 1991, Fiers pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of withholding information from the Congress regarding secret efforts to aid the Nicaraguan Contra rebels. in return for immunity from further prosecution.
He was sentenced to one year probation and 100 hours community service by US District Chief Judge Aubrey E. Robinson Jr. on January 31, 1992.
On December 24, 1992, Fiers was pardoned by President George H. W. Bush, along with Caspar W. Weinberger, Duane R. Clarridge, Clair E. George, Elliott Abrams and Robert C. McFarlane.
Later life
Mr. Fiers retired from the C.I.A. in 1988, to join W. R. Grace & Company, a multinational concern, in Washington.
See also
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
References
External links
Final report of the independent counsel for Iran/Contra matters; Chapter 19
http://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/washington-at-work-quintessential-spy-undone-by-his-own-loyalty.html?pagewanted=all
American spies
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Iran–Contra affair
1939 births
Living people
Ohio State University alumni
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches
Military personnel from Ohio |
Krivaja is a village in the municipality of Cazin, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Demographics
According to the 2013 census, its population was 1,237.
References
Populated places in Cazin |
Versteegh is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Jan Versteegh
Kees Versteegh (born 1947), Dutch linguist
Frank Versteegh (born 1954), Dutch air racer
Pierre Versteegh (1888–1942), Dutch horse rider
See also
Versteeg
Dutch-language surnames |
Jalpapur is a village development committee in Sunsari District in the Kosi Zone of south-eastern Nepal.It is bounded by satterjhora in the east, Gautampur in the south and Ramnagar in southwest and Babia in the North Respectively. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4256 people living in 663 individual households.
References
Populated places in Sunsari District |
The Rockhampton District Rugby League (RDRL) is the administrative body for the game of rugby league football in Rockhampton, Queensland. Formed in 1918 and a part of the Queensland Rugby League's Central Division, the RDRL runs senior, junior and women's club competitions and has its headquarters at Browne Park. The competition changed its name to Rockhampton Senior Local Rugby League in 2018.
Representative Team
Rockhampton is represented by the Central Queensland Capras, who compete in the Queensland Rugby League's statewide Queensland Cup competition, and are an affiliate of National Rugby League club Dolphins.
The local leaue's representative team is the Rockhampton Rustlers who participate in QRL Carnivals and events. The team formerly competed in the Winfield State League before the advent of the Capras and the Queensland Cup and won the competition in 1995 over the Gold Coast Vikings 26–22.
Rockhampton Senior Local Rugby League
Current Clubs
Recent Premiers (1992–present)
Juniors
There are two junior competitions in the Rockhampton District, the Rockhampton & District Junior Rugby League and the Callide Dawson Junior Rugby League.
Callide-Dawson Junior Rugby League
See also
Gladstone Rugby League
Queensland Rugby League Central Division
References
Sport in Rockhampton
Queensland Rugby League
Rugby league competitions in Queensland |
The 1984 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1983–84 DFB-Pokal, the 41st season of Germany's premier knockout football cup competition. It was played on 31 May 1984 at the Waldstadion in Frankfurt. Bayern Munich won the match 7–6 on penalties against Borussia Mönchengladbach, following a 1–1 draw after extra time, to claim their seventh cup title.
This was the first time a cup final went to penalties, and the longest final penalty shoot-out to date, with the teams having taken eight each. The match was also Lothar Matthäus's final match for Gladbach before his summer move to Bayern. Controversy raged after Matthäus missed his penalty over the crossbar against his future employer in the shoot-out, with Borussia fans questioning his loyalty after the match.
With the win, Bayern qualified for the 1984–85 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they went on to reach the semi-finals, being knocked out by Everton.
Route to the final
The DFB-Pokal began with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).
Match
Details
References
External links
Match report at kicker.de
Match report at WorldFootball.net
Match report at Fussballdaten.de
FC Bayern Munich matches
Borussia Mönchengladbach matches
1983–84 in German football cups
1984
Football in Frankfurt
Sports competitions in Frankfurt
May 1984 sports events in Europe
Association football penalty shoot-outs
1980s in Frankfurt |
Phipps Tower is a 20-story office tower in Buckhead, Atlanta. It is adjacent to the Phipps Plaza shopping center. John Hancock Life Insurance Company owns, manages and leases the building. It is on a plot of land.
History
In 2007, Crescent Resources announced that it wanted to construct an office tower in Buckhead possibly named Phipps Tower. Manulife Financial Corp. and Crescent Resources designed the building. The building was constructed in 2010. Douglas Sams of the Atlanta Business Chronicle. said that the announcement of plans to build the tower "raised eyebrows among Atlanta commercial real estate execs" due to concerns that there is too much office space on the market.
In March 2010 Northwestern Mutual was considering leasing space in the tower. By June of that year the company was completing a leasing deal at the tower. In June 2010, Speakeasy Inc. was the tower's sole tenant, leasing about , and the tower was 3% leased.
In October 2012 the Atlanta Business Chronicle reported that Carter's Inc. was likely to lease in the Phipps Tower for its headquarters. In October 2012 CoStar Group announced that its Atlanta office was moving to the Phipps Tower. It had signed a lease for for 11 years.
