Split (2)

train · 999k rows

text stringlengths 1 22.8M
Warwick Court House and Police Complex is a heritage-listed courthouse at 88 Fitzroy Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John James Clark and built from 1885 to 1914 by William G Conley. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. History The Warwick Court House and Police Complex comprises a group of timber and stone buildings erected from 1885. The town of Warwick was gazetted in 1847, and a police unit is recorded as being established in Warwick from this time. A shepherds hut on Canning Downs is believed to have been used as the first police station and barracks. In 1850 a township was laid out, and allotments auctioned. Warwick was incorporated as a municipality (the Borough of Warwick) in 1861. Indications are that Albion Street was the main centre of Warwick during the early development of the town. A reserve was set aside in Albion Street, and public buildings erected on this site included a court house (1862) and police station, post office (late 1860s) and telegraph office (front portion of the court house, erected 1875). Court house The Albion Street site was prone to flooding from the Condamine River, and by the mid-1880s plans had been prepared for a new court house on an allotment purchased from Frederick Hudson, at the southeast corner of Fitzroy and Guy Streets. The design for the court house was prepared by the Department of Works, John James Clark being Queensland Colonial Architect at the time. The contract price for the building was just over £3700. The contractor for the building was William G Conley, and John McCullough completed the stonework on the building. The decision to incorporate a clock tower at the front of the building was made during construction, and the clock was supplied by Messrs Flavelle Brothers and Roberts. A public clock appears to have been long sought after by Warwick citizens. By late 1887, a shed and stables were needed; these were erected shortly after. During the early years of use, the court house proved to be draughty and have poor acoustics, these problems being attributed to the "over-ventilation" of the court house through "superfluous" openings in the ceiling. Various measures were undertaken to overcome these problems, including capping the roof ventilators. A false ceiling was eventually added to the court room to reduce the volume of the space. A brick strong room was erected at the rear of the court house in 1880. This building is now used as a store. Consistent with its public function, the court house has also provided offices for government agencies including Land Agent, the Labour Bureau and various Registrars and Inspectors, for example, the Inspector of Factories and Shops. Part of the rear verandah was enclosed and extended in 1914 to provide additional office space. Alterations to the building have been undertaken from the 1960s, including the formation of a public entry/waiting area by enclosing the western verandah, and the rearrangement of office spaces within the building. Former Timber Lock-Up (1892) / Former Acting Sergeant's Residence The difficulties associated with separate sites for court house and lock-up became apparent following the erection of the court house in 1886. For example, prisoners had to be escorted through the streets to the court house; a situation which was regarded as highly undesirable. Sketch plans indicating the placement of a new lock-up on the court house site were prepared in the late 1880s. Tenders were called in November 1891 for a "new Police Station in the court house yard", the contract of J Ledbury being accepted in December that year. The contract price was £415, and the building which included 3 cells and living quarters, was generally referred to as the lock-up/lock-up keeper's quarters. Contemporary newspaper reports indicate that the building was completed by the end of April 1892. With the completion of a new stone police station on the adjoining land in 1901, consideration was given to the future use of the timber lockup; the options for which included sale of the building, or its removal to another district where a police station was required. The matter appears to have been settled in December 1900 when it was decided that it was "...a first rate building in excellent repair, and will make good quarters for a married Sub Officer...". The building has provided residential accommodation for police officers from this time. Records indicate that in September 1903 it was recommended that the old cells be pulled down and stacked, ready for removal to other areas. It is assumed that the cells referred to, were those erected as part of the timber lock-up. Evidence suggests that this building, originally in a U-shaped form combining living quarters and cells, is one of few remaining buildings of this type erected during late nineteenth century. Police Buildings By the late 1890s, accommodation at the police station in Albion Street was described as "...very indifferent...", and it was suggested that the old post office premises, (a new post office having been erected in Palmerin Street in 1898) be handed over to the police department to be made part of the station. The former telegraph and post office buildings were quite dilapidated by this time, and would have required major repairs to make them fit for habitation. As the town had extended in a south west direction, Albion Street was no longer as central, and attention turned to the allotment in Fitzroy Street adjoining the court house and timber lockup, as the site for a new police station. Plans were prepared for the new building late in 1899 by the Department of Public Works, Alfred Barton Brady being the Government Architect at the time. The contract for the new stone police station was let to John Longwill of Warwick, at a price of just over £5700. The final inspection of the new buildings was carried out in July 1901 by Thomas Pye, District Architect - Southern Division, who reported that "...The work has been carried out well, and the buildings as completed have a good and substantial appearance...". The new stone building provided office and residential accommodation, which included barracks and officer's quarters. Five new cells and a new lock-up keeper's residence, both of stone construction, and stables were also completed at this time. Problems with the settlement of the foundations of the police station building required repairs throughout the early 1900s, including underpinning in 1908, insertion of tie rods in 1910 and bolting the walls in 1913. During the 1940s an Air Raid Shelter was erected at the police station, which was converted into a police garage following the Second World War. Also around this time, the police stables were converted into a garage then Public Works Depot. These buildings have since been demolished. Warwick Police District was created in the mid-1950s, the headquarters being at Warwick. It is likely that it was at this time the building ceased to be used for residential accommodation, with houses for police quarters being acquired elsewhere in Warwick. The building was rearranged to include an office for the district inspector and staff. An inspection of the station in 1971 found the buildings generally in poor condition, and there was some indication that plans for a new station were being prepared, although did not eventuate. A new district office was erected at the police station , and the station building was renovated . Description The Warwick Court House and Police Complex fronts Fitzroy Street to the north and is bounded by Guy Street to the west and Haig Avenue to the east. The complex consists of the court house, police station, lock-up, former lock-up keeper's residence, former acting sergeant's residence and service buildings. Court house The court house is a single-storeyed (with attic) sandstone structure located on the corner of Guy Street fronting Fitzroy Street to the north. The building has a hipped sheet metal roof, with metal ridge ventilators, and a clock tower on the Fitzroy Street frontage. The symmetrical Fitzroy Street facade, of dressed sandstone, is stepped in plan with the central clock tower and pedimented entrance abutting the footpath. The pediment is supported by four pilasters resting on a deep base framing an entrance. The entrance has double timber panelled doors with fanlight surrounded by a sandstone moulding and keystone. A deep string course crosses above the entrance between the pilasters at eave height, with a metal coat of arms positioned centrally above. The clock tower is square in plan with a clock face, surrounded by sandstone mouldings and framed by pilasters with a deep cornice above, to each side and a convex hipped sheet metal roof. The lower wings either side of the tower have parapet walls and continue the eave height string course and top ledge of the sandstone base. The rear of the structure is of rough faced sandstone. Windows are mainly timber sashes and have sheet metal hoods with cast iron brackets. The building is H-shaped in plan, with the taller court room forming the main section of the building with lower offices and service rooms forming the cross wings at either end. The court room has verandahs on either side, with the western side having been enclosed to form the main entry fronting Guy Street and the eastern having steel posts. High level windows above the verandah roof on the west light the attic space which was formerly a gallery level. Internally, the building has been refitted a number of times. Walls are rendered and ceilings are mainly of hardboard. Some painted timber fireplace surrounds remain, as do some panelled timber doors with glass fanlights. A strong room, now used for storage, retains the original steel door. The attic space, originally a gallery level and now accessed by a steep timber stair, has a coffered, boarded timber ceiling which now supports a curved, suspended ceiling to the court room below. Police Station The police station is a two-storeyed sandstone structure fronting Fitzroy Street to the north. The building has a gable and half-gable sheet metal roof, with dressed sandstone street facade, chimney stacks and quoining to the side and rear with square-snecked rock-faced ashlar. The chimney stacks are capped by a cornice and have circular openings on the vertical face. The symmetrical street facade has an arched sandstone arcade to the ground floor, consisting of four central arched bays supporting a verandah to the first floor, with two smaller arched bays on either side. A central stone wall divides the verandah and arcade, reflecting the original function of the building, with a set of stone entrance steps to each of the end central bays. The arches have pronounced extrados, imposts and keystones, and the verandah has timber batten balustrade and French doors with fanlights. Downpipe heads have the year 1900 in relief, gables have decorative timber panels and windows are timber sashes. A section of verandah is located at the rear on the ground floor, and a single-storeyed masonry toilet wing has been added to the southwest corner. Tie rods have been inserted through the building in various places. Internally, the police station has recently been refitted. Twin entrances each lead into a hall containing a staircase with timber balustrade. Rooms retain timber doors, architraves and skirtings, boarded ceilings and some timber fireplace surrounds. Walls are rendered and large pendant lighting has been installed in every room. Lock-Up The lock-up, located to the southwest of the police station, is a single-storeyed sandstone structure with a corrugated iron gable roof with central ridge ventilator and a verandah on the western side. The building, consisting of five cells, has dressed sandstone quoining with rock-faced ashlar. Each cell has a steel door, corner toilet, corner security camera and rendered walls, with the southern cell being originally a padded cell. The verandah has been enclosed with steel mesh to create larger cell areas. A shower building is located to the southwest of the cell block and consists of a timber structure with a corrugated iron gable roof and concrete floor. The lock-up compound is surrounded by a timber framed corrugated iron fence, the top of which is serrated. Former Lock-Up Keeper's Residence The former lock-up keeper's residence, to the south of the court house, is located adjoining the lock-up and fronting Guy Street to the west. The building, U-shaped in plan, is a single-storeyed sandstone structure with dressed chimney stacks and quoining with vermiculated ashlar. The chimney stacks are capped by a cornice and have circular openings on the vertical face. The hipped corrugated iron roof extends over verandahs on the north and west, which have been enclosed with chamferboard, hardboard and a variety of windows. A small verandah located within the U on the east has also been enclosed. Internally, the building is one room deep and consists of one large central room with a room opening to either side, enclosed verandahs west and north, and two rear rooms with a small enclosed verandah between. The sandstone walls have been painted to the enclosed verandah sides, and rendered to the room interiors. French doors with fanlights open to verandahs, windows are timber sashes and ceilings are boarded. Former Acting Sergeant's Residence The former acting sergeant's residence is located between the police station and court house fronting Fitzroy Street to the north. The single-storeyed chamferboard building is L-shaped in plan and has a corrugated iron gable roof with a hipped rear wing and two metal ridge ventilators. Evidence of an early second rear wing is apparent in the joins of the corrugated iron. The building has timber stumps with battens between, and verandahs on the north and south have been enclosed with chamferboard and a variety of windows. Most windows are timber sashes and have corrugated iron and timber batten hoods on the east and west. Internally, the building is one room deep and consists of one large central room with a room opening to either side, enclosed verandahs front and rear, and a rear wing of two rooms. Verandahs have single- skin exposed framed timber walls and French doors with fanlights, and rooms have boarded ceilings. Service Buildings The service buildings consist of two toilets and a store. The toilets, one located to the north of the lock-up, and one to the north of the former lock-up keeper's residence, are single room sandstone structures with rock-faced ashlar and a corrugated iron gable roof. The store, located to the north of the former lock-up keeper's residence, is a single room rendered masonry structure with a curved corrugated iron roof and steel door. Heritage listing Warwick Court House and Police Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The Warwick Court House and Police Complex survives as evidence of the consolidation of Warwick as a centre for the surrounding district during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. It is a highly intact working example of a turn of the century police complex with adjoining late nineteenth century court house. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. Through the use of materials (in particular the local sandstone) architectural forms and scale, the complex is a significant element within the Warwick townscape and identifies with other major public sandstone buildings. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The complex, which has evolved on this site from 1885 maintains a strong association with the Warwick community and continues to provide a focus for policing and administration of justice, and other administrative functions. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. The complex, which has evolved on this site from 1885 continues to provide a focus for policing and administration of justice, and other administrative functions. References Attribution External links Warwick Court House Discover Queensland Buildings website Queensland Heritage Register Warwick, Queensland Courthouses in Queensland Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register Government buildings completed in 1885
Bera Lake (Malay: Tasik Bera; Chinese: 比拉湖) is a natural freshwater lake system, located in Bera District, Pahang, Malaysia in the saddle of the main and eastern mountain ranges of Peninsular Malaysia, extending 35 km long and 20 km wide, drainings into the Pahang River. It lends its name to the Bera district and parliamentary constituency. As the largest freshwater swamp in Peninsular Malaysia, Tasik Bera or Bera Lake remains both a unique and remote wetland wilderness. Surrounded by a patchwork of dry lowland dipterocarp forests, the lake environment includes islands of peat swamp forests. Rich in wildlife and vegetation, the ecosystem which supports a diversity of animal and plant life, and sustains the livelihood of the Semelai branch of the Orang Asli people inhabiting the wetlands. It has been protected under the Ramsar Convention since November 1994, which allows traditional use of the area to continue. The core zone consists of 260 km² and the buffer zone of 275 km². References Bera District Lakes of Malaysia Ramsar sites in Malaysia Landforms of Pahang Nature sites of Malaysia
Boldyn Buman-Uchral (; born 29 May 1971) is a Mongolian international footballer. He made his first appearance for the Mongolia national football team in the year 2000. References 1971 births Mongolian men's footballers Mongolia men's international footballers Living people Men's association football forwards Mongolian National Premier League players
On 4 September 1886, an Australian rules football match was played between the South Melbourne Football Club and the Geelong Football Club at the South Melbourne Cricket Ground. The match was part of the 1886 season of the Victorian Football Association. It was considered the sport's most important match of the 19th century, and is sometimes referred to in modern times as the Match of the Century. Played late in the 1886 season, South Melbourne and Geelong both entered the match undefeated, meaning that it was nearly certain to decide the premiership. The match drew unprecedented public interest, and a then-record crowd of around 30,000 attended. Although scores remained close until the final quarter, the match was an ultimately a one-sided encounter, and Geelong 4.19 comfortably defeated South Melbourne 1.5 by a margin of three goals. Background From the late 1870s until the 1880s, football in Victoria was dominated by two clubs: the South Melbourne Football Club, which had been the leading metropolitan club in Melbourne since its merger with Albert-park in 1880, and the Geelong Football Club, from the provincial city of Geelong. Between them, they had won the last eight VFA premierships: six by Geelong (1878, 1879, 1880, 1882, 1883 and 1884) and two by South Melbourne (1881 and 1885). The 1886 VFA season saw both clubs near the peaks of their power, and when they met in their match on 4 September 1886, both clubs had amassed long unbeaten streaks: Geelong had not lost since 12 September 1885, and had an unbeaten streak of 26 matches. The club had a 13–0–2 record for the year thus far, and had also finished undefeated in a five-match tour of Adelaide in which it had faced all members of the SAFA. Across the season, it had scored more than four times as many goals as it had conceded and frequently dominated matches. South Melbourne's unbeaten run was even longer, having not lost since 20 September 1884, a streak of 48 matches, and South Melbourne's 1885 season had been as dominant as Geelong's 1886 season, with an undefeated premiership, an undefeated tour of South Australia, and four times as many goals scored as conceded. Its 1886 season was less dominant, as it had lost some champion players through defections to nearby rival club which entered the VFA in 1886, but it was still on track for a second undefeated season: its premiership record stood at 15–0–2, and it had scored twice as many goals as it had conceded. At the time, the VFA premiership was an unofficial title conferred by the press, and by convention it went to the club which lost the fewest premiership matches. The 4 September match had been arranged between secretaries at the start of the year, and the season still had a month to run after the match – but such was the two clubs' dominance over all others that it was considered a foregone conclusion that this match would decide the premiership. These combined circumstances meant that public interest in the match was unprecedented, and it was considered the most important match in Australian rules football history up to that point. The two clubs had met once earlier in the season, on 26 June at Corio Oval in a drawn match; South Melbourne took the early lead, and Geelong kicked two goals in the final quarter to secure a draw. The home side, Geelong, finished with 3.5 to the visitors' 3.10. There was bad blood arising from the match: the South Melbourne team had arrived late after stopping in the town after their train arrived, resulting in the match being shortened by 20 minutes; in a dispute which played out as a series of letters to the editor of The Age newspaper over the following week, Geelong accused South Melbourne of doing this deliberately, since Geelong's small and speedy team was well known for dominating final quarters when its opponents were fatigued. South Melbourne was a slight favourite with bettors, and a considerable amount of private wagering took place on the result. Match arrangements Attendance and facilities A record crowd attended the match, estimated by contemporary news reports as between 25,000 and 30,000. Modern references put the crowd at 34,121, a figure which would stand as the 11th-highest known VFA crowd of all time (as well as being the third-highest known VFA crowd in the 1877-1896 period), and remained a record crowd at the South Melbourne Cricket Ground until round 18 of 1923 in the VFL. The crowd strongly supported the home team, and an estimated 2,000 spectators travelled from Geelong to Melbourne by two special trains for the match. South Melbourne reported a gate of £780 12s., more than twice the previous record. In anticipation of a record crowd, the South Melbourne committee made improvements to the ground ahead of the match. Encroachment of the crowd into the playing arena was a common problem in the 1880s, which the committee dealt with by strengthening the fence and having police patrol the boundary, both on foot and on horseback. Part of the eastern fence still collapsed under the weight of the crowd prior to the game, but the crowd did not encroach and was considered overall to have been very well behaved. Nevertheless, the venue was ill-equipped to handle such a large crowd – The Argus sportswriter described the scene as "25,000 packed into a ground capable of holding half of that", with shallow embankments meaning that as much as a third of the crowd could not see any action. Spectators scaled roofs, trees, fences and the pavilion's verandah for a better vantage point, with police having to intervene to stop some of the more dangerous attempts, and the flower garden in front of the pavilion was trampled. To reduce the rush at the ground's ticket offices, 10,000 entry tickets were pre-sold at Boyle & Scott's and the Sports Depot in central Melbourne. Arrangements James Shaw was appointed field umpire, and R. C. Randall and F. Franks were appointed goal umpires. The goal umpires were given flags to signal scores: a red flag for a South Melbourne goal, a blue flag for a Geelong goal, and a white flag for a behind; it was one of the first matches in Victoria (although not the very first) to adopt the innovation, which Victorian clubs had first encountered on their tours of Tasmania during the year. Boundary umpires, who in 1886 were not mandatory but could be used at the agreement of the clubs, were not appointed. The game was otherwise played under the standard Laws of the Game in 1886. Teams played twenty men per side. The game was divided into four quarters of thirty minutes, with a change of ends after each. Goals and behinds were recorded as part of the match score, but the final result was based only on the number of goals scored, with behinds serving a primarily statistical function. Behind posts were twenty yards from the goal posts, and little marks were permissible over a distance of five yards. Other On the night before the match, three men wrenched fishplates off the Melbourne-to-Geelong railway line at a culvert near Laverton, an act of vandalism which would have caused a train wreck had a passenger train traversed it at full speed; railway inspectors identified the damage in the early morning, and repaired the line with minimal disruption to services. News reporters speculated that the act may have been to disrupt the Geelong team's journey, but the perpetrators were never caught and the motive was unproven. Match summary The match commenced at 3pm. Geelong won the coin toss and kicked to the southern end of the ground, taking first use of the strong northerly breeze which blew across the ground throughout the match and made conditions difficult. South Melbourne kicked off. First quarter South Melbourne opened the match with a moment of trickery: as Roy lined up for the kick-off, Harper snuck in from the side and kicked off almost at right angles. Novel as this was, it was to little effect, as Geelong recovered and scored inside the first minute, Julien kicking a behind from the first shot at goal from a wide angle. South Melbourne rebounded the kick-off and managed two quick shots at goal, the first by Graves going out of bounds, and the second by Bushell from a set shot narrowly missing for a behind. Geelong attacked, and a 35yd set shot by Phil McShane was on target but touched through for a behind. After these early chances, Geelong's speedy players dominated play for the remainder of the quarter with the wind, and most of the game being played on Geelong's eastern attacking forward pocket. However, Geelong was unable to convert the field position into a lead: behinds were kicked by Alec Boyd from an easy shot from 40 yards, McLean, Steedman, Boyd again from a free kick, Kerley after a kick to the goal square was fumbled by a team-mate, and Bailey from a set shot. Many other shots fell short, where they were marked and rebounded by the South Melbourne defenders, particularly Elms and Bodycomb. When the bell sounded for the first change of ends, scores were level: Geelong 0.8, South Melbourne 0.1. Second quarter South Melbourne now had the advantage of the wind; but after early end-to-end play, Geelong again settled into a position of territorial dominance. Two more behinds followed to Geelong: to McLean, and then to Kerley after South Melbourne's ensuing kick-off was turned over. Another shot by Galbraith was marked in the goal face by Elms. Finally, after McLean and Jack McShane won the ball out of the centre, the ball ended with Alec Boyd, who kicked Geelong's first goal from 40 yards. This gave Geelong its first lead, 1.10 to 0.1. South Melbourne took possession from the kick-off and attacked, Harper scoring a behind. Geelong kicked the next two behinds, by Julien and McLean. O'Connor launched an attack for South Melbourne, and Burns was infringed, but managed only a behind from the free kick. There was no further scoring in the quarter, but a lot of spirited play in the centre of the ground. When the quarter ended, Geelong had a one-goal advantage: Geelong 1.12, South Melbourne 0.3. Third quarter Geelong had the wind advantage in the third quarter, and again was able to hold the ball at its end of the ground for long periods to start the quarter, and McLean scored the first behind. Then followed a series of attempts at goal by Phil McShane: his first, earned after Julien had won the ball from South Melbourne's Young, missed for a behind; his next two fell short and were marked by the South Melbourne defenders; and with his next, from a set shot directly in front after receiving a mark from Foote, he scored his first goal, giving Geelong a 2.14 to 0.3 advantage. Geelong won the ball on the wing after the next kick-off, and Bailey kicked a behind. South Melbourne then attacked, Mat Minchin gaining ground through the middle and passing to Roy, whose shot was rushed through by Sam Boyd. Minchin regained possession from Geelong's kick-off, passing the ball with Graves to Bushell, who kicked his team's first goal of the game. The quarter finished evenly, Geelong securing one more behind by Steedman. At the final change of ends, Geelong held a one-goal advantage: Geelong 2.16, South Melbourne 1.4. Final quarter Geelong had dominated the game to this point and reputation for strong final quarters, but South Melbourne had the wind advantage and only a one-goal deficit, setting up a potentially exciting finish. South Melbourne attacked first and quickly, Harper kicking an early behind from a long set shot; but, it was his team's last score, and thereafter Geelong controlled play entirely. Geelong advanced, and with Hickinbotham effectively repelling any South Melbourne rebounds from the centre of the field, Geelong again held field position for the majority of the quarter. Geelong scored its third goal early in the quarter: Hickinbotham kicked to the goal face, Foote shepherded the defender Elms away, and Phil McShane picked the ball up and snapped it through from close range; Foote and Elms wrestled after the goal and had to be separated, and many reporters considered Elms had been illegally held in the play. Geelong managed further scores with a behind to Julien, another goal to Phil McShane from a set shot after receiving a little mark from McLean, and behinds to Hickinbotham and Jack McShane. When the bell rang, the final score was Geelong 4.19, South Melbourne 1.5. Overview Overall, Geelong's win was comprehensive. Geelong's play was too fast for the bigger-bodied South Melbourne players, their short kicking and teamwork were exemplary, and they won key matchups in the centre of the ground which gave them a territory advantage for most of the game. South Melbourne was tactically disorganised, fumbled and held onto the ball much more than it usually did, and failed to execute its little marking game effectively. On both sides the game was scrappy overall, not played at a high pace and with relatively few big runs or scrimmages, and even Geelong's skills weren't considered up to its usual standard. Despite Geelong's dominance, the score remained close until late in the final quarter, owing almost entirely to Geelong's goalkicking accuracy, which was poor by its usual standards; this was partly blamed on the blustery breeze and even on the condition of the old football which South Melbourne had supplied. Geelong captain Dave Hickinbotham was considered by sportswriters in the Argus, the Sportsman and the Age to be the best player on the ground; playing in the centre, he regularly won contests, halted South Melbourne's attempts to rebound and advance, and ultimately gave Geelong its strong territory advantage. Jack Kerley, also playing in the centre, was considered Geelong's best in the Australasian and the Leader; Hugh McLean, who also played across Geelong's centre, and crack forward Phil McShane who finished with three goals were also among the best. South Melbourne's best players were its defenders who were put under immense pressure by Geelong's dominance; captain Henry Elms was unanimously considered South Melbourne's best player, and the best on ground overall by the Leader. Hill, Young and Bodycomb were also strong for South Melbourne in defence, Mat Minchin its best in the centre, and Harper was its best attacking player. Aftermath Both clubs won their remaining three matches of the 1886 season with relative ease. As such, Geelong won the premiership with an undefeated 17–0–2 record, its seventh premiership in nine seasons; South Melbourne finished second with a 18–1–2 record. Geelong continued its unbeaten streak until 11 June 1887, a total of 38 matches overall. However, it was the last premiership of Geelong's decade-long period of dominance, and the club did not win another premiership until 1925 in the VFL: surviving members of the 4 September 1886 team were on hand to congratulate the premiers after the Grand Final. South Melbourne continued as the VFA's top metropolitan club for another half-decade, and won three consecutive premierships between 1888 and 1890. The sneaky short kick-off which South Melbourne used at the start of the game was banned by the VFA in 1889, with the kick off being discontinued altogether in favour of the centre bounce in 1891. Both clubs still compete to the present day in the fully professional Australian Football League: South Melbourne relocated to Sydney at the end of 1981 to become the Sydney Swans. Scorecard {\| border="0" cellpadding="0" \|- \| style="width:90%;"\| Teams The club's twenties are listed above. For Geelong, Dick Groves was selected to play, but withdrew from the team following the death of his brother; he was replaced by F. James, and the few Geelong players who wore long sleeved guernseys wore crape armbands in his memory. William Bushby Most notable among the selections for South Melbourne was William Bushby, the captain of the Port Adelaide Football Club and one of South Australia's finest players. Bushby had left Adelaide for Melbourne on 24 August and ended up playing the last five matches of the season for South Melbourne, of which the Geelong match was the second. The true circumstances of Bushby's recruitment are not known for certain. Bushby stated in a letter to the Herald newspaper that he had come to Melbourne in search of work and that he was not paid by South Melbourne to play, but this account is seldom fully believed; Adelaide's Sporting Chronicle reported from the outset that Bushby was recruited by the club to remain in Melbourne only until the end of the season, and this version of events is generally considered nearer to the truth. He returned to Port Adelaide from the 1887 season. Geelong lodged a post facto protest against Bushby's inclusion on at the VFA general meeting 10 September, which was dismissed. Under the rules at the time, there was a cut-off for new permits on 15 July, and had Bushby played for another VFA club since that date, he would not have been able to transfer to South Melbourne; but, since the jurisdiction of the VFA's permit rules did not extend to clubs outside the VFA, Bushby's matches for Port Adelaide since 15 July did not exclude him from a transfer. It was the first case of a crack player being imported from another colony to bolster a club for a big match, at a time when both this and professionalism were frowned upon. Whatever the circumstances of his recruitment, Bushby's performance in the big match was famously poor: he was tasked with defending Geelong captain Dave Hickinbotham and failed utterly, Hickinbotham finishing as the dominant player on the ground and Bushby barely earning a possession. The contrast between Bushby's high-profile recruitment and his low-quality performance was so stark that it became one of the seminal moments of the game; and even fifty years later, it was still regularly recounted as a symbol of South Melbourne's failure in the game. Footnotes 1. Conventionally, matches played against senior opponents in Victoria, on Saturdays or the Queen's Birthday holiday between May and September, were counted by the press as 'premiership games', although there were still some differences between what each major newspaper would choose to include. References Australian rules football games 1886 in Australian rules football Victorian Football League Sydney Swans Geelong Football Club
The Final of the 2009 Super 14 season, a provincial rugby union competition in the Southern Hemisphere, took place on 30 May 2009 at Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria, South Africa. The Bulls won the match 61 points to 17 over the visiting Chiefs side, who are based in Hamilton, New Zealand. This large win by the Bulls, is highest winning score, and highest winning margin ever in the Super 14 competition. Road to the Final Match First half The Chiefs scored first but could not contain the bulls rampant attack ending the first half at 34-7 Second half Again the Chiefs scored first through Mils Muliania, but the Bulls ran away with it with two tries to Bryan Habana 61-17 Match details References Final 2009 2009 in South African rugby union 2009 in New Zealand rugby union Chiefs (rugby union) matches Bulls (rugby union) matches
The Somerset Levels are a coastal plain and wetland area of Somerset, England, running south from the Mendips to the Blackdown Hills. The Somerset Levels have an area of about and are bisected by the Polden Hills; the areas to the south are drained by the River Parrett, and the areas to the north by the rivers Axe and Brue. The Mendip Hills separate the Somerset Levels from the North Somerset Levels. The Somerset Levels consist of marine clay "levels" along the coast and inland peat-based "moors"; agriculturally, about 70 per cent is used as grassland and the rest is arable. Willow and teazel are grown commercially and peat is extracted. A Palaeolithic flint tool found in West Sedgemoor is the earliest indication of human presence in the area. The Neolithic people exploited the reed swamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways, including the world's oldest known timber trackway, the Post Track, dating from about 3800 BC. The Levels were the location of the Glastonbury Lake Village as well as two Lake villages at Meare Lake. Several settlements and hill forts were built on the natural "islands" of slightly raised land, including Brent Knoll and Glastonbury. In the Roman period sea salt was extracted and a string of settlements were set up along the Polden Hills. The discovery at Shapwick of 9,238 silver Roman coins, known as the Shapwick Hoard, was the second-largest ever found from the time of the Roman Empire. A number of Saxon charters document the incorporation of areas of moor in estates. In 1685, the Battle of Sedgemoor was fought in the Bussex area of Westonzoyland at the conclusion of the Monmouth Rebellion. As a result of the wetland nature of the Levels, the area contains a rich biodiversity of national and international importance. It supports a vast variety of plant and bird species and is an important feeding ground for birds and includes 32 Sites of Special Scientific Interest, of which 12 are also Special Protection Areas. The area has been extensively studied for its biodiversity and heritage, and has a growing tourism industry. People have been draining the area since before Domesday Book. In the Middle Ages, the monasteries of Glastonbury, Athelney and Muchelney were responsible for much of the drainage. The artificial Huntspill River was constructed during the Second World War as a reservoir, although it also serves as a drainage channel. The Sowy River between the River Parrett and King's Sedgemoor Drain was completed in 1972; water levels are managed by the Levels internal drainage boards. During 2009 and 2010 proposals to build a series of electricity pylons by one of two routes between Hinkley Point and Avonmouth, to transmit electricity from the proposed Hinkley Point C nuclear power station, attracted local opposition. Discussions have taken place concerning the possibility of obtaining World Heritage Site status for the Somerset Levels as a "cultural landscape". It was suggested that if this bid were successful it could improve flood control, but only if wetland fens were created again; the plans were abandoned in 2010. Natural character area The Somerset Levels form a natural region that has been designated as a national character area – No. 142 – by Natural England, the public body responsible for England's natural environment. Neighbouring natural regions are: the Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes to the west, the Blackdowns to the southwest, the Mid Somerset Hills and Yeovil Scarplands to the southeast, the Mendip Hills to the east and the Bristol, Avon Valleys and Ridges to the northeast. Geography The Levels are mainly flat areas of inland plains and a coastal sand and clay barrier, east and west of the M5 motorway. There are some slightly raised parts, called "burtles", as well as higher ridges and hills. The Levels are about above mean sea level (O.D.). The general elevation inland is O.D. with peak tides of O.D. recorded at Bridgwater and Burnham-on-Sea. Large areas of peat were laid down in the Brue Valley during the Quaternary period after the ice sheets melted. The area's topography consists of two basins mainly surrounded by hills, the runoff from which forms rivers that originally meandered across the plain but have now been controlled by embanking and clyses (the local name for a sluice). The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations. The worst in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, houses and villages swept away, an estimated of farmland inundated, and livestock killed. Another severe flood occurred in 1872–1873, when over were under water from October to March. Although underlain by much older Triassic age formations that protrude to form what would once have been islands—such as Athelney, Brent Knoll, Burrow Mump and Glastonbury Tor—the lowland landscape was formed only during the last 10,000 years, following the end of the last ice age. Glastonbury Tor is composed of Upper Lias Sand. The Poldens and the Isle of Wedmore are composed of Blue Lias and Marl, while the Mendips are largely Carboniferous limestone. Although sea level changes since the Pliocene led to changes in sea level and the laying down of vegetation, the peak of the peat formation took place in swamp conditions around 6,000 years ago, although in some areas it continued into medieval times. It is a mainly agricultural region, typically with open fields of permanent grass surrounded by ditches with willow trees. Access to individual areas, especially for cattle, was provided by means of "droves", i.e. green lanes, leading off the public highways. Some of the old roads, in contrast to the old hollow ways found in other areas of England, are causeways raised above the level of the surrounding land, with a drainage ditch running along each side. Settlements Most of the settlements on the Levels are small villages. In the south, Aller, which has a population of 374, includes the hamlet of Beer (sometimes Bere) and the deserted medieval village of Oath on the opposite bank of the River Parrett. The area known as the Isle of Athelney was once a very low isolated island linked by a causeway to East Lyng, each end of which was protected by a semi-circular stockade and ditch. The ditch on the island is now known to date from the Iron Age, and was used by Alfred the Great as a fort before the Battle of Ethandun in May 878; in gratitude for his victory Alfred founded a monastery, Athelney Abbey, on the Isle in 888, which survived until the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII in 1539. Bawdrip is a small village which has a population of 498. Brent Knoll is a large village at the foot of Brent Knoll Camp that dominates the surrounding landscape; the name means Beacon Hill in Old English. Brent Knoll has been inhabited since at least the Bronze Age. Before the Somerset Levels were drained, Brent Knoll was an island known as the Isle (or Mount) of Frogs. Glastonbury (population 8,784) and Street (11,066) lie on opposite sides of the River Brue, and provide a central point for trade and commerce. Larger centres are generally on slightly higher ground around the edges of the Levels. Bridgwater is a market town, the administrative centre of the Sedgemoor district, and a major industrial centre. With a population of 33,698, it straddles the major communication routes through South West England. Situated on the edge of the Somerset Levels, along both banks of the River Parrett and from its mouth, it was at one time a major port and trading centre. The hamlet of Dunball forms part of the port on the river. Burrowbridge lies on the River Parrett further inland. The name probably comes from the Old English (fortified hill) and (bridge). In the village is Burrow Mump, an ancient earthwork now owned by the National Trust. Burrow Mump is also known as St Michael's Borough or Tutteyate. It is a natural hill of Triassic sandstone capped by Keuper marl. Excavations showed evidence of a medieval masonry building on the top of the hill. Along the coast, settlements such as Berrow are built on the line of sand dunes separating the low-lying marshes from the Bristol Channel. At the northern end Bleadon lies on the River Axe; and there was for many years a small harbour, sometimes known as Lympsham Wharf. The arrival of the Bristol and Exeter Railway in 1841, which crossed the Axe on a bridge, obstructed river traffic beyond the wharf, making it the limit of navigation for coastal vessels. An Act of 1915 authorised the drainage of the river and installation of a flood gate at Bleadon, although attempts to control the water had occurred on Bleadon Level since medieval times, including an early windmill, in 1613, to pump water into the sea from behind a sea wall. Burnham-on-Sea (population 18,401) is at the mouth of the River Parrett where it enters Bridgwater Bay. The position of the town on the edge of the Somerset Levels has resulted in a history dominated by land reclamation and sea defences since Roman times. Burnham was seriously affected by the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, and various flood defences have been installed since then. A concrete sea wall was built in 1911, and after the Second World War further additions to the defences were made, using the remains of a Mulberry harbour; the present curved concrete wall was completed in 1988. Highbridge, which neighbours Burnham, is near the mouth of the River Brue and the villages of East and West Huntspill. Climate Along with the rest of South West England the Somerset Levels have a temperate climate, which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea. The summer months of July and August are the warmest, with mean daily maxima of approximately . In winter, mean minimum temperatures of are common. The Azores high pressure area influences the southwest of England's summer weather, but convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998, there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most rainfall in the southwest is caused by convection or Atlantic depressions, which are most active in autumn and winter, when they are the chief cause of rain. