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The Ordinariate for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria (or Ordinariate of Austria of the Eastern Rite) is a Catholic Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful jointly for all Eastern Catholics of Byzantine Rite in the various languages of particular churches sui iuris in Austria.
It is immediately exempt to the Holy See and its Dicastery for the Eastern Churches.
History
The Greek Catholic Churches were present in the Austrian Empire since November 21, 1611 when the Serbian Orthodox Bishop Simeon Vratanja of Marča traveled to Rome and formally accepted the jurisdiction of the pope over his bishopric, which eventually became the Eparchy of Križevci in 1777. As a result of the incorporation of Ukrainian territories into the Empire, in 1783 the first Ukrainian Greek-Catholic parish (called then Ruthenian) of St. Barbara in Vienna (Barbarakirche), approved by Emperor Joseph II of Austria, was founded.
With the Republic of Austria, the 1933 Holy See's Concordat was the legal basis.
In the course of the Cold War, when the Eastern Churches were in distress, in 1956 the Ordinariat was established as a diocese of the Austrian faithful. It is exempt, directly subordinate to the Holy See, and is personally headed by the Archbishop of Vienna. Until the 1980s, several other missions were created next to St. Barbara.
On December 12, 1935 a decree of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches decided that the parish of Santa Barbara in Vienna was transferred from the archieparchy of Lviv to the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Vienna in a personal capacity as apostolic delegate (delegatus tamquam Sanctae Sedis specialiter), meaning that it was not included in the archdiocese of Vienna. The same decree arranged that all the Byzantine Catholic faithful of Austria should pass into the personal jurisdiction of the archbishop: In erga fideles rite commorantes Byzantini fines intra Reipublicae Austriacae.
Another decree of October 3, 1945, decided to extend the jurisdiction of the archbishop (facultates omnes) and on November 1, 1945 he was appointed vicar general of the Byzantine Catholics in Austria.
The ordinariate was established on 13 June 1956, on territory previously only served pastorally by the Latin church. It is vested in the Archbishop of Vienna, once capital of the Habsburg monarchy, which included many of the present Eastern (European) 'Greek' Catholic communities.
Territory and statistics
The diocese extends to all the faithful who live in Austria and belong to the Byzantine Rite. Its episcopal see is the St. Barbara church, in Vienna (Wien), capital of Austria.
There are larger Ukrainian and Romanian communities and smaller Melkite, Byzantine groups of Italo-Albanians, Ruthenians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Slovaks and Hungarians.
The ordinary is regularly the archbishop of Vienna, who entrusts his administration to a vicar general protosyncellus based in Vienna, who since 2014 is Yurij Kolasa. The Romanian Mission (Misiunii Romane Unite din Vienna) has a rector, Vasile Lutai.
As per 2016, it pastorally served 10,000 Catholics in 1 parish and 8 missions.
Parish and chapels
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic
central parish is in the church of Santa Barbara in Vienna, which is the only parish of the Ordinariate (central parish), together with three other Byzantine chapels in Lower Austria.
Except in Vienna are currently Ukrainian Greek Catholic chapels in Salzburg (St. Mark's Church) Innsbruck (auxiliary funeral parish at the international seminary Collegium Canisianum) Graz (Mary Help of Christians Church) and Linz (Carmelite Church).
The first congregation in present-day Austria was founded in Vienna in 1783, when Galicia and Lodomeria became part of the Habsburg monarchy during the Polish partition and Ukrainians, also called Ruthenians increasingly came to the capital of the empire. As early as 1773, Maria Theresa had handed over the repealed Viennese Jesuit convent as barbarous to the Greek Catholic.
After the end of the Second World War, the number of Ukrainian Greek Catholic faithful in Austria increased again significantly. The newcomers mostly migrated to North America and Australia. In the 1990s, Ukrainian Catholic war refugees from Bosnia Herzegovina, mostly from the Republika Srpska, fled to Austria, and more emigrations from Ukraine and Poland took place, which in turn increased the number of believers.
Romanian Greek Catholic Church
The Romanian Greek Catholic
mission is based in the Saint Roch Chapel in Vienna also using the church of St. George in Kagran. Other communities exist in Graz, Linz, Murau and Wiener Neustadt.
There was also a community in Salzburg, which was dissolved in the 1950s.
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
The Melkite Greek Catholic community is based at Saint Jacob in Vienna.
German-speaking Catholic Byzantine communities
There are also German-speaking Catholic Byzantine communities that meet in the church of Santa Barbara in Vienna (where there is a Hungarian Byzantine priest and another Ruthenian) and in Salzburg.
In the decade of 1950 a small Russian Byzantine Catholic community existed in Salzburg, but it disappeared after the death of its priest.
List of parishes with churches, chapels and pastoral offices
Episcopal ordinaries
(all Roman Rite)
Ordinaries of Austria of Eastern Rite
Franz König (1956.06.13 – 1985.09.16), Metropolitan Archbishop of Wien (1956.05.10 – retired 1985.09.16), concurrently President of Episcopal Conference of Austria (1958 – 1985), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Eusebio (1958.12.18 – 2004.03.13), Military Vicar of Austria (1959.02.21 – 1969.05.07), President of Secretariat for Non-Believers in the Roman Curia (1965.04.06 – 1980.06.27); previously Titular Bishop of Livias (1952.07.03 – 1956.05.10) as (non-succeeding) Coadjutor Bishop of Sankt Pölten (Austria) (1952.07.03 – 1956.05.10); later became Protopriest of College of Cardinals (1991.11.13 – 2004.03.13)
Hans Hermann Groër, Benedictine Congregation of Austria of the Immaculate Conception (O.S.B.) (1987.02.21 – retirement 1995.09.14), Metropolitan Archbishop of Wien (Austria) (1986.07.15 – retired 1995.09.14), President of Episcopal Conference of Austria (1988 – 1995), created Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Gioacchino ed Anna al Tuscolano (1988.06.28 – death 2003.03.24)
Christoph Schönborn, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1995.11.06 – ...), Metropolitan Archbishop of Wien (Vienna) (1995.09.14 – ...), created Cardinal-Priest of Gesù Divin Lavoratore (1998.02.21 [1998.11.22] – ...), President of Episcopal Conference of Austria (1998.06.30 – ...), Member of Commission of Cardinals overseeing the Institute for Works of Religion (2014.01.15 – ...); previously Titular Bishop of Sutri (1991.07.11 – 1995.04.13) as Auxiliary Bishop of Wien (1991.07.11 – 1995.04.13), promoted (succeeding) Coadjutor Archbishop of Wien (1995.04.13 – 1995.09.14).
See also
List of Catholic dioceses in Austria
Catholic Church in Austria
List of Jesuit sites
References
Sources and external links
erzdioezese-wien.at
Gcatholic, with Google map and satellite photo - data for all sections
Catholic-hierarchy.org
ukrainische-kirche.at
Website of St. Barbara Church in Wien (st-barbara-austria.org)
kath.net
Byzantine Ordinariate of Austria st-barbara-austria.org
Byzantine Ordinariate in Austria ruk-wien.at
Struktur der Seelsorge für die ukrainische griechisch-katholischen Gläubigen ukrainische-kirche-innsbruck.at
kath.net
Ordinariates for Eastern Catholic faithful
Eastern Catholic dioceses
Eastern Catholic dioceses in Europe
Roman Catholic dioceses in Austria
Innere Stadt
Eastern Catholicism in Austria |
Frédéric Kowal (born 2 October 1970 in Nogent-sur-Seine) is a French rower.
References
1970 births
Living people
French male rowers
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for France
Olympic rowers for France
Olympic medalists in rowing
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
20th-century French people |
The Creating International Banking Act of 1978 was a United States legislative act that brought all American branches of foreign banks and agencies under the jurisdiction of US banking regulations. It granted FDIC insurance to these domestic branches, but also required them to hold the same reserves and auditing schedules as US banks.
Prior to this act, foreign banks operating in the US were subject to varying state laws with no uniformity. Thus for the benefit of both US regulators and foreign institutions seeking uniformity and stability, this act was approved. This act required foreign banks to apply for charters and approvals to operate within the United States from the Federal Reserve. Once approved, they next must meet the required reserve ratios with FDIC standards and is subject to US accounting and regulatory standards. This act allows foreign banks to establish branches within the United States that operate lawfully and under the same rules as domestic banks.
References
External links
International Banking Act of 1978 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
Public Law 95-369, 95th Congress, H.R. 10899: International Banking Act of 1978
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
United States federal banking legislation |
Inishdooey (Gaeilge: Inis Dúiche, although local Gaelic speakers know it as Oileán Dúiche, retaining the element ‘Inis’ only for the two nearby islands on either side of it) is a privately owned 96-acre island just off the north-west coast of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. The island is situated 1 km north of Inishbofin, near Machaire Rabhartaigh (Magheroarty).
References
Islands of County Donegal
Uninhabited islands of Ireland |
Sheikh Ibrahim Bin Abdullah Al-Ghaith is the former General President for the Saudi Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
In Spain, the (; 'designation of origin') is part of a regulatory geographical indication system used primarily for foodstuffs such as cheeses, condiments, honey, and meats, among others. In wines, it parallels the hierarchical systems of France (1935) and Italy (1963), although Rioja (1925) and Jerez (1933) preceded the full system. In foods, it performs a similar role, regulation of quality and geographical origin of products from Spain. There are five other designated categories solely for wine and a further three specifically covering food and condiments, all recognised by the European Union (EU). In Catalonia, two further categories – labelled A and Q – cover traditional Catalan artisan food products, but were not recognised by the EU In recent decades, the concept of the has been adopted by other countries, primarily in Latin America. In 2016, the use of the (DO) for wines was registered as a European Union Protected Designations of Origin/ (PDO/DOP), but the traditional Portuguese term of DO can still be used legally on labels.
Definition
The Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food regulates the quality of Spanish foodstuffs via a labelling system which establishes, among other things, a for the country's highest-quality produce. There is a semi-autonomous governing body (Consejo Regulador) for each region and for each food type, comprising skilled, impartial members who investigate the quality, ingredients and production process of each product, ensuring they attain specific quality levels. They report to a central council at national government level, but are normally based in the largest population centre of a given region and are responsible for ensuring labelling reflects geographical region. Products labelled , apart from being of superior quality, are expected to carry specific characteristics of geographical region or individual producer and be derived from raw materials originating within the region. Like most of these designations, a fundamental tenet of a DO label is that no product outside of that region is permitted to bear the name.
History
Food and wine are inseparable from Spanish culture, historically bound to the social, economic, literary and even mystical fabric of society over thousands of years, so it is perhaps not surprising that attempts to regulate and normalise activities related to them have proven highly elusive. It was not until the seventeenth century, when legislative authorities became sufficiently interested in issues such as public health, public order and economic regulation, that laws begin to be formulated with regard to wine, initially prohibiting, later encouraging and ultimately regulating its production, commercialisation and consumption. Food regulation waited even longer, until Spain's entry into the EU and signing up to the Common Agricultural Policy during the latter part of the twentieth century.
A series of Royal Decrees on wine were issued during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, focussing on ad hoc issues which arose due to new tendencies at home and abroad and often dealing more with maverick suppliers than any concern with comprehensive regulation. Gradually though, concern shifted from issues related to supply towards the need to regulate quality, especially for foreign markets. During the 1920s serious attempts were made to formulate some kind of classification along the lines of the French appellation system. Following the establishment of the Rioja as the first Spanish denominación in 1925, the Estatuto de vino ('wine statute') of 1932 coincided with national and international recognition of the sherry-producing region of Jerez.
Despite being thorough and wide-ranging, the Estatuto was quickly overwhelmed by technological advances in agriculture. By the time the EEC became influential in this area. it was clear that the law would require fundamental re-drafting. A new Estatuto, the Ley del Vino y de los Alcoholes (25/1970) came into place in December 1970 but was again undermined, this time by two important events: the new Spanish Constitution (inaugurated in 1978) that restated geographical considerations with the Estado de las Autonomías, and Spain's pending membership of the European Community (1986) that brought about a rapid classification of all Spanish produce in line with other member states.
Finally, in March 1996, the Spanish government unveiled its own multi-tier sub-classifications, consistent with EU regulation but more pertinent to Spanish agriculture. Hence, for example, the EU's Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWPSR) covers all Spanish wines graded above the basic vino de mesa ('table wine'). The Spanish forms a subset of the QWPSR. This has coincided with a rise in the perceived quality of Spanish produce generally and has been widely acclaimed, although some areas, like the super-strict denominación de pago, remain controversial and liable to future amendment.
Product types
Denominaciones de origen status can be applied to a wide range of foods and condiments, specifically:
Quality foods may be designated a range of classifications, of which is the recognition of superior quality, with identifiable characteristics and specific ingredients, derived from an identifiable and verifiable source. Other classifications, not necessarily mutually exclusive, are as follows, under the general heading of ('foods of distinguished quality'):
(DOP, literally 'protected denomination of origin') – an EU designation of protected geographical status, referring to food products specific to a particular region or town and conveying a particular quality or characteristic of the designated area.
Indicación geográfica protegida''' (IGP, 'protected geographical indicator') – similar to DOP, but relating to a wider and less specific geographical region.Especialidades tradicionales Garantizadas (ETG, 'traditional specialty guaranteed') – products made using traditional ingredients, recipes or methods.Artisan food product stamp A – recognising small, family-run food businesses with high quality, distinctive produce overseen by a qualified artisan (Catalonia only, not recognised by the EU).Food quality stamp Q – foods with superior quality composition, production methods or presentation (Catalonia only, not recognised by the EU).Producción agricultura ecológica (PAE, 'organic agricultural production' – an organic food designation recognising natural, environmentally friendly production methods.
By 2004, Spain had 250 denominaciones de origen and indicaciones geográficas protegidas, over half of which related to food. The following list of better-known denominaciónes de origen is by no means exhaustive:
Olive oil
The denominaciones de origen for olive oil include:
Aceite Monterrubio – from Badajoz in Extremadura, mostly Cornezuelo and Picual varieties.
Baena – Hojiblanca, Picual and Lechín varieties from the south-east of the province of Cordoba.
Les Garrigues – Arbequina and Verdiell varieties from the province of Lleida in Catalonia.
Priego de Córdoba – Picado, Hojiblanca and Picual varieties from the province of Córdoba.
Sierra Magina – Picual variety from the southern part of Jaén province.
Sierra Segura – mostly Picual from the north-east of Jaén province.
Siurana – Arbequina, Royal, and Murrot varieties from the province of Tarragona.
Iberian ham (jamón ibérico)
The famous jamón ibérico has several denominaciones de origen, including:
Huelva – source of the jamón de Jabugo.
Teruel Guijuelo – well known for jamón y paleta ibéricos de bellota (from acorn-fed pigs)
Dehesa de Extremadura Los Pedroches Cheese
Tetilla unusually shaped cheese from Galicia.
Cabrales – Asturian blue cheese.
Picon Bejes-Tresviso – from Liébana region in the province of Cantabria.
Liebana – from Cantabria, renowned for smoked cheeses.
Cantabria – "fresh" Cantabrian cheese.
Idiazábal – Basque cheese; the DO labels includes the cheese output of Alava, Biscay, Gipuzkoa, and Navarre.
Roncal – from Navarre.
Zamorano – from Zamora
Manchego – from La Mancha.
La Serena – sheep-milk cheese from Badajoz.
Torta del Casar – sheep-milk cheese from Cáceres.
Afuega'l pitu – cow-milk cheese from Asturias.
Vinegar
There are just four protected appellations for vinegar in the EU, of which three are in Spain:
Vinagre de Jerez – sherry vinegar from Jerez
Condado de Huelva – white wine vinegar from Huelva
Montilla-MorilesWine
Wine region classification in Spain takes a quite complex hierarchical form in which the is a mainstream grading, equivalent to the French AOC and the Italian DOC.
As of 2019, Spain has 138 identifiable wine regions under some form of geographical classification (2 DOCa/DOQ, 68 DO, 7 VC, 19 VP, and 42 VT). The Spanish DO is actually a subset of the EU-sponsored QWPSR (Quality Wine Produced in Specific Regions) regulatory code (vino de calidad producido en región determinada (VCPRD) in Spanish) which Spain formally adopted in 1986, upon accession to the (then) EEC. The Spanish appellation hierarchy was most recently updated in 2016, and is as follows:DOP – ('protected denomination of origin'), is the mainstay of Spain's wine quality control system. Each region is governed by a consejo regulador, which decides on the boundaries of the region, permitted varietals, maximum yields, limits of alcoholic strength and other quality standards or production limitations pertaining to the zone. As of 2019 there are 96 DOPs that are subdivided into DOCa, DO, VP, and VC. The sub-categories can be called DOP, or they can use the traditional terms of DOCa, DO, VP, and VC.DOCa – denominación de origen calificada ('denomination of qualified origin'), is the highest category in Spanish wine regulations, reserved for regions with above-average grape prices and particularly stringent quality controls. Rioja was the first Spanish region to be awarded DOCa status in 1991, followed by Priorat in 2003. Priorat uses the Catalan language DOQ, for denominació d'origen qualificada. These are the only two regions considered "above" DO status.DO – denominación de origin, the mainstay of Spain's wine quality control system. Each region is governed by a consejo regulador, which decides on the boundaries of the region, permitted varietals, maximum yields, limits of alcoholic strength and other quality standards or production limitations pertaining to the zone.VP – vino de pago ('estate wine'), a special term for high-quality, single-estate wines (pago is a Spanish term for a vineyard estate) which in some cases also have DO or VC or IGP appellations. This category was formed in 2003.VC – vino de Calidad con indicación geográfica ('quality wine with geographic indication'), a category formed in 2003 along with VP. The VC category is used for wines that do not fully meet the stringent standards of the DO category, but are above the standards of the IGP category. IGP – indicación geográfica protegida (protected geographical indication (PGI)). This is part of the EU PGI scheme, which includes wines below the DOP level, and is wine originating from a specific place, a region or a country, which has a certain quality, reputation or other characteristic - including production phases - that can be essentially attributed to its geographical origin, at least one of which takes place in the defined geographical area. These can use the traditional term Vino de la Tierra (VT).VdM – vino de mesa ('table wine'), the catch-all at the bottom of the pyramid, for all wine from unclassified vineyards, and wine that has been declassified by blending. This includes both inexpensive jug wines and some expensive wines that are not yet classified due to innovation outside traditional lines.
The two DOCa/DOQ regions are Priorat (Tarragona) and Rioja, the two highest-regarded wine-producing regions in Spain, which carry the special denominación de origen calificada.
The more prominent DO regions include:
Campo de Borja (Zaragoza) – features a number of cooperatives that produce Garnacha and Tempranillo.
Málaga and Sierras de Málaga (Málaga) – Sierras de Málaga is in effect a sub-appellation of the Málaga DO, traditionally known for its liquor wines and sweet wines.
Montilla – Moriles (Córdoba) – produces mainly sweet dessert wines using similar techniques to those used for the production of sherry.
Navarra (Navarre) – a neighbour of the Rioja, the Navarra DO region used to be renowned only for its rosado wines but in recent years has been producing quality reds and whites as well.
Penedès (Barcelona) – notable not only for the production of the sparkling wine Cava, but red wines from Tempranillo, Garnacha, and Cariñena grapes.
Rías Baixas (Galicia) – known for its Albarino varietals, Spain's most popular white wine. Other whites grown here include Treixadura, Loureira, Caino blanco, and Torrontes. Popular red grapes in this region include Caino Tinto and Sousón.
Ribera del Duero (Castile and León) – challenges Rioja for the most popular red wines produced in Spain. Almost all of its wines are made from the Tempranillo grape.
Rueda (Castile and León) – located west of Ribera del Duero, producing reds and whites, typically less expensive than those of its more famous neighbours.
Jerez (Xérès) (Cádiz) – source of the English term "sherry", a fortified wine that can either be dry or sweet.
Toro (Castile and León) – located between the provinces of Zamora and Valladolid, along the river Duero, producing reds such as Tinta de Toro, the local name for Tempranillo.
Sherry / Jerez
Along with the DO appellations, the Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO of Spain uses the following categories:
VOS – Latin: (and sometimes mistaken to stand for "very old sherry" by English speakers) – applies to sherries with an average age of at least 20 years.
VORS' - Vinum Optimu Rare Signatum'', sometimes anglicized as Very Old Rare Sherry
See also
Traditional food
Endemic gastronomy
Appellation d'origine contrôlée, an analogous system in France
Denominação de Origem Controlada, an analogous system in Portugal
Denominazione di origine controllata, an analogous system for Italian wines
List of Andalusian food and drink products with protected status
Notes
References
External links
MAPA website
Appellations
Brand management
Alcoholic drink brands
Spanish cuisine
Spanish wine
Wine classification |
Vasily Savin (born 2 April 1967) is a Soviet former skier. He competed in the Nordic combined events at the 1988 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Soviet male Nordic combined skiers
Olympic Nordic combined skiers for the Soviet Union
Olympic Nordic combined skiers for the Unified Team
Nordic combined skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Murmansk |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
package io.ballerina.runtime.observability.metrics;
import io.ballerina.runtime.observability.metrics.spi.MetricProvider;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import java.util.function.ToDoubleFunction;
/**
* Registry for keeping metrics by name.
*/
public class MetricRegistry {
// Metric Provider implementation, which provides actual implementations
private final MetricProvider metricProvider;
// Metrics Map by ID
private final ConcurrentMap<MetricId, Metric> metrics;
public MetricRegistry(MetricProvider metricProvider) {
this.metricProvider = metricProvider;
this.metrics = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
}
/**
* Use {@link Counter#builder(String)}.
*
* @param id The {@link MetricId}.
* @return A existing or a new {@link Counter} metric.
*/
public Counter counter(MetricId id) {
return getOrCreate(id, Counter.class, () -> metricProvider.newCounter(id));
}
/**
* Registers the counter metrics instance.
*
* @param counter The {@link Counter} instance.
* @return A existing or a newly registered {@link Counter} metric.
*/
public Counter register(Counter counter) {
return register(counter, Counter.class);
}
/**
* Unregister the counter metrics instance.
*
* @param counter The {@link Counter} instance.
*/
public void unregister(Counter counter) {
unregister(counter, Counter.class);
}
/**
* Use {@link Gauge#builder(String)}.
*
* @param id The {@link MetricId}.
* @param statisticConfigs {@link StatisticConfig statistic configurations} to summarize gauge values.
* @return A existing or a new {@link Gauge} metric.
*/
public Gauge gauge(MetricId id, StatisticConfig... statisticConfigs) {
return getOrCreate(id, Gauge.class, () -> metricProvider.newGauge(id, statisticConfigs));
}
/**
* Registers the gauge metrics instance.
*
* @param gauge The {@link Gauge} instance.
* @return A existing or a newly registered {@link Gauge} metric.
*/
public Gauge register(Gauge gauge) {
return register(gauge, Gauge.class);
}
/**
* Unregister the gauge metrics instance.
*
* @param gauge The {@link Gauge} instance.
*/
public void unregister(Gauge gauge) {
unregister(gauge, Gauge.class);
}
/**
* Use {@link PolledGauge#builder(String, Object, ToDoubleFunction)}.
*
* @param id The {@link MetricId}.
* @param obj State object used to compute a value.
* @param valueFunction Function that produces an instantaneous gauge value from the state object.
* @param <T> The type of the state object from which the gauge value is extracted.
* @return A existing or a new {@link PolledGauge} metric.
*/
public <T> PolledGauge polledGauge(MetricId id, T obj, ToDoubleFunction<T> valueFunction) {
return getOrCreate(id, PolledGauge.class, () -> metricProvider.newPolledGauge(id, obj, valueFunction));
}
/**
* Registers the polled gauge metrics instance.
*
* @param gauge The {@link PolledGauge} instance.
* @return A existing or a newly registered {@link PolledGauge} metric.
*/
public PolledGauge register(PolledGauge gauge) {
return register(gauge, PolledGauge.class);
}
/**
* Unregisters the polled gauge metrics instance.
*
* @param gauge The {@link PolledGauge} instance.
*/
public void unregister(PolledGauge gauge) {
unregister(gauge, PolledGauge.class);
}
private <M extends Metric> M getOrCreate(MetricId id, Class<M> metricClass, Supplier<M> metricSupplier) {
M metric = readMetric(id, metricClass);
if (metric == null) {
M newMetric = metricSupplier.get();
return writeMetricIfNotExists(newMetric, metricClass);
} else {
return metric;
}
}
private <M extends Metric> M readMetric(MetricId metricId, Class<M> metricClass) {
Metric existingMetrics = lookup(metricId);
if (existingMetrics != null) {
if (metricClass.isInstance(existingMetrics)) {
return (M) existingMetrics;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(metricId + " is already used for a different type " +
"of metric: " + metricClass.getSimpleName());
}
}
return null;
}
private <M extends Metric> M writeMetricIfNotExists(M metric, Class<M> metricClass) {
final Metric existing = metrics.putIfAbsent(metric.getId(), metric);
if (existing != null) {
if (metricClass.isInstance(existing)) {
return (M) existing;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(metric.getId() + " is already used for a different type of metric: "
+ metricClass.getSimpleName());
}
}
return metric;
}
private <M extends Metric> M register(M registerMetric, Class<M> metricClass) {
M metric = readMetric(registerMetric.getId(), metricClass);
if (metric == null) {
return writeMetricIfNotExists(registerMetric, metricClass);
} else {
return metric;
}
}
private <M extends Metric> void unregister(Metric registerMetric, Class<M> metricClass) {
Metric metric = readMetric(registerMetric.getId(), metricClass);
if (metric != null) {
metrics.remove(registerMetric.getId());
}
}
/**
* Removes the metric with the given name.
*
* @param name the name of the metric
*/
public void remove(String name) {
List<MetricId> ids = metrics.keySet().stream()
.filter(id -> id.getName().equals(name)).toList();
ids.forEach(metrics::remove);
}
public MetricProvider getMetricProvider() {
return metricProvider;
}
public Metric[] getAllMetrics() {
return this.metrics.values().toArray(new Metric[this.metrics.values().size()]);
}
public Metric lookup(MetricId metricId) {
return metrics.get(metricId);
}
}
``` |
Neha Uberoi, also known by her married name Neha Uberoi Khangoora (born 6 February 1986), is an American former professional tennis player and fitness blogger.
On 29 January 2007, she reached her best singles ranking of world number 196. On 22 May 2006, she peaked at world number 107 in the doubles rankings. In doubles, she was a finalist at the 2005 Sunfeast Open and the 2005 Guangzhou International Women's Open. Uberoi retired from tennis in 2010.
Personal life
Neha retired from professional tennis in 2008 and graduated from Princeton with a degree in sociology in 2012. In 2016 she got married. She co-founded a non-profit organization South Asians in Sports.
Neha is one of five sisters (two professional) who all played tennis. Her father, Mahesh, is a serial entrepreneur and managed her tennis career; her mother, Madhu, is a homemaker; and she has two older sisters, Diya and Shikha Uberoi (also a professional tennis player), and two younger sisters, Nikita (also a professional tennis player) and Nimita. She speaks Hindi, English and Spanish. Neha loves to visit relatives in Mumbai, India. She is the niece of actor Suresh Oberoi and first cousin of actors Vivek Oberoi and Akshay Oberoi.
Tennis career
Uberoi began playing at age 5 and at age 9 moved with her sister, Shikha Uberoi to attend Saddlebrook Tennis Academy in Tampa, Florida. At 16 years old, she attended her freshman year at Princeton University, where she was All-Ivy League Rookie of the Year in 2003 and named an All-American in singles and doubles the same year. She took a 6-year leave of absence from Princeton University to play on the World Tennis Association tour.
Neha started playing on the ITF Women's Circuit in the year 2000, and played exclusively in ITF tournaments until 2003, with limited results. She played in her first WTA-level tournament at the Advanta Championships of Philadelphia in October 2003, losing to Sandra Klösel in the first qualifying round. She next participated in (and won her first match at) a WTA tournament in February 2004 at the Hyderabad Open, where she defeated Lauren Breadmore, Darija Jurak and sister Shikha in the qualifying, only to lose to Maria Kirilenko in the main draw. After this, she competed in the Miami Masters, the biggest tournament of her career yet; as a wildcard in the qualifying, she fell to Tara Snyder. She would then lose her qualifying match at the Family Circle Cup to Catalina Castaño. She did manage to win her opening match at the Budapest Grand Prix qualifiers, against Zsuzsanna Fodor, but lost to Stéphanie Foretz in the following match. Uberoi played her first Grand Slam tournament at the 2004 US Open, where she was a wildcard into the qualifying, but was defeated by Cory Ann Avants in three tight sets. She mostly played on ITF Women's Circuit tournaments for the rest of the season. In June 2004, Neha also finished as a runner-up in the ITF $10,000 tournament in Fort Worth, Texas, losing in the final to sister Shikha; this would be the only singles final she reached in her career (across both the ITF and the WTA tours).
Uberoi began her 2005 season at the Gold Coast Open in January, failing to win her first match against Liu Nannan. In February, at the Abierto Mexicano Telcel, she won against Edina Gallovits and Ruxandra Dragomir, but couldn't win in the qualifying competition against Julie Ditty. She participated in the Miami Masters' main draw for the first time as a wildcard, losing to Galina Voskoboeva. She also couldn't qualify for the Bausch & Lomb Championships and the Family Circle Cup, and had mixed results on the rest of the clay court season (in ITF tournaments). After playing in numerous ITF events, she played a handful of tournaments at the North American hard court swing. She managed to reach the qualifying finals of both the Cincinnati Masters and the Bank of the West Classic, but couldn't advance to the main draw. With opening losses at both the JPMorgan Chase Open and Canadian Open, she went into the 2005 US Open. She had a strong win against Shiho Hisamatsu in the qualifying round one, but was defeated by Jennifer Hopkins after that. For the rest of the season, she only won one match across four WTA tournaments, losing early in the Sunfeast Open, the Guangzhou Open, the Tashkent Open, and the Hasselt Open. Neha did have a successful year in doubles, reaching two WTA finals partnering sister Shikha.
The Copa Colsanitas was her first WTA tournament of the 2006 season she played in. She had three wins over Carla Tiene, Estefania Craciún, and Tina Schiechtl, but fell to Sara Errani in the main draw. Later, in March 2006, she also qualified for the Qatar Open, where she also lost in round one (to Marion Bartoli). She did advance to the second main round of the Family Circle Cup as a wildcard, where she beat Lisa Raymond. Although she fell in the qualifying of the Grand Prix de SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem during the clay court swing, she entered as a lucky loser, where she managed to win a match against Selima Sfar. After competing in many WTA and ITF tournaments, she would play a WTA main draw at the 2006 Canadian Open, where she was defeated by Cara Black. She would go on to lose at the US Open as well. In doubles, Neha reached two ITF finals (in Troy, Alabama, and Augusta, Georgia) in October 2006, both with Chanelle Scheepers; the pair lost both of the finals.
Neha began 2007 at the Australian Open, where she overcame Viktoria Kutuzova in round one qualifying; next, she would ultimately lose to Sandra Záhlavová. She also failed to qualify for the Pattaya Open, the Sony Ericsson International, the Dubai Tennis Championships, and the Qatar Ladies Open. After playing in a few ITF tournaments, she also couldn't qualify for the Estoril Open and the Prague Open later that year during the clay court season. However, she managed to turn around a season of early losses to win three matches (two in qualifying, one in the main draw – entered as a Lucky Loser) at the Grand Prix de SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem in May (defeating Kelly Liggan, Leanne Baker, and Sorana Cîrstea). Until the Sunfeast Open, she had mediocre results on both the ITF and WTA tours but managed to make the main draw there, losing to Maria Kirilenko, which would turn out to be her last singles match on the WTA Tour.
Uberoi played her last singles match in late June 2009 at the ITF $10,000 tournament in Wichita, Kansas, losing in the first round to Courtney Dolehide. Her final doubles match was at the same tournament also, losing to Megan Broderick and Anastasia Kharchenko in round one (playing with sister Nikita).
World Tennis Association Tour Finals
Doubles (0–2)
ITF finals (0-4)
Singles (0–1)
Doubles (0–3)
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Morristown, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Boca Raton, Florida
American female tennis players
American sportspeople of Indian descent
American women writers of Indian descent
Indian-American tennis players
Tennis people from New Jersey
Tennis people from Florida
American writers of Indian descent
Princeton University alumni
American bloggers
Princeton Tigers women's tennis players
21st-century American women |
More is the third studio album by Canadian R&B recording artist Tamia. It was released by Elektra Records on April 6, 2004 in North America. Created over a period of three years, in which the singer gave birth to her first child, the album, initially titled Still, was indefinitely bumped from its original August 2003 schedule after Tamia was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and forced to undergo treatment. With the illness in remission, she resumed work on the album later that year and arranged additional recording sessions with producers Poke & Tone, Spanador and R. Kelly to revamp parts of the album which saw her also reteaming with frequent partners such as Jermaine Dupri, Shep Crawford and Mario Winans.
The album was released to generally mixed reception from music critics, who applauded Tamia's vocal performances and noted its sophisticated sound. Criticism mainly targeted the amount of fillers as well as the album's occasionally inconsistent production. More debuted and peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 and number four on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, with first week sales of 71,000 copies. It marked the highest-selling week of her career up to that point, doubling her prior best Nielsen SoundScan week, and as of 2018, remains the highest-charting album of Tamia's catalogue in the United States.
Preceded by the international top ten hit "Into You", a collaboration with rapper Fabolous from his second studio album Street Dreams (2003) based on Tamia's 1998 single "So into You", More spawned three singles. Lead single "Officially Missing You" and follow-up "Questions" scored moderate success however, reaching the top 40 of Billboards Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. In support of More, Tamia was featured as a special guest on the Verizon Ladies First Tour, co-headlined by Beyoncé, Alicia Keys and Missy Elliott, which became one of the biggest tours of the year. More became Tamia's third consecutive album to earn a Juno Award nomination in the R&B/Soul Recording of the Year category.