In December 2012, Carter's Inc. announced that it was moving its headquarters from The Proscenium in Midtown Atlanta. The lease of of space is one if the largest headquarters leases to have occurred to date. The estimated value if the lease, except for concessions and escalation, was $70 million.
The company consolidated its out of state jobs into the new facility, with 200 additional jobs going to Buckhead. Manulife Financial Corp owns both the Proscenium and the Phipps Tower so Carter's terminated its lease early in one building and moved to the other.
Tenants
Consulate-General of Japan, Atlanta - Suite 850 - Lease of Class A office space
References
External links
Phipps Tower
Skyscraper office buildings in Atlanta |
Coumaric acid is a phenolic derivative of cinnamic acid having a hydroxy group as substituent at one of the aromatic positions:
o-Coumaric acid
m-Coumaric acid
p-Coumaric acid |
Xanthotype urticaria, the false crocus geometer, is a North American moth in the family Geometridae.
Description
The wings are bright yellow with many brownish spots and blotches. Males have more of these spots than females. The wingspan measures 3–4 cm.
Similar species
Similar species in the false crocus geometer's range include the crocus geometer (Xanthotype sospeta) and the rufous geometer (Xanthotype rufaria).
The crocus geometer is larger, is pale yellow, and has little or no brown spotting.
The rufous geometer is a deeper yellow and has a reddish fringe.
Flight
This moth is on the wing from May to November.
Host plants
Here is a list of host plants used by the false crocus geometer:
Red osier dogwood, Cornus sericea
Ground-ivy, Glechoma hederacea
Catnip, Nepeta sp.
Rhodora, Rhododendron canadense
Goldenrods, Solidago sp.
References
Moths of North America
Angeronini
Moths described in 1918 |
In chemistry, a phosphoric acid, in the general sense, is a phosphorus oxoacid in which each phosphorus (P) atom is in the oxidation state +5, and is bonded to four oxygen (O) atoms, one of them through a double bond, arranged as the corners of a tetrahedron. Two or more of these tetrahedra may be connected by shared single-bonded oxygens, forming linear or branched chains, cycles, or more complex structures. The single-bonded oxygen atoms that are not shared are completed with acidic hydrogen atoms. The general formula of a phosphoric acid is , where n is the number of phosphorus atoms and x is the number of fundamental cycles in the molecule's structure, between 0 and .
Removal of protons () from k hydroxyl groups –OH leaves anions generically called phosphates (if ) or hydrogen phosphates (if k is between 1 and ), with general formula . The fully dissociated anion () has formula . The term phosphate is also used in organic chemistry for the functional groups that result when or more of the hydrogens are replaced by bonds to other groups.
These acids, together with their salts and esters, include some of the best-known compounds of phosphorus, of high importance in biochemistry, mineralogy, agriculture, pharmacy, chemical industry, and chemical research.
Acids
Phosphoric acid
The simplest and most commonly encountered of the phosphoric acids is orthophosphoric acid, . Indeed, the term phosphoric acid often means this compound specifically (and this is also the current IUPAC nomenclature).
Oligophosphoric and polyphosphoric acids
Two or more orthophosphoric acid molecules can be joined by condensation into larger molecules by elimination of water. Condensation of a few units yields the oligophosphoric acids, while larger molecules are called polyphosphoric acids. (However, the distinction between the two terms is not well defined.)
For example, pyrophosphoric, triphosphoric and tetraphosphoric acids can be obtained by the reactions
The "backbone" of a polyphosphoric acid molecule is a chain of alternating P and O atoms. Each extra orthophosphoric unit that is condensed adds 1 extra H (hydrogen) atom, 1 extra P (phosphorus) atom, and 3 extra O (oxygen) atoms. The general formula of a polyphosphoric acid is or .
Polyphosphoric acids are used in organic synthesis for cyclizations and acylations; an alternative is Eaton's reagent.
Cyclic phosphoric acids
Condensation between two –OH units of the same molecule, on the other hand, eliminates two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, creating a cycle, as in the formation of trimetaphosphoric acid:
The general formula of a phosphoric acid is , where n is the number of phosphorus atoms and x is the number of fundamental cycles in the molecule's structure; that is, the minimum number of bonds that would have to be broken to eliminate all cycles.
The limiting case of internal condensation, where all oxygen atoms are shared and there are no hydrogen atoms (x = ) would be an anhydride , such as phosphorus pentoxide .
Phosphates
Removal of the hydrogen atoms as protons turns a phosphoric acid into a phosphate anion. Partial removal yields various hydrogen phosphate anions.
Orthophosphate
The anions of orthophosphoric acid are orthophosphate (commonly called simply "phosphate") , monohydrogen phosphate , and dihydrogen phosphate .
Linear oligophosphates and polyphosphates
Dissociation of pyrophosphoric acid generates four anions, , where the charge k ranges from 1 to 4. The last one is pyrophosphate . The pyrophosphates are mostly water-soluble.