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by the Sun heating the land, leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around , and about 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August have the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the southwest. It was devastated by the UK storms of January–February 2014. Water management The Moors and Levels, formed from a submerged and reclaimed landscape, consist of a coastal clay belt only slightly above mean sea level, with an inland peat belt at a lower level behind it. Early attempts to control the water levels were possibly made by the Romans (although records only date from the 13th century), but were not widespread. There was a port at Bleadney on the River Axe in the 8th century which allowed goods to be brought to within of Wells. In 1200, a wharf was constructed at Rackley near Axbridge. The Parrett was navigable up as far as Langport in 1600, with 15 to 20 ton barges. The Domesday Book recorded that drainage of the higher grounds was under way, although the moors at Wedmoor were said to be useless. In the Middle Ages, the monasteries of Glastonbury, Athelney, and Muchelney were responsible for much of the drainage. In 1129, the Abbot of Glastonbury was recorded as inspecting enclosed land at Lympsham. Efforts to control flooding on the Parrett were recorded around the same date. In 1234, were reclaimed near Westonzoyland and, from the accounts in the abbey's rent books, this had increased to by 1240. Drains Flooding of adjacent moor land was partially addressed during the 13th century by the construction of a number of embankment walls to contain the Parrett. They included Southlake Wall, Burrow Wall, and Lake Wall. The River Tone was also diverted by the Abbot of Athelney and other land owners into a new embanked channel, joining the Parrett upstream from its original confluence. The main drainage outlets flowing through the Moors and Levels are the rivers Axe, Brue, Huntspill, Parrett, Tone, and Yeo, together with the King's Sedgemoor Drain, an artificial channel into which the River Cary now runs. Previously, the Cary ran into the Tone while the Brue ran through Meare Pool (now drained) and the Panborough Gap, and then into the Axe. Another accomplishment in the Middle Ages was the construction of the tidal Pillrow Cut, joining the Brue and Axe. In 1500, there was said to be of floodable land of which only had been reclaimed. In 1597, of land were recovered near the Parrett estuary; a few years later, near Pawlett were recovered by means of embankments; and three further reclamations, totalling , had been undertaken downstream of Bridgwater by 1660. In the early 17th century, during the time of King James I, abortive plans were made to drain and enclose much of Sedgemoor, which the local Lords supported but opposed by the Commoners who would have lost grazing rights. In 1632, Charles I sold the Crown's interest in the scheme, and it was taken over by a consortium that included Sir Cornelius Vermuyden, a Dutch drainage engineer. However, the work was delayed by the English Civil War and later defeated in parliament after local opposition. In 1638, it was reported that nearly of Tealham and Tadham Moors were not reclaimed, with a total of being undrained. Between 1785 and 1791, much of the lowest part of the peat moors was enclosed. In 1795, John Billingsley advocated enclosure and the digging of rhynes (a local name for drainage channels, pronounced "reens" in the east and rhyne to the west) between plots, and wrote in his Agriculture of the County of Somerset that had been enclosed in the last 20 years in Wedmore and Meare, at Nyland, at Blackford, at Mark, in Shapwick, and at Westhay. At Westhay Moor in the early 19th century, it was shown how peat bogs could be successfully drained and top-dressed with silt deposited via flooding, creating a very rich soil. The character of the soil was also changed by the spreading of clay and silt from the digging of King's Sedgemoor Drain. Pumps Little attempt was made during the 17th and 18th centuries to pump water, possibly because the coal-driven Newcomen steam engines would have been uneconomical. It is unclear why windmills were not employed, as they were on the Fens of East Anglia, but only two examples have been recorded on the Levels: one at Bleadon at the mouth of the River Axe, where a sea wall had been built, and the other at Common Moor north of Glastonbury, which was being drained following a private Act of Parliament in 1721. The first steam pumping station was Westonzoyland Pumping Station in 1830, followed by more effective ones from 1860. Automatic electric pumps are used today. The human-made Huntspill River was constructed during World War II with sluices at both ends to provide a guaranteed daily supply of of "process water". It was intended that in the summer, when water supply was lower, it would serve as a reservoir with water pumped from the moors; and in winter serve as a drainage channel, via gravity drainage. Geotechnical problems prevented it from being dug as deep as originally intended and so gravity-drainage of the moors was not possible: thus, water is pumped up into the river throughout the year. The Sowy River between the River Parrett and King's Sedgemoor Drain was completed in 1972. The Levels and Moors are now artificially drained by a network of rhynes which are pumped up into "drains". Water levels are managed by the Levels internal drainage boards (IDBs); the Levels are not as intensively drained or farmed as the East Anglian fens, historically a similar area of low marsh. They are still liable to widespread fresh water flooding in winter. One of the approaches to reducing the risk of flooding within the catchment area of the Parrett is the planting of new woodlands. Controversy about the management of the drainage and flood protection has previously involved the activities of IDBs. However, IDBs have been actively participating with the Parrett Catchment Partnership, a partnership of 30 organisations that aims to create a consensus on how water is to be managed, in particular, looking at new ways to achieve sustainable benefits for all local stakeholders. During 2009 and 2010, work was undertaken to upgrade sluice gates, watercourses, and culverts to enable seasonal flooding of Southlake Moor during the winter diverting water from the Sowy River onto the moor. It has the capacity to hold 1.2 million cubic metres as part of a scheme by the Parrett Internal Drainage Board to restore ten floodplains in Somerset. In spring, the water is drained away to enable the land to be used as pasture during the summer. The scheme is also used to encourage water birds. Sea defences The Levels were frequently flooded by the sea during high tides, a problem that was not resolved until the sea defences were enhanced in the early 20th century. In addition, the problems of high fresh water floods are aggravated by the unrestricted entry of the tide along the Parrett, which is the only river in the Levels and Moors that does not have a clyse on it. Discussions on whether a clyse is needed for the Parrett and whether it should be sited at Bridgwater or nearer the mouth of the river date back to 1939, at the start of World War II, and have not been resolved. On 13 December 1981, a large storm hit the North Somerset coast. Meteorological conditions caused a large rising surge in sea level in the Bristol Channel, and wind was measured at . Over topping of the sea defences along a stretch of the Somerset coast at 22 locations from Clevedon to Porlock began after 19:30. Although there was no loss of life, the resultant flooding covered of land, affecting 1,072 houses and commercial properties, with £150,000 worth of livestock killed and £50,000 of feed and grain destroyed. Wessex Water Authority estimated the total cost of the damage caused at £6M. This resulted in a three-year programme of sea defence assessment, repair and improvement. With 400 properties affected in Burnham-on-Sea, after emergency repairs, Wessex Water Authority began planning new sea defences. Construction work started in 1983 on a £7M scheme, creating what was then Britain's biggest wave return wall. The Environment Agency's current "Parrett Catchment Flood Management Plan", published in December 2009, divides the Parrett catchment area into eight sub-areas, with the Somerset Levels and Moors falling into sub-area 6 and Bridgwater falling into sub-area 7. As part of the published flood risk assessments for both these sub-areas, it is recognised that: at a future date a tidal clyse may be needed on the Parrett; this causes a funding dilemma; and, geomorphology studies of the Parrett and the Tone are needed to help address many of the uncertainties associated with a tidal exclusion project. Flooding The Levels are at risk from both tidal and land-based flood waters. During the great storm of 1703, waves came four feet (1.2 m) over the sea walls. The sea wall was again breached in 1799, filling the Axe valley with sea water. In 1872, another flood covered and in 1919, were inundated with sea water, poisoning the land for up to 7 years. Since 1990, the drainage boards have been charged with watching the rhynes and keeping them clear, under the overall responsibility of the Environment Agency. With rising sea levels, the work required to maintain the sea defences is likely to become more expensive, and it has been proposed that two inland seas be created. Other studies have recommended maintaining the current defences for five years while undertaking further studies of available options. Although the Environment Agency have made plans for the regular winter flooding, still in recent years this has resulted in a number of villages — including Muchelney and Westonzoyland — being cut off. In November 2012, during the 2012 Great Britain and Ireland floods, after six days Somerset County Council-funded BARB rescue boats reached Muchelney on 29 November, rescuing nearly 100 people. Rescue boats were again required during the rain and storms from Cyclone Dirk in the turn of the year 2014, and subsequently during the Winter flooding of 2013–14 on the Somerset Levels. On 24 January 2014, in light of the continued flooded extent of the Somerset Moors and forecast new rainfall as part of the Winter storms of 2013–14 in the United Kingdom, both Somerset County Council and Sedgemoor District Council declared a major incident. At this time, with of agricultural land having been under water for over a month, the village of Thorney had been abandoned and Muchelney had been cut off by flood waters for almost a month. Environment Minister Owen Paterson visited the area on 27 January 2014, and after meeting local MPs, the Environment Agency and various community representatives the night before in Taunton, promised at a media-only press conference at North Moor pumping station that if a local water management plan could be developed over the next six weeks, he would approve it. Such plan would likely include the dredging of the rivers Tone and Parrett, and possibly a later sluice near Bridgwater. There have been public protests about the river Parrett not being dredged in recent years. In mid-February 2014 the Environment Agency began installing giant pumps imported from the Netherlands to alleviate the continuing flooding. Human habitation A Palaeolithic flint tool found in Westbury is the earliest indication of human presence in the area, dating from approximately 500,000 years ago. Later during the 7th millennium BC the sea level rose and flooded the valleys, forcing the Mesolithic people to occupy seasonal camps on the higher ground, indicated by scatters of flints. Subsequent winter flooding probably led to prehistoric man's using the Levels only in the summer, hence the county of Somerset may derive its name from Sumorsaete, meaning land of the summer people. An alternative suggestion is that the name derives from Seo-mere-saetan meaning "settlers by the sea lakes". The Neolithic people continued to exploit the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks. The Sweet Track, named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BC, is the world's oldest timber trackway, once thought to be the world's oldest engineered roadway. The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BC an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick, close to the River Brue. The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby, connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore, Abbotts Way, Bells, Bakers, Westhay and Nidons trackways. The Levels contain the best-preserved prehistoric village in the UK, Glastonbury Lake Village, as well as two others at Meare Lake Village. Discovered in 1892 by Arthur Bulleid, it was inhabited by about 200 people living in 14 roundhouses, and was built on a morass on an artificial foundation of timber filled with brushwood, bracken, rubble and clay. Investigation of the Meare Pool indicates that it was formed by the encroachment of raised peat bogs, particularly during the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC), and core sampling demonstrates that it is filled with at least of detritus mud. The two villages within Meare Pool appear to originate from a collection of structures erected on the surface of the dried peat, such as tents, windbreaks and animal folds. Clay was later spread over the peat, providing raised stands for occupation, industry and movement, and in some areas thicker clay spreads accommodated hearths built of clay or stone. The area continued to be inhabited during the Bronze Age, when the population supported itself largely by hunting and fishing in the surrounding marshes, living on artificial islands connected by wooden causeways on wooden piles. There have been many finds of metalwork during peat cutting, which may have been devotional offerings. Brent Knoll has been settled by people since at least the Bronze Age. It is the site of an Iron Age hillfort known as Brent Knoll Camp, with multiple ramparts (multivallate) following the contours of the hill. Several settlements and hill forts were built on the natural "islands" of slightly raised land, including Brent Knoll, Glastonbury, and the low range of the Polden Hills. According to legend Ider son of Nuth, who was one of King Arthur's knights, went to the Mount of Frogs on a quest to slay three giants who lived there. The fort has been claimed as the site of the Battle of Mons Badonicus. Sea salt was extracted during the Roman period, and a string of settlements were set up along the Polden Hills. Some possible settlement sites are also known in the Draycott and Cheddar Moors and around Highbridge. The discovery at Shapwick of 9,238 silver Roman coins, the second largest hoard ever found from the Roman Empire included coins dated from as early as 31–30 BC up until 224 AD. The hoard also contained two rare coins which had not been discovered in Britain before, and the largest number of silver denarii ever found in Britain. A number of Anglo-Saxon charters document the incorporation of areas of moor in estates, suggesting that the area continued to be exploited. It is easy to see why the area acquired a number of legends, particularly of King Arthur and his followers, who some believe based his court in the hill fort at South Cadbury. According to legend, Alfred the Great burnt cakes when hiding in the marshes of Athelney, after the Danish invasion in 875. After the Battle of Edington the Danish king was baptised at Aller and a peace treaty signed at Wedmore. In 1685, the Monmouth Rebellion ended at the Battle of Sedgemoor, which was fought in the Bussex area of Westonzoyland. Land use The Levels have few wooded areas, just occasional willow trees. The landscape is dominated by grassland, mostly used as pasture for dairy farming with approximately 70 per cent of the area being grassland and 30 per cent arable. From January until May, the River Parrett provides a source of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) and young elvers, which are caught by hand netting as this is the only legal means of catching them. A series of eel passes have been built on the Parrett at the King's Sedgemoor Drain to help this endangered species; cameras have shown 10,000 eels migrating upstream in a single night. The 2003 BBC Radio 4 play Glass Eels by Nell Leyshon was set on the Parrett. The Levels, as part of the West Country, traditionally produced cider, with individual farms having orchards and their own cider, known as scrumpy. However, over 60% of Somerset's orchards have been lost in the last fifty years; and apple production occupies less than 0.4% of the land. Cider is still produced in Somerset by Thatchers Cider, Gaymer Cider Company and numerous small independent producers. Other local industries that once thrived on the Levels, such as thatching (using reeds) and basket making (using willow), have been in decline since the second half of the 20th century. Combined with the recent drop in farm incomes, this poses a potential threat to the "traditional" nature of the area as a whole. Subsidies are paid to farmers who manage their land in the traditional way. Electricity generation In 2009, National Grid began public consultations over plans to build a line of electricity pylons, by one of two routes between Hinkley Point and Avonmouth. The plans attracted local opposition. The first consultation process ended in January 2010. They had proposed that each pylon would be high: the consultation was only in respect of preferences between two alternate routes, not the size nor the use of large pylons. The proposed line, which is due to open by September 2017, will transmit electricity at 400 kilovolts from the proposed Hinkley Point C nuclear power station. Hinkley Point C is a project to construct a 3,200 MWe nuclear power station with two EPR reactors. The site is one of eight announced by the British government in 2010, and in November 2012 a nuclear site licence was granted. On 28 July 2016 the EDF board approved the project, and on 15 September 2016 the UK government approved the project with some safeguards for the investment. In March 2017, EDF, after the Office for Nuclear Regulation gave approval to start building a network of tunnels to carry cabling and piping, started work also under way on a jetty, seawall and accommodation blocks. The concrete pour for the first reactor is planned only at earliest in 2019. In 2010 and 2011, two proposals to build a total of 14 wind turbines, with Ecotricity to build five or four adjacent to the M5 Motorway near Brent Knoll and Électricité de France to build nine at East Huntspill, are opposed by local groups on the grounds of their effect on the local environment and potential damage to the bird population. Willow Willow has been cut and used on the Levels since mankind moved into the area. Fragments of willow basket were found near the Glastonbury Lake Village, and it was used in the construction of several Iron Age causeways. The willow was harvested using traditional methods of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem. New shoots of willow, called "withies", would grow out of the trunk and these would be cut periodically for use. During the 1930s, over of willow were being grown commercially on the Levels. Largely because of the replacement of baskets by plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s. By the end of the 20th century only about were grown commercially, near the villages of Burrowbridge, Westonzoyland, and North Curry. The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially. For weaving, the species Salix triandra (almond willow, black maul) is grown, while Salix viminalis (common osier) is ideal for handles, bases, and the structural members in furniture and hurdles. Historically willow was used to make salmon traps or "putchers". Products including baskets, eel traps (kypes), lobster pots, and furniture were widely made from willow throughout the area in the recent past. Among the more unusual products still made are passenger baskets for hot air balloons, the frames inside the Bearskins worn by the regiments of the Grenadier Guards, and an increasing number of willow coffins. Another use of willow has been found by the Coate family, who make artists' charcoals in Stoke St Gregory. It has become in 30 years the leading artists' charcoal manufacturer in Europe, producing most of the natural charcoals sold under different art-material brands. The industry is celebrated in the form of the Willow Man (sometimes known as the Angel of the South), a willow sculpture, 40 feet (12.2 m) tall, produced by artist Serena de la Hey in September 2000 that can be seen from the railway and the M5 motorway to the north of Bridgwater. At Stoke St Gregory there is also a Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre. Teazel growing An unusual crop was the growing of teazels around the River Isle near Chard on the heavy clay soils around Fivehead, although this industry died out by the 1980s-90s. These are still sometimes used to provide a fine finish on worsteds and snooker table cloths, but were previously much more widely used in the processing of wool for the textiles industry. Peat extraction The extraction of peat from the Moors is known to have taken place during Roman times, and has been carried out since the Levels were first drained. The introduction of plastic packaging in the 1950s allowed the peat to be packed without rotting, which led to the industrialisation of peat extraction during the 1960s as a major market in horticultural peat was developed. The resulting reduction in water levels put local ecosystems at risk; peat wastage in pasture fields was occurring at rates of 1–3 feet (0.3–0.8 m) over 100 years. Peat extraction continues today, although much reduced. Biodiversity and conservation As a result of their wetland nature, the Moors and Levels contain a rich biodiversity of national and international importance. They support a vast variety of plant species, including common plants such as marsh marigold, meadowsweet, and ragged robin. The area is an important feeding ground for birds including Bewick's swan, Eurasian curlew, common redshank, Eurasian skylark, common snipe, Eurasian teal, wigeon, and Eurasian whimbrel, as well as birds of prey including the marsh harrier and peregrine falcon. A wide range of insect species is also present, including rare invertebrates, particularly beetles including the lesser silver water beetle, Bagous nodulosus, Hydrophilus piceus, Odontomyia angulata, Oulema erichsoni, and Valvata macrostoma. In addition, the area supports an important otter population. Water voles (Arvicola amphibius) are being encouraged to recolonise areas of the Levels where they have been absent for 10 years, by the capture of mink (Mustela vison). In 2010, a project was started to reintroduce the common crane to the Levels, after an absence of 400 years. The birds' eggs were flown from Germany to the Slimbridge wetland reserve managed by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (a UK charity) at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, and reared to the age of five months before being released onto the Levels. The "Great Crane Project" aims to introduce around 20 of the birds each year until 2015. The work, which included collaboration with Pensthorpe Nature Reserve and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, was supported by a grant of £700k from Viridor Credits. The Levels contain 32 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (12 of them also Special Protection Areas), the River Huntspill and Bridgwater Bay national nature reserves, the Somerset Levels and Moors Ramsar Site covering about , the Somerset Levels National Nature Reserve, Shapwick Heath National Nature Reserve, Ham Wall National Nature Reserve and numerous Scheduled monuments. The Brue Valley Living Landscape conservation project commenced in 2009 and aims to restore, recreate and reconnect habitat. It aims to ensure that wildlife is enhanced and capable of sustaining itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably. It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK. About of the Levels are recognised as an Environmentally Sensitive Area, and other areas are designated as Areas of High Archaeological Potential, but there is currently no single conservation designation covering the Levels and Moors. A survey in 2005 discovered that 11 of the known wooden Bronze Age causeways on the Levels had been destroyed or vanished and others were seriously damaged, caused by the reduction in water levels and subsequent exposure of the timber to oxygen and aerobic bacteria. Part of the Sweet Track is being actively conserved. Following purchase of land by the National Heritage Memorial Fund, and installation of a water pumping and distribution system along a section, several hundred metres of the track's length are now being actively conserved. This method of preserving wetland archaeological remains (i.e. maintaining a high water table and saturating the site) is rare. A section, which lies within the land owned by the Nature Conservancy Council, has been surrounded by a clay bank to prevent drainage into surrounding lower peat fields, and water levels are regularly monitored. The viability of this method is demonstrated by comparing it with the nearby Abbot's Way, which has not had similar treatment, and which in 1996 was found to have become dewatered and desiccated. Evaluation and maintenance of water levels in the Shapwick Heath Nature Reserve involves the Nature Conservancy Council, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Somerset Levels Project. Somerset Levels Project In 1964, archaeologist John Coles from the University of Cambridge began a research project that resulted in the publication of an important series of papers on many aspects of the Levels. A range of archaeological projects, such as the exploration of various trackways from the 3rd and 1st millennia BC and the establishment of their economic and geographic significance, was funded by various donors including English Heritage. Possibly the project's most significant excavation was of the Sweet Track in 1970, during which a Jadeite axe was discovered. Eight radiocarbon determinations of the date of the axe place it at around 3200 BC. The work of John Coles and the Somerset Levels Project was recognised in 1998 when they won the ICI Award for the best archaeological project offering a major contribution to knowledge, and in 2006 with the award of the European Archaeological Heritage Prize. Shapwick Project This project, based on the village of Shapwick, was begun by Mick Aston of Bristol University to investigate the evolution of a typical English village. A preliminary study of the village's history was carried out using maps and documents, then surveys of the buildings were made together with botanical surveys. Field walking was carried out and key sites excavated. A report on the project, which ran from 1989 to 1999, was published in eight volumes. Tourism Being largely flat, the Levels are well suited to bicycles, and a number of cycle routes exist including the Withy Way Cycle Route (), Avalon Marshes Cycle Route (), Peat Moors Cycle Route () and the Isle Valley Cycle Route (). The River Parrett Trail () and Monarch's Way long-distance footpaths are also within the area. Visitors' centres aim to convey various aspects of the Levels. The Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre near Stoke St Gregory offers tours of the willow yards and basket workshops and explains the place of willow in the history of the Levels. The Somerset Willow Company also allows visitors into its workshops. The Avalon Marshes Centre (formerly known as the Peat Moors Centre) between Westhay and Shapwick, is dedicated to the natural history, biodiversity, archaeology, history, and geology of the area. It also includes reconstructions of some archaeological discoveries of the area, such as a Roman Villa and a Saxon Longhall. The site offers much information on Iron Age finds, round houses, and ancient highways, the Post Track and Sweet Track. From time to time the centre offers events and courses in a number of ancient technologies in subjects including textiles, clothing and basket-making, as well as staging various open days, displays, demonstrations and guided nature excursions. The centre also contains the offices and workshops for the RSPB, Somerset Wildlife Trust, Natural England and The Hawk and Owl Trust for which all have reserves close by. In February 2009 Somerset County Council, the owner of the Peat Moors Centre, announced its intention of closing the centre and it finally shut on 31 October 2009, but it was reopened as the Avalon Marshes Centre and is in the process of being modernized and improved from the previous set of buildings. The Tribunal in Glastonbury, a medieval merchant's house, contains possessions and works of art from the Glastonbury Lake Village, which were preserved in almost perfect condition in the peat after the village was abandoned. It also houses the tourist information centre. Also in Glastonbury, the Somerset Rural Life Museum is a museum of the social and agricultural history of Somerset, housed in buildings surrounding a 14th-century barn once belonging to Glastonbury Abbey. It was used as a tithe barn for the storage of arable produce, particularly wheat and rye, from the abbey's home farm of approximately . Threshing and winnowing would also have been carried out in the barn. The barn was built from local "shelly" limestone, with thick timbers supporting the stone tiling of the roof. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building, and is a Scheduled monument. The barn and courtyard contain displays of farm machinery from the Victorian and early 20th century periods. Other exhibits show local crafts, including willow coppicing, mud horse fishing on the flats of Bridgwater Bay, peat digging on the Somerset Levels and the production of milk, cheese, and cider. In reconstructed rooms detailing domestic life in the nearby village of Butleigh, the story of one farm worker, John Hodges, is told from cradle to grave. Outside, there is a beehive and rare breeds of poultry and sheep in the cider apple orchard. The Langport & River Parrett Visitor Centre at Langport details local life, history, and wildlife. The Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum, near the town on the River Parrett, is housed in one of the earliest steam-powered pumping stations on the Levels, dating from the 1830s; it was closed in the 1950s. Featuring several steam engines, some built locally, the museum holds a number of live steam days each year. The pump house has been Grade II* listed, and is on English Heritage's Heritage at Risk Register. See also List of locations in the Somerset Levels Caldicot and Wentloog Levels The Fens Romney Marsh Geology of Somerset East Somerset Railway References Further reading External links Somerset Wildlife Trust British Pathé clip shows drainage works at King's Sedgemoor & River Brue, 1942 1962 historic film on willow Environment of Somerset Landforms of Somerset National nature reserves in Somerset Wetlands of the United Kingdom Levels in the United Kingdom Land management in the United Kingdom Ramsar sites in England Plains of England Natural regions of England Floods in England Special Protection Areas in England
Stephen Douglas Watkins (born July 19, 1978) is an American former professional baseball player who pitched in Major League Baseball and the Chinese Professional Baseball League. Career Watkins was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 16th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball Draft and made his major league debut on August 21, 2004. In , he played in the Cleveland Indians organization and in the Washington Nationals organization in . In , with the Padres' Triple-A affiliate, the Portland Beavers, he went 2-5 with a 5.17 ERA and 56 strikeouts. In , he pitched for the Chinatrust Whales in Taiwan's Chinese Professional Baseball League. External links 1978 births American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan Living people Baseball players from Texas Major League Baseball pitchers San Diego Padres players Fort Wayne Wizards players Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players Lake Elsinore Storm players Mobile BayBears players Portland Beavers players Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players New Orleans Zephyrs players Chinatrust Whales players Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball players Lubbock Christian Chaparrals baseball players
David West Keirsey (; August 31, 1921 – July 30, 2013) was an American psychologist, a professor emeritus at California State University, Fullerton, and the author of several books. In his most popular publications, Please Understand Me (1978, co-authored by Marilyn Bates) and the revised and expanded second volume Please Understand Me II (1998), he laid out a self-assessed personality questionnaire, known as the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, which links human behavioral patterns to four temperaments and sixteen character types. Both volumes of Please Understand Me contain the questionnaire for type evaluation with detailed portraits and a systematic treatment of descriptions of temperament traits and personality characteristics. With a focus on conflict management and cooperation, Keirsey specialized in family and partnership counseling and the coaching of children and adults. Early life, education and professional experience Keirsey was born in Ada, Oklahoma. He moved with his family at the age of two years to Southern California. Drafted by the Army during World War II, he joined the Navy and became a Marine fighter pilot, and served in the Pacific theatre off an aircraft carrier. He earned his bachelor's degree from Pomona College and his master's and doctorate degrees from Claremont Graduate University (then known as Claremont Graduate School). In 1950, he started his career dealing with youth as a counselor at a probation ranch home for delinquent boys. Subsequently, he spent twenty years working in public schools, engaged in corrective interventions intended to help troubled and troublesome children stay out of trouble. Over the next eleven years at California State University, Fullerton, he trained corrective counselors to identify deviant habits of children, parents, and teachers, and to apply techniques aimed at enabling them to abandon such habits. Development of temperament theories Keirsey has written extensively about his model of four temperaments (Artisan, Guardian, Idealist, and Rational) and sixteen role variants. His research and observation of human behavior started after he returned from World War II, when he served in the Pacific as a Marine fighter pilot. Keirsey traced his work back to Hippocrates, Plato and Aristotle. Among his modern influences he counts the works of William James, John Dewey, Ernst Kretschmer, William Sheldon, Jay Haley, Gregory Bateson, Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Raymond Holden Wheeler, Erich Fromm, Alfred Adler, Rudolf Dreikurs, Milton Erickson, and Erving Goffman. He considered himself the last of the Gestalt psychologists. In 1921, Carl Jung published the book Psychological Types, which proposed a concept of psychological types based on introversion versus extraversion, thinking versus feeling as rational functions, sensation versus intuition as irrational functions, and the coexistence of dominant and auxiliary functions. Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs, subsequently extended and codified Jung's ideas into a test for sixteen psychological types, called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. In a two-page chart of "Characteristics of Types in High School" (Myers Briggs Manual, Form E 1958), Isabel Myers described the sixteen types briefly. Keirsey recognized these very brief sixteen descriptions as being accurate, mirroring his observations as a school psychologist, and used these descriptions as a basis in a greatly expanded and modified form of his own. Keirsey's critical innovation was organizing these types into four temperaments and describing "observable behavior" rather than speculation about unobservable thoughts and feelings. Keirsey provided his own definitions of the sixteen types, and related them to the four temperaments based on his studies of five behavioral sciences: anthropology, biology, ethology, psychology, and sociology. While Myers wrote mostly about the Jungian psychological functions, which are mental processes, Keirsey focused more on how people use words in sending messages and use tools in getting things done, which are observable actions. Keirsey performed an in-depth, systematic analysis and synthesis of aspects of personality for temperament, which included the temperament's unique interests, orientation, values, self-image, and social roles. Keirsey's theory blended the sixteen Myers-Briggs types with Ernst Kretschmer's model of four "temperament types", which Keirsey traced back to the classical Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, as well as other ancient writers. Myers grouped types according to dominant cognitive function, as follows: Introverted Thinking: INTPs and ISTPs Introverted Intuition: INFJs and INTJs Introverted Feeling: INFPs and ISFPs Introverted Sensing: ISTJs and ISFJs Extraverted Feeling: ENFJs and ESFJs Extraverted Thinking: ENTJs and ESTJs Extraverted iNtuition: ENFPs and ENTPs Extraverted Sensing: ESFPs and ESTPs Keirsey, however, influenced by Kretschmer's types (Hyperesthetics, Anesthetics, Melancholics, and Hypomanics), grouped the types differently, arguing that the four NFs (iNtuitive/Feeling types) were Hyperesthetic (oversensitive), the four NTs (iNtuitive/Thinking) were Anesthetic (insensitive), the four SJs (Sensing/Judging) were Melancholic (depressive), and the four SPs (Sensing/Perceiving) were Hypomanic (excitable). At the time (mid-1950s), Keirsey was mainly interested in the relationship between temperament and abnormal behavior, finding that Ernst Kretschmer and his disciple William Sheldon were the only ones who wrote about this relationship. ADHD controversy As a clinical psychologist, Keirsey regarded the prescription of psychotropic stimulants as a treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where activity or temperament of school children is considered disruptive to classroom proceedings, as not only unnecessary but harmful to these children. He was an ardent critic of what he saw as an "epidemic abuse of children", and claimed to be successful in the management of such children by applying what he called the "method of logical consequences". Keirsey asserted that Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) was an altogether different matter, in that these children were inactive and paid no attention to the teacher's agenda, and that ADD was defined exclusively by stating what they do not do, and in no way defined their observable behavior. Thus, in his opinion, ADD was a misleading label assigned to children who ignored the teacher while bothering nobody, unlike the children who are actually disruptive. Keirsey referred to the practice of medicating children with ADD as "The Great ADD Hoax". His main claim was that children labeled ADHD or ADD, typically, have an SP, or Artisan temperament, meaning concrete in thought and speech, and utilitarian in implementing goals. See also Anti-psychiatry Biological psychiatry Chemical imbalance theory References External links Keirsey's website Keirsey's blog The Story of Isabel Briggs Myers, Center for Applications of Personality Type "Sorting Temperaments" interview, Pomona Alumni Magazine 20th-century American psychologists Pomona College alumni 2013 deaths 1921 births People from Ada, Oklahoma Claremont Graduate University alumni California State University, Fullerton faculty Personality psychologists
The Ak Orda Presidential Palace (, Aqorda rezidentsiyasy, ) is the official workplace of the president of Kazakhstan, located in the capital city of Astana. The Palace was built within three years, and officially opened in 2004. It was built by the Mabetex Group, founded by Behgjet Pacolli, 3rd President of Kosovo and 1st Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo. Situated on the left bank of the Ishim (Esil) River, it is the president’s place of work and houses the staff of the Presidential Administration; it is not the president’s place of residence. The palace includes a blue and gold dome topped with a spire. This golden statue atop the dome includes a sun with 32 rays at its apex, and also includes a steppe eagle flying beneath the sun. The building's height (including the spire) is 80 meters. The first floor includes a Grand Central Hall, the Hall of Press Conferences, the Gala Hall, and the Winter Garden. The second floor includes offices, while the third floor is used for international events, and includes various halls (Marble Hall; Golden Hall; Oval Hall; Oriental Hall, built in the form of a yurt; the Hall of Extended Negotiations). The fourth floor includes a Dome Hall, meeting hall for the Government of the Republic, and the Library. The color gold features prominently throughout the complex and twenty-one types of marble were used for the floor patterns. Gallery References External links Official residences in Kazakhstan Buildings and structures in Astana Presidential residences Government buildings completed in 2004 2004 establishments in Kazakhstan
The Chesapeake Beach Railway (CBR), now defunct, was an American railroad of southern Maryland and Washington, D.C., built in the 19th century. The CBR ran 27.629 miles from Washington, D.C., on tracks formerly owned by the Southern Maryland Railroad and then on its own single track through Maryland farm country to a resort at Chesapeake Beach. The construction of the railway was overseen by Otto Mears, a Colorado railroad builder, who planned a shoreline resort with railroad service from Washington and Baltimore. It served Washington and Chesapeake Beach for almost 35 years, but the Great Depression and the rise of the automobile marked the end of the CBR. The last train left the station on April 15, 1935. Parts of the right-of-way are now used for roads and a future rail trail. History Origins In 1891, Baltimore lawyer (and later Maryland governor) Edwin Warfield and others organized the Washington & Chesapeake Beach Railway to connect Washington, D.C., with 3,000 acres (12 km²) of virgin bay front property at Fishing Creek where they would build a resort. Their Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, resort was to be a vacation spot for the rich and middle class alike, with two grand hotels, a boardwalk, racetrack, and amusements. A pier would accommodate Chesapeake Bay excursion steamers from Baltimore, Annapolis, and Eastern Shore points. In 1894, the W&CBR was granted a charter to incorporate the Town of Chesapeake Beach. Its grand schemes never bore fruit, and the railway was placed in receivership in 1895. A new company, the Chesapeake Beach Railway Company, took up the idea in 1896. In 1897, Otto Mears was placed in control of the company. He started construction in October 1897 at the B&O Railroad's Alexandria branch north of present Deane Avenue between Benning and Kenilworth. On April 7, 1898, the Chesapeake Beach Railway was given the franchise of the W&CBR. Mears optimistically anticipated that the railroad would be completed by July 1898. Before it could open, a draw span bridge over the Patuxent River would have to be built below Bristol. The Patuxent River being navigable as far north as Bristol had to be left unencumbered to steamboat traffic. Plans had to be approved by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A contract to construct the bridge was awarded to the Youngstown Bridge Company and after numerous delays, the bridge was fully operational as of May 1899. Like much of the rail infrastructure throughout the United States, the CBR was built and maintained predominantly by African-American workers. The CBR was segregated by race, with separate waiting rooms and rail cars for African-Americans. The CBR entered into successful agreements with the B&O to extend service from their Hyattsville station on the Washington Branch and then along the Alexandria Branch for four miles to Chesapeake Junction. Trains would go on to Upper Marlboro and on December 5, 1898, the line from Hyattsville to Upper Marlboro was officially opened. Their primary goal was to tap into the Baltimore market by connecting directly with the Baltimore- Washington trains that stopped at Hyattsville. As part of the contract, B&O built a separate siding in front of its Hyattsville station for CB trains to lay over. Most of the time, they ran two round trips a day. By 1899, the line was completed all the way to Chesapeake Beach, but the hotel was not ready, so the eastern leg of the railroad did not open until June 9, 1900. In April 1900, the Washington Traction & Electric Company extended the old Columbia H Street car line to Seat Pleasant, connecting with the Chesapeake Beach at the extreme eastern corner of the District. It became the main method for Washington passengers to get to the beach trains. When the Benning Road Power Plant was opened in 1906, a three-block section of the railway became a critical part of the freight route for coal heading to the plant. Cars were moved on CBR tracks from the junction with the B&O to a connection with Washington Railway and Electric Company tracks three blocks away. Operations In the early years, trains left Hyattsville and used B&O tracks to Chesapeake Junction, where Minnesota Avenue NE and Nannie Helen Burroughs Avenue NE meet in the Deanwood neighborhood. Then it traveled out of the District on the abandoned right-of-way of the Southern Maryland Railroad. It exited D.C. at Seat Pleasant, where it met with the Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway at a stop called District Line. From there, it went through Upper Marlboro, passing over the PRR (Pope Creek Branch), and then on to Chesapeake Beach. On July 7, 1913 their agreement to use B&O tracks ended and afterwards all CB passenger trains ended their runs at the Seat Pleasant trolley terminal called "District Line." Chesapeake Junction remained the railroad's primary freight interchange, but the railroad's rural territory produced little freight. The junction grew steadily more important after the building of the Benning power plant in 1906. Coal destined for the Benning power plant was at first moved into the plant by electric locomotives operating over the tracks of WREC and its successor, Capital Transit. They transferred from the B&O on about three blocks of the CBR tracks from Chesapeake Junction to the connection to the streetcar and then along the streetcar line past Kenilworth Junction to the plant. The plant was the central power facility for the onetime Washington Railway & Electric Company, the largest of the city's two street railway companies. Later it was inherited by Potomac Electric Power Company and progressively expanded over the years as the city's major generating plant. The streetcar company handled all plant switching and interchange with its own electric locomotives. To avoid the necessity for the CB to switch the cars over the three block stretch between B & O and the trolley interchange, CBR made an agreement in 1919 to allow B & O locomotives to use their track, paying CBR a per-car charge. So the whole operation was carried out on the track of three companies using B&O and then streetcar locomotives. In the early years, the fare for the round trip train ride from District Line station to Chesapeake Beach was 50 cents (approximately ). Express trains took about 60 minutes to make the trip; “locals” took about 90 minutes. Southern Maryland Railroad section In 1884, the Southern Maryland Railroad (SMR) began construction a rail line from Deanwood towards the District line which it eventually planned to connect to Brandywine and the rest of its rail line. They laid out the right-of-way and graded the line, laying down ties and rail by 1886. In 1898, the CBR took possession of this section of railway, presumably via a tax auction and used it for its operation. When the SMR emerged from bankruptcy in 1901 as the Washington, Potomac & Chesapeake Railway (WPC) it sued the CBR in 1902, claiming they still owned the railbed. The case went to the Supreme Court and in 1905 WP&CR won and took title to the railway. The Chesapeake Beach stopped running on the DC section of the railway, instead stopping at the train station in Seat Pleasant called District Line. Passengers would get there by using the Columbia Railway's street car line from Navy Yard. In 1911, they started leasing the District section of the line and continued until the WPC went out of business in 1918. At that point they purchased the section. End of the line The railroad was never financially successful and never paid off any interest on its original one million dollar mortgage. Starting in 1921, when the railroad carried a peak of 352,000 passengers, the increased use of automobiles began to cut into revenue. The destruction of the luxurious Belvedere Hotel by a fire which originally started at Klein's Bakery two blocks away on March 30, 1923, further limited business. In 1929, under new management, an attempt to rehabilitate the line was made and operations continued with the hope that a new ferry across the Chesapeake Bay to a point on Trippe's Bay in Dorchester County would drive new business. The ferry was blocked by the Claiborne-Annapolis Ferry Company, a competing ferry out of Annapolis. A hurricane in 1933 irreparably damaged the resort's facilities, and the subsequent loss of business led to foreclosure and a request for abandonment in 1935. On April 15, 1935, after entering receivership, the last train left Chesapeake Beach. All but the 2.631 miles from the roundhouse at "Maryland Park" to the junction at Deanwood, which confusingly took on the name of "Chesapeake Junction" in later years, and the 0.756 mile spur from Chesapeake junction to the PEPCO plant was abandoned, as that section had significant freight business. The remaining section was bought that same year by the East Washington Railway, formed specifically for that purpose, and the rail east of Maryland Park was removed in the summer of 1935 and the best of it sold to plantation railroads in Cuba. Most of the cars were burned and the metal sold for scrap, except for two that were transferred to the East Washington - the Dolores and San Juan - and a mail car. Two of the three remaining engines were transferred to the East Washington as well. The East Washington Railway The 3.4 mile long East Washington Railway survived for 40 years after the Chesapeake Beach Railway stopped running in 1935. Its main customers were a liquor wholesaler, a cement company, a bakery and PEPCO, the local power company. PEPCO needed coal delivered to its Benning Road Plant from Chesapeake Junction, the interchange with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. During the late 1930s and early 1940s operations changed with EWR's two secondhand 4-4-0 locomotives switching the hoppers the three blocks between the B&O and Capital Transit. In 1946 East Washington dieselized, first with a GE 45-ton centercab locomotive, then an ex-U.S. Army 65-ton Whitcomb and finally a former Washington Terminal Alco RS-1. The Seat Pleasant streetcar line was abandoned in 1949, but Capital Transit continued to operate the line to the Benning plant until January 1955 when it sold the section to the East Washington. When Kenilworth Avenue was converted into a limited-access highway, PEPCO sought permission to build a railroad bridge over it to ensure coal deliveries from the Pennsylvania Railroad, a move Capitol Transit and the East Washington - which delivered coal from the B&O - opposed, but the bridge was built anyway. At the time, the Highway Department wanted Capitol Transit to abandon the line, since the new bridge would provide a more direct service and at great cost to the District and the three rail companies (B&O, Capital Transit and EWR) the rail spur was moved and accommodated. In 1975 the power plant converted to oil to meet District environmental regulations which resulted in the demise of the East Washington Railway as PEPCO accounted for 97% of their revenue. The last coal train down the PEPCO spur ran on August 18, 1975. In 1978, the railroad, which by then was down to four employees from 10, and a single Whitcomb ceased operations after successfully overcoming a protest of their abandonment by a liquor warehouse owner. The same year they ceased operations, the tracks were sold to Maryland Midland Railway which pulled them up and sold most of the rail and some of the ties. The remainder were kept in storage by the Maryland Midland. The District of Columbia had considered, in their 1976 bicycle plan, using the railroad right-of-way as a bicycle trail but the opposition of local residents who wanted single-family housing on the strip, budget constraints and the presence of an alternative option along Watts Branch led them to forego that plan. In 1979, planning began to construct 31 detached homes on the portion of right-of-way between 43rd Place and Division Avenue, NE. In 1982, as part of the reconstruction of the westbound Benning Road viaduct, most of the Benning Road Power Plant spur from N.H. Burroughs Avenue to Foote Street NE was removed. The only remaining section of rail is buried beneath Foote Street. A one-block long section of the right-of-way in Seat Pleasant was turned into a section of the Chesapeake Beach Rail Trail in 2011. The railway's DC railyard, located north of Sheriff Avenue along the CSX tracks, has been used for parking and for an auto repair facility, but in 2017 work began to convert the property into a major firehouse, EMS and storage facility to replace the one at 4201 Minnesota Avenue. Surviving EW Locomotives All of the diesel locomotives operated by the East Washington Railway survived for many years after the railway itself was abandoned. No. 101, a GE 45-ton centercab, was built in 1946 and purchased by the EW in September of that year. It was retired in 1970 and sold to the Pinto Islands Metals Company in Mobile, Alabama, and for decades has been the plant switcher at the James River Cogeneration Company in Hopewell, VA. The plant was retired in 2019. Following the plant's closing, it was acquired by the Richmond Railroad Museum in Richmond, Virginia. The locomotive itself was transported from the plant to the museum's satellite yard in Hallsboro, Virginia. No. 102, a Whitcomb 65-ton centercab, was built in July 1944 as U.S. Army 8465. Following the demise of the East Washington Railway it was acquired as the first motive power for the new Maryland Midland Railway. After a career working as a quarry switcher in Ohio, it was acquired by the Hocking Valley Scenic Railway, a tourist line in Ohio. No. 103, an Alco RS-1, was built in 1944 for the Washington Terminal Company in Washington, DC. It was purchased by the East Washington Railway in April 1968 and sold to Union Equity Grain in Pasadena, Texas, in January 1970. Later acquired by an individual owner, it was stored in Texas until it was damaged in a collision and subsequently scrapped in 2013. Stations on the line Surviving landmarks The Chesapeake Beach Railway Station on Mears Avenue has served as the Chesapeake Beach Railway Museum since 1979. East Chesapeake Beach Road (Maryland Route 260) uses the right-of-way The base of the Lyons Creek trestle is still visible from the Rt 260 exit ramp off of MD Route 4 The Railroad Bed and Upper Railroad Bed hiking trails and River Farm entrance road, all at Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary follow the right-of-way with old culverts, "clinkers" (burned coal), and clear evidence of the old railroad ties. The base of the swing bridge over the Patuxent River at Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary as well as the fill for the railroad bed on the both sides of the river The right-of-way can be hiked at Mt. Calvert to Charles Branch The right-of-way is used for a few sections of the Chesapeake Beach Rail Trail and other sections are still extant such as a large section in the Randolph Village area and the median of Hayes Street NE in Washington, DC. The western section of Nannie Helen Burroughs Avenue NE in Washington, D.C., is on the right-of-way. A passenger car, named the Dolores, at the Chesapeake Beach Railway Museum. The museum was going to buy another car, the San Juan which had served as the company President's car and then, with the Dolores, as a home for East Washington Railway employees, but it was destroyed by fire the night before it was to be brought to the museum. Both cars were found at the company's old rail yard in Seat Pleasant in 1979. Destroyed landmarks The District Line station, which became the headquarters of the East Washington Railway and was then called the Seat Pleasant station, was torn down in the late 1940s to make room for an office and store room. In 1962, the station in Upper Marlboro, which was still abandoned, was destroyed in a fire. In the 1990s, the Pindell station collapsed and only ruins remain; the old caretaker's house nearby remains standing and was acquired as part of Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary in 2004. In 1983, the Chesapeake Beach Railway's C-shaped roundhouse and turntable in Seat Pleasant, built in 1901-02, were demolished to make room for the Addison Plaza Shopping Center on Central Avenue. At the time it was one of only two remaining buildings from the old Chesapeake Beach Railway, and only one of eight remaining roundhouses on the east coast, but was deemed not historic. References Bibliography External links Chesapeake Beach Railway Museum Chesapeake Beach History Chesapeake Beach Railway Trail Google Maps overlay of the Chesapeake Beach Railway Map and Schedule of the East Washington Railway Defunct Maryland railroads Defunct Washington, D.C., railroads Historic American Engineering Record in Maryland