Background
In 2000, Tamia transitioned from mentor Quincy Jones's Qwest Records to the Elektra label to produce and release her second studio album A Nu Day under the guidance of chairman Sylvia Rhone and consummate A&R executive Merlin Bobb. Chiefly produced by Shep Crawford and Missy Elliott along with co-producer Bink!, the album debuted and peaked at number 46 on the US Billboard 200 chart and spawned three singles, including debut single "Can't Go for That", and "Stranger in My House", which reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her highest-charting single yet. Her strongest seller yet, A Nu Day sold over 665,000 copies in the United States and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
The following year, Tamia began work on her third studio album. As with her debut, she worked with a wider number of producers on the album such as Babyface, Seven Aurelius, and Shep Crawford, and reteamed with several collaborators from Tamia, including Jermaine Dupri and Mario Winans. However, despite the range of high-profile musicians, Tamia avoided following trends in favor of more mature and personal material. Commenting on the creation process, she elaborated that "I tried to do songs that speak to me. Really not get caught up with what's the trendy thing [..] I'm older. I sing about things that are relevant to me. I just wanted to stretch vocally and try different things as well." Several songs ("It's a Party", "No Way", "Hold Up", "Don't Think", "Officially Missing You (MIDI Mafia Remix)") from the Still edition of the album that didn't make the physical release were included as bonus/soundtrack tracks or leaked later.
Critical reception
More received generally mixed reviews from music critics. Rob Theakston of AllMusic, who rated it three out of five stars, noted that the "album finds her sticking to many of the roots that were in place through her previous releases". While he praised her voice as "stronger than ever", he found that "there are moments of pure R&B pop indulgence that will satisfy casual listeners and those looking for the hits. More really doesn't break new ground, nor does it separate her from the rest of the pack of acrobatic divas who adhere to the same formulas". People felt that the album, "while a serviceable set, ultimately leaves you wanting more as [Tamia] continues to play it safe." Alluding to her function as the opening act for Beyoncé, Alicia Keys and Missy Elliott during the Verizon Ladies First Tour, the magazine claimed that More "demonstrates why she is still an opening act who is not in those other ladies' league." Billboard magazine wrote that "with More, the singer stands on solid ground."
USA Today critic Steve Jones wrote that while the singer "has always been able to deliver a catchy tune, her albums tend to be spotted with songs that, while pleasant, also are easily forgettable." He found that "Tamia is best when given a strong ballad she can just cut loose on or one that lets her work her considerable sultry charm. Hers is a sweet, sophisticated sound. She just needs to be more consistent with it." Similarly, Raymond Fiore, writing for Entertainment Weekly, noted that while "Tamia debuted in 1995 with "You Put a Move on My Heart," possessing the promise of a young Whitney, three mediocre CDs later, she's yet to find another great song. Here, Babyface contributes sappy production, while the Trackmasters offer a formulaic party vibe. Only when beat maker 7 Aurelius lays down soothing acoustic guitar [...] does Tamia prove she can still sparkle." Nows Jason Richards remarked that More "offers some solid music produced by all the brand names of pop soul [...] As such, this album is the quintessence of contempo mainstream R&B – nothing more, nothing less. Nothing original, no risks, just Tamia’s young, lithe and at times robust vocals over expectedly syrupy for-the-radio/clubs production."
Release and performance
Originally scheduled for an August 19, 2003 release, Tamia spent much of June and July 2003 travelling to promote the upcoming release of the album which was initially announced to be titled Still. Riding on the success of her collaboration with rapper Fabolous on "Into You", the second single from his second studio album Street Dreams (2003), as well as "Officially Missing You", the lead single from Still, Elektra joined forces with Verizon Wireless to promote the album through a television campaign, while Tamia went on a month-long radio tour and, along with Fabolous, had high-profile appearances on BET and MTV2. However, after experiencing intense fatigue and numb leg and going through countless tests, she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and forced to delayed Still indefinitely to undergo treatment. With the illness in remission, Tamia resumed work in late 2003, while the album, retitled More, was retooled to include additional material by producers Poke & Tone, Spanador and R. Kelly.
Finally announced for April 6, 2004, another set-back to the album occurred only a month before its official release, when Sylvia Rhone, the chairman of Elektra Records, was fired after Warner Music, Elektra's parent company, announced to cut 1,000 jobs among a round of executive exits and departmental restructuring. Rhone, who had been instrumental in Tamia's transition from Qwest to Elektra in the late-1990s, had served as the executive producer on A Nu Day and More and worked closely with the singer. While Tamia denied rumors that she was seeking to leave the label, she recognized that "It’s a scary time for me [...] I definitely was very shocked that Sylvia was let go, but I’ve put in so much work on this project and I’d hate to walk away from it." Despite Warner's ongoing consolidation, More debuted and peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 and number four on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, selling 71,000 copies in its first week. The "Hot Shot Debut" of the week on both charts, it marked the highest-selling week of her career up to that point, doubling her prior best Nielsen SoundScan week.
Cover versions
In 2014, the album's title track "More" was remixed by British house duo Blonde (with the vocals re-recorded by Melissa Steel) and released as "I Loved You".
Track listing
Notes
denotes co-producer
denotes additional producer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
2004 albums
Tamia albums
Albums produced by Tim & Bob
Elektra Records albums |
On 28 July 2018, Air Vanuatu Flight 241, operated by ATR-72 registration YJ-AV71 suffered an in-flight engine fire while operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight from Whitegrass Airport, Tanna to Bauerfield International Airport, Port Vila, Vanuatu. On landing at Port Vila, a runway excursion occurred. The aircraft collided with two Britten-Norman Islanders, writing one off and severely damaging the other. Thirteen of the 43 people on board sustained minor injuries.
Aircraft
The aircraft involved in the accident were:
An ATR-72 of Air Vanuatu, registration YJ-AV71. msn 720. The aircraft first flew on 6 June 2005. At the time of the accident, it had accumulated 19,887 hours and 39 minutes flight time.
A Britten-Norman Islander of Unity Airlines, registration YJ-OO9, msn 65. The aircraft had first flown on 11 April 1969.
A Britten-Norman Islander of Air Taxi, registration YJ-AL2, msn 609. It had first flown in 1971.
Flight
Flight 241 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight from Whitegrass Airport, Tanna to Bauerfield International Airport, Port Vila Vanuatu. On 28 July 2018, the ATR-72 operating the flight suffered an engine fire in the right engine, while over the island of Erromango. Smoke and flames were witnessed by passengers, with smoke entering the aircraft's cabin. The engine was shut down and the aircraft continued to Port Vila. The pilots experienced difficulty controlling the aircraft, with uncommanded roll occurring. On landing, the aircraft departed the runway and collided with two Britten-Norman Islander aircraft belonging to Air Taxi and Unity Airlines. The aircraft belonging to Air Taxi was severely damaged, with its vertical stabilizer ripped off. It was damaged beyond repair. The other plane, of Unity Airlines was also damaged beyond repair. Although nobody was injured in the collision, thirteen passengers were treated for smoke inhalation. All four crew and 39 passengers on board evacuated the aircraft without injury. The pilots of the ATR-72 reported that they had no brakes or nose wheel steering, which they gave as the reason for the runway excursion and subsequent collision.
Investigation
The Civil Aviation Authority of Vanuatu asked Papua New Guinea's Accident Investigation Commission to investigate the accident. It released a preliminary report on 10 August. Canada's Transportation Safety Board is assisting the investigation.
See also
1968 Heathrow BKS Air Transport Airspeed Ambassador crash, in which an aircraft crash-landed and collided with two parked aircraft.
References
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2018
Aviation accidents and incidents in Vanuatu
2018 in Vanuatu
Accidents and incidents involving the ATR 72
Accidents and incidents involving the Britten-Norman Islander
July 2018 events in Oceania |
John Albert Bloomingston (April 28, 1874 –January 8, 1942) was an American attorney and football and baseball player and coach. He played at the fullback position for the University of Michigan football teams in 1894 and 1895. He was the leading scorer on the 1895 Michigan Wolverines football team that outscored opponents 266 to 14 and won the school's first Western football championship. He scored as many as 32 points in a single game. The Wolverines compiled a record of 17–2–1 in Bloomingston's two years as the starting fullback and never lost a game against a Western team. After graduating from Michigan, he became one of the best known trial lawyers in Chicago, where he practiced for more than 40 years.
Early years
Bloomingston was born in Chicago in 1874. He was the son of John S. Bloomingston (1843–1901) and Frances E. Drake Bloomingston. His father was an immigrant from Switzerland and the editor and proprietor of the Investigator, one of the oldest insurance papers in the west. His mother was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and a descendant of Col. Samuel Drake and William Hooker.
Education and athletics
Bloomingston attended the Pennsylvania Military College in Chester, Pennsylvania, and subsequently enrolled at the University of Michigan. While attending Michigan, Bloomingston was one of the university's best athletes. He played fullback for the Michigan Wolverines football team and second base for the Michigan Wolverines baseball team. He received a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Michigan in 1896.
1894 football team
In 1894, Bloomingston was the starting fullback for the 1894 Michigan Wolverines football team that finished the season with a record of 9–1–1 and outscored opponents 244 to 84. On November 24, 1894, he helped Michigan defeat Cornell, 12–4, marking the first time Michigan had beaten one of the elite Eastern football teams. Five days later, Bloomingston kicked the goal from touchdown which proved to be the winning points in a 6–4 win over Chicago.
1895 baseball team
In the spring of 1895, Bloomingston played second base for the Michigan baseball team. On May 30, 1895, he led Michigan to an 11–0 win over Cornell at the Detroit Athletic Club field in Detroit. A crowd of 4,000 watched, the Detroit Free Press wrote that "Bloomingston carried off the batting honors with two homers and a single." Bloomingston's first home run came in the fifth inning and was described by the Free Press as follows:
Bloomingston came to bat with blood in his eye. He caught one of [Cornell pitcher] Smith's twisters on the nose and the ball landed in the crowd in the stand in left field. ... In a second the stands and the field were a mass of yellow and blue and 'Bloomy,' as the crowd called him, got a 'football ovation.'
His second home run came in the seventh inning: "The crowd yelled for another home run, and he didn't do a thing but plant the ball over the carriages lined up along the fence in left field."
1895 football team
In the fall of 1895, Bloomingston was the leading scorer for the 1895 Michigan Wolverines football team that outscored opponents 266 to 14 and won the school's first western football championship. Although scoring records are incomplete, a newspaper account of an October 1895 game against Adelbert indicates that Bloomingston scored 32 points, as he ran for three touchdowns (four points each) and kicked 10 goals from touchdown (worth two points each). the following week, Bloomingston added 20 points (two touchdowns and seven goals from touchdown) against Lake Forest. One week later, Bloomingston added 18 points (one touchdown and seven goals from touchdown) in a 42–0 victory over Oberlin. Bloomingston's talent as a kick returner were also on display against Oberlin, as he returned a kickoff 45 yards in the second half for the longest play of the game. Bloomingston gained 50 yards in one run against Oberlin, and his field goal attempt from the 50-yard line went wide by only five feet.
The sole loss of the 1895 season was a 4–0 setback against Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts. One week after the Harvard game, Bloomingston kicked two goals from touchdown to give Michigan the winning margin in a 12–10 victory over Purdue.
Bloomingston finished his Michigan football career by scoring eight points (a touchdown and two goals from touchdown) in Michigan's 12–0 victory over Chicago on Thanksgiving Day. Bloomingston's running was reportedly the high point of the game. A Chicago newspaper described one run by Bloomingston as follows:
Chicago could not gain, and Neel was forced to punt again. Bloomingston received the ball, and, dodging the tacklers, who sought to bring him to the ground, ran back the entire length of the kick. It was a splendid performance, and no small part of the applause the hero received came from Chicago throats.
The Detroit Free Press wrote: "Bloomingston played the star game of the day, easily out-punting Neel and bucking the line like a battering ram. One of his kicks was seventy yards in the air and went the whole length of the field." Following the game The World of New York wrote that the Michigan players had "clinched their claim to the Western championship."
In December 1895, the Chicago Daily Inter Ocean picked Bloomingston as the fullback on its All-Western team. The newspaper wrote, "Every one in the West, with the possible exception of the Wisconsin men, unites in the selection of Bloomington as full back. Those who saw the sensational runs made in the game with Chicago last Thanksgiving day can possibly have no other opinion. Sure at goals, a strong punter, and a wonderful runner, he has but few rivals."
Disbarment
In June 1896, Bloomingston was disbarred from participation in University of Michigan college athletics. The action followed an investigation of student athletes participating in professional baseball conducted by the university's board of control of athletics. Bloomingston appeared before the board and admitted that he had played professional baseball for compensation under an assumed name for "the Flint picked-up nine." Another member of the Michigan baseball team were also disbarred, an action which "stirred up quite a hornet's nest in athletic circles." Minor league baseball records indicate that Bloomingston also played professional baseball in 1895 for the Owosso Colts in the Michigan State League.
Minor league baseball and other athletic competition
During the fall of 1896, Bloomingston served as coach and quarterback for the football team of the Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake, Michigan.
In the spring of 1897, Bloomingston returned to Chicago and was appointed the player-coach of the Bankers' Athletic Club baseball team. He also appeared in eight games for the New England Whalers of the New England League in 1897.
Legal career
Bloomingston returned to Chicago in 1897 and was admitted that year to the Illinois bar. He was, according to the Chicago Daily Tribune, "for 40 years one of Chicago's best known trial lawyers." He also served as a director of the Yellow Cab Company. He maintained his office at 160 North La Salle Street.
Family and death
Bloomingston married Edna Fowler Bloomingston, and they had a daughter, Caryl. Their daughter married E. Cummings "Ted" Parker in 1937, and they had twin sons.
Bloomingston's wife died in October 1940. In January 1942, Bloomingston died of an apparent heart attack at the Benjamin Franklin Hotel in Philadelphia, while on a business trip. At the time of his death, Bloomingston was a resident of Chicago, having his home at 210 East Pearson Street.
See also
1894 Michigan Wolverines football team
1895 Michigan Wolverines football team
References
1874 births
1942 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American football fullbacks
Baseball second basemen
Michigan Wolverines football players
Michigan Wolverines baseball players
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Businesspeople from Chicago
Baseball players from Chicago
Players of American football from Chicago |
Verdi is Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli's seventh studio album and fourth classical album, of Verdi's most famous arias, released in 2000. The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Zubin Mehta, accompanied Bocelli for the album. The album was certified Gold in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America and in Switzerland by IFPI of Switzerland, Platinum in Canada by the Canadian Recording Industry Association, and Double Platinum in the Netherlands by the Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Andrea Bocelli albums
Decca Records albums
2000 classical albums
Opera recordings |
The Baldwin family is an American family of professional performers, including the four brothers Alec, Daniel, William, and Stephen.
Ancestry
The Baldwin family’s patrilineal line traces to a Richard Baldwin, who lived in England, c. the 1500s. Through their father Alexander Rae Baldwin Jr., the Baldwin brothers are descended from the Mayflower passengers John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley, as well as from William Bradford through their maternal grandfather, Daniel LeRoy Martineau. The four brothers are therefore the 13th generation of their family to be born in North America.
Members
The four Baldwin brothers:
Alec
Daniel
Billy
Stephen
Sisters:
Elizabeth (née Baldwin) Keuchler
Jane (née Baldwin) Sasso
Present or former wives / partners to the Baldwin brothers:
Kim Basinger – ex-wife of Alec
Hilaria Baldwin – wife of Alec
Isabella Hofmann – former partner of Daniel
Chynna Phillips – wife of William
Kennya Baldwin – wife of Stephen
Baldwin brothers' children and their spouses/partners:
Ireland – daughter of Alec
Hailey – daughter of Stephen
Justin Bieber - husband of Hailey
Actors Adam Baldwin and A. Michael Baldwin are not related to the family.
Family tree
Hollywood
Three of the four brothers (Daniel, William, and Stephen) appear in the Oliver Stone film Born on the Fourth of July.
In 1996, E! True Hollywood Story produced a television documentary about the brothers, eponymously titled The Baldwin Brothers.
In popular culture
In the 1995 film Clueless, "Baldwin" is used as a slang term for an attractive male, coined by writer-director Amy Heckerling after the four brothers.
In the 1999 film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, when the United States declares war against Canada, the Royal Canadian airforce are depicted bombing the Baldwins (along with another acting dynasty, the Arquettes) as a pre-emptive strike.
See also
Baldwin (name)
References |
Caffrocrambus machiavellii is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Graziano Bassi in 2002. It is found in South Africa, where it has been recorded from the Western Cape.
References
Crambinae
Moths described in 2002
Moths of Africa |
Mario Roccuzzo (November 9, 1940 – October 9, 2021) was an American actor, most commonly known for his episodic roles on television police dramas, although he played various parts on significant sitcoms and in films. His appearances include Hill Street Blues, Barney Miller, and NYPD Blue, as well as Star Trek: The Next Generation and The Untouchables. He had over 250 television roles, and a dozen in feature films. In addition, in 1958, Roccuzzo wrote the famous Eddie Cochran rock song, "Nervous Breakdown".
Biography
Roccuzzo's parents were both actors working in an East Coast Italian repertory, inspiring him to take the acting career path at an early age. When Mario was 10, his father died and his mother relocated the family to California, where he began taking night classes for acting, first with Jeff Corey, then Corey Allen. In 1960, at the age of 20, he appeared, uninvited, in the office of director John Frankenheimer of Columbia Studios, asking for a chance to audition for whatever film he was making next. This led to his first big break, playing Diavolo in the film The Young Savages.
Next, he played Nicky on the top television show, The Untouchables. He initially became typecast in "bad guy" roles, but this gradually expanded to general roles in police/crime shows, both drama and comedy.
Filmography
This filmography is very incomplete. For the complete list, check here.
References
External links
Mario Roccuzzo on NowCasting.com
Mario Roccuzzo on filmreference.com
1940 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Boston
American people of Italian descent |
Zielona is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzczonów, within Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.
References
Villages in Lublin County |
Hungars Point is an unincorporated community in Northampton County, Virginia, United States.
References
GNIS reference
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Northampton County, Virginia |
Mike Lightfoot is an American retired college basketball coach known for his career at Bethel College. He was Bethel coach from 1987 to 2017. Coach Lightfoot also won more games than any other college basketball coach in the history of the state of Indiana, passing the likes of Bob Knight and Gene Keady. Lightfoot retired at the end of the 2016–17 season. He was inducted into the NAIA Hall of Fame in 2009 with John Wooden. Coach Lightfoot currently works for Nations of Coaches as a regional director and the ACC Network as a color commentator for basketball.
Wins by a basketball coach when coaching in the state of Indiana:
Personal life
He coached both of his sons, Robbie and Ryne, at Bethel College. Robbie is the creator of Box out sports graphic and Ryne is the assistant coach for Western Carolina University. He and his wife Jacci have been married for 44 years
See also
List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins
References
External links
Bethel College Hall of Fame profile
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
Bethel Pilots men's basketball coaches
Year of birth missing (living people) |
WVTL (1570 AM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a classic country radio format to the Mohawk Valley in the U.S. state of New York. It is licensed to Amsterdam, New York, and is owned by Roser Communications Network, Inc. WVTL's radio studios and offices are in Florida, New York.
By day, WVTL is powered at 1,000 watts, non-directional. But 1570 AM is a Mexican clear channel frequency. So at night, to reduce interference, WVTL cuts its power to 204 watts. Programming is also heard on 250 watt FM translator 104.7 W284BZ.
History
On , the station first signed on as WAFS. It became WKOL in 1967 and WBUG in 1990. The WVTL call sign began to be used in 2004.
In late December 2009, WVTL switched to a soft adult contemporary format. Along with its FM translator station, WVTL was called "Lite 104.7 and 1570 AM". In late February 2016, the station adapted to a classic country format.
In October 2021, Roser Communications agreed to sell the station to Think Tank Media, owners of WENT.
FM translator
In addition to the main AM station at 1570 kHz, WVTL is relayed by an FM translator for those who prefer to listen in FM stereo. The FM translator frequency is used as the primary frequency for station branding.
References
External links
FCC History Cards for WVTL
VTL
1961 establishments in New York (state)
Classic country radio stations in the United States |
{{Infobox television
| italic_title =
| name =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = Travel documentary
| story =
| director =
| presenter = Michael Portillo
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location = Australia
| runtime = 60 minutes
| company = Boundless
| network = BBC Two
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
| related = {{Plainlist|
Great British Railway Journeys
Great Continental Railway Journeys
Railways of the Great War with Michael Portillo (2014)
Great American Railroad Journeys
Great Indian Railway Journeys
Great Alaskan Railroad Journeys
Great Canadian Railway Journeys
Great Asian Railway Journeys}}
}}Great Australian Railway Journeys'' is a BBC Two documentary series produced by Boundless and presented by Michael Portillo.
Broadcast
Great Australian Railway Journeys was first broadcast on BBC Two over six consecutive Saturday nights from 26 October 2019.
Episodes
References
External links
BBC television documentaries
BBC travel television series
Documentary television series about railway transport
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows set in Australia
2010s British documentary television series
2010s British travel television series
2019 British television series debuts
2019 British television series endings
English-language television shows |
The 2020 Singapore Premier League (also known as the AIA Singapore Premier League due to sponsorship reasons) was the 3rd season of the Singapore Premier League, the top-flight Singaporean professional league for association football clubs, since its rebranding in 2018. The champions of the 2020 Singapore Premier League qualified for the AFC Champions League group stage automatically.
DPMM FC were the defending champions, but withdrew from the league prior to the season re-starting in October 2020. The league was won by Albirex Nigata (S) on the last matchday after beating Hougang United 1-0. Tampines Rovers qualified for the AFC Champions League as the highest ranked local team while Lion City Sailors and Geylang International qualified for the AFC Cup.
Format
The following key changes were made to the rules for the 2020 season:
Singapore Premier League clubs can sign a maximum of four foreign players in the 2020 season, up from three as compared to 2019.
From 2019, only four stadiums host regular matches. The 8 teams (excluding DPMM) will host the matches in the following stadiums: Our Tampines Hub (Tampines Rovers and Geylang International), Jalan Besar Stadium (Young Lions and Hougang United), Bishan Stadium (Home United and Balestier Khalsa) and Jurong East Stadium (Albirex Niigata and Warriors FC).
For 2019, Albirex is allowed to sign as many locals as their budget allows. However, the club are only allowed one Singaporean over the age of 23. Also, Albirex must have two Singaporeans in their starting lineup for each game.
Each team is now able to register up to 28 players in their squad, an increase of 3 players as compared to 2018.
FAS had instructed Warriors FC to sit out the 2020 Singapore Premier League season due to their financial issue.
Tanjong Pagar United to replace Warriors FC in Singapore Premier League 2020.
Young Lions to play their home games at Jurong West Stadium, while Hougang United will move back to their previous home at Hougang Stadium. Tanjong Pagar United will take over Warriors and played in Jurong East Stadium.
Home United changed its name to Lion City Sailors Football Club ahead of the new season after being taken over by SEA Group. It is the 1st club in the SPL to be privatized.
Local SPL clubs are required to have a minimum of six U-23 players for a squad size of 19 to 25 players; this increases to seven (squad size 26), eight (27) and nine (28).
Players in the League shall be allocated jersey numbers 1 to 50. Jersey numbers that have been registered shall not be reused during the same season.
Disruptions due to COVID-19
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore and more generally in Southeast Asia, the season was halted from 27 March.
The Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth approved the season recommencement on 17 October. Competition rule changes included the provision for two water breaks during a match, and clubs will be able to use up to five substitutions (in defined windows after half-time).
On 26 October 2020, DPMM FC withdrew from the league due to travel restrictions.
Teams
A total of 8 teams competed in the league. Albirex Niigata (S) from Japan is the only foreign team invited.
Stadiums and locations
Personnel and sponsors
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Coaching changes
Foreigners
Singapore Premier League clubs can sign a maximum of four foreign players in the 2020 season, up from three as compared to 2019. However, one of them has to be 21 years old or younger on 1 January 2020.
Albirex Niigata can sign up unlimited number of Singaporean players for the new season. Only 1 local player above 23 years old is allowed.
Players name in bold indicates the player was registered during the mid-season transfer window.
Note 1: Albirex is allowed to sign as many locals as their budget allows. However, the club are only allowed one Singaporean over the age of 23.
Note 2: Hougang United releases Charlie Machell and Zac Anderson before the season end as their contracts ended 30 November 2020 were not extended.
League table
Results
Statistics
Top scorers
As at 5 Dec 2020
Top Assists
As at 5 Dec 2020
Clean Sheets
As at 5 Dec 2020
Hat-tricks
Penalty missed
Man of the Match
As of 5 Dec 2020
Discipline
Player
Most yellow cards: 7
Ahmad Syahir (Balestier Khalsa)
Most red cards: 1
Adam Hakeem (Geylang International)
Delwinder Singh (Tanjong Pagar United)
Fadli Kamis (Balestier Khalsa)
Firdaus Kasman (Geylang International)
Khairul Nizam (Geylang International)
Hami Syahin (Geylang International)
Shahfiq Ghani (Hougang United)
Shahrin Saberin (Geylang International)
Zainol Gulam (Geylang International)
Zulfadhmi Suzliman (Balestier Khalsa)
Awards
Monthly awards
Singapore Premier League Awards night winners
References
External links
Football Association of Singapore website
Singapore Premier League website
2020
1
2020 in Asian association football leagues |
Arachchige Nihal Galappaththi is a Sri Lankan politician and a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.
References
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Living people
1954 births
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians |
The South African type MP tender was a steam locomotive tender.
Type MP tenders entered service in 1929, as tenders to the Mountain type branch line steam locomotives which were placed in service by the South African Railways in that year.
Manufacturer
Type MP tenders were built in 1929 by Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works in Winterthur.
The South African Railways (SAR) placed 36 Class 19A 4-8-2 Mountain type branch line locomotives in service in 1929. The engines and tenders were designed by Col F.R. Collins DSO as a lighter version of the locomotive which had entered service in 1928. The locomotives were placed in service on all systems of the SAR, but were later based mainly at Mason's Mill, Estcourt and Glencoe in Natal, at East London, Queenstown and Burgersdorp in the Eastern Cape, at Cape Town in the Western Cape and a few in the Western Transvaal.
Characteristics
The tender had a coal capacity of , a water capacity of and a maximum axle load of .
Locomotive
Only the 36 Class 19A locomotives were delivered new with Type MP tenders, which were numbered for their engines in the range from 675 to 710. An oval number plate, bearing the engine number and often also the tender type, was attached to the rear end of the tender.
Classification letters
Since many tender types are interchangeable between different locomotive classes and types, a tender classification system was adopted by the SAR. The first letter of the tender type indicates the classes of engines to which it could be coupled. The "M_" tenders could be used with the locomotive classes as shown below, although in some cases engine drawbars and intermediate emergency chains had to be replaced or adjusted to suit the target locomotive.
Class 12, Class 12A and Class 12B.
Class 14, Class 14A and Class 14B.
Class 15 and Class 15A.
Class 16, Class 16A, Class 16B and Class 16C.
Class 19, Class 19A, Class 19B, Class 19C and Class 19D.
Class 20.
Class 24.
Class MC1, Class MH and Class MJ.
Class S2.
The second letter indicates the tender's water capacity. The "_P" tenders had a capacity of .
A number, when added after the letter code, indicates differences between similar tender types, such as function, wheelbase or coal bunker capacity.
References
MP |
The pound was the currency of Pennsylvania until 1793. It was created as a response to the global economic downturn caused by the collapse of the South Sea Company. Initially, sterling and certain foreign coins circulated, supplemented from 1723 by local paper money, colonial scrip. Although these notes were denominated in £sd, they were worth less than sterling, with 1 Pennsylvanian shilling equalling 9d sterling.
The Pennsylvania Pound was first conceived by Francis Rawle, who can be rightly called The Father of the Pennsylvania Pound.
In March 1723, it issued Colonial Scrip, paper bills of credit to the amount of $60,000, made them a legal tender in all payments on pain of confiscating the debt or forfeiting the commodity, imposed sufficient penalties on all persons who presumed to make any bargain or sale on cheaper terms in case of being paid in gold or silver, and provided for the gradual reduction of the bills by enacting that one-eighth of the principal, as well as the whole interest, should be paid annually. Pennsylvania made no loans but on land security or plate deposited in the loan office, and obliged borrowers to pay 5% for the sums they took up. The scheme worked so well that, in the latter end of the year, the government emitted bills to the amount of $150,000 on the same terms. In 1729 there was a new emission of $150,000 to be reduced one-sixteenth a year. Pennsylvania was one of the last colonies that emitted a paper currency. In 1775, the colonial "scrip" currency was replaced by Continental currency. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania issued Continental currency denominated in £sd and Spanish dollars, with 1 dollar equalling 7 shillings and 6 pence. The continental currency was replaced by the United States dollar at a rate of 1000 continental dollars = 1 U.S. dollar in 1793.
References
Historical currencies of the United States
1793 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania
Economic history of Pennsylvania |
The 2018–19 Coupe de France preliminary rounds, Grand Est was the qualifying competition to decide which teams from the leagues of the Grand Est region of France took part in the main competition from the seventh round.
First round
The first round qualifiers for the regional league of Grand Est were organised separately by the three constituent sectors.
Alsace
These matches were played on 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19 and 20 June and 12 August 2018 in Alsace. Tiers shown reflect the 2017–18 season.
Champagne-Ardenne
These matches were played on 9, 10, 17 and 24 June 2018 in Champagne-Ardenne. Tiers shown reflect the 2017–18 season.
Lorraine
These matches were played on 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 17 and 23 June and 12, 15 and 19 August 2018 in Lorraine. Tiers shown reflect the 2017–18 season.
Second round
These matches were played on 12, 15, 18, 19, 26 and 29 August 2018 (with two replays played 9 and 12 September).
Third round
These matches were played on 14, 15 and 16 September 2018.
Fourth round
These matches were played on 29 and 30 September 2018.
Fifth round
These matches were played on 29 and 30 September 2018.
Sixth round
These matches were played on 27 and 28 October 2018.
References
2018–19 Coupe de France |
The is a dual-voltage electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) on limited express services in Japan.
Variants
681-0 series
Four six-car sets (T01–T03, T06) and five three-car sets (T11–T13, T15, T17) are used on Thunderbird services. These trains feature "Thunderbird" branding. Also four six-car sets (W01–W04) and four three-car sets (W11–W14) were used on Hakutaka services. These trains featured "White Wing" logos.
From February 2015, Hakutaka W sets began being repainted into the same livery as 683 series trainsets used on Shirasagi services, with thin blue and orange lines below the window band.
681-1000 series
The pre-series six-car set (T18) and one three-car set (T07) are used on Thunderbird services.
681-2000 series
Two six-car sets (N01–N02) and two three-car sets (N11–N12) were formerly used on Hokuetsu Express Hakutaka services. These trains featured "Snow Rabbit Express" logos.
Interior
Refurbishment
All of the 681 series trainsets used on Thunderbird limited express services underwent a programme of refurbishment from autumn 2015 until the end of fiscal 2018.
References
Further reading
Electric multiple units of Japan
West Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1992
Hitachi multiple units
Niigata Transys rolling stock
20 kV AC multiple units
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
Kawasaki multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan |
Jamaica–Mexico relations are the diplomatic relations between Jamaica and Mexico. Both nations are members of the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Organization of American States and the United Nations.
History
Jamaica and Mexico are two American nations with a common history. Both nations had been under control of the Spanish Empire and Jamaica was governed from the Viceroyal of New Spain based in Mexico City. In May 1655, Jamaica became under British rule until its independence in August 1962. Diplomatic relations between Jamaica and Mexico were established on 18 March 1966. At the time, Mexico saw Jamaica as a leader of English speaking Caribbean nations.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, both nations have worked together in numerous international forums such as the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of American States (OAS) where in 1970s, both Jamaica and Mexico were the only nations to actively protest against the exclusion of Cuba from the OAS and called for the normalization of relations with the Cuban government. In 1974, Mexican President Luis Echeverría paid an official visit to Jamaica. In 1975, Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley paid a visit to Mexico. Since then, there have been several high-level visits between leaders of both nations. In March 2016, both nations celebrated 50 years of diplomatic relations.
High-level visits
High-level visits from Jamaica to Mexico
Prime Minister Michael Manley (1975, 1980, 1989)
Prime Minister P. J. Patterson (1993, 2004)
Prime Minister Portia Simpson-Miller (2014)
High-level visits from Mexico to Jamaica
President Luis Echeverría (1974)
President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (1987)
President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1990)
President Vicente Fox (2005)
Bilateral relations
Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Agreement on the Suppression of Visa Requirements for Ordinary Passport Holders (1968); Agreement on Trade (1975); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1990); Agreement on Cultural Cooperation (1990); Agreement of Cooperation to Combat Drug Trafficking and Drug Dependency (1990); Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1996); Agreement on the Suppression of Visa Requirements for Diplomatic and Official Passport Holders (2007) and an Agreement of Air Transportation (2009).
Trade
In 2017, total trade between Jamaica and Mexico amounted to US$178 million. In 2015, Mexican companies invested over US$200 million in Jamaica, mostly in the tourism and airports industry. In 2016, the Mexican government provided Jamaica with a US$1.8 million grant for a Riverton Road rehabilitation project. Mexican multinational companies such as Cemex and Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico operate in Jamaica.
Resident diplomatic missions
Jamaica has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Kingston.
See also
Metro Jamaica
References
Mexico
Jamaica |
Stibophen is an anthelmintic originally developed by Bayer that is used as a treatment for schistosomiasis by intramuscular injection. It is classified as a trivalent antimony compound. Brand names include Fouadin/Fuadin (named in honor of Fuad I of Egypt, who had enthusiastically supported its research and development).
Mechanism of action
Stibophen inhibits the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which the worms need for glycolysis, at least partly by binding to the sulfhydryl (–SH) group of the enzyme. Inhibiting glycolysis paralyzes the worms, which lose their hold on the wall of mesenteric veins and undergo hepatic shift, die, and are phagocytosed by liver cells.
References
Antiparasitic agents
Sulfonates
Antimony(III) compounds |
This is a list of museums in Guernsey, Channel Islands.
The list
Museums
Guernsey
Guernsey
Museums |
South Governorate (; transliterated: al-Janub) is one of the governorates of Lebanon. South Lebanon has a population of 500,000 inhabitants and an area of 929.6 km2. The capital is Sidon. The lowest elevation is sea-level; the highest is 1,000 meters. The local population is religiously diverse and includes Shia and Sunni Muslims, Druze, Eastern Orthodox, Maronite, Protestant, and Greek Catholic Christians. Temperatures can drop to 4 °C during winter with much rain and snow on the higher ground. In the humid summer, temperatures can rise to 30 °C in the coastal areas. The governorate has several rivers: the Litani, Deir El Zahrani, Naqoura, Awali, Qasmiye, and Hasbani. The area is famous for its citrus and banana farms. Its main cities are Sidon, Tyre and Jezzine.