Likewise, tripolyphosphoric acid yields at least five anions , where k ranges from 1 to 5, including tripolyphosphate . Tetrapolyphosphoric acid yields at least six anions, including tetrapolyphosphate , and so on. Note that each extra phosphoric unit adds one extra P atom, three extra O atoms, and either one extra hydrogen atom or an extra negative charge.
Branched polyphosphoric acids give similarly branched polyphosphate anions. The simplest example of this is triphosphono phosphate and its partially dissociated versions.
The general formula for such (non-cyclic) polyphosphate anions, linear or branched, is , where the charge k may vary from 1 to . Generally in an aqueous solution, the degree or percentage of dissociation depends on the pH of the solution.
Cyclic polyphosphates
The phosphoric acid units can be bonded together in rings (cyclic structures) forming metaphosphoric acid molecules. The simplest such compound is trimetaphosphoric acid or cyclo-triphosphoric acid having the formula . Its structure is shown in the illustration. Since the ends are condensed, its formula has one less (water) than tripolyphosphoric acid. What are commonly called trimetaphosphates actually have a mixture of ring sizes. A general formula for such cyclic compounds is where x = number of phosphoric units in the molecule. The hypothetical monomer monometaphosphoric acid (), which would be valence isoelectronic with nitric acid, is not known to exist.
When these metaphosphoric acids lose their hydrogens as , cyclic anions called metaphosphates are formed. An example of a compound with such an anion is sodium hexametaphosphate (), used as a sequestrant and a food additive.
Chemical properties
Solubility
These phosphoric acids series are generally water-soluble considering the polarity of the molecules. Ammonium and alkali phosphates are also quite soluble in water. The alkaline earth salts start becoming less soluble and phosphate salts of various other metals are even less soluble.
Hydrolysis and condensation
In aqueous solutions (solutions of water), water gradually (over the course of hours) hydrolyzes polyphosphates into smaller phosphates and finally into ortho-phosphate, given enough water. Higher temperature or acidic conditions can speed up the hydrolysis reactions considerably.
Conversely, polyphosphoric acids or polyphosphates are often formed by dehydrating a phosphoric acid solution; in other words, removing water from it often by heating and evaporating the water off.
Uses
Ortho-, pyro-, and tripolyphosphate compounds have been commonly used in detergents (i. e. cleaners) formulations. For example, see Sodium tripolyphosphate. Sometimes pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate, etc. are called diphosphate, triphosphate, tetraphosphate, etc., especially when they are part of phosphate esters in biochemistry. They are also used for scale and corrosion control by potable water providers. As a corrosion inhibitor, polyphosphates work by forming a protective film on the interior surface of pipes.
Phosphate esters
The groups in phosphoric acids can also condense with the hydroxyl groups of alcohols to form phosphate esters. Since orthophosphoric acid has three groups, it can esterify with one, two, or three alcohol molecules to form a mono-, di-, or triester. See the general structure image of an ortho- (or mono-) phosphate ester below on the left, where any of the R groups can be a hydrogen or an organic radical. Di- and tripoly- (or tri-) phosphate esters, etc. are also possible. Any groups on the phosphates in these ester molecules may lose ions to form anions, again depending on the pH in a solution. In the biochemistry of living organisms, there are many kinds of (mono)phosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate compounds (essentially esters), many of which play a significant role in metabolism such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and triphosphate (ATP).
See also
Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine tetraphosphate
Nucleoside triphosphate
Organophosphate
Phosphonic acid
Phosphoramidate
Ribonucleoside monophosphate
Superphosphate
References
Further reading
External links
Determination of Polyphosphates Using Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection, Application Note 71 by Dionex
Dietary minerals
Inorganic compounds
Phosphates
Pyrophosphates
Reagents for organic chemistry |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.toolkit.support;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleProxies;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.lang.reflect.Executable;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
/**
* IDEA Evaluate Lambda
* <p>
* Create by hcl at 2021/5/17
*/
public class IdeaProxyLambdaMeta implements LambdaMeta {
private final Class<?> clazz;
private final String name;
public IdeaProxyLambdaMeta(Proxy func) {
MethodHandle dmh = MethodHandleProxies.wrapperInstanceTarget(func);
Executable executable = MethodHandles.reflectAs(Executable.class, dmh);
clazz = executable.getDeclaringClass();
name = executable.getName();
}
@Override
public String getImplMethodName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public Class<?> getInstantiatedClass() {
return clazz;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return clazz.getSimpleName() + "::" + name;
}
}
``` |
"Love Myself" is the debut single by American actress and singer Tracee Ellis Ross. It was released on May 15, 2020 through Republic, Universal and Focus Features as the lead single from soundtrack album from 2020 musical film The High Note starring Ross. The song was written by Sarah Aarons and Greg Kurstin.
Background
The song was written by Sarah Aarons and Greg Kurstin. Tracee Ellis Ross who is the daughter of the Motown singer Diana Ross, made her singing debut in The High Note playing Grace Davis, a superstar who is advised by her team not to release new music because she is “too old.” “Love Myself” first premiered on February 15, 2020 at the Ross' interview to Oprah Winfrey at Dallas' American Airlines Center of her Oprah's 2020 Vision Tour with WW.