The Vechtstreek () (Dutch for "Vecht area") is a region in the Dutch provinces of Utrecht and North Holland along the Vecht River between the towns of Utrecht and Amsterdam. Located in the economic heartland of the Netherlands, it is known for its natural environment and history. The Vechtstreek is known for its many vestiges of the Dutch Golden Age, including castles, homes, parks and tea houses. They bear witness to the greatness and wealth of that period, the important commercial role played by the Vecht River and the area's history as a residential area for the nobility and wealthy. Topography The Vecht River begins in the historic centre of Utrecht, where it receives much of its water from the Kromme Rijn, a minor branch of the Lower Rhine. It passes old towns like Oud-Zuilen, Maarssen, Breukelen, Nieuwersluis, Loenen, Vreeland, Nederhorst den Berg, Nigtevecht and Weesp before it flows into the IJsselmeer at Muiden. The landscape to the east and west of the river is also remarkable. Peat extraction in the 17th and 18th century turned vast low-lying fens into a collection of shallow, man-made lakes and bogs. Water lilies, reeds, swamps and wooded areas have developed spontaneously from the old peat canals (trekgaten) where the peat was extracted. A total of about 70 square kilometres have been designated as a series of nature reserves and are part of the European Natura 2000 scheme. There are lakes and waterways on both sides of the Vecht. These lakes and interconnecting waterways are referred to as the Vechtplassen ("the Vecht Lakes"), a series of man-made lakes resulting from the peat extraction. The lakes near Loosdrecht are especially popular for sailing. West of the river Vecht there is another important area of man-made lakes, the Vinkeveen lakes. External links The Vecht Lakes on TripsinNederland.com Regions of the Netherlands Regions of North Holland Regions of Utrecht (province)
The San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 57th season in the National Football League. The team entered their 2003 season attempting to improve upon their 10–6 output from the previous year. This was the first season under head coach Dennis Erickson, whose hiring was highly controversial due to the way the coaching change was handled. The 49ers failed to surpass their 2002 record and finished the season 7–9 by losing six close games. It was the final season that noted 49ers Terrell Owens, Garrison Hearst, Tai Streets, Ron Stone, and Jeff Garcia spent with the team. Offseason NFL Draft Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Week 1: vs. Chicago Bears The 49ers started the season off strongly, defeating the Bears 49–7. The game was close in the second quarter, with the 49ers leading 10–7, however, the Bears' defense gave way to the 49ers' offense who scored 39 unanswered points. The Bears were also plagued with turnovers; the team lost two fumbles and quarterback Kordell Stewart tossed three interceptions. The 49ers’ offensive line performed exceptionally well, as quarterback Jeff Garcia was never sacked during the course of the game. Week 2: at St. Louis Rams Coming off of a blowout, the 49ers played a tight match against the division rivals St. Louis Rams. It was a back-and-forth game, with the lead changing hands four times. The 49ers scored a game-tying touchdown late in the fourth quarter with a pass to Terrell Owens. In overtime, the Rams' Jeff Wilkins kicked a field goal to win the game, the team overcoming their four turnovers. The loss meant the 49ers started the season 1–1. Week 3: vs. Cleveland Browns In a low-scoring contest, the 49ers lost in a squeaker. After a scoreless first quarter, the 49ers struck first, however, they could not get into the end zone, scoring only four field goals. However, it appeared it would be sufficient; the 49ers led 12–0 in the final quarter. This would not be the case, though, as Browns’ quarterback Kelly Holcomb went on to throw two touchdown passes. Losing dropped the 49ers to 1–2. Week 4: at Minnesota Vikings Playing against the undefeated Vikings, the 49ers were unable to keep pace with their opponent. Scoring only in the final minutes of the fourth quarter, the 49ers were, at one point, behind 35–0. Several times the 49ers came within striking distance, however, three interceptions sealed their fate. The 49ers lost their third consecutive game and fell to 1–3. Week 5: vs. Detroit Lions Attempting to snap a three-game losing streak, the 49ers hosted the Detroit Lions, who were led by former head coach Steve Mariucci. A game riddled with errors, the 49ers fumbled three times (recovery each time), Jeff Garcia threw an interception, and Joey Harrington tossed two. The Lions never led, with the 49ers opening up a 17–0 lead in the second quarter. With their first win since the season opener, the 49ers moved up to 2–3. Week 6: at Seattle Seahawks For the second time in four games, the 49ers lost by a one-point differential. Playing against the division rival Seahawks, the 49ers fell behind 17–0 before halftime and had to play catch up in the second half. Slowly closing the gap, the 49ers scored 19 straight points to take the lead 19–17. However, the defense was unable to stop the Seahawks' 2-minute drill as Seattle's team drove into field goal range and scored the game-winning field goal off the foot of kicker Josh Brown and on the final drive of the game, Garrison Hearst fumbled the ball away at their own 43-yard-line to seal the loss. With the loss, the 49ers fell to 2–4. Week 7: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers Hosting the defending Super Bowl champions, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the 49ers got their third win of the season, knocking off the Buccaneers 24–7. The 49ers led the entire game and statistically dominated on both sides of the ball, both scoring often and forcing turnovers. Both teams were able to score touchdowns on passes of . With the victory, the 49ers moved to 3–4 on the season. Week 8: at Arizona Cardinals In an attempt to win their second consecutive game for the first time this season, the 49ers traveled to Arizona to play against their division rival, the Cardinals. The game was close throughout, being tied up in the fourth quarter off a one-yard fumble return for a touchdown. However, it was decided in Arizona's favor in overtime with a field goal. In that game, kicker Owen Pochman missed two field goals and an extra point, and would be replaced by Todd Peterson for the rest of the season. With the loss, the 49ers instead of improving to .500, they dropped to 3–5. Week 9: vs. St. Louis Rams Playing their second straight game against a division rival, the 49ers hosted the St. Louis Rams. The 49ers kick returner Cedrick Wilson returned the opening kick for a touchdown and the 49ers would not relinquish their lead. The 49ers offense became potent, opening up a 30–3 lead in the third quarter. The win brought the 49ers up to 4–5 heading into their bye week. Week 11: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Coming off their bye, the 49ers strung together their second straight victory, this time over the Pittsburgh Steelers. The 49ers shut out the Steelers in the first half, leading 10–0 at halftime. The Steelers offense came together in the second half to put some points on the board, statistically leading the 49ers, however it wasn't enough to close the gap. The 49ers' victory brought them to 5–5. Week 12: at Green Bay Packers After completing their first two-game win streak of the season, the 49ers traveled in Week 12 to their conference rival Green Bay Packers. The Packers dominated on both sides of the ball, leading 17–3 at the half. Despite forcing Brett Favre into throwing three interceptions, the 49ers offense could only manage 192 total yards, a majority coming off the performance of their two star players, Garrison Hearst and Terrell Owens. Losing dropped the 49ers back under .500, at 5–6. Week 13: at Baltimore Ravens The 49ers were dismantled by the Ravens easily, 44–6, with the 49ers limited to only two field goals. The 49ers were plagued with turnovers, quarterback Jeff Garcia throwing four interceptions, one of which was returned for a touchdown by Ray Lewis. With the loss, the 49ers fell to 5–7, including six losses on the road. Week 14: vs. Arizona Cardinals After an embarrassing loss, the 49ers regrouped to win 50–14 against their division rival Arizona Cardinals. The 49ers’ offense dominated throughout the game, at one point leading 36–0 and rolling up nearly of total offense. A rare safety was also scored, just after halftime. The defense also performed well, forcing two fumbles. With the win, the 49ers climbed to 6–7 on the season. Week 15: at Cincinnati Bengals A high-scoring shootout, the 49ers were slightly outscored by the Bengals, 41–38. The 49ers topped of total offense, but surprisingly never led in this close game. This can be partially attributed to their four fumbles, three of which were lost to the Bengals. One fumble was returned for a touchdown by Bengals' Kevin Hardy. The loss meant the 49ers fell to 6–8. Of the 49ers' season, this was the 13th time in 14 games in which the home team won (including the last 11 games), the home team outscoring the visitor 422–199 so far this season. Week 16: at Philadelphia Eagles Another squeaker, this game marked the sixth time this season the 49ers played a game that was decided three points or less, and the only one of those six in which the 49ers walked away with a victory. The 49ers outgained the Eagles, 414 to 293, and dominated in time of possession, but they failed to put away the Eagles in regulation due largely to three special teams miscues by punter Bill LaFleur: a fumbled hold on a first-quarter field goal attempt, a punt returned 81 yards for a touchdown by Brian Westbrook, and an 8-yard punt that set up an Eagles touchdown. But the 49ers were able to win when kicker Todd Peterson from out during overtime. With the victory, the 49ers moved up to 7–8. Week 17: vs. Seattle Seahawks The last game of the season, the 49ers hosted division rival Seattle Seahawks. The game was tied at the end of the first quarter and again at halftime, but the 49ers were unable to keep in during the second half, losing 24–17. With the loss, the 49ers clinched a losing season, at 7–9, after winning the division the previous year. Standings References External links San Francisco 49ers seasons San Francisco 49ers 2003 in San Francisco San
Chen Shimei is a Chinese opera character and a byword in China for a heartless and unfaithful man. He was married to Qin Xianglian, also translated as Fragrant Lotus. Chen Shimei betrayed Qin Xianglian by marrying another woman, and tried to kill her to cover up his past. This fictional couple are also popular in legends. History “Illustrated Edition of Bao Zheng’s Trials of A Hundred Legal Cases” (增像包龙图判百家公案), “Bao Zheng’s Cases” (包公案) in short, published in 1595 had already had the story of Chen Shimei whose children's names were as the same as they are in the traditional opera. The character was based on the historical court records of the Qing dynasty government official Chen Shumei (陳熟美), whose wife was Qin Xinglian (秦馨蓮). Like Bao Zheng, Chen was an upright official who eventually became an enemy of other corrupted officials. These officials created two fictitious husband-and-wife characters based on the couple by changing the middle Chinese characters of their real names and brought Bao Zheng of the Song dynasty era into their fictitious story to slander and smear Chen Shumei and his wife Qin Xinglian. Qin Xianglian first appeared as Lady Qin (秦氏) without a given name (like most women recorded in imperial China's literature) in the 1594 story collection Legal Cases of A Hundred Families Judged by Dragon-Design Bao (包龍圖判百家公案), Story 26, "Lady Qin's Ghost Return to Exile Shimei" (秦氏還魂配世美). In this version, she was killed by Chen's assassins, but her ghost sought justice with "Dragon-Design Bao" or Bao Zheng. The story most familiar to modern people no longer contained superstition, and instead had Chen's assassin Han Qi (韓琪) commit suicide to let Qin escape. Chinese opera The story of Beijing opera “[Chen Shi] Mei’s Beheading Case” (铡美案)： In the Song Dynasty, Chen Shimei (陈世美) was a poor scholar studying for the imperial examinations. Chen Shimei was married to Qin Xianglian (秦香蓮), who took care of him, his parents, and their children so Chen Shimei had time to study. When the time for the examinations came, Shimei went to the capital to take them, leaving Xianglian and their children behind. He did not return. In the meantime, a famine hit the country and killed their parents. With nothing left in the countryside, Xianglian and the children traveled to the capital to look for Shimei. It turned out that Shimei had placed first in the examinations and had been awarded an official post as a result. The Emperor favored him, and offered to marry his sister to Shimei. Although Shimei was already married, he coveted wealth and power; he kept his previous marriage a secret and married the princess, hoping to forget about Xianglian and their children. This put Shimei in a bind when Xianglian came to the capital to look for him. Still, aware that his position was in danger plus that he had lied to the Emperor to marry the princess, Shimei not only claimed to not know Xianglian and their children, but also secretly ordered his bodyguard Han Qi (韩琪) to murder them. Han Qi cornered Xianglian outside the capital. However, when Xianglian begged Han Qi to raise her children after her death, Han Qi could not bring himself to kill them. Caught between his conscience and duty, Han Qi committed suicide in Sanguantang (三官堂). After burying Han Qi, Xianglian then approached Bao Zheng to force Shimei to recognize her. Bao Zheng sent a subordinate to Shimei and Xianglian's hometown, verifying Xianglian's story. He then planned to have Xianglian confront Shimei in court, and tried to give Shimei another chance to recognize Xianglian as his first wife, for their children's sake. Instead, Shimei again denied knowing Xianglian. When Shimei denied sending an assassin to kill Xianglian as well, Xianglian proved that Shimei was lying by showing the court Han Qi's sword. Bao Zheng convicted Shimei for attempted murder and for lying to the Emperor, the punishment for which was death. When the princess heard of the impending execution, she was aggrieved that Shimei had lied to her, but also did not want to become a widow. Therefore, she went with her mother, the Empress Dowager, to pressure Bao Zheng to stop the execution. Bao Zheng refused. However, when the Emperor issued an edict pardoning Shimei, Bao Zheng was left with no choice but to obey. Lamenting that justice would not be served, he offered Xianglian some money and planned to resign from office. Xianglian refused the gift, crying so hard about how the officials were shielding each other that she fainted. Ordering his subordinates to help Xianglian, Bao Zheng indignantly resolved to proceed with the execution in spite of the edict. When the Empress Dowager pointed out that the penalty for defying an imperial edict was also death, Bao Zheng took off his official headwear and declared that Shimei should be executed first before himself. Shimei was executed. Afterwards, peasants throughout the country gave Bao Zheng the honorific "Justice Bao" (包青天). After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Changchun Film Studio (長春電影製片廠) produced the colorful opera film “Qin Xianglian” in 1964 to preserve the stagecraft of Beijing opera performers such as Zhang Junqiu (張君秋), Ma Lianliang (馬連良), Li Duokui (李多奎) and Qiu Shengrong (裘盛戎). Chen's portrayal in film and television Li Lihua in The Story of Ching Hsiang-lien (1964) Leanne Liu in Justice Pao (1993) Hao Lei in The New Case of Beheading Chen Shimei (2004) Chen Ting in Justice Bao (2008) Zhou Zihan in Female Constable (2011) Mabel Yuan in Qin Xianglian (2011) See also Bao Zheng References Bibliography “A Hundred Legal Cases of Bao Zheng’s Cases”, Chapter 26, ‘Qing Xianglian’s Revial from the Death’ Cultural depictions of Bao Zheng Fictional Chinese people in literature Fictional criminals Fictional Song dynasty people Fictional Han people
Zhutovo 2-ye () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Zhutovskoye Rural Settlement, Oktyabrsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 754 as of 2010. There are 10 streets. Geography Zhutovo 2-ye is located in steppe, on Yergeni, 37 km southeast of Oktyabrsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Samokhino is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Oktyabrsky District, Volgograd Oblast
Isaiah Robinson (unknown – c. 1781) was a captain in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War. Biography Robinson, probably born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was a member of the Philadelphia Ship Masters' Association and served as a lieutenant on the with Joshua Barney. He later commanded the 10-gun Continental sloop-of-war , fitted out by the Marine Committee shortly after Admiral Esek Hopkins' fleet sailed for New Providence in 1776, and captured a six-gun British letter of marque off the Virginia Capes. Appointed captain in the Continental Navy on 10 October 1776, he assumed command of the 14-gun brig . One of the more important smaller boats of the Continental Navy, the brig sailed under orders of the Secret Committee, dated 17 October 1776, for the Dutch island of Sint Eustatius to take on a cargo of military stores. When the Andrew Doria entered the harbor at Sint Eustatius on 16 November, it received one of the first gun salutes rendered to the American flag (at the time, the Grand Union Flag). Upon the return voyage in late November, he captured the British 12-gun sloop-of-war after a two-hour engagement near Puerto Rico. The following year, Captain Robinson cruised against enemy shipping off Cape May, but was finally blockaded in the Delaware River. During the defense of Philadelphia, and following the destruction of Fort Mifflin on 15 November 1777, he was forced to burn Andrew Doria to prevent the vessel from falling into enemy hands. He commanded the 12-gun Pennsylvania privateer Pomona in 1779 and succeeded in taking several British privateers. The date of his death is unknown, but his will, dated 12 August 1777, was probated in the city of Philadelphia on 25 September 1781. Legacy The destroyers and were named in his honor. Robinson appears in John Edward Jennings' 1950 historical novel The Sea Eagles. References Year of birth missing Year of death missing Continental Navy officers People of colonial Pennsylvania
The Sakhalin Regional Museum () is a museum in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk on the Russian island of Sakhalin. It is the largest museum in the Sakhalin Oblast. The Museum collects, researches, and displays materials relating to the natural history, archaeology, history, and ethnography of the region. History The first museum on Sakhalin opened in what was then the military post of Alexandrovsk in North Sakhalin in 1896. A number of exhibits disappeared when the area was in Japanese hands, in 1905 and again between 1920 and 1925. The museum reopened in 1932. Meanwhile, in South Sakhalin, in the years when, as Karafuto Prefecture, it formed part of the Empire of Japan, the official residence of the garrison commander initially served for the , a situation that lasted until 1935, when the building was repurposed for the Toyohara Military Police. Construction work on a new, dedicated museum building began in July 1935 and continued for two years, until July 1937; related documentation from the 1935 fiscal year is preserved in the . For the site, land belonging to Karafuto Jinja was used; a or martial arts facility was also built nearby in Japanese-style. In 1937, the Karafuto Agency Museum reopened to the public in what was then the city of Toyohara [ja], now Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, with displays organized around the three themes of nature, culture, and industry. After the Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin in August 1945, the Museum changed hands, reopening to the public the following May; for a period, until their repatriation, Japanese staff continued to work alongside their Soviet colleagues. In 1953, the Museum in Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky closed and its collections were transferred to the Sakhalin Regional Museum. In 1970, the Museum staged an exhibition of paintings from the Tretyakov Gallery. In the 1980s and 1990s, artworks from the Museum were transferred to and formed the basis of the collection of the new , assistance was provided in the establishment of the , and several branch museums were created in other districts of Sakhalin Oblast. (By 2000, there were seven such branch museums; in 2001 these were reestablished as independent museums in their own right.) Since 1990, the Museum has maintained relations with Hokkaido Museum (and its predecessor institution the Historical Museum of Hokkaido) in Sapporo, Japan, including joint research and staff exchanges. Building The or Japonaiserie-style museum building, of reinforced concrete with a tiled roof, is in the Imperial Crown Style, to plans by (1900–1974), who sought to combine elements of Japanese castle design with elements of western design. The building has a marked horizontal emphasis, the tenshu-like components provide a strong central accent and give an impression of ascent, while staggered roofs add variety to enliven the façade. While the lower tiers are more western in their inspiration, the cut stone is reminiscent of castle walls, and the white plaster of the upper tiers and onigawara and other decorative features such are thoroughly Japanese. Inside, skylights brighten the upper exhibition spaces with natural light, while cloth wallpaper once softened the acoustic. From 2005, restoration and repair work was carried out on the building. Collection and display The permanent display is organized around six main themes: the geology of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands; their flora and fauna; "ancient cultures and indigenous peoples"; discovery and exploration (from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries); "the period of hard labour"; and the first half of the twentieth century. Leading figures documented include Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy, Mogami Tokunai, Mamiya Rinzō, Matsuura Takeshirō, Bronisław Piłsudski, and Igor Farkhutdinov, and the local oil and gas industry is also introduced. The collection includes replicas of local fossil finds, of Nipponosaurus sachalinensis and Desmostylus hesperus; taxidermied representatives of species featured in the Red Data Book of Sakhalin Oblast; materials relating to the Ainu, Nivkh, and Uilta; and one of the four main boundary markers placed in 1906 along the 50th parallel at the time of the demarcation of the Sakhalin frontier following the Treaty of Portsmouth that brought the Russo-Japanese War to its close. See also Nemuro City Museum of History and Nature References External links Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore Local museums in Russia Buildings and structures in Sakhalin Oblast Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Museums established in 1937 Imperial Crown Style architecture Tourist attractions in Sakhalin Oblast Cultural heritage monuments in Sakhalin Oblast Culture of Sakhalin Oblast Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of regional significance
Hadrobregmus denticollis is a species of death-watch beetle in the family Anobiidae. References Further reading External links Anobiinae Beetles described in 1796
Sven Anders Flodström (born 1 October 1944) is a Swedish professor of materials physics at the Royal Institute of Technology. Flodström was born in Söderhamn, Sweden. He studied engineering physics and electrical engineering in Linköping. In 1975, he was awarded a Ph.D. in physics in Linköping with the thesis "Electronic structure of clean and oxygen covered aluminium and magnesium surfaces studied by photoelectron spectroscopy". Flodström was also one of the initiators of the synchrotron facility MAX-Lab in Lund, where he served as a coordinator until 1985. In 1985 he was appointed professor of materials physics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. He was previously the rector of Linköping University from 1996 to 1999 and of the Royal Institute of Technology from 1999 to 2007 and University Chancellor of Sweden and head of the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education from 1 August 2007 to 30 June 2010. Since November 2012, Anders Flodström is the Chief Education Officer of EIT Digital and a member of the Management Committee of EIT Digital. References Swedish physicists Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology Rectors of KTH Royal Institute of Technology Academic staff of Linköping University Swedish civil servants Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences 1944 births Living people
Hammerhead Ranch Motel is a novel by Tim Dorsey published in 2000. It continues the story, started in Florida Roadkill, of blithe psychopath Serge A. Storms and his pursuit of five million dollars in cash hidden in the trunk of a car. The book is non-linear, with some scenes occurring at the same time chronologically but told out of order with later scenes. One set of characters is a group of commissioners from Lausanne, Switzerland, lured to Tampa as part of the city's real-life (and historically unsuccessful) bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics. Plot summary Like the previous novel, Hammerhead Ranch Motel begins in media res, with two murders and one apparent suicide, the events leading up to which are eventually explored in the remainder of the novel. Serge A. Storms succeeds in tracking down the car with the briefcase containing $5 million in the trunk, and steals it while its drivers, Sean and David, have gotten out of the car to watch the progress of a wildfire. Later, he checks into the Hammerhead Ranch Motel in Tampa Bay to lay low, but his car is stolen by a trio of car thieves. The Motel's owner is a gangster named Zargoza (who legally changed his name from Harvey Fiddlebottom). Over the next few days, the briefcase changes hands several times, from the car thieves to the petty criminals who overheard the thieves bragging about finding it, to a pair of hapless college students hired by the thieves to drive their car across the state, to Zargoza's sometime-partners, the reckless Diaz Boys, and finally Zargoza himself. Several of these handlers are tracked down and killed, either by Serge or the Diaz Boys, but only Serge follows the trail to Zargoza. After determining that the briefcase is no longer in the trunk of the car, Serge drives it to the top of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, torches it with a Molotov cocktail, then leaps from the bridge with a parachute and dressed in a Santa Claus outfit (the act mistakenly seen as a suicide in the prologue). On the same night, one of the college students plunges to his death after being interrogated by the Diaz Boys, onto the glass roof of the Florida Aquarium. The gruesome nature of the recent deaths drives Zargoza nearly insane from paranoia, and he changes the hiding place of the briefcase several times. Deciding that a more subtle approach is required with Zargoza, Serge partners with a Don Johnson-impersonator named Lenny Lipowicz, who owns a real Moon rock from a 1970s space mission. The two befriend Zargoza and the trio spend several weeks touring Florida tourist attractions, with Serge waiting for Zargoza to let slip where the briefcase is. Three subplots intersect with the main story and lead up to the novel's climax: City and Country, two young women from Alabama, are on the run after a girl accidentally stabbed herself to death in their presence, with the steak knife she was snorting cocaine from. Believing themselves suspect in the woman's death, City and Country steal her car and flee to Florida, where they meet Serge and Lenny, quickly becoming addicted to Lenny's pot and Serge's bottomless supply of Florida history and trivia. Aristotle "Art" Tweed is falsely diagnosed with a terminal illness (a practical joke by the bored teenage daughter of an employee at his local hospital) and, after meeting a Hemingway impersonator named Jethro Maddox, decides to redeem himself by killing the worst bully he can find. At first he targets "Boris the Hateful Piece of Sh**", a Tampa shock jock leading the public outcry in favor of Florida's newest anti-immigration legislation, but Serge kills Boris first after the latter's lewd advances against City and Country. Meanwhile, the hospital's insurer hires a private investigator named Paul to track down Art and inform him about the hoax. The crew of an Air Force C-130 Hercules based at Keesler Air Force Base tracks the development and progress of Hurricane Rolando-berto in the Gulf of Mexico. The Air Force's attempt to liaise with the local media goes disastrously wrong when anchorman Blaine Crease, riding in the plane over the hurricane's eye, insists on pitching a cylindrical weather sensor out of an open hatchway while being filmed, which causes his network's beloved mascot, "Toto the Dancing Weatherdog" to leap after the "stick" and out the hatchway to plummet to his death. When the hurricane unexpectedly changes direction and makes landfall at Tampa, all the characters are trapped inside the Hammerhead Ranch Motel. Zargoza's "fall guy", a washed-up rock musician named C.C. Flag, believing that he's about to be arrested for his complicity in Zargoza's crimes, takes a young boy hostage, but Art saves the boy and both Flag and the local community's xenophobic mayor, Malcolm Kefauver, are blown out to sea by the hurricane. Serge and Zargoza finally confront each other over the money, but Zargoza is distracted when Jethro, whose participation in "The Flying Hemingway"'s skydiving stunt left him stranded in a tree, crashes through the Motel's roof. Country protects Serge by shooting Zargoza, who dies before Serge can convince him to confess where the money is hidden. Art learns the truth from Paul and is befriended by the attractive single mother of the boy whose life he saved. Watching the post-hurricane news, Serge sees the briefcase in the possession of Paul, leaving Tampa with Jethro, who happened to witness (from his tree perch) Zargoza hiding the briefcase for the last time. Serge frees Lenny from a local chain gang and, with City and Country in tow, takes off after the money once again. Johnny Vegas Several of Dorsey's novels features one or more failed attempts by his recurring character, Johnny Vegas, to finally lose his virginity. In this novel, Johnny has traded in the Cigarette boat he was using in Florida Roadkill, and instead trolls for available women in a Porsche convertible. He succeeds in luring an aspiring model, who gives her name as "If" into his car, and is about to have sex with her on the passenger seat, while the car is parked at the top of a bridge, only to be interrupted when she notices Serge torching his car and jumping from the bridge, an act mistaken by all the onlookers for a suicide. To cap off his failure, while they are watching from the bridge rail, a semi truck flattens his Porsche. He picks up a spokesmodel in South Beach and, in order to be absolutely sure of success, drives her to a motel in Everglades City, only to be interrupted by a rash of wildfires that forces them to evacuate, in spite of his fervent wish to remain and complete his conquest. Johnny rents a room at the Hammerhead Ranch Motel for himself and his latest date, but she is so terrified by the noise of the hurricane that she locks herself in the bathroom. The novel's epilogue features three separate failures by Johnny: Johnny is hiking in a park with an avid bird-watcher, when he mistakenly insults her by comparing her unfavorably to girls with tattoos, not knowing she has one; Johnny unexpectedly gets another chance with If, who asks him to be her date for a local broadcast journalism awards banquet, with a promise of sex after she wins; the evening is ruined when a disgruntled former state safety employee who witnessed Serge's jump from the bridge shoots at the copy editor who composed the headline that led to his firing. Johnny is so frustrated that he beats up the gunman on camera; later he is picked up in a bar by a statuesque blonde who thinks he's a hero and offers to sleep with him, but (based on her reference to the film The Crying Game and the fact that Johnny's "losing streak" remains unbroken in the following novels) is hinted to actually be a man in drag. 2000 American novels Novels by Tim Dorsey Novels set in hotels Novels set in Florida HarperCollins books
Christies Beach is a seaside suburb in the southern Adelaide metropolitan area, within the City of Onkaparinga. The area is scenic and hence popular with photographers as Witton Bluff provides a natural vantage point over the entire suburb and beyond. Christies Beach boasts a unique commercial strip running the entire length of Beach Road and is identified as a primary coastal node in the Adelaide Metropolitan area (Planning SA, 2007). Christies Beach also features one of the few remaining main road classified Esplanades in Metropolitan Adelaide, providing direct access to the beach on Gulf St Vincent. Christies Beach has its own postcode of 5165, and is adjacent to the suburbs of Christie Downs and Noarlunga Centre to the east, Port Noarlunga to the south, and O'Sullivan Beach to the north. Offshore from Christies Beach is Horseshoe Reef, which is exposed at low tide. A new artificial subtidal reef was constructed approximately 500 metres offshore from the mouth of Christies Creek in 2021. Development The very first development to occur along the coast of Christies Beach can be traced back to pre-colonization times, almost 40,000 years ago. The indigenous Kaurna people used the coastal area of Christies Beach (at the time known as Mullawirratingga) as a place for seasonal residence. They constructed structures known as a wodli, which are small shelters made of branches and leaves. These structures were semi-permanent, only lasting the length of the summer period, after which they were then disassembled (City of Onkaparinga, 2005). The first European development along the Christies Beach coastline was constructed in the 1830s. A whaling station was constructed along the coast, influenced by the rising price of whale bone overseas, the abundant southern right whale population during the summer breeding season and the vantage point of Gulf St Vincent from Witton Bluff. By the 1840s the seasonal whale population dwindled down to unprofitable levels with the whales changing their migration route, and the whalers left the area to pursue other activities (Colwell, 1972) (Towler, 1986). An area of surveyed land covering Glenelg to Witton Bluff (Christies Beach) known as District B, was made available for settlement in 1838. Many farmers took plots of land along the Anderson Creek (now known as Christies Creek). In 1895 Lambert Christie and his wife Rosa established a farm that covered the area where Christies Beach is now situated. The entire area remained a land of farming communities until 1923. This is when Rosa Christie created the first subdivision in the area, it was named Christie Beach. With this subdivision and other such residential allocations in the area road and rail transportation was improved. The improvement in transportation south of Adelaide gave Christies Beach an increase in tourists and holiday makers who were looking for a coastal experience. Many tourists decided to build cottages and holiday shacks on Witton Bluff and down onto the beach itself (City of Onkaparinga, 2005). With the influx of visitors and new residents to the area the Christies Beach Progressive Association was formed to provide good foreshore amenities, such as beach access, toilets, showers, etc. Foreshore developments led to the creation of new shops and services on the Esplanade and nearby Gulfview and Beach Roads. By the late 1950s demand for residence in the area skyrocketed, this propelled commercial and industrial developments in the Lonsdale district with the opening of Port Stanvac Oil Refinery and Chrysler (later Mitsubishi) engine plant and also in Noarlunga with the relocation of the railway line and the construction of Colonnades Shopping Centre (Colwell, 1972) (City of Onkaparinga, 2005). Christie Beach Post Office opened on 3 April 1945 and was renamed Christies Beach around 1961. Christies Beach North office opened on 5 June 1962. Wastewater treatment plant One of metropolitan Adelaide's three largest wastewater treatment plants exists at Christies Beach, immediately north of Christies Creek. Currently operated by SA Water, it commenced operating in 1970 and was expanded in 1981 to meet the needs of a growing population. Further expansion works were undertaken in 2013. As of 2021, the plant treats sewage for use as biogas, biosolids and recycled water, and a further portion of treated wastewater is released to the environment. In the financial year 2018-19 the most significant pollutants discharged to the marine environment by mass were: nitrogen (56 tonnes), phosphorus (37 tonnes) and chlorine (6 tonnes). Future development Existing foreshore developments include toilet facilities, benches, shelter, barbecue facilities, native vegetation plantations, fencing, informational signage, beach access stairs, and paved footpaths on both sides of the Esplanade. Recently all overhead power lines along the Esplanade have been converted to underground power lines to improve the scenic value of the foreshore. Future development plans for the Christies Beach foreshore established under the Metropolitan Coast Park Plan include the allocation of parking areas to remove on the side of the road parking, continued planting of native vegetation and the creation of more open recreation grass spaces, and converting the footpath into a multi-recreational path that can be used by walkers and cyclists alike and is connected to similar coastal paths along coasts further north and south, and changing the flow of traffic along the coast so as to turn it into a recreational road, rather than a thoroughfare. There are plans for a coastal trail from Christies Beach to Port Noarlunga, called The Witton Bluff Base Trail, with the application for funding being considered. Sport The central sporting hub for the Christies Beach area is the John Bice Memorial Oval, home of the Christies Beach Football Club, Southern Districts Cricket Club and the Christies Beach Sports and Social Club. At the waterfront, the Christies Beach Sailing Club and Christies Beach Surf Lifesaving Club cater for participants in aquatic sports. A small concrete boat ramp exists for launching and landing watercraft. Historical sites Morrow Road Bridge The Morrow Road bridge over Christies Creek, a Local Heritage place, was once the main road bridge linking Christies Beach to O'Sullivan Beach. The structure is thought to be the only remaining example of a wooden road bridge in the former Noarlunga Council area. Parks and reserves Lohmann Park Situated on Galloway Road between Gulf View Road and Carmichael Road, Lohmann Park is home to The Rainmakers, a statue of bronze Aboriginal warriors. The sculpture was gifted to the people of Noarlunga City Council by Eugen Lohmann Esq., the Governing Director of Wender and Duerholt, a (West) German building company which had built a number of South Australian Housing Trust homes in the area. The statue was unveiled by then Premier of South Australia, Frank Walsh, on 21 May 1965. Also located in the park is a memorial to former City of Onkaparinga councillor Alan Oakes. D. M. Coe Reserve Situated on an easement between Vincent Street and Dorothea Street, D. M. Coe Reserve comprises open space with a small playground. The reserve is named after Daphne Mary Coe, a councillor of the former City of Noarlunga. Ron Gill Reserve Located on the corner of Brixton Street and Clovelly Avenue, the reserve comprises three tennis courts, a basketball ring, public toilets, open space, a small playground and the Ron Gill Memorial Hall, a community hall. The community hall is the home of the Rotary Club of Noarlunga and the Brixton Street Social Tennis Club. The reserve is named after Ron Gill, the first president of the Rotary Club of Noarlunga in 1966. Tom McBeath Reserve Located between Vincent Street, King Street, Shepherd Road and a service road to the adjacent shops, Tom McBeath comprises open space, some trees, the Christies North Kindergarten and the hall of the disbanded 1st Christies Beach Scout Group. It is named after Tom McBeath, a former president of the Rotary Club of Noarlunga from 1970–1971, who was also a strong supporter of the nearby Christies Beach Meals on Wheels. Peters Park The park on Archer Street was formally named Peters Park on 16 April 2019. It was named after the Peters Family in recognition of the family's long history in the neighbourhood and contribution to the park for over 55 years. Allan Peters lobbied the City of Noarlunga in 1972 to landscape the park, and along with wife Pauline, daughters Ani and Leeza, and friends, decorated surrounding Stobie poles with murals, and over the years have donated their time cleaning up rubbish and reporting graffiti. References References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). People occupying high or medium density housing - Christies Beach. Australian Census 2006. City of Noarlunga. (1997). Noarlunga Coastal Management Plan. Adelaide: Rust PPK Pty Ltd. City of Onkaparinga. (2004). Christies Beach Coastal Precinct. Adelaide: Rust PPK Pty Ltd. City of Onkaparinga. (1930). History of Christies Beach. Retrieved 23 August 2007, from Local Studies On-Line: http://www.onkaparingacity.com/libraries/localstudies/view_details.asp?RefID=1200 Colwell, M. (1972). The History of the Noarlunga District. Adelaide: Scrymgour & Sons. Planning SA. (2001). Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan. Adelaide: PPK Environment & Infrastructure Pty Ltd. Planning SA. (17 May 2007). Christies Beach. Retrieved 27 August 2007, from Planning SA: https://web.archive.org/web/20080308093044/http://www.planning.sa.gov.au/go/open-space-and-urban-design/open-space-projects/metropolitan-open-space-system/coast-park/example-projects/christies-beach Planning SA. (2001). Precinct 3 - Mid South Coast. Adelaide: PPK Environment & Infrastructure Pty Ltd. Planning SA. (2001). Summary of Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan. Adelaide: PPK Environment & Infrastructure Pty Ltd. Towler, D. (1986). A Fortunate Locality. Adelaide: Peacock Publications. Turner, A. (1994). Fingers crossed for a revival. The Advertiser, pg14. Suburbs of Adelaide Beaches of South Australia Gulf St Vincent
The 1971–72 Divizia A was the fifty-fourth season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania. Teams League table Results Top goalscorers Champion squad See also 1971–72 Divizia B 1971–72 Divizia C 1971–72 County Championship References Liga I seasons Romania 1971–72 in Romanian football