Local attractions and events
The area offers a great number of attractions, including pristine white sandy beaches south of Tyre, and the opportunity to snorkel or dive among submerged Phoenician and Roman ruins near the ancient cities of Sidon and Tyre. Culture-lovers will enjoy the bustling Ottoman-era Pazars, and one can relax after a long day at a seafood restaurant overlooking the Mediterranean. Southern Lebanon also hosts the Tyre festival, which attracts thousands of tourists each year.
Religion in the South Governorate
Shias make up the majority of the governorate and are the main residents of the Zahrani Tyre districts. Sunnis are the main residents of Saida the capital of the governorate and the third largest city in Lebanon after Beirut and Tripoli. Christians are mainly residents of the Jezzine district and form a small community in the city of Tyre, which is the fourth-most-populous city in Lebanon.
Districts
Jezzine
Sidon
Tyre
Cities
Jezzine
Sidon or Saida
Tyre
Ghazieh
See also
Southern Lebanon
Ras al-Ain, Lebanon
Sarafand
Temple of Eshmun
References
Governorates of Lebanon |
St. Albans is a civil parish in the Gedling borough of Nottinghamshire, England.
It was part of the wider Bestwood St. Albans parish, which ceased to exist on , after which it was separated into Bestwood Village and St Albans.
At the time of the 2011 census the population was 3,290. As well as the part of Bestwood Country Park surrounding Bestwood Lodge, a former ducal residence, the parish includes the residential areas of Warren Hill, Warren Wood, Deer Park and 'The Gardens' on the northern outskirts of the Greater Nottingham conurbation.
History
St Albans is named after Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans who held Bestwood Park as part of their wider estate bequeathed to both him and his mother Nell Gwyn by King Charles II in . At the time it was a part of the much larger Sherwood Forest and was a hunting ground for royalty, nobility, and the wealthy. A medieval hunting lodge used as a residence for these visits was later rebuilt as Bestwood Lodge in 1863 on instructions of the 10th Duke by architect S.S. Teulon, after the decision to base his seat there. The present-day Bestwood Emmanuel Anglican Church belonged to the Duke's family as their chapel, it was also built by Teulon in 1869. The area south and west of the lodge was converted into farmland as well as Bestwood Colliery towards the turn of the 20th century.
Later Dukes did not reside at the lodge, and after 1900 it was leased to local entrepreneurs, one being Sir Frank Bowden who was a key investor in the Nottingham Raleigh cycle business. The northern boundary of Nottingham was extended outwards in 1933 close to the colliery and the forested edges of Bestwood Park, where it has remained since. The estate was sold in 1939, with most of the southern farmland obtained by Nottingham Corporation for housing, resulting in the Bestwood Estate, Bestwood Park, Top Valley and Rise Park suburbs built from 1940 to the late 1970s. The area north of the city boundary bar the colliery area was purchased by Arnold Urban District council for building houses, however the area around the Lodge was requisitioned by the military for use as a wartime camp and training facility, with shooting ranges, trenches and a control base for Northern Command being set up.
By the mid 1960s housing was being built along the Bestwood Lodge Drive and Woodchurch Roads up to the city boundary for army use, before the military returned control of the area to Gedling borough council from 1973 onwards. The colliery closed in 1967 and the area was bought by Nottinghamshire County Council and landscaped, combining their ownership of the area with Gedling to form Bestwood Country Park in 1985. Big Wood School was built in 1976-80. The Nottinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service headquarters was opened on the site of old army facilities in March 1985 by the Prince and Princess of Wales. From 1974 the Nottingham city area became administratively part of the wider county, and the decision was taken by the county council to extend the building of the new suburbs past the city boundary up to the parkland area. Warren Hill and the other residential areas in St Albans were largely complete by 1990. Nottingham City Council was made administratively independent in 1998, its pre-1974 boundary being re-established forming an awkward enclave of housing around Warren Hill with road access only from the city urban area. In 2022, Nottinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service moved their headquarters out of the parish to a shared premises with Nottinghamshire Police, and the building due to be demolished to allow homes to be built.
Communities
The residential areas are subdivided into defined areas:
Warren Hill - named for The Warren area of the Country Park, which it abuts – Muirfield Road, Bewcastle Road (from Muirfield Road up to Emmanuel Avenue), Emmanuel Avenue, Plantation Close, Tyburn Close, Jermyn Drive, Fenchurch Close, Aldwych Close, Stockdale Close, Shacklock Close, Edmonds Close, Ludgate Close, Finsbury Road, Hatton Close, Gerrard Close, Brompton Close, Lambeth Road.
Warren Wood – close to The Warren and Big Wood park areas - Cairngorm Drive, Cheviot Close, Chiltern Close, Church View Close, Emmanuel Avenue, Grampian Drive, Pennine Close, Pentland Drive, Plantation Close, Quantock Close, St. Emmanuel View.
The Gardens – Augustine Gardens, Lindisfarne Gardens, Iona Gardens, Tithe Gardens, Boniface Gardens, Wearmouth Gardens, Ruthwell Gardens, Hadrian Gardens, Jarrow Gardens, Chad Gardens, Aidan Gardens, Hexham Gardens, Benedict Court.
Deer Park - The area around Deer Park Drive and Woodchurch Drive.
Amenities
Best Western Bestwood Lodge Hotel
Emmanuel Church Bestwood (Anglican)
Oakwood Academy (previously Big Wood School)
Warren Primary Academy
Warren Hill Community Church
Woodview Business Park (part of)
Geography
The parish is lowest in elevation along the entry of Bestwood Park Road, the land then rising to its highest point of at the top of the parish by Gaunt's Hill. Just 200m north east of this, Violet Hill is higher at but is just outside the parish. Much of the western and southern area of the parish is built over with housing and extends to the inner boundary of the Nottingham green belt. The central and eastern is either forested, being part of Bestwood Country Park, or parkland/farmland.
Several rural features within the parish are named:
Gaunt's Hill
Moyra Plantation
The Strip
Queens Bower
Churchfield Plantations
Cricket Ground
Murfield Recreation Ground
References
External links
Now defunct Bestwood St. Albans Parish Council website
St. Albans Parish Council website
Nottinghamshire.County Council - History of Bestwood
2018 establishments in England
States and territories established in 2018
Civil parishes in Nottinghamshire
Gedling
Sherwood Forest |
Riffle is an unincorporated community in Clay County, Illinois, United States. Riffle is northwest of Louisville.
References
Unincorporated communities in Clay County, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois |
Bukovje (; ) is a village northwest of Postojna in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.
Name
The name Bukovje and other names like it (e.g., Bukovica, Bukovec) are derived from the Slovene adjective bukov, from the common noun bukev 'beech'. They refer to the local vegetation. The settlement was known as Bukuje in German in the past.
History
During the Second World War, the Partisans had facilities for preparing and storing food in Bukovje. A Partisan lookout station was located on Čelo Hill near the settlement, and a relay station was located in the nearby Žnidar Shaft (). In October 1943, German forces burned several houses and outbuildings in the settlement. On 20 October 1944, German and Chetnik forces attacked the Partisan Vladimir Gortan Brigade in Bukovje, with the loss of 25 Partisan soldiers and about 100 Axis soldiers.
Mass grave
Bukovje is the site of a mass grave from late in the Second World War. The Martinove Hrastnice Shaft Mass Grave () is located on a hilly slope northwest of the settlement. It contains the remains of at least seven victims, probably German soldiers, killed in January or February 1945.
Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Bukovje include:
Jože Lipovec (1910–?), mountaineer
References
External links
Bukovje on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Postojna |
Imam's Line () is a term equivalent to the party line approved by the "Imam"—Ayatollah Khomeini in the Iranian revolutionary terminology.
During early years of the revolution, various groups claimed to follow the line such as Islamist Combatant Clergy Association, Movement of Militant Muslims and Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization, as well as the communist Tudeh Party of Iran.
Groups using the name
Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line
Coalition of Imam's Line groups
Assembly of the Forces of Imam's Line
Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader
References
Ruhollah Khomeini
Political terminology of Iran |
```vue
<script setup>
import { useForm } from 'vee-validate';
import * as yup from 'yup';
const { values, errors, defineField } = useForm({
validationSchema: yup.object({
email: yup.string().email().required(),
}),
});
const [email, emailAttrs] = defineField('email', {
validateOnModelUpdate: false,
});
</script>
<template>
<input v-model="email" v-bind="emailAttrs" />
<pre>values: {{ values }}</pre>
<pre>errors: {{ errors }}</pre>
</template>
``` |
The Space City Home Network is an American regional sports network owned jointly by the Houston Rockets and Houston Astros.
Headquartered in Houston, Texas, the network broadcasts regional coverage of sports events throughout Southeast Texas, mainly focusing on professional sports teams based in Greater Houston, namely the Houston Astros and Houston Rockets, as well as local college teams. The Space City Home Network is available on cable providers throughout Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, parts of Oklahoma and eastern New Mexico, and nationwide on satellite via DirecTV.
History
Launch of Comcast SportsNet Houston
The idea for a team-owned regional sports network in Houston was proposed in 1999, when George Postolos, then the president of the Houston Rockets, floated the idea to Fox, which passed on the offer. Four years later, in 2003, the Rockets decided to partner with the Houston Astros to launch an RSN. The first order of business was to sever ties with Fox Sports Southwest, which carried games from both teams at the time (first through the main network, and then through a subfeed called Fox Sports Houston for the Houston market launched in April 2005). This led to a protracted court battle between Fox and the two teams that was settled after 20 months, leading to a new broadcast deal with the network valued at $600 million over 10 to 15 years. However, this contract contained a clause allowing the teams to terminate the contract and negotiate with other networks starting in late 2009. Fox Sports then moved the Astros and Rockets telecasts to Fox Sports Houston, which was separated from Fox Sports Southwest into its own network on January 12, 2009.
The Astros/Rockets group held discussions with Comcast, DirecTV and AT&T about partnering to form a new network, all of which failed to garner a deal. The continuation of the Astros and Rockets broadcasts on Fox Sports Houston was on the table as the network offered $1.2 billion over 10 years. However, it was ownership in a regional sports network that the two teams wanted. This led to the teams agreeing to a $1 billion contract with Comcast, which included a 77.307% ownership interest in the network (with Comcast holding the remaining 22.693% interest), through a joint subsidiary, Houston Regional Sports Network L.P. The new network, Comcast SportsNet Houston (which operated as part of the Comcast SportsNet RSN group), launched on October 1, 2012. On October 4, three days after Comcast SportsNet Houston launched, Fox Sports Houston was shut down and its former programming moved back to parent network Fox Sports Southwest.
Carriage controversies
CSN Houston was available only on Comcast systems in Houston, along with several smaller providers. In total, as CSN Houston, it reached only around 40% of all television households in the Houston market. Upon its launch, ratings for CSN Houston's sports telecasts were competitive based on the total number of households that received the network, but suffered due to its lack of availability within the Houston market. The first 15 games of the Houston Rockets' 2012–13 season had an average audience share of 0.95 (totalling 21,050 households). In comparison, the first 15 games of the Rockets' 2011–12 season when broadcast on Fox Sports Houston had an average audience share of 1.45. Network president Matt Hutchings later explained that "Everybody wants the channel. We want them to have it. We just have to find that right deal."
The lack of availability of Comcast SportsNet Houston on other major television providers serving Greater Houston, such as DirecTV, Dish Network, Suddenlink and U-verse, was controversial. NBCUniversal had demanded subscriber rates as high as $3.40 per month from providers in order to carry the network. In particular, DirecTV CEO Michael White criticized CSN Houston, along with other recently established regional sports networks, for having increasingly high carriage fees that must be passed on to consumers. On April 5, 2013, Houston Mayor Annise Parker invited officials from AT&T, Comcast, DirecTV and Suddenlink to a summit on expanding carriage of the network. In a bid to improve its carriage, CSN Houston offered a 37-day free preview of the network through May 2013 to providers in the network's regional territory, which also included Time Warner Cable and Suddenlink Communications, along with a number of smaller providers. However, only three smaller cable operators opted to carry the network's free preview, and Suddenlink got into further conflicts over the terms regarding the free preview, as the provider refused to offer it carriage outside of Houston proper. In the midst of its eventual bankruptcy, En-Touch, a small provider serving suburbs and outlying cities in the area (such as Cypress, Katy, Missouri City, and Sugar Land), threatened to drop CSN Houston due to its high carriage rates not being justified for the amount of programming being offered, and its overall ratings among the provider's customers.
Bankruptcy filing and new ownership
On September 27, 2013, NBCUniversal announced that affiliates of it and parent company Comcast had filed an involuntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition for the network to "resolve structural issues affecting CSN Houston's partnership." The move did not sit well with the Astros, which stated that the filing was made "improperly" to prevent the team from ending its agreement with the network. The Astros also revealed that it did not receive its rights fees from the network's parent company for the final three months of the 2013 season. On February 4, 2014, Judge Marvin Isgur placed Comcast SportsNet Houston under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
On August 6, 2014, DirecTV and AT&T proposed a reorganization plan, in which it would acquire CSN Houston in a 60/40 joint venture. At the time, AT&T was in the process of acquiring DirecTV, pending regulatory approval. The reorganization offer was approved by the court on October 30, 2014, although Comcast appealed the decision in order to address a $100 million loan that had been given to the network. Attorneys from the companies involved reached an agreement to allow the deal to continue through Comcast's appeals process. The Rockets' general counsel Rafael Stone stated that the approval gave a "clear path" for the network to return to full-time service in November, and transition to DirecTV's Root Sports brand, and the network subsequently cancelled all of its existing studio shows on October 22, 2014.
Relaunch as Root Sports Southwest, then AT&T SportsNet Southwest
DirecTV and AT&T's joint acquisition of the network was closed on November 17, 2014. The network officially rebranded as Root Sports Southwest at 6:00 a.m. that day, and began to be carried on AT&T U-verse and DirecTV, as promised in the final reorganization plan. The new brand, which matches that of Fox Sports Southwest, signifies that the network would serve the entirety of its broadcast region rather than solely Houston – a distinction which had brought difficulties in negotiating carriage deals outside of the Houston area. Some of CSN Houston's employees, primarily on-air talent and staff responsible for the network's Rockets and Astros telecasts, were retained, however it laid off 96 other employees. At its relaunch, Root Sports Southwest did not air as many locally produced studio programs as it did under Comcast ownership.
The $48.5 billion acquisition of DirecTV by AT&T was approved by the FCC and closed on July 24, 2015, which effectively places Root Sports Southwest under full AT&T ownership by virtue of its ownership of DirecTV. On April 8, 2016, DirecTV Sports Networks rebranded under the AT&T name as AT&T Sports Networks.
On June 12, 2017, AT&T Sports Networks announced that the network, along with Root Sports Rocky Mountain, Root Sports Utah, and Root Sports Pittsburgh, will rebrand under the name AT&T SportsNet, with all network programming and on-air talent remaining intact. The name change took effect on July 14, 2017.
Relaunch as Space City Home Network
On February 24, 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery announced that it would leave the RSN business. Originally scheduled for a winddown by March 31, WBD and Major League Baseball would later agree to sustain RSN operations through the end of the MLB season. In August, John Ourand of the Sports Business Journal reported that the Astros and Rockets were close to a deal to take over AT&T SportsNet Southwest, with a deal expected to be finalized before the 2023–24 NBA season. The next month, Jason Bristol of Houston CBS affiliate KHOU reported that a trademark had been filed by Houston Sports Network, LLC, headquartered at the Toyota Center, for the name Space City Home Network. The Astros and Rockets confirmed the acquisition of AT&T SportsNet Southwest on September 29, effective the following day, with the rebranding to take place on October 3.
Programming
Houston Astros
The Space City Home Network serves as the regional television broadcaster of Major League Baseball games involving the Houston Astros, airing all games not nationally televised. All telecasts are preceded by a half-hour pre-game show and followed by a post-game show. On the days of home games, these shows are usually broadcast live from Minute Maid Park, whereas on the days of away games they are broadcast from the AT&T SportsNet studio. The network also airs a half-hour magazine show entitled Astros Bases Loaded, which includes both regular weekly editions during the regular season and several special editions aired sporadically during the off-season. Other Astros programming includes game replays, Spring Training games, Astros Playback (re-airs of significant Astros games from the previous season during the off-season), and coverage of special events, including Hall of Fame induction ceremonies and press conferences.
Houston Rockets
The Space City Home Network also serves as the home of National Basketball Association games involving the Houston Rockets. As with the network's Astros coverage, all games that are not being featured on a national network are televised and include 30 minute pre-game and post-game shows. Rockets coverage also includes the team magazine show Rockets All Access, which includes both weekly regular season editions and less frequent special and "best of" editions, most of which air during the off-season, as well as Rockets Playback (similar to Astros Playback), game replays, and coverage of team press conferences and other special events.
Houston SaberCats
The network serves as the regional home of the Houston SaberCats of Major League Rugby, airing all games not televised by a national network.
Houston Dash
The Space City Home Network also serves as the home of the Houston Dash.
Collegiate & High School Programming
The Space City Home Network airs college football from the Sam Houston State Bearkats and Texas Southern Tigers, West Coast Conference men's basketball, and the annual Shriners College Classic baseball tournament. In addition, the channel features Houston area UIL high school football in the fall and a year-round high school sports magazine program. Collegiate magazine and coaches shows airing on the network feature the athletic programs of several Division 1 universities throughout the Southwest, including Inside Cougar Athletics, the weekly program featuring coverage of University of Houston Cougars athletics, and The Pulse: Texas A&M, a weekly program covering Texas A&M Aggies Football.
Houston Sports Awards
The network is the home of the annual Houston Sports Awards show.
Former Programming
Southland, Conference USA, Mountain West, Lone Star, and Big Sky Conference football and basketball
Nightly sports talk and highlights shows outside of Rockets and Astros pre/post-game coverage.
Houston Dynamo soccer matches, pre- and postgame coverage (now on Apple TV)
Availability
AT&T SportsNet Southwest is available on most pay television providers serving the Greater Houston area, including AT&T U-verse and national satellite provider DirecTV, along with smaller providers such as Phonoscope Communications, Coastal Link, En-Touch and Consolidated Communications. Dish Network, Charter Communications, and Suddenlink Communications are the only remaining major providers in the area that do not carry the network at present. Per their new ownership of the network, AT&T and DirecTV added the network upon its re-launch under the Root Sports brand. It was announced on February 5, 2019, that AT&T SportsNet Southwest will be added to FuboTV starting February 11, 2019, becoming the first over-the-top streaming service to provide any AT&T SportsNet channel.
Related services
AT&T SportsNet Southwest Plus
AT&T SportsNet Southwest Plus (also branded as the AT&T SportsNet Southwest Alternate Channel) is an alternate feed of AT&T SportsNet Southwest that broadcasts 24 hours a day. Although it usually simulcasts programming from the main AT&T SportsNet Southwest feed, it is also used to broadcast select events from teams to which AT&T SportsNet Southwest holds the broadcast rights within the designated market in the event that two or more games scheduled to be broadcast on the channel are held simultaneously, requiring the overflow feed to carry games that cannot air on the main feed.
On-air staff
Notable current on-air staff
Hosts
Kevin Eschenfelder
Butch Alsandor
Houston Rockets
Craig Ackerman – play-by-play announcer
Ryan Hollins – home and road analyst
Vanessa Richardson - sideline reporter
Calvin Murphy – studio analyst
Mario Elie - fill-in studio analyst
Houston Astros
Todd Kalas – play-by-play announcer
Geoff Blum – analyst/fill-in play-by-play announcer
Julia Morales – field reporter
Mike Stanton – studio analyst
Kevin Eschenfelder – fill-in play-by-play announcer
Brian Bogusevic – fill-in studio analyst
Former on-air staff
Alan Ashby - Houston Astros color commentator/fill-in play-by-play announcer
Bill Brown – Houston Astros play-by-play announcer
Matt Bullard - Houston Rockets home and road analyst
Bill Doleman – occasional studio analyst
Clyde Drexler – Houston Rockets home analyst
Bart Enis – sideline reporter
Cayleigh Griffin - Houston Rockets sideline reporter (2019-2022)
Art Howe – studio analyst
Michelle Margaux - Houston Rockets sideline reporter (2018-2019)
Leila Rahimi - anchor of SportsNet Central and field reporter
Preston Wilson — occasional studio analyst
Bill Worrell – Houston Rockets play-by-play announcer
See also
Comcast Sports Southwest – a defunct Houston-based channel dedicated to local college and high school sports in the Southwestern United States
Comcast/Charter Sports Southeast – a defunct channel that featured college and high school sports in the Southern United States
Houston Astros Radio Network – the current radio network of the Houston Astros
Sports in Texas
References
External links
Television channels and stations established in 2012
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2013
2012 establishments in Texas
Former Warner Bros. Discovery subsidiaries
Former Comcast subsidiaries
Sports television networks in the United States
AT&T SportsNet |
Paraplegia is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic Greek ()
"half-stricken". It is usually caused by spinal cord injury or a congenital condition that affects the neural (brain) elements of the spinal canal. The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. If four limbs are affected by paralysis, tetraplegia or quadriplegia is the correct term. If only one limb is affected, the correct term is monoplegia. Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles, rather than flaccid paralysis.
Notable people with paraplegia
Greg Abbott, Governor of Texas; former Texas Attorney General (paraplegic due to a 1984 freak accident when a falling oak tree hit him in the back)
Peter Berry, American wheelchair basketball player for Alabama Crimson Tide
Paul Darke, British academic and disability rights activist born with spina bifida.
Deng Pufang, Chinese politician, son of Deng Xiaoping
Daniel Dias, a Brazilian Paralympic swimmer.
John Porter East (1931–1986), US politician who was partially paralyzed by polio in 1955
Frank Gardner (journalist) (born 1961), prominent BBC journalist who became paralysed after being shot six times at close range by an Al-Qaeda gunman in Saudi Arabia
Chuck Graham (1965–2020), United States politician injured in an automobile accident at age 16
Tanni Grey-Thompson, paralympian born with spina bifida
Rick Hansen, Canadian Paralympian who was paralyzed in a car crash at age 15
John Hockenberry (born 1956), journalist and blogger
Paul Johnson (producer) (1971–2021), American record producer and disc jockey who was shot accidentally
Sharry Konopski (1967–2017), model and actress injured in a car accident
Charles Krauthammer (1950–2018), conservative columnist and commentator
Boris Kustodiev (1878–1927), Russian painter who became paraplegic due to tuberculosis of the vertebral column.
James Langevin, US Congressman from Rhode Island who was shot accidentally at age 16.
Linda Laubenstein (1947–1992), American physician who was left paraplegic after a childhood polio infection
Craig Hart Neilsen (1941–2006), American gaming executive who founded Ameristar Casinos, Inc. and formed the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation to fund scientific research and quality-of-life programs for people living with spinal cord injuries.
Ajith C. S. Perera (1956–2020), a Sri Lankan disability rights activist and former cricket umpire, who was paralyzed when a tree fell onto his moving car.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), former president of the United States who, at the age of 39, was partially paralyzed by polio
Wolfgang Schäuble, German politician injured in an assassination attempt in 1990
Liesl Tesch (born 1969), an Australian wheelchair basketball player.
George Corley Wallace, governor of Alabama and former candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination
Colt Wynn, American bodybuilding champion
Zhang Haidi, Chinese woman writer and translator, president of the China Disabled Persons' Federation (2008-).
See also
List of cases of Bell's palsy
List of people with quadriplegia
References
People with paraplegia
fi:Luettelo tunnetuista vyötäröstä alaspäin halvaantuneista ihmisistä |
The national flag of Sweden () consists of a yellow or gold Nordic cross (i.e. a horizontal cross extending to the edges, with the crossbar closer to the hoist than the fly) on a field of light blue. The Nordic cross design traditionally represents Christianity. The design and colours of the Swedish flag are believed to have been inspired by the present coat of arms of Sweden of 1442, which is blue divided quarterly by a cross pattée of gold, and modelled on the Danish flag. Blue and yellow have been used as Swedish colours at least since Magnus III's royal coat of arms of 1275.
Specifics
Ratio and colour scheme
The Swedish flag is one of only five that use the ratio 5:8, the others being Argentina, Guatemala, Palau, and Poland.
It is one of only four flags that currently use the colour scheme of blue and yellow, the others being Kazakhstan, Palau, and Ukraine.
State flag and civil ensign
The dimensions of the Swedish flag are 5:2:9 horizontally and 4:2:4 vertically. The dimensions of the Swedish flag with a triple-tail are 5:2:5:8 horizontally and 4:2:4 vertically. The colours of the flag are officially established through the Natural Color System to be NCS 0580-Y10R for the shade of yellow, and NCS 4055-R95B for the shade of blue. They are also specified to Pantone PMS 301 C/U for blue and PMS 116 or PMS 109 U for yellow. The square-cut Swedish state flag is identical to the civil ensign. The Swedish law does not regulate the design of the Swedish pennant, but it is recommended that its colour scheme should correspond with that of the flag.
Naval ensign
The triple-tailed flag () is used as a naval ensign (). Its overall ratio, including the tails, is 1:2. The flag is also used as the Swedish naval jack (). The jacks are smaller than the ensigns, but they have the same proportions. The Swedish swallowtail flag was originally the King's personal emblem, or the emblem representing a command conferred by the King. It was at first two-pointed, but by the mid-17th century, the distinctive swallowtail with tongue appeared. The flag is also flown by the defence ministry, while civil ministries fly square flags.
Sovereign's flag
The Swedish royal flag () is identical to the triple-tailed naval ensign, but has in its centre a white field with the greater or the lesser coat of arms surrounded by the Order of the Seraphim, which has the king as its grand master. The king personally decides about the specific use of the royal flag.
History
Mythology
According to early modern legend, the 12th-century King Eric IX saw a golden cross in the sky as he landed in Finland during the First Swedish Crusade in 1157. Seeing this as a sign from God he adopted the golden cross against a blue background as his banner.
It has been suggested that the Swedish origin legend is chosen to counter a parallel origin story for the Danish flag, also recorded in the 16th century.
According to this theory, the Swedish flag was created during the reign of King Charles VIII, who also introduced the coat of arms of Sweden in 1442. The national coat of arms is a combination of King Albert's coat of arms of 1364 and King Magnus III's coat of arms of 1275, and is blue divided quarterly by a golden cross pattée.
Other historians claim that the Swedish flag was blue with a white cross before 1420, and became blue with a golden cross only during the early reign King Gustav I, who deposed King Christian II in 1521.
Early history
The exact age of the Swedish flag is not known, but the oldest recorded pictures of a blue cloth with a yellow cross date from the early 16th century, during the reign of King Gustav I. The first legal description of the flag was made in a royal warrant of 19 April 1562 as "yellow in a cross fashioned on blue". As stipulated in a royal warrant of 1569, the yellow cross was always to be borne on Swedish battle standards and banners. Prior to this, a similar flag appeared in the coat of arms of King John III's duchy, which is today Southwest Finland. The same coat of arms is still used by the province.
Triple-tailed flag
A royal warrant of 6 November 1663, regulated the use of the triple-tailed flag, to be used only as a state flag and naval ensign. According to the same royal warrant, merchant ships were only allowed to fly square-cut city flags in their respective provincial colours. In practice, however, the merchant fleet began using a square-cut civil ensign of the state flag. In a government instruction of ship building of 1730, this civil ensign should have the same proportions and colors as the state flag, with the notable difference of being square-cut. In 1756, the use of pennants by private ships was prohibited.
Blue ensign
A royal warrant of 18 August 1761, stipulated that an all blue triple-tailed flag to be used by the archipelago fleet, a branch of the army tasked with defending the archipelago along the Swedish coastlines. The commander of the fleet also had the right to order the use of the ordinary war ensign instead of the blue ensign when that was "appropriate". The blue flag was used until 1813.
Union between Sweden and Norway
Union flags of 1815 and 1818
On 6 June 1815, a common military ensign was introduced for the two united kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. This flag was identical to the former triple-tailed military ensign of Sweden, with a white saltire on red to be included in the canton. Proposed by the Norwegian Prime Minister and unionist Peder Anker, the white saltire on a red background was supposed to symbolise Norway, as the country had previously been united with Denmark and initially continued to use the same flag as an independent country, but with the national arms in the canton.
Norwegian ships continued to use the Danish civil ensign distinguished with the national arms in the canton north of Cape Finisterre, but had to fly the Swedish civil ensign in the Mediterranean to be protected from pirate attacks. A common civil ensign for both countries was introduced in 1818, on the pattern of the naval ensign, but square-cut. This flag was optional for Swedish vessels, but compulsory for Norwegian ones in distant waters. In 1821, Norway adopted a new national civil ensign, identical to the present flag of Norway.
Following the adoption of a separate Norwegian flag, a royal regulation of 17 July 1821, stipulated that ships of both kingdoms use the common square-cut civil ensign (with the saltire included) in "distant waters" (i.e. beyond Cape Finisterre). In "distant waters", they had the right to use any of the square-cut civil ensigns of their respective countries, or the uniform Union civil ensign. This system was in force until 1838.
Union flags of 1844
A royal resolution of 20 June 1844, introduced new flags and heraldry to denote the equal status of the two kingdoms within the union. Both countries were granted civil and military ensigns on the same pattern, their respective national flags with the addition of a union mark in the canton, combining the flag colours of both countries. The naval ensign was based on the traditional triple-tailed Swedish model. In addition, the new union mark was to be used as the naval jack and as the flag for the common diplomatic representations abroad. The warrant also stipulated that the merchant fleet use their respective countries' square-cut civil ensigns, including the new union mark. Also, royal ensigns were introduced for both countries, their respective naval ensigns with the union mark, with the addition of the union arms at the center of the cross.
The new union flags were well received by the Norwegians, who had demanded their own military ensign since the union was formed. In Sweden, however, the new union mark in particular became quite unpopular and was contemptuously nicknamed the Sillsallaten (Swedish) or Sildesalaten (Norwegian) after a colorful dish of pickled herring, decorated with red beets and apples in a radial pattern. It is believed that the name was first used in a speech by Lord Brakel in the Swedish House of Lords in Stockholm.
During the 19th century, a number of regulations were issued regarding the use of Swedish flags. The military ensign was also to be used by civil government ships and buildings, such as the Customs, Harbor pilots and the Royal Mail. For this use, the military ensign would have a white field included with a golden marker: For the Harbor pilots (as of 1881, based on a proposal of 1825) an anchor with a star; for the Customs (as of 1844) the letter "T" topped a royal crown; for the Royal Mail (as of 1844) a postal horn with a royal crown. On 7 May 1897, an alternate state flag was introduced. This double-tailed flag was used by government owned ships and buildings, which did not fly the triple-tailed military ensign.
During the late 19th century, increasing Norwegian dissatisfaction with the union led to the demand for a return to the "pure" flag of 1821 without the union mark. Opponents of the union began to use this flag several years before it was officially recognised. During the 1890s, two consecutive sessions of the Norwegian parliament voted to abolish the mark, but the decision was overruled by royal veto. However, in 1898, when the flag law was passed for the third time, the king had to sanction it. On 12 October 1899, the union mark was removed from the Norwegian civil ensign. As the Norwegian military ensign according to the constitution of 1814 was to be a union ensign, the union mark remained on military flags until the dissolution of the union with Sweden. "Pure" military ensigns were hoisted on fortresses and naval vessels on 9 June 1905.
The union mark, however, remained a part of the Swedish flag until 1905, when a Law of 28 October 1905, stipulated the removal of the union mark as of 1 November 1905.
Colour change in 1906
Following the dissolution of the union in 1905, the triple-tailed naval ensign also became the Swedish naval jack, replacing the common naval jack, and the Flag law of 22 June 1906 further regulated the use and design of the flag, specifying the colours to be "ljust mellanblå" (light medium blue) and "guldgul" (golden yellow), a departure from the previously darker shade of blue. The Swedish state flag became identical to the square-cut civil ensign, and all private use of the triple-tailed ensign was prohibited.
Royal flag
The king and queen use a royal flag with the greater national coat of arms. Other members of the royal house use a royal flag with the lesser national coat of arms. On naval ships the flag of the king is raised together with a split pennant with the greater national coat of arms. Likewise the flag of the heir apparent is raised together with a split pennant with the lesser national coat of arms on naval ships.
The Swedish Marshal of the Realm (Riksmarskalken) has published a series of decisions regarding the royal flag of Sweden. In a decision of 6 April 1987, rules are defined on how to fly the royal flag at the Royal Palace of Stockholm.
The royal flag with the greater national coat of arms is hoisted at the Royal Palace when H.M. the King is within the realm, and is upholding his duties as the Head of state.
The royal flag with the lesser national coat of arms is hoisted at the Royal Palace, if by reason of illness, foreign travel or for any other cause, the King is unavoidably prevented from performing his duties; a member of the Royal House under the valid order of succession who is not prevented there from, assumes and performs the duties of the Head of State in the capacity of Regent ad interim.
The "plain" triple-tailed flag (without the coat of arms) is flown at the Royal Palace when the Riksdag has appointed a person to serve, at a Government order, as Regent ad interim when no member of the Royal House under the valid order of succession is in a position to serve. The three-tailed war flag is also flown at the Royal Palace when the Speaker, or, in his unavoidable absence, one of the Deputy Speakers, serves, at a Government order, as Regent ad interim when no member of the Royal House under the valid order of succession is in a position to serve.
Under King Carl XVI Gustaf, king since 1973, the plain triple-tailed flag has flown at the Royal Palace only once. This occurred on 2–3 July 1988, when the King went on a private visit to Wuppertal, Germany; at the same time, the Duke of Halland, his uncle and the only person in the line of succession, was on a private visit to Sainte-Maxime, France. The government therefore ordered the speaker of the Riksdag, Ingemund Bengtsson, to serve as regent ad interim for two days.
Private use of the state flag
There have been a few notable exemptions regarding the prohibition of private parties to use the state flag. All these privileges were terminated in accordance with the new specific flag regulation of 22 June 1906.