Release history
References
External links
2020 debut singles
2020 songs
Republic Records singles
Songs written by Sarah Aarons
Songs written by Greg Kurstin
2020s ballads
Songs written for films
Pop ballads
2020 singles |
17119 Alexisrodrz, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter.
It was discovered on 10 May 1999, by the LINEAR team at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was later named for Alexis Rodriguez, a 2003-awardee of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.
Orbit and classification
Alexisrodrz orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,565 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.
The asteroid's observation arc begins 7 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Steward Observatory (Kitt Peak) in November 1992.
Physical characteristics
Alexisrodrz has been characterized as a LS-subtype by Pan-STARRS large-scale survey. This subtype is a transitional group from the common stony S-type to the rare and reddish L-type asteroids.
Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Alexisrodrz measures 3.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.18, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroids found in the 2.6 to 2.7 AU region of the asteroid belt – and calculates a diameter of 4.6 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.82.
Rotation period
In January 2011, and September 2013, two rotational lightcurves of Alexisrodrz were obtained from photometric observations made by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of and hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 and 0.60 magnitude, respectively ().
Naming
This minor planet was named for the 3rd-place winner of the 2003 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, Alexis Rodriguez (born 1986). At the time, he attended the Puerto Rican Aurea E. Quiles Claudio High School in Guanica. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 ().
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (15001)-(20000) – Minor Planet Center
017119
017119
Named minor planets
19990510 |
The Martin M-1 was an American gull winged, single-seat glider that was designed and built by Volmer Jensen in 1939.
Design and development
Jim Martin contracted Jensen to design and built him a glider for contest flying just before the Second World War. Jensen completed the aircraft in 1939.
The aircraft was constructed with a wooden structure and covered in doped aircraft fabric covering. The cantilever gull-style wing employed a NACA 4400 series airfoil. The tail was a conventional low-tail design and featured strut-bracing. The M-1 was registered as an Experimental - Amateur-built aircraft and was not type certified.
Operational history
Martin flew the aircraft in a number of US Nationals, as did a later owner of the M-1, Emil Lehecka. While Lehecka owned it the aircraft picked up the nickname of the Whatsit. By the 1970s the aircraft was owned by Francis Kalinowsky and was based at the Circle X airport in Florida. At that time it was reportedly in good repair and was well maintained.
The aircraft was removed from the Federal Aviation Administration registry and its whereabouts are unknown.
Specifications (M-1)
See also
References
1930s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Volmer aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939 |
Thryptomene mucronulata is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with upward-pointing, overlapping, egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base and pink flowers with five petals and ten stamens.
Description
Thryptomene mucronulata is usually an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of . Its leaves are upward-pointing, overlapping, and egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long and wide on a petiole long. The leaves have prominent oil glands and sometimes toothed edges. The flowers are arranged in pairs in up to nine of the upper leaf axils of branchlets, each flower on a peduncle long with egg-shaped bracteoles long that remain on the plant until the fruit is shed. The flowers are in diameter with five egg-shaped to almost round, pale pink sepals long. The petals are a darker shade of pink, about long and there are ten stamens. Flowering occurs from June to November and the fruit is a capsule long.
Taxonomy
Thryptomene mucronulata was first formally described in 1847 by Nikolai Turczaninow in Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou from specimens collected by James Drummond. The specific epithet (mucronulata) means "having a short, sharp point".
Distribution and habitat
This thryptomene grows among rock outcrops and in winter-wet places near swamps and watercourses between Mullewa, Gingin and Wyalkatchem in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions of south-western Western Australia.
Conservation status
Thryptomene mucronulata is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
References
mucronulata
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1847
Taxa named by Nikolai Turczaninow |
The 1984 NCAA Division II Soccer Championship was the 13th annual tournament held by the NCAA to determine the top men's Division II college soccer program in the United States.
Florida International defeated defending champions Seattle Pacific in the final, 1–0 (after one overtime period), to win their second Division II national title. The Golden Panthers (14-4-3), who previously won in 1982, were coached by former NFL player Karl Kremser.
The final match was played on December 8 at Memorial Stadium in Seattle, Washington.
Bracket
Final
See also
NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship
NCAA Division III Men's Soccer Championship
NAIA Men's Soccer Championship
References
NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship
NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship
NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship
NCAA Division II men's soccer tournament
Soccer in Florida |
Career Advancement Accounts are an attempt to better educate low-income individuals created by George W. Bush as part of the American Competitiveness Initiative. It is being administered through Employment and Training Administration.
References
US Department of Labor (October 26, 2006). U.S. Labor Department Launches Self-Directed Career Advancement Accounts. Press release.
US Department of Labor (October 26, 2006). Career Advancement Account Demonstrations: Three-State Demonstration. Press release.
US Department of Labor (October 26, 2006). Career Advancement Account Demonstrations: Automotive Industry Demonstration. Press release.