The 17th Field Artillery Brigade, "America's Premier HIMARS Brigade", is an artillery brigade in the United States Army. It is currently based in Joint Base Lewis McChord Washington as Force Fires Headquarters for I Corps. History The 17th Field Artillery Brigade began as the 17th Field Artillery Brigade part of the 17th Division at Camp Bowie, Texas on 31 July 1918. It demobilized in February 1919 after World War I. The 17th Field Artillery Brigade activated again at Fort Sill January 1943. During World War II the 17th Field Artillery Brigade participated in Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe. Staged at Camp Myles Standish from 20 February 1944. Departed Boston, Massachusetts Port of Embarkation on 28 February 1944. Arrived in England on 8 March 1944. Landed in France on 12 June 1944 and entered the Normandy campaign. Normandy Campaign concluded on 24 July 1944. Northern France campaign started July 1944. Crossed into Belgium on 5 September 1944. Northern France campaign concluded on 14 September 1944. Entered Germany on 15 September 1944 and started Rhineland campaign. Returned to Belgium on 1 October 1944. Reentered Germany on 1 November 1944. Returned to Belgium on 23 December 1944 to participate in the Ardennes-Alsace campaign. Reentered Germany on 4 February 1945, and resumed Rhineland campaign. Rhineland Campaign concluded on 21 March 1945. Central Europe campaign starts 22 March 1945. Central Europe campaign concluded 11 May 1945, and unit prepares to be withdrawn from ETO, and deployment to PTO. Unit withdrawn from Germany, and arrived Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation to prepare for invasion of Japan on 9 July 1945 Unit moved to Camp San Luis Obispo, California on 15 July 1945 to train and re-equip for Pacific Theater. Unit at Camp San Luis Obispo on VJ Day. Unit moved to Fort Ord, California for demobilization on 20 September 1945. Inactivated 15 November 1945 at Fort Ord The 17th Field Artillery Brigade activated at Fort Campbell, Kentucky 22 January 1951. The unit was redesigned 21 March 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 17th Field Artillery Group. The 17th Field Artillery deployed to Iraq from Fort Sill, OK in 2003 and again in 2005. In 2007 the 17th Field Artillery Brigade moved to Fort Lewis, Washington a renamed 17th Fires Brigade. The 17th Fires Brigade deployed to the Basra Province in the summer of 2009. The unit was designated as a subordinate unit to 7th Infantry Division, 1 October 2012 The 1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment was officially inactivated February 2014. For the purpose of standardizing, the 17th Fires Brigade was officially renamed 17th Field Artillery Brigade on 19 February 2014. Lineage and honors Lineage Constituted 31 July 1918 in the Regular Army as Headquarters, 17th Field Artillery Brigade, and assigned to the 17th Division Organized 19 August 1918 at Camp Bowie, Texas Demobilized 8 February 1919 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma Reconstituted 12 October 1936 in the Regular Army; concurrently consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 17th Field Artillery Brigade (constituted 1 October 1933 in the Regular Army), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 17th Field Artillery Brigade Activated 19 January 1943 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma Reorganized, redesignated, and joined 13 March 1944 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, VII Corps Artillery Inactivated 15 November 1945 at Fort Ord, California Activated 22 January 1951 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky Inactivated 21 June 1975 in Germany Redesignated 21 March 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 17th Field Artillery Brigade Activated 21 September 1978 in Augsburg, Germany Reorganized and redesignated 17 July 2007 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 17th Fires Brigade Campaign participation credit World War II: Normandy Campaign (with arrowhead); Northern France Campaign; Rhineland Campaign; Ardennes-Alsace Campaign; Central Europe Campaign War on Terrorism: Campaigns to be determined Decorations Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2005–2006 Assigned and Attached Units The 17th Field Artillery Brigade is currently composed of the following units: Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB) 1st Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment (1–3rd FAR) (HIMARS) 1st Battalion, 94th Field Artillery Regiment (1–94th FAR) (HIMARS) 308th Brigade Support Battalion (308th BSB) 256th Signal Company References External links "17th Fires Brigade", United States Army "17th Field Artillery Brigade", Global Security 017\|Field Artillery 017 017\|Field Artillery 017 Military units and formations established in 1918
The Gospels of Henry the Lion were intended by Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, for the altar of the Virgin Mary in the church of St. Blaise's Abbey, Brunswick, better known as Brunswick Cathedral. The volume is considered a masterpiece of Romanesque book illumination of the 12th century. The gospel book was made for the duke on commission at the Benedictine Helmarshausen Abbey. As for its date, the church in Brunswick was built in 1173, and the altar of the Virgin Mary was dedicated in 1188. The creation of the gospel book was formerly placed by most authorities at about 1175 ("early dating") but today the balance of opinion puts it at about 1188 ("late dating"). The manuscript, containing 266 pages with the text of the four gospels, 50 of them full page illustrations, was sold by auction on 6 December 1983 at Sotheby's in London for £8,140,000. The purchase price was raised, in the context of a German national initiative for the preservation of national treasures, by the German government, the Bundesländer of Lower Saxony and Bavaria, the Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz and private donors (largely from Brunswick). It was the most expensive book in the world until 1994, when Bill Gates bought the Codex Leicester, a manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci. The gospel book, preserved completely intact, with 50 full page miniatures, is kept in the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel, and for security reasons is displayed only once every two years. See also Guelph Treasure List of most expensive books and manuscripts References Das Evangeliar Heinrichs des Löwen. Complete facsimile of Codex Guelf. Noviss. 2°, Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel (also Clm 30055 of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich). 1,000 numbered copies of the manuscript in 2 volumes (facsimile and commentary). Frankfurt am Main. 1989 Abs, H. J., Fleckenstein, J., Kötzsche., D., 1985. Evangeliar Heinrichs des Löwen. Documentation to the authorised facsimile edition. Frankfurt am Main: Insel- Verlag. Kötzsche, D. (ed.), 1989. Das Evangeliar Heinrichs des Löwen. Commentary on the facsimile. Frankfurt am Main. Klemm. E., 1988. Das Evangeliar Heinrichs des Löwen erläutert. Frankfurt am Main. Gospels of Henry the Lion: Sale Catalogue, 6 December 1983. Sotheby's, London. Walther, Ingo F. and Norbert Wolf. Codices Illustres: The world's most famous illuminated manuscripts, 400 to 1600. Köln, TASCHEN, 2005. External links Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel: Digital facsimile of manuscript Gospel Books 12th-century books 12th-century illuminated manuscripts Herzog August Library Culture in Braunschweig Christianity in Braunschweig
Vasily Vasilyevich Balabanov (; 30 January 1873 – 27 January 1947) was a former governor of Turkestan in Imperial Russia, a governor of Semirechye, an SR and a commissar of the Russian Provisional Government. Biography Vasily Balabanov was the third of five children of Vasily Stepanovich Balabanov and Maria Muravskaya. In 1892 he was married for the first time. In 1894 Balabanov graduated from Moscow University and returned to the family estate in Bakhmut. He was noted for being sympathetic to the peasants and helped modernize methods and improve conditions. In 1905 he visited Asiatic Russia, impressed with the vastness and available land for the poor Russian peasants. He went to Moscow with his idea and came back with the backing of the government. After a slow start, with the loss of the Russo-Japanese War, there were many ex-soldiers and families attracted to the prospect and a trickle turned into a flood. Balabanov received the title of 'Minister of Resettlement of Turkestan' and helped the new arrivals settle in the area. His first wife died after 4 children (Galina, Sergey, Alexey and Klara) and Balabanov married Anastasia Kvasnicki from Odessa, the daughter of a Jewish merchant with whom he had three children, Vladimir, Basil and Taras. In 1913 Balabanov was appointed governor-general of the Turkestan Province. He spent time with dignitaries, and had one of the few automobiles in this remote area. Although he didn't live in a palace, the official house was large and it had many staff in attendance. With the start of World War I in 1914 the Tsar needed soldiers from the peasants and Balabanov had to balance this with keeping enough farmers in the fields to produce enough food for everyone. As a result few staff were available to take care of his offices and home. In 1915 his 18 year old nanny was pregnant and his wife left. His nanny Vera Afanaseva continued to care for his children who were not allowed to leave. Russian Civil War By 1919 the Russian Revolution had reached Turkestan. For many months there was fighting between the reds and whites, with one side taking a town only to be taken back a few days later. Balabanov spent a great deal of time working with Alexander Dutov and General Grigory Semyonov in diplomacy. One time Dutov sent Balabanov to convince Semyonov to join him in an attack. Semyonov claimed Balabanov was no longer the Governor because the government no longer gave support. Semyonov though wrote out appointments to Balabanov's three sons as Lieutenants. Balabanov was imprisoned several times by the reds narrowly escaping with his life, once being freed by a newly made red who remembered his helpfulness, once survived because the man next to him was the one who got shot. Another time the reds broke into the government house, took all his valuables and destroyed anything else. He refused the French offer of sanctuary but with the help of Dutov he escaped through the mountainous passes with his younger children, third wife, and trusted officers to China in 1920. One of the passes he had to pass was through a red blockade by walking quietly at night. He settled in the border area for about 6 months helping the anti-Bolsheviks until an assassination attempt (a 10,000 ruble reward was posted for him) forced him to flee with his family overland to Hankou, passing through the Gobi Desert. However, Alexander Dutov was assassinated when he escaped to China. At the time China did not recognize the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and Balabanov being invited to China by the Governor of the nearest Province as an equal was supplied with a small stipend while in China to pay for expenses. When he and his family had arrived in Hankou, after 6 months of hard travel, and he went to the best hotel in the city, he startled the hotel management by his appearance, with dirty furs and ragged clothing, they were almost kicked out of the hotel until Balabanov gave proof of his identity. Balabanov and his family stayed in Hankou for 6 years before emigrating to Vancouver on the RMS Empress of Russia with the help of Western Missionaries in Shanghai. He settled with his family (Clara, Basil, Taras, Galina and Olga) and lived on a farm in Richmond, Vancouver, and in Grand Forks, British Columbia. In spite of his back ground, Vasile spend his remaining 20 years working as a labourer because he never learned to speak English. He died in 1947. References Notes 1873 births 1947 deaths People from Bakhmut People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate Turkestan Politicians from the Russian Empire Emigrants from the Russian Empire to China Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Canada White Russian emigrants to China White Russian emigrants to Canada
Freyne may refer to: Peter Freyne (1949–2009), American political journalist Baron de Freyne, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
Ima Machet Icha Tangkhai (English: Partly Mother, Half Child) is a 2021 Indian Meitei language film directed by Homeshwori and produced by Chingsubam Khumanleima for Luwang Films. It stars Gokul Athokpam, Gurumayum Bonny, Abenao Elangbam, Soma Laishram and Luwangthoibi Chanu. The movie was released on 7 November 2021 at Manipur State Film Development Society in the Palace Compound, Imphal, with MP and titular king Leishemba Sanajaoba attending as the chief guest. Cast Gokul Athokpam as Thambal's husband Gurumayum Bonny as Thabatombi's father Abenao Elangbam as Thambal Soma Laishram as Thabatombi's mother Luwangthoibi Chanu as Thabatombi (dual role) Idhou (Chakpram Rameshchandra) as Lukhoi Ningthoujam Jayvidya Takhellambam Lokendro Longjam Ongbi Lalitabi Santajit Soundtrack Nongmaithem Ibomcha and Nanao Sagolmang composed the soundtrack for the film. The lyrics were written by Biramangol Mekola and Rajmani Ayekpam. The two songs in the movie are "Nungshi Nungol Houna Tha" and "Ichadi Chaore". Reception Writing for The Sangai Express, Rajmani Ayekpam opined that "Ima Machet Icha Tangkhai, one of the few films after pandemic is worth mentioning because of both its aesthetic value and entertainment spices." Accolades References External links Meitei-language films 2021 films Cinema of Manipur
Sadie Harrison (born 1965) is an Australian-born composer, performer and academic. Early life and education Harrison was born in Adelaide, Australia and moved to England in 1970. She studied composition to doctoral level at King's College, London under Nicola LeFanu and David Lumsdaine. Her music has been performed worldwide by ensembles including London Chamber Symphony, Bournemouth Sinfonietta, the Kreutzer Quartet and the Kaskados Trio. Harrison's music is published by the University of York Music Press. Coming from a household of musicians, her father brought Sadie and her family to Britain from Australia in 1970 to pursue a career as an opera singer. She learned the piano and violin as a child but did not take to the instruments with much enthusiasm. Career Harrison was first introduced to modern classical music during a composition class at Surrey University and described it as "ridiculously emotive but honestly, it was like coming home. I wrote my first piece the same day, eventually played by the brilliant composer and clarinettist Sohrab Uduman, and from then I’ve been on my composing journey." From 2015 to 2016, Harrison worked on a substantial collaboration with US Ensemble Cuatro Puntos, for whom she is currently Artist-in-residence. The project resulted in a commission for string sextet and youth ensemble. The project was generously supported by two Arts Council England Grants for the Arts, a PRSF Women Make Music Award and others. References 1965 births Living people Australian composers British composers
Alina ochroderoea is the only species in the monotypic moth genus Alina of the subfamily Lymantriinae. The genus was erected by Paul Griveaud in 1976. The species was first described by Paul Mabille in 1898. It is found on Madagascar. References Lymantriinae
Troy Patrick Cate (born October 21, 1980) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He played in MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals. He went to school and played baseball at Ricks College. After finishing school there, he served as a Mormon missionary in England. Career Seattle Mariners Cate was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the 6th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft, 190th overall. He signed with the Mariners and was assigned to the Everett AquaSox. In 2003, he played for the advanced A-ball Inland Empire 66ers and the AAA Tacoma Rainiers. In 2004 he played for Inland Empire and the AA San Antonio Missions. In 2005, Cate spent the entire season with Inland Empire and became a free agent at seasons end. St. Louis Cardinals Cate signed a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals organization in the 2005/2006 offseason, and spent 2006 with the advanced A-ball Palm Beach Cardinals and AA Springfield Cardinals. He began 2007 for the AAA Memphis Redbirds. He made his major league debut for the St. Louis Cardinals on May 27, 2007, against the Washington Nationals. On the season, Cate pitched in to a 3.38 ERA over 14 games for the Cardinals paired with 12 strikeouts. He became a free agent after the season. Oakland Athletics The Oakland Athletics signed Cate to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training on November 21, 2007. On May 12, 2008, Cate was released by the Athletics organization after playing in 12 games for the AAA Sacramento River Cats. Orange County Flyers He signed with the Orange County Flyers of the Golden Baseball League shortly after his release. Cate pitched to a 1.15 ERA with 18 strikeouts over 3 games for the Flyers. Milwaukee Brewers On June 23, 2008, Cate signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers and was assigned to the Huntsville Stars of the Double-A Southern League. On July 22, he was promoted to Triple-A Nashville. He became a free agent at the end of the season. Toronto Blue Jays On July 27, 2009, Cate signed a minor league deal with the Toronto Blue Jays organization and was assigned to the AA New Hampshire Fisher Cats. He played in 1 game for New Hampshire and was released on August 4, 2009. Quebec Capitales In 2010, Cate signed with the Quebec Capitales of the Can-Am League. He would play in 12 games and pitch to a 3.39 ERA over 74.1 innings pitched. He became a free agent after the season. Somerset Patriots In 2011, Cate signed with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Cate only pitched in 3 games for Somerset before being released. Calgary Vipers Shortly after his release, Cate signed with the Calgary Vipers of the North American League. He would pitch in 1 game for Calgary, allowing 6 runs over 4 innings. He would become a free agent at the end of the season. External links 1980 births Living people St. Louis Cardinals players Baseball players from San Diego County, California American sportspeople in doping cases Ricks Vikings baseball players Major League Baseball pitchers Everett AquaSox players Inland Empire 66ers players Tacoma Rainiers players San Antonio Missions players Palm Beach Cardinals players Springfield Cardinals players Memphis Redbirds players Huntsville Stars players Orange County Flyers players Sacramento River Cats players Nashville Sounds players New Hampshire Fisher Cats players Long Island Ducks players Québec Capitales players Somerset Patriots players People from Fallbrook, California
Covenant Theological Seminary, informally called Covenant Seminary, is the denominational seminary of the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). Located in Creve Coeur, Missouri, it trains people to work as leaders in church positions and elsewhere, especially as pastors, missionaries, and counselors. It does not require all students to be members of the PCA, but it is bound to promote the teachings of its denomination. Faculty must subscribe to the system of biblical doctrine outlined in the Westminster Standards. History The seminary was established in 1956 as a sister institution to Covenant College, founded the previous year in Pasadena, California. Both were agencies of the Bible Presbyterian Church (Columbus Synod). The institution's founders believed that their denomination needed a strong theological school to resist liberalizing influences in American Evangelicalism. The college and seminary shared the president and campus in St. Louis until the college outgrew its space and moved to Lookout Mountain, Georgia, in 1964. They formally became two separate institutions in 1966. Denominational mergers over the ensuing decades made the schools part of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC), then the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod (RPCES), and finally, in 1982—through what is known as the "joining and receiving" with the RPCES—the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), which elects and oversees the work of the seminary's board of trustees. Over its 65 years, the seminary has continued to grow in size and reputation, and is now home to a student body (both on campus and online) drawn from nearly every U.S. state and many other nations. More than 4,500 Covenant Seminary graduates now serve as pastors, church planters, missionaries, campus ministers, counselors, Bible translators, and educators, and in many other ministry and non-vocational ministry capacities in multiple denominations and in all 50 states and 100 countries. Academics The seminary is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. It offers several academic degrees: Master of Divinity (M.Div.), Master of Arts (MA), Master of Theology (Th.M.), and Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.). The seminary is doctrinally committed to the Reformed faith and Covenant theology, and it believes the Bible to be the inspired and inerrant word of God. The seminary is also home to the Francis Schaeffer Institute, which encourages Christians to engage contemporary culture in a compassionate way with the truth-claims of the gospel. Covenant publishes Covenant magazine annually and Presbyterion, an academic theological journal, semiannually. President In July 2021, Thomas C. Gibbs became the sixth president of Covenant Seminary, After graduating from Auburn University, Gibbs served as a youth director at Faith Presbyterian Church in Birmingham, Alabama. After earning a Master of Divinity degree from Covenant Seminary in 1997, he started a new Reformed University Fellowship (RUF) chapter at Baylor University, then served as senior pastor at Redeemer Presbyterian Church of San Antonio, Texas, for 19 years. Previous Covenant presidents include: Robert G. Rayburn (1956–1977), William S. Barker (1977–1985), Paul Kooistra (1985–1994), Bryan Chapell (1994–2010; chancellor, 2011–2012), and Mark Dalbey (interim president, 2012–2013, permanent, 2013-2021). Notable alumni Kenneth Bae, US missionary, author, activist William S. Barker, theologian, educator Jerram Barrs, author, educator, pastor, Founder of Francis Schaffer Institute Anthony Bradley, theologian, educator, author Bryan Chapell, theologian, educator, pastor Ligon Duncan, pastor Ted K. Lim, pastor, educator, former president of Asian Center for Theological Studies in Korea Matt Morginsky, Christian singer Nancy Pearcey, Christian author Bong Rin Ro, missiologist, former executive secretary of Asia Graduate School of Theology Phillip Sandifer, singer/songwriter Dane Ortlund, pastor, author References External links Seminaries and theological colleges in Missouri Presbyterianism in Missouri Presbyterian universities and colleges in the United States Universities and colleges in St. Louis Reformed church seminaries and theological colleges Presbyterian Church in America Universities and colleges established in 1956 Buildings and structures in St. Louis County, Missouri 1956 establishments in Missouri
Crater Lake National Park is an American national park located in southern Oregon. Established in 1902, Crater Lake is the fifth-oldest national park in the United States and the only national park in Oregon. The park encompasses the caldera of Crater Lake, a remnant of Mount Mazama, a destroyed volcano, and the surrounding hills and forests. The lake is deep at its deepest point, which makes it the deepest lake in the United States, the second-deepest in North America and the ninth-deepest in the world. Crater Lake is often referred to as the seventh-deepest lake in the world, but this former listing excludes the approximately depth of subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica, which resides under nearly of ice, and the recent report of a maximum depth for Lake O'Higgins/San Martin, located on the border of Chile and Argentina. However, when comparing its average depth of to the average depth of other deep lakes, Crater Lake becomes the deepest in the Western Hemisphere and the third-deepest in the world. The impressive average depth of this volcanic lake is due to the nearly symmetrical caldera formed 7,700 years ago during the violent climactic eruptions and subsequent collapse of Mount Mazama and the relatively moist climate that is typical of the crest of the Cascade Range. The caldera rim ranges in elevation from . The United States Geological Survey benchmark elevation of the lake surface is . The national park encompasses . Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it. All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or subsurface seepage. The lake's water commonly has a striking blue hue, and the lake is refilled entirely from direct precipitation in the form of snow and rain. Park purpose As stated in the foundation document: Geology Volcanic activity in this area is fed by subduction off the coast of Oregon as the Juan de Fuca Plate slips below the North American Plate (see plate tectonics). Heat and compression generated by this movement has created a mountain chain topped by a series of volcanoes, which together are called the Cascade Range. The large volcanoes in the range are called the High Cascades. However, there are many other volcanoes in the range as well, most of which are much smaller. About 400,000 years ago, Mount Mazama began its existence in much the same way as the other mountains of the High Cascades, as overlapping shield volcanoes. Over time, alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic flows built Mazama's overlapping cones until it reached about in height. As the young stratovolcano grew, many smaller volcanoes and volcanic vents were built in the area of the park and just outside what are now the park's borders. Chief among these were cinder cones. Although the early examples are gone—cinder cones erode easily—there are at least 13 much younger cinder cones in the park, and at least another 11 or so outside its borders, that still retain their distinctive cinder cone appearance. There continues to be debate as to whether these minor volcanoes and vents were parasitic to Mazama's magma chamber and system or if they were related to background Oregon Cascade volcanism. After a period of dormancy, Mazama became active again. Then, around 5700 BC, Mazama collapsed into itself during a tremendous volcanic eruption, losing in height. The eruption formed a large caldera that, depending on the prevailing climate, was filled in about 740 years, forming a beautiful lake with a deep blue hue, known today as Crater Lake. The eruptive period that decapitated Mazama also laid waste to much of the greater Crater Lake area and deposited ash as far east as the northwest corner of what is now Yellowstone National Park, as far south as central Nevada, and as far north as southern British Columbia. It produced more than 150 times as much ash as the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. This ash has since developed a soil type called andisol. Soils in Crater Lake National Park are brown, dark brown or dark grayish-brown sandy loams or loamy sands which have plentiful cobbles, gravel and stones. They are slightly to moderately acidic and their drainage is somewhat excessive. Climate According to the Köppen climate classification system, Crater Lake National Park has a dry-summer subarctic climate (Dsc). The plant hardiness zone at the lake is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of . Snow is relatively rare at low elevations in western Oregon, but it is common at higher elevations, especially at Crater Lake. Measurements at park headquarters, above sea level, show that snow falls more often here than at any other long-term weather station in Oregon. Winter, which typically begins at the park in September and runs through June, includes an average of 101 days with measurable snowfall. Up to of snow have fallen on the park in a single day (in 1937, 1951, and 1971), in a month (January 1950), and in a year (1950). Snow typically accumulates in the park to depths of by early spring. Most of the park's roads remain closed through late spring, and snow lingers into the summer. In July and August, snowfall is uncommon, and "one magnificent day typically follows another". December is the coldest month, when highs average about and lows average about . August is the warmest month, with an average high of roughly and an average low of about . The highest recorded temperature was and the lowest was . Annual precipitation averages about a year. December is the wettest, averaging about . Although snow covers Crater Lake National Park for eight months of the year (average annual snowfall is ), the lake rarely freezes over due, in part, to a relatively mild onshore flow from the Pacific Ocean. The last recorded year in which the lake froze over was in 1949, a very long, cold winter. A 95% surface freeze occurred in 1985. The immense depth of Crater Lake acts as a heat reservoir that absorbs and traps sunlight, maintaining the lake temperature at an average of on the surface and at the bottom throughout the year. The surface temperature fluctuates a bit, but the bottom temperature remains quite constant. Fauna Mammals that are residents of this national park are Canadian lynxes, bobcats, beavers, chipmunks, pronghorns, foxes, squirrels, porcupines, black bears, coyotes, pika, badgers, deer, elk, muskrats, and martens. Birds that commonly fly through this park including raptors are American dippers, Peregrine falcons, ravens, Clark's nutcrackers, Canada jays, bald eagles, hummingbirds and spotted owls while Canada geese float on its lake. Park features Some notable park features created by this huge eruption are: The Pumice Desert: A very thick layer of pumice and ash leading away from Mazama in a northerly direction. Even after thousands of years, this area is largely devoid of plants due to excessive porosity (meaning water drains through quickly) and poor soil composed primarily of regolith. The Pinnacles: When the very hot ash and pumice came to rest near the volcano, it formed gas-charged deposits. For perhaps years afterward, hot gas moved to the surface and slowly cemented ash and pumice together in channels and escaped through fumaroles. Erosion later removed most of the surrounding loose ash and pumice, leaving tall pinnacles and spires. Other park features Mount Scott is a steep andesitic cone whose lava came from magma from Mazama's magma chamber; geologists call such volcano a parasitic or satellite cone. Volcanic eruptions apparently ceased on Scott sometime before the end of the Pleistocene; one remaining large cirque on Scott's northwest side was left unmodified by post-ice-age volcanism. In the southwest corner of the park stands Union Peak, an extinct volcano whose primary remains consist of a large volcanic plug, which is lava that solidified in the volcano's neck. Crater Peak is a shield volcano primarily made of andesite and basalt lava flows topped by andesitic and dacite tephra. Timber Crater is a shield volcano located in the northeast corner of the park. Like Crater Peak, it is made of basaltic and andesitic lava flows but, unlike Crater, it is topped by two cinder cones. Rim Drive is the most popular road in the park; it follows a scenic route around the caldera rim. Llao Rock on the north side rises above the lake, with a trail from Rim Drive leading to the summit. The Pacific Crest Trail, a long-distance hiking and equestrian trail that stretches from the Mexican to Canadian borders, passes through the park. Old-growth forests covering . History Local Native Americans witnessed the collapse of Mount Mazama and kept the event alive in their legends. One ancient legend of the Klamath people closely parallels the geologic story which emerges from today's scientific research. The legend tells of two Chiefs, Llao of the Below World and Skell of the Above World, pitted in a battle which ended up in the destruction of Llao's home, Mt. Mazama. The battle was witnessed in the eruption of Mt. Mazama and the creation of Crater Lake. A trio of gold prospectors—John Wesley Hillman, Henry Klippel, and Isaac Skeeters—were the first white people to visit the lake. On June 12, 1853, they stumbled upon the long, sloping mountain while hunting for provisions. Stunned by the vibrant blue color of the lake, they named the indigo body of water "Deep Blue Lake" and the place on the southwest side of the rim where he first saw the lake later became known as Discovery Point. But gold was more on the minds of settlers at the time and the discovery was soon forgotten. The suggested name later fell out of favor by locals, who preferred the name "Crater Lake." William Gladstone Steel devoted his life and fortune to the establishment and management of a national park at Crater Lake. His preoccupation with the lake began in 1870. In his efforts to bring recognition to the park, he participated in lake surveys that provided scientific support. He named many of the lake's landmarks, including Wizard Island, Llao Rock, and Skell Head. With the help of geologist Clarence Dutton, Steel organized a USGS expedition to study the lake in 1886. The party carried the Cleetwood, a half-ton survey boat, up the steep slopes of the mountain then lowered it to the lake. From the stern of the Cleetwood, a piece of pipe on the end of a spool of piano wire sounded the depth of the lake at 168 different points. Their deepest sounding, , was very close to the modern official depth of made in 2000 by sonar. At the same time, a topographer surveyed the area and created the first professional map of the Crater Lake area. Partly based on data from the expedition and lobbying from Steel and others, Crater Lake National Park was established May 22, 1902, by President Theodore Roosevelt. And because of Steel's involvement, Crater Lake Lodge was opened in 1915 and the Rim Drive was completed in 1918. Highways were later built to the park to help facilitate tourism. The 1929 edition of O Ranger! described access and facilities available by then: Crater Lake National Park is reached by train on the Southern Pacific Railroad lines into Medford and Klamath Falls, at which stops motor stages make the short trip to the park. A hotel on the rim of the lake offers accommodations. For the motorist, the visit to the park is a short side trip from the Pacific and Dalles-California highways. He will find, in addition to the hotel, campsites, stores, filling stations. The park is open to travel from late June or July 1 for as long as snow does not block the roads, generally until October. The lake is described in the poetry of Joaquin Miller. Activities There are many hiking trails and several campgrounds inside the park. Unlicensed fishing is allowed without any limitation of size, species, or number. The lake is believed to have no indigenous fish, but several species of fish were introduced beginning in 1888 until all fish stocking ended in 1941. Kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) now thrive and reproduce here naturally. Swimming is allowed in the lake, and the boat tours, which stop at Wizard Island, a cinder cone inside the lake, operate daily during the summer. All lake access for people is from Cleetwood Trail, a steep walking trail, and there are no roads for cars, trucks, or wagons that lead to the waterfront. All of the boats in the lake were delivered by helicopter. Numerous observation points along the caldera rim for the lake are readily accessible by automobile via the Rim Drive, which is long and has an elevation gain of . The highest point in Crater Lake National Park is Mount Scott at . Getting there requires a fairly steep hike from the Rim Drive trailhead. On a clear day, visibility from the summit exceeds , and one can, in a single view, take in the entire caldera. Also visible from this point are the white-peaked Cascade Range volcanoes to the north, the Columbia River Plateau to the east, and the Western Cascades and the more-distant Klamath Mountains to the west. The scenery of Crater Lake is fully accessible during the summer months. Heavy snowfalls in this park during the fall, winter, and spring months force many road and trail closures, including the popular Rim Drive, which is generally completely open from July to October and partially open in some other months, such as May, June, and November. Trails Cleetwood Cove The Cleetwood Cove trail originates on the north side of the lake about east of North Junction along East Rim Drive. The trail is the only one that accesses the shoreline of the lake, descending from the Cleetwood Cove parking lot. First opened during the summer of 1960, the trail is long with an 11% grade that rates it as a strenuous route on the return trip. Due to its steep grade, the trail is not accessible for mobility-impaired visitors. A dock with concessionaire boats facilitates tours around the lake with a stop at Wizard Island for dropping off and picking up passengers. Swimming and fishing are permitted. Snow may cover the trail from October to July with some variance depending on yearly snowfall conditions. The Watchman The Watchman Peak trail begins from the Watchman Overlook parking lot, about northwest of Rim Village. The trail is long with a elevation change. It is a steady uphill trail on an isolated mountain on the west rim of the crater, with several switchbacks, providing wide views of Crater Lake and Wizard Island. Several nearby landmarks are visible from the summit, including Mount McLoughlin, Mount Thielsen, Union Peak, Mount Scott and the Klamath Basin. The trail ends next to a historic fire lookout tower built in 1932. Lightning Spring The Lightning Spring trail starts from the Lightning Spring picnic area. It is a hike with an elevation gain of . The trail circles around several meadows up to the Lightning Spring creek. The trail is known for the frequent sight of grazing deer. Castle Crest Wildflower Garden This is considered to be the easiest trail, looping around the Castle Crest Wildflower Garden. It starts from the East Rim Road, near the park's headquarters. It received its name because of a large stretch of meadows around which the trail circles and which is bursting with wildflowers in the springtime. The trail is about before it reaches the wildflower meadow garden, from which other improvised routes depart. Plaikni Falls The Plaikni Falls trail is the newest trail in the Crater Lake park. It stretches from the trailhead located south from the Phantom Ship Overlook on Pinnacles Road, which spins off Rim Drive. The trail leads to Plaikni Falls. Most of the trail is wheelchair-accessible. The final stretch is fairly uphill, which may prove moderately challenging. Garfield Peak The Garfield Peak trail is a moderately challenging hike to Garfield Peak. The trailhead is located east of the Crater Lake Lodge and gains approximately of elevation. Several spots along the trail provide viewpoints overlooking the Phantom Ship island and Dutton Cliff. A few viewpoints offer unique views of Wizard island. The trail is popular in the late afternoon on account of unique shifting colors over the lake and its surroundings. See also List of national parks of the United States High Cascades Complex Fires National Park Service Rustic about the architecture of the park structures National Register of Historic Places listings in Crater Lake National Park Protected areas of the United States Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway References Works cited Further reading External links National parks in Oregon Civilian Conservation Corps in Oregon Crater Lake Parks in Klamath County, Oregon Parks in Douglas County, Oregon Parks in Jackson County, Oregon Protected areas established in 1902 1902 establishments in Oregon
De vita Caesarum (Latin; "About the Life of the Caesars"), commonly known as The Twelve Caesars, is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus. The group are: Julius Caesar (d. 44 BC), Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian (d. 96 AD). The work, written in AD 121 during the reign of the emperor Hadrian, was the most popular work of Suetonius, at that time Hadrian's personal secretary, and is the largest among his surviving writings. It was dedicated to a friend, the Praetorian prefect Gaius Septicius Clarus. The Twelve Caesars was considered very significant in antiquity and remains a primary source on Roman history. The book discusses the significant and critical period of the Principate from the end of the Republic to the reign of Domitian; comparisons are often made with Tacitus, whose surviving works document a similar period. The Twelve Caesars, using the same group, were a popular subject in art in many different media from the Renaissance onwards. Reliability The book can be described as racy, overly sensationalist, packed with gossip, drama, and sometimes humor. The book heavily relies on hearsay and rumor, and at times the author subjectively expresses his opinion and knowledge. Several important events are omitted. Although he was never a senator himself, Suetonius took the side of the Senate in most conflicts with the princeps, as well as the senators' views of the emperor. That resulted in biases, both conscious and unconscious. Suetonius lost access to the official archives shortly after beginning his work. He was forced to rely on secondhand accounts when it came to Claudius (with the exception of the letters of Augustus, which had been gathered earlier) and does not quote the emperor. The book still provides valuable information on the heritage, personal habits, physical appearance, lives, and political careers of the first Roman emperors. It mentions details which other sources do not. For example, Suetonius is the main source on the lives of Caligula, his uncle Claudius, and the heritage of Vespasian (the relevant sections of the Annals by his contemporary Tacitus having been lost). Suetonius made a reference in this work to "Chrestus", which could refer to Christ, and in the book on Nero he mentions Christians (see Historicity of Jesus). Constituent works Julius Caesar Suetonius begins this section with Caesar's father's death when he himself was aged sixteen. Suetonius then narrates that period describing Caesar's disengagement with a wealthy girl called Cossutia, engagement with Cornelia during the civic strife. He also narrated Caesar's conquests, especially in Gaul, and his Civil War against Pompey the Great. Several times Suetonius quotes Caesar. Suetonius includes Caesar's famous decree, "Veni, vidi, vici" (I came, I saw, I conquered). In discussing Caesar's war against Pompey the Great, Suetonius quotes Caesar during a battle that he nearly lost, "That man [Pompey] does not know how to win a war." Suetonius describes an incident that would become one of the most memorable of the entire book. As a young man, Caesar was captured by pirates in the Mediterranean Sea. Amused at the lowness of the initial ransom they sought to ask for him, Caesar insisted that they raise his price to 50 talents, and promised that one day he would find them and crucify them (this was the standard punishment for piracy during this time). He spent the remainder of his time in captivity addressing them as subordinates, participating in their games and exercises, and forcing them to listen to his speeches and poetry. After being released a little more than a month later, following the payment of the ransom of 50 talents, Caesar shortly raised an army entirely on his own (despite holding no command or public office), captured the pirates, and crucified them, recovering the 50 talents. It is from Suetonius that we first learn of another incident during the life of Julius Caesar. While serving as quaestor in Hispania, Caesar once visited a statue of Alexander the Great. Upon viewing this statue, Suetonius reports that Caesar fell to his knees, weeping. When asked what was wrong, Caesar sighed, and said that by the time Alexander was his (Caesar's) age, he had conquered the whole world. Suetonius describes Caesar's gift at winning the loyalty and admiration of his soldiers. Suetonius mentions that Caesar commonly referred to them as "comrades" instead of "soldiers." When one of Caesar's legions took heavy losses in a battle, Caesar vowed not to trim his beard or hair until he had avenged the deaths of his soldiers. Suetonius describes an incident during a naval battle. One of Caesar's soldiers had his hand cut off. Despite the injury, this soldier still managed to board an enemy ship and subdue its crew. Suetonius mentions Caesar's famous crossing of the Rubicon (the border between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul), on his way to Rome to start a Civil War against Pompey and ultimately seize power. Suetonius later describes Caesar's major reforms upon defeating Pompey and seizing power. One such reform was the modification of the Roman calendar. The calendar at the time had already used the same system of solar years and lunar months that our current calendar uses. Caesar updated the calendar so as to minimize the number of lost days due to the prior calendar’s imprecision regarding the exact amount of time in a solar year. Caesar also renamed the fifth month (also the month of his birth) in the Roman calendar July, in his honor (Roman years started in March, not January as they do under the current calendar). Suetonius says that Caesar had planned on invading and conquering the Parthian Empire. These plans were not carried out due to Caesar's assassination. Suetonius then includes a description of Caesar's appearance and personality. Suetonius says that Caesar was semi-bald. Due to embarrassment regarding his premature baldness, Caesar combed his hair over and forward so as to hide this baldness. Caesar wore a senator's tunic with an orange belt. Caesar is described as routinely wearing loose clothes. Suetonius quotes the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla as saying, "Beware the boy with the loose clothes, for one day he will mean the ruin of the Republic." This quote referred to Caesar, as he had been a young man during Sulla's Social War and subsequent dictatorship. Suetonius describes Caesar as taking steps so that others would not refer to him as king. Political enemies at the time had claimed that Caesar wanted to bring back the much reviled monarchy. Finally, Suetonius describes Caesar's assassination. Shortly before his assassination, Caesar told a friend that he wanted to die a sudden and spectacular death. Suetonius believes that several omens predicted the assassination. One such omen was a vivid dream Caesar had the night before his assassination. The day of the assassination, Suetonius claims that Caesar was given a document describing the entire plot. Caesar took the document, but did not have a chance to read it before he was assassinated. Suetonius says that others have claimed that Caesar reproached the conspirator Brutus, saying "You too, my child?" (). This specific wording varies slightly from the more famous quote, "Even you, Brutus?" (et tu, Brute) from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. However, Suetonius himself asserts that Caesar said nothing, apart from a single groan, as he was being stabbed. Instead Suetonius reports that Caesar exclaimed, "Why, this is violence!" as the attack began. Augustus Before he died, Julius Caesar had designated his great-nephew, Gaius Octavius (who would be named Augustus by the Roman Senate after becoming emperor), as his adopted son and heir. Octavius' mother, Atia, was the daughter of Caesar's sister, Julia Minor. Octavian (not yet renamed Augustus) finished the civil wars started by his great-uncle, Julius Caesar. One by one, Octavian defeated the legions of the other generals who wanted to succeed Julius Caesar as the master of the Roman world. Suetonius includes descriptions of these civil wars, including the final one against Mark Antony that ended with the Battle of Actium. Antony had been Octavian's last surviving rival, but committed suicide after his defeat at Actium. It was after this victory in 31 BC that Octavian became master of the Roman world and imperator (emperor). His declaration of the end of the Civil Wars that had started under Julius Caesar marked the historic beginning of the Roman Empire, and the Pax Romana. Octavian at this point was given the title ("the venerable") by the Roman Senate. After describing the military campaigns of Augustus, Suetonius describes his personal life. A large section of the entire book is devoted to this. This is partly because after Actium, the reign of Augustus was mostly peaceful. It has also been noted by several sources that the entire work of The Twelve Caesars delves more deeply into personal details and gossip relative to other contemporary Roman histories. Suetonius describes a strained relationship between Augustus and his daughter Julia. Augustus had originally wanted Julia, his only child, to provide for him a male heir. Due to difficulties regarding an heir, and Julia's promiscuity, Augustus banished Julia to the island of Pandateria and considered having her executed. Suetonius quotes Augustus as repeatedly cursing his enemies by saying that they should have "a wife and children like mine." According to Suetonius, Augustus lived a modest life, with few luxuries. Augustus lived in an ordinary Roman house, ate ordinary Roman meals, and slept in an ordinary Roman bed. Suetonius describes certain omens and dreams that predicted the birth of Augustus. One dream described in the book suggested that his mother, Atia, was a virgin impregnated by a Roman god. In 63 BC, during the consulship of Cicero, several Roman senators dreamt that a king would be born, and would rescue the republic. 