According to a royal warrant of 31 October 1786, the Swedish East India Company had the right to use the triple-tailed war ensign in "Indian waters", when not being under immediate protection by the Swedish navy. In the merchant fleet, there was a common practice to illegally use the war ensign to indicate that the ship was armed.
In 1838, it was decided that private ships contracted by the Royal Mail were to fly a double-tailed flag.
On 27 February 1832, the Royal Swedish Yacht Club received the right to use the triple-tailed war ensign, including a centre white field with a golden "O" topped with a duke's crown (as of 1878 a royal crown).
On 7 June 1893, the Royal Gothenburg Yacht Club received the right to use the triple-tailed military ensign, including a centered white field with the golden "G K S S" topped with a star.
Use outside Sweden
The flag of Sweden appears in coat of arms of Finland's province Southwest Finland.
The flag of Wilmington, Delaware in the United States is modelled after the Swedish flag in remembrance of the short-lived colony of New Sweden, with the cross affixed with the seal of the city. The flag of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which also lies within historic New Sweden, is a vertical triband rather than a Nordic Cross, but the blue and yellow colours of the flag were chosen to commemorate the Swedish settlement of the region. The flag of Verona (Italy) resembles the flag of Sweden in colours and features. The former flag has a symmetric yellow cross, although the similarities between the two flags may be historically unrelated.
According to a legend, the Argentine football team Boca Juniors' flag and colours were inspired by the flag of Sweden.
The seal of the Municipal Council of Shanghai International Settlement incorporated the 1844 Swedish civil ensign.
Rules for displaying the Swedish flag
When used from a stand-alone flagpole, the size of the flag is recommended to have a width equalling a fourth of the height of the pole. When used from a flagpole extending from a building, the flag is recommended to have a width equalling a third of the height (length) of the pole.
The times and rules for raising and lowering the Swedish flag are as follows:
Between 1 March and 31 October the flag can be raised from 08.00 am.
Between 1 November and 28/29 February the flag can be raised from 09.00 am.
The flag shall be taken down at sunset but at the latest 09.00 pm.
If the flag is illuminated, it may remain up even after the sun has set.
If the flag is no longer in presentable condition it should be discarded by burning in a respectful manner or returned to the manufacturer for disposal.
Private citizens are not obliged to fly the flag on official flag flying days, but they are encouraged to do it. Apart from the flag flying days in Sweden, everyone is of course able to hoist the flag whenever there is a reason for celebration in the family or otherwise.
Construction Sheet
See also
Coat of arms of Sweden
Flag flying days in Sweden
List of flags of Sweden
Nordic cross flag
Union mark of Norway and Sweden
References
External links
Flag of Sweden – Riksarkivet
National flags
Flag
Nordic Cross flags
Sweden
Sweden |
Say G&E! is a studio album by American hip hop duo The Grouch & Eligh. It was released on Legendary Music in 2009. It peaked at number 186 on the Billboard 200 chart, as well as number 81 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums chart, and number 23 on the Independent Albums chart.
Critical reception
Andrew Martin of PopMatters gave the album 8 stars out of 10, describing it as "one of this year's strongest and most balanced hip-hop releases to date." Nate Knaebel of AllMusic said: "The tracks here are infectious and bang as hard as they want to, but they also show an artistry and intelligence you're just not going to get in the mainstream."
Track listing
Personnel
Evren Göknar - Mastering Engineer
Charts
References
External links
2009 albums
Eligh albums
The Grouch (rapper) albums |
Miraclathurella entemma is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.
Description
Distribution
Fossils of this species were found in Miocene strata in the Bowden Formation, Jamaica.
References
W. P. Woodring. 1928. Miocene Molluscs from Bowden, Jamaica. Part 2: Gastropods and discussion of results. Contributions to the Geology and Palaeontology of the West Indies
External links
Fossilworks: Euclathurella (Miraclathurella) entemma
entemma
Gastropods described in 1928 |
The Kemence Forest Museum Railway (Hungarian: Kemencei Erdei Múzeumvasút) is a narrow gauge railway in northern Hungary. It is operated by volunteers during weekends between late March and late October.
History
The forest railway
The first railway line in Kemence was laid in 1910 between Kemence and Királyháza. The Csarnavölgy line, that is still in operation, was opened in 1913. After the two main lines were opened, several other minor railroads were constructed, most of them serving only some years.
Every line was created to continuously slope in the direction of the village, therefore horses (and later locomotives) were required only to distribute the empty carriages in the morning, and then, when the cars were loaded, they were only needed to be braked by a brakeman, the gravity successfully carried the cars down.
Throughout its history before 2000, the Kemence Forest Railway was never meant to transport passengers. There were no settlements around the railroad, and the forestry was not interested in creating a tourist railway.
The widespread of forestal roads meant that the railway has a dark future ahead itself. In 1968, the Királyháza line was abandoned. The last remaining Csarnavölgy line survived it with 22 years, officially closing in 1992, however, it had almost no function in its last years. However, the tracks remained, and the forestry didn't sell it.
A disastrous decade
After its abandonment, the conditions were fastly declining. In the last few years, only one locomotive remained viable. The track conditions became poor, with some of the rails being stolen.
In 1995, a flood damaged two of the bridges and some of the railroad embankment, and an even stronger one in 1999 destroyed almost everything in the valley, ruining all bridges except one, while only the tracks in the village's outer parts survived.
New times
Seeing the saddening fate of the railway, volunteers decided to save this unique railway. From 1 January 2000, the Kisvasutak Baráti Köre Egyesület ("Association of Narrow Gauge Railway Friends") loans the track and the properties from the forestry.
This was the first time the Kemence railway – renamed to its current name, Kemence Forest Museum Railway, referring to the museal rolling stock, most of which was saved from other 600 mm gauge railways that ceased to exist – became a tourist railway.
In the first four years, the railway operated in a short, but after the flood, intactly remained 1.8 km section between Kemence and Godóvár-Strand. After restoring three bridges and several stolen sections, the line was extended with another additional 1.8 km, to the now defunct Pityur-rétje station. Feketevölgy station was reached in 2009, and its second platform was built in 2015.
Today
In January 2017, the railway is 4.1 kilometers long, with an additional 3.1 km waiting for renovation.
The rolling stock is very heterogeneous: the locomotives are mostly consisting of MD-40 locomotives either originating to Kemence, or found and saved from defunct railways, but you can find Ue-28 and MV engines as well, and Kemence is the sole forest railway in Hungary where electric (El-9) locomotives can be found. The passenger cars are mostly locally built.
In August of 2020 Ipoly Erdő Zrt. (the state forestry company, owner of the railway) started the complete refurbishment of operational section of the line. The new track is being built with brand new concrete sleepers, ballast and used "i" (23.6 kg/m) rails retrieved from Királyrét Forestry Railway's track. The main goal of this refurbishment is the raising the max. permitted axle load on the line (26 kN to 40 kN), so the traffic of heavier locomotives (with more traction power) as the recent MD-40's will become possible. More traction power could mean longer passenger trains with greater capacity. Additional benefit of the new track will be the better drainage and the less maintenance required.
References
External links
Official website
Narrow gauge railways in Hungary
Tourist attractions in Hungary
Railway lines opened in 1910 |
Zakka (from the Japanese 'kak-ka in de zak-ka'（雑貨）or 'many things') is a fashion and design phenomenon that has spread from Japan throughout Asia.
Zakka may also refer to:
Ignatius Zakka I Iwas (1933–2014), 122nd Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East and, as such, Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church from 1980 to 2014
Henry Zakka (born 1956), Venezuelan actor and director
Nizar Zakka, a Lebanese information technology expert and advocate of Internet freedom
See also
Zaka (disambiguation) |
Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems must support both road holding/handling and ride quality, which are at odds with each other. The tuning of suspensions involves finding the right compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with the road surface as much as possible, because all the road or ground forces acting on the vehicle do so through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car may be different.
History
An early form of suspension on ox-drawn carts had the platform swing on iron chains attached to the wheeled frame of the carriage. This system remained the basis for most suspension systems until the turn of the 19th century, although the iron chains were replaced with the use of leather straps called thoroughbraces by the 17th century. No modern automobiles have used the thoroughbrace suspension system.
By approximately 1750, leaf springs began appearing on certain types of carriage, such as the Landau.
By the middle of the 19th century, elliptical springs might additionally start to be used on carriages.
Modern suspension
Automobiles were initially developed as self-propelled versions of horse-drawn vehicles. However, horse-drawn vehicles had been designed for relatively slow speeds, and their suspension was not well suited to the higher speeds permitted by the internal combustion engine.
The first workable spring-suspension required advanced metallurgical knowledge and skill, and only became possible with the advent of industrialisation. Obadiah Elliott registered the first patent for a spring-suspension vehicle; each wheel had two durable steel leaf springs on each side and the body of the carriage was fixed directly to the springs which were attached to the axles. Within a decade, most British horse carriages were equipped with springs; wooden springs in the case of light one-horse vehicles to avoid taxation, and steel springs in larger vehicles. These were often made of low-carbon steel and usually took the form of multiple layer leaf springs.
Leaf springs have been around since the early Egyptians. Ancient military engineers used leaf springs in the form of bows to power their siege engines, with little success at first. The use of leaf springs in catapults was later refined and made to work years later. Springs were not only made of metal; a sturdy tree branch could be used as a spring, such as with a bow. Horse-drawn carriages and Ford Model T used this system, and it is still used today in larger vehicles, mainly mounted in the rear suspension.
Leaf springs were the first modern suspension system, and, along with advances in the construction of roads, heralded the single greatest improvement in road transport until the advent of the automobile. The British steel springs were not well-suited for use on America's rough roads of the time, so the Abbot-Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire re-introduced leather strap suspension, which gave a swinging motion instead of the jolting up-and-down of spring suspension.
In 1901, Mors of Paris first fitted an automobile with shock absorbers. With the advantage of a damped suspension system on his 'Mors Machine', Henri Fournier won the prestigious Paris-to-Berlin race on 20 June 1901. Fournier's superior time was 11 hrs 46 min 10 sec, while the best competitor was Léonce Girardot in a Panhard with a time of 12 hours, 15 minutes, and 40 seconds.
Coil springs first appeared on a production vehicle in 1906 in the Brush Runabout made by the Brush Motor Company.
Today, coil springs are used in most cars.
In 1920, Leyland Motors used torsion bars in a suspension system.
In 1922, independent front suspension was pioneered on Lancia Lambda, and became more common in mass market cars from 1932. Today, most cars have independent suspension on all four wheels.
The part on which pre-1950 springs were supported is called a dumb iron.
In 2002, a new passive suspension component, the inerter, was invented by Malcolm C. Smith. This has the ability to increase the effective inertia of wheel suspension using a geared flywheel, but without adding significant mass. It was initially employed in Formula One in secrecy, but has since spread to wider motorsport.
Difference between rear suspension and front suspension
Any four-wheel-drive (4WD/AWD) vehicle needs suspension for both the front wheels and rear wheels, but in two-wheel-drive vehicles there could be a very different configuration. For front-wheel drive cars, rear suspension has few constraints, and a variety of beam axles and independent suspensions are used. For rear-wheel drive cars, rear suspension has many constraints, and the development of the superior, but more expensive independent suspension layout has been difficult. Four-wheel drive often has suspensions that are similar for both the front and rear wheels.
History
Henry Ford's Model T used a torque tube to restrain this force, for his differential was attached to the chassis by a lateral leaf spring and two narrow rods. The torque tube surrounded the true driveshaft and exerted the force to its ball joint at the extreme rear of the transmission, which was attached to the engine. A similar method like this was used in the late 1930s by Buick and by Hudson's bathtub car in 1948, which used helical springs that could not take fore-and-aft thrust.
The Hotchkiss drive, invented by Albert Hotchkiss, was the most popular rear suspension system used in American cars from the 1930s to the 1970s. The system uses longitudinal leaf springs attached both forward and behind the differential of the live axle. These springs transmit torque to the frame. Although scorned by many European car makers of the time, it was accepted by American car makers, because it was inexpensive to manufacture. Also, the dynamic defects of this design were suppressed by the enormous weight of U.S. passenger vehicles before the implementation of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard.
Another Frenchman invented the De Dion tube, which is sometimes called "semi-independent". Like true independent rear suspension, this employs two universal joints, or their equivalent from the centre of the differential to each wheel. But the wheels cannot entirely rise and fall independently of each other; they are tied by a yoke that goes around the differential, below and behind it. This method has had little use in the United States. Its use around 1900 was probably due to the poor quality of tires, which wore out quickly. By removing a good deal of unsprung weight, as independent rear suspensions do, it made them last longer.
Rear-wheel drive vehicles today frequently use a fairly complex fully-independent, multi-link suspension to locate the rear wheels securely, while providing decent ride quality.
Spring, wheel, and roll rates
Spring rate
The spring rate (or suspension rate) is a component in setting the vehicle's ride height or its location in the suspension stroke. When a spring is compressed or stretched, the force it exerts, is proportional to its change in length. The spring rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. Vehicles that carry heavy loads, will often have heavier springs to compensate for the additional weight that would otherwise collapse a vehicle to the bottom of its travel (stroke). Heavier springs are also used in performance applications, where the loading conditions experienced are more significant.
Springs that are too hard or too soft cause the suspension to become ineffective – mostly because they fail to properly isolate the vehicle from the road. Vehicles that commonly experience suspension loads heavier than normal, have heavy or hard springs, with a spring rate close to the upper limit for that vehicle's weight. This allows the vehicle to perform properly under a heavy load, when control is limited by the inertia of the load. Riding in an empty truck meant for carrying loads can be uncomfortable for passengers, because of its high spring rate relative to the weight of the vehicle. A race car could also be described as having heavy springs, and would also be uncomfortably bumpy. However, even though we say they both have heavy springs, the actual spring rates for a racecar and a truck are very different. A luxury car, taxi, or passenger bus would be described as having soft springs, for the comfort of their passengers or driver. Vehicles with worn-out or damaged springs ride lower to the ground, which reduces the overall amount of compression available to the suspension, and increases the amount of body lean. Performance vehicles can sometimes have spring rate requirements other than vehicle weight and load.
Wheel rate
Wheel rate is the effective spring rate when measured at the wheel, as opposed to simply measuring the spring rate alone.
Wheel rate is usually equal to or considerably less than the spring rate. Commonly, springs are mounted on control arms, swing arms or some other pivoting suspension member. Consider the example above, where the spring rate was calculated to be 500 lbs/inch (87.5 N/mm), if one were to move the wheel (without moving the car), the spring more than likely compresses a smaller amount. If the spring moved , the lever arm ratio would be 0.75:1. The wheel rate is calculated by taking the square of the ratio (0.5625) times the spring rate, thus obtaining 281.25 lbs/inch (49.25 N/mm). The ratio is squared because it has two effects on the wheel rate: it applies to both the force and the distance traveled.
Wheel rate on independent suspension is fairly straightforward. However, special consideration must be taken with some non-independent suspension designs. Take the case of the straight axle. When viewed from the front or rear, the wheel rate can be measured by the means above. Yet, because the wheels are not independent, when viewed from the side under acceleration or braking, the pivot point is at infinity (because both wheels have moved) and the spring is directly inline with the wheel contact patch. The result is often, that the effective wheel rate under cornering is different from what it is under acceleration and braking. This variation in wheel rate may be minimised by locating the spring as close to the wheel as possible.
Wheel rates are usually summed and compared with the sprung mass of a vehicle to create a "ride rate" and the corresponding suspension natural frequency in ride (also referred to as "heave"). This can be useful in creating a metric for suspension stiffness and travel requirements for a vehicle.
Roll rate
Roll rate is analogous to a vehicle's ride rate, but for actions that include lateral accelerations, causing a vehicle's sprung mass to roll. It is expressed as torque per degree of roll of the vehicle sprung mass. It is influenced by factors including but not limited to vehicle sprung mass, track width, CG height, spring and damper rates, roll centre heights of front and rear, anti-roll bar stiffness and tire pressure/construction. The roll rate of a vehicle can, and usually, does differ front-to-rear, which allows for the tuning ability of a vehicle for transient and steady-state handling. The roll rate of a vehicle does not change the total amount of weight transfer on the vehicle, but shifts the speed and percentage of weight transferred on a particular axle to another axle through the vehicle chassis. Generally, the higher the roll rate on an axle of a vehicle, the faster and higher percentage the weight transfer on that axle.
By 2021, some vehicles were offering dynamic roll control with ride-height adjustable air suspension and adaptive dampers.
Roll couple percentage
Roll couple percentage is a simplified method of describing lateral load transfer distribution front to rear, and subsequently handling balance. It is the effective wheel rate, in roll, of each axle of the vehicle as a ratio of the vehicle's total roll rate. It is commonly adjusted through the use of anti-roll bars, but can also be changed through the use of different springs.
Weight transfer
Weight transfer during cornering, acceleration, or braking is usually calculated per individual wheel, and compared with the static weights for the same wheels.
The total amount of weight transfer is only affected by four factors: the distance between wheel centers (wheelbase in the case of braking, or track width in the case of cornering), the height of the center of gravity, the mass of the vehicle, and the amount of acceleration experienced.
The speed at which weight transfer occurs, as well as through which components it transfers, is complex, and is determined by many factors; including, but not limited to: roll center height, spring and damper rates, anti-roll bar stiffness, and the kinematic design of suspension links.
In most conventional applications, when weight is transferred through intentionally compliant elements, such as springs, dampers, and anti-roll bars, the weight transfer is said to be "elastic", while the weight which is transferred through more rigid suspension links, such as A-arms and toe links, is said to be "geometric".
Unsprung weight transfer
Unsprung weight transfer is calculated based on weight of the vehicle's components that are not supported by the springs. This includes tires, wheels, brakes, spindles, half the control arm's weight, and other components. These components are then (for calculation purposes) assumed to be connected to a vehicle with zero sprung weight. They are then put through the same dynamic loads.
The weight transfer for cornering in the front would be equal to the total unsprung front weight times the G-force times the front unsprung center of gravity height divided by the front track width. The same is true for the rear.
Sprung weight transfer
Sprung weight transfer is the weight transferred by only the weight of the vehicle resting on its springs, and not by total vehicle weight. Calculating this requires knowing the vehicle's sprung weight (total weight less the unsprung weight), the front and rear roll center heights, and the sprung center of gravity height (used to calculate the roll moment arm length). Calculating the front and rear sprung weight transfer will also require knowing the roll couple percentage.
The roll axis is the line through the front and rear roll centers that the vehicle rolls around during cornering. The distance from this axis to the sprung center of gravity height is the roll moment arm length. The total sprung weight transfer is equal to the G-force times the sprung weight times the roll moment arm length divided by the effective track width. The front sprung weight transfer is calculated by multiplying the roll couple percentage times the total sprung weight transfer. The rear is the total minus the front transfer.
Jacking forces
Jacking forces are the sum of the vertical force components experienced by suspension links. The resultant force acts to lift the sprung mass, if the roll center is above ground, or compress it, if underground. Generally, the higher the roll center, the more jacking force is experienced.
Other properties
Travel
Travel is the measure of distance from the bottom of the suspension stroke (such as when the vehicle is on a jack, and the wheel hangs freely) to the top of the suspension stroke (such as when the vehicle's wheel can no longer travel in an upward direction toward the vehicle). Bottoming or lifting a wheel can cause serious control problems, or directly cause damage. "Bottoming" can be caused by the suspension, tires, fenders, etc. running out of space to move, or the body or other components of the car hitting the road. Control problems caused by lifting a wheel are less severe, if the wheel lifts when the spring reaches its unloaded shape than they are, if travel is limited by contact of suspension members (See Triumph TR3B.)
Many off-road vehicles, such as desert racers, use straps called "limiting straps" to limit the suspensions' downward travel to a point within safe limits for the linkages and shock absorbers. This is necessary, since these trucks are intended to travel over very rough terrain at high speeds, and even become airborne at times. Without something to limit the travel, the suspension bushings would take all the force, when suspension reaches "full droop", and it can even cause the coil springs to come out of their "buckets", if they are held in by compression forces only. A limiting strap is a simple strap, often from nylon of a predetermined length, that stops downward movement at a pre-set point before theoretical maximum travel is reached. The opposite of this is the "bump-stop", which protects the suspension and the vehicle (as well as the occupants) from the violent "bottoming" of the suspension, caused when an obstruction (or a hard landing) causes suspension to run out of upward travel without fully absorbing the energy of the stroke. Without bump-stops, a vehicle that "bottoms out", will experience a very hard shock when the suspension contacts the bottom of the frame or body, which is transferred to the occupants and every connector and weld on the vehicle. Factory vehicles often come with plain rubber "nubs" to absorb the worst of the forces, and insulate the shock. A desert race vehicle, which must routinely absorb far higher impact forces, might be provided with pneumatic or hydro-pneumatic bump-stops. These are essentially miniature shock absorbers (dampers) that are fixed to the vehicle in a location, such, that the suspension will contact the end of the piston when it nears the upward travel limit. These absorb the impact far more effectively than a solid rubber bump-stop will, essential, because a rubber bump-stop is considered a "last-ditch" emergency insulator for the occasional accidental bottoming of the suspension; it is entirely insufficient to absorb repeated and heavy bottoming, such as a high-speed off-road vehicle encounters.
Damping
Damping is the control of motion or oscillation, as seen with the use of hydraulic gates and valves in a vehicle's shock absorber. This may also vary, intentionally or unintentionally. Like spring rate, the optimal damping for comfort may be less, than for control.
Damping controls the travel speed and resistance of the vehicle's suspension. An undamped car will oscillate up and down. With proper damping levels, the car will settle back to a normal state in a minimal amount of time. Most damping in modern vehicles can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the resistance to fluid flow in the shock absorber.
Camber control
See dependent and independent below.
Camber changes due to wheel travel, body roll and suspension system deflection or compliance. In general, a tire wears and brakes best at -1 to -2° of camber from vertical. Depending on the tire and the road surface, it may hold the road best at a slightly different angle. Small changes in camber, front and rear, can be used to tune handling. Some racecars are tuned with -2 to -7° camber, depending on the type of handling desired, and tire construction. Often, too much camber will result in the decrease of braking performance due to a reduced contact patch size through excessive camber variation in suspension geometry. The amount of camber change in bump is determined by the instantaneous front view swing arm (FVSA) length of suspension geometry, or in other words, the tendency of the tire to camber inward when compressed in bump.
Roll center height
Roll center height is a product of suspension instant center heights and is a useful metric in analyzing weight transfer effects, body roll and front to rear roll stiffness distribution. Conventionally, roll stiffness distribution is tuned adjusting antiroll bars rather than roll center height (as both tend to have a similar effect on the sprung mass), but the height of the roll center is significant when considering the amount of jacking forces experienced.
Instant center
Due to the fact that the wheel and tire's motion is constrained by the vehicle's suspension links, the motion of the wheel package in the front view will scribe an imaginary arc in space with an "instantaneous center" of rotation at any given point along its path. The instant center for any wheel package can be found by following imaginary lines drawn through suspension links to their intersection point.
A component of the tire's force vector points from the contact patch of the tire through instant center. The larger this component is, the less suspension motion will occur. Theoretically, if the resultant of the vertical load on the tire and the lateral force generated by it points directly into the instant center, the suspension links will not move. In this case, all weight transfer at that end of the vehicle will be geometric in nature. This is key information used in finding the force-based roll center as well.
In this respect, the instant centers are more important to the handling of the vehicle, than the kinematic roll center alone, in that the ratio of geometric-to-elastic weight transfer is determined by the forces at the tires and their directions in relation to the position of their respective instant centers.
Anti-dive and anti-squat
Anti-dive and anti-squat are percentages that indicate the degree to which the front dives under braking, and the rear squats under acceleration. They can be thought of as the counterparts for braking and acceleration, as jacking forces are to cornering. The main reason for the difference is due to the different design goals between front and rear suspension, whereas suspension is usually symmetrical between the left and the right of the vehicle.
The method of determining anti-dive or anti-squat depends on whether suspension linkages react to the torque of braking and accelerating. For example, with inboard brakes and half-shaft-driven rear wheels, the suspension linkages do not react, but with outboard brakes and a swing-axle driveline, they do.
To determine the percentage of front suspension braking anti-dive for outboard brakes, it is first necessary to determine the tangent of the angle between a line drawn, in side view, through the front tire patch and the front suspension instant center, and the horizontal. In addition, the percentage of braking effort at the front wheels must be known. Then, multiply the tangent by the front wheel braking effort percentage and divide by the ratio of the center of gravity height to the wheelbase. A value of 50% would mean, that half of the weight transfer to the front wheels; during braking, it is being transmitted through front suspension linkage, and half is being transmitted through front suspension springs.
For inboard brakes, the same procedure is followed, but using the wheel center instead of contact patch center.
Forward acceleration anti-squat is calculated in a similar manner and with the same relationship between percentage and weight transfer. Anti-squat values of 100% and more are commonly used in drag racing, but values of 50% or less are more common in cars that have to undergo severe braking. Higher values of anti-squat commonly cause wheel hop during braking. It is important to note, that the value of 100% means, that all of the weight transfer is being carried through suspension linkage. However, this does not mean that the suspension is incapable of carrying additional loads (aerodynamic, cornering, etc.) during an episode of braking, or forward acceleration. In other words, no "binding" of the suspension is to be implied.
Flexibility and vibration modes of suspension elements
In some modern cars, flexibility is mainly in rubber bushings, which are subject to decay over time. For high-stress suspensions, such as off-road vehicles, polyurethane bushings are available, which offer more longevity under greater stresses. However, due to weight and cost considerations, structures are not made more rigid than necessary. Some vehicles exhibit detrimental vibrations involving the flexing of structural parts, such as when accelerating while turning sharply. Flexibility of structures, such as frames and suspension links, can also contribute to springing, especially to damping out high-frequency vibrations. The flexibility of wire wheels contributed to their popularity in times when cars had less advanced suspensions.
Load levelling
Automobiles can be heavily laden with luggage, passengers, and trailers. This loading will cause a vehicle's tail to sink downwards. Maintaining a steady chassis level is essential to achieving the proper handling that the vehicle was designed for. Oncoming drivers can be blinded by the headlight beam. Self-levelling suspension counteracts this by inflating cylinders in the suspension to lift the chassis higher.
Isolation from high frequency shock
For most purposes, the weight of suspension components is unimportant. But at high frequencies caused by road surface roughness, the parts isolated by rubber bushings act as a multi-stage filter to suppress noise and vibration better than can be done with only tires and springs. (The springs work mainly in the vertical direction.)
Contribution to unsprung weight and total weight
These are usually small, except that the suspension is related to whether the brakes and are sprung.
This is the main functional advantage of aluminum wheels over steel wheels. Aluminum suspension parts have been used in production cars, and carbon fiber suspension parts are common in racing cars.
Space occupied
Designs differ as to how much space they take up, and where it is located. It is generally accepted, that MacPherson struts are the most compact arrangement for front-engined vehicles, where space between the wheels is required to place the engine.
Inboard brakes (which reduce unsprung weight) are probably avoided more due to space considerations than to cost.
Force distribution
The suspension attachment must match the frame design in geometry, strength and rigidity.
Air resistance (drag)
Certain modern vehicles have height adjustable suspension in order to improve aerodynamics and fuel efficiency. Modern formula cars that have exposed wheels and suspension typically use streamlined tubing rather than simple round tubing for their suspension arms to reduce aerodynamic drag. Also typical is the use of rocker-arm, push rod, or pull rod-type suspensions, that, among other things, place the spring/damper unit inboard and out of the air stream to further reduce air resistance.
Cost
Production methods improve, but cost is always a factor. The continued use of the solid rear axle, with unsprung differential, especially on heavy vehicles, seems to be the most obvious example.
Springs and dampers
Most conventional suspensions use passive springs to absorb impacts and dampers (or shock absorbers) to control spring motions.
Some notable exceptions are hydropneumatic systems, which can be treated as an integrated unit of gas spring and damping components, used by the French manufacturer Citroën; and the hydrolastic, hydragas and rubber cone systems used by the British Motor Corporation, most notably on the Mini. A number of different types of each have been used:
Passive suspensions
Traditional springs and dampers are referred to as passive suspensions — most vehicles are suspended in this manner.
Springs
The majority of land vehicles are suspended by steel springs of these types:
Leaf spring – AKA Hotchkiss, Cart, or semi-elliptical spring
Torsion bar suspension
Coil spring
Automakers are aware of the inherent limitations of steel springs — that these springs tend to produce undesirable oscillations, and carmakers have developed other types of suspension materials and mechanisms in attempts to improve performance:
Rubber bushings
Gas under pressure - air springs
Gas and hydraulic fluid under pressure - hydropneumatic suspension and oleo struts
Dampers or shock absorbers
Shock absorbers damp out the (otherwise simple harmonic) motions of a vehicle up and down on its springs. They must also damp out much of the wheel bounce when the unsprung weight of a wheel, hub, axle, and sometimes brakes and the differential bounces up and down on the springiness of a tire.
Semi-active and active suspensions
If suspension is externally controlled, then it is a semi-active or active suspension — the suspension is reacting to signals from an electronic controller.
For example, a hydropneumatic Citroën will "know" how far off the ground the car is supposed to be, and constantly resets to achieve that level, regardless of load. However, this type of suspension will not instantly compensate for body roll due to cornering. Citroën's system adds about 1% to the cost of the car versus passive steel springs.
Semi-active suspensions include devices, such as air springs and switchable shock absorbers, various self-levelling solutions, as well as systems, like hydropneumatic, hydrolastic, and hydragas suspensions.
Toyota introduced switchable shock absorbers in the 1983 Soarer. Delphi currently sells shock absorbers filled with a magneto-rheological fluid, whose viscosity can be changed electromagnetically — thereby giving variable control without switching valves, which is faster and thus more effective.
Fully active suspension systems use electronic monitoring of vehicle conditions, coupled with the means to change the behavior of vehicle suspension in real time to directly control the motion of the car.
Lotus Cars developed several prototypes from 1982 onwards, and introduced them to Formula One, where they have been fairly effective, but have now been banned.
Nissan introduced low-bandwidth active suspension circa 1990 as an option that added an extra 20% to the price of luxury models. Citroën has also developed several active suspension models (see hydractive). A fully active system from Bose Corporation, announced in 2009, uses linear electric motors in place of hydraulic or pneumatic actuators that have generally been used up until recently. Mercedes introduced an active suspension system called Active Body Control in its top-of-the-line Mercedes-Benz CL-Class in 1999.
Several electromagnetic suspensions have also been developed for vehicles. Examples include the electromagnetic suspension of Bose, and the electromagnetic suspension developed by prof. Laurentiu Encica. In addition, the new Michelin wheel with embedded suspension functioning on an electric motor is also similar.
With the help of a control system, various semi-active/active suspensions realize an improved design compromise among different vibration modes of the vehicle; namely: bounce, roll, pitch and warp modes. However, the applications of these advanced suspensions are constrained by cost, packaging, weight, reliability, and/or other challenges.
Interconnected suspensions
Interconnected suspension, unlike semi-active/active suspensions, could easily decouple different vehicle vibration modes in a passive manner. Interconnections can be realized by various means, such as mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic. Anti-roll bars are one of the typical examples of mechanical interconnections, while it has been stated, that fluidic interconnections offer greater potential and flexibility in improving both the stiffness and damping properties.
Considering the considerable commercial potentials of hydro-pneumatic technology (Corolla, 1996), interconnected hydropneumatic suspensions have also been explored in some recent studies, and their potential benefits in enhancing vehicle ride and handling have been demonstrated. The control system can also be used for further improving performance of interconnected suspensions. Apart from academic research, an Australian company Kinetic had some success with various passive or semi-active systems (WRC: three Championships; the Dakar Rally: two Championships; Lexus GX470 2004 as the 4×4 of the year with KDSS; the 2005 PACE award). These systems by Kinetic generally decouple at least two vehicle modes (roll, warp (articulation), pitch, and/or heave (bounce)) to simultaneously control each mode's stiffness and damping by using interconnected shock absorbers, and other methods. In 1999, Kinetic was bought out by Tenneco. Later developments by the Catalan company Creuat have devised a simpler system design based on single-acting cylinders. After some projects on competition, Creuat is active in providing retrofit systems for some vehicle models.
Historically, the first mass-production car with front-to-rear mechanical interconnected suspension was the 1948 Citroën 2CV. Suspension in the 2CV was extremely soft — the longitudinal link was making pitch softer, instead of making roll stiffer. It relied on extreme anti-dive and anti-squat geometries to compensate for that. This resulted in a softer axle-crossing stiffness that anti-roll bars would have otherwise compromised. The leading arm / trailing arm swinging arm, fore-aft linked suspension system, together with in-board front brakes, had a much smaller unsprung weight than existing coil spring or leaf designs. The interconnection transmitted some of the force deflecting a front wheel up over a bump, to push the rear wheel down on the same side. When the rear wheel met that bump a moment later, it did the same in reverse, keeping the car level front to rear. The 2CV had a design brief to be able to be driven at speed over a ploughed field, such as by a farmer transporting chicken eggs. It originally featured friction dampers and tuned mass dampers. Later models had tuned mass dampers at the front with telescopic dampers/shock absorbers front and rear.
British Motor Corporation was also an early adopter of interconnected suspension. A system dubbed Hydrolastic was introduced in 1962 on Morris 1100, and went on to be used on a variety of BMC models. Hydrolastic was developed by suspension engineer Alex Moulton, and used rubber cones as the springing medium (these were first used on the 1959 Mini) with suspension units on each side connected to each other by a fluid-filled pipe. The fluid transmitted the force of road bumps from one wheel to the other (on the same principle as Citroën 2CV's mechanical system described above), and because each suspension unit contained valves to restrict the flow of fluid, also served as a shock absorber. Moulton went on to develop a replacement for Hydrolastic for BMC's successor British Leyland. This system, manufactured under licence by Dunlop in Coventry, called Hydragas, worked with the same principle, but instead of rubber spring units, it used metal spheres divided internally by a rubber diaphragm. The top half contained pressurised gas, and the lower half the same fluid as used on the Hydrolastic system. The fluid transmitted suspension forces between the units on each side, whilst the gas acted as the springing medium through the diaphragm. This is the same principle as the Citroën hydropneumatic system, and provides similar ride quality, but is self-contained, and does not require an engine-driven pump to provide hydraulic pressure. The downside is, that Hydragas is, unlike the Citroën system, not height-adjustable, or self-levelling. Hydragas was introduced in 1973 on Austin Allegro, and was used on several models; the last car to use it being MG F in 2002. The system was changed in favour of coil springs over dampers due to cost reasons towards the end of the vehicle's life. When it was decommissioned in 2006, the Hydragas manufacturing line was over 40 years old.