Federal assistance in the United States |
Khadaklat is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Chikodi taluk of Belgaum district in Karnataka.It is located at a distance of 88 km from the district headquarters, 18 km(11 miles) from tehsil Chikkodi, 14 km (8 miles) from nearest city Nippani and 40 km (24 miles) from Kolhapur city in Maharashtra State. It was part of the then Kapashi Sansthan, most part of which is now part of the Maharashtra state, while Khadaklat was included in Karnataka. Kannada is the administrative language. The village is well known for its communal harmony. Yearly 'Urus' celebration is a great symbol of Hindu-Muslim brotherhood with both the communities celebrating it with equal zeal and enthusiasm. Main temples in Khadaklat include Mahadev Mandir, Vashikan mandir, Biradev mandir, Virupakshling, Mahalaxmi & Vitthal-Rakhumai mandir. Dargah is in itself a master piece of Adilshahi architecture. Khadaklat is a hometown of veteran Marathi/Hindi actress SULOCHANA ji, she spent her childhood in gallis of Khadaklat.
Business
Agriculture is the main business in the village. Khadaklat is known for top quality tobacco production, which is used in manufacturing beedi. Other common crops include beetle nut, ground nut, jowar-bajri and sugarcane. Farms are mainly dependent on rain water although ground water and canal water is also used to some extent.
Education
Khadaklat has schools up to 10th standard in Marathi, Kannada and Urdu mediums. It also has Marathi Girls' school up to 7th standard. Recently a Junior College has come up much to the benefit of not only local students but also those from villages in vicinity of Khadaklat. Only entertainment to villagers is the Santaji Chitramandir (theater), although almost every home now bears a TV set and cable network like in any other part of India.
See also
Belgaum
Districts of Karnataka
khadaklat is mainly known for the production of the tobacco and beetle nuts.
References
External links
http://Belgaum.nic.in/
Villages in Belagavi district |
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a technique within the broader class of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that is used to measure the local electrochemical behavior of liquid/solid, liquid/gas and liquid/liquid interfaces. Initial characterization of the technique was credited to University of Texas electrochemist, Allen J. Bard, in 1989.
Since then, the theoretical underpinnings have matured to allow widespread use of the technique in chemistry, biology and materials science. Spatially resolved electrochemical signals can be acquired by measuring the current at an ultramicroelectrode (UME) tip as a function of precise tip position over a substrate region of interest. Interpretation of the SECM signal is based on the concept of diffusion-limited current. Two-dimensional raster scan information can be compiled to generate images of surface reactivity and chemical kinetics.
The technique is complementary to other surface characterization methods such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR),
electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ESTM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the interrogation of various interfacial phenomena. In addition to yielding topographic information, SECM is often used to probe the surface reactivity of solid-state materials, electrocatalyst materials, enzymes and other biophysical systems.
SECM and variations of the technique have also found use in microfabrication, surface patterning, and microstructuring.
History
The emergence of ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) around 1980 was pivotal to the development of sensitive electroanalytical techniques like SECM. UMEs employed as probes enabled the study of quick or localized electrochemical reactions. The first SECM-like experiment was performed in 1986 by Engstrom to yield direct observation of reaction profiles and short-lived intermediates. Simultaneous experiments by Allen J. Bard using an Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscope (ESTM) demonstrated current at large tip-to-sample distances that was inconsistent with electron tunneling. This phenomenon was attributed to Faradaic current, compelling a more thorough analysis of electrochemical microscopy. The theoretical basis was presented in 1989 by Bard, where he also coined the term Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. In addition to the simple collection modes used at the time, Bard illustrated the widespread utility of SECM through the implementation of various feedback modes. As the theoretical foundation developed, annual SECM-related publications steadily rose from 10 to around 80 in 1999, when the first commercial SECM became available. SECM continues to increase in popularity due to theoretical and technological advances that expand experimental modes while broadening substrate scope and enhancing sensitivity.
Principles of operation
Electric potential is manipulated through the UME tip in a bulk solution containing a redox-active couple (e.g. Fe2+/Fe3+). When a sufficiently negative potential is applied, (Fe3+) is reduced to (Fe2+) at the UME tip, generating a diffusion-limited current. The steady-state current is governed by the flux of oxidized species in solution to the UME disc and is given by:
where iT,∞ is the diffusion-limited current, n is the number of electrons transferred at the electrode tip (O + ne− → R), F is Faraday's constant, C is the concentration of the oxidized species in solution, D is the diffusion coefficient and a is the radius of the UME disc. In order to probe a surface of interest, the tip is moved closer to the surface and changes in current are measured.
There are two predominant modes of operation, which are feedback mode and collection-generation mode.
Feedback mode
In a bulk solution, the oxidized species is reduced at the tip, producing a steady-state current that is limited by hemispherical diffusion. As the tip approaches a conductive substrate in the solution, the reduced species formed at the tip is oxidized at the conductive surface, yielding an increase in the tip current and creating a regenerative "positive" feedback loop. The opposite effect is observed when probing insulating surfaces, as the oxidized species cannot be regenerated and diffusion to the electrode is inhibited as a result of physical obstruction as the tip approaches the substrate, creating a "negative" feedback loop and decreasing the tip current. An additional parameter to consider when probing insulating surfaces is the electrode sheath diameter, rg, since it contributes to the physical obstruction of diffusion.
The change in tip current as a function of distance d can be plotted as an "approach curve" as shown.