63 BC was also the year Augustus was born. One other omen described by Suetonius suggests that Julius Caesar decided to make Augustus his heir after seeing an omen while serving as the Roman governor of Hispania Ulterior. Suetonius includes a section regarding the only two military defeats Rome suffered under Augustus. Both of these defeats occurred in Germany. The first defeat was inconsequential. During the second, the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, three Roman legions (Legio XVII, Legio XVIII, and Legio XIX) were defeated by the West-Germanic resistance to Roman imperialism, led by Arminius. Much of what is known about this battle was written in this book. According to Suetonius, this battle "almost wrecked the empire." It is from Suetonius where we get the reaction of Augustus upon learning of the defeat. Suetonius writes that Augustus hit his head against a wall in despair, repeating, Quintili Vare, legiones redde! ('Quinctilius Varus, give me back my legions!') This defeat was one of the worst Rome suffered during the entire Principate. The result was the establishment of the rivers Rhine and Danube as the natural northern border of the empire. Rome would never again push its territory deeper into Germany. Suetonius suggests that Augustus never fully got over this defeat. Tiberius Suetonius opens his book on Tiberius by highlighting his ancestry as a member of the patrician Claudii, and recounts his birth father’s career as a military officer both under Caesar and as a supporter of Lucius Antonius in his rebellion against Octavian. Upon the resumption of peace, Octavian took an interest in Livia, and requested that the couple divorce so that he could marry her, making Tiberius his stepson. Tiberius’s adolescence and marriages are recorded, with Suetonius noting Tiberius’s displeasure at being forced by Augustus to divorce his first wife, Vipsania Agrippina, in order to marry Augustus’s daughter Julia. The early successes of Tiberius in his legal, political, and military career are recounted, including his command of several Roman armies in Germany. It was his leadership in these German campaigns that convinced Augustus to adopt Tiberius and to make him his heir. According to Suetonius, Tiberius retired at a young age to Rhodes, before returning to Rome some time before the death of Augustus. The ascent of Tiberius to the throne was possible because the two grandsons that Augustus had died before Augustus, and the last grandson, Postumus Agrippa – although originally designated co-rule with Tiberius – was later deemed morally unsound by Augustus. Augustus began a long (and at times successful) tradition of adopting an heir, rather than allowing a son to succeed an emperor. Suetonius quotes from the will Augustus left. Suetonius suggests that not only was Tiberius not thought of highly by Augustus, but Augustus expected Tiberius to fail. After briefly mentioning military and administrative successes, Suetonius tells of perversion, brutality and vice and goes into depth to describe depravities he attributes to Tiberius. Despite the lurid tales, modern history looks upon Tiberius as a successful and competent emperor who at his death left the state treasury much richer than when his reign began. Thus Suetonius' treatment of the character of Tiberius, like Claudius', must be taken with a pinch of salt. Tiberius died of natural causes. Suetonius describes widespread joy in Rome upon his death. There was a desire to have his body thrown down the Gemonian stairs and into the Tiber River, as this he had done many times previously to others. Tiberius had no living children when he died, although his (probable) natural grandson, Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero (Gemellus), and his adopted grandson, Gaius Caesar Caligula, both survived him. Tiberius designated both as his joint heirs, but seems to have favored Caligula over Gemellus, due to Gemellus' youth. Caligula Most of what is known about the reign of Caligula comes from Suetonius. Other contemporary Roman works, such as those of Tacitus, contain little, if anything, about Caligula. Presumably most of what existed regarding his reign was lost long ago. For most of the work, Suetonius refers to Caligula by his actual first name, Gaius. ('little boots') was a nickname given to him by his father's soldiers, because as a boy he would often dress in miniature battle gear and 'drill' the troops (without knowing the commands, but the troops loved him all the same and pretended to understand him). Caligula's father, Germanicus, was loved throughout Rome as a brilliant military commander and example of Roman pietas. Tiberius had adopted Germanicus as his heir, with the hope that Germanicus would succeed him. Germanicus died before he could succeed Tiberius in 19 AD. Upon the death of Tiberius, Caligula became emperor. Initially the Romans loved Caligula due to their memory of his father. But most of what Suetonius says of Caligula is negative, and describes him as having an affliction that caused him to suddenly fall unconscious. Suetonius believed that Caligula knew that something was wrong with him. He reports that Caligula married his sister, threatened to make his horse consul, and that he sent an army to the northern coast of Gaul and as they prepared to invade Britain, one rumour had it that he had them pick seashells on the shore (evidence shows that this could be a fabrication as the word for shell in Latin doubles as the word that the legionaries of the time used to call the 'huts' that the soldiers erected during the night while on campaign). He once had a walkway built from his palace to a temple so that he could be closer to his "brother," the Roman god Jupiter, as Caligula believed himself to be a living deity. He would also have busts of his head replace those on statues of different gods. He would call people to his palace in the middle of the night. When they arrived, he would hide and make strange noises. At other times, he would have people assassinated, and then call for them. When they did not show up, he would remark that they must have committed suicide. Suetonius describes several omens that predicted the assassination of Caligula. He mentions a bolt of lightning that struck Rome on the ides of March, which was when Julius Caesar was assassinated. Lightning was an event of immense superstition in the ancient world. The day of the assassination, Caligula sacrificed a flamingo. During the sacrifice, blood splattered on his clothes. Suetonius also describes a comet that was seen shortly before the assassination. In the ancient world, comets were believed to foretell the death or assassination of important people. Suetonius even suggested that Caligula's name itself was a predictor of his assassination, noting that every caesar named Gaius, such as the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar, had been assassinated (a statement which is not entirely accurate; Julius Caesar's father died from natural causes, as did Augustus). Caligula was an avid fan of gladiatorial combats; he was assassinated shortly after leaving a show by a disgruntled Praetorian Guard captain, as well as several senators. Claudius Claudius (full name: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) was the grandson of Mark Antony, brother of Germanicus, and the uncle of Caligula. He was descended from both the Julian and the Claudian clans, as was Caligula. He was about 50 years old at the time of Caligula's murder. He never held public office until late in his life, mainly due to his family's concerns as to his health and mental abilities. Suetonius has much to say about Claudius' apparent disabilities, and how the imperial family viewed them, in the "Life of Augustus". The assassination of Caligula caused great terror in the palace and, according to Suetonius, Claudius, being frightened by the sounds of soldiers scouring the palace for further victims, hid behind some curtains on a balcony nearby. He was convinced that he would be murdered as well because he was within direct family of Caligula, the last emperor. A soldier checking the room noticed feet sticking out from underneath the curtains, and upon pulling back the curtains discovered a terrified Claudius. He acclaimed Claudius the new emperor and took him to the rest of the soldiers, where they carried him out of the palace on a litter. Claudius was taken to the Praetorian camp, where he was quickly proclaimed emperor by the troops. We learn from Suetonius that Claudius was the first Roman commander to invade Britain since Julius Caesar a century earlier. Cassius Dio gives a more detailed account of this. He also went farther than Caesar, and made Britain subject to Roman rule. Caesar had "conquered" Britain, but left the Britons alone to rule themselves. Claudius was not as kind. The invasion of Britain was the major military campaign under his reign. According to Suetonius, Claudius suffered from ill health all of his life until he became emperor, when his health suddenly became excellent. Nonetheless, Claudius suffered from a variety of maladies, including fits and epileptic seizures, a funny limp, as well as several personal habits like a bad stutter and excessive drooling when overexcited. Suetonius found much delectation in recounting how the pitiable Claudius was ridiculed in his imperial home due to these ailments. In his account of Caligula, Suetonius also includes several letters written by Augustus to his wife, Livia, expressing concern for the imperial family's reputation should Claudius be seen with them in public. Suetonius goes on to accuse Claudius of cruelty and stupidity, assigning some of the blame to his wives and freedmen. Suetonius discusses several omens that foretold the assassination of Claudius. He mentions a comet that several Romans had seen shortly before the assassination. As mentioned earlier, comets were believed to foretell the deaths of significant people. Per Suetonius, Claudius, under suggestions from his wife Messalina, tried to shift this deadly fate from himself to others by various fictions, resulting in the execution of several Roman citizens, including some senators and aristocrats. Suetonius paints Claudius as a ridiculous figure, belittling many of his acts and attributing his good works to the influence of others. Thus the portrait of Claudius as the weak fool, controlled by those he supposedly ruled, was preserved for the ages. Claudius’ dining habits figure in the biography, notably his immoderate love of food and drink, and his affection for the city taverns. His personal and moral failings aside however, most modern historians agree that Claudius generally ruled well. They cite his military success in Britannia as well as his extensive public works. His reign came to an end when he was murdered by eating from a dish of poisoned mushrooms, probably supplied by his last wife Agrippina in an attempt to have her own son from a previous marriage, the future emperor Nero, ascend the throne. Nero Suetonius portrays the life of Nero in a similar fashion to that of Caligula—it begins with a recounting of how Nero assumed the throne ahead of Claudius' son Britannicus and then descends into a recounting of various atrocities the young emperor allegedly performed. One characteristic of Nero that Suetonius describes was Nero's enjoyment of music. Suetonius describes Nero as being a gifted musician. Nero would often give great concerts with attendance compelled for upper-class Romans. These concerts would last for hours on end, and some women were rumored to give birth during them, or men faking death to escape (Nero forbade anyone from leaving the performance until it was completed). Nero's eccentricities continued in the tradition of his predecessors in mental and personal perversions. According to Suetonius, Nero had one boy named Sporus castrated, and then had sex with him as though he were a woman. Suetonius quotes one Roman who lived around this time who remarked that the world would have been better off if Nero's father Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus had married someone more like the castrated boy. It is in Suetonius we find the beginnings of the legend that Nero "fiddled as Rome burned." Suetonius recounts how Nero, while watching Rome burn, exclaimed how beautiful it was, and sang an epic poem about the sack of Troy while playing the lyre. Suetonius describes Nero's suicide, and remarks that his death meant the end of the reign of the Julio-Claudians (because Nero had no heir). According to Suetonius, Nero was condemned to die by the Senate. When Nero knew that soldiers had been dispatched by the Senate to kill him, he committed suicide. Galba The book about Galba is short. Galba was the first emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. Galba was able to ascend to the throne because Nero's death meant the end of Julio-Claudian dynasty. Suetonius includes a brief description of Galba's family history. Suetonius describes Galba as being of noble birth, and born into a noble patrician family. Suetonius also includes a brief list of omens regarding Galba and his assassination. Most of this book describes Galba's ascension to the throne and his assassination, along with the usual side notes regarding his appearance and related omens. Suetonius does not spend much time describing either any accomplishments nor any failures of his reign. According to Suetonius, Galba was killed by Otho's loyalists. About this time, Suetonius has exhausted all his imperial archival sources. Otho His full name was Marcus Salvius Otho. Otho's reign was only a few months. Therefore, the book on Otho is short, much as the book on Galba had been. Suetonius used a similar method to describe the life of Otho as he had used to describe the life of Galba. Suetonius describes Otho's family, and their history and nobility. And just as Suetonius had done with prior caesars, he includes a list of omens regarding Otho's reign and suicide. Suetonius spends most of the book describing the ascension of Otho, his suicide, and the other usual topics. Suetonius suggests that as soon as Otho ascended the throne, he started defending himself against competing claims to the throne. According to Suetonius, Otho suffered a fate similar to the fate Galba had suffered. It was the loyalists of another aspiring emperor (in this case, the next emperor Vitellius) who wanted to kill him. Suetonius claims that one night Otho realized that he would soon be murdered. He contemplated suicide, but decided to sleep one more night before carrying out a suicide. That night he went to bed with a dagger under his pillow. The next morning he woke up and stabbed himself to death. Vitellius In the book of the last of the short-lived emperors, Suetonius briefly describes the reign of Vitellius. Suetonius says that Otho killed himself while Vitellius was marching to Rome. This book gives an unfavorable picture of Vitellius; however it should be remembered that Suetonius' father was an army officer who had fought for Otho and against Vitellius at the first Battle of Bedriacum, and that Vespasian basically controlled history when he ascended to the throne. Anything written about Vitellius during the Flavian dynasty would have to paint him in a bad light. Suetonius includes a brief description of the family history of Vitellius, and related omens. Suetonius finally describes the assassination of Vitellius. According to Suetonius, Vitellius was dragged naked by Roman subjects, tied to a post, and had animal waste thrown at him before he was killed. However, unlike the prior two emperors, it was not the next emperor who killed Vitellius. The next emperor and his followers had been waging a war against the Jews in Judaea at the time. The death of Vitellius and subsequent ascendance of his successor ended the worst year of the early principate. Vespasian Suetonius begins by describing the humble antecedents of the founder of the Flavian dynasty and follows with a brief summary of his military and political career under Aulus Plautius, Claudius and Nero and his suppression of the uprising in Judaea. Suetonius documents an early reputation for honesty but also a tendency toward avariciousness. A detailed recounting of the omens and consultations with oracles follows which Suetonius suggests furthered Vespasian's imperial pretensions. Suetonius then briefly recounts the escalating military support for Vespasian and even more briefly the events in Italy and Egypt that culminated in his accession. Suetonius presents Vespasian's early imperial actions, the reimposition of discipline on Rome and her provinces and the rebuilding and repair of Roman infrastructure damaged in the civil war, in a favourable light, describing him as 'modest and lenient' and drawing clear parallels with Augustus. Vespasian is further presented as being extraordinarily just and with a preference for clemency over revenge. Suetonius describes avarice as Vespasian's only serious failing, documenting his tendency for inventive taxation and extortion. However, he mitigates this failing by suggesting that the emptiness of state coffers left Vespasian little choice. Moreover, intermixed with accounts of greed and 'stinginess' are accounts of generosity and lavish rewards. Finally Suetonius gives a brief account of Vespasian's physical appearance and penchant for comedy. This section of the work is the basis for the famous expression "Money has no odor" (); according to Suetonius, Vespasian's son (and the next emperor), Titus, criticized Vespasian for levying a fee for the use of public toilets in the streets of Rome. Vespasian then produced some coins and asked Titus to sniff them, and then asked Titus whether they smelled bad. When Titus said that the coins did not smell bad, Vespasian replied: "And yet they come from urine". Having contracted a 'bowel complaint,' Vespasian tried to continue his duties as emperor from what would be his deathbed, but on a sudden attack of diarrhea he said "An emperor ought to die standing," and died while struggling to do so. Titus Titus was the elder son of Vespasian, and second emperor of the Flavian dynasty. As Suetonius writes: "The delight and darling of the human race." Titus was raised in the imperial court, having grown up with Britannicus. The two of them were told a prophecy pertaining to their future where Britannicus was told that he would never succeed his father and that Titus would. The two were so close that when Britannicus was poisoned, Titus – who was present – tasted it and was nearly killed. "When Titus came of age, the beauty and talents that had distinguished him as a child grew even more remarkable." Titus was extremely adept at the arts of "war and peace." He made a name for himself as a colonel in Germany and Britain; however, he really flourished as a commander under his father in Judea and when he took over the siege of Jerusalem. Titus' near six-month siege of Jerusalem ended with the destruction of Herod's Temple and the expulsion of Jews from Jerusalem. The resulting period is known as the Jewish diaspora (roughly from 70 till 1948). Titus had a love affair with the Jewish queen Berenice, whom he brought briefly to Rome. As emperor, he tried to be magnanimous and always heard petitions with an open mind. And after going through a day having not granted any favors, he commented that "I have wasted a day." During his reign he finished what would be the most enduring reminder of his family: the Flavian Amphitheater. His reign was tainted by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, a great fire in Rome, and one of the worst plagues "that had ever been known." These catastrophes did not destroy him. Rather, as Suetonius remarks, he rose up like a father caring for his children. And although he was deified, his reign was short. He died from poison (possibly by his brother, Domitian), having only reigned for "two years, two months and twenty days." At the time of his death, he "[drew] back the curtains, gazed up at the sky, and complained bitterly that life was being undeservedly taken from him – since only a single sin lay on his conscience." Domitian Younger brother of Titus, second son of Vespasian, and third emperor of the Flavian dynasty. Recorded as having gained the throne through deliberately letting his brother die of a fever. During Titus' rule he had caused dissent and had sought the throne through rebellion. From the beginning of his reign Domitian ruled as a complete autocrat, partly because of his lack of political skills, but also because of his own nature. Having led a solitary early life, Domitian was suspicious of those around him, a difficult situation which gradually got worse. Domitian's provincial government was so carefully supervised that Suetonius admits that the empire enjoyed a period of unusually good government and security. Domitian's policy of employing members of the equestrian class rather than his own freedmen for some important posts was also an innovation. The empire’s finances, which the recklessness of Titus had thrown into confusion, were restored despite building projects and foreign wars. Deeply religious, Domitian built temples and established ceremonies and even tried to enforce public morality by law. Domitian personally took part in battles in Germany. The latter part of his reign saw increasing trouble on the lower Danube from the Dacians, a tribe occupying roughly what is today Romania. Led by their king Decebalus, the Dacians invaded the empire in 85 AD. The war ended in 88 in a compromise peace which left Decebalus as king and gave him Roman "foreign aid" in return for his promise to help defend the frontier. One of the reasons Domitian failed to crush the Dacians was a revolt in Germany by the governor Antonius Saturninus. The revolt was quickly suppressed, but from then on, Suetonius informs us, Domitian's already suspicious temper grew steadily worse. Those closest to him suffered the most, and after a reign of terror at the imperial court Domitian was murdered in 96 AD; the group that killed him, according to Suetonius, included his wife, Domitia Longina, and possibly his successor, Nerva. The Senate, which had always hated him, quickly condemned his memory and repealed his acts, and Domitian joined the ranks of the tyrants of considerable accomplishments but evil memory. He was the last of the Flavian emperors, and his murder marked the beginning of the period of the so-called Five Good Emperors. Manuscript tradition The oldest surviving copy of The Twelve Caesars was made in Tours in the late 8th or early 9th century AD, and is currently held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It is missing the prologue and the first part of the life of Julius Caesar, as are all other surviving copies of the book. Including the Tours manuscript, there are nineteen surviving copies of The Twelve Caesars from the 13th century or earlier. The presence of certain errors in some copies but not others suggests that the nineteen books can be split into two branches of transmission of roughly equal size. References to the book appear in older works. John Lydus, in his 6th-century book De magistratibus populi Romani, quotes the dedication (from the now-lost prologue) to Septicius Clarus, then prefect of the Praetorian cohort. This allows the book to be dated to 119–121 AD, when Septicius was Praetorian prefect. Extant manuscripts (ninth to thirteenth centuries) Alpha branch Beta branch As identified and assigned in Kaster. "In." indicates that the manuscript is believed to originate around the beginning of that century. "Med." indicates towards the middle and "Ex." indicates towards the end. Otherwise the number indicates first (1/2) or second half (2/2) of the century or one of the quarters of the century (1-4/4). Influence The Twelve Caesars served as a model for the biographies of 2nd- and early 3rd-century emperors compiled by Marius Maximus. This collection, apparently entitled Caesares, does not survive, but it was a source for a later biographical collection, known as Historia Augusta, which now forms a kind of sequel to Suetonius' work. The Historia Augusta is a collective biography, partly fictionalized, of Roman emperors and usurpers of the second and third centuries. In the ninth century, Einhard modelled himself on Suetonius in writing the Life of Charlemagne, even borrowing phrases from Suetonius' physical description of Augustus in his own description of the character and appearance of Charlemagne. Robert Graves, famous for his historical novels I, Claudius and Claudius the God (later dramatized by the BBC), made a widely read translation of The Twelve Caesars, first published in Penguin Classics in 1957. Suetonius' work has had a significant impact on coin collecting. For centuries, collecting a coin of each of the twelve caesars has been a challenge for collectors of Roman coins. Many artists created series of paintings or sculptures based on the lives of the Twelve Caesars, including Titian's Eleven Caesars, and the Aldobrandini Tazze, a collection of twelve 16th-century silver standing cups. Complete editions and translations Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, The Twelve Caesars, tr. Robert Graves. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1957, revised by James B. Rives, 2007 C. Suetoni Tranquilli opera, vol. I: De vita Caesarum libri VIII, ed. Maximilianus Ihm. Leipzig: Teubner, 1908. Suetonius, with an English translation by J. C. Rolfe. London: Heinemann, 1913–4. Bibliography C. Suetoni Tranquilli Divus Vespasianus ed. A. W. Braithwaite. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927. C. Suetoni Tranquilli Divus Iulius [Life of Julius Caesar] ed. H. E. Butler, M. Cary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927. Reissued with new introduction, bibliography and additional notes by G.B. Townend. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1982. Suetonius, Divus Augustus ed. John M. Carter. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1982. A. Dalby, 'Dining with the Caesars' in Food and the memory: papers of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2000 ed. Harlan Walker (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001) pp. 62–88. Suetonius, Domitian ed. Brian W. Jones. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1996. Suetonius, Tiberius ed. Hugh Lindsay. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1995. Suetonius, Caligula ed. Hugh Lindsay. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1993. Hans Martinet, C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Divus Titus: Kommentar. Königstein am Taunus: Hain, 1981. Suetonius, Claudius ed. J. Mottershead. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1986. Suetonius, Galba, Otho, Vitellius ed. Charles L. Murison. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1992. Scramuzza, Vincent. The Emperor Claudius Harvard University Press. Cambridge, 1940. A. Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius: the scholar and his Caesars. London: Duckworth, 1983. D. Wardle, Suetonius' Life of Caligula: a commentary. Brussels: Latomus, 1994. Suetonius, Nero ed. B.H. Warmington. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1999. Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars (Titus). (London: Penguin, 1979), pp. 296–302. References External links The Lives of the Twelve Caesars at LacusCurtius (Latin and translation from Loeb Classical Library (1914) by John Carew Rolfe) Suetonius' works at Latin Library The Lives of the Twelve Caesars at Project Gutenberg (English translation of Alexander Thomson, M.D., Revised and corrected by T. Forester, Esq., A.M. – includes Lives Of The Grammarians, Rhetoricians, And Poets. 1796) Gai Suetoni Tranquilli De vita Caesarum libri III–VI Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. The Twelve Caesars at Poetry in Translation (New English translation with in-depth name index (2010) by A. S. Kline) Biographical books Latin biographies 2nd-century history books 2nd-century Latin books Books about monarchs
Kenneth Lyman Casey (born 1935) is professor emeritus of neurology and professor emeritus of molecular and integrative physiology at the University of Michigan, and consultant in neurology at the Ann Arbor Veteran's Affairs Medical Center. Casey studied medicine at the University of Washington (Seattle), did his internship at The New York Hospital (Cornell Medical Center), and postdoctoral work at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and McGill University and joined the University of Michigan faculty, where he completed his training in neurology. While at McGill, he and Ronald Melzack devised the now widely accepted model of the three dimensions of pain. He was the first to record the responses of single neurons to noxious stimuli in an awake animal and, with colleagues, to use functional brain imaging to show responses in the human brain specifically to heat pain as compared to increases in temperature. In 2019 Casey published Chasing Pain: The Search for a Neurobiological Mechanism. References Further reading 1935 births Living people American neuroscientists University of Michigan faculty University of Washington alumni
```html <div id="main" class="appsMain"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol id="playbookBreadcrumbs" class="breadcrumb"> <li ngIf="filesLoaded" class="breadcrumb-item"> Manage Application - <span class="">{{ currentApp.name }}</span> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary ml-3" (click)="buildImage()">Rebuild Image</button> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3"> <div id="tree" class="h-100 pr-4"></div> </div> <div ngIf="filesLoaded" class="col-md-9 appEditorContainer"> <!-- Graph editor toolbar --> <div id="playbookToolbar" class="btn-toolbar d-flex align-items-center" role=toolbar> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <button id="save-button" type="button" class="btn btn-default" placement="bottom-left" ngbTooltip="Save" [disabled]="!fileChanged" (click)="saveFile()"> <i class="fa fa-save"></i> </button> </div> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <button id="undo-button" type="button" class="btn btn-default" placement="bottom-left" ngbTooltip="Undo" [disabled]="!currentFile" (click)="undo()"> <i class="fa fa-undo"></i> </button> </div> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <button id="redo-button" type="button" class="btn btn-default" placement="bottom-left" ngbTooltip="Redo" [disabled]="!currentFile" (click)="redo()"> <i class="fa fa-repeat"></i> </button> </div> <!-- <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <button id="copy-button" type="button" class="btn btn-default" placement="bottom-left" ngbTooltip="Copy" [disabled]="!loadedWorkflow" (click)="copy()"> <i class="fa fa-copy"></i> </button> </div> <div class="btn-group" role="group"> <button id="paste-button" type="button" class="btn btn-default" placement="bottom-left" ngbTooltip="Paste" [disabled]="!loadedWorkflow" (click)="paste()"> <i class="fa fa-paste"></i> </button> </div> --> <nav class="ml-auto" aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol id="playbookBreadcrumbs" class="breadcrumb py-0 px-3 d-flex align-items-center"> <li class="breadcrumb-item text-secondary">{{ currentFile }}<span ngIf="fileChanged"></span></li> </ol> </nav> </div> <ngx-codemirror #editorArea [(ngModel)]="content" [options]="options"></ngx-codemirror> </div> </div> </div> ```
Peggy Shanor (November 1895 — May 30, 1935) was an American actress in silent films. Early life Margaret Marion Shanor was from Sistersville, West Virginia, and raised in the Pittsburgh area, the daughter of Perry Absalom Shanor and Etta Kate Leasure Shanor. Her father, who was elected to represent Sistersville in the West Virginia legislature soon after Peggy was born, was a leader in the Loyal Order of Moose, and the International Order of Odd Fellows. Career Shanor appeared in several silent films, notably in vamp roles in serials, including The House of Hate (1918), The Queen of Hearts (1918), The Echo of Youth (1919), The Lurking Peril (1919), The Mystery Mind (1920), The Man Who Stole the Moon (1921), and The Prodigal Judge (1922). "Peggy Shanor distinguished herself, in The House of Hate, by her ability to go upstairs in a truly regal manner," noted one film magazine of her day. She declined an offer to make films for an English production company in 1919. Shanor commented on her typecasting as a "vamp" in a 1920 interview: "I don't know why the public persists in calling any woman character in a play or picture who has red blood, brains or allurement a 'vamp'. The word irritates me excessively." Stage roles, mainly in Somerville, Massachusetts, included Yes or No? (1917), Behind the Screen (1922), The Goldfish (1923), Very Bright Green (1923), Grumpy (1923), and Love 'Em and Leave 'Em (1926). Shanor was one of the entertainers donating their talents at a "smoke fund" benefit in New York in 1918, raising money to send cigarettes to American troops in World War I. In 1921, she visited orphans in the Jewish Foster Home of Germantown, with colleagues Vera Gordon and Stanley Price. In 1922 she was in the news for her role in a "hospital mystery", as fellow film actor Earle Foxe collapsed in her apartment at the Knickerbocker Hotel. They were rumored to be romantically involved. Personal life Peggy Shanor was engaged to marry Harry Caplan in 1923. She died in New York City in 1935, aged 39 years, "after a brief illness", according to her obituary in Variety. References External links 1895 births 1935 deaths American actresses American women in World War I People from Sistersville, West Virginia
Cape Faraday () is a cape which forms the northern tip of Powell Island in the South Orkney Islands. It was discovered by Captain George Powell and Captain Nathaniel Palmer on the occasion of their joint cruise in December 1821. The name first appears on Powell's chart published in 1822. References Headlands of the South Orkney Islands
Tropical Storm Lidia was a large tropical cyclone that caused flooding in Baja California Peninsula and parts of western Mexico. The fourteenth tropical cyclone and twelfth named storm of the 2017 Pacific hurricane season, Lidia developed from a large area of disturbed weather west of the Pacific Coast of Mexico on August 31. The storm intensified while moving generally northward or northwestward, peaking with maximum sustained winds of later that day. On September 1, Lidia made landfall in Mexico near Puerto Chale, Baja California Sur, at peak intensity. The storm weakened while traversing the peninsula, ultimately emerging over the Pacific Ocean on September 3, where the storm degenerated into a remnant low. The system brought thunderstorms and wind gusts to Southern California, before dissipating on September 4. In anticipation of the storm, several tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued in the Baja California Peninsula and other areas along the Gulf of California. Flooding in Mexico City resulted in water entering hundreds of homes, while sinkholes formed on some roads. Overall, there were twenty fatalities, including two from electrocution and two from drowning. Meteorological history A low-pressure area offshore the west coast of Mexico developed in late August 2017. Early on August 26, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) first discussed the probability of tropical cyclogenesis in a tropical weather outlook (TWO). Initially, the NHC assessed a 0% chance of development within two days and 30% chance within five days, citing marginally favorable conditions. An elongated trough of low pressure formed by late on August 27 and was initially composed of disorganized showers and thunderstorms. After environmental conditions became more favorable and the storm organized significantly – but still lacked a well-defined center – the NHC began classifying the low-pressure area as Potential Tropical Cyclone Fourteen-E at 21:00 UTC on August 29. The low soon developed banding features and intensified throughout the day on August 30. After data from an unmanned NASA Global Hawk and observation stations indicated that the broad circulation became more consolidated, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Storm Lidia at 18:00 UTC on August 30 about south-southeast of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. The storm, which was relatively large, moved north-northwestward due to flow from a weak ridge over Mexico and a weak cyclonic gyre to the west. Favorable conditions such as warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear allowed Lidia to intensify, and by 00:00 UTC on September 1, the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of and a minimum atmospheric pressure of , which was based on Dvorak estimates with the hints of an eye feature. Around 12:00 UTC on the following day, Lidia made landfall near Punta Marquez, Baja California Sur, with winds of . Shortly after landfall, satellite imagery indicated that convection associated with Lidia was becoming disorganized. The cyclone weakened significantly while traversing the mountainous terrain of the Baja California Peninsula, and by early on September 2, deep convection was mainly limited to a few strong clusters near the center. Around that time, Lidia briefly moved offshore, before making another landfall near Punta Abreojos a few hours later, with winds of . By that time, Lidia weakened steadily, and emerged over the Pacific Ocean on September 2. However, Lidia continued to weaken due to cold sea surface temperatures. After failing to produce deep convection for about 12–15 hours, the NHC declared that Lidia had degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area at 09:00 UTC on September 3, about southwest of Punta Baja, Baja California. On September 3, Lidia's remnants brought thunderstorms, wind gusts, and flash flooding to Southern California, before being absorbed by another upper-level low off the coast of California, on September 4. Preparations and impact Upon the NHC initiating advisories on Potential Tropical Cyclone Fourteen-E at 21:00 UTC on August 29, the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch from Todos Santos and Los Barriles in Baja California Sur. At 03:00 UTC on the following day, a tropical storm watch was posted from Los Barriles to San Evaristo. The hurricane watch extended northward to east of La Paz at 15:00 UTC on August 30, while a tropical storm warning was issued from west of La Paz to Loreto and from north of Los Barriles to La Paz. Additionally, a tropical storm watch became in effect from Bahia Tempehuaya to Huatabampito in Sinaloa. Three tropical storm warnings were issued at 21:00 UTC on August 30 from Bahia Tempehuaya to Huatabampito, from La Paz to San Evaristo, and from Santa Fe to Puerto Cortes in Baja California Sur, while a tropical storm watch was posted from Puerto Cortes to Puerto San Andresito. At 09:00 UTC on August 31, tropical storm warnings were extended from north of Puerto Cortes to Puerto San Andresito, north of San Evaristo to Loreto, and north of Huatabampito to Guaymas, Sonora. Simultaneously, a tropical storm watch was issued from north of Puerto San Andresito to Punta Abreojos, north of Loreto to Bahia San Juan Bautista in the state of Baja California, and north of Guaymas to Bahía Kino in Sonora. In Mexico City, heavy rainfall disrupted the public transportation network at several locations. A number of roads were flooded, including parts of the Circuito Interior and Avenida Oceanía. A large sinkhole engulfed an entire central street and measured at least in width and in depth. Hundreds of homes in the city were flooded. Bad weather conditions at Mexico City International Airport resulted in the cancellation 18 flights and the diversion of about 150 other flights. In Cuautitlán Izcalli, about 300 people were evacuated after the El Ángulo dam collapsed, with water entering hundreds of dwellings, while many other homes were flooded with sewage in Ecatepec de Morelos after a canal overflowed. Flooding triggered red alerts on the color coded alert system in the municipalities of Azcapotzalco, Cuajimalpa, Gustavo A. Madero, Miguel Hidalgo, and Venustiano Carranza, while an orange alert was issued for Cuauhtémoc. Heavy precipitation was also reported in northwestern Mexico, with nearly of rain observed in San José del Cabo. Nationwide, twenty deaths were attributed to the storm, including two from electrocution and two from drowning. Wind advisories were issued for parts of Southern California as the remnants of Lidia continued to move northward. A microburst event in Santa Barbara associated with the remnants of Lidia seriously injured a teenager as she was struck by a canoe at the beach. Damages in Baja California Sur were calculated at MX$2.2 billion (US$123 million), including MX$187 million (US$10.5 million) in infrastructural sector. See also Weather of 2017 Tropical cyclones in 2017 List of Eastern Pacific tropical storms Other tropical cyclones named Lidia List of Baja California Peninsula hurricanes Tropical Storm Julio (2008) – Minimal storm that made landfall in a similar location. Hurricane Odile (2014) – Took a similar track to Lidia's in Cabo San Lucas, as a Category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Newton (2016) – Affected the Baja California Peninsula roughly a year before Lidia. References External links Tropical Storm Lidia Advisory Archive Lidia Lidia (2017) August 2017 events in Mexico September 2017 events in Mexico Lidia Hurricanes in Baja California Hurricanes in Baja California Sur
The Economy Act of 1933, officially titled the Act of March 20, 1933 (ch. 3, , is an Act of Congress that cut the salaries of federal workers and reduced benefit payments to veterans, moves intended to reduce the federal deficit in the United States. The Economy Act of 1933 is sometimes confused with the Economy Act of 1932, which was signed in the final days of the Hoover administration in February 1933. This Hoover-sponsored bill established the purchasing authority of the federal government. Title VI of this earlier act authorized heads of executive departments, establishments, bureaus, and offices to place orders with any other such Federal agency unless the requisitioned goods or services could be acquired as conveniently or more cheaply from the private sector. Though amended several times, this provision—commonly referred to simply as the Economy Act—remains in force as of 2019 (). Enactment As Governor of New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt had campaigned for the Presidency, in part, on a pledge to balance the federal budget. On March 10, 1933, six days after his inauguration, Roosevelt submitted legislation to Congress which would cut $500 million ($8.181 billion in 2009 dollars) from the $3.6 billion federal budget by eliminating government agencies, reducing the pay of civilian and military federal workers (including members of Congress), and slashing veterans' benefits by 50 percent. Veterans benefits constituted a quarter of the federal budget at the time. The Act was written primarily by Lewis Douglas, Roosevelt's Director of the Budget, and Grenville Clark, a private attorney. The Act faced stiff opposition in the Congress. On June 17, 1932, the Bonus Army (about 17,000 World War I veterans and 26,000 of their family members and affiliated groups) had established a Hooverville shanty town on the Anacostia Flats area of Washington, D.C. On July 28, the U.S. 12th Infantry Regiment commanded by General Douglas MacArthur and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment (supported by six tanks) commanded by Major George S. Patton attacked and set afire the Bonus Army's encampment, injuring hundreds and killing several veterans and civilians. Congress was forced to flee the city for several days after outraged veterans ringed the United States Capitol. The political backlash caused by the attack on the Bonus Army led to the defeat of several members of Congress that fall. Many in Congress, remembering the incident, did not want to support the Economy Act. The House Democratic Caucus even refused to support the bill. Heavily opposed by liberal Democrats (92 of whom voted against it), the bill passed the House of Representatives only with heavy support of Republicans and conservative Democrats. The bill easily passed the Senate only because the Senate Democratic Caucus had scheduled a vote on the popular Cullen-Harrison Act (to amend the Volstead Act to allow the manufacture and sale of beer and light wines) immediately after the vote on the Economy Act—allowing Senators to cast vote for one very unpopular bill and one very popular bill in quick succession. The President signed the Economy Act into law on March 20, 1933. Provisions and impact The Economy Act cut federal spending by $243 million, not the $500 million requested by the President. This aspect of the Act proved deflationary as the government purchased fewer goods and services, and some argue that this led to a worsening of the Great Depression. The act also halved Supreme Court pensions and two of the four anti-New Deal Supreme Court justices, Willis Van Devanter and George Sutherland, refused to retire, remained on the bench, and struck down some of Roosevelt's recovery acts; Supreme Court pensions were originally halved in 1932 but had been temporarily restored by Congress to full pay in February 1933. These two justices would likely have retired from the Supreme Court early into Roosevelt's first term if their pensions had not been halved. The Economy Act also gave the President limited authority to reorganize executive branch agencies to achieve efficiency, but this power was not utilized much before the Act expired in 1935. By March 3, 1935, Roosevelt had issued 27 reorganization orders, most of them minor in nature. Roosevelt did not engage in extensive reorganization efforts until the passage of the Reorganization Act of 1939 gave him that authority. Its most important provisions, however, repealed all federal laws regarding veterans' benefits. Section 17 of the Act declared: "All public laws granting medical or hospital treatment, domiciliary care, compensation, and other allowances, pension, disability allowance, or retirement pay to veterans and the dependents of veterans of ... the World War ... are hereby repealed, and all laws granting or pertaining to yearly renewable term insurance are hereby repealed." However, the Act allowed the president to re-establish these benefits for two years via executive order at levels the President deemed appropriate. Benefits for non-disabled veterans fell more than 40%, creating deep resentment among former soldiers and officers and leading to the establishment of the Veterans of Foreign Wars as a major force in American politics. The Economy Act caused a second Bonus Army to form, but Roosevelt handled this protest much more carefully than Hoover had: His administration set up an encampment for the protesters (albeit too far from the Capitol to make their protest effective), prohibited loitering in the District of Columbia (forcing the marchers to stay outside the city), sent Eleanor Roosevelt to deliver food and medicine to the marchers and hear their grievances, and encouraged the ex-servicemen to seek work with the Civilian Conservation Corps (which many did). Veterans nonetheless sued to have their benefits restored. In Lynch v. United States, 292 U.S. 571 (1934) and United States v. Jackson, 302 U.S. 628 (1938), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Congress had violated federal law in eliminating certain insurance guarantees formerly offered to veterans by the War Risk Insurance Act (as amended December 24, 1919; Chapter 16, Section 12, 41 Stat. 371), and those benefits were restored. The Economy Act had little effect on either the federal deficit or the economy. Spending in other areas rose so substantially that it dwarfed the cuts imposed by the Economy Act. The benefit cuts also did not last. In June 1933, Roosevelt restored $50 million in pension payments, and Congress added another $46 million. In January 1934, Roosevelt added another $21 million for veterans whose disabilities were service-connected but not service-caused. In March 1934, Congress overrode Roosevelt's veto and added another $90 million in veterans benefits and $120 million to federal workers' salaries. In October 1934, Roosevelt restored $60 million in federal salary cuts, and restored cuts to veterans who had served in the Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, and Boxer Rebellion. Notes 73rd United States Congress 1933 in American law New Deal legislation United States federal defense and national security legislation 1933 in economics
```javascript class SentinlLog { constructor($log) { this.$log = $log; } initLocation(locationName) { this.locationName = locationName; } warn(...args) { this.$log.warn([this.locationName], ...args); } error(...args) { this.$log.error([this.locationName], ...args); } debug(...args) { this.$log.debug([this.locationName], ...args); } info(...args) { this.$log.info([this.locationName], ...args); } } export default SentinlLog; ```
Jamie Clayton (born on January 15, 1978) is an American actress and model. Clayton is best known for starring as Nomi Marks in the Netflix original series Sense8, Sasha Booker in the third season of Designated Survivor and Tess Van De Berg in Showtime's The L Word: Generation Q. She portrays Pinhead in the 2022 Hellraiser film. Early life Clayton was raised in San Diego, California. Her father, Howard Clayton, was a criminal defense attorney, and her mother, Shelley, is an event planner. When she was 19, Clayton moved to New York City to pursue a career as a makeup artist. Career In 2010, Clayton was the makeup artist and co-host on VH1's first makeover show TRANSform Me. The following year she played the recurring role of Kyla in the third season of the HBO series Hung. In 2012, Clayton played the lead role of Michelle Darnell on the Emmy Award winning interactive web series Dirty Work and the role of Carla Favers on the TV series Are We There Yet? She also narrated the audiobook for the children's novel Melissa about a young transgender girl. Clayton starred as one of the eight main characters in the Netflix original television series Sense8 that premiered on June 5, 2015. In Sense8 she played Nomi Marks, a trans woman, political blogger, and hacker living in San Francisco. Clayton said that she was primarily interested in Sense8 because of the opportunity to play a transgender character written by filmmakers Lilly and Lana Wachowski and to be on set with them. Being a fan of science fiction and J. Michael Straczynski in particular also attracted her to this project. Clayton appeared in the 2016 film The Neon Demon and the 2017 thriller film The Snowman. In 2019, Clayton starred as Sasha Booker in the third season of the Netflix's Designated Survivor. From 2019 through Season 3, Clayton starred in The L Word: Generation Q, the sequel to the Showtime original The L Word. She also guest starred in The CW’s Roswell: New Mexico. In 2022, Clayton starred as 'The Priest', the antagonist in Hellraiser. Personal life Clayton is a trans woman. In 2011, she was honored by Out magazine as part of their annual "Out 100" awards. Filmography References External links 1978 births Living people Actresses from San Diego American film actresses American television actresses Female models from California American transgender actors LGBT people from California Transgender actresses Transgender female models