Some of the last post-war Packard models also featured interconnected suspension.
Types
Suspension systems can be broadly classified into two subgroups: dependent and independent. These terms refer to the ability of opposite wheels to move independently of each other.
A dependent suspension normally has a beam (a simple 'cart' axle) or a (driven) live axle that holds wheels parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axle. When the camber of one wheel changes, the camber of the opposite wheel changes in the same way (by convention, on one side, this is a positive change in the camber, and on the other side, this a negative change). De Dion suspensions are also in this category, as they rigidly connect the wheels together.
Independent suspension allows wheels to rise and fall on their own without affecting the opposite wheel. Suspensions with other devices, such as sway bars that link the wheels in some way, are still classed as independent.
Semi-dependent suspension is a third type. In this case, the motion of one wheel does affect the position of the other, but they are not rigidly attached to each other. Twist-beam rear suspension is such a system.
Dependent suspensions
Dependent systems may be differentiated by the system of linkages used to locate them, both longitudinally and transversely. Often, both functions are combined in a set of linkages.
Examples of location linkages include:
Satchell link
Panhard rod
Watt's linkage
WOBLink
Mumford linkage
Leaf springs used for location (transverse or longitudinal)
Fully elliptical springs usually need supplementary location links, and are no longer in common use
Longitudinal semi-elliptical springs used to be common, and are still used in heavy-duty trucks and aircraft. They have the advantage, that the spring rate can easily be made progressive (non-linear).
A single transverse leaf spring for both front wheels and/or both back wheels, supporting solid axles, was used by Ford Motor Company, before and soon after World War II, even on expensive models. It had the advantages of simplicity and low unsprung weight (compared to other solid-axle designs).
In a front-engine rear-drive vehicle, dependent rear suspension is either "live-axle" or deDion axle, depending on whether or not differential is carried on the axle. Live-axle is simpler, but unsprung weight contributes to wheel bounce.
Because it assures constant camber, dependent (and semi-independent) suspension is most common on vehicles that need to carry large loads as a proportion of the vehicle's weight, that have relatively soft springs and that do not (for cost and simplicity reasons) use active suspensions. The use of dependent front suspension has become limited to heavier commercial vehicles.
Independent suspensions
The variety of independent systems is greater, and includes:
Swing axle
Sliding pillar
MacPherson strut/Chapman strut
Upper and lower A-arm (double wishbone)
Multi-link suspension
Semi-trailing arm suspension
Swinging arm
Transverse leaf springs when used as a suspension link, or four-quarter elliptics on one end of a car are similar to wishbones in geometry, but are more compliant. Examples are the front of the original Fiat 500, then Panhard Dyna Z, and the early examples of Peugeot 403, and the backs of AC Ace and AC Aceca.
Because the wheels are not constrained to remain perpendicular to a flat road surface in turning, braking, and varying load conditions, control of the wheel camber is an important issue. Swinging-arm was common in small cars that were sprung softly, and could carry large loads, because the camber is independent of load. Some active and semi-active suspensions maintain ride height, and therefore the camber, independent of load. In sports cars, optimal camber change when turning, is more important.
Wishbone and multi-link allow the engineer more control over the geometry, to arrive at the best compromise, than swing axle, MacPherson strut, or swinging arm do; however, the cost and space requirements may be greater.
Semi-trailing arm is in between, being a variable compromise between the geometries of swinging arm and swing axle.
Semi-independent suspension
In semi-independent suspensions, the wheels of an axle are able to move relative to one another, as in an independent suspension, but the position of one wheel has an effect on the position and attitude of the other wheel. This effect is achieved through the twisting or deflecting of suspension parts under load.
The most common type of semi-independent suspension is the twist beam.
Other instances
Tilting Suspension System
The Tilting Suspension System (also known as the Leaning Suspension System) is not a different type or geometry of construction; moreover, it is a technology addition to the conventional suspension system.
This kind of suspension system mainly consists of independent suspension (e.g., MacPherson strut, A-arm (double wishbone)). With the addition of these suspension systems, there is a further tilting or leaning mechanism that connects the suspension system with the vehicle body (chassis).
The tilting suspension system improves stability, traction, the turning radius of a vehicle, and the comfort of riders as well. While turning right or left, passengers or objects on a vehicle feel the G-force or inertial force outward the radius of the curvature, which is why two-wheeler riders (motorbikes) lean towards the center of curvature while turning, which improves stability and decreases the chances of toppling. But vehicles with more than two wheels, and equipped with a conventional suspension system, could not do the same until now, so the passengers feel the outward inertial force, which reduces the stability of riders and their comfort as well. This kind of tilting suspension system is the solution to the problem. If the road does not have super-elevation or banking, it will not affect the comfort with this suspension system, the vehicle tilt and decrease in the height of the center of gravity with an increase in stability. This suspension is also used in fun vehicles.
Some trains also use tilting suspension (Tilting Train) which increases the speed at cornering.
Rocker bogie mechanism
The rocker-bogie system is a suspension arrangement, in which there are some trailing arms fitted with some idler wheels. Due to articulation between the driving section and the followers, this suspension is very flexible. This kind of suspension is appropriate for extremely rough terrain.
This kind of suspension was used in the Curiosity rover.
Tracked vehicles
Some vehicles, such as trains, run on long rail tracks fixed to the ground; and some, such as tractors, snow vehicles, and tanks run on continuous tracks that are part of the vehicle. Although either sort helps to smooth the path and reduce ground pressure, many of the same considerations apply.
Armoured fighting vehicle suspension
Military armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), including tanks, have specialized suspension requirements. They can weigh more than seventy tons, and are required to move as quickly as possible over very rough or soft ground. Their suspension components must be protected from land mines and antitank weapons. Tracked AFVs can have as many as nine road wheels on each side. Many wheeled AFVs have six or eight large wheels. Some have a Central Tire Inflation System to reduce ground loading on poor surfaces. Some wheels are too big and too confined to turn, so skid steering is used with some wheeled, as well as with tracked vehicles.
The earliest tanks of World War I had fixed suspension with no designed movement whatsoever. This unsatisfactory situation was improved with leaf spring or coil spring suspensions adopted from agricultural, automotive, or railway machinery, but even these had very limited travel.
Speeds increased due to more powerful engines, and the quality of ride had to be improved. In the 1930s, the Christie suspension was developed, which allowed the use of coil springs inside a vehicle's armored hull, by changing the direction of force deforming the spring, using a bell crank. The T-34's suspension was directly descended from Christie designs.
Horstmann suspension was a variation which used a combination of bell crank and exterior coil springs, in use from the 1930s to the 1990s. The bogie, but nonetheless independent, suspensions of M3 Lee/Grant and M4 Sherman vehicles was similar to the Hortsmann type, with suspension sequestered within the track oval.
By World War II, the other common type was torsion bar suspension, getting spring force from twisting bars inside the hull — this sometimes had less travel than the Christie type, but was significantly more compact, allowing more space inside the hull, with the consequent possibility to install larger turret rings, and thus, heavier main armament. Torsion-bar suspension, sometimes including shock absorbers, has been the dominant heavy armored vehicle suspension since World War II. Torsion bars may take space under or near the floor, which may interfere with making the tank low to reduce exposure.
As with cars, wheel travel and spring rate affect the bumpiness of ride, and the speed at which rough terrain can be negotiated. It may be significant, that a smooth ride, which is often associated with comfort, increases the accuracy when firing on the move. It also reduces shock on optics and other equipment. The unsprung weight and track link weight may limit speed on roads, and can affect the useful lifetime of the vehicle's track, and its other components.
Most German WWII half-tracks and their tanks introduced during the war, such as the Panther tank, had overlapping and sometimes interleaved road wheels to distribute the load more evenly on the tank's track, and therefore on the ground. This apparently made a significant contribution to speed, range and track life, as well as providing a continuous band of protection. It has not been used since the end of that war, probably due to the maintenance requirements of more complicated mechanical parts working in mud, sand, rocks, snow, and ice; as well as due to cost. Rocks and frozen mud often got stuck between the overlapping wheels, which could prevent them from turning, or would cause damage to the road wheels. If one of the interior road wheels were damaged, it would require other road wheels to be removed in order to access the damaged road wheel, making the process more complicated and time-consuming.
See also
Automotive suspension design process
MacPherson strut
Multi-link suspension
4-poster – a test rig
7 post shaker – a test rig for high-speed vehicles
Ackermann steering geometry
Caster angle – self centering steering
Coilover
Corvette leaf spring - independent suspension combined with a transverse fiber reinforced plastic leaf spring
Korres P4 — a Greek all-terrain supercar, with a unique suspension
List of auto parts
Magnetic levitation
Maglev train
Ride height - vehicle ground clearance
Oleo strut - design used in most large aircraft, with compressed gas and hydraulic fluid - conceptually similar to automobile Hydropneumatic suspension
Scrub radius
Short long arms suspension — also known as "unequal length A arm", one of the design parameters of double wishbone suspension
Strut bar — a part to make a suspension setup more rigid.
Other suspension
References
Further reading
External links
How Car Suspensions Work
Robert W. Temple, The ABCs of Chassis Frame and Suspensions, September 1969
Suspension Geometry Calculator
Automotive suspension technologies
Armoured fighting vehicle equipment
Vehicle technology
Articles containing video clips
Vehicle dynamics |
Acetylindoxyl oxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
N-acetylindoxyl + O2 N-acetylisatin + (?)
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-acetylindoxyl and oxygen, whereas its product is N-acetylisatin.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-acetylindoxyl:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism.
References
EC 1.7.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Punjab Lok Rahs started working as an independent alternative theater group in 1986. The group has seen a number of upheavals both internal and external during its history. On average, the group has held a performance every fortnight since its creation.
It started as a group of young men and women, primarily students, that was concerned with the military oppression of arts and cultural activities in Pakistan. The group cherished a society that has gender equity and democratic values, respects all humans and offers equal economic opportunities to all. Rahs believes in organized and conscious efforts to realize this dream. Theater is its medium.
Rahs’ experience in the art of theater is very deep as well. From staging classical epics to quick response street skits and from working out foreign adaptations to improvising ones with community and from performing at overseas festivals to villages and urban slums, Rahs has touched upon a host of issues. Rahs’ canvas is very wide and diverse as it has dealt with subjects like child marriage and women's right to marry of their free will and staged plays against the arms race and military dictatorship.
Besides experimentation and experience, Rahs has learned theater from its gurus like Badal Sarkar. Its members have received training from many institutions in other countries.
The group has imparted theater training to a number of civil society organizations as well. It has supported scores of other organizations by performing for the communities with which they work.
Rahs draws inspiration from Punjab's indigenous theater tradition. Its name ‘Rahs’ is the Punjabi word for local form of theater and its logo shows the basic props of this theater. The group aims to marry the tradition with modern techniques and concepts and make it an effective tool in the hands of organizations working for social change.
Rahs performs plays only in the mother language of its audience – the people of Punjab. The group believes that the mother language lies at the heart of the issue of cultural identity. The group not only performs but also trains other dramatic societies and community organizations to do theater as an art and use it as an effective tool of communication.
Bibliography
Literature
External links
Theatre in Pakistan
Theatre companies in Pakistan
Arts centres in Pakistan
Arts organizations established in 1986
Punjabi culture
1986 establishments in Pakistan
Organisations based in Lahore
Lahore
Culture in Lahore
Performing groups established in 1986 |
```c++
//
//
// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
//
// Official repository: path_to_url
//
// Test that header file is self-contained.
#include <boost/beast/http/serializer.hpp>
#include <boost/beast/http/string_body.hpp>
#include <boost/beast/unit_test/suite.hpp>
namespace boost {
namespace beast {
namespace http {
class serializer_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
{
public:
struct const_body
{
struct value_type{};
struct writer
{
using const_buffers_type =
boost::asio::const_buffer;
template<bool isRequest, class Fields>
writer(message<isRequest, const_body, Fields> const&);
void
init(error_code& ec);
boost::optional<std::pair<const_buffers_type, bool>>
get(error_code&);
};
};
struct mutable_body
{
struct value_type{};
struct writer
{
using const_buffers_type =
boost::asio::const_buffer;
template<bool isRequest, class Fields>
writer(message<isRequest, mutable_body, Fields>&);
void
init(error_code& ec);
boost::optional<std::pair<const_buffers_type, bool>>
get(error_code&);
};
};
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_const< serializer<
true, const_body>::value_type>::value);
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(! std::is_const<serializer<
true, mutable_body>::value_type>::value);
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_constructible<
serializer<true, const_body>,
message <true, const_body>&>::value);
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_constructible<
serializer<true, const_body>,
message <true, const_body> const&>::value);
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_constructible<
serializer<true, mutable_body>,
message <true, mutable_body>&>::value);
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(! std::is_constructible<
serializer<true, mutable_body>,
message <true, mutable_body> const&>::value);
struct lambda
{
std::size_t size;
template<class ConstBufferSequence>
void
operator()(error_code&,
ConstBufferSequence const& buffers)
{
size = boost::asio::buffer_size(buffers);
}
};
void
testWriteLimit()
{
auto const limit = 30;
lambda visit;
error_code ec;
response<string_body> res;
res.body().append(1000, '*');
serializer<false, string_body> sr{res};
sr.limit(limit);
for(;;)
{
sr.next(ec, visit);
BEAST_EXPECT(visit.size <= limit);
sr.consume(visit.size);
if(sr.is_done())
break;
}
}
void
run() override
{
testWriteLimit();
}
};
BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(beast,http,serializer);
} // http
} // beast
} // boost
``` |
Per Jorsett (11 May 1920 – 30 January 2019) was a Norwegian freelance sports reporter, sport historian and sports shooter. He reported for Sportsmanden from 1945 to 1961, and for the newspapers Dagbladet and Nationen. He had commissions for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1947 to 1991, often along with fellow reporter Knut Bjørnsen. Among his books are Norges skytterkonger, Hvem er hvem i norsk idrett and books on the Olympic Games.
Personal life
In 1943 Jorsett married Gerd Ingebjør Breen (1922–2009). He died in Oslo in 2019, aged 98.
Selected works
(jointly with Aage Møst )
(jointly with Knut Bjørnsen)
(jointly with Egil Olsen, Otto Ulseth and Arne Scheie)
(jointly with Arne Scheie)
References
1920 births
2019 deaths
Writers from Oslo
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian television journalists
NRK people
Norwegian sports journalists
Norwegian male sport shooters
Articles containing video clips
20th-century Norwegian people |
D. O. Lee Peak, also known as Lee Peak, at above sea level, is the third-highest peak in the White Cloud Mountains of the U.S. state of Idaho. It is one of the White Cloud Peaks and the 56th-highest peak in Idaho. It was named after Challis native David Oliver Lee (1934–1982), the first United States Forest Service ranger to be assigned to the Sawtooth Wilderness.
The peak is located southeast of in Sawtooth National Recreation Area of Custer County. It is situated south-southwest of Calkins Peak, its line parent, and rises to the west of Cirque, Sapphire, Cove, and the Born Lakes.
See also
Castle Peak (Idaho)
Baker Lake
Blackmon Peak
Born Lakes
Chamberlain Basin
References
External links
Mountains of Custer County, Idaho
Mountains of Idaho
Sawtooth National Forest |
```xml
<vector android:height="24dp" android:tint="#000000"
android:viewportHeight="24" android:viewportWidth="24"
android:width="24dp" xmlns:android="path_to_url">
<path android:fillColor="@android:color/white" android:pathData="M1.01,7L1,17c0,1.1 0.9,2 2,2h18c1.1,0 2,-0.9 2,-2V7c0,-1.1 -0.9,-2 -2,-2H3c-1.1,0 -1.99,0.9 -1.99,2zM19,7v10H5V7h14z"/>
</vector>
``` |
Bykovo () is a rural locality (a village) in Pogorelovskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 52 as of 2002.
Geography
Bykovo is located 60 km southwest of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zhilino is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Totemsky District |
The is a subcompact car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki in India since September 2015 with a hatchback body style.
Prior to this, the "Baleno" nameplate had been applied to the Cultus Crescent in numerous markets and also for sedan version of Aerio and SX4 in Indonesia. Unlike the previous generations of Baleno when it was offered as a sedan, wagon, or a 3-door hatchback, the model sold since 2015 is exclusively offered as a 5-door hatchback.
Since June 2019, it is also marketed at Toyota dealerships in India as the Toyota Glanza, and since September 2020 in several African countries as the Toyota Starlet.
The word "baleno" means "lightning" in Italian.
First generation (WB; 2015)
The car was officially unveiled first to the public at the 66th IAA Frankfurt Motor Show on 15 September 2015. It was previewed by the iK-2 concept car that was first shown at the 85th Geneva Motor Show in March 2015.
The Baleno is built on the new lightweight HEARTECT platform, shared with the smaller Swift and Ignis hatchbacks. Baleno is the first vehicle from Maruti Suzuki to be underpinned with the newly developed platform. It has a luggage volume of 320–355 litres (with or without spare tyre), which can be expanded to 756 litres when the rear seats folded. The total interior volume is 1085 litres (VDA method). The "Liquid Flow" design has drag coefficient of , making Baleno the most streamlined production Suzuki to date. The car has ground clearance between 120 and 170 mm depending on the market to suit the road conditions.
It is built on a powertrain range of K-series petrol engines: a new three-cylinder 1.0-litre Boosterjet turbocharged direct injection engine, a four-cylinder 1.25-litre Dualjet dual injector engine, which is also available with mild hybrid SHVS (Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki) technology. There is also 1.2-litre conventional petrol and mild hybrid engines mainly offered for Indian market and a 1.4-litre engine equipped for most regions outside Europe and India. A 1.25-litre Fiat-sourced turbo-diesel engine is also available exclusively for Indian market.
Facelift
The facelifted Baleno was launched first in India on 28 January 2019. Suzuki redesigned the Baleno's exterior with remodeled front bumper with new grille design and new 16-inch alloy wheels design with dual-tone colour. The interior also upgraded with a dual-tone black-and-blue colour scheme. The interior noise and ride comfort are also improved.
The facelifted model is not available in Europe, Japan and several other countries after Suzuki decided to not continue selling the Baleno in those markets in 2020 and focused on the more popular Swift.
Markets
Europe
The Baleno was announced first in Italy in December 2015, but the sales was postponed until April 2016. European market Baleno is powered by 1.0-litre three-cylinder direct injection turbocharged K10C Boosterjet petrol engine, generating and a 1.25-litre four-cylinder dual injectors K12C Dualjet petrol engine, generating . Mild hybrid variant is also available for the 1.25-litre engine. Due to low sales, the Baleno was discontinued in Europe in 2020.
United Kingdom
The Baleno was launched in the UK in June 2016 with two trim levels; SZ-T and SZ5. The cheaper SZ3 trim was added in April 2017. It was discontinued in August 2019 alongside the Celerio city car.
Asia
India
The Baleno was introduced in India on 26 October 2015. Slots above the Swift, the hatchback was built to maximize interior space while retaining Indian GST structure benefit for vehicles with length dimension under 4 meters and powered by either 1200 cc petrol or 1500 cc diesel engine. The Baleno is exclusively sold through Maruti Suzuki's premium NEXA outlets across India. The car is available in four trim levels - Sigma, Delta, Zeta and Alpha.
There are three engine options for the Indian model: a four-cylinder 1.2-litre K12M petrol engine that generates of power and of torque, a four-cylinder 1.25-litre Multijet/DDiS 190 diesel engine that generates of power and of torque, and a three-cylinder turbocharged 1.0-litre K10C Boosterjet engine which is the same engine that is found in the European market Baleno. All the engines get a 5-speed manual as standard, while the K12M engine is offered with a CVT option (initially only available for Delta trim, followed by Zeta in April 2016 and Alpha in August 2017). All variants are equipped with dual airbags, ABS and EBD as standard.
A performance variant for Indian market called Baleno RS ("Road Sport") was launched in March 2017. The Baleno RS was first displayed in India as a concept model at the 2016 Auto Expo, alongside the Ignis. The styling is almost similar to the 2015 iK-2 concept car. It is powered with a 1.0-litre three-cylinder direct injection Boosterjet turbocharged petrol engine, generating and paired with the same 5-speed manual transmission gearbox that was offered in the standard versions of the car. It was also provided with full-black alloy wheels (which was removed in the 2019 upgrade), disc brakes on all wheels (14 inch front and 13 inch rear) and tuned suspension. The Baleno RS was supposed to launch by the end of 2016, but the launches got pushed to the beginning of 2017, due to a lot of pending deliveries for the regular Baleno and the Vitara Brezza and production constraints.
The facelifted regular and RS models were introduced on 28 January 2019.
A new model with a 1.2-litre K12N Dualjet dual injector petrol engine with mild hybrid technology which produces was launched in April 2019, It is only available for Delta and Zeta trims and without CVT option.
The Baleno RS was discontinued in January 2020 after Maruti Suzuki decided not to upgrade the 1.0-litre Boosterjet engine to meet the Bharat Stage 6 emission standards. Despite positive reviews from critics, the Baleno RS was not well received by the market despite multiple price cuts and readily available units at showrooms as compared to a long waiting period for the regular Baleno.
In May 2020, the 1.25-litre turbodiesel engine was discontinued due to stricter emission standards.
By the end of 2021, Maruti Suzuki sold over one million (10 lakh) units of the Baleno.
Japan
The Baleno began its sales in Japan on 9 March 2016. Initially, only base model XG with 1.25-litre K12C Dualjet four-cylinder petrol engine was available, followed by the more expensive XT with 1.0-litre K10C Boosterjet three-cylinder turbocharged petrol engine in May. In November 2016, the middle trim called XS was added with 1.25-litre engine and XG trim was axed later in December.
To gain wider range of customers, the 1.0-litre turbocharged engine was reworked to be able to run with regular petrol octane (89–94 RON) in May 2018. This changes made the engine power and torque dropped from and to and .
In July 2020, Suzuki stopped selling Baleno in Japan.
Indonesia
The hatchback was launched in the country on 10 August 2017 at the 25th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show. The Indonesian market Baleno is based on the Indian Baleno RS to suit the local preference. Instead of positioned above the Swift like in other markets, the car is marketed as the successor to second-generation Swift and positioned above the smaller 1.2-litre Ignis. It is offered in sole GL trim level with a 1.4-litre four-cylinder petrol engine inherited from the Swift, generating and of torque, paired with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. The Indonesian market Baleno received its facelift on 20 December 2019, once again based on the facelifted Baleno RS.
Taiwan
The hatchback was launched for Taiwanese market in March 2017. It is only available in sole unnamed trim, powered with a 1.0-litre Boosterjet engine and mated with a 6-speed automatic transmission. The sales was discontinued in October 2020 due to low sales.
Sri Lanka
The Indian market Baleno Zeta was introduced to the country in August 2016. The hatchback is powered with the same 1.2-litre petrol engine and only paired to a CVT. The facelifted model was introduced in June 2019, which is New Zealand specification Baleno. The hatchback is improved with projector LED headlights, 1.0-litre turbocharged engine, 6-speed automatic transmission, rear disc brake, six airbags, cruise control and several new features.
Latin America
Colombia
Colombian market Baleno was introduced to public in November 2016 at the Salón del Automóvil de Bogotá (Bogotá Motor Show), the hatchback is marketed as the Baleno Esteem. It is offered in two trim levels; GL and GLX. Only 1.4-litre engine available and mated either 5-speed manual for both trims or 4-speed automatic transmission for GLX. The GLX trim has six airbags and rear disc brakes.
In March 2020, the facelifted model arrived in the country and renamed to Baleno Cross. The GLX trim was deleted, leaving GL as the only trim. The car is now marketed with crossover styling with additional accessories such as roof rack, side body moulding, mud guards and new dual tone 16 inch alloy wheels.
Mexico
The Baleno was launched in Mexico on 4 June 2021. It is offered in two trim; levels GL and GLX. Powered with a 1.4-litre engine, and mated to either 5-speed manual or GLX only 4-speed automatic transmission.
Oceania
Australia
The Baleno was launched in July 2016 with two trim levels; GL with 1.4-litre engine paired with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission and GLX with turbocharged 1.0-litre engine paired with 6-speed automatic transmission. In February 2019, the 1.0-litre turbocharged engine was replaced with 1.4-litre engine and 4-speed automatic transmission from GL trim. The "Series II" Baleno arrived in Australia in August 2019. To avoid the global semiconductor shortage, the 2022 model year Baleno (and Suzuki Australia's entire line-up) received new locally supplied 9-inch touch screen infotainment system without satellite navigation feature in October 2021.
In August 2022, Suzuki Australia introducing a limited edition trim called Shadow Edition. It is based on the GL trim with automatic transmission, black colored bodykits and 16-inch alloy wheels, which only 300 units are available for sale and more expensive than the loaded GLX trim. Despite being the best seller car of Suzuki Australia (second in its segment behind MG3), the car was discontinued in July 2022 and the remaining stocks are available until the end of the year. The next generation Baleno (which is the same car with some improvements) will not coming to the country because it was not engineered to meet the safer ADR85/00 side impact crashes standard.
New Zealand
The Baleno was announced in New Zealand on 27 July 2016. It is available in two trim levels; GLX and LTD. The car is only offered with a 1.4-litre engine and paired with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. A new trim level called RS was launched in June 2017, it comes with 1.0-litre turbocharged engine, 6-speed automatic transmission and rear disc brakes. The RS in New Zealand did not receive the Indian market Baleno RS styling.
The revised Baleno became available in August 2019. The RS trim now comes with LED projector headlights as standard and the deletion of LTD trim. A limited edition based on GLX trim called Baleno SE with additional LED projector headlights and 16 inch alloy wheels from RS plus several exterior accessories was launched in November 2020.
Africa
South Africa
The hatchback was launched to the country in November 2016. It was available in two trim levels; GL and GLX. All models were equipped with 1.4-litre petrol engine, paired with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. The GLX trim received additional features such as LED headlight, six airbags, automatic air conditioning, chrome-finished door handles, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and cruise control.
The facelifted model was announced in October 2019. The electronic stability program (ESP) became standard across the range since September 2020.
Toyota Glanza/Starlet
The facelifted Baleno is sold by Toyota as the Toyota Glanza, which debuted in India on 6 June 2019. The "Glanza" nameplate was previously used for the sports version of the Japanese market P90 series Starlet hatchback. The Glanza is offered in two trim levels - the Glanza G and V based on the Baleno's Zeta and Alpha trims respectively and also powered with the same 1.2-litre K12M/N petrol engines. The Glanza is also sold in Africa under the Starlet nameplate and powered with a 1.4-litre petrol engine.
Safety
Euro NCAP
The European market Baleno was crash tested by Euro NCAP in April 2016, receiving three star overall safety rating for the basic version and a four star overall safety rating for the version with the extra "Radar Brake Support" security package. Same result as the Japanese-built Swift, which is also underpinned by the same platform. As standard, it offers six airbags (frontal, side and curtain), ABS with EBD, brake assist, electronic stability program and hill-start assist.
Latin NCAP
The base model Latin American market Baleno (2 airbags and no ESC) crash test result was announced in October 2021 (similar to Euro NCAP 2014) and received a zero star rating. Compared to the European market Baleno, the test dummies received more fatal injuries on the chest, neck, knees and child occupants.
Second generation (WB; 2022)
The second-generation Baleno hatchback was first released in India on 23 February 2022. It is continued to be assembled at Suzuki's plant in Ahmedabad and will be exported to Asia, Africa, Middle East and Latin America.
Suzuki stated the hatchback as full model change with the marketing name "New Age Baleno", however it uses the previous model's underpinnings with major body shell revisions. The exterior received new body panels, headlights, LED fog lights, tail lights, smaller C-pillar window and wheels. For the interior, it comes with redesigned dashboard with a floating 9-inch LCD display, gauge cluster, refreshed steering wheel, plus additional new features such as rear air conditioning vents, fast charging USB ports, head-up display, 360° view camera, Amazon Alexa voice assistant support and improved NVH performance. The handling is also improved with all new suspension, new hydraulic clutch system and larger front disc brakes.
Markets
Asia
Maruti Suzuki launched the car in India on 23 February 2022 with the same four trim levels as previous generation; Sigma, Delta, Zeta and Alpha. It is also retained the same 1.2-litre K12N Dualjet petrol engine and 5-speed manual transmission, while the CVT option was replaced with the cheaper AMT unit. The Zeta and Alpha trims comes with 6 airbags as standard. The CNG powered model was launched in October 2022. For the 2023 model year, depending on the trim level, the hatchback was updated with new additional convenience and safety features as standard.
The second-generation Baleno hatchback was also launched together with S-Presso in Indonesia on 11 August 2022 at the 29th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show with sole unnamed trim as the previous generation. The car is powered by a new 1.5-litre petrol engine and retained the same 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission options. A year later at the 30th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show, the hatchback received a bigger 9-inch LCD display and 360° view camera feature.
Africa
Suzuki South Africa introduced the hatchback in February 2022 and became available later in May. It is comes with two trim levels; GL and GLX.
Toyota Glanza/Starlet
The second-generation Baleno-based Glanza was launched on 15 March 2022 with four trim levels: E, S, G and V. Unlike the previous model, the Glanza received differentiated front fascia, alloy wheels, and dual tone black-beige interior colour. The mechanical and equipment levels are identical to the Baleno. The second-generation Glanza is also sold in Africa under the Starlet nameplate since May 2022 and powered with a 1.5-litre petrol engine.
Powertrain
The Baleno along with the Toyota Glanza/Starlet continued to be powered by four-cylinder K-series petrol engines. Indian market models received the similar 1.2-litre K12N Dualjet petrol engine from the previous model, mated to a 5-speed manual transmission or new 5-speed AMT "AGS" option which replaced the more expensive CVT unit. The export model is equipped with a larger 1.5-litre K15B petrol engine replacing the old 1.4-litre K14B unit. It is paired with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic from previous generation.
Motorsport
In 2016, a Baleno was modified by Suzuki Motorsport Italia to compete in "Rally di Roma Capitale" in Italy. The car is powered by a 1.0-litre turbocharged three-cylinder petrol engine and modified to meet R1B class specifications.
Toyota Gazoo Racing South Africa modified a Baleno-based Starlet to participate in 2022 South African National Rally Championship and is competing in Class NRC1. The locally developed rally car is powered by a 2.0-litre turbocharged four-cylinder petrol engine, which drives all four wheels via a sequential gearbox. The car driven by Guy Botterill and co-driver Simon Vacy-Lyle finished 2nd place in the championship standing, by winning 4 of 12 rounds.
Sales
References
External links
Official website
Baleno (2015)
Maruti vehicles
Cars introduced in 2015
2020s cars
Subcompact cars
Hatchbacks
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Euro NCAP superminis
Latin NCAP superminis
Vehicles with CVT transmission |
The Village of Slocan is in the West Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. The former steamboat landing and ferry terminal is at the mouth of Springer Creek, at the foot of Slocan Lake. The locality, on BC Highway 6 is about by road north of Castlegar and by road and ferry south of Revelstoke.
Name origin
Slocan ( ) is from Ktunaxa sⱡuqan, ), or the related ( (Sinixt slogan). The meaning is "to pierce, strike on the head," in the context of spearing salmon. It likely derived from the Okanagan-Colville term.
The name has been used officially for several geographical features, such as communities, rivers, lakes, a whirlpool, and mountain. Slocan became the accepted anglicized version of the wide variety of other spellings, the earliest of which was Shlogan River in 1859. The present spelling was first used in 1884.
In 1891, Crown land purchases included by James Delaney and Thomas M. Ward at the lakeshore, by Harry H. Ward (Tom's brother) south, and by Arthur C. Dick south of the lake. All four were likely involved in establishing the townsite. Appearing about the same time as New Denver, a community mid-way up the lake's eastern shore that was also briefly called Slocan City or Slocan in 1892, it is unclear how one prevailed in keeping the name.
Mining
After the initial activity at Sandon, prospectors extended their range of exploration to the south and west. Locating the Dayton claim in 1893, Billy Springer staked the property. Being the first on a creek lacking a name, he designated it as Springer Creek. A mining rush came in 1895. By 1906, many of the mines had closed. However, small-scale mining remained viable for many years because of the richness of the ores. Around Slocan City, more than half of the 125 occurrences were mineral producers, and 13 mines produced more than 1 million grams of silver.
The Arlington mine, near the confluence of Speculator and Springer creeks, east-northeast was worked extensively 1899–1903, then intermittently until 1979. Production totalled 20,592 tonnes, yielding 31,429,872 grams of silver, 861,487 kilograms of lead, 118,863 kilograms of zinc, 743 grams of gold, 834 kilograms of copper, and 46 kilograms of cadmium.
The Dayton mine, near the mouth of Dayton Creek, east-northeast had intermittent production 1903–1935 that totalled 17 tonnes, yielding 12,224 grams of silver, 93 grams of gold, and 1,006 kilograms of lead.
The Enterprise mine, near the confluence of Enterprise and Neepawa creeks, northeast produced 1896–1930, 1941–1953, and intermittently until 1977. Mined were 11,067 tonnes of ore, yielding 32,676,718 grams of silver, 1,674 tonnes of lead, 1,068 tonnes of zinc, 2,041 grams of gold, 445 kilograms of cadmium, and 149 kilograms of copper.
The Little Tim mine, at the head of Little Tim Creek, northeast had intermittent production 1905–1984 that resulted in 5,116 tonnes, yielding 1,366,013 grams of silver, 11 grams of gold, 26,339 kilograms of lead, 8,536 kilograms of zinc, and 171 kilograms of copper.
The Meteor property, at the head of Tobin Creek, east was worked intermittently.
Total production 1897–1967 was 2,659 tonnes yielding 4,724,994 grams of silver, 13,177 grams of gold, and a small amount of lead and zinc.
The Ottawa mine, on the north slope of the Springer Creek valley, northeast, during 1903–1984 produced 26,476 tonnes, yielding 55,940,682 grams of silver, 982 grams of gold, 360,085 kilograms of lead, 12,774 kilograms of zinc, and 793 kilograms of copper.