Due to the rate dependent nature of SECM measurements, it is also employed to study electron-transfer kinetics.
Collection-generation modes
Another mode of operation that is employed is tip generation/substrate collection (TG/SC). In TG/SC mode, the tip is held at a potential sufficient for an electrode reaction to occur and "generate" a product while the substrate is held at a potential sufficient for the electrode product to react with or be "collected" by the substrate. The reciprocal to this method is substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC), where the substrate acts to generate a species that is measured at the tip. Both TG/SC and SG/TC variations are also categorized as "direct" modes.
Two currents are generated: the tip current, iT, and the substrate current, iS. Since the substrate is generally much larger than the tip, the efficiency of collection, iS/iT, is 1 if no reactions occur during the transfer of tip-generated species to the substrate. As the distance between tip and substrate, d, decreases, the collection efficiency, iS/iT, approaches 1.
Alternating Current (ac)-SECM
In ac-SECM a sinusoidal bias is applied to the dc bias of the SECM probe allowing the impedance of a sample to be measured, as is the case in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Unlike dc-SECM techniques ac-SECM does not require the use of a redox mediator. This is particularly advantageous for measurements where the redox mediator could affect the chemistry of the system under study. Examples include corrosion studies where a redox mediator may act to inhibit or enhance the rate of corrosion, and biological studies where a redox mediator may be toxic to the living cell under study.
In ac-SECM the feedback response measured is dependent on both the sample type and the experimental conditions. When a sample is insulating the measured impedance will always increase with decreasing probe to sample distance. This is not the case for a conductive sample however. For a conductive sample measured in a high conductivity electrolyte, or measured with a low ac frequency, decreasing the probe to sample distance will lead to an increase in impedance. If, however, a conductive sample is measured in a low conductivity electrolyte, or with a high ac frequency, decreasing the probe to sample distance will result in a lower measured impedance.
SECM imaging
Changes in current as a function of distance between electrode tip and substrate surface allow imaging of insulating and conducting surfaces for topology and reactivity information by moving the tip across surfaces and measuring tip current.
The most common scanning mode is constant-height mode, where the tip height is unchanging and is scanned across the surface in the x-y plane. Alternatively, constant distance measurements are possible, which change the z position to maintain the probe to sample distance as the probe is scanned across the surface in the x-y plane. The constant distance measurement can be based on an electrical signal as is the case in the constant-current mode, where the device attempts to maintain a constant current by changing the substrate to tip distance, d, and recording the change in d. A mechanical signal can also be used to control the probe to sample distance. Examples of this are the intermittent contact (ic)-SECM and shear force techniques which use changes in probe vibration to maintain the probe to sample distance.
Spatial resolution is dependent on the tip radius, the substrate to tip distance, the precision of the electronics, and other considerations.
Instrumentation
Early SECMs were constructed solely by individual lab groups from a set of common components including potentiostat (or bipotentiostat) and potential programmer, current amplifier, piezoelectric positioner and controller, computer, and UME. Many SECM experiments are highly specific in nature, and in-house assembly of SECMs remains common. The development of new techniques toward the reliable nanofabrication of electrodes has been a primary focus in the literature due to several distinct advantages including high mass-transfer rates and low levels of reactant adsorption in kinetic experiments. Additionally, enhanced spatial resolution afforded by reduced tip size expands the scope of SECM studies to smaller and faster phenomena. The following methods encompass an abbreviated summary of fabrication techniques in a rapidly developing field.
Preparation of electrodes
SECM probes use platinum as the active core material, however carbon, gold, mercury, and silver have all been used. Typical preparation of a microscale electrode is performed by heat sealing a microwire or carbon fiber in a glass capillary under vacuum. This tip can be connected to a larger copper electrode through the use of silver epoxy then polished to yield a sharpened tip. Nanofabrication of electrodes can be performed by etching a metal wire with sodium cyanide and sodium hydroxide. Etched metal wires can then be coated with wax, varnish, molten paraffin or glass, poly(a-methylstyrene), polyimide,
electropolymerized phenol, and electrophoretic paint. Nanotips produced by these methods are conical, however disc-shaped tips can be obtained by micropipette pulling of glass sealed electrodes. Nanoscale electrodes allow for high resolution experiments of biological features of sub micron scale or single molecule analysis. "Penetration" experiments, where the tip is inserted into a microstructure (such as a thin polymer film with fixed redox centers) to probe kinetic and concentration parameters, also require the use of nanoscale electrodes. However, microelectrodes remain ideal for quantitative kinetic and feedback mode experiments due to their increased surface area.
Modification of electrodes has developed beyond the size parameter. SECM-AFM probes can act as both a force sensor and electrode through the utilization of a flattened, etched metal wire coated by electrophoretic paint. In this system, the flattened wire acts as a flexible cantilever to measure the force against a sample (AFM) as the wire electrode measures the current (SECM). Similarly, SECM functionality can be imparted into standard AFM probes by sputtering the surface with a conductive metal or by milling an insulated tip with a focused ion beam (FIB). Electron-beam lithography has also been demonstrated to reproducibly generate SECM-AFM probes using silicon wafers. AFM probe manufacturers, such as Scuba Probe Technologies fabricate SECM-AFM probes with reliable electrical contacts for operation in liquids.