Aim High was the 2006 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. The competition involved teams competing to gain points by delivering balls into goals and positioning their robots in certain positions on the playing field. The teams took it in turn to provide defense and attack. Game description Aim High was played by two alliances, red and blue, each consisting of three robots. During a 10-second autonomous mode robots were programmed to score into any of the three goals: one raised center goal marked by a green vision target and two corner goals at floor level. At the end of the autonomous period the alliance with the most points would gain a 10-point bonus and would be placed on defense for round two. Rounds two, three and four were each 40 seconds long and were human-controlled rounds. Between rounds two and three the alliances switch from offense to defense or vice versa. At the start of round 4 any alliance could score into the corresponding goals. At the end of the match any alliance could receive bonus points by placing its three robots on a platform below the center goal. The alliance with the most points won with scoring as follows: 3 points for any ball scored in the center goal, 1 point for any ball scored in the corner goals, 10 bonus points for scoring the highest in the autonomous round and 25 points for placing all 3 robots on the platform at the end (10 points for 2 robots and 5 points for 1 robot). Field layout The Aim High field had 6 goals and 2 platforms. Unlike previous years an alliance's goals were on the far side of the field. The field was flat and measures long by wide. Alliance station The alliance station wall was long and stretched the width of the field. The middle of the alliance station wall was made of "diamond plate" aluminum from the floor to high with clear acrylic filling the rest of the . The outer edges of the wall consisted of transparent polycarbonate. Above each alliance station there was a circular goal (the center goal), with a green light above it. The green light was used so that the CMUcam can lock onto it. On the bottom left and right of each alliance station there were two rectangular holes, the corner goals, through which balls can be maneuvered to receive points. In front of each alliance station there was a raised platform. Tournament structure The tournament structure was the same as in previous years. In the regional competitions teams were given access to their robots on the Thursday of the competition weekend. It was a practice day giving each team a number of practice rounds on the regulation playing field. Friday and the morning of Saturday was dedicated to a series of qualification rounds. Each team competed in around seven to ten matches. The number of wins by a team in those matches determined the team's ranking. Before a lunch break on Saturday the top eight teams from the qualification rounds were asked, in order from the top-seeded team to the eighth seed, to select an alliance of three robots. In contrast to previous years this order reversed for the second selection round and the eighth seed picks first and then backwards to the first seed. This was instituted to make the finals more competitive and balanced compared to previous years. After the lunch break the finals took place. This was a standard-elimination tournament bracket starting with alliance 1 facing alliance 8, alliance 2 facing alliance 7, and so on. At the end of the finals the last remaining alliance was declared the winner and all three teams were given the right to attend the national competition. Kit of Parts There were several changes in the kit of parts in 2006: The inclusion of the National Instruments LabVIEW program CMUcam II, including a pan/tilt assembly with servos, designed to follow an illuminated target A new robot controller based on the PIC18F8722 instead of the PIC18F8520 A new EasyC programming tool New wider CIM motors with drive belts New smaller Window motors A new smaller and lighter backup battery charger An Infrared transmitter and receiver (for broken beam detection) A Digital camera and Picasa software donated by Google Rules Intentionally damaging another robot or the playing field is not allowed. No balls may exit the robot at a velocity greater than . The shooter mechanism must remain within the dimensions of by by tall. Intentionally "flopping" to drive or score with the dimension on the ground is prohibited. No part of the robot may extend more than above the floor. If a robot is more than high and it shoots a ball, or blocks a ball from being shot, a 5-point penalty per ball will be applied. Power supplies are limited to compressed air, a 12-volt motorcycle battery, and a 7.2-volt RC battery Robots There were many viable tactics in Aim High. There were ball dumpers, floor shooters, ramp shooters and defensive robots. Ball dumpers The primary aim of a ball dumper was to collect balls that were either loaded into it via the human players or that it collected off the floor. The ball dumper then moved to one of the lower goals and dumped all the balls into the lower goal for a significant number of 1-point goals. Ball dumpers could be made to be very reliable in autonomous, as they do not depend on aiming and were difficult to block with an opposing ramming robot from across the field. Ball dumping teams had to deal with defensive robots attempting to block their transit to and from the human loading zone, as well as teams that may simply block the lower goals to prevent them from dumping. Floor shooters Floor shooters were the more common of the two shooter varieties. A majority fired mainly from a few feet in front of the ramp. Some (referred to as ranged shooters, perimeter shooters or distant shooters) could fire from half the court distance or more. Floor shooters, especially those that fired from near the ramp, had to contend with great amount of defense to block their shots and dislocate them from shooting positions. A wide variety of shooting mechanisms could be found on floor shooters including two horizontally mounted spinning discs, two vertically mounted (for the allowance of backspin), and singular mount spinning discs with a curved output track. Many used the CMUCam to some extent while shooting and a few even had automated turrets that automatically locked onto the target. Ramp shooters Ramp shooters were robots that used the height of the ramp to greatly reduce the distance that they had to propel the ball. Ramp shooters drive up to their wall and fire balls through a high-mounted shooting mechanism that is statically aimed directly at the goal. Ramp shooters had a disadvantage from floor shooters as they had to traverse the ramp, risking tipping, and could only shoot from one location directly in front of the goal. Defense against a ramp shooter was simply to sit in position on top of the ramp, or prevent them from getting up the ramp. Defense Since scoring in the high goal in "Aim High" was difficult and as there were specific offense and defense periods defense plays a very large role. An effective defense prevented their opponents from gathering balls, dumping balls and shooting balls. A defensive robot was involved in a great deal of ramming and pushing and had to have a very strong and durable drivetrain. A low centre of mass was a key asset so that the robot could play up and down the ramp without worry of tipping. In order to prevent robots from scoring a robot playing defense will attempt to attack the corners of the shooting robot, which would cause it to spin. A few defensive bots had nets, walls or other defensive mechanisms to block shots. Competition season Events The following regional events were held in 2006: Arizona Regional - Phoenix, AZ BAE Systems Granite State Regional - Manchester, NH Boilermaker Regional - West Lafayette, IN Boston Regional - Boston, MA Buckeye Regional - Cleveland, OH Chesapeake Regional - Annapolis, MD Colorado Regional - Denver, CO Davis Sacramento Regional - Davis, CA Detroit Regional - Detroit, MI Finger Lakes Regional - Rochester, NY Florida Regional - Orlando, FL GM/Technion Israel Regional - Tel Aviv, Israel Great Lakes Regional - Ypsilanti, MI Greater Toronto Regional - Mississauga, ON, Canada (2 fields) Las Vegas Regional - Las Vegas, NV Lone Star Regional - Houston, TX Midwest Regional - Chicago, IL NASA/VCU Regional - Richmond, VA New Jersey Regional - Trenton, NJ New York City Regional - New York City, NY Pacific Northwest Regional - Portland, OR Palmetto Regional - Columbia, SC Peachtree Regional - Duluth, GA Philadelphia Regional - Philadelphia, PA Pittsburgh Regional - Pittsburgh, PA St. Louis Regional - St. Charles, MO SBPLI Long Island Regional - Hempstead, NY Silicon Valley Regional - San Jose, CA Southern California Regional - Los Angeles, CA UTC New England Regional - Hartford, CT Waterloo Regional - Waterloo, ON, Canada West Michigan Regional - Allendale, MI Wisconsin Regional - Milwaukee, WI The championship was held in the Georgia Dome, Atlanta. References Kickoff movie hosted by NASA. 2006 game manual 2006 in robotics FIRST Robotics Competition games
```java //your_sha256_hash--------------------------------// // // // K e y C o l u m n // // // //your_sha256_hash--------------------------------// // <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="hdr"> // // // This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the // // This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; // without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. // // program. If not, see <path_to_url //your_sha256_hash--------------------------------// // </editor-fold> package org.audiveris.omr.sheet.key; import org.audiveris.omr.constant.ConstantSet; import org.audiveris.omr.math.Clustering; import org.audiveris.omr.math.Population; import org.audiveris.omr.sheet.Part; import org.audiveris.omr.sheet.Scale; import org.audiveris.omr.sheet.Staff; import org.audiveris.omr.sheet.SystemInfo; import org.audiveris.omr.sheet.key.KeyBuilder.ShapeBuilder; import org.audiveris.omr.sig.inter.KeyInter; import org.audiveris.omr.util.ChartPlotter; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.TreeMap; /** * Class <code>KeyColumn</code> manages the system consistency for a column of staff-based * KeyBuilder instances. * <p> * First, each staff header in the system is independently searched for peaks, then slices. * For each staff slice, a connected component is first looked up (phase #1) and, if * unsuccessful, then a hard slice-based glyph is searched (phase #2). * <p> * Second, it is assumed that, within the same containing system: * <ol> * <li>All staff key signatures start at similar abscissa offset since measure start, * <li>All staff key slices have similar widths across staves, even between small and standard * staves, and regardless of key alter shape (SHARP, FLAT or NATURAL), * <li>Slices are allocated based on detected ink peaks within header projection. * Hence, an allocated slice indicates the presence of ink (i.e. a slice is never empty). * <li>Sharp-based and flat-based keys can be mixed in a system, but not within the same part. * <li>The number of key items may vary across staves, but not within the same part. * <li>The longest key signature defines an abscissa range which, whatever the system staff, can * contain either a key signature or nothing (no ink). * <li>If a slice content in a key area cannot be recognized as key item although it contains ink, * this slice is marked as "stuffed". * The corresponding slice within the other staves cannot contain any key item either and are thus * also marked as "stuffed". * <li>In a staff, any slice following a stuffed slice is also a stuffed slice. * </ol> * At system level, we make sure that all staves in any multi-staff part have the same key * signature, by "replicating" the best signature to the other staff (or staves) in the part. * <p> * Example of key shapes mixed in the same system:<br> * <img src="doc-files/IMSLP00693-1-MixedKeyShapesInSystem.png" * alt="Key shapes mixed in the same system"> * * @author Herv Bitteur / public class KeyColumn { //~ Static fields/initializers your_sha256_hash- private static final Constants constants = new Constants(); private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(KeyColumn.class); //~ Instance fields your_sha256_hash------------ /* Related system. / private final SystemInfo system; /* Scale-dependent parameters. / private final Parameters params; /* Map of key builders. (one per staff) / private final Map<Staff, KeyBuilder> builders = new TreeMap<>(Staff.byId); /* Theoretical abscissa offset for each slice. / private List<Integer> globalOffsets; //~ Constructors your_sha256_hash--------------- /* * Creates a new <code>KeyColumn</code> object. * * @param system underlying system / public KeyColumn (SystemInfo system) { this.system = system; params = new Parameters(system.getSheet().getScale()); } //~ Methods your_sha256_hash-------------------- //---------// // addPlot // //---------// /* * Draw key signature portion for a given staff within header projection. * * @param plotter plotter for header * @param staff desired staff * @param projWidth projection width * @return a string that describes staff key signature, if any / public String addPlot (ChartPlotter plotter, Staff staff, int projWidth) { int measStart = staff.getHeaderStart(); int browseStart = (staff.getClefStop() != null) ? staff.getClefStop() : measStart; KeyBuilder builder = new KeyBuilder(this, staff, projWidth, measStart, browseStart, true); builder.addPlot(plotter); KeyInter key = staff.getHeader().key; return (key != null) ? ("key:" + key.getFifths()) : null; } //-------------------// // checkSystemSlices // //-------------------// /* * Use rule of vertical alignment of keys items within the same system. * * @return true if OK / private boolean checkSystemSlices () { // Get theoretical abscissa offset for each slice in the system final int meanSliceWidth = getGlobalOffsets(); if (globalOffsets.isEmpty()) { return false; // No key sig for the system } if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { printSliceTable(); } // All staves within the same part should have identical key signatures // Strategy: pick up the "best" KeyInter and try to replicate it in the other stave(s) PartLoop: for (Part part : system.getParts()) { List<Staff> staves = part.getStaves(); if (staves.size() > 1) { KeyInter best = getBestIn(staves); if (best != null) { final int fifths = best.getFifths(); final Staff bestStaff = best.getStaff(); final KeyBuilder bestKeyBuilder = builders.get(bestStaff); final ShapeBuilder bestBuilder = bestKeyBuilder.getShapeBuilder(fifths); boolean modified; do { modified = false; StaffLoop: for (Staff staff : staves) { if (staff == bestStaff) { bestKeyBuilder.getShapeBuilder(-fifths).destroy(); } else { KeyBuilder builder = builders.get(staff); switch (builder.checkReplicate(bestBuilder)) { case OK: case NO_CLEF: case NO_REPLICATE: break; case SHRINK: globalOffsets.remove(globalOffsets.size() - 1); bestBuilder.shrink(); modified = true; break StaffLoop; case DESTROY: return false; } } } } while (modified); } } } if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { printSliceTable(); } return true; } //-----------// // getBestIn // //-----------// /* * Report the best KeyInter instance found in the provided staves. * * @param staves the (part) staves * @return the best keyInter found, perhaps null / private KeyInter getBestIn (List<Staff> staves) { KeyInter best = null; double bestGrade = -1; for (Staff staff : staves) { KeyBuilder builder = builders.get(staff); KeyInter keyInter = builder.getBestKeyInter(); if (keyInter != null) { double ctxGrade = keyInter.getBestGrade(); if ((best == null) \|\| (ctxGrade > bestGrade)) { best = keyInter; bestGrade = ctxGrade; } } } return best; } //----------------// // getGlobalIndex // //----------------// /* * Determine the corresponding global index for the provided abscissa offset. * * @param offset slice offset * @return the global index, or null / Integer getGlobalIndex (int offset) { Integer bestIndex = null; double bestDist = Double.MAX_VALUE; for (int i = 0; i < globalOffsets.size(); i++) { int gOffset = globalOffsets.get(i); double dist = Math.abs(gOffset - offset); if (bestDist > dist) { bestDist = dist; bestIndex = i; } } if (bestDist <= getMaxSliceDist()) { return bestIndex; } else { return null; } } //-----------------// // getGlobalOffset // //-----------------// int getGlobalOffset (int index) { return globalOffsets.get(index); } //------------------// // getGlobalOffsets // //------------------// /* * Retrieve the theoretical abscissa offset for all slices in the system. * This populates the 'globalOffsets' list. * * @return the mean slice width, computed on all populated slices in all headers in the system. / private int getGlobalOffsets () { int sliceCount = 0; int meanSliceWidth = 0; // Check that key-sig slices appear rather vertically aligned across system staves List<Population> pops = new ArrayList<>(); // 1 population per slice index List<Double> vals = new ArrayList<>(); // All offset values for (KeyBuilder builder : builders.values()) { KeyInter bestInter = builder.getBestKeyInter(); if (bestInter != null) { final ShapeBuilder shapeBuilder = builder.getShapeBuilder(bestInter.getFifths()); final KeyRoi roi = shapeBuilder.getRoi(); for (int i = 0; i < roi.size(); i++) { KeySlice slice = roi.get(i); ///if (slice.getAlter() != null) { int x = slice.getRect().x; int offset = x - builder.getMeasureStart(); meanSliceWidth += slice.getRect().width; sliceCount++; while (i >= pops.size()) { pops.add(new Population()); } pops.get(i).includeValue(offset); vals.add((double) offset); ///} } } } int G = pops.size(); Clustering.Gaussian[] laws = new Clustering.Gaussian[G]; for (int i = 0; i < G; i++) { Population pop = pops.get(i); laws[i] = new Clustering.Gaussian(pop.getMeanValue(), 1.0); //pop.getStandardDeviation()); } // Copy vals list into a table of double's double[] table = new double[vals.size()]; for (int i = 0; i < vals.size(); i++) { table[i] = vals.get(i); } Clustering.EM(table, laws); List<Integer> theoreticals = new ArrayList<>(); for (int k = 0; k < G; k++) { Clustering.Gaussian law = laws[k]; theoreticals.add((int) Math.rint(law.getMean())); } globalOffsets = theoreticals; if (sliceCount > 0) { meanSliceWidth = (int) Math.rint(meanSliceWidth / (double) sliceCount); } logger.debug( "System#{} offsets:{} meanWidth:{}", system.getId(), globalOffsets, meanSliceWidth); return meanSliceWidth; } //-----------------// // getMaxSliceDist // //-----------------// final int getMaxSliceDist () { return params.maxSliceDist; } //-----------------// // printSliceTable // //-----------------// /* * Based on retrieved global offsets, draw a system table of key slices, annotated * with data from each staff. / private void printSliceTable () { StringBuilder title = new StringBuilder(); title.append(String.format("System#%-2d ", system.getId())); for (int i = 1; i <= globalOffsets.size(); i++) { title.append(String.format("---%d--- ", i)); } logger.info("{}", title); for (KeyBuilder builder : builders.values()) { builder.printSliceTable(); } } //--------------// // retrieveKeys // //--------------// /* * Retrieve the column of staves keys in this system. * * @param projectionWidth desired width for projection * @return the ending abscissa offset of keys column WRT measure start, or 0 if none / public int retrieveKeys (int projectionWidth) { // Define each staff key-signature area for (Staff staff : system.getStaves()) { if (staff.isTablature()) { continue; } int measStart = staff.getHeaderStart(); Integer clefStop = staff.getClefStop(); // Not very reliable... int browseStart = (clefStop != null) ? (clefStop + 1) : (staff.getHeaderStop() + 1); builders.put( staff, new KeyBuilder(this, staff, projectionWidth, measStart, browseStart, true)); } // Process each staff to get peaks, slices, alters, trailing space, clef compatibility for (KeyBuilder builder : builders.values()) { builder.process(); } if (system.isMultiStaff()) { // Check keys alignment across staves at system level if (!checkSystemSlices()) { for (KeyBuilder builder : builders.values()) { builder.destroyAll(); } return 0; // No key in system } } // Adjust each individual alter pitch, according to best matching key-sig // A staff may have no key-sig while the others have some in the same system for (KeyBuilder builder : builders.values()) { builder.finalizeKey(); } // Push header key stop int maxKeyOffset = 0; for (Staff staff : system.getStaves()) { if (!staff.isTablature()) { int measureStart = staff.getHeaderStart(); Integer keyStop = staff.getKeyStop(); if (keyStop != null) { maxKeyOffset = Math.max(maxKeyOffset, keyStop - measureStart); } } } return maxKeyOffset; } //~ Inner Classes your_sha256_hash-------------- //-----------// // Constants // //-----------// private static class Constants extends ConstantSet { private final Scale.Fraction maxSliceDist = new Scale.Fraction( 0.5, "Maximum abscissa distance to theoretical slice"); } //------------// // Parameters // //------------// private static class Parameters { final int maxSliceDist; Parameters (Scale scale) { maxSliceDist = scale.toPixels(constants.maxSliceDist); } } //~ Enumerations your_sha256_hash--------------- /* Status of key replication within part. / public enum PartStatus { /* Success. / OK, /* Slice count to be reduced. / SHRINK, /* No clef in staff. / NO_CLEF, /* Replication failed. / NO_REPLICATE, /* No key in part. */ DESTROY; } } ```
New Rice for Africa ("NERICA") is a cultivar group of interspecific hybrid rice developed by the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) to improve the yield of African rice cultivars. Although 240 million people in West Africa rely on rice as the primary source of food energy and protein in their diet, the majority of this rice is imported. Self-sufficiency in rice production would improve food security and aid economic development in West Africa. The results of the NERICA Project, which is funded by the African Development Bank, the Japanese government, and the United Nations Development Programme, was a major agenda item at the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV) in 2008. The new rice varieties, which are suited to drylands, were distributed and sown on more than 200,000 hectares during the last five years in several African countries, notably Guinea, Nigeria, Mali, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, and Uganda, according to the Africa Rice Center. Though this represents a major advance, it is still projected to fall short of meeting the growing demand for rice as a food staple. African and Asian rice African rice Oryza glaberrima has been cultivated for 3,500 years and is well adapted to the African environment. African rice has profuse vegetative growth, which serves to smother weeds; it is also resistant to drought, the insect pest African rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzivora), Rice yellow mottle virus and blast disease. However, African rice has relatively low yields, because it lodges, or falls over, when grain heads are full. Grains may also shatter, further reducing yield. Cultivation of African rice has been abandoned for the cultivation of high-yield Asian varieties of Oryza sativa. Asian varieties are poorly adapted to African conditions as their cultivation requires abundant water. Asian rice cannot compete with weeds due to their semi-dwarf phenotypes and are susceptible to pests and diseases in African conditions. New rice for Africa The new rice for Africa was created by crossing O. glaberrima and O. sativa. Because the different species do not naturally interbreed, a plant tissue culture technique called embryo-rescue was used to assure that crosses between the two varieties survive and grow to maturity. The new rices display heterosis, the phenomenon in which the progeny of two genetically different parents grow faster, yield more, or resist stresses better than either parent. Key features of the new varieties include: An increase in grain head size from 75-100 grains per head to 400 grains per head. An increase in yield from 1 tonne per hectare to 2.5 tonnes per hectare, yield increases to 5 tonnes per hectare with fertilizer use. Contains 2% more protein than their African or Asian parents. They are taller than most rices, which makes harvesting easier. They resist pests, and they tolerate drought and infertile soils better than Asian varieties. Some NERICA lines show high growth with low uptake of water and seem to be appropriate for long periods of cultivation in drought condition. For his leadership in developing NERICA, Monty Jones was named a co-recipient of the 2004 World Food Prize. See also System of Rice Intensification Notes References Dingkuhn, M., Jones, M. P., Johnson, D. E. & Sow, A. 1998. Growth and yield potential of Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima upland rice cultivars and their interspecific progenies. Field Crops Research 57: 57-69. Moseley, W.G., J. Carney and L. Becker. 2010. “Neoliberal Policy, Rural Livelihoods and Urban Food Security in West Africa: A Comparative Study of The Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (13) 5774-5779. External links Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) Rice varieties
The Type 631 tanker is a type of naval auxiliary ship currently in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), and has received NATO reporting name Fuchang class. Originally designed as a type that is capable of transport both water and oil, but only the oil tanker version entered service with PLAN (as of early 2020s). Type 631 tankers in PLAN service are designated by a combination of two Chinese characters followed by a three-digit number. The second Chinese character is You (油), meaning oil in Chinese, because these ships are classified as oilers. The first Chinese character denotes which fleet the ship is service with, with East (Dong, 东) for East Sea Fleet, North (Bei, 北) for North Sea Fleet, and South (Nan, 南) for South Sea Fleet. However, the pennant numbers are subject to change due to changes of Chinese naval ships naming convention, or when units are transferred to different fleets. Type 631 can be easily distinguished from other transport oilers by its transfer stations amid ship that enables it to carry out underway replenishment missions. Another visual cue of this class is that from the bow to the midsection of the ship, there are three levels of freeboard, while all other Chinese tanker has a smooth curvy transition. Specification: Displacement: 2,300 long tons (2,300 t) Length: 60 m (196 ft 10 in) Beam: 10 m (32 ft 10 in) Draft: 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) Propulsion: 2 marine diesel engines @ 7200 hp (5369 kW) 2 shafts Speed: 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) Complement: 30 References Auxiliary ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Zaytuna College is a private liberal arts college in Berkeley, California. It is the first accredited Muslim undergraduate college in the United States. It was built on the foundation of an educational institute, founded in 1996 by Hamza Yusuf and Hesham Alalusi. After graduating its pilot batch of full-time students, Zaytuna Institute formally changed its name to Zaytuna College in 2009. Zaytuna College seeks to integrate the institutions of the American liberal arts college and traditional Islamic education, drawing on their shared roots in the classical liberal arts. In the academic year 2014–2015, Zaytuna College had an undergraduate student body of about fifty students, most of whom lived on campus. Zaytuna College offers a BA in Liberal Arts & Islamic Studies and an MA in Islamic Texts. Courses range from Arabic grammar and Islamic jurisprudence, to American history and ancient literature. History In 1996, Zaytuna Institute was founded by Hamza Yusuf and Hesham Alalusi and incorporated in California as a non-profit educational institute. They named it after the olive tree (Ar: زيتونة zaytūnah), a plant that is mentioned in the Qur'an for its benefit. Based in Hayward, the institute's mandate was to teach courses on Arabic and Islamic Studies as well as to engage in community service and outreach. These part-time courses were popular both locally and in recorded form, but there was demand for a full-time option. In 2004, Zaid Shakir and other instructors conducted a four-year pilot seminary project from which five students graduated. With this experience, Zaytuna considered a move to Berkeley to collaborate with established institutions such as the University of California, Berkeley and the Graduate Theological Union. Following the graduation of its seminary class in 2008, Zaytuna Institute changed its name to Zaytuna College in 2009. The successful completion of the pilot program and a summer Arabic intensive course led to the inaugural undergraduate degree cohort in 2010, consisting of eight female and seven male students. Upon its move to Berkeley, Zaytuna College rented space from the American Baptist Seminary of the West (ABSW). In July 2012, Zaytuna acquired its own campus on Berkeley's "Holy Hill", a location so named because it is host to a number of theological colleges and seminaries. In 2017, Zaytuna went on to acquire a second, larger location nearby, known as the Upper Campus. When the college was first accredited in 2015, it was a first for an American Muslim college. It was initially accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges for its BA in Liberal Arts & Islamic Studies and its non-degree Summer Arabic Intensive Program, which has since been integrated with the BA program. Zaytuna received further accreditation for its graduate program in 2018. Academics As a denominational liberal arts college, Zaytuna College combines a Great Books approach to the liberal arts with elements of a traditional Muslim seminary education. There is a single undergraduate major, which is a Muslim analogue to the historic Greats degree at Oxford. The undergraduate degree is built on the classical model of the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic), common to education in medieval Christendom and Islam, including staple ancient texts like the Isagoge of Porphyry. All students are required to take Arabic, so that they can read primary sources from the Muslim tradition in their original form. Some students supplement this with other languages, including Persian, Greek, and Biblical Hebrew according to their interests and research needs. In addition to their grounding in reasoning and language skills, students take courses including theology, philosophy, law, history and constitutional law. The college's graduate program, the MA in Islamic Texts, is built on rigorous primary source readings of Muslim texts in their original languages and training in advanced research skills. Graduate students must pick between a philosophy-focused track or a law-focused track. They must then produce original research on their chosen topics. With this text-based approach, students in the MA program follow the traditional Muslim system of learning directly from a teacher who has studied the text, in a chain going back to the author. So far, it is the only American graduate program to feature this method. Zaytuna's faculty includes both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars, with a variety of educational backgrounds. The college is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission. Educational philosophy Zaytuna College is built on a classical liberal arts curriculum, influenced by the traditional Muslim and Scholastic systems as well as the Great Books course pioneered in the 20th century United States by John Erskine, Mortimer Adler, and Charles van Doren. Adler would go on to instruct founder Hamza Yusuf in philosophy and educational theory. Through this synthesis, it aims to produce students who are educated in the Muslim tradition and conversant in the contemporary world alike. By doing so, it sees itself as a revival of the American denominational liberal arts college, with a Muslim ethos. See also List of Islamic educational institutions References External links Educational institutions established in 2009 2009 establishments in California Islamic universities and colleges in the United States Islamic schools in California Seminaries and theological colleges in California Universities and colleges in Alameda County, California Education in Berkeley, California
Hsu Ming-yuan () is a Taiwanese politician. He currently serves as the Deputy Minister of the Council of Indigenous Peoples of the Executive Yuan. See also Taiwanese aborigines References Political office-holders in the Republic of China on Taiwan Living people Year of birth missing (living people) National Chengchi University alumni Soochow University (Taiwan) alumni
The Mechanical Universe...And Beyond is a 52-part telecourse, filmed at the California Institute of Technology, that introduces university level physics, covering topics from Copernicus to quantum mechanics. The 1985-86 series was produced by Caltech and INTELECOM, a nonprofit consortium of California community colleges now known as Intelecom Learning, with financial support from Annenberg/CPB. The series, which aired on PBS affiliate stations before being distributed on LaserDisc and eventually YouTube, is known for its use of computer animation. Overview Produced starting in 1982, the videos make heavy use of historical dramatizations and visual aids to explain physics concepts. The latter were state of the art at the time, incorporating almost eight hours of computer animation created by computer graphics pioneer Jim Blinn along with assistants Sylvie Rueff and Tom Brown at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Each episode opens and closes with bookend segments in which Caltech professor David Goodstein, speaking in a lecture hall, delivers explanations "that can't quite be put into the mouth of our affable, faceless narrator". After more than a quarter century, the series is still often used as a supplemental teaching aid, for its clear explanation of fundamental concepts such as special relativity. The bookend segments featuring Goodstein were specially staged versions of actual freshman physics lectures from Caltech's courses Physics 1a and 1b. The organization and the choice of topics to emphasize in the television show reflect a then-recent revision of Caltech's introductory physics curriculum, the first total overhaul since the one represented by The Feynman Lectures on Physics almost two decades earlier. While Feynman generally sought contemporary examples of topics, the later revision of the curriculum brought a more historical focus:In essence, the earlier Feynman course had sought to make physics exciting by relating each subject, wherever possible, to contemporary scientific problems. The new course took the opposite tack, of trying to recreate the historical excitement of the original discovery. For example, classical mechanics—a notoriously difficult and uninspiring subject for students—is treated as the discovery of "our place in the universe". Accordingly, celestial mechanics is the backbone of the subject and its climax is Newton's solution of the Kepler problem.Episode 22 solved the Kepler problem — that is, demonstrating that an inverse-square law of gravity implies that orbits are conic sections — using a variant of the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, though not by that name. Production details The room seen in the bookend segments is the Bridge lecture hall at Caltech. Many of the extras were students from other schools, and the front rows of the lecture hall were deliberately filled with more women than would have typically been seen at Caltech lectures. The TV production team added fake wood paneling to the lecture hall so that it would more closely resemble that seen in the show The Paper Chase. Later, the Caltech physics department was sufficiently impressed by the result that panels were installed permanently. Many seats in the lecture hall had to be removed in order to make room for the camera track and studio lights. To cover this, additional reaction shots of a full lecture hall were filmed later, so that the illusion of a complete audience could be created in editing. For most of the footage of Goodstein himself, only two rows of students were present. Many other video segments were shot on location, for example at a Linde industrial plant that produced liquid air. Historical scenes were often made to be generic, in order to facilitate their reuse across multiple episodes: "Young Newton strolls through an apple orchard, old Newton testily refuses a cup of tea from a servant, and so on". Footage featuring historical reenactment of Johannes Kepler was purchased from Carl Sagan's 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. The series was originally planned to consist of 26 episodes. This was later expanded to 60 episodes, a number then cut back to the eventual total of 52 for budget and production-schedule reasons. The show was intended not to require previous experience with calculus. Instead, the basics of differential and integral calculus would both be taught early in the series itself. Caltech mathematician Tom M. Apostol joined the Mechanical Universe production staff in order to ensure that the series did not compromise on the quality of the mathematics it presented. Seeing an example of Blinn's computer animation for the first time convinced Apostol that the series could bring mathematics "to life in a way that cannot be done in a textbook or at the chalkboard". When test screenings to humanities students revealed that their greatest difficulty learning calculus was a weak background in trigonometry, Apostol wrote a primer on the subject to be distributed with the telecourse. After advising the production of The Mechanical Universe, Apostol decided that a similar series, geared to high-school mathematics, would be beneficial. This became the later Caltech series Project Mathematics!, which also featured computer animation by Blinn. Some of Blinn's animations for The Mechanical Universe were reused in the new series, in order to illustrate applications of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. The 1990 science-fiction action film Total Recall used portions of the Mechanical Universe title sequence, in a scene where the protagonist (Douglas Quaid, played by Arnold Schwarzenegger) is offered virtual vacations in locales around the Solar System. The animation was used without licensing, and consequently, Caltech and Intelecom sued Carolco Pictures for $3 million. In order to present detailed mathematical equation derivations, the show employed a technique its creators called the "algebraic ballet". Computer animation presented derivations in step-by-step detail, but rapidly and with touches of whimsy, such as algebraic terms being canceled by a Monty Python-esque stomping foot or the hand of God from Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam. Blinn felt that Cosmos had taken itself "too seriously", and so he aimed to include more humor in the Mechanical Universe animations. The goal was to avoid putting the viewers' "brains into a 60-cycle hum", without sacrificing rigor; the creators intended that students could learn the overall gist of each derivation from the animation, and then study the details using the accompanying textbook. Computer animation was also used to portray idealizations of physical systems, like simulated billiard balls illustrating Newton's laws of motion. Blinn had used some of the same software earlier to visualize the interaction of DNA and DNA polymerase for Cosmos. One commenter deemed these animations "particularly useful in providing students with subjective insights into dynamic three-dimensional phenomena such as magnetic fields". Creating the computer graphics necessary to visualize physics concepts led Blinn to invent new techniques for simulating clouds, as well as the virtual "blobby objects" known as metaballs. Blinn used the vertex coordinates of regular icosahedra and dodecahedra to determine the placement of electric field lines radiating away from point charges. Most of the narration was voiced by actor Aaron Fletcher, who also played Galileo Galilei in the historical segments. Some portions, such as explanations of particular technical details, were narrated by Sally Beaty, the show's executive producer. Shorter versions of Mechanical Universe episodes, 10 to 20 minutes in length, were created for use in high schools. This adaptation, for which a dozen high-school teachers and administrators were consultants, was supported by a $650,000 grant from the National Science Foundation. These videos were distributed alongside supplemental written material for teachers' benefit, and were intended to be employed in conjunction with existing textbooks. Yorkshire Television later produced a version repackaged for the United Kingdom audience, which was released in April 1991. Funding Annenberg/CPB provided the funding for the production of The Mechanical Universe. The show was one of the first twelve projects funded by the initial $90 million pledge the Annenberg Foundation gave to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in the early 1980s. The total cost of the project was roughly $10 million. Critical reception Initial responses PBS and The Learning Channel began broadcasting The Mechanical Universe in September 1985. During the fall of 1986, roughly 100 PBS stations carried The Mechanical Universe, and by the fall of 1987, over 600 higher-education institutions had purchased it or licensed the episodes for use. In 1992, Goodstein noted that the series had been broadcast, via PBS, by over 100 stations, "usually at peculiar hours when innocent people were unlikely to tune in accidentally on a differential equation in the act of being solved". He observed that detailed viewership figures were difficult to obtain, but when the show had been broadcast in Miami during Saturday mornings, the producers were able to obtain Nielsen ratings.In fact, it came in second in its time slot, beating the kiddie cartoons on two network stations. There were 18,000 faithful core households in Dade County alone, the median age of the viewers was 18, and half were female. However, we seldom get that kind of detailed information.Goodstein and assistant project director Richard Olenick noted:Anecdotal information in the form of letters and phone calls indicates very considerable enthusiasm among users at all levels from casual viewers to high-school students to research university professors, but there have also been a number of sharp disappointments, particularly when Instructional Television administrators have tried to handle TMU like a conventional telecourse.Similarly, a 1988 review in Physics Today suggested that the programs would not function well on their own as a telecourse, but would work much better as a supplement to a traditional classroom or a more standard distance-learning course such as Open University. The reviewers also found the "algebraic ballet" of computer-animated equations too fast to follow: "After a short time, one yearns for a live professor filling the blackboard with equations". Similarly, a review in the American Journal of Physics, while praising the "technical proficiency of the films", wrote of the animated equation manipulations: "As the MIT students say, this is like trying to take a drink of water out of a fire hose". A considerably more enthusiastic evaluation came from physicist Charles H. Holbrow, who told Olenick: "These materials will constitute the principal visual image of physics for decades". A reviewer writing for Educational Technology found the animations "fascinating to watch" and opined that they were at least as effective as what many instructors could manage at a traditional blackboard. An editorial in the Los Angeles Times called the show "extraordinary" and the animations "splendid", quipping that "if differential calculus is not television's Supreme Test, it would certainly make the semifinals in any competition". Goodstein and Olenick reported that younger viewers tended to enjoy the "algebraic ballet" style "much more than older viewers, who are made uncomfortable by the algebraic manipulations they cannot quite follow". Classroom use In 1986, The Mechanical Universe was used as part of a summer program for gifted children, to overall success. A 1987 study at Indiana University Bloomington used 14 Mechanical Universe episodes as part of an introductory course on Newtonian mechanics, with generally positive results:[T]hese tapes were particularly effective in placing Newtonian mechanics in a historical perspective; dramatizing the historical overthrow of Aristotelian and medieval ideas; illustrating the diverse nature of scientists and the scientific endeavor; stimulating student interest and enthusiasm; and, through excellent animation, illustrating the time dimension of certain mechanics concepts. The companion text [...] was placed on library reserve for the course but was not extensively utilized by students.A follow-up study found that the videos could also be helpful explaining physics to professors in other fields. Negative reactions generally had less to do with the intrinsic perceived quality of the episodes than with the time the science-history material took away from content seen as "critical exam-preparing instruction". The investigator recalled:[S]ome students, thinking that the videotape material would not be covered on the tests, headed for the doors when the lights dimmed! To counter this tendency I started to use a few test questions based on historical or literary details discussed in the videotapes. Some students were outraged: "What is this, a poetry class?" Classroom use continued into the 1990s. A minority education program at the University of California, Berkeley employed Mechanical Universe episode segments (on LaserDisc) as part of group discussions. In a 1993 review of the series, a science historian stated that he had used episodes in his classes for several years, naming "Kepler's Three Laws" and "The Michelson–Morley Experiment" as his personal favorites.The highlight of the Kepler film is a segment in which we are shown an exquisite graphical realization of the way in which Kepler actually figured out that the orbits of the planets are elliptical rather than circular. The sheer difficulty of the problem he faced and the elegance of the method he applied to solve it are abundantly clear. I cannot imagine a better way to present this magnificent discovery, which can easily appear so trivial.A 2005 column in The Physics Teacher suggested The Mechanical Universe as preparatory viewing for instructors attempting to teach physics for the first time. The Physics Teacher has also recommended the series "as enrichment or a makeup assignment for high-ability students". Writing for Wired magazine's web site, Rhett Allain cited the series as an example of videos that could replace some functions of traditional lectures. Awards In 1987, "The Lorentz Transformation" (episode 42) was awarded the sixteenth annual Japan Prize for educational television. Other awards received by The Mechanical Universe include the 1986 Gold Award from the Birmingham International Film Festival, two "Cindy" awards from the International Association of Audio Visual Communicators (1987 and 1988), a Gold Award (1985) and a Silver Award (1987) from the International Film and TV Festival of New York, Silver (1986) and Gold Apple (1987) awards from the National Educational Film and Video Festival, and a Gold Plaque (1985) from the Chicago International Film Festival. Goodstein received the 1999 Oersted Medal for his work in physics education, including The Mechanical Universe. For his contributions to the field of computer graphics, including his animations for Cosmos, The Mechanical Universe and Project Mathematics!, Blinn received a MacArthur fellowship in 1991, as well as the 1999 Steven A. Coons Award. Portrayal of Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse Like many introductory physics texts, The Mechanical Universe cites the spectacular 1940 collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge as an example of resonance, using footage of the disaster in the "Resonance" episode. However, as more-recent expositions have emphasized, the catastrophic oscillations that destroyed the bridge were not due to simple mechanical resonance, but to a more complicated interaction between the bridge and the winds passing through it—a phenomenon known as aeroelastic flutter. This phenomenon is a kind of "self-sustaining vibration" that lies beyond the regime of applicability of the linear theory of the externally-driven simple harmonic oscillator. List of episodes The opening sequence used for the first 26 episodes lists the show's title as The Mechanical Universe, whereas the latter 26 episodes are titled The Mechanical Universe ...and Beyond. The reason for the addition is explained by Goodstein in the closing lecture segment of the final episode: In the first scientific revolution, disputation over the interpretation of human or divine authority was replaced by observation, by measurement, by the testing of hypotheses, all of it with the powerful help of quantitative mathematical reasoning. And the result of all that was the mechanical universe, a universe that inexorably worked out its destiny according to precise, predictable, mechanical laws. Today, we no longer believe in that universe. If I know the precise position of some particle at some instant of time, I cannot have any idea of where it's going or how fast. And it doesn't make any difference at all if you say, "All right, you don't know where it's going, but where is it really going?" That is precisely the kind of question that is scientifically meaningless. That is the nature of the world we live in. That is the quantum mechanical universe.The series can be purchased from Caltech or streamed from online video sources, including Caltech's official YouTube channel. Caltech also posted on YouTube a series of short videos made by Blinn to demonstrate the show's computer animation at SIGGRAPH conferences. The Mechanical Universe The Mechanical Universe ...and Beyond References Companion textbooks R.P. Olenick, T.M. Apostol, and D.L. Goodstein (1986). The Mechanical Universe: Introduction to Mechanics and Heat (Cambridge University Press). R.P. Olenick, T.M. Apostol, and D.L. Goodstein (1986). Beyond the Mechanical Universe: From Electricity to Modern Physics (Cambridge University Press). External links The Mechanical Universe website at Caltech Corrected mirror of the Caltech website The Mechanical Universe on YouTube Episode descriptions from Annenberg Media Television series by the Annenberg Foundation 1980s American documentary television series 1985 American television series debuts 1986 American television series endings PBS original programming American educational television series Science education television series