The Slocan Prince property, at the head of Crusader Creek, east, during 1896–1970 produced 1,754 tonnes containing 7,045,304 grams of silver, 128,781 kilograms of lead, and 11,852 kilograms of zinc.
The Westmont property, on the north slope of the Enterprise Creek valley, northeast, was worked continually 1907–1914, intermittently, and continually 1971–1980. Production totalled 3,211 tonnes, yielding 11,084,830 grams of silver, 2,058 grams of gold, 199,781 kilograms of lead, 65,920 kilograms of zinc, 54 kilograms of copper, and 68 kilograms of cadmium.
Early community
Although lot sales began in 1892, the construction of the Lake View Hotel appeared the only activity. A townsite plan was registered in 1897, apparently delayed by an investor dispute. That year, the name changed from Slocan City to Slocan at the insistence of postal authorities. However, the province and Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) continued using the former name. The town incorporated as a city in June 1901, and the population was over 1,500.
The northeast corner developed as the hamlet of Brandon, separated by woods. In 1896, William H. Brandon preempted 160 acres. He sold building lots the next year, and surveyed in 1898. However, the business district largely relocated to Slocan proper, physically skidding the buildings. By 1902, 134 unsold lots and an open acreage were sold off cheaply. The two communities never amalgamated, and Brandon remains outside the Slocan village limits.
By 1900, 12 hotels operated in Slocan, but by 1920 only 3 remained. In 1906, the city was placed in receivership. By 1931, only 202 people remained, falling to 177 a decade later. The Women's Institute played a vital role in the welfare of residents and those serving in the armed services during the world wars. On closing in 2015, Slocan was the last chapter of the Institute operating in the West Kootenay.
In the early 1950s, Slocan claimed to be the smallest incorporated city in North America. In June 1958, Slocan reincorporated as a village to receive provincial funding for road maintenance, schools, and policing.
Railway, ferry & roads
The transshipment of ore from the foot of the lake was initially northward via Rosebery, which connected northward with the CP Nakusp & Slocan Railway to Nakusp on the Upper Arrow Lake. There, a further steamboat to Arrowhead linked to a branch of the CP main line. In 1897, the CP Columbia and Kootenay Railway (C&KR) branch line from South Slocan opened, reversing the ore flow southward.
In 1928, the one-lane road (with pull outs) north to Silverton opened, heralding the beginning of the end for lake traffic. Passenger service on the lake ferry ended in 1954. The final freight run was either December 1988 or March 1989. However, by the 1960s, the service had reduced to twice weekly, and once weekly by 1980.
On the C&KR branch, passenger service ended around 1957 and abandonment to all traffic was in 1993, the rail bed since becoming the Slocan Valley Rail Trail.
In 1973, a new road bypassed the former Slocan–Silverton road. Prior to widening in 1989, the highway was hazardous. In 2011, the south entrance to the former road tunnel, just north of Slocan, collapsed. Hikers on the popular walking trail now have to clamber over the rubble pile to pass this point.
Japanese internment
Slocan was one of the West Kootenay internment camps housing Japanese Canadians removed from the BC coast during World War II. Swelling the existing meagre population, thousands of internees found a range of work in existing or new businesses, and several who permanently settled owned enterprises.
The Slocan centre comprised 595 internees at the end of 1942. Slocan was also a departure point for those who were sent to Japan in 1946. The leased Popoff farm, about south, housed around 1,000. Operating 1943–1946, the camp comprised nearly 100 buildings. Bay Farm, to its north, accommodated 1,376 by the end of 1942. Famous Japanese Canadians who attended the school included architect Raymond Moriyama, environmentalist David Suzuki and Joy Kogawa.
The Popoffs had taken 32 years of hard work and considerable expenditure to develop a productive farm. On regaining their land in 1947, it was a barren landscape littered with gravel and rock. Their claim for $28,000, elicited a response of $9,000 from the federal government to buy the land. The family gave up farming and moved to Vancouver.
Other internment centres in the Slocan region were at Lemon Creek, New Denver, Rosebery, Kaslo and Sandon.
Present community
Slocan is a launching point for travellers en route to Valhalla Provincial Park. Slocan Beach, with its gazebo and boat launch, hosts public events and provides lake access.
Springer Creek Forest Products was the biggest employer until its closure in 2013. In 2020, the village purchased the former sawmill's nearly lakeside land for $1.5 million. Public consultation will determine the future use.
A series of waterfalls includes a set that flows through the Springer Creek RV Park & Campground, which is on Giffan Ave, the central access road into Slocan.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Slocan had a population of 379 living in 184 of its 212 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 289. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Television
Slocan City was featured on the history-themed television series Gold Trails and Ghost Towns (season 2, episode 7).
Climate
Slocan has a humid continental climate (Dfb).
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Villages in British Columbia
Populated places in the Slocan
Internment of Japanese Canadians
World War II internment camps in Canada |
Windham Wyndham-Quin may refer to:
Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl (1841 – 1926), Anglo-Irish journalist, landowner, entrepreneur, sportsman and politician
Windham Wyndham-Quin, 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl (1857 – 1952), British Army officer and MP |
Sakala Guru () is a 2019 Sri Lankan comedy mystery teledrama broadcast on Jathika Rupavahini. The series is directed by Tikiri Ratnayake, produced by Sama Rathnayake for season one and Siddharth Abeywardena for season two. The serial is written by Chinthaka Peiris. The first season was first aired in August 2019 every weekday from Monday to Thursday at 7.30 pm. The season one ended on 1 January 2018 after 202 episodes. The teledrama is being shot in Pussella We-Uda village, Mawathagama in Kurunegala.
In season 1, it stars Giriraj Kaushalya, Mihira Sirithilaka and Chinthaka Peiris in lead roles along with Dilhani Weerasinghe, Chamila Peiris and Susila Kottage in supportive roles. The show becomes a popular serial, where the crew had to make the second season as well.
Second season titled Sakala Guru 2 was started on 5 May 2021. The previous cast reprised their roles from the first season. The series ended after 100 episodes, when the lead actor Giriraj Kaushalya had fallen ill.
Seasons
Plot (Season 1)
Plot (Season 2)
Cast and characters
Main
Giriraj Kaushalya as Pinsiri Podi Bandara aka Podde Gurunnanse
Mihira Sirithilaka as Bhoothaya
Chinthaka Peiris as Sumane
Chamila Peiris as Siriyalatha, wife of Podde Gurunnanse
Dilhani Weerasinghe as Pushpa
Supportive cast
Kavindya Dulshani as Nelum (retired)
Taniya Perera as Nelum (current)
Susila Kottage as Maggy Hami
Nethalie Nanayakkara as Nona Hami
Ananda Athukorala as Chandrasiri, Grama Sevaka
Hansamala Janaki as Kanthi, Grama Sevaka's wife
Mahinda Pathirage as Kalu Mudalali
Udaya Kumari as Hamine, Mudalali's wife
Imeshan Nelligahawatte as Mayura
Harshi Anjumala as Roshini
Aloka Dhananjani as Kokila
Deepani Silva as Hichchi Amma
Minor cast
Hasarinda Kesara as Amila
Suneth Shanthapriya as Kumara
Milinda Perera as Loku Hamuduruwo
Shashi Angelina as Bhoothi
Saman Gunawardena as Minister Wanninayake
Indika Prabath as Kapila
Anula Wanigasuriya
Nimesha de Silva as Anoma
Jagath Jayawardena as Berty
Daya Wayaman as Ruk Deviya
Sheshan Manawadu
Shahini Roshana
Sanju Kaushalya
Kandula Seneviratne
Ayesha Abeyratne
Anushka Bandara Ketakumbura
Priyantha Ranasinghe
Mahesh Jayaweera
Sujatha Halahakoon
Chandrani Kulauthum
Sampath Bandihetti
Sunethra Abeykoon
Gamini Chandrasiri
Lal Hapuarachchi
Vipulantha Hettiarachchi
Ananda Manatungarachchi
Chathura Pramod Rathnayake
Critical response
Initially, the teledrama crew was decided to terminate the serial after two hundred episodes. But due to the large response from the audience, they started the second season of the serial.
References
Sri Lankan television shows
2019 Sri Lankan television series debuts
2021 Sri Lankan television series endings
Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation original programming |
Frederick Lee "Fritz" Rehor (December 15, 1893 – July 19, 1959) was an American football player. He played college football for Fielding H. Yost's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1914 to 1916. He also played professional football and was a member of the 1917 professional football champion Massillon Tigers, coached by Knute Rockne. He later operated a drug store in Canton, Ohio.
Early years
Rehor was born in Hastings, Michigan in 1893. His parents, Jacob and Louisa Rehor, emigrated to the United States from Germany. His father operated a buzz planer in a table factory.
University of Michigan
Rehor attended the University of Michigan as a pharmacy student. He graduated in 1917. While attending Michigan, he was a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and played guard for Fielding H. Yost's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1914 to 1916. Following a November 1916 game against Penn, The New York Times wrote: "The work of Rehor on the line ranked the best ever seen in Michigan. The husky 250-pounder outplayed Henning from start to finish, and broke through and nailed the backs for losses." In a summary of the 1916 season, The Michigan Alumnus wrote: "Of the linemen, Rehor was always prominent, breaking up numerous plays and showing an excellent nose for the ball. Many a spectator will long retain the mental image of the big guard catching a short kick-off and ploughing down the field with the ball."
Professional football
After graduating from Michigan, Rehor played professional football. In October 1917, he joined the Massillon Tigers. When it was announced that Rehor would join the Tigers, The Evening Independent in Massillon ran a feature story on Rehor, billing him as the "Newest Tiger Giant." The article noted:"Rehor, who graduated from Michigan last spring, tips the beam at 255 pounds. He stands nearly six feet tall and was one of the big men on the Michigan eleven for three seasons. The Michigan giant will arrive here early Saturday morning. He comes here backed by a reputation of being one of the best linemen who played college foot ball in 1916. He should be a tower of strength to the Tiger line, especially when the big battles with Akron, Canton and Youngstown are staged."
Rehor started at right guard in Massillon's 14–6 victory over Buffalo. After the game, The Evening Independent wrote: "Rehor with his 256 odd pounds bowled over the visiting linemen and formed a defensive bulwark that couldn't be budged." After a 3–0 loss to Akron, the paper noted that the team put up a strong battle on defense with Rehor and Copley (playing at right guard and right tackle) playing "strong defensive games, tackling hard and accurately." In a 28–0 victory over the Columbus Panhandles, Rehor also handled kickoffs. After the game, the Massillon paper wrote: "Exhibiting the same stonewall defense that has characterized their play all season, the Tigers had little trouble in stopping the battering tactics of the Panhandles ... The visitors made four first down but three of them came on forward passes and the other on a penalty. Gains through the Tiger line were few and far between as Nash, Copley, Thornhill, Wesbecher, Rehor and Rambaud were in every mixup and dropped the heavy Panhandle backs in their tracks most of the time." During the fourth quarter of the last game of the regular season, Rehor got into a fight with "Unk" Russell of the Canton Bulldogs, and both were ejected by the referee. The Massillon newspaper reported: "Rehor claimed that Russell had slugged him in scrimmage. Fritz's fighting blood became warm and he wasn't long opening hostilities with the giant Pennsylvanian. Fists flew freely for a few seconds but the mix up was stopped without damage to either player."
The Tigers advanced to play Jim Thorpe's Canton Bulldogs in the 1917 Ohio League championship game on December 2, 1917. Prior to the game, the Massillon paper noted that the "former giant Michigan guard" had been "a tower of trength on the Tiger line this season." The Tigers were coached in the championship game by Knute Rockne and defeated the Bulldogs by a score of 6 to 0; Rehor was the starting left guard in the game.
Family and later years
In April 1918, Rehor married Gertrude E. Ricker of Canton, Ohio. Following a quiet wedding ceremony in Canton, the couple left on a trip to Detroit and Hastings, Michigan. On their return, the couple planned to live in Canton, where Rehor was employed as a chemist at the Central Steel plant.
At the time of the 1920 U.S. Census, Rehor was living in Canton with his wife Gertrude; he was employed as a chemist in the steel industry. At the time of the 1930 U.S. Census, Rehor was living in Canton with his wife Gertrude (age 38), daughter Marilyn Jean Rehor (age 5) and son Richard Dale Rehor (age 11 months). He was employed as a merchant operating a retail drugstore. In 1941, Rehor was still living in Canton and operating a drug store. Rehor died in Canton in July 1959.
References
Michigan Wolverines football players
Massillon Tigers players
People from Hastings, Michigan
Players of American football from Canton, Ohio
1893 births
1959 deaths |
Zheng Chengsi (Chinese characters: 郑成思; Pinyin: Zhèng Chéngsī; December, 1944 – September 10, 2006) was a Chinese expert on intellectual property, the Director of Intellectual Property Center of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Biography
Zheng Chengsi has worked at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences since 1979. He studied at the graduate school of the London School of Economics from 1981 to 1983.
In 1994, Zheng was selected as an arbitrator of the Arbitration Center of the World Intellectual Property Organization, and became the Director of the Intellectual Property Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Zheng was the deputy to the 9th and 10th National People's Congress, member of the Law Committee.
Zheng died of illness in Beijing on September 10, 2006.
References
External links
Profile of Zheng Chengsi (Chinese)
1944 births
2006 deaths
Chinese legal scholars
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Delegates to the 9th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 10th National People's Congress
People's Republic of China politicians from Yunnan
People from Kunming |
```objective-c
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#pragma once
#include "soc.h"
/*SPI Boot*/
#define IS_1XXX(v) (((v)&0x08)==0x08)
/*Download Boot, USB/SPI(or SDIO_V2)/UART0/UART1*/
#define IS_00XX(v) (((v)&0x0c)==0x00)
/*Download Boot, SDIO/UART0/UART1,FEI_FEO V2*/
#define IS_0000(v) (((v)&0x0f)==0x00)
/*Download Boot, SDIO/UART0/UART1,FEI_REO V2*/
#define IS_0001(v) (((v)&0x0f)==0x01)
/*Download Boot, SDIO/UART0/UART1,REI_FEO V2*/
#define IS_0010(v) (((v)&0x0f)==0x02)
/*Download Boot, SDIO/UART0/UART1,REI_REO V2*/
#define IS_0011(v) (((v)&0x0f)==0x03)
/*legacy SPI Boot*/
#define IS_0100(v) (((v)&0x0f)==0x04)
/*ATE/ANALOG Mode*/
#define IS_0101(v) (((v)&0x0f)==0x05)
/*SPI(or SDIO_V1) download Mode*/
#define IS_0110(v) (((v)&0x0f)==0x06)
/*Diagnostic Mode+UART0 download Mode*/
#define IS_0111(v) (((v)&0x0f)==0x07)
#define BOOT_MODE_GET() (GPIO_REG_READ(GPIO_STRAP_REG))
/*do not include download mode*/
#define ETS_IS_UART_BOOT() IS_0111(BOOT_MODE_GET())
/*all spi boot including spi/legacy*/
#define ETS_IS_FLASH_BOOT() (IS_1XXX(BOOT_MODE_GET()) || IS_0100(BOOT_MODE_GET()))
/*all faster spi boot including spi*/
#define ETS_IS_FAST_FLASH_BOOT() IS_1XXX(BOOT_MODE_GET())
#if SUPPORT_SDIO_DOWNLOAD
/*all sdio V2 of failing edge input, failing edge output*/
#define ETS_IS_SDIO_FEI_FEO_V2_BOOT() IS_0000(BOOT_MODE_GET())
/*all sdio V2 of failing edge input, raising edge output*/
#define ETS_IS_SDIO_FEI_REO_V2_BOOT() IS_0001(BOOT_MODE_GET())
/*all sdio V2 of raising edge input, failing edge output*/
#define ETS_IS_SDIO_REI_FEO_V2_BOOT() IS_0010(BOOT_MODE_GET())
/*all sdio V2 of raising edge input, raising edge output*/
#define ETS_IS_SDIO_REI_REO_V2_BOOT() IS_0011(BOOT_MODE_GET())
/*all sdio V1 of raising edge input, failing edge output*/
#define ETS_IS_SDIO_REI_FEO_V1_BOOT() IS_0110(BOOT_MODE_GET())
/*do not include joint download mode*/
#define ETS_IS_SDIO_BOOT() IS_0110(BOOT_MODE_GET())
#else
/*do not include joint download mode*/
#define ETS_IS_SPI_DOWNLOAD_BOOT() IS_0110(BOOT_MODE_GET())
#endif
/*joint download boot*/
#define ETS_IS_JOINT_DOWNLOAD_BOOT() IS_00XX(BOOT_MODE_GET())
/*ATE mode*/
#define ETS_IS_ATE_BOOT() IS_0101(BOOT_MODE_GET())
/*used by ETS_IS_SDIO_UART_BOOT*/
#define SEL_NO_BOOT 0
#define SEL_SDIO_BOOT BIT0
#define SEL_UART_BOOT BIT1
#define SEL_SPI_SLAVE_BOOT BIT2
``` |
Auratonota ovulus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ecuador.
The wingspan is about 19 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is whitish, preserved along the edges of the markings and in the form of an oval white blotch. The rest of the forewing is suffused with pale ferruginous brown. The markings are rust brown. The hindwings are brownish, but pale basally.
Etymology
The specific name refers to the shape of the pale spot on the forewing and is derived from Latin ovulus (meaning small egg).
References
Moths described in 2008
Auratonota
Moths of South America |
The Norwegian Association of Senior Hospital Physicians () is a Norwegian medical association and trade union. It is one of the largest associations within the Norwegian Medical Association and mainly organises consultants at hospitals. It is thus a parallel to the Norwegian Junior Doctors Association which mainly organises residents. The Norwegian Association of Senior Hospital Physicians was founded on 15 February 1961 and its first president was Johan Haffner, who later also became president of the Norwegian Medical Association. It publishes the magazine Overlegen ("The Consultant").
References
External links
Trade unions in Norway
Organizations established in 1961
Organisations based in Oslo
1961 establishments in Norway
Medical associations based in Norway |
Cemre Kemer (born 17 February 1985) is a Turkish singer-songwriter, ballet dancer and social media influencer.
Career
Kemer started her career by performing with the Child and Youth Ballet group at the Atatürk Cultural Center. She graduated from ballet department of Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. After completing her singing and piano lessons, she started her career in the media by appearing in a music video for one of İsmail YK's songs. Later, she took part in the commercial called Trafikte 1 Dakika.
In 2005, she founded a girl band called "Hepsi" with her childhood friends Eren Bakıcı, Gülçin Ergül and Yasemin Yürük. This marked the breakthrough in her career. The album Bir, which she released with the band, broke sales records in Turkey, and they achieved widespread fame with the song "Bad Penny". Her mother, Şebnem Özberk, was the band's manager. In 2006, she and the band toured Turkey with Sezen Aksu under the sponsorship of Pepsi and recorded a promotional single. Later, she started to be seen in "40 Degree Parties" with Kenan Doğulu, with whom she started a relationship. Together with the band, she released the album İki in 2007. Meanwhile, she took the leading role in a TV series called Hepsi 1, which was first broadcast on Show TV and then on ATV. After this acting experience, she took part in the comedy series Avrupa Yakası and Benim Annem Bir Melek. In the same year, she starred in the movie Kısık Ateşte 15 Dakika. In 2008, together with Hepsi, she released an album called Şaka 10+1. In 2009, she took the leading role in the movie Kayıp Çocuklar Cenneti, also known as Herkesin Duyamadığı Şarkı. In 2009, she released another album called Geri Dönüşüm with Hepsi. In 2011, she went on a tour in Turkey with Kral Pop in 2011, and in 2013 she joined the dubbing cast of the movie Pinocchio. In 2015, she acted in Edis's "Benim Ol" music video. In 2016, she took part in the fashion program İşte Benim Stilim, where she announced that Hepsi would soon put an end to their hiatus, but no works were released afterwards. In 2017, she announced that she would make a solo album. However, in 2018, she stated that she was quitting music and that she would continue her career as an influencer. In December 2020, Kemer married Emre Medina. In 2021, they announced they were expecting their first child, a girl.
Discography
Albums
2005 - Bir (with Hepsi)
2006 - İki (with Hepsi)
2008 - Şaka 10+1 (with Hepsi)
2009 - Geri Dönüşüm (with Hepsi)
Singles
2011 - "Şık Şık" (with Volga Tamöz, Murat Dalkılıç and Hepsi)
Filmography
Film
2006 - Kısık Ateşte 15 Dakika - Cemre
2009 - Kayıp Çocuklar Cenneti - Cemre
TV series
2004 - Avrupa Yakası
2007 - Hepsi 1
2008 - Benim Annem Bir Melek
Voice acting
2013 - Pinocchio
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Turkish women singers
21st-century Turkish actresses |
The Bautek Astir is a German high-wing, single-place, hang glider designed and produced by Bautek, of Kenn, Germany.
Design and development
The Astir is an intermediate glider for recreational flying. It has an unusual bowsprit designed to crumple during a crash landing, preventing damage to the glider structure.
The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing. The wing is covered in Dacron sailcloth and has a Mylar leading edge. Its span wing is cable braced. The nose angle is 130° and the aspect ratio is 7.6:1. Unlike many hang glider designs, the Astir comes in one size only with a wide hook-in weight range of . The Astir is certified by DHV as a class 2 glider.
Specifications (Astir)
References
External links
Official website (German language)
Hang gliders |
David Parham Reynolds (June 16, 1915 – August 29, 2011) was chairman emeritus of Reynolds Metals Co. and an owner/breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses. He was the son of Richard S. Reynolds Sr. (1881–1955) who founded Reynolds Metals in Louisville, Kentucky.
Born in Bristol, Tennessee, Reynolds received his high school education at Lawrenceville School, where he captained the prep school's football team. He went on to graduate from Princeton University and would join the family business where he worked for more than fifty years. He followed his brother Richard S. Reynolds Jr. as president, becoming the last member of his family to head the Richmond, Virginia-based company. In 1986, at age seventy, he stepped down as president but remained chairman of the board of directors.
In 1963, David Reynolds launched the Reynolds Company's production of the country's first all-aluminum beer cans. Because of the light-weight material, compared to the previous steel cans, this innovation became a great success for the company and has dominated the market ever since.
Thoroughbred horse racing
Reynolds became interested in Thoroughbred horse racing and notably owned and bred sprint horse Lord Carson, a multiple stakes race winner who equaled the track record for 6 furlongs at both Churchill Downs and Turfway Park. However, his most famous horse was Tabasco Cat, owned and bred in partnership with Overbrook Farm. In 1994, the colt won two of the three U.S. Triple Crown races, capturing the Preakness and Belmont Stakes.
References
Sources
David P. Reynolds at the NTRA
"Reynolds Metals Chief". The New York Times. April 17, 1986.
1915 births
2011 deaths
People from Bristol, Tennessee
Princeton University alumni
American manufacturing businesspeople
American racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Preakness Stakes winners
Owners of Belmont Stakes winners
Reynolds family
20th-century American businesspeople |
Sensel is an electronics company based in Sunnyvale, California that builds touch input technologies . It was founded in 2013 by former Amazon engineers Ilya Rosenberg and Aaron Zarraga. Sensel's first product, the Morph, is a pressure sensitive input device for creative applications. In January 2021, it was announced that Sensel's touch technology would be incorporated in the touchpad for Lenovo’s ThinkPad X1 Titanium Yoga laptop.
History
Sensel co-founder and CEO Ilya Rosenberg met co-founder and CTO Aaron Zarraga while working at Amazon's Lab126. After leaving Amazon, the two founded Sensel in 2013.
Together, the pair invented a new type of force sensor that could be manufactured like a printed circuit board. Sensel used Kickstarter in 2015 to bring its first product, The Morph, to market. The campaign raised $442,648. The Morph began shipping to its Kickstarter backers in 2017, and became available for direct purchase later that year.
In 2019, Sensel began shipping its first new Morph Overlay since its Kickstarter campaign, the Buchla Thunder Overlay, which was created in partnership with synthesizer and MIDI controller manufacturer Buchla U.S.A.
In 2021, Sensel announced its new touchpad demonstration kit with touch, force, and haptic technologies. It was also announced that Sensel's touch technology would be included in the touchpad for Lenovo's ThinkPad X1 Titanium Yoga laptop.
In May 2022, Sensel announced that it has discontinued the Morph and would not bring it back into production. The possibility of some new product at some future unspecified time was suggested.
References
External links
Official Sensel website
Sensel Morph website
Music technology
Crowdfunded consumer goods
Computer peripheral companies
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
MIDI controllers |
Marie Kiéné Bigot de Morogues (3 March 1786 – 16 September 1820) was a French pianist and composer. She is best known for her sonatas and études.
Career
Marie Kiéné was born in Colmar in Alsace. After marrying M. Bigot, she moved to Vienna in 1804, where she lived for five years. She was highly accomplished at the piano and played for Haydn, who exclaimed, "Oh, my dear child, I did not write this music – it is you who has composed it!" He wrote on the sheet from which she played, "On 20 February 1805, Joseph Haydn was happy". She became a friend of Salieri. Her husband being the librarian of Count Razumovsky, she also became friendly with Beethoven, who admired her playing. She was the first to play for him, from the autograph, his newly written Appassionata Sonata, impressing him so much that he told her, "That is not exactly the character I wanted to give this piece; but go right on. If it is not wholly mine it is something better." He gave her the autograph of the Appassionata.
In 1808, after a misunderstanding over Beethoven's invitation to take Marie and her three-year-old daughter, Caroline, for a drive and her refusal, the famous composer sent an apologetic letter to her and her husband, writing, "It is one of my foremost principles never to occupy any other relations than those of friendship with the wife of another man. I should never want to fill my heart with distrust towards those who may chance some day to share my fate with me, and thus destroy the loveliest and purest life for myself."
The Bigots returned to Paris in 1809. Marie composed, gave lessons, and did much to introduce Beethoven's music to Parisian audiences. In 1812, her husband was taken prisoner as part of Napoleon's campaign in Russia, and Marie took to teaching piano to support her two children. In 1816 she gave lessons to Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn in Paris.
She died in Paris aged 34 of consumption.
Music
Marie Bigot studied harmony and composition with Auber and Cherubini in Paris. She composed a Sonata, Op. 1 (dedicated to Queen Luise of Prussia), and Andante varié, Op. 2 (with eight variations and a caprice, dedicated to her sister Caroline Kiéné) while living in Vienna. Then, after returning to Paris, she published a Rondeau and a set of Études. Fétis mentions a set of waltzes, and although they are in her hand and ascribed with her name, he doubts that she composed them. An article written upon her death at age 34 mentions that she had composed more music, but had refused to publish it "out of modesty".
References
1786 births
1820 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century French women classical pianists
19th-century French composers
19th-century women composers
French classical composers
French women classical composers
People from Colmar |
The Sussex Weekly Advertiser, also known as the Lewes and Brighthelmstone Journal, was an early newspaper published weekly in Lewes, Sussex, England. Founded in 1745 by William Lee (1713–1786), a native of Chichester, it is considered to be the first-ever newspaper in the county of Sussex. The newspaper was known as a republican paper and was against aristocratic privilege.
Lee's sons William Lee (1747–1830) and Arthur Lee (1759–1824) succeeded him as joint editors. William Lee (1747–1830) was a member of the Lewes debating society, the Headstrong Club and a friend of Thomas Paine, who was a resident of Lewes between 1768 and 1774.
Historians credit Paine with authoring a satire that appeared in the Sussex Weekly Advertiser called 'The Trial of Farmer Short's Dog Porter'. Three local judges did not like the way a farmer named Short had voted in a recent parliamentary election, so they tried his dog, named Porter, after it inadvertently killed a hare, ordering it to be hanged. Paine denied writing that he ever published anything before leaving for the United States, but it is thought that the evidence that he did is too compelling. There are several plausible reasons for his denials, including the likelihood that he wanted to protect family and friends from reprisals for his incendiary political writings.
In 1910, Sussex Weekly Advertiser ceased publication.
References
Defunct newspapers published in the United Kingdom
1745 establishments in England |
Synodontis alberti, the bigeye squeaker, Albert's syno, bigspotted squeaker, or high-fin synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Congo Basin of Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. It was originally described in 1891 by Belgian ichthyologist Louise Schilthuis after its discovery in the Malebo Pool of the Congo River.
Description
The fish is grey to brown in color and is covered in small dark spots. In females, the spots fade and the body color fades to greyish-brown, but adult males retain their spotted pattern.
Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening. The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe. The dorsal and caudal fins are elongated, and grow longer with age. It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable. The fish has one pair of extremely long maxillary barbels, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.
This species grows to a length of SL although specimens up to TL have been recorded in nature.
In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , a pH of 6.0 – 8.0, and dH range of 4-25. Its natural diet includes benthic algae and weeds, insects, and worms.
In the Aquarium
The species is commercially sold as an aquarium fish.
References
External links
alberti
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of the Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1891 |
The Central Arecanut and Cocoa Marketing and Processing Co-operative Limited or CAMPCO was found on 11 July 1973 at Mangalore. Savior of Arecanut farmer and The organisation working on principles of co-operative was found to mitigate the sufferings of arecanut and cocoa growers in Indian states of Karnataka and Kerala. CAMPCO has now extended its services to other states of India like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, New Delhi, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Assam and Goa also. The CAMPCO has now become multi state co-operative under relevant Indian laws. The organisation is mainly into procurement, marketing, selling and processing of arecanut and cocoa. The company has now entered in Rubber and Black pepper market. The company also provides guidance for farmers for growing arecanut and cocoa.
History
CAMPCO has its head office at puttur and its Branches spread all over India. The company set up a chocolate manufacturing plant in 1986 at Puttur of Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka. The Campco chocolate manufacturing unit was inaugurated on 1 September 1986 by then Indian President Giani Zail Singh. The inauguration ceremony was broadcast live on Doordarshan. The plant produces chocolates and other products of cocoa both under its own brand and also for Nestle. In 2016 total production was 18,000 tonnes per annum, with a planned expansion to increase the output to 23,000 tonnes. A similar expansion had also been planned in 2011. The turnover of Campco was a record high of Rs 17400 Million in FY2017-18.
The Campco chocolate factory has built up with new amenity block which was inaugurated by Honorable union minister for commerce and industry Sri. Suresh Prabhu on 21 January 2018. On the same day, the "statue of campco founder president Late Sri. Varanashi Subraya Bhat" was also inaugurated. This statue is the main attraction and also the crown for campco. Well setup office along with well equipped production entry area with fulfilling food safety norms, which comply FSSAI, ISO, OHSAS and HALAL certifications.
New Warehouse
The new warehouse infrastructure, will be setting up a godown at Kavu village in Puttur taluk of Dakshina Kannada district. It is 17 km from Puttur City.
See also
Economy of Mangalore
Baikampady
References
External internet sites
https://campco.org/
CAMPCOCHOCOLATE internet site
CAMPCO to produce mouth fresheners from tender arecanut- Newskarnataka.com
Economy of Mangalore
Cooperatives in Kerala
Commodity markets in Kerala
1973 establishments in Karnataka |
The American Legion, commonly known as the Legion, is a non-profit organization of U.S. war veterans headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. It comprises state, U.S. territory, and overseas departments, in turn, made up of local posts. The organization was formed on March 15, 1919, in Paris, France, by a thousand officers and men of the American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F.), and it was chartered on September 16, 1919, by the United States Congress.
The Legion played the leading role in drafting and passing the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the "G.I. Bill". In addition to organizing commemorative events, members assist at Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals and clinics. It is active in issue-oriented U.S. politics. Its primary political activity is lobbying on behalf of interests of veterans and service members, including support for benefits such as pensions and the Veterans Health Administration. It has also historically promoted Americanism, individual obligation to the community, state, and nation; peace and goodwill.
History
The American Legion was established on March 15, 1919, in Paris, France, by delegates to a caucus meeting from units of the American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F.), which adopted a tentative constitution. The action of the Paris Caucus was confirmed and endorsed by a similar meeting held in St. Louis, Missouri, from May 8 to 10, 1919, when the Legion was formally recognized by the troops who served in the United States. The Paris Caucus appointed an Executive Committee of seventeen officers and men to represent the troops in France in the conduct of the Legion. The St. Louis caucus appointed a similar Committee of Seventeen. These two national executive committees amalgamated and were the initial governing body of the Legion. The temporary headquarters was located in New York.
List of founding members
The men who initiated the formation of the Legion:
Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., of the First Division
Colonel Henry D. Lindsley, formerly Mayor of Dallas, Texas
Colonel Horatio Nelson Jackson, US Army first person to drive an automobile across America
Sergeant John J. Sullivan, of Seattle
Lieutenant Colonel Franklin D'Olier, of Philadelphia
Ex-Senator Luke Lea, of Tennessee
Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Huidekoper, of Washington, D.C.
Major Redmond C. Stewart, of Baltimore
Wagoner Dale Shaw, of Iowa
Lieutenant Colonel George A. White, of Oregon
"Bill" Donovan, of the "Fighting 69th"
Major Thomas R. Gowenlock, of Illinois
Lieutenant Earl B. Dickerson, of the 92nd Division
Sergeant Alvin York, of Tennessee
Colonel John Price Jackson, of the S. O. S.
Lieutenant Colonel "Jack" Greenway, of Arizona
Sergeant Roy C. Haines, of Maine
G. Edward Buxton, Jr., of Rhode Island
Eric Fisher Wood, of Pennsylvania
Chaplain John W. Inzer, of Alabama
Lieutenant Colonel David M. Goodrich, of Akron
Chief Petty Officer B. J. Goldberg, of Chicago
"Tom" Miller, of Delaware
Major Alex. Laughlin, Jr., of Pittsburgh
Major Henry Leonard, of the Marine Corps
Dwight F. Davis, of the 35th Division
Corporal Charles S. Pew, of Montana
Brigadier General William G. Price, of the 28th Division
Bishop Charles H. Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A. E. F.