Images of the chemical environment that is decoupled from localized topographies are also desirable to study larger or uneven surfaces. "Soft stylus probes" were recently developed by filling a microfabricated track on a polyethylene terephthalate sheet with a conductive carbon ink. Lamination with a polymer film produced v-shaped stylus that was cut to expose the carbon tip. The flexibility inherent in the probe design allows for constant contact with the substrate that bends the probe. When dragged across a sample, probe bending accommodates for topographical differences in the substrate and provides a quasi-constant tip-to-substrate distance, d.
Micro-ITIES probes represent another type of specialty probe that utilizes the Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions (ITIES). These tips feature a tapered pipette containing a solution containing a metal counter electrode, and are used to measure electron and ion transfer events when immersed in a second, immiscible liquid phase containing a counter-reference electrode.
Often the probing of liquid/liquid and air/liquid interfaces via SECM require the use of a submarine electrode. In this configuration, the electrode is fashioned into a hook shape where the electrode can be inverted and submerged within the liquid layer. The UME tip points upwards and can be positioned directly beneath the liquid/liquid or air/liquid interface. The portion of the electrode passing through the interface region is electrically insulated to prevent indirect interfacial perturbations.
Increases in the complexity of electrodes along with decreases in size have prompted the need for high resolution characterization techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and SECM approach curve measurements are frequently applied to identify the dimension and geometry of fabricated probes.
Potentiostat
The potentiostat biases and measures the voltage using the standard three electrode system of voltammetry experiments. The UME acts as the working electrode to apply a controlled potential to the substrate. The auxiliary electrode (or counter electrode) acts to balance the current generated at the working electrode, often through a redox reaction with the solvent or supporting electrolyte. Voltage measured with regard to the well defined reduction potential of the reference electrode, although this electrode itself does not pass any current.
Positioners and translators
SECM utilizes many of the same positioning components that are available to other materials characterization techniques. Precise positioning between the tip and sample is an important factor that is complementary to tip size. The position of the probe relative to a given point on the material surface in the x, y, and z directions is typically controlled by a motor for rough positioning coupled with a piezoelectric motor for finer control. More specifically, systems may feature an inchworm motor that directs coarse positioning with additional z control governed by a PZT piezo pusher. Stepper motors with XYZ piezo block positioner or closed-loop controller systems have also been used.
Applications
SECM has been employed to probe the topography and surface reactivity of solid-state materials, track the dissolution kinetics of ionic crystals in aqueous environments, screen electrocatalytic prospects, elucidate enzymatic activities, and investigate dynamic transport across synthetic/natural membranes and other biophysical systems. Early experiments focused on these solid/liquid interfaces and the characterization of typical solution-based electrochemical systems at higher spatial resolution and sensitivities than bulk electrochemical experiments typically afford. More recently the SECM technique has been adapted to explore the chemical transfer dynamics at liquid/liquid and liquid/gas interfaces.
Solid/Liquid Interface
Microstructuring
SECM and variations of the technique have also found use in microfabrication, surface patterning, and microstructuring. A multitude of surface reactions within this context have been explored including metal deposition, etching and patterning of surfaces by enzymes. Scanning probe lithography (SPL) of surfaces can be performed using the SECM configuration. Due to size limitations in the microfabrication procedures for the UMEs, spatial resolution is decreased, affording larger feature sizes compared to other SPL techniques. An early example demonstrated patterning of dodecylthiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) by moving the UME in a two-dimensional array in close proximity to the surface while applying an oxidative or reductive potential, thus locally desorbing the chemical species. Micron-sized features were effectively patterned into the SAM. An inherent benefit of SECM over other SPL techniques for surface patterning can be attributed to its ability to simultaneously acquire surface-related electrochemical information while performing lithography. Other studies have demonstrated the utility of SECM for the deposition of local gold islands as templates for attachment of biomolecules and fluorescent dyes. Such studies are suggestive of the technique’s potential for the fabrication of nanoscale assemblies, making it particularly suited to explore previously studied systems tethered to small gold clusters.
Varieties of SECM employing the micropipet tip geometry have been used to generate spatially resolved microcrystals of a solid solution. Here, glass microcapillaries with sub-micron sized orifices replace the standard UME allowing femtoliter-sized droplets to be suspended from the capillary over a conductive surface acting as the working electrode. Upon contact with the positively biased surface, the droplets of salt solutions achieve supersaturation and crystallize with well-defined, microscale geometries. Such technology could lend itself well to solid-state electrochemical sensors on microdevices.
Ionic dissolution
The dissolution of ionic crystals in aqueous environments is fundamentally important to the characterization of a host of naturally occurring and synthetic systems. The high spatial resolution and three-dimensional mobility provided by the UME allows one to probe the dissolution kinetics on specific faces of single ionic crystals, whereas previous characterization techniques relied on a bulk or ensemble average measurement. Due to the high mass transfer rates associated with UMEs in the SECM configuration, it is possible to quantify systems defined by very fast reaction kinetics. In addition, UMEs allow monitoring over a wide dynamic range, making possible the study of ionic solids with large differences in solubility.