Rustling A Bride is a lost 1919 silent film comedy-Western directed by Irvin Willat and starring Lila Lee. Plot As described in a film magazine, cowboy Nick McCredie (Blue) discovers the name and address of a Kentucky girl on the fly leaf of an old school book, writes to her, and as a joke includes the photograph of Pen Walton (Shumway), a fellow cowpuncher. In time a warm friendship develops between Emily (Lee) and Nick, and when her grandmother, her only living relative, dies and she is proposed to by an old man who coverts the farm, she flees to the west to marry Nick. He meets her at the rail station and tells he that he is Mr. Andy and that Nick sent him. She is disappointed as Nick had instantly won her. Walton, who thoroughly hates Nick, manufactures evidence that implicates Nick as a horse thief. The cowboys go in search of Nick while Emily falls into Walton's hands. She is held captive in a deserted shack in the desert where Walton has secreted valuable horses. Emily makes her escape, turns the horses loose, and reaches the ranch just in time to save Nick from being lynched. Ezra (Oliver), her guardian, arrives just as the wedding with Nick is about to be performed and is silenced by the heel of one of Nick's friends. Cast Lila Lee as Emily Monte Blue as Nick McCredie L. C. Shumway as Pen Walton Manuel Ojeda as Pedro Ruby Lafayette as Aunt Guy Oliver as Ezry Alice Knowland as The School Mistress Jim Farley as Sheridan Charles McHugh as Irish Dick La Reno as Sheriff Tom Walsh as Dan Roy Marshall as Joe References External links Synopsis at allmovie.com Period advertisement 1919 films Films directed by Irvin Willat English-language Western (genre) comedy films Paramount Pictures films 1910s Western (genre) comedy films 1910s English-language films American black-and-white films Lost American Western (genre) comedy films 1919 lost films 1919 comedy films Silent American Western (genre) comedy films 1910s American films
John Warner (21 September 1911 – 1980) was a Welsh footballer who played as a wing half. In his early days, he played for Swansea Town, and he went on to make 135 Football League appearances for the Welsh club before moving to Manchester United for 1938–39. He made over 100 league appearances for the Old Trafford club, and then transferred to Oldham Athletic. Warner moved to Rochdale for the 1951-52 season, making 21 league appearances for the club. He then became manager of Rochdale for the 1952-53 season. He also made two appearances for Wales, along with one wartime cap. References 1911 births 1980 deaths Welsh men's footballers Wales men's international footballers Men's association football wing halves English Football League players Swansea City A.F.C. players Manchester United F.C. players Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players Rochdale A.F.C. players Rochdale A.F.C. managers Welsh football managers
Pararistolochia enricoi is an endemic Malagasy species of plant in the birthwort family, the only belonging to the genus Pararistolochia within the Island. Etymology The species is named in honour of the first author’s brother Enrico Luino who died in 2003 at the age of 21 and whom he credits with triggering in him the passion for tropical botany. Description The species is a climbing and ground-sprawling, deciduous vine or liana. The stem can reach 15–25 m high and presents an 8-shaped cross section, typical of the genus. Leaves are 4–8 cm long, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces and variable in shape. Young shoots are attenuated, densely covered with golden hairs. The inflorescences arise from the corky stem, sometimes at ground level. Flowers are up to about 5 cm long and are covered by white hairs. Flower tubes are S-curved, funnel-shaped, enlarging throughout and constricted below the throat, which is bright sulphur-yellow; there are 2 lobes, triangular to well-rounded and purple. The utricle is punctuated with small red spots and purple-veined. The gynostemium i s2.7 mm long by 1.6 mm wide. There 6 yellow antheres, each consisting of 4 pollen sacs, and 6 green stigmatic lobes. The fruits are pendulous, cucumber-like, indehiscent, woody, 6-ribbed, up to 5.5 cm long, and brown when mature. The seeds are heart-shaped, convex and rough above, concave and smooth below, and 4 mm long by 4 mm wide. Distribution and ecology Pararistolochia enricoi is only known from the eroded limestone formations ("Tsingy" in Malagasy) of Beanka in western Madagascar. Its ecology seems to be strongly related to the climax deciduous forest type, where it grows in shaded conditions. According to the collection period, anthesis takes place in November and fruits ripen between December and January. The plant is deciduous and leaves are absent during the dry season, generally from May to October. Pollination The plant-insect interactions of Pararistolochia enricoi are still unknown. In western and southern Madagascar the monospecific butterfly genus Pharmacophagus antenor (Drury, 1773) (the only representative of the tribe Troidini in Madagascar) is known to be monophagous on Aristolochia albida. As documented by Parsons (1996b), the larvae of the troidine papilionid butterflies of the Australasian genus Ornithoptera feed primarily on Pararistolochia in the Australasian region. Considering the overlapping distributions of P. enricoi and Pharmacophagus antenor together with the known feeding habits of the latter, one could hypothesize that P. antenor larvae also feed on Pararistolochia enricoi (Parsons, 1996b). References Further reading External links Pararistolochia enricoi – Tropicos - Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar enricoi Endemic flora of Madagascar
Chapois () is a village of Wallonia, part of the district of Leignon in the municipality of Ciney, located in the province of Namur, Belgium. Chapois is twinned with a village of the same name, Chapois in France. It is served by its own railway station, on the Namur - Arlon - Luxembourg line. The next station to the north-west is Leignon and the next station to the east is Haversin. References Sub-municipalities of Ciney Populated places in Namur (province)
Glaspalast may refer to: Glaspalast (Munich), Glaspalast in Munich modeled after The Crystal Palace Glaspalast Sindelfingen, an indoor arena in Sindelfingen
Port Arthur Stadium is a stadium in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. It is exclusively used for baseball and is the home of the Thunder Bay Border Cats of the Northwoods League. The ballpark has a capacity of 3,031 people and seats 2,581, and was opened in 1951. References Sports venues in Thunder Bay Minor league baseball venues Baseball venues in Ontario
Gyan Devi Group of Schools is a group of schools, all located in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The group of schools was made by Mr. Joginder Singh Yadav, the Chairman and Managing Director of all the schools. The schools' motto is "Wisdom is Glory", which clearly highlights the mission of the school, i.e. to spread the light of Wisdom. Foundation All the schools were founded by Mr. Joginder Singh Yadav in the memory of Lt. Smt. Gyana Devi. Branches There are four branches of this group of schools: Gyan Devi Public School in Sector-17 A, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. Gyan Devi Montessori School in Sector-10, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. Gyan Devi School in Sector-9, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. Gyan Abhiyan Kendra in Sector-17, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. References External links http://www.gyandevi.com/ The Official Gyan Devi Group of Schools' Website Schools in Gurgaon
The 2018–19 Harvard Crimson men's basketball team represented Harvard University in the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They played their home games at the Lavietes Pavilion in Boston, Massachusetts and were led by 12th-year head coach Tommy Amaker. They finished the season 19-12, 10-4 to tie for first place. As the No. 1 seed in the Ivy Tournament, they defeated Penn in the semifinals before losing to Yale in the final. They received an automatic bid to the NIT where they defeated Georgetown in the first round before losing in the second round to NC State. Previous season The Crimson finished the 2017–18 season 18–14, 12–2 in Ivy League play to share the Ivy League regular season championship with Penn. As the No. 1 seed in the Ivy League tournament, they defeated Cornell in the semifinals before losing to Penn in the championship game. As a regular season league champion, and No. 1 seed in their league tournament, who failed to win their league tournament, they received an automatic bid to the National Invitation Tournament, where they lost in the first round to Marquette. Roster Schedule and results \|- !colspan=12 style=\| Regular season \|- !colspan=12 style=\| Ivy League tournament \|- \|- !colspan=9 style=\| National Invitation tournament \|- Source References Harvard Crimson men's basketball seasons Harvard Crimson Harvard Crimson men's basketball team Harvard Crimson men's basketball team Harvard Harvard Crimson men's basketball Harvard Crimson men's basketball
Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in insurance, pension, finance, investment and other industries and professions. More generally, actuaries apply rigorous mathematics to model matters of uncertainty and life expectancy. Actuaries are professionals trained in this discipline. In many countries, actuaries must demonstrate their competence by passing a series of rigorous professional examinations focused in fields such as probability and predictive analysis. Actuarial science includes a number of interrelated subjects, including mathematics, probability theory, statistics, finance, economics, financial accounting and computer science. Historically, actuarial science used deterministic models in the construction of tables and premiums. The science has gone through revolutionary changes since the 1980s due to the proliferation of high speed computers and the union of stochastic actuarial models with modern financial theory. Many universities have undergraduate and graduate degree programs in actuarial science. In 2010, a study published by job search website CareerCast ranked actuary as the #1 job in the United States. The study used five key criteria to rank jobs: environment, income, employment outlook, physical demands, and stress. A similar study by U.S. News & World Report in 2006 included actuaries among the 25 Best Professions that it expects will be in great demand in the future. Subfields Life insurance, pensions and healthcare Actuarial science became a formal mathematical discipline in the late 17th century with the increased demand for long-term insurance coverage such as burial, life insurance, and annuities. These long term coverages required that money be set aside to pay future benefits, such as annuity and death benefits many years into the future. This requires estimating future contingent events, such as the rates of mortality by age, as well as the development of mathematical techniques for discounting the value of funds set aside and invested. This led to the development of an important actuarial concept, referred to as the present value of a future sum. Certain aspects of the actuarial methods for discounting pension funds have come under criticism from modern financial economics. In traditional life insurance, actuarial science focuses on the analysis of mortality, the production of life tables, and the application of compound interest to produce life insurance, annuities and endowment policies. Contemporary life insurance programs have been extended to include credit and mortgage insurance, key person insurance for small businesses, long term care insurance and health savings accounts. In health insurance, including insurance provided directly by employers, and social insurance, actuarial science focuses on the analysis of rates of disability, morbidity, mortality, fertility and other contingencies. The effects of consumer choice and the geographical distribution of the utilization of medical services and procedures, and the utilization of drugs and therapies, is also of great importance. These factors underlay the development of the Resource-Base Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) at Harvard in a multi-disciplined study. Actuarial science also aids in the design of benefit structures, reimbursement standards, and the effects of proposed government standards on the cost of healthcare. In the pension industry, actuarial methods are used to measure the costs of alternative strategies with regard to the design, funding, accounting, administration, and maintenance or redesign of pension plans. The strategies are greatly influenced by short-term and long-term bond rates, the funded status of the pension and benefit arrangements, collective bargaining; the employer's old, new and foreign competitors; the changing demographics of the workforce; changes in the internal revenue code; changes in the attitude of the internal revenue service regarding the calculation of surpluses; and equally importantly, both the short and long term financial and economic trends. It is common with mergers and acquisitions that several pension plans have to be combined or at least administered on an equitable basis. When benefit changes occur, old and new benefit plans have to be blended, satisfying new social demands and various government discrimination test calculations, and providing employees and retirees with understandable choices and transition paths. Benefit plans liabilities have to be properly valued, reflecting both earned benefits for past service, and the benefits for future service. Finally, funding schemes have to be developed that are manageable and satisfy the standards board or regulators of the appropriate country, such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the United States. In social welfare programs, the Office of the Chief Actuary (OCACT), Social Security Administration plans and directs a program of actuarial estimates and analyses relating to SSA-administered retirement, survivors and disability insurance programs and to proposed changes in those programs. It evaluates operations of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, conducts studies of program financing, performs actuarial and demographic research on social insurance and related program issues involving mortality, morbidity, utilization, retirement, disability, survivorship, marriage, unemployment, poverty, old age, families with children, etc., and projects future workloads. In addition, the Office is charged with conducting cost analyses relating to the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, a general-revenue financed, means-tested program for low-income aged, blind and disabled people. The office provides technical and consultative services to the Commissioner, to the board of trustees of the Social Security Trust Funds, and its staff appears before Congressional Committees to provide expert testimony on the actuarial aspects of Social Security issues. Applications to other forms of insurance Actuarial science is also applied to property, casualty, liability, and general insurance. In these forms of insurance, coverage is generally provided on a renewable period, (such as a yearly). Coverage can be cancelled at the end of the period by either party. Property and casualty insurance companies tend to specialize because of the complexity and diversity of risks. One division is to organize around personal and commercial lines of insurance. Personal lines of insurance are for individuals and include fire, auto, homeowners, theft and umbrella coverages. Commercial lines address the insurance needs of businesses and include property, business continuation, product liability, fleet/commercial vehicle, workers compensation, fidelity and surety, and D&O insurance. The insurance industry also provides coverage for exposures such as catastrophe, weather-related risks, earthquakes, patent infringement and other forms of corporate espionage, terrorism, and "one-of-a-kind" (e.g., satellite launch). Actuarial science provides data collection, measurement, estimating, forecasting, and valuation tools to provide financial and underwriting data for management to assess marketing opportunities and the nature of the risks. Actuarial science often helps to assess the overall risk from catastrophic events in relation to its underwriting capacity or surplus. In the reinsurance fields, actuarial science can be used to design and price reinsurance and retrocession arrangements, and to establish reserve funds for known claims and future claims and catastrophes. Actuaries in criminal justice There is an increasing trend to recognize that actuarial skills can be applied to a range of applications outside the traditional fields of insurance, pensions, etc. One notable example is the use in some US states of actuarial models to set criminal sentencing guidelines. These models attempt to predict the chance of re-offending according to rating factors which include the type of crime, age, educational background and ethnicity of the offender. However, these models have been open to criticism as providing justification for discrimination against specific ethnic groups by law enforcement personnel. Whether this is statistically correct or a self-fulfilling correlation remains under debate. Another example is the use of actuarial models to assess the risk of sex offense recidivism. Actuarial models and associated tables, such as the MnSOST-R, Static-99, and SORAG, have been used since the late 1990s to determine the likelihood that a sex offender will re-offend and thus whether he or she should be institutionalized or set free. Actuarial science related to modern financial economics Traditional actuarial science and modern financial economics in the US have different practices, which is caused by different ways of calculating funding and investment strategies, and by different regulations. Regulations are from the Armstrong investigation of 1905, the Glass–Steagall Act of 1932, the adoption of the Mandatory Security Valuation Reserve by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which cushioned market fluctuations, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board, (FASB) in the US and Canada, which regulates pensions valuations and funding. History Historically, much of the foundation of actuarial theory predated modern financial theory. In the early twentieth century, actuaries were developing many techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition. As a result, actuarial science developed along a different path, becoming more reliant on assumptions, as opposed to the arbitrage-free risk-neutral valuation concepts used in modern finance. The divergence is not related to the use of historical data and statistical projections of liability cash flows, but is instead caused by the manner in which traditional actuarial methods apply market data with those numbers. For example, one traditional actuarial method suggests that changing the asset allocation mix of investments can change the value of liabilities and assets (by changing the discount rate assumption). This concept is inconsistent with financial economics. The potential of modern financial economics theory to complement existing actuarial science was recognized by actuaries in the mid-twentieth century. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models. Ideas from financial economics became increasingly influential in actuarial thinking, and actuarial science has started to embrace more sophisticated mathematical modelling of finance. Today, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, is cognizant of the need to reflect the combined approach of tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory. However, assumption-dependent concepts are still widely used (such as the setting of the discount rate assumption as mentioned earlier), particularly in North America. Product design adds another dimension to the debate. Financial economists argue that pension benefits are bond-like and should not be funded with equity investments without reflecting the risks of not achieving expected returns. But some pension products do reflect the risks of unexpected returns. In some cases, the pension beneficiary assumes the risk, or the employer assumes the risk. The current debate now seems to be focusing on four principles: financial models should be free of arbitrage assets and liabilities with identical cash flows should have the same price. This is at odds with FASB the value of an asset is independent of its financing the final issue deals with how pension assets should be invested Essentially, financial economics state that pension assets should not be invested in equities for a variety of theoretical and practical reasons. Pre-formalisation Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions arose in antiquity. Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies. Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forebears, and to Celtic society. However, many of these earlier forms of surety and aid would often fail due to lack of understanding and knowledge. Initial development The 17th century was a period of advances in mathematics in Germany, France and England. At the same time there was a rapidly growing desire and need to place the valuation of personal risk on a more scientific basis. Independently of each other, compound interest was studied and probability theory emerged as a well-understood mathematical discipline. Another important advance came in 1662 from a London draper, the father of demography, John Graunt, who showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a group, or cohort, of people of the same age, despite the uncertainty of the date of death of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. One could now set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy how much each person in the group should contribute to a common fund assumed to earn a fixed rate of interest. The first person to demonstrate publicly how this could be done was Edmond Halley (of Halley's comet fame). Halley constructed his own life table, and showed how it could be used to calculate the premium amount someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life annuity. Early actuaries James Dodson's pioneering work on the long term insurance contracts under which the same premium is charged each year led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. William Morgan is often considered the father of modern actuarial science for his work in the field in the 1780s and 90s. Many other life insurance companies and pension funds were created over the following 200 years. Equitable Life was the first to use the word "actuary" for its chief executive officer in 1762. Previously, "actuary" meant an official who recorded the decisions, or "acts", of ecclesiastical courts. Other companies that did not use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable. Technological advances In the 18th and 19th centuries, calculations were performed without computers. The computations of life insurance premiums and reserving requirements are rather complex, and actuaries developed techniques to make the calculations as easy as possible, for example "commutation functions" (essentially precalculated columns of summations over time of discounted values of survival and death probabilities). Actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by promoting competency and ethical standards. However, calculations remained cumbersome, and actuarial shortcuts were commonplace. Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life insurance colleagues during the 20th century. The 1920 revision for the New-York based National Council on Workmen's Compensation Insurance rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries. In the 1930s and 1940s, the mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed. Actuaries could now begin to estimate losses using models of random events, instead of the deterministic methods they had used in the past. The introduction and development of the computer further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to current high-speed devices, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has rapidly improved, while still being heavily dependent on the assumptions input into the models, and actuaries needed to adjust to this new world . See also Actuarial control cycle Actuarial exam Actuarial notation Actuarial present value Black swan theory :Category:Actuarial associations Data mining List of actuarial topics Reinsurance Actuarial Premium Ruin theory Scenario optimization References Works cited Bibliography External links Insurance Demography Formal sciences Applied statistics
Sha Tin Pass (; ) or Shatin Pass, and sometimes Sha Tin Au (), is a mountain pass between Temple Hill and Unicorn Ridge in Hong Kong. The pass is located north of the populous area of Tsz Wan Shan, and used to be the only path connecting Kowloon and Sha Tin. The area is administratively divided along the border between Lion Rock Country Park and Tsz Chuk Pavillion (), with the area inside the mountain belonging to Sha Tin District, and the area under the foothill belonging to Wong Tai Sin District. History Sha Tin Pass was one of major accesses from Kowloon to the south to Sha Tin to the north before the construction of roads and railway. A survey conducted in 1904 recorded 600 persons a day crossing Sha Tin Pass, including 280 of them "carrying goods". A substantial portion of these goods were fresh fish from Tolo Harbour being carried for sale at Kowloon City Market. The British Army built a road in 19th century, Shatin Pass Road from Kowloon to the pass and some villages in Sha Tin District but not to the town of Sha Tin. Features Sheng Kung Hui has a site of Diocesan Youth Retreat House at the pass. The villages of Mau Tat and Shap Yi Wat are located north of Sha Tin Pass. The is located in the vicinity of the pass, to its south. It can be accessed via Sha Tin Pass Road. Access Sha Tin Pass can be accessed via Shatin Pass Road. Stage 4 of Wilson Trail and Stage 5 of MacLehose Trail split at the pass. References Gaps of Hong Kong Places in Hong Kong Sha Tin District Wong Tai Sin District
Icalma Lake is a lake of glacial origin located in the Andes of the La Araucanía Region of Chile. A hamlet on the southern shore of the lake is also called Icalma. About from the hamlet is Icalma Pass, in elevation and on the border with Argentina. The pass is traversed by a road, unpaved in Chile in 2017 and sometimes impassable during the Southern Hemisphere winter due to heavy snows. Icalma Airport is located northeast of the hamlet. Icalma Lake is connected to the Laguna Chica de Icalma (Little Lake of Icalma) by a short stream about long. The two lakes together have a surface area of . Icalma Lake drains northeastwards by way of a long river named Rukanuco. Icalma Lake and nearby Galletué Lake are the sources of the Bio Bio River. Flora and Fauna The most abundant species of fish in the lake is the brown trout. The lake also has a population of rainbow trout. Neither species is native to Chile. The lake and village are in the ecoregion of the Valdivian Temperate Rain Forest. The monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) locally called "pehuen" is the most distinctive of the tree species in the forest. Climate Under the Köppen climate classification, Icalma has an oceanic climate, designated Csb. Under the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Crlk: mild summers, cool winters, and humid. See also Llaima Sollipulli References Lakes of Chile Lakes of Araucanía Region
Madyina Ngulube (born 18 June 1996) is a Malawian footballer who plays as a midfielder for DD Sunshine and the Malawi women's national team. Club career Ngulube has played for DD Sunshine in Malawi. International career Ngulube capped for Malawi at senior level during two COSAFA Women's Championship editions (2020 and 2021). References External links 1996 births Living people People from Lilongwe Malawian women's footballers Women's association football midfielders Malawi women's international footballers
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa also known as rose myrtle, is a flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae, native to southern and southeastern Asia, from India, east to southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Philippines, and south to Malaysia and Sulawesi. It grows in coasts, natural forest, riparian zones, wetlands, moist and wet forests, bog margins, from sea level up to 2400 m elevation. Description Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is an evergreen shrub growing up to 4 m (12 feet) tall. The leaves are opposite, leathery, 5–7 cm long and 2–3.5 cm broad, three-veined from the base, oval, obtuse to sharp pointed at the tip, glossy green above, densely grey or rarely yellowish-hairy beneath, with a wide petiole and an entire margin. The flowers are solitary or in clusters of two or three, 2.5–3 cm diameter, with five petals which are tinged white on the outside with purplish-pink or all pink. The fruit is edible, 10–15 mm long, purple, round, three or four-celled, capped with persistent calyx lobes, soft, with 40-45 seeds in a double row in each cell; seed dispersal is by frugivorous birds and mammals. Seed production and germination rates are high. Synonyms include Myrtus canescens Lour., Myrtus tomentosa Aiton, Rhodomyrtus parviflora Alston, and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Wight. Common names include Ceylon hill gooseberry (English), Downy myrtle (English-Florida), Downy rose myrtle (English-Florida), Feijoa (French), Hill gooseberry (English), Hill guava (English), Isenberg bush (English-Hawaii), Myrte-groseille (French), Kemunting (Malaysia), Gangrenzi (China) and Rose myrtle (English-Florida). Cultivation and uses It has shown promise as a fire retardant species for use in fire breaks in the Himalayas. It is a popular ornamental plant in gardens in tropical and subtropical areas, grown for its abundant flowers and sweet, edible fruit. The fruit can be made into pies and jams, or used in salads. In Phú Quốc, Vietnam, the fruits are used to produce a wine called rượu sim, and are also made into jellies, or freshly canned with syrup for export. Management It has become an invasive species in some countries, spreading to form large, monospecific thickets that displace native flora and fauna. Areas especially affected include Florida, Hawaii, and French Polynesia. It is able to invade a range of habitats, from pine flatwoods to mangrove marshes. It grows in a wide range of soil types, including salty coastal soil, but is sensitive to heavy salt spray. It is fire-adapted, meaning it is able to resprout prolifically after fire. This species invades the understory of native pinelands in Florida, forming dense monoculture thickets that displace native flora and fauna through overcrowding and competition. Has the potential to alter the natural fire regimes of invaded areas. A risk assessment of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa for Hawaii and other Pacific islands was prepared by the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service. The alien plant screening system is derived from Pheloung et al. (1999) with minor modifications for use in Pacific islands. The result is a score of 8 and a recommendation of "Likely to cause significant ecological or economic harm in Hawaii and on other Pacific Islands as determined by a high WRA score, which is based on published sources describing species biology and behavior in Hawaii and/or other parts of the world." In integrated management, seedlings can be removed manually. Mature shrubs may be felled using a chainsaw or brush cutter, and the stumps treated with a commercial herbicide. It was introduced to Florida and Hawaii in about 1920 (Degener, 1963 in Langeland and Burks, 1999). In Florida it has now spread to 17 counties (Center for Natural Resources, 2003). On Hawaii it was forming impenetrable thickets on Kauai and Hilo by the 1950s (Hosaka and Thistle, 1954 in Langeland and Burks, 1999). It is currently on the State of Hawaii noxious weed list (Meyer, 1998 in PIER, 2003). Research was conducted at the University of Florida 1998–2000 to describe the ecology and determine effective control methods for this species. It is also a serious problem on Raiatea, French Polynesia (Meyer, 1998 in PIER, 2003). Gallery References Myrtaceae Flora of China Flora of Taiwan Flora of tropical Asia
Don McGuire (born Don Rose; February 28, 1919 – April 13, 1999) was an American actor, director, screenwriter, and producer known for his roles such as playing Congo Bill from DC Comics in the 1948 Congo Bill serial. Early years The son of Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin C. Rose, McGuire graduated from Senn High School, where he participated in four sports. Following studies at the University of Iowa, he played semi-pro baseball in Evansville, Indiana, for a year, after which he began working at a newspaper as a copy boy. He progressed from that job to become a photographer and a reporter. Career McGuire worked at a newspaper in Chicago but left that job to enlist in the Army in 1941. He was a military police first sergeant, serving in the Aleutian Islands until 1944. Back injuries ended his military service, and when he returned to civilian life, he worked in public relations in Hollywood, eventually opening his own business. While he was trying to secure a film role for his girlfriend, the director offered him a job instead. McGuire's acting debut came in San Antonio. He went on to act in The Fuller Brush Man and Armored Car Robbery, among other films. While acting, he also worked on several screenplays including Meet Danny Wilson and Bad Day at Black Rock. In the early 1960s, he created, produced or co-produced, directed, and wrote scripts for the television series Hennesey (1959–1962) and Don't Call Me Charlie! (1962–1963), and he guest-starred as General Nuxhall in the 1962 episode "Play It, Sam" of the latter show. Towards the end of his career, he directed three films: Johnny Concho, The Delicate Delinquent, and Hear Me Good. Personal life McGuire married Karen X. Gaylord on August 15, 1948. Death Don McGuire died on April 13, 1999, aged 80, of complications from an unspecified illness, in Los Angeles, California. Recognition McGuire was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for co-writing Tootsie. He won Screenwriters Guild Awards for his work on that film and on Bad Day at Black Rock. References External links 1919 births 1999 deaths American film directors American male screenwriters 20th-century American male actors American male film actors Male actors from Chicago 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American screenwriters Writers Guild of America Award winners
Saint Elian may refer to: Saint Elian (Wales) (fl. 450) also Llanelian, Catholic saint who founded a church in North Wales Saint Elian (Syria) (died 284 CE), Roman Orthodox saint from Homs martyred for refusing to renounce Christianity Church of Saint Elian in Homs, Syria Monastery of St. Elian in Al-Qaryatayn, Syria See also Elian (disambiguation) Eglwysilan Llanelian (disambiguation)
Stephen Kevin Burley is a British-born scientist, naturalized in both Canada and the United States, specializing in oncology and structural biology. He is a University Professor and Henry Rutgers Chair at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Burley directs the RCSB Protein Data Bank (a member of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank), the Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, and the Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine. Career Burley has a Bachelor in physics from the University of Western Ontario and a D.Phil from Oxford University, England in Molecular Biophysics as a Rhodes scholar. Burley has an M.D. from Harvard Medical School. He worked with Gregory A. Petsko and William N. Lipscomb at MIT and Harvard. He was faculty at Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Rockefeller University. Burley co-founded Prospect Genomics, Inc, a computational genomics pharma. He was Chief Scientific Officer of SGX Pharmaceuticals after it acquired Prospect. SGX was in turn merged with Eli Lilly in 2008 where Burley was a Distinguished Lilly Research Scholar in Lilly Research Laboratories In 2012 Burley joined Rutgers as Director of the Center for Integrative Proteomics Research and became director of the RCSB PDB (US regional data center for the worldwide PDB) in 2014, succeeding Prof. Helen Berman He is a member of the Editorial Board for Oncogene. Honors and awards Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (elected 1995) References Living people Rutgers University faculty British crystallographers Alumni of the University of Oxford Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada American Rhodes Scholars University of Western Ontario alumni 1958 births Harvard Medical School alumni
Harold Edmond Lurier (September 28, 1923June 30, 2000) was an American historian, academic and translator. He was known for his translations of Greek poetry and Chronicle of the Morea. Biography Lurier was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. His paternal grandparents were Russian Jewish emigrants, and his maternal grandparents were Greek. After matriculating at Clark University in 1941, he served as a Greek interpreter for the U.S. Army during World War II from 1943 to 1946, then received his B.A. (1948), M.A. (1949) and Ph.D. (1955), in Medieval History, all at the University of Pennsylvania. He first held an academic position at Princeton University, and then moved in 1956 to Pace University, where he spent the rest of his career in the Social Sciences Department. He retired in 1997. Lurier won Pace's Kenan Award for Teaching Excellence in 1962. In the early 1970s, after tensions inflamed by a failed attempt to unionize the Pace faculty, Lurier collaborated with mathematician William J. Adams to develop the Lurier–Adams plan for faculty promotion and tenure decision-making at Pace. Speculum praised his annotated translation of Chronicle of the Morea into English for its accuracy and for conveying "the flavor" of the Greek. Lurier is among a group of medievalists arguing that the original of the Chronicle was written in medieval French. Lurier died in New York in 2000. Bibliography Crusaders as Conquerors: The Chronicle of Morea, Columbia University Press (1964), . This book is an annotated translation from the original Greekvverse version of Chronicle of the Morea (Greek: Το χρονικόν του Μορέως), a famous historical account of the Frankish principality of Morea in southern Greece, written in the 14th century. The Emergence of the Western World /Book, Maps and Prints , (1994). Paperback: 288 pages, Publisher: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company; Pap/Map edition (June 1994), Basic Facts of History of Western Civilization, Prehistory to 1600, 63 pages, general editor: John E. Flaherty. Published 1963 by Collier Books in New York . References 1923 births 2000 deaths Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts University of Pennsylvania alumni American medievalists 20th-century American historians American male non-fiction writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American writers of Greek descent 20th-century American translators Historians from Massachusetts 20th-century American male writers Clark University alumni United States Army personnel of World War II
TAFE NSW is an Australian vocational education and training provider. Annually, the network trains over 500,000 students in campus, workplace, online, or distance education methods of education. It was established as an independent statutory body under the TAFE Commission Act 1990. The Minister for Regional Development, Skills and Small Business is responsible for TAFE NSW. TAFE NSW awards qualifications as specified in the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF), and accredited to the Vocational Education and training (VET). Diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifications awarded may be attributed as partial credit towards bachelor's degree-level studies in some universities. History TAFE NSW has existed for over 130 years aiming to upskill the workforce of New South Wales. Demand for vocational education suffered during the early years of the Depression until a decision to expand training services was made to help decrease high unemployment rates by the mid 1930s. Growth also occurred in the industry after World War I and World War II in response to the need to support Australia's war effort. It also played a part in transitioning the population back into civilian work post war. The establishment of the Technical and Further Education Commission (TAFEC) alongside Commonwealth funding was a key historic moment – Technical Education then became known as TAFE and was established as its own educational body. Local education needs were then met by the regionalisation of community colleges to allow its expansion across the state. 2012–2015: financial and attendance issues Between 2012 and 2016 attendance at TAFE NSW campuses dropped by 83,000 students. In the same period, fees had increased substantially. In a bid to curb this reduction in attendance, 2016 fees were frozen at their 2015 level. In September 2015, a leaked document revealed the State government intended to close 27 sites in order to reduce costs and raise funds. On Thursday 16 June 2016, the NSW Government announced that the EBS4 student management system for TAFE would be scrapped. NSW Skills Minister, John Barilaro directed TAFE NSW to develop a new system in time for the 2018 peak enrolment period. The EBS4 rollout for TAFE NSW resulted in extensive major problems with enrolments, inability to track student financial data and generate testamurs, and a project budget over run of approximately $100m. Geographical areas TAFE NSW comprises 130 campuses grouped by geographic area into ten Institutes: TAFE NSW Hunter and Central Coast TAFE NSW Illawarra (including Karoona Gallery) TAFE NSW New England TAFE NSW North Coast TAFE NSW Northern Sydney TAFE NSW Riverina TAFE NSW South Western Sydney TAFE NSW Sydney Metro TAFE NSW Western Sydney TAFE NSW Western NSW All TAFE NSW Institutes were united as one "TAFE NSW" registered training organisation from 1 January 2019. TAFE Digital is TAFE NSW's online offering. Campuses Each institute has their own main campus, e.g. Newcastle Campus is the main campus of Hunter Institute. In addition to campuses, TAFE NSW provides specialised study spaces and facilities such as Hair Beauty Academy or the Hunter Valley Hotel Academy. TAFE NSW's online platforms have previously been named OTEN, TAFEnow and TAFE Online. Now known as TAFE Digital, it is Australia's largest online education provider. It offers 250 industry courses across different industries. TAFE NSW offers skills training for companies. Some of the training areas include leadership and management, business and administration, customer service, HR training, ICT, marketing and communications, and compliance. Eora TAFE NSW Eora, formerly the Eora Centre for the Visual and Performing Arts and then Eora College, is a campus of NSW Sydney Metro at Darlington. located on Abercrombie Street. It has been a centre for contemporary visual and performing arts and Aboriginal studies since it was established in July 1984 on Regent Street, Chippendale by Aboriginal playwright and screenwriter Bob Merritt. Merritt's purpose was to provide training in the arts for Aboriginal students, as an alternative to NIDA and the Australian Film and Television School. He was supported in this by NSW Education Minister Rodney Cavalier and TAFE NSW, so the centre was able to offer an accredited three-year course. Another of Merritt's goals was to provide an antidote to the despair he observed among Aboriginal young people living in Redfern, "by engendering a renaissance of Aboriginal culture". As well as Merritt himself, established Aboriginal actors, writers and directors such as Bob Maza and Brian Syron, as well as non-Indigenous theatre professionals like George Ogilvie were appointed to the teaching staff. Prominent singer Jimmy Little worked at the centre in the 1980s. Merritt was consultant producer on a documentary film about the centre, Eora Corroboree (1985), the first in a series of documentaries called Black Futures, with David Gulpilil contributing to the soundtrack. The film earned an AWGIE nomination. The cast of Merritt's feature film Short Changed, made in 1985 and released in 1986, included EORA students. By 1986, Eora was a highly successful college, with more than 200 applicants vying for 70 places each year. It offered two streams: in the visual arts, there were classes in painting, photography, ceramics, and pottery, while dance and acting were taught in the performing arts stream . In 1989, funding was cut by the New South Wales Government, along with a directive to teach only guitar, and not didgeridoos and clapsticks. In 1993, lecturers from Eora travelled to 25 locations to offer a two-day course about Aboriginal culture to NSW Police, intended to improve relations between the police and Aboriginal people. Past students include artist Harry Wedge, dancer Lillian Crombie, actor Trisha Morton-Thomas, singer/songwriter Emma Donovan, photographer Mervyn Bishop, and artist r e a. Meadowbank TAFE Meadowbank TAFE is one of the largest TAFE locations in Sydney. It is home to one of only two Cisco training centres in the Australasia Pacific region, offering degrees in network security and finance. Its courses include subjects such as hairdressing, beauty, and massage. it is being developed as part of the Meadowbank Education and Employment Precinct. Courses Course offering vary each year, and across each institution. Some courses are available in different study formats, such as full-time, part-time, or online and distance learning. AQF compliant qualifications awarded, include: Higher School Certificate Certificate I Certificate II Certificate III Certificate IV Diploma Advanced Diploma Associate Degree Bachelor's degree Graduate Certificate Graduate Diploma TAFE also offers some non-AQF compliant qualifications, including: Statement of Attainment TAFE Plus Statement TAFE Statement Compliance Certificates TAFE Vocational Education and Training The aim of the TAFE NSW delivered Vocational Education and Training (TVET) qualification is to allow high school students to be more prepared for work, while still being at high school. TVET courses are considered ‘dual accredited’, which means they count as units of study towards both a Higher School Certificate (HSC), and a TVET qualification. All TVET subjects contribute towards a student's HSC units, and have the same unit value as other HSC elective subjects. Some subjects may also contribute to a student's Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) for a university admission. University pathways There are some university pathways available to those seeking higher qualifications of professional education. TAFE courses are typically offered as training in specific job skills, as opposed to formal academic education (as is the focus of universities), as such many TAFE courses carry no credit transfers and universities will often prefer ATAR to TAFE qualifications. International students TAFE NSW offers work-related training courses, intensive English programs, and 300 approved and accredited courses for international students. An International Student Coordinator is assigned to each international student. The coordinator's duty includes meeting with them when they arrive at their designated campus, assisting with their orientation program, answering questions about their units, and helping them access support services. Facilities, support and services The institution provides students access to their libraries and other facilities, which include individual, group study and social spaces, access to computers, and photocopy and printing. Online libraries are also available to students 24/7. There are over 30,000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students enrolled at TAFE NSW. The institution offers financial help to eligible Aboriginal students who live or work throughout New South Wales, or live in identified border postcodes. This includes scholarships, and financial help with travel, accommodation and meals. If eligible, Aboriginal students may be able to receive government financial help through ABSTUDY from Centrelink. To support Aboriginal students, Aboriginal support officers are available to help with enrolment, course selection, study support and employment opportunities. TAFE NSW enrols a number of students with a disability, offering a range of support services. This includes counselling, helping students choose the right courses for them, identifying support and assessment modifications, and access to services such as disability assistants, adaptive technologies, and sign-language interpreters. Students who are parents or caregivers have the opportunity to put their children in childcare facilities, which are provided at some TAFE NSW locations. If places are available, children can be enrolled as early as six weeks old up until they are five years of age. TAFE NSW offers personal and vocational counselling that is free and confidential. Students are able to discuss any study or personal matters with a counsellor. When seeking advice on course and career choices, students are able to get assistance on job opportunities, CV writing, applications, and interview skills. TAFE NSW provides multicultural services to students with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) backgrounds. This includes learning support for students from non-English speaking backgrounds enrolled in mainstream vocational courses, and advice on Temporary Visa Holders (TVH) for enrolling students. TAFE NSW is home to active student associations in the Central Coast, Illawarra, New England, North coast, Northern Sydney, Sydney and Western Sydney. These associations provide facilities and services for members, including social and cultural activities and events. They are furthermore non-political, and not-for-profit. Funded by the Australian Government Department of Education and Training, TAFE NSW offers the Adult Migrant English Program (AMEP), providing students up to 510 hours of free English lessons and childcare to newly arrived eligible migrants, and refugees. The institution offers the Skills for Education and Employment (SEE) program, an Australian government initiative. The program aims to improve reading, writing and maths. Centres of Excellence TAFE NSW is home to many Centres of Excellence. these facilities included: Aeroskills Centre Allied Timber Trades Centre Australian Patisserie Academy Centre for Digital Media and Design Centre for Inland Engineering Children's Services Centre Cisco Academy Training Centre Design Centre Enmore Design Centre Hunter Engineering Services Equine Studies Centre Fashion Design Studio (FDS) Floor Covering Centre Forest Industry Training Centre Glass and Glazing Centre Grafton Music Centre Hair and Beauty Academy Health Services Building High Performance Sports Hub Hunter Valley Hotel Academy Illawarra Mechanical Engineering Centre Information and Communication Technology Centres Macarthur Building Industry Skills Centre Mining Skills Centre Nepean Health Precinct Newcastle Art School Newcastle English Language Centre Newcastle Hair & Beauty Academy Newcastle Maritime Training Centre Northern Beaches Community Health and Fitness Centre Nursing Unit, Gunnedah Polymer Processing Centre Regional Institute of Performing Arts Stonemasonry Centre Sydney Health Precinct Sydney Language Centre Sydney Maritime Simulator Sydney Media Centre Sydney Wine and Coffee Academy The Sydney Academy of Hair, Beauty and Make-up TwentyTwenty Training Restaurant Yallah Centre of Sustainability See also Mechanics' institutes of Australia Technical and Further Education References External links TAFE NSW website 1833 establishments in Australia Educational institutions established in 1833