Major General John F. O'Ryan, of the 27th Division
Stewart Edward White, of California
Private Jesus M. Baca, of New Mexico
Brigadier General Charles H. Cole, of the 26th Division
Sergeant E. L. Malsbary, of Nevada
Lieutenant Samuel Gompers, Jr., of New York
Colonel Henry L. Stimson, Ex-Secretary of War
Lieutenant Colonel Charles W. Whittlesey, Commander of the "Lost Battalion"
Roy Hoffman, of Oklahoma
Lieutenant Colonel A. Piatt Andrew, of the American Ambulance in France
Brigadier General Harvey J. Moss, of the State of Washington
John MacVicar, Mayor of Des Moines before the War
Sergeant George H. H. Pratt, of New Orleans
Colonel F. W. Galbraith, of Cincinnati
Corporal Joseph H. Fountain, of Vermont
Devereux Milburn, of the 78th Division
Lieutenant Colonel Wilbur Smith, of the 89th Division
Sergeant Theodore Myers, of Pennsylvania
Colonel Bennett C. Clark, son of Champ Clark
Robert Bacon, Ex-Secretary of State
Headquarters
The national headquarters, informally known as American Legion headquarters, is located on the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza at 700 North Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. It is the headquarters for the National Commander of The American Legion and also houses the archives, library, Membership, Internal Affairs, Public Relations, and The American Legion magazine's editorial offices. The national headquarters has expanded multiple times since its establishment.
Emblem
The World War I Victory Button on a narrow circular band of blue enamel, containing the words "American Legion" in gold letters, forms the central element of the American Legion Emblem. The Legion emblem or "button" was officially adopted by the National Executive Committee of The American Legion on July 9, 1919.
Eligibility
Membership in The American Legion was originally restricted to soldiers, sailors, and marines who served honorably between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918. Eligibility has since been expanded to include personnel who served on active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States or armed forces associated with the U.S., between December 7, 1941, through a date of cessation of hostilities as determined by the federal government, and was an American citizen when they entered that service or continues to serve honorably. U.S. Merchant Marines who served between December 7, 1941, and December 31, 1946, are also eligible. Honorary, associate, social, or guest memberships in the Legion are not permitted. Members must be eligible through the nature and timing of their military service.
The following is a list of eligibility dates the American Legion uses to determine membership eligibility.
Publication
The official publication, originally known as The American Legion Weekly, launched on July 4, 1919. In 1926, the Legion Weekly reduced the frequency of publication and was renamed The American Legion Monthly. In 1936, the publication's name and volume numbering system changed again, this time to The American Legion.
The American Legion Digital Archive online offers scans of "American Legion magazine, national meeting digests, newsletters, press releases, and other publications published by the national organization."
Notable members
Notable members of The American Legion have included:
List of national commanders
Franklin D'Olier, of Pennsylvania, 1919–1920
Frederic W. Galbraith, Jr., of Ohio, 1920–1921
John G. Emery, of Michigan, 1921
Hanford MacNider, of Iowa, 1921–1922
Alvin M. Owsley, of Texas, 1922–1923
John R. Quinn, of California, 1923–1924
James A. Drain, of Washington, 1924–1925
John R. McQuigg, of Ohio, 1925–1926
Howard P. Savage, of Illinois, 1926–1927
Edward E. Spafford, of New York, 1927–1928
Paul V. McNutt, of Indiana, 1928–1929
O. L. Bodenhamer, of Arkansas, 1929–1930
Ralph T. O'Neil, of Kansas, 1930–1931
Henry L. Stevens, Jr., of North Carolina, 1931–1932
Louis A. Johnson, of West Virginia, 1932–1933
Edward A. Hayes, of Illinois, 1933–1934
Frank N. Belgrano, of California, 1934–1935
Ray Murphy, of Iowa, 1935–1936
Harry W. Colmery, of Kansas, 1936–1937
Daniel J. Doherty, of Massachusetts, 1937–1938
Stephen F. Chadwick, of Washington, 1938–1939
Raymond J. Kelly, of Michigan, 1939–1940
Milo J. Warner, of Ohio, 1940–1941
Lynn U. Stambaugh, of North Dakota, 1941–1942
Roane Waring, of Tennessee, 1942–1943
Warren H. Atherton, of California, 1943–1944
Edward N. Scheiberling, of New York, 1944–1945
John Stelle, of Illinois, 1945–1946
Paul H. Griffith, of Pennsylvania, 1946–1947
James F. O'Neill, of New Hampshire, 1947–1948
S. Perry Brown, of Texas, 1948–1949
George N. Craig, of Indiana, 1949–1950
Erle Cocke, Jr., of Georgia, 1950–1951
Donald R. Wilson, of West Virginia, 1951–1952
Lewis K. Gough, of California, 1952–1953
Arthur J. Connell, of Connecticut, 1953–1954
Seaborn P. Collins, of New Mexico, 1954–1955
J. Addington Wagner, of Michigan, 1955–1956
Dan Daniel, of Virginia, 1956–1957
John S. Gleason, Jr., of Illinois, 1957–1958
Preston J. Moore, of Oklahoma, 1958–1959
Martin B. McKneally, of New York, 1959–1960
William R. Burke, of California, 1960–1961
Charles L. Bacon, of Missouri, 1961–1962
James E. Powers, of Georgia, 1962–1963
Daniel F. Foley, of Minnesota, 1963–1964
Donald E. Johnson, of Iowa, 1964–1965
L. Eldon James, of Virginia, 1965–1966
John E. Davis, of North Dakota, 1966–1967
William E. Galbraith, of Nebraska, 1967–1968
William C. Doyle, of New Jersey, 1968–1969
J. Milton Patrick, of Oklahoma, 1969–1970
Alfred P. Chamie, of California, 1970–1971
John H. Geiger, of Illinois, 1971–1972
Joe L. Matthews, of Texas, 1972–1973
Robert E. L. Eaton, of Maryland, 1972–1973
James M. Wagonseller, of Ohio, 1974–1975
Harry G. Wiles, of Kansas, 1975–1976
William J. Rogers, of Maine, 1976–1977
Robert C. Smith, of Louisiana, 1977–1978
John M. Carey, of Michigan, 1978–1979
Frank I. Hamilton, of Indiana, 1979–1980
Michael J. Kogutek, of New York, 1980–1981
Jack W. Flynt, of Texas, 1981–1982
Al Keller, Jr., of Illinois, 1982–1983
Keith A. Kreul, of Wisconsin, 1983–1984
Clarence M. Bacon, of Maryland, 1984–1985
Dale L. Renaud, of Iowa, 1985–1986
James P. Dean, of Mississippi, 1986–1987
John P. Comer, of Massachusetts, 1987–1988
H. F. Gierke III, of North Dakota, 1988–1989
Miles S. Epling, of West Virginia, 1989–1990
Robert S. Turner, of Georgia, 1990–1991
Dominic D. DiFrancesco, of Pennsylvania, 1991–1992
Roger A. Munson, of Ohio, 1992–1993
Bruce Thiesen, of California, 1993–1994
William M. Detweiler, of Louisiana, 1994–1995
Daniel A. Ludwig, of Minnesota, 1995–1996
Joseph J. Frank, of Missouri, 1996–1997
Anthony G. Jordan, of Maine, 1997–1998
Harold L. Miller, of Virginia, 1998–1999
Alan G. Lance, Sr., of Idaho, 1999–2000
Ray G. Smith, of North Carolina, 2000–2001
Richard J. Santos, of Maryland, 2001–2002
Ronald F. Conley, of Pennsylvania, 2002–2003
John A. Brieden III, of Texas, 2003–2004
Thomas P. Cadmus, of Michigan, 2004–2005
Thomas L. Bock, of Colorado, 2005–2006
Paul A. Morin, of Massachusetts, 2006–2007
Martin F. Conatser, of Illinois, 2007–2008
David K. Rehbein, of Iowa, 2008–2009
Clarence E. Hill, of Florida, 2009–2010
Jimmie L. Foster, of Alaska, 2010–2011
Fang A. Wong, of New York, 2011–2012
James E. Koutz, of Indiana, 2012–2013
Daniel Dellinger, of Virginia, 2013–2014
Michael D. Helm, of Nebraska, 2014–2015
Dale Barnett, of Georgia, 2015–2016
Charles E. Schmidt, of Oregon, 2016–2017
Denise H. Rohan, of Wisconsin, 2017–2018
Brett P. Reistad, of Virginia, 2018–2019
James W. Oxford, of North Carolina, 2019–2021
Paul E. Dillard, of Texas, 2021–2022
Vincent J. Troiola, of New York, 2022–2023
List of honorary commanders
Marshal Ferdinand Foch, of the French Army
General John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the A. E. F.
List of past national commanders by vote of national conventions
Henry D. Lindsley, of Texas, 1919
Milton J. Foreman, of Illinois, 1921
Bennett Champ Clark, of Missouri, 1926
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., of New York, 1949
Eric Fisher Wood, of Pennsylvania, 1955
Thomas W. Miller, of Nevada, 1968
Maurice Stember, of New York, 1975
Hamilton Fish III, of New York, 1979
E. Roy Stone, Jr., of South Carolina, 1987
Robert W. Spanogle, of Michigan, 2008
USS Liberty survivors
American Legion events have long been off-limits to survivors of the 1967 Israeli attack on the USS Liberty. Legion leaders forbid Liberty survivors from having a booth at their national conventions and censor any internal discussion about the attack.
On August 24, 2017, American Legion members approved and passed Resolution 40, which called for a full U.S. government investigation of the attack but continues to prohibit Liberty survivors from disseminating information about the attack at Legion conventions. This resolution went unanswered by Legion leadership. Previous resolutions had similarly failed to generate action by Legion leadership.
See also
Freedom Bell, American Legion
List of members of the American Legion
List of American Legion buildings
List of veterans' organizations
References
Citations
General sources
Further reading
External links
Official
General information
American Legion politician members at The Political Graveyard
The American Legion Centennial Celebration
Archives
Washington American Legion Records, 1919–1920. 4 microfilm reels. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
Stephen Fowler Chadwick Papers, 1917–1974. 21.1 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
1919 establishments in France
501(c)(19) nonprofit organizations
Advocacy groups in the United States
Aftermath of World War I in France
Aftermath of World War I in the United States
American veterans' organizations
Anti-communist organizations in the United States
Charities based in Indiana
Lobbying organizations in the United States
Magazine publishing companies of the United States
Nonpartisan organizations in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Indianapolis
Organizations established in 1919
Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress
Service organizations based in the United States
United States military support organizations |
Edward David Taussig (November 20, 1847 January 29, 1921) was a decorated Rear Admiral in the United States Navy. He is best remembered for being the officer to claim Wake Island after the Spanish–American War, as well as accepting the physical relinquishment of Guam by its Spanish governor following the Treaty of Paris in which Spain ceded Guam to the United States following nearly 300 years of colonial rule. Taussig briefly served as Governor of Guam. He was the first of a four-generational family of United States Naval Academy graduates including his son, Vice Admiral Joseph K. Taussig (1877–1947), grandson Captain Joseph K. Taussig Jr. (1920–1999), and great-grandson, Captain Joseph K. Taussig USMC (1945–).
Early sea service
Taussig was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of a wool broker, Charles and his wife, Anna (Abeles), who had emigrated from Austria in 1840. His family was Jewish, but he was brought up in the Unitarian Church. He was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy during the Civil War and entered on July 23, 1863. His education over the next four years included service on the . Graduating in June 1867 he served on the steam frigate from July to December 1867 and thereafter variously on the , , and from January 1868 to April 1870. He was commissioned an ensign on 18 December 1868. His early sea service was perhaps most remarkable for his time as a passed midshipman on the gunboat when a tsunami washed her far inland at Arica (then part of Peru), on 13 August 1868. He was decorated for his actions during this event.
1870s–1890s service
Promoted to master on 21 March 1870 and to lieutenant on 1 January 1872, during the 1870s and 1880s, Taussig was stationed at a number of shore stations and ships: , Pacific Squadron (October 1870 September 1873); Newport Torpedo Station, (June–October 1874); Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C. (October December 1874); Panama Survey Expedition (January- April 1875); special duty, Bureau of Navigation, Washington, D.C. (May–October 1875); commander, receiving ship , Washington, D.C. (September 1875); Temporary duty assignment Washington Navy Yard (October 1875 April 1876); , Baltimore and Norfolk Navy Yard (April September 1876); training ship (September 1876 February 1877); , flagship of the European Squadron, and , special service European Station (February 1877 January 1880); U.S. Naval Academy (June 1880 April 1883); United States Coast and Geodetic Survey duty, commanding the survey steamers McArthur and Hassler (May 1883 August 1886); training ship (September 1886 December 1887); and Bureau of Navigation, Washington, D.C. (December 1887 December 1890).
During special duty, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. (December 1890 April 1894) Taussig was involved in managing the navy's exhibit at the Columbian Exposition, including the full-size mock-up battleship Illinois, where he was executive officer, following his promotion to lieutenant commander on 19 June 1892. Thereafter, his assignments were executive officer, , North Atlantic Squadron (April 1894 September 1895); executive officer, receiving ship , Philadelphia Navy Yard (October 1895 February 1896); executive officer, , Pacific Squadron (February September 1896); Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C. (September December 1896); hydrographic inspector, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. (December 1896 August 1897); coast survey steamer Blake (August 1897 May 1898); and Norfolk Navy Yard (June July 1898).
Wake Island, Guam and the Philippine–American War
Promoted to the rank of commander on 10 August 1898, his first command was the gunboat , which departed San Francisco on 18 September bound for Hawaii, Guam and duty with the Asiatic Squadron, in the aftermath of the 12 August 1898 Spanish–American War armistice. arrived in Hawaii on 27 September 1898 and spent the next three months operating in local waters and conducting surveys, including Pearl Harbor. In December of that year, Taussig was given orders to proceed to Wake Island and claim it for the United States. After ten days passage from Honolulu, he arrived to formally claim the island on 17 January 1899. At one p.m. a flagstaff was placed, and with sailors in dress whites forming two ranks, Taussig called all to witness that the island was not in the possession of any other nation and declared it in possession of the United States. Taussig ordered the American flag raised by Ensign Wettengell and gave a 21-gun salute when the flag reached the truck. At the time President William McKinley ordering that Wake Island be claimed as a U.S. possession was seen as questionable; however, no other nation had claimed the island and there was no native population. Wake Island was primarily taken for its strategic value as a cable station, midway between Hawaii and the Philippines.
Departing from Wake Island at 5:35 p.m. on 17 January 1899, arrived at Guam on 23 January 1899. The island previously had been captured on 21 June 1898 by Captain Henry Glass of the who had left Francisco Portusach Martínez, an American civilian, in charge of the territory. Captain Glass is reported to have told Martínez, the only American on Guam, to "take care of the island until some other officers or man-of-war might reach Guam." Although this has never been confirmed by the U.S. Navy, it was widely believed to be true. Martínez had been deposed in favor of non-American leadership under José Sisto, the highest ranking Spanish civil official in the island, and then Venancio Roberto, each laying competing claims to governance. Venancio Roberto's claim was rebuked in favor of Sisto by Lieutenant Commander Vincendon L. Cottman, commander of the U.S. Navy collier that had arrived at Guam on New Year's Day 1899 en route back to the U.S from the Spanish–American War. However Sisto's authority was short-lived.
On February 1, Sisto officially relinquished control of the governmental and administrative affairs of Guam to Taussig and Cottman. The American flag was raised over the Governor's Palace in a ceremony that ended with a 21-gun salute from the , formally ending nearly 300 years of Guam being part of the Spanish colonial empire. In his short time on Guam, Commander Taussig set up a local council system of temporary government which lasted until the arrival of Lieutenant Louis A. Kaiser in July 1899 under orders to conduct navy surveillance of affairs of Guam. Taussig also supervised the establishment of signal stations and a port survey. On April 15, 1899, Admiral George Dewey cabled the Navy Department in Washington, " arrived six days from Guam. Quiet and order there. Most friendly to Americans. Native Government established by Taussig working well. Native soldiers fine body of men. (United States Naval Transport) in Guam."
Departing Guam in mid-February 1899, Commander Taussig and continued on to Manila, where the ship arrived on 22 February 1899 with the mission of supporting the Army's campaigns during the Philippine–American War primarily with patrol and escort duty. In August 1899, Taussig was summarily relieved of command of the and ordered home by Rear Admiral John C. Watson, commander of the Asiatic Station, following Taussig's dissent from the latter's views concerning campaign plans that were voiced at a staff conference in Manila. According to press reports, Watson resented Taussig's verbal opposition, and a heated argument between the two ensued. Following his return to San Francisco on the hospital ship, , Commander Taussig requested an investigation.
He was assigned to duty with the United States Lighthouse Board as 13th District Inspector in Portland, Oregon from October 1899 to April 1900. However, Commander Taussig did not have to wait long for vindication, when in March 1900, public accounts surfaced of Watson's friction with officers under his command and with the Bureau of Navigation over Watson's choice of Commander C. C. Cornwall as his executive officer, which the Bureau disapproved. Due to health reasons, Watson was himself privately relieved of command months before the public announcement in March 1900 that he was to be relieved by Rear Admiral George C. Remey. Watson returned home on his flagship in April 1900, the same month that Commander Taussig's duty as lighthouse inspector ended.
The China Relief Expedition (Boxer Rebellion)
In the spring of 1900, Chinese xenophobia, including disdain for the presence of Christian missionaries, fueled by decades of Western economic exploitation, culminated in the Boxer Rebellion. The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, whose members were referred to in the West as "Boxers", besieged the foreign legations at Peking and at Tientsin. An international relief force was hastily assembled and sent to relieve the siege. As part of the United States Navy's force assigned to the campaign, the gunboat , sister-ship of the , was withdrawn from her patrol duties in the northern Philippines to provide assistance to operations off the North China coast. departed Manila on 3 April 1900, upon reaching the mainland, her landing force served ashore at Taku Forts. In June, Taussig assumed command of and assisted to back off a reef near Taku. In August, with stationed off Chefoo, China, Taussig cabled dispatches of the decisive Battle of Beicang from which the Chinese military never recovered. The gunboat departed Shanghai on 10 September, reaching Cavite on the 17th. In the Philippines, resumed her prior cooperation with Army forces, engaged in pacification efforts for the next two years. Commander Taussig was detached from in June 1901 and was ordered home to await orders (June October 1901).
Later years
Thereafter, Taussig's assignments were to the Washington Navy Yard (November 1901 January 1902); ordnance office, Boston Navy Yard (January May 1902); and commander, training ship, (May–October 1902). Promoted to captain on 7 November 1902, he served as yard captain, Pensacola Navy Yard (January October 1903); commander, receiving ship , Mare Island, California (October 1903 October 1904); and commander, , North Atlantic Squadron (November 1904 January 1906).
On July 24, 1905, along with Rear Admirals Charles D. Sigsbee, James H. Sands, Charles H. Davis Jr., Captains Benjamin F. Tilley, William H. Reeder, and Gervais of the French naval cruiser, Jurien de la Graviere, Taussig had the honor of being an honorary pall bearer when Admiral John Paul Jones body was returned from France on the to be interred at the U.S. Naval Academy.
Following his command of Massachusetts, he was commander, of the training ship (January December 1906); yard captain, New York Navy Yard (March May 1907); general court martial duty, League Island Navy Yard (Pennsylvania) (May December 1907); commandant, Norfolk Navy Yard and Fifth Naval District (December 1907 November 1909).
While at Norfolk he was promoted to rear admiral on 15 May 1908. Rear Admiral Taussig was placed on the U.S. Navy retired list on 20 November 1909.
In 1909 he became a companion of the District of Columbia Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States—a military society consisting of officers who had served in the Union armed forces during the American Civil War.
World War I
During World War I, Taussig was recalled to active duty as commandant of the Naval Unit at Columbia University (September December 1918).
Dates of rank
United States Naval Academy Midshipman Class of 1867
Service Medals
United States awards
The original service criteria for the Spanish Campaign Medal promulgated in Navy Department Special Order No. 81 of June 27, 1908 required service on specific vessels and time periods for which Taussig's service during the Spanish–American War did not qualify. However, in the early 1920s, the award criteria were relaxed to provide for award of the medal to all those who served in the U.S. Navy or Marine Corps during the Spanish–American War. The first government contract to supply campaign medals to the expanded recipient base with the Bastian Brothers Company was not until 1922. Rear Admiral Taussig died in January 1921 prior to the expanded eligibility period for the Spanish Campaign and so never received the Spanish Campaign Medal.
Personal life
Edward D. Taussig married Ellen Knefler on 9 November 1873. They had five sons, including vice admiral Joseph K. Taussig and Charles, who was a prominent New York attorney. A third son, Paul, died of appendicitis in July 1894, while a midshipman at the U.S. Naval Academy. Edward D. Taussig died at Newport, Rhode Island, on 29 January 1921 and is buried at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery along with his wife and son, Paul.
Namesake
The Allen M. Sumner class destroyer (DD-746), commissioned from 1944 to 1974, was named for him.
Admiral Taussig Boulevard at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia, is named for him.https://pilotonline.com/news/local/history/article_bc00d5b4-6eb1-5c94-9a6f-a46155a1d245.html
References
"Naval Orders; Disposition of the Commander and Officers of the Atlanta". The Washington Post. Sep 17, 1895. pg. 7, 1 pgs
"Department Notes". The Washington Post. Dec 12, 1896. pg. 7, 1 pgs
"Capt. Rob Evans's Message". From The Baltimore Sun. New York Times. Aug 1, 1898. pg. 4, 1 pgs
"Now Naval Commanders". The Washington Post. Aug 3, 1898. pg. 7, 1 pgs
"To Take Wake Island". The Washington Post. Dec 24, 1898. pg. 1, 1 pgs
"Takes Guam Island". Los Angeles Times. Dec 24, 1898. pg. 3, 1 pgs
"Wake Island Occupation". New York Times. Mar 22, 1899. pg. 5, 1 pgs
"The Government of Guam- Admiral Dewey Cables that the American Regime Starts Off Well- Garrison of Native Soldiers" New York Times. April 16, 1899
"Funston's Men Sail Soon". Chicago Daily Tribune. Sep 2, 1899. pg. 3, 1 pgs
"Action in Taussig's Case". New York Times. Oct 24, 1899. pg. 7, 1 pgs
"Commander Taussig Ordered to Manila". New York Times. Mar 25, 1900. pg. 9, 1 pgs
"The United Service". New York Times. Dec 31, 1901. pg. 3, 1 pgs
"The United Service". New York Times. Oct 23, 1902. pg. 13, 1 pgs
"The Cruiser Controversy". The Washington Post. Oct 23, 1902. pg. 4, 1 pgs
"The United Service". New York Times. Jan 6, 1903. pg. 10, 1 pgs
"The United Service". New York Times. Aug 8, 1903. pg. 10, 1 pgs
"Changes in Command". The Washington Post. Oct 13, 1904. pg. 11, 1 pgs
"Jones' Body Entombed at the Naval Academy- Impressive Ceremony Attends the Transfer from Brooklyn- French Jackies in Line". New York Times. July 25, 1905, 1 pg.
"Navy Orders". The Washington Post. Jan 7, 1906. pg. 5, 1 pgs
"Gets Leave to Visit Home". The Washington Post. Dec 11, 1907. pg. 9, 1 pgs
"Globe Girdled, 16 Battleships Come Home Today". The Atlanta Constitution. Feb 22, 1909. pg. 1, 2 pgs
"Rites for Admiral Taussig". The Washington Post. Feb 2, 1921. pg. 3, 1 pg
Jillette Leon-Guerrero, Massachusetts, "Guam Leaders from 1899–1904", © 2009 Guampedia™
Cogar, William B., "Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy", vol. 2, 1901–1918, pp. 274–275
Boston Evening Transcript, October 7, 1899, p. 5
Hawaiian Gazette, March 16, 1900, p. 7
New York Times, September 12, 1900
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, August 6, 1900
External links
Register of the Edward D. Taussig Papers, USN War College, Naval Historical Collection, Newport, Rhode Island
USN Service Medal Index, Naval History and Heritage Command
1847 births
1921 deaths
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals
Governors of Guam
Wake Island
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Jewish American military personnel
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery
Guamanian Jews
Military personnel from St. Louis |
Sea Gayle Music is an independent music publishing company based in Nashville, Tennessee in the United States. It was formed in 1999 by songwriter Chris DuBois, songwriter/producer Frank Rogers, and songwriter/artist Brad Paisley. In 2010 and 2011, Sea Gayle Music was named ASCAP Country Publisher of the Year. This was the first time since 1982 that an independent music publishing company has won this award. The company is under the umbrella of Sea Gayle INC.
Current writers
Smith Ahnquist
Brent Anderson
Barrett Baber
Chris DuBois
Claire Ernst
Jordan Fletcher
Jeb Gipson
Jordan Gray
Leaving Austin
Lynn Hutton
Brad Paisley
Jenna Paulette
Bobby Pinson
Maggie Rose
Brent Rupard
Brett Sheroky
Past writers
Ingrid Andress
Wade Bowen
Jim Brown
Jordan Brooker
Richie Brown
Byron "Mr. Talkbox" Chambers
Brandy Clark
Larry Cordle
Clint Daniels
Radney Foster
Liz Hengber
Carolyn Dawn Johnson
Jay Knowles
Clint Lagerberg
Jesse Lee
Kelley Lovelace
Tim Menzies
Jaden Michaels
Lee Thomas Miller
Clay Mills
Jake Mitchell
Jerrod Niemann
Tim Owens
Frank Rogers
Mike Ryan
Don Sampson
Don Schlitz
Steve Schnur
Jordyn Shellhart
Bryan Simpson
CJ Solar
Chris Stapleton
Dave Turnbull
Trent Willmon
Baylor Wilson
Charting singles
Number one songs
Other hits
Awards
2000 MusicRow Song of the Year – "He Didn’t Have To Be" by Brad Paisley
2004 Grammy Award for Best Country Song – "It's Five O’Clock Somewhere" by Alan Jackson with Jimmy Buffett
2004 ASCAP Country Song of the Year - "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere" by Alan Jackson with Jimmy Buffett
2008 MusicRow Song of the Year – “Letter To Me” by Brad Paisley
2008 Academy of Country Music Song of the Year – "In Color" by Jamey Johnson
2009 Country Music Association Song of the Year – "In Color" by Jamey Johnson
2009 MusicRow Song of the Year – "In Color" by Jamey Johnson
2009 NSAI Country Song of the Year – "Waitin' On A Woman" by Brad Paisley
2010 ASCAP Country Publisher of the Year
2011 ASCAP Country Publisher of the Year
References
Music publishing companies of the United States
Companies based in Nashville, Tennessee
Publishing companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in Tennessee |
Taichang is the chief official in charge of religious rites and rituals in ancient China.
Taichang may also refer to:
Taichang, Gansu (太昌镇), a town in Ning County, Gansu, China
Historical eras
Taichang (泰常, 416–423), era name used by Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei
Taichang (太昌, 532), era name used by Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei
Taichang (泰昌, 1620), era name used by the Taichang Emperor (Emperor Guangzong of Ming) |
The České Budějovice Half Marathon is an annual half marathon race which takes place in early June in České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Known as the Mattoni České Budějovice Half Marathon, it is a part of RunCzech running circuit.
The course winds through České Budějovice city centre and along the Vltava river. The inaugural edition of the event was held in 2012. In 2013, almost 2 000 runners participated in the race.
The course records are held by Daniel Chebii and Tadelech Bekele. In 2012, České Budějovice was only the second race in Czech lands to see a half marathon completed below one-hour mark.
Past winners
Key:
References
External links
České Budějovice Half Marathon official website
Half marathons
Athletics competitions in the Czech Republic
Recurring sporting events established in 2012
Sport in České Budějovice
2012 establishments in the Czech Republic
Summer events in the Czech Republic |
Əyrivəng (also, Eyrivank) is a village in the Gadabay Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Arıqıran.
References
Populated places in Gadabay District |
The Black Siren (Spanish: La sirena negra) is a 1947 Spanish drama film directed by Carlos Serrano de Osma and starring Fernando Fernán Gómez, Isabel de Pomés and María Asquerino. A man falls in love with a dying young woman. It was based on a novel by Emilia Pardo Bazán.
Cast
Fernando Fernán Gómez
María Asquerino
Isabel de Pomés
José María Lado
Anita Farra
Ketty Clavijo
Graciela Crespo
Ramón Martori
References
Bibliography
Bentley, Bernard. A Companion to Spanish Cinema. Boydell & Brewer 2008.
Labanyi, Jo & Pavlović, Tatjana. A Companion to Spanish Cinema. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
External links
1947 films
1947 drama films
Spanish drama films
1940s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Carlos Serrano de Osma
Films based on Spanish novels
Films scored by Jesús García Leoz
Spanish black-and-white films
1940s Spanish films |
Dwight Alan Armstrong (August 29, 1951 – June 20, 2010) was an American anti-Vietnam War activist who helped use a truck bomb to shatter Sterling Hall, a centrally located building on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus, on August 24, 1970. Armstrong and three others targeted an army mathematical research center on an upper floor. They considered the University complicit in military research that enabled aggression. The bomb gutted the building, killing one person and injuring three. Armstrong spent several years on the run before being imprisoned.
Armstrong was born on August 29, 1951, in Madison, Wisconsin. He grew up there as "an ordinary Midwestern boy, fond of playing baseball and bicycling around his exurban community" as described by The New York Times in his obituary. He dropped out of high school in 10th grade and by 1970 he had joined his brother Karl in actively opposing the American war in Vietnam. In a previous action on New Year's Eve 1969, Dwight and Karl stole a light plane and dropped homemade bombs that failed to explode on an area ordnance factory.
In response to the Kent State shootings on May 4, 1970, in which four protesters were shot and killed by the Ohio National Guard, they conceived of an attack on the Army Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin, which had been a frequent site of anti-War protests. Karl made a bomb out of dynamite, of fuel oil and of ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
The bomb was placed in a stolen van left next to Sterling Hall, a building that housed the Army Mathematics Research Center, as well as the university's physics department. They lit the fuse after checking the windows of Sterling Hall and seeing no activity, assuming that the building was empty. A bomb threat was phoned in to the Madison Police Department, giving five minutes notice of the planned detonation, though previous such calls turned out to be pranks. A police cruiser was dispatched to the site minutes before the explosion. The bomb detonated at 3:42 AM on August 24, 1970, killing Robert Fassnacht, a physics post-doctoral researcher who was working late, injuring three others, and causing millions of dollars in damage to the building.
Dwight Armstrong drove away with his brother, Leo F. Burt and David Fine to a truck stop where they celebrated the bombing. When they heard a news report on their car radio that someone had been killed by the explosion, all four went on the run, with Dwight's seven years at large the longest of the four people suspected in the bombing aside from Leo Burt, who is still at large. On September 4, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began a search for the four fugitives, placing them on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Armstrong remained underground until he was arrested in April 1977 in Toronto. He pleaded no contest to state murder charges and federal conspiracy charges. As part of his plea bargain he was sentenced concurrently to seven years each in state and federal prison and was released on parole in 1980 on the condition that he participate in a community rehabilitation program.
He was arrested again in 1987 in Indiana where he was charged with operating a meth lab. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison and was released in 1991. He came back to Madison, where he tended to his mother and worked driving a taxi. In 2001, he purchased the Radical Rye Deli with Karl.
In a 1992 interview with The Capital Times of Madison, he stated that "My life has not been something to write home about". He justified the bombing, stating that "We did what we had to do; we did what we felt a lot of other people should have done", continuing that "I don't care what public opinion is; we did what was right."
Armstrong died of lung cancer at age 58 on June 20, 2010, at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics in Madison, Wisconsin. He was survived by his mother, his brother, two sisters, and a daughter.
References
1951 births
2010 deaths
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Deaths from lung cancer in Wisconsin
People from Madison, Wisconsin
American people convicted of murder
American people convicted of drug offenses
People convicted of murder by Wisconsin
Terrorism in the United States
People convicted of murder by the United States federal government |
Kozatske (; ) is an urban-type settlement in Kakhovka Raion, Kherson Oblast, southern Ukraine. It is located on the right bank of the Dnieper, separated from Nova Kakhovka on the left bank by the dam of the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant. Kozatske belongs to Nova Kakhovka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It has a population of
During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, the settlement was occupied by Russian forces.
Administrative status
Until 18 July, 2020, Kozatske belonged to Beryslav Raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kherson Oblast to five, it was transferred to Kakhovka Raion.
Economy
Transportation
Kozatska railway station is on the railway connecting Mykolaiv via Snihurivka and Nova Kakhovka with Melitopol. There is infrequent passenger traffic.
The settlement has road access to Kherson and, via Nova Kakhovka, with Highway M14 connecting Kherson with Melitopol.
See also
Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast
References
Urban-type settlements in Kakhovka Raion
Populated places on the Dnieper in Ukraine |
Jamal Kola (, also Romanized as Jamāl Kolā and Jamāl Kalā) is a village in Kiakola Rural District, in the Central District of Simorgh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 184, in 53 families.
References
Populated places in Simorgh County |
Schöneweide may refer to:
Places
Germany:
Schöneweide, a suburban area of Berlin divided into the localities of Niederschöneweide and Oberschöneweide
Niederschöneweide, a locality of the Berliner district of Treptow-Köpenick
Oberschöneweide, a locality of the Berliner district of Treptow-Köpenick
Schöneweide, a civil parish of the municipality of Nuthe-Urstromtal (Brandenburg)
Infrastructures
Berlin Schöneweide, a railway station in Berlin (Germany)
Berlin Betriebsbahnhof Schöneweide, a railway station in Berlin (Germany) |
Ilyas Khamzatovich Akhmadov (, ; born December 19, 1960) served as the foreign minister of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. He currently resides in the United States, where he was granted political asylum.
Biography
Akhmadov was born on December 19, 1960, in Kazakhstan, where most of the Chechen nation—including his family—had been exiled by Stalin's government in 1944. The Akhmadovs returned to Chechnya in 1962.
From 1978 to 1981 Ilyas Akhmadov studied in the Polytechnic University of Volgograd. After graduation, he served for four years as a sergeant major in the Red Army's Strategic Missile Forces. He left the army in 1985 as a Third Lieutenant, and in 1991 he graduated with distinction in political science from the Rostov University.
Returning to Chechnya, which had declared independence from Russia in the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, he took a job in the political department of the Chechen Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In August 1994 Akhmadov was wounded during the fighting with forces of the warlord Ruslan Labazanov in Argun.
After the First Chechen War broke in 1994, Akhmadov fought against the Russian federal forces, serving first as a volunteer fighter and then as the public affairs officer to Aslan Maskhadov, the Chechen headquarters' chief of staff. In 1996 he retired to private life.