Early examples demonstrating the utility of SECM to extract quantitative rate data from such systems was carried out on CuSO4 crystals in an aqueous solution saturated with Cu2+ and ions. By positioning an UME in the SECM configuration approximately one-electrode radius away from the (100) face of a CuSO4 crystal, it was possible to perturb the dissolution equilibrium by locally reducing Cu2+ at the UME surface. As the crystal face locally dissolved into copper and sulfate ions, a visible pit was formed and the chronoamperometric signal could be monitored as a function of distance between the UME and the crystal. Assuming first or second order kinetic behavior, the dissolution rate constant could then be extracted from the data. Similar studies have been performed on additional crystal systems without a supporting electrolyte.
Electrocatalysis investigation
Approaching the search for novel catalytic materials to replace precious metals used in fuel cells demands extensive knowledge of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurring at the metal surface. Often even more pressing are the physical limitations imposed by the need to survey and assess the electrocatalytic viability of large numbers of potential catalytic candidates. Some groups studying electrocatalysis have demonstrated the use of SECM as a rapid screening technique that provides local quantitative electrochemical information about catalytic mixtures and materials.
A variety of approaches have been suggested for high throughput assessment of novel metallic electrocatalysts. One functional, non-SECM approach, enabled the electrocatalytic activities of a large number of catalysts to be assessed optically by employing a technique that detected proton production on deposited arrays of proton-sensitive fluorescent dyes. Though of certain utility, the technique suffers from the failure to extract quantitative electrochemical information from any catalytic system of interest, thus requiring the quantitative electrochemical information to be obtained off-line from the array experiment. Bard et al. have demonstrated assessment of electrocatalytic activities at high volume using the SECM configuration. With this approach, direct quantitative electrochemical information from multicomponent systems can be acquired on a rapid screening platform. Such high throughput screening significantly assists the search for abundant, efficient and cost-effective electrocatalytic materials as substitutes for platinum and other precious metals.
Biological analysis
The ability to probe non-conductive surfaces makes SECM a feasible method for analyzing membranes, redox active enzymes, and other biophysical systems.
Changes in intracellular redox activity may be related to conditions such as oxidative stress and cancer. Redox processes of individual living cells can be probed by SECM, which serves as a non-invasive method for monitoring intracellular charge transfer. In such measurements, the cell of interest is immobilized on a surface submerged in a solution with the oxidized form of the redox mediator and feedback mode is employed. A potential is applied to the tip, which reduces the oxidized species, generating a steady-state current, iT. When the tip product enters the cell, it is re-oxidized by processes within the cell and sent back out. Depending on the rate at which tip product is regenerated by the cell, the tip current will change. A study by Liu et al. employed this method and showed that the redox states within three human breast cell lines (nonmotile, motile, and metastatic) were consistently different. SECM can not only examine immobilized cells, but also be used to study the kinetics of immobilized redox-active enzymes.
Transport of ions such as K+ and Na+ across membranes or other biological interfaces is vital to many cell processes; SECM has been employed in studying transport of redox active species across cell membranes. In feedback mode, the transfer of molecules across a membrane can be induced by collecting the transferred species at the tip and forming a concentration gradient. The changes in current can be measured as a function of molecule transport rate.
Liquid/liquid interface
Electrocatalysis
The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) can be studied using SECM with a micro-ITIES probe. The probe lies in one layer, and is moved closer to the junction while applying a potential. Oxidation or reduction depletes the substrate concentration, resulting in diffusion from either layer. At close tip-interface distances, rates of diffusion between the organic/aqueous layer for a substrate or ionic species are observed. Electron transfer rates have also been studied extensively at the ITIES. In such experiments, redox couples are dissolved in separate phases and the current at the ITIES is recorded. This is also the fundamental principle in studying transport across membranes.
Liquid/gas interface
The transfer of chemical species across air/liquid interfaces is integral to almost every physical, physiological, biological and environmental system on some level. Thus far, a major thrust in the field has been the quantification of molecular transfer dynamics across monolayer films in order to gain insight into chemical transport properties of cellular membrane systems and chemical diffusion at environmental interfaces.
Though much work has been done in the area of evaporation through monolayers at air/water interfaces, it was the introduction of SECM that provided researchers an alternative method for exploring the permeability of monolayers to small solute molecules across such interfaces. By precisely positioning a submarine electrode beneath an organic monolayer that separates an air/water interface, researchers were able to perturb the oxygen diffusion equilibrium by local reduction of oxygen in the aqueous layer, thereby eliciting diffusion across the monolayer. Diffusion dynamics of the system can be elucidated by measuring the current response at the UME with high spatial and temporal resolution. SECM is quite amenable to such kinetics studies since the current response can be monitored with high sensitivity due to the rapid mass transfer rates associated with UMEs in the SECM configuration. The three dimensional mobility of the UME also affords spatial probing of membranes to identify points of high flux or permeability. A very similar approach has been employed for diffusion studies at liquid/liquid and solid/liquid interfaces.
References
Microscopy |
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