Exile
On July 29, 1999, a month before the beginning of the Second Chechen War, the President of Ichkeria Aslan Maskhadov appointed Ilyas Akhmadov as Foreign Minister. Soon, Akhmadov and his colleagues in the separatist government dispersed and went into hiding, with some again taking up arms against the Russians. Akhmadov himself left Chechnya.
In his appeals and meetings with the representatives of UN, OSCE, PACE, European Parliament, UNHCR, U.S. Congress, the U.S. presidential administration and international NGOs, he called for observance of human rights during the conflict. In January 2000, Akhmadov visited the United States, where he met with officials of the State Department. He embarked on a tour of Western capitals, returning twice to the United States in 2000 and again in 2001. This provoked complaints from Russia, which alleged that he was involved in terrorism in Chechnya and elsewhere in Russia.
In 2002 Akhmadov claimed asylum in the United States but his initial bid was turned down after opposition from the United States Department of Homeland Security. However, he gained support from members of the U.S. Congress and peace campaigners, who saw him as a moderate (indeed, Akhmadov has repeatedly criticised suicide bombings and hostage-takings by Chechen extremists and has campaigned for peace talks to end the war). In April 2004 an Immigration Judge in Boston issued an order granting Akhmadov asylum in the United States; that ruling became effective in August 2004 following the U.S. Government's abrupt withdrawal of its notice of appeal of the Immigration Judge's decision.
See also
List of people granted political asylum
External links
Articles by Akhmadov
Russia's Dirty War Against Chechnya, 19 April 2001
Talk peace in Chechnya in The Boston Globe, 29 September 2003
A Chechnya Plan: Talk in The Washington Post, 10 December 2004
Russia's Forgotten War in The Boston Globe, February 24, 2005
Interviews with Akhmadov
June 1999 interview about the first war
Chechnya fears 'total destruction' from BBC News, November 9, 1999
Chechen Foreign Minister of Chechnya Ilyas Akhmadov Visits RFE from Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 15 November 1999
Stories on Akhmadov
U.S. Puts a Low Profile on Meeting With Chechen Foreign Minister, on a Clinton Administration meeting with Akhmadov, from The New York Times, January 14, 2000
Sacrificing Principle to Putin, on Akhmadov's asylum case, from The Washington Post, December 16, 2003
Two-Faced Chechnya Policy, on Akhmadov's asylum case, from The Washington Post, June 30, 2004
Editorial supporting the granting of asylum to Akhmadov in the U.S. from The Washington Post, August 10, 2004
Story of Akhmadov's asylum in the U.S., and Followup questions from The Washington Post, March 20, 2005
Bibliography
Ilyas Akhmadov, Miriam Lanskoy. The Chechen Struggle: Independence Won and Lost. - Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
1960 births
American Muslims
American people of Chechen descent
Chechen politicians
Chechen militants
Chechen nationalists
Foreign ministers
Living people
People of the Chechen wars
Politicians of Ichkeria
Soviet Army officers
Chechen warlords
Russian exiles
Russian expatriates in Kazakhstan
North Caucasian independence activists
Russian emigrants to the United States |
True Heart Susie is a 1919 American drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. A print of the film survives in the film archive of the British Film Institute. The film has seen several VHS releases as well as a DVD issue.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, "True Heart Susie" (Gish) lives with her aunt (O'Connor) and loves stupid William Jenkins (Harron). Her love is so great that she sacrifices the family cow, a pet of hers, and other farm produce so that he can go to college, but the benefaction is a secret one, and he finishes his theological studies without suspecting that she aided him. He has impressed her that she must dress as plainly as possible, and she is so attired when she goes with him for a "sody" on his triumphant return from college, but his eyes wander to girls giving a more attractive expression of themselves. After he becomes a minister, he cruelly consults Susie about the policy of taking a wife, and almost breaks her heart when he weds gay Bettina "Betty" Hopkins (Seymour), expecting his bride to adopt herself to his colorless life. The young wife fails to satisfy her husband with her cooking, with William finding the dishes Susie makes more to his taste. He begins to regret his marriage, and so does his wife, who escapes the monotony of her marriage by attending a dance at a neighboring house. After she loses her key and gets caught in the rain on the way home, Betty appeals to Susie, who shields her from the consequences as far as the minister is concerned. However, Betty's fright and her soaking bring on a fatal sickness, and it is after her death that her husband learns of her escapade. Although he swears never to marry again, he finds that True Heart Susie has given the one opportunity of his life, and he returns to her with the offering of his hand in marriage.
Cast
Reception and critical assessment
Film historian Paul O’Dell reports that “many commentators have noted the great charm of his picture, as well as moments of deep emotional intensity.” Critic James Travers of French Films.org applies a number of superlatives to True Heart Suzie, noting its “authenticity” and “realism,” and praising Lillian Gish for her naturalistic portrayal of Suzie.
Though filmed concurrently with Griffith’s Broken Blossoms (1919), True Heart Susie was released after the more highly acclaimed work which also starred Lillian Gish. As such, True Heart Suzie “is not, or has not been, more highly regarded than perhaps it should have been.” TV Guide affirms the point:
Paul O’Dell adds:
Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated
See also
D. W. Griffith filmography
Lillian Gish filmography
The House That Shadows Built (1931 promotional film by Paramount)
References
Sources
External links
True Heart Susie available for free download at Internet Archive
1919 films
1919 drama films
Films directed by D. W. Griffith
Silent American drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Articles containing video clips
1910s American films |
Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1928–29.
Scottish League Division One
Scottish League Division Two
See also
1928–29 in Scottish football
References
Scottish Football League seasons |
Michael Wiley may refer to:
Michael Wiley (American football) (born 1978), American football player
Michael Wiley (author) (21st century), American novelist and academic
Michael Wiley (basketball) (born 1957), American basketball player |
not to be confused with Ankilimivory
Ankilimivony is a village on the southwest coast of Madagascar. It is located along the road from Anakao in the north and Ankiririsa to the southwest. The main part of the village is located about a mile inland but there is also a coastal fishing settlement. There is a resort for surfing, kitesurfing and whale watching between Ankilimivony and Anakao.
References
Populated coastal places in Madagascar
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
Felix Blache-Fraser (August 19, 1932 – December 3, 2017) was a Black Canadian broadcaster, non-fiction author, film producer, film festival founder, public servant, and educator in Alberta.
Broadcasting and journalism
Born in Montreal in 1932, Fraser began his career in broadcasting in 1951, when hired at the age of nineteen by Foster Hewitt for his radio station CKFH in Toronto. In 1952, he worked as a radio announcer in Timmins, Ontario, for six months before being hired as assistant news editor at CKBB radio in Barrie, where he would become the station's sports director and play-by-play announcer, calling games for the Barrie Flyers.
In 1955, Fraser moved back to Montreal, where he attended McGill University and hosted an all-night show at CKVL in Verdun. In 1956, he worked as a news editor at CFCF radio, eventually becoming chief writer.
Fraser moved to western Canada in 1958, and initially worked in public relations for Saskatchewan Government Insurance. However, he also remained involved in radio broadcasting, hosting between-period hot stove league discussions on junior hockey broadcasts and sometimes doing play-by-play announcing. In 1960, he founded a newspaper called the Regina Weekly Mirror.
He moved to Edmonton in 1965, where he became program manager and senior producer of the Metropolitan Edmonton Educational Television Association (MEETA), Canada's first educational television channel, which aired on CBXFT. Fraser subsequently became producer/host of Newsmakers, a weekly public affairs program on ITV Global Edmonton, and then served as president and CEO of VisionTV, Toronto.
In 1974, Fil moved over to the ‘opposition', to host a one-year run of his own eponymous talk show on Dr. Charles Allard's newly-launched CITV private television station, and also began what would become a five-year stint as host of a talk show on CJCA-AM radio Edmonton. In 1980 he took his talk-show host talents across town to CKXM-FM Edmonton, which had just changed its call-sign from CFRN, to avoid confusion with the AM station that used the same call letters. This series ran for three years; in 1983 he became host of Alberta Morning, the daily program that ran on CKUA-AM, then operated by Access Alberta. Later, in 1987, he became Director of Development for Access Alberta, in Edmonton.
Fraser served on the Alberta Task Force on Film and the Federal Task Force on Broadcasting Policy (Caplan/Savageau) and was the Governor of the Canadian Journalism Foundation as well as a member of the Canadian Association of Black Journalists.
Death
Fil Fraser died in Edmonton on December 3, 2017 of heart failure, aged 85. He was survived by his wife, Gladys Odegard; his four children, three siblings and extended family. He was predeceased by his parents, Felix and Marguerite Blache-Fraser, and three siblings.
Film
In the 1970s, Fraser formed a production company to produce educational television films. He then went on to produce four feature films, from 1977–82, including Why Shoot the Teacher? (executive producer), Marie-Anne, The Hounds of Notre Dame (producer), and Latitude 55° (executive producer). He was a founding member of the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television.
He organized the first Alberta Film Festival in 1974, which later became the Alberta Motion Picture Industry Association, and founded the Banff International Television Festival in 1979.
Writing
Fraser's published non-fiction works include Alberta's Camelot: Culture and the Arts in the Lougheed Years (2003), which looked at how programs by the government of former premier Peter Lougheed helped the provincial arts sector to flourish from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s.
His 2006 book, Running Uphill: The Fast, Short Life of Canadian Champion Harry Jerome, looked at the pioneering Black Canadian track star Harry Jerome. In 2009, he completed the book How the Blacks Created Canada, part of a series of books from publisher Dragon Hill about how different cultural groups have contributed to the development of Canada.
Public service and academia
Fraser served as Chief Commissioner for the Alberta Human Rights Commission from 1989 to 1992 and served on the Spicer Commission.
A writer and educator in the field of alcoholism and addictions, he served as head of alcoholism prevention programs for both Alberta and Saskatchewan. He was an adjunct professor in State and Legal Studies at Athabasca University.
Honours
Fraser was a member of the Order of Canada and received the Alberta Achievement Award. In 2015, he was made a member of the Alberta Order of Excellence.
Bibliography
References
External links
1932 births
2017 deaths
Black Canadian broadcasters
Black Canadian filmmakers
Film producers from Quebec
Film festival founders
Canadian television executives
Writers from Montreal
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Academic staff of Athabasca University
Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence
Members of the Order of Canada
Black Canadian writers
Canadian non-fiction writers
McGill University alumni
Anglophone Quebec people
Black Canadian journalists |
"Body on Me" is a song by British singer Rita Ora, featuring guest vocals by American recording artist Chris Brown. The song was released on 7 August 2015. There's also a remix called Body on Me (Fetty Wap Remix) it features American rapper and singer Fetty Wap that was released on 25 August 2015
Background and composition
Ora and Brown confirmed their collaboration on 24 July 2015 by posting a still from the song's accompanying music video to their respective Instagram accounts. The song's audio and accompanying artwork were revealed on 6 August, ahead of its release on 7 August 2015. "Body on Me" is a pop and R&B song with a tempo of 89 beats per minute.
Music video
A music video to accompany the release of the song was first released on Vevo on 18 August 2015 at a total length of four minutes and thirty-nine seconds. The music video was directed by Colin Tilley and stars Rita Ora and Chris Brown.In the video we see Rita Ora in her apartment dancing in her shorts and croptop while and in the second scene we see Rita still in her shorts but this time without her croptop whereas she is covering her with a flag and in another scene we see Chris and Rita almost kissing on top of each other. And in the last scene we see Chris knocking on the window asking Rita to dance and she accepts and they go out on the rooftop and dance
Live performances
Ora and Brown performed the song for the first time together during an episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live on 8 September 2015. Ora later performed a solo rendition of the song on Good Morning America on 16 September and in an episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show which aired on 5 October. Ora included the song as part of a medley with "Poison" and "Trapping Ain't Dead" at the 2015 MOBO Awards, where she was joined onstage by Section Boyz. On 12 November 2015, Ora performed the song as part of medley with "I Will Never Let You Down" at the Bambi Awards 2015.
Track listing
Digital download
"Body on Me" (featuring Chris Brown) – 3:45
Digital download – Fetty Wap Remix
"Body on Me" (Fetty Wap Remix) (featuring Chris Brown and Fetty Wap) – 3:49
Digital download – The Remixes
"Body on Me" (Zac Samuel Remix Edit)– 3:18
"Body on Me" (Dave Audé Tropical Remix) – 4:47
"Body on Me" (Fwdslxsh Remix – 2:42
CD single
"Body on Me" (featuring Chris Brown) – 3:47
"Body on Me" (Fetty Way Remix) (featuring Chris Brown and Fetty Wap) – 3:50
Charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
2015 singles
2015 songs
Rita Ora songs
Roc Nation singles
Chris Brown songs
Music videos directed by Colin Tilley
Songs written by Chris Brown
Songs written by James Abrahart
Song recordings produced by the Monsters & Strangerz
Songs written by Tinashe Sibanda
Male–female vocal duets
Songs written by Jordan Johnson (songwriter)
Songs written by Stefan Johnson
Songs written by Marcus Lomax |
Bartholomew Murphy (17 February 1909 - 6 May 1999) was an Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer. He lined out with club sides Sarsfields and Glanmire, and at the inter-county level with Cork. Murphy also served as an administrator and selector.
Playing career
Murphy first played Gaelic games as a schoolboy and won his first medal with Glounthaune NS in a school's league in 1923. He progressed to adult level with the Glanmire-Sarsfields Gaelic football and hurling clubs and won six East Cork JFC titles in a nine-year period before winning a Cork JFC title in 1937. Murphy also won a Kelleher Shield with Glanmire in 1940.
Murphy first appeared on the inter-county scene with Cork as a member of the junior team. He won a Munster JHC medal in 1929. Murphy later played alongside his brothers Tom and Jim with the senior team and made a number of appearances in tournament and challenge games.
Post-playing career
Murphy served as treasurer of the East Cork Board between 1944 and 1947 and was his club's board delegate for a number of years. He also served as secretary of the Sarsfields club and was club president at the time of his death.
Murphy was also involved in team management and coaching and was a selector on numerous inter-county teams. His first success was in 1951 when he was part of the selection committee for Cork's All-Ireland MHC triumph. Murphy was a senior team selector the following year as Cork claimed the All-Ireland SHC title. He was a junior team selector for All-Ireland JHC triumphs in 1955 and 1958. Murphy's last inter-county success was an All-Ireland U21HC title in 1973. He was also a selector when the Imokilly senior football team won Cork SFC titles in 1984 and 1986.
Personal life and death
Murphy married Molly O'Donovan in 1942 and had six children. Two of his sons, Bertie Óg and Tadhg, lined out with Glanmire, Sarsfields and at inter-county level with Cork. His grandson, Tadhg Óg Murphy, was also a Sarsfields and Cork hurler.
Murphy died on 6 May 1999, at the age of 90.
Honours
Player
Glanmire
Cork Junior Football Championship: 1937
East Cork Junior Football Championship: 1929, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1937
Cork
Munster Junior Hurling Championship: 1929
Selector
Imokilly
Cork Senior Football Championship: 1984, 1986
Cork
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: 1952
Munster Senior Hurling Championship: 1952
All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship: 1955, 1958
Munster Junior Hurling Championship: 1955, 1958
All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship: 1973
Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship: 1973
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship: 1951
Munster Minor Hurling Championship: 1951
References
1909 births
1999 deaths
Sarsfields (Cork) hurlers
Glanmire Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county hurlers
Gaelic football selectors
Hurling selectors
Gaelic games administrators |
The S. Gourse & Sons Block is a historic commercial building located at 162-170 Pleasant Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. Built in two stages between 1896 and 1926, it is an architecturally distinctive surviving building in the city from that period, its two sections designed by prominent local architects. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022; The building has been converted to residential use.
Description and history
The S. Gourse & Sons Block is located a short way east of Fall River's City Hall, on the north side of Pleasant Street between Troy and 6th Streets. It is a four-story masonry structure, built of brick with stone and metal trim. It consists of two separate buildings, which have been conjoined since the construction of the second building in 1926. The older building, constructed 1896–99, has three storefronts on the ground floor and eight window bays on the upper floors. It is stylistically a simple version of the Classical Revival, with stone sills and headers; the headers of the third-floor windows form a continuous band. The 1926 building is three bays wide, and has more elaborate styling. Its upper window bays are separated by pilasters, and there is a dentillated cornice beneath a tiered parapet at the roof line. The interior has been extensively renovated to provide residential housing.
The 1899 building was designed by Joseph M. Darling, and the 1926 building was designed by Edward M. Corbett; both were prominent local architects. The ground-floor storefront of the 1899 building was initially occupied by Simon Gourse's retail clothing business. Gourse eventually purchased the entire building, and oversaw its expansion in 1926. The building is a rare surviving structure from the period in Fall River's downtown area, which suffered from a major fire in 1928, and then the construction of Interstate 195 in the 1970s.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts
Corky Row Historic District
References
Buildings and structures in Fall River, Massachusetts
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Commercial buildings completed in 1899
National Register of Historic Places in Fall River, Massachusetts
1899 establishments in Massachusetts |
Mette Nørskov Nielsen (born 28 February 1975) is a retired Danish swimmer who won a bronze medal at the 1991 European Aquatics Championships. She also competed at the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics in five events; her best achievement was sixth place in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay in 1992.
References
1975 births
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Danish female freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Denmark
Living people
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Sportspeople from Esbjerg |
Paul Steven Sangren (, born April 2, 1946) is a socio-cultural anthropologist of China and Taiwan, and is a leading expert in the study of Chinese religion. He is Hu Shih Distinguished Professor of Chinese Studies and Anthropology Emeritus at Cornell University. His research interests include socio-cultural anthropology, religion and ritual, gender, psychoanalysis, practice, China and Taiwan.
Early life
Sangren was born on April 2, 1946, in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He earned his B.A. from Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University in 1968. After Princeton, he joined the Navy and attended the U.S. Naval Officer Candidate School at Newport, Rhode Island. Subsequently, Sangren was commissioned as a LTJG and served in the Underwater Demolition Team Eleven from 1969 to 1972. In 1972, Sangren headed for Stanford University to pursue his Ph.D. in anthropology under the supervision of G. William Skinner. He conducted fieldwork on the Mazu's cult in Taiwan between 1974 and 1977. Sangren received his Ph.D. in January 1980.
Academic career
After completing his Ph.D. in 1980, Sangren became an assistant professor of anthropology at Cornell University. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1986 and to Professor in 1992. Sangren was the associate director of Cornell's East Asia Program between 1988 and 1989, and chair of Cornell's Anthropology department between 1997 and 2000. Sangren was named the Hu Shih Distinguished Professor of China Studies in 2017.
Notes
American anthropologists
American sinologists
1946 births
Cornell University faculty
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
Stanford University alumni
Living people |
Kayağantaş is a village in the Pazar District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 40 (2021).
History
According to list of villages in Laz language book (2009), name of the village is Sitori. Most villagers are ethnically Laz.
Geography
The village is located away from Pazar.
References
Villages in Pazar District, Rize
Laz settlements in Turkey |
Massower See is a lake in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. At an elevation of 68.9 m, its surface area is 1.133 km².
Lakes of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
Lar (, also Romanized as Lār; also known as Lārī, Īl Ārī, and Iliari) is a village in Rudqat Rural District, Sufian District, Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 530, in 102 families.
References
Populated places in Shabestar County |
Zeroth-order logic is a branch of logic without variables or quantifiers. Some authors use the phrase "zeroth-order logic" as a synonym for the propositional calculus, but an alternative definition extends propositional logic by adding constants, operations, and relations on non-Boolean values. Every zeroth-order language in this broader sense is complete and compact.
References
Propositional calculus
Systems of formal logic |
The Teatro Municipal (since 1958 also known as the Teatro Municipal Rafael de Aguiar) is a municipal theatre located in San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Argentina. It is that city's main venue for opera, ballet, and orchestral performances. Commissioned in 1905 and built from 1906 to 1908, the theatre was inaugurated on August 10, 1908, with a performance of Giacomo Puccini's Manon Lescaut with Gaetano Bavagnoli conducting.
Sources
"San Nicolás de los Arroyos - 250 años", Buenos Aires, Editorial Capuz Varela, 1998.
"San Nicolás de los Arroyos. 250 años. La Historia de una ciudad", San Nicolás, Diario El Norte, 1998.
"Crónica de San Nicolás de los Arroyos (1608-1988), Gregorio Santiago Chervo, San Nicolás, Ediciones del Museo y Archivo Histórico Municipal "Primer Combate Naval Argentino", 1988.
Concert halls in Argentina
Opera houses in Argentina
Teatro Municipal (San Nicolás de los Arroyos)
Teatro Municipal (San Nicolás de los Arroyos)
Theatres completed in 1908
Music venues completed in 1908
1908 establishments in Argentina |
National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) is an inter-operable transport card conceived by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs of the Government of India. It was launched on 4 March 2019. The transport card enables the user to pay for travel, toll duties (toll tax), retail shopping and withdraw money.
It is enabled through the RuPay card mechanism. The NCMC card is issuable as a prepaid, debit, or credit RuPay card from partnered banks such as the State Bank of India, Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, and others.
History
In late 2010, the Government of India envisioned a scheme wherein seamless access could be granted to public transport networks. The system, which later came to be known as Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS), aimed to let passengers pay across different public transport platforms using one system. This was created as an effort to bring together the public transport system of the country under one umbrella. By making it accessible to every individual in every city, the government aimed to increase ease of access for public transport. The project is also structured in such a way so as to include customers across a wide variety of socio-economic strata. An additional focus was also put on reducing the transaction time to the minimum, so as to make the payment experience as seamless as possible. It is also structured in such a way so as to reduce the financial risk to the stakeholders involved in the effort. It is designated as an EMV-based Open Loop Payments system.
The NCMC is an indigenously made product, and is a part of the Make In India project. It was first conceptualised in 2006 as part of the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP). A previous attempt to develop a similar national mobility card led to the development of the More Card. Given its lack of seamless functioning across the nation, Venkaiah Naidu, the then Minister of Urban Development, set up a committee to recommend a card which is inter-operable across different transport systems in the country.
The urban development ministry brought in the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) with the task of management, clearing and settlement of payments, simulating cards and terminals and maintenance of network. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has created the reader prototype.
On 8 April 2019, The Economic Times reported that Visa was seeking to issue National Common Mobility Cards. Visa announced that it had launched specifications to support the NCMC on 13 May 2019. Visa is ready with the specifications to start issuing cards on the NCMC network and has started discussions with banks to issue their cards on NCMC as well, but it will take some time for the cards to start getting rolled out in the market. Mastercard stated on 22 May 2019 that 15 Indian banks were at "various stages of signing up" for its NCMC. Mastercard is all set to join the National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) scheme, just weeks after its biggest competitor Visa said it planned to enter the programme as per Vikas Varma, senior vice-president, account management for South Asia at Mastercard.
Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation (MRVC) is planning to implement the ambitious scheme in Mumbai suburban railway network in a step towards an integrated ticketing system (ITS).
In certain cities such as Bengaluru and Chennai, adoption of NCMC by users of transport systems was slow due to a lack of integration across different modes of transport and parking payments. At the end of 2022, Kolkata had still not seen NCMC deployment in any of its transport modes.
In July 2023, Government of India directed banks to issue NCMC-compliant cards by default to customers.
Technical details
Acceptance
The following public transport systems in the country currently accept fare payments via the National Common Mobility Card, with many more public transport operators across the country in various stages of planning/implementation to accept NCMC as a mode of payment over the next few years.
References
Contactless smart cards
Fare collection systems
Public transport in India
Debit cards
Credit cards in India
Modi administration initiatives
Ministry of Urban Development
2019 establishments in India |
The Seattle Girls Choir (SGC) was established in 1982 by Dr. Jerome L. Wright as a "junior conservatory" where young women from throughout the Puget Sound region could gather after school to develop their music education.
In 2009, Dr. Wright retired as Artistic Director of SGC. He was succeeded by Jacob Winkler.
The Choir School is divided into six levels, from youngest to oldest: Piccolini, Dolcine, Vivissimi, Allegra, Cantamus and Prime Voci. Students range from the Kindergarten through 12th grades.
The curriculum includes vocal technique, music theory, sight singing, solfege, ear training, and general musicianship.
Achievements
First-place awards
International Youth & Music Festival – Vienna, Austria
Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod, Wales – First Prize, Youth Choir Division
International Choral Kathaumixw, Canada – First Prizes in Youth Choirs & Chamber Choirs
Second-place awards
International Choral Kathaumixw, Canada – Second place in Children's Choir Competition
Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod, Wales – Second Place, Children's Folk Song Choir
Special performances
Salzburg Festival, performance, July 19, 2009
World Festival of Women's Singing – Salt Lake City, Feb. 4–7, 2004
Czech Sacred Music Festival, Prague – Featured Choir, 2003
Seattle Girls' Choir Twentieth Anniversary Concert – Benaroya Symphony Hall, Seattle – June 2002
World Festival of Women's Singing (Americafest) – Co-host Choir with Elektra – 2001 Concerts at Town Hall, St. James Cathedral and Benaroya Symphony Hall, Seattle
ACDA National Convention, San Antonio, Texas – March 2001
Mass at St. Peter's Basilica & Concert at St. Ignatius, Rome – 2000
Part of the Millennium Jubilee Cathedral Tour. Cathedrals concerts in Vienna, Salzburg, Munich, Venice, Ravenna, Siena, Florence and Rome (by invitation of the Pope.)
Portland International Children's Choir Festival "Featured American Choir" – 1998
ACDA National Convention, San Diego, California – March 1997
Harvard University Festival of Women's Choirs – 1996
AmericaFest 1994: Concerts in Minneapolis, Des Moines, Chicago, Grand Rapids, Toronto, Quebec City, the Maritimes and New England. (One of four Founding Choirs with Tapiola Choir of Finland, Shchedryk Choir of Ukraine and Efroni Choir of Israel.)
ACDA National Convention, San Antonio, Texas – March 1993
International Singing Week (Europa Cantat) – Veszprem, Hungary—1992
International Choral Sympaatti – Helsinki & Tampere Finland – 1990
ISME International Conference – Finlandia Hall, Helsinki – 1990
Goodwill Games Arts Festival – Host Choir for the Soviet-American Youth Choir Festival – 1990
Chorus America National Convention
MENC National Convention – Anaheim, California – 1986
East Coast US Tour – 1984 Boston, New York (UN & St. John the Divine), Philadelphia (Mayor's Fourth of July Celebration at Independence Hall), Washington, DC, Baltimore and Orlando
West Coast US Tour – 1982 Portland, Eugene and San Francisco (Grace Cathedral)
European concert tours
1985, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2016. Countries visited: Norway, Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Russia, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, France, England, Scotland, Wales, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania
External links
Seattle Girls' Choir webpage
Choirs of children
Culture of Seattle
Girls' and women's choirs
Musical groups established in 1982
1982 establishments in Washington (state) |
Stanlow and Thornton railway station is located within the Stanlow Refinery in Cheshire, England. It lies on the Hooton–Helsby line with services operated by Northern Trains. The station is surrounded by the refinery site, so as a result most station users are refinery employees. In 2018–19 it was the joint least-used railway station in Britain, tied with Denton in Greater Manchester. In 2020/21, the station was also one of the least used stations in Britain, with 0 entries/exits. Since 3 February 2022 the station has been temporarily closed due to safety concerns of the footbridge which is the only entrypoint to the station.
History
The station was opened on 23 December 1940 jointly by the Great Western Railway and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. The station served the Shell Thornton Aero Engine Laboratory (AEL), which was responsible for developing fuels and oils for the aircraft of the Royal Air Force.
A short distance from the station was a signal box. This controlled all of the sidings used for freight. Shell stopped using rail as a method of transportation of goods, and subsequently, the sidings were removed. Eventually, the signal box was dismantled and donated to the Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. Today, the signals for this line and station are controlled at Helsby and Ellesmere Port signal boxes, operated by Network Rail.
The station was originally earmarked for closure under what is known today as the Beeching Axe, a report created by Dr. Beeching entitled "The Reshaping of British Railways". This was a report commissioned by the government to find out how money could be saved, as use of the railways began to decline.
Quietest station in the UK
Station usage statistics for 2004–05 showed 40 passengers using the station, less than one per week. Passenger numbers began to increase at the station in 2005–06, with 130 people using it in 2005–06. This rose sharply to 326 in 2006–07, despite the same rail services being operated.
In January 2020 the station was named as the joint quietest in the UK, alongside Denton Station in Greater Manchester, with just 46 entries and exits in the period 1 April 2018 to 31 March 2019. Passengers increased to 82 the following year, but Stanlow and Thornton remained one of only six British stations to serve fewer than 100 annual passengers.
Facilities
At this station there are covered shelters, with three metal seats on either platform. There is a payphone located on the Helsby platform.
A footpath leads from the road to a flight of 48 steps with 2 rest landings and a handrail onto a footbridge. From the footbridge to the left, the first flight of 30 steps with rest landing and handrail leads to the Helsby platform, and the second flight of 30 steps with rest landing and handrail leads to the Ellesmere Port platform. The station is definitely not accessible for people with mobility problems.
The booking office is still extant at the Ellesmere Port platform, but has been closed for some time. It now houses the electrics for the station and is boarded up.
Although not controlled by Northern Trains, the station does have CCTV monitored by the security services at the Essar oil refinery.
There is limited car parking at the entrance of the station.
The station is now unstaffed with no ticket office so passengers buy tickets from a conductor on board the train.
Services
No trains currently call at this station due to it being closed because of safety concerns. It used to receive 4 trains a day on weekdays and Saturdays. These services were from Helsby to Ellesmere Port and return, except for the final evening service which went to Liverpool Lime Street. There is no estimate as to when services may resume.
The North Cheshire Rail User Group supports and actively campaigns for an improved service at this station and for this railway line.
Public transport interchange
The station is located on Oil Sites Road, a private road owned by Essar Oil. This is now closed to motor vehicles, except for access to the site. The original owner, Shell, had cited increased commercial traffic to its refinery and the number of public vehicles using the road, recklessly in some cases, as reasons for closure. The road previously also allowed quick access to the villages of Ince and Elton from Ellesmere Port and beyond.
Although it is theoretically accessible by foot, it involves a long walk from either Ellesmere Port, Ince or Elton, all of which have their own railway stations. There are no bus or taxi services at this station due to the access restrictions.
References
Notes
Sources
Further reading
External links
Railway stations in Cheshire
DfT Category F2 stations
Former Birkenhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1940
Low usage railway stations in the United Kingdom
Former Northern franchise railway stations |
Ysgol Dyffryn Conwy is a bilingual co-educational comprehensive school in the town of Llanrwst in Conwy County Borough, North Wales. The school serves the community of Llanrwst and the many surrounding villages including the rural districts of Betws-y-Coed, Dolgarrog and Cerrigydrudion. There are around 658 pupils on roll, including 137 in the sixth form, which is lower than the figures at the time of the last inspection in 2014. Most of them are bilingual. The school has recently been moved onto one expanded site which had originally housed years 7-9 only. The site of the upper school (the oldest building and site of the original grammar school) has been developed into an NHS centre.
The headteacher of the school from 2014–2020 was Elan Davies, the first female headteacher of the school in 400 years.
The school was founded as Llanrwst Grammar School in 1610 by Sir John Wynn, which was situated in the building of the 'upper school'. In 1960 it was renamed Ysgol Dyffryn Conwy (Conwy Valley School) to reflect the fact that the school served the wider Conwy Valley.
In February 2005 the pupils were all moved to the Sodexo-owned site on Nebo Road.
Examinations
The school offers education for KS3, KS4 and Post-16 students. It offers GCSE, Entry Level examinations for KS4 and AS-level and A-level for Post-16 education. It is a Welsh Joint Education Committee accredited centre for presenting records of national achievement, using the WJEC as an examination board. This school was the first in Conwy to give Year 10 pupils a chance to get a qualification in Physical Education, without taking up the GCSE.
Notable former pupils
Glyn Wise
Kai Owen
Paul Griffiths
Russell E. Morris
References
External links
Welsh Government Information 2000 (archive)
Welsh Government Results 2000 (archive)
Llanrwst
Secondary schools in Conwy County Borough |
Antonio Acín Dal Maschio is a Spanish theoretical physicist, currently an ICREA professor at ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences in Castelldefels, near Barcelona.
Research interests
Acín's primary research interest lies in quantum information theory, with a particular focus on entanglement characterization and quantum nonlocality. He is also involved in developing quantum communication protocols, emphasizing quantum cryptography and randomness.
Education
Antonio Acín received his undergraduate education in both Telecommunication Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia from 1990 to 1997 and Physics at the University of Barcelona from 1993 to 1997. He then pursued his doctoral studies at the University of Barcelona and earned his Doctorate in Theoretical Physics in 2001.
Research career
Antonio Acín began his research career as a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Geneva's GAP-Optique from October 2001 to March 2003, focusing on theoretical aspects of quantum information. In April 2003, he moved to ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences, where he continued his post-doctoral work until December 2004. Acín then transitioned into a faculty position at ICFO, serving as an assistant professor from January 2005 to December 2007. He was subsequently promoted to Professor in January 2008. Later that year in September 2008, Acín was appointed as an ICREA Professor at ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences.
Acín's research has been recognized with several grants and awards, such as the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant CERQUTE (2020-2024), ERC Consolidator Grant QITBOX (2014-2019), ERC Proof-of-Concept MAMBO (2012-2013), and ERC Starting Grant PERCENT (2008-2013). He was also awarded the AXA Chair in Quantum Information Science, the prize “La Recherche” in 2011 and the Paul Ehrenfest Best Paper Award for Quantum Foundations in 2018 and 2022.
Acín has served on the Scientific Advisory Board of several research institutes, including the Centre for Quantum Technologies in Singapore, the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information in Vienna, and the International Advisory Council of the International Institute of Physics in Natal.
Popular Science Work
Antonio Acín has been involved in promoting scientific understanding among the general public. He has given a number of educational talks aimed at non-scientists and written several popular science articles. He is also the author of a book.
Selected publications
See also
Tsirelson's bound (Acín's contributions to the problem are mentioned)
Quantum nonlocality
Quantum key distribution
Quantum information
References
Living people
Spanish physicists
University of Barcelona alumni
People from Catalonia
Academics from Catalonia
Year of birth missing (living people) |
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