Gahnia microcarpa is a tussock-forming perennial in the family Cyperaceae, that is native to parts of New Caledonia. References microcarpa Plants described in 1949 Flora of New Caledonia Taxa named by André Guillaumin
The following is a list of Michigan State Historic Sites in Delta County, Michigan. Sites marked with a dagger (†) are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Delta County, Michigan. Current listings See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Delta County, Michigan Sources Historic Sites Online – Delta County. Michigan State Housing Developmental Authority. Accessed January 23, 2011. References Delta County State Historic Sites Tourist attractions in Delta County, Michigan
Lacus Bonitatis (Latin bonitātis, "Lake of Goodness") is a small lunar mare that lies to the northwest of the prominent crater Macrobius. Further to the north of Lacus Bonitatis is the Montes Taurus mountain range. This mare is an irregular region of basaltic lava with uneven borders. The mare lies within a diameter of 122 km and the longest dimension trends from the southwest to the northeast. The centre coordinates of Lacus Bonitatis are . See also Volcanism on the Moon References Bonitatis, Lacus
Mount Qiyun () is a mountain and national park located in Xiuning County in Anhui Province, China. It lies at the foot of the Huangshan mountain range some to the west of Huangshan City and is known as one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism. Noted for its numerous inscriptions and tablets, as well as monasteries and temples, particularly dedicated to Xuantian Shangdi, the highest point of the mountain rises to . Culture Through Chinese history, Chinese poets and writers including Li Bai, Tang Yin and Yu Dafu have visited Mount Qiyun either to compose poetry or to leave an inscription. References Tourist attractions in Anhui Taoism in China Qiyun Qiyunshan Qiyunshan Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Anhui Qiyun
Bewars is a 2018 Telugu-language drama film, produced by Ponnala Chandu, Dr.M.S.Murthy, co-Aravind on Sri Sai Krupa Entertainments banner and written& directed by Ramesh Cheppala. It stars Rajendra Prasad, Sanjosh, Harshita in the lead roles and music composed by Sunil Kashyap. Plot The film begins on Satya Murthy (Rajendra Prasad) a small-time businessman, lives with his son Lucky (Sanjosh) & daughter Siri (Siri). He believes his son as frivolous but indeed Lucky's passion is on aeronautics. However, Satya Murthy aspires him to line up in UPSC on which daily squabble arises between them. The exclusive that endears Lucky is Siri who resolves the conflicts and immerses the house with joy. Meanwhile, Lucky falls for a charming girl Aaradhya (Harshitha) and Siri is engaged with a well-educated guy Karthik (Pratap) whom Satya Murthy prefers as best and scorns Lucky comparing with him. Here, as a flabbergast, they find Siri dead committing suicide which collapses both father & son. Nevertheless, Lucky realizes the suspicious nature of her death and seeks to break out the mystery. After a great struggle, he perceives the real culprit as Karthik whose profession is women trafficking. But unfortunately, he stuck into their clutches when Satya Murthy also realizes the truth and knocks out Karthik. Parallelly, Lucky escapes and creates it as suicide too. Thereafter, the father & son maintains silence. At last, Lucky marries Aaradhya and prepares for UPSC but Satya Murthy enrolls him in aeronautics. Finally, Satya Murthy affirms the parents who could not understand children are real feckless. Cast Rajendra Prasad as Satya Murthy Sanjosh as Lucky Harshita Panwar as Aaradhya Pratap as Karthik Siri as Siri Kasi Viswanath Vasu Inturi Madhunandan Gautham Raju Soundtrack Music composed by Sunil Kashyap. Music released on ADITYA Music Company. References External links 2010s Telugu-language films Indian action drama films Indian thriller films 2010s Indian films
Barbaria is a village in the Barasat I CD block in the Barasat Sadar subdivision of the North 24 Parganas district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is close to Kolkata and also a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration. Geography Location Barbaria is located at . Barbaria, Berunanpukuria, Jagannathpur, Kokapur and Chak Barbaria form a loose cluster of villages and census towns along State Highway 2 (locally known as Barasat-Barrackpore Road), close to Barasat. Area overview The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels. 54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural areas. Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Demographics According to the 2011 Census of India, Barbaria had a total population of 4,764, of which 2,416 (51%) were males and 2,348 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 454. The total number of literate persons in Barbaria was 3,649 (84.66% of the population over 6 years). Transport Barbaria is on State Highway 2 (locally known as Barasat-Barrackpore Road. The nearest railway station is Barasat Junction railway station on the Sealdah-Bangaon line. Education Adamas Institute of Technology was established at Barbaria, PO Jagannathpur, in 2008-2009. Adamas World School is a co-educational CBSE Board school at Adamas Knowledge City, PO Jagannathpur, having arrangements for teaching from Play class tp class X. References Villages in North 24 Parganas district
No. 660 Squadron was a Royal Air Force air observation post squadron associated with the 21st Army Group during World War II. Numbers 651 to 663 Squadrons of the RAF were air observation post units working closely with Army units in artillery spotting and liaison. A further three of these squadrons, 664–666, were manned with Canadian personnel. Their duties and squadron numbers were transferred to the Army with the formation of the Army Air Corps on 1 September 1957. History Formation and World War II No. 660 Squadron was formed at RAF Old Sarum on 31 July 1943 with the Auster III and in February 1944 the Auster IV. From November 1943, it was based at Hammerwood Park, a country house in Sussex. However, as the squadron's role was to support the Second British Army, in July 1944 it moved to France. Fighting in the break-out from Normandy it followed the army across the low countries and into Germany. The squadron disbanded at Holtenau, Germany on 31 May 1946. The squadron today is represented by No. 660 Squadron AAC of the Army Air Corps, part of the (Defence Helicopter Flying School). Aircraft operated See also List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons References Notes Bibliography External links Squadron history for nos. 651–670 sqn. at RAF Web 660 sqn. page of RAF website Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II 660 Squadron Military units and formations established in 1943
These are the official results of the Women's 200 metres event at the 1987 IAAF World Championships in Rome, Italy. There were a total number of 31 participating athletes, with four qualifying heats and the final held on Thursday 1987-09-03. Results Final Thursday, 3 September 1987 Wind: +1.2 Semifinals Thursday, 3 September 1987 Wind: Heat 1: -1.0 Heat 2: -1.9 Heats Tuesday, 1 September 1987 Wind: Heat 1: -3.4 Heat 2: -0.6 Heat 3: -2.6 Heat 4: -0.6 See also 1983 Women's World Championships 200 metres (Helsinki) 1984 Women's Olympic 200 metres (Los Angeles) 1986 Women's European Championships 200 metres (Stuttgart) 1988 Women's Olympic 200 metres (Seoul) 1990 Women's European Championships 200 metres (Split) 1991 Women's World Championships 200 metres (Tokyo) 1992 Women's Olympic 200 metres (Barcelona) References Results 200 metres at the World Athletics Championships 1987 in women's athletics
The 2017 LINAFOOT was supposed to be the 2nd season of the LINAFOOT, the top Chadian league for association football clubs since its establishment in 2015. Gazelle as 2015 season winners, were the defending champions, since 2016 season was interrupted due financial difficulties. The season started on 7 May 2017. Events Following financial difficulties and the lack of sponsors, FTFA decided to implement the new format of the national championship, which would lower the costs. In 2017 FIFA proposed to FTFA a new championship format, which FTFA accepted. The new formula of the national football championship took place in two phases. The first phase, called a zonal phase, consistsed of three zones. Zone 1 consisted of six clubs from N'Djamena (RFC, Gazelle, Tourbillon, Elect-Sport, Foullah Ediffice and Ascot), Zone 2 consisted of the clubs from Sarh, Koumra, Doba, Moundou, Pala and Bongor, Zone 3 included the clubs of Moussoro, Ati, Biltine, Mongo, Salamat and Abéché. At the end of the zonal confrontations, three clubs in Zone 2 and Zone 3 have joined the 4 qualifiers in Zone 1 for the second phase of the championship. The 5th and 6th of the final ranking should have been officially relegated to lower division. Matches were usually being played at 4 p.m. local time. Zone 1 playoff matches were being played on 3 stadiums: Stade d'Académie de Farcha, Stade Omnisports Idriss Mahamat Ouya and Stade de Paris-Congo. League playoff Zone 1 playoff Zone 2 playoff The following 6 teams competed in Zone 2 playoff for the national championship: ASCOT Moundou (Moundou) - champions of Moundou AS Lycod Doba (Doba) - champions of Doba FC Kebbi (Bongor) - champions of Bongor Abeilles FC Mandoul - champions of Koumra Champions of Sarh Sonacim FC (Pala) - champions of Pala Zone 3 playoff The following 6 teams competed in Zone 3 playoff for the national championship: AS Mirim Mongo (Mongo) - champions of Mongo AS Wadi Fira (Biltine) - champions of Biltine Eléphant de Zakouma (Am Timan) - champions of Salamat Ouaddaï FC (Abéché) - champions of Abéché Champions of Moussoro Champions of Ati Second phase The teams that qualified for the Second Phase of championship were: AS CotonTchad (N'Djamena) - from Zone 1 Foullah Edifice FC (N'Djamena) - from Zone 1 Gazelle FC (N'Djamena) - from Zone 1* Renaissance FC (N'Djamena) - from Zone 1 Elect-Sport FC (N'Djamena) - from Zone 1* Tourbillon FC (N'Djamena) - from Zone 1* ASCOT Moundou (Moundou) - from Zone 2 AS Lycod Doba (Doba) - from Zone 2 Abeilles FC Mandoul - from Zone 2 AS Mirim Mongo (Mongo) - from Zone 3 AS Wadi Fira (Biltine) - from Zone 3 Eléphant de Zakouma (Am Timan) - from Zone 3 Note: Gazelle FC excluded; Elect-Sport FC and Tourbillon FC admitted The second phase began in October 2017, but was suspended in November 2017. Managers References External links Chad 2017, RSSSF.com Chad Chad Foo Football leagues in Chad
Greenisland was a cricket ground in Greenisland, Northern Ireland, used first by Greenisland Cricket Club, and then by Cliftonville Cricket Club from 1990–2007. Since 2008, the owners of the ground, Greenisland War Memorial Sports Club, replaced the cricket pitch with artificial hockey pitch and it has ceased to be a cricket venue. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1967, when the Northern Cricket Union played an Ireland Development XI. In 2005, the ground hosted a List A match in the 2005 ICC Trophy between Bermuda and Denmark, which resulted in 93 run victory for Bermuda. References External links Cliftonville Cricket Club Ground at CricketArchive Defunct cricket grounds in Northern Ireland Sports venues in County Antrim Cricket in County Antrim
Mazarek (; 1414–23) was an Albanian nobleman and general in the service of the Serbian Despotate, with the title of vojvoda. At the beginning of the 15th century he was the governor of Rudnik and Ostrvica in Serbia. He was one of the commanders of Serbian troops during the Second Scutari War (1419–23) between Serbia and Venice. After death of Balša III in 1421 Mazarek was appointed the governor of Zeta. Mazarek was Albanian (Arbanas). In 1414 Mazarek was recorded as governor of Rudnik and Ostrvica in the Serbian Despotate. In August 1421 Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević appointed vojvoda Mazarek to administer his possessions in Zeta. The nobility of Bar were then invited to a meeting in the cathedral of St. George where they recognized the suzerainty of the Serbian despot, while Mazarek recognized their right to govern the city according to their own legislations. During the Second Scutari War (1419–23) between Serbia and Venice, Mazarek was one of the commanders of Serbian troops. At the end of 1421 the truce was signed and lasted until May 1422. Despot Stefan did not continue the war immediately after the truce because he was busy with other activities, while Mazarek undertook actions to prevent Venetian reinforcement of the Scutari garrison. He erected several fortresses on the right bank of river Bojana from where he controlled the river. When Venetian captain Niccolo Capello was sent to transport food supplies and archers to the besieged Scutari using three galleys, Mazarek's forces on the Bojana forced the galleys to retreat to the Adriatic sea. In July 1422, the Venetian Senate ordered Niccolo Capello to return to Bojana and complete his mission, but he decided to wait for two galleys of provveditore and supracomite Marco Bembo and Marco Barbo carrying soldiers and material for destruction of the fortress Mazarek had erected in Sveti Srđ. In November 1422 the Venetian fleet destroyed Mazarek's fortresses on the Bojana and reached Sveti Srđ. Due to low water level they could not continue their voyage through Bojana. In 1422, another vojvoda of the despot, Logosit, is mentioned as fighting in Kotor. Mazarek is mentioned in October 1423 in Ragusan documents. References Sources 15th-century Serbian nobility People from the Serbian Despotate Medieval Serbian military leaders Serbian people of Albanian descent 15th-century Albanian people 15th-century deaths 15th-century soldiers
Edward Barnard (1717–1781) was an English cleric and academic, provost of Eton from 1764. Early life and education Barnard was second son of Rev. George Barnard, of Harpenden, Herts. Rector of Knebworth, 1737, and Luton, 1745–60. He was a foundation scholar at Eton College and, becoming superannuated, entered St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1736, M.A. in 1742, B.D. in 1760 and D.D. in 1766. He was fellow of his college from March 1743–4 to 1766. In 1762 he was at Eton as tutor to Henry Townshend, brother to Lord Sydney, and he also became tutor to George Hardinge, afterwards Welsh justice, whose recollections of Barnard are given at length in Nichols's Anecdotes (viii. 543–554). Career Barnard succeeded Sumner as head master of Eton in 1764 and raised the numbers of the school from three hundred to five hundred. He was appointed to a canonry of Windsor in 1761, and in 1764 became provost of Eton. He was also rector of [[St. Paul's Cray]], Kent]. "Dr. Barnard, recalled in his memoirs that [Charles James] Fox had been the last boy he had flogged in a long distinguished career: on this occasion Fox’s misdemeanour had been to sneak out of school to attend the theatre in Windsor." https://chertseymuseum.org/fox Other sources online claim the flogging was on account of his louche appearance on returning from France. Death and legacy He died on 2 December 1781. A tablet to his memory, with an inscription, is in Eton College Chapel. Barnard, according to Hardinge, was a man of coarse features and clumsy figure, but with a humour and vivacity which, but for his physical disadvantages, would have made him the equal of Garrick; and he ruled his boys chiefly by force of ridicule. Upon Barnard's death Johnson, according to Mrs Piozzi, pronounced a long eulogium upon his wit, learning, and goodness, and added: "He was the only man that did justice to my good breeding, and you may observe that I am well bred to a needless degree of scrupulosity." He is not to be confounded with Thomas Barnard, the bishop of Killaloe and Limerick, who was also a friend of Johnson. References 1717 births 1781 deaths 18th-century English educators Schoolteachers from Bedfordshire Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge Canons of Windsor Head Masters of Eton College People educated at Eton College Provosts of Eton College
Los Indios Tabajaras (The Tabajara Indians) was a guitar duo of two brothers, Antenor Lima and Natalicio (Nato) Lima, from Tianguá, Ceará in the Northeast of Brazil. The group name refers to the Tabajara, indigenous people who lived on the easternmost portion of the Atlantic coast of northeast Brazil in the period before and during Portuguese colonization, in the 16th century. Origins Their beginnings are not clear, though most stories have them becoming accomplished guitar players after finding a guitar near Ceará, in spite of the improbability of the story. They found success in Rio de Janeiro, performing as Natalicio and Antenor Lima and dressing in ceremonial Indian costumes. Using classical guitars and playing transcriptions of classical violin and piano works, they were soon playing all over South America. Probably as early as 1943, RCA's Latin American arm signed them to a recording contract. In the early 1950s, they took a break from performing and went back to study the guitar. After returning to the stage later that same decade, they took on the name "Los Indios Tabajaras" and released an album in the United States on an RCA-owned label Vox. Breakthrough Throughout this period, they had a steady stream of releases on RCA in Mexico and one of these, a Mexican popular tune named "María Elena" (Lorenzo Barcelata; named after the wife of a Mexican president and recorded in 1958), became a steady seller, a success throughout Latin America and was finally released on a single in the U.S. in 1963. It spent 14 weeks on the Hot 100 in the fall of 1963, four of which were in the top 10 in November 1963, reaching number 6 and had similar success in the United Kingdom. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Los Indios Tabajaras continued touring throughout the Americas and Europe, and in 1964 they had another two releases, "Always in My Heart" and "Marta." Although "Always in My Heart" made the Billboard Hot 100, neither of these were nearly as successful as "Maria Elena." Their fluent guitar playing caught the ear of American guitarist Chet Atkins and, along with pianist Floyd Cramer, they recorded an instrumental album in Nashville, Tennessee. They also recorded and released material with singer Don Gibson, including a re-recording of Gibson's 1958 hit "Oh Lonesome Me". Later years RCA released albums by Los Indios Tabajaras into the 1980s. They were produced by Herman Diaz, Jr. until his retirement in 1975. They then worked with RCA producer Ethel Gabriel. Antenor retired from performing in 1979, and died in 1997. Natalicio continued to perform into the 1990s with his wife, Michiko. He died in November 2009. Discography 1953 Temura 1957 Popular and Folk Songs of Latin America 1958 Sweet and Savage 1963 Maria Elena 1963 Los Indios Tàba-Jàràs 1964 Always In My Heart 1964 The Mellow Guitar Moods of Los Indios Tabajaras 1965 Voglio Amarti Cosi 1965 The Many Splendored Guitars of Los Indios Tabajaras 1965 Twin Guitars - In A Mood For Lovers 1966 Musica Para Enamorados 1966 Don Gibson with Spanish Guitars (with Don Gibson) 1966 Casually Classic 1967 The Very Special Touch 1967 The Soft Touch of Los Indios Tabajaras 1968 The Fascinating Rhythms of Their Brazil 1968 In A Sentimental Mood 1969 Canciones De Las Islas (Song of the Islands) 1970 Dreams of Love 1970 Canciones Populaires y Folklóricas de Hispanoamerica (re-issue of 1957 album) 1970 Los Indios Tabajaras 1971 Lo Que El Mundo Necesita Ahora es Amor 1971 Suono d'Estate 1971 Marta 1971 The Very Thought of You 1972 Siempre En Mi Corazon 1972 Softly, As In A Morning Sunrise 1972 El Condor Pasa 1973 Play Favorite Movie Themes 1974 The Classical Guitars of 1975 Temas de Peliculas Europeas 1975 Country Music Cavalcade (shared with Chet Atkins and Floyd Cramer) 1976 Secret Love/All Time Film Favorites 1977 Mellow Nostalgia 1977 El Sonido de Los Indios Tabajaras 1978 Masterpieces 1979 Two Guitars 1980 Rainbows 1981 Beautiful Sounds 1982 Music For Romance 1983 Guitars on the Go 1988 The Magic Guitars of Los Indios Tabajaras 1992 The Joy of Playing References External links Mayaudio.com Dead link. On-line jukebox Brazilian musical duos RCA Victor artists Sibling musical duos
Østbyen is a borough of the city of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, Norway. The borough was established on 1 January 2005 in a municipal borough reform that reduced the number of boroughs in the city. The borough of Lerkendal lies to the southwest, Midtbyen lies to the northwest, and the municipality of Malvik lies to the east. Trondheimsfjorden lies to the north. The borough consists of the areas of Møllenberg, Nedre Elvehavn, Rosenborg, Lade, Strindheim, Brundalen, Charlottenlund, Jakobsli, Ranheim and Vikåsen. It has 39,171 residents. See also List of boroughs in Trondheim prior to 2005 References External links Map of the boroughs of Trondheim Geography of Trondheim
The St. Clair Carhouse (also known informally as the Wychwood Carhouse) was a streetcar facility in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was located south of St. Clair Avenue on a parcel of land bounded by Wychwood Avenue on the east, Benson Avenue on its north side and Christie Street on the west side. It was opened by the Toronto Civic Railways in 1913, taken over by the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921 and closed by its successor, the Toronto Transit Commission, in 1998. The carhouse was subsequently transformed into a community centre called the Wychwood Barns. TCR carhouse (1913–1921) In 1911, the City of Toronto created the Toronto Civic Railways (TCR) to serve newly annexed neighbourhoods that the privately owned Toronto Railway Company refused to serve. The TCR opened the St. Clair streetcar line along St. Clair Avenue from Yonge Street to Station Street (today Caledonia Road) on August 25, 1913. The new line temporarily operated out of the Station Street supply yard as the St. Clair Carhouse would not be available for four more months. The TCR used only double-ended streetcars. On December 31, 1913, the St. Clair Carhouse opened, but it would not be fully completed until April 14, 1914. At that time, the carhouse building had three tracks with a capacity of three streetcars each. Each track had a service pit, and the carhouse had rail grinding equipment. There was storage outside for three more streetcars plus a snow sweeper. A traffic office and storeroom were located on the west side of the building. The carhouse had doors for streetcars only on the east side of the building, for access from Bracondale Avenue (today Wychwood Avenue). There was a single track running north along Bracondale Avenue from the carhouse to St. Clair Avenue. In 1916, the TCR built a 3-stall addition on the south side of the existing building for nine additional streetcars. It went into use in February 1917 to handle the extra streetcars needed for the new Lansdowne streetcar line and increased traffic on the St. Clair streetcar line. The exterior capacity was increased to nine streetcars. Thus, the facility now had capacity for 27 streetcars plus the snow sweeper. TTC carhouse (1921–1978) In 1921, the Toronto Transportation Commission inherited the assets of the Toronto Civic Railways, including the St. Clair Carhouse. The TTC expanded the carhouse by adding two more 3-bay extensions on the south side of the 1916 barn and a 2-bay repair shop on the north side of the 1913 barn. Barn doors were added on the west side for streetcars to enter via a westbound track beside Benson Avenue. Nine tracks were added to the yard on the south side of the carhouse building. With the extra tracks, the carhouse could hold 50 streetcars plus 110 in the exterior yard, for a total facility capacity of 160 streetcars. A new traffic office was added at the northeast corner of the facility. The connecting track to St. Clair Avenue was double-tracked. In 1922, the TTC added fire and car washing equipment to its St. Clair Carhouse along with Danforth Carhouse, Russell Carhouse and Lansdowne Carhouse. Between December 1921 and January 1922, Bathurst streetcars were transferred here from the Lansdowne Carhouse, and Avenue Road and Dupont streetcars from the Yorkville Carhouse. Between December 14 and 25, 1921, Peter Witt streetcars were temporarily operated out of St. Clair Carhouse to serve the Yonge streetcar line while alterations were made to the Yorkville Carhouse to handle wider streetcars. By 1932, eight routes were operating from St. Clair Carhouse: Bay, Bathurst, Bathurst Tripper (overlapping Bathurst during rush hours), Dupont, Fort, St. Clair, Rogers and Oakwood. PCC streetcars first went into service on the St. Clair route on September 8, 1938, and on September 24, the St. Clair route became the first in Toronto to fully covert to PCC streetcars. The previous evening (September 23), a ceremony was held at the corner of Wychwood and St. Clair Avenues to honour the occasion. The PCCs replaced Class BB streetcars that the TTC had inherited from the Toronto Railway Company. Starting November 1940, PCC streetcars from St. Clair Carhouse provided night service on the Yonge streetcar line. PCC streetcars were also introduced into service on Bathurst and Dupont in 1942, on Fort in 1948, on Bay in 1950, and on Oakwood and Rogers in 1952, with all these routes being based at the St. Clair Carhouse. After the opening of the Yonge subway (today part of Line 1 Yonge–University) on March 30, 1954, the Bay route was discontinued, but the carhouse was still busy servicing Bathurst, Dupont (extended to cover the full length of Bay Street), Earlscourt (overlapping the St. Clair route), Fort (overlapping the Bathurst route), St. Clair, Rogers and Oakwood streetcar routes. More streetcars were required for a rush-hour extension of the Rogers route to St. Clair station, which overlapped the St. Clair route. In 1957, the TTC purchased 30 second-hand PCCs from the Kansas City Public Service Company and placed them in service on the St. Clair streetcar route in 1958. These had one-piece sign curtains showing only St. Clair and Earlscourt route destinations; thus, these PCCs were all assigned to the St. Clair Carhouse. A distinctive feature of these Class A14 PCCs was that they were the only postwar, all-electric PCCs built without standee windows. After going into service, they displaced 30 Class K Peter Witt streetcars which were scrapped. In January 1960, the Oakwood streetcar line was discontinued and replaced by the Ossington trolleybus line. On February 28, 1963, opening day for the University extension of the Yonge subway, the Dupont streetcar route was replaced by buses on Bay Street. The abandonment of the Dupont route freed up enough PCC streetcars, that the TTC could retire the 40-year-old Peter Witt streetcars operating out of St. Clair Carhouse. Peter Witt cars (15 on the Bathurst route and 8 on Fort) made their last large-scale runs February 28. Because of a shortage of PCC streetcars at St. Clair Carhouse, a couple of Witts ran on the Bathurst route on March 6 and 7. Operating on the Bathurst route, six Witts each made one last run on April 24 to service crowds exiting a baseball game at Exhibition Place; however, it is unclear from which carhouse these six originated. On February 26, 1966, opening day of the Bloor–Danforth subway (today Line 2 Bloor–Danforth), the Fort route was discontinued, and streetcars no longer served Bathurst Street north of Bloor Street. There was still a Bathurst route operating south of Bathurst station. Circa 1975, the yard was used to store surplus trolley buses. Some overhead trolley bus wire was installed to keep the buses' on-board batteries charged. The trolley buses were made surplus by the conversion of the 97 Yonge route to diesel buses and would later be reassigned to a new 6 Bay trolley bus route. The Rogers route closed in 1974; Mt. Pleasant (created in 1975 from the eastern portion of the St. Clair line) was replaced by bus service in 1976; Earlscourt was folded into St. Clair in 1978. This left only the St. Clair and Bathurst streetcar routes operating out of St. Clair Carhouse. The TTC felt it was not economical to keep the carhouse operating as a division for only two routes; thus, on April 15, 1978, St. Clair ceased to be a division, and all streetcars and staff were transferred to Russell Carhouse. TTC storage facility (1978–1998) On April 15, 1978, six of the nine exterior yard tracks were severed just before they crossed into Wychwood Avenue. The facility was leased to the Urban Transportation Development Corporation to test and modify the 196 CLRVs it was building for the TTC. In August 1982, the facility also received UTDC's prototype of the ALRV (TTC number 4900). In the late 1980s, the yard became a streetcar graveyard for retired, and often partly stripped, PCCs awaiting disposal. Retired trolley buses were also placed in the yard. In early 1985, the carhouse was used to store and retrofit ICTS cars for the Scarborough RT (later Line 3 Scarborough). This was done to temporarily free up space at the RT's carhouse at the McCowan Yard. By the end of 1991, all carhouse tracks and all but one yard track had been severed at the east end of the property. Tracks in the yard had deteriorated, and the carhouse building had structural problems. To avoid the costs of repairs and maintenance, the TTC sold the property to the city for $1. The TTC closed the facility on May 29, 1998, and the switches at the corner of St. Clair Avenue at Wychwood Avenue were plugged and subsequently removed. Postscript The "barns" still exist today. As a result of lobbying by the Toronto Historical Society, the site was leased to Toronto Artscape, which renovated the building and reopened it as a community centre called the Wychwood Barns. The exterior streetcar yard was converted into a public park. As of September 2020, there were still detached remnants of the connecting tracks on Wychwood Avenue. In 2020, the TTC proposed setting up a carhouse at the Hillcrest Complex, with a capacity for 25 streetcars, to serve the nearby 512 St. Clair streetcar route and to provide more streetcar storage space for a growing fleet of streetcars. A carhouse at the Hillcrest Complex would also eliminate about of non-revenue travel to get to the 512 route from other carhouses. References External links St. Clair (Wychwood) Carhouse published by Transit Toronto Toronto streetcar system
```xml import {Component, inject} from '@angular/core'; import {MatSnackBar} from '@angular/material/snack-bar'; import {MatButtonModule} from '@angular/material/button'; import {MatInputModule} from '@angular/material/input'; import {MatFormFieldModule} from '@angular/material/form-field'; /** * @title Basic snack-bar */ @Component({ selector: 'snack-bar-overview-example', templateUrl: 'snack-bar-overview-example.html', styleUrl: 'snack-bar-overview-example.css', standalone: true, imports: [MatFormFieldModule, MatInputModule, MatButtonModule], }) export class SnackBarOverviewExample { private _snackBar = inject(MatSnackBar); openSnackBar(message: string, action: string) { this._snackBar.open(message, action); } } ```
Joseph Grinnell (November 17, 1788 – February 7, 1885) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and friend of Abraham Lincoln, and the brother of Moses Hicks Grinnell. Early life Grinnell was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts on November 17, 1788. He was the son of Cornelius Grinnell (1758–1850) and Sylvia (née Howland) Grinnell (1765–1837). His siblings included Henry Grinnell and Moses Hicks Grinnell. After completing preparatory studies he moved to New York City in 1809, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. Career In 1815, he aided in establishing the firm of Fish and Grinnell, which later became Grinnell, Minturn & Co. His two younger brothers, Moses and Henry Grinnell, became members of the firm in 1825. When Joseph retired in 1828, his place was taken by Robert B. Minturn. He served as president of the First National Bank of New Bedford in 1832, president of the New Bedford & Taunton Railroad in 1839, and a member of the Governor's council from 1839-1841. In 1840, he became a director of the Boston & Providence Railroad, the following year its president, resigning that position in 1846, but remaining a director until 1863. He also served as president of the Wamsutta Mills from 1847 until 1885. Public office Grinnell was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-eighth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Barker Burnell. He was reelected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Congresses and served from December 7, 1843, to March 3, 1851. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1850. After serving in Congress, he resumed his former business activities. Personal life Grinnell was married to Sarah Russell (1788–1862), the daughter of Abraham and Sarah (née Schumacher) Russell. Joseph lived in New Bedford for fifty-six years, often traveling to Europe. His niece and adopted daughter Cornelia Grinnell married the poet N.P. Willis. He died in New Bedford, Massachusetts, February 7, 1885 and was interred in Oak Grove Cemetery. Notes References 1788 births 1885 deaths Businesspeople from Massachusetts American businesspeople in shipping Politicians from New Bedford, Massachusetts Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts 19th-century American politicians 19th-century American businesspeople
The Instituto de Historia de Cuba in Havana, Cuba, is a research institute, archive, and library of late 19th and 20th century Cuban history. It was established in 1987 under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. It is located in the Palacio de Aldama near the Parque de la Fraternidad in Havana. Among its collections are records related to Sergio Carbó y Morera and Ramón Grau. Staff of the institute have included , among others. According to its website, research focuses on topics such as Cuban economics, politics, society, regional history, and international relations. See also Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After (conference), co-sponsored by the institute in 2001 References This article incorporates information from the Spanish Wikipedia. Bibliography External links Official site Research institutes established in 1987 Historical research institutes 1987 establishments in Cuba Organizations based in Havana Archives in Cuba Research institutes in Cuba
```objective-c /++ version 3. Alternative licensing terms are available. Contact info@minocacorp.com for details. See the LICENSE file at the root of this project for complete licensing information. Module Name: diskio.h Abstract: This header contains definitions for the UEFI Disk I/O Protocol. Author: Evan Green 19-Mar-2014 --/ // // your_sha256_hash--- Includes // // // your_sha256_hash Definitions // #define EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL_GUID \ { \ 0xCE345171, 0xBA0B, 0x11D2, \ {0x8E, 0x4F, 0x00, 0xA0, 0xC9, 0x69, 0x72, 0x3B} \ } // // Protocol GUID name defined in EFI1.1. // #define DISK_IO_PROTOCOL EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL_GUID #define EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL_REVISION 0x00010000 // // Revision defined in EFI1.1 // #define EFI_DISK_IO_INTERFACE_REVISION EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL_REVISION // // ------------------------------------------------------ Data Type Definitions // typedef struct _EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL; // // Protocol defined in EFI1.1. // typedef EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL EFI_DISK_IO; typedef EFI_STATUS (EFIAPI EFI_DISK_READ) ( EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL This, UINT32 MediaId, UINT64 Offset, UINTN BufferSize, VOID Buffer ); /++ Routine Description: This routine reads bytes from the disk. Arguments: This - Supplies the protocol instance. MediaId - Supplies the ID of the media, which changes every time the media is replaced. Offset - Supplies the starting byte offset to read from. BufferSize - Supplies the size of the given buffer. Buffer - Supplies a pointer where the read data will be returned. Return Value: EFI_SUCCESS if all data was successfully read. EFI_DEVICE_ERROR if a hardware error occurred while performing the operation. EFI_NO_MEDIA if there is no media in the device. EFI_MEDIA_CHANGED if the current media ID doesn't match the one passed in. EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER if the offset is invalid. --/ typedef EFI_STATUS (EFIAPI EFI_DISK_WRITE) ( EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL This, UINT32 MediaId, UINT64 Offset, UINTN BufferSize, VOID Buffer ); /++ Routine Description: This routine writes bytes to the disk. Arguments: This - Supplies the protocol instance. MediaId - Supplies the ID of the media, which changes every time the media is replaced. Offset - Supplies the starting byte offset to write to. BufferSize - Supplies the size of the given buffer. Buffer - Supplies a pointer containing the data to write. Return Value: EFI_SUCCESS if all data was successfully written. EFI_WRITE_PROTECTED if the device cannot be written to. EFI_DEVICE_ERROR if a hardware error occurred while performing the operation. EFI_NO_MEDIA if there is no media in the device. EFI_MEDIA_CHANGED if the current media ID doesn't match the one passed in. EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER if the offset is invalid. --/ /++ Structure Description: This structure defines the disk I/O protocol, used to abstract Block I/O interfaces. Members: Revision - Stores the revision number. All future revisions are backwards compatible. ReadDisk - Stores a pointer to a function used to read from the disk. WriteDisk - Stores a pointer to a function used to write to the disk. --/ struct _EFI_DISK_IO_PROTOCOL { UINT64 Revision; EFI_DISK_READ ReadDisk; EFI_DISK_WRITE WriteDisk; }; // // your_sha256_hash---- Globals // // // -------------------------------------------------------- Function Prototypes // ```
The 2013 Big East Conference men's soccer season is the inaugural season for the newly formed offshoot of the original Big East Conference. The "new" Big East consists of the seven members of the original Big East that did not sponsor Division I FBS football (the so-called "Catholic 7"), plus invited founding members Butler, Creighton, and Xavier. The FBS schools sold the "Big East" name to the "Catholic 7" and are operating as the American Athletic Conference under the original Big East charter. Including the history of the original Big East, this will be the 18th season of men's soccer under the "Big East" name. The defending champions are the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, who moved to the Atlantic Coast Conference. Changes from 2012 Butler, Creighton and Xavier were invited by the "Catholic 7" to become founding members of the new Big East. The FBS schools from the original Big East, along with several new members, are operating as the American Athletic Conference. Season outlook Teams Stadia and locations Standings Tournament Results Statistics References 2013 NCAA Division I men's soccer season
Suzanne Caroline Kröger (born 6 June 1976) is a Dutch politician of the political party GroenLinks. Since October 2021, she serves as member of the House of Representatives as replacement of Bart Snels. She also served as member of the House of Representatives between 23 March 2017 and 31 March 2021. She previously worked for Greenpeace, where she contributed to campaigns for protection of old-growth forests and prevention of climate change. She also worked in Indonesia for many years. References Living people 1976 births Politicians from Amsterdam Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) 21st-century Dutch politicians 21st-century Dutch women politicians GroenLinks politicians People associated with Greenpeace
José Reyes may refer to: Arts and entertainment José Reyes Meza (1924–2011), Mexican painter and costume and set designer José Reyes (flamenco) (1928–1979), Spanish flamenco singer with Manitas de Plata Jose Javier Reyes (born 1954), Filipino writer, director, and actor José Reyes Juárez, Mexican mask maker Politics and law J. B. L. Reyes (1902–1994), Filipino jurist; Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court José Reyes Estrada Aguirre (1929–1989), Mexican politician, mayor of Ciudad Juárez Jose Reyes Jr. (born 1950), Filipino jurist; Associate Justice on the Philippine Supreme Court José Reyes Ferriz (born 1961), Mexican politician, mayor of Ciudad Juárez José Reyes Baeza Terrazas (born 1961), Mexican politician, governor of Chihuahua Sports Association football (soccer) José Pilar Reyes (born 1955), Mexican football goalkeeper José Antonio Reyes (1983–2019), Spanish footballer José Rodolfo Reyes (born 1988), Mexican footballer José Miguel Reyes (born 1992), Venezuelan footballer José Reyes (Honduran footballer) (born 1997), Honduran footballer José Ismael Reyes (born 2001), Mexican footballer José Reyes López (born 2007), Spanish footballer Other sports José Reyes (canoeist) (born 1966), Spanish sprint canoeist José Pérez Reyes (born 1975), Dominican boxer José Reyes (infielder) (born 1983), Dominican baseball player; all-star MLB infielder José Reyes (catcher) (born 1983), Dominican baseball catcher for MLB's Chicago Cubs Others José Trinidad Reyes (1797–1855), Honduran priest José Reyes Vega (fl. 1920s), Mexican priest and military general José María Reyes Mata (1943–1983), Honduran revolutionary José J. Reyes (born 1963), Puerto Rican military officer José Antonio Reyes (astronomer), Spanish astronomer Other uses José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Filipino hospital in Manila
IEJ may refer to: the Iejima Airport the Israel Exploration Journal the Nazi "Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage" ("Institute for Study of the Jewish Question")
The Lady of Scandal is a 1930 American pre-Code romance-comedy-drama film directed by Sidney Franklin, based on the 1927 play The High Road by Frederick Lonsdale, and starring Ruth Chatterton, Basil Rathbone and Ralph Forbes. Its plot follows a British actress who becomes involved with a member of an aristocratic family, who try desperately to thwart the match. It also is known by the alternative title The High Road. Synopsis A nobleman risks his family's wrath by courting an actress. Ruth Chatterton plays Elsie, the popular star of a musical comedy show in London. One of her admirers is Lord Teylesmore (Ralph Forbes), who falls head in love with her. Every day for a year, he has asked her to marry him, and although she is fond of him, each time he proposes, Elsie rejects him. Hoping to force the issue, Lord Teylesmore, whose given name is John, places an ad in the newspaper announcing their engagement. John's family is horrified to learn of his engagement to an entertainer. A diplomatic career of importance is intended for John, so an appropriate wife would be a woman from an aristocratic family. Hoping to stop this marriage, Lord Crayle, John's father, sends Elsie a letter, offering her 5,000 pounds if she will break her engagement with John. Unfortunately for him, the attempt to buy her off only angers Elsie, and it makes her determined to go through with the marriage. John's father proceeds to convene a family council to help him deal with this family crisis. John's uncle and aunt, Lord and Lady Trench; his cousins, Alice and Ernest; Lady Minster, another aunt; and Sir Reginald Welby, also an uncle, all gather at the Crayle estate. Also present is John's favorite cousin Edward, the duke of Warrington (Basil Rathbone).Basil Rathbone tribute page Cast Ruth Chatterton as Elsie Basil Rathbone as Edward Ralph Forbes as John Nance O'Neil as Lady Trench Frederick Kerr as Lord Trench Herbert Bunston as Lord Crayle Cyril Chadwick as Sir Reginald Effie Ellsler as Lady Minster Robert Bolder as Hilary Moon Carroll as Alice Mackenzie Ward as Ernest Edgar Norton as Morton References External links 1930 films 1930s romantic comedy-drama films Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films American romantic comedy-drama films American black-and-white films Films set in England American films based on plays 1930 comedy films 1930 drama films Films directed by Sidney Franklin 1930s English-language films 1930s American films
Thierry Marcial Kounga Kuaté (born ) is a Cameroonian rugby union player who most recently played for the in the Currie Cup. His regular position is prop. In 2013 and 2014, he played club rugby and provincial rugby in South Africa, where he was generally known as David Kuate. He was then contracted to the in Australia, where he was nicknamed Darche, Darcheville or Dashville after French Guianan footballer Jean-Claude Darcheville, before signing with French club Carcassonne for 2016 and 2017. Professional career Raiders / Falcons Kounga Kuaté was born in Bandjoun, Cameroon. He left Cameroon in 2012 to journey to South Africa, where he settled in Johannesburg, where he joined club side Raiders. He represented them in the 2013 SARU Community Cup, making four appearances as they finished third in Pool C of the competition. In 2014, he had a trial at Nelspruit-based side the and featured for them in a pre-season friendly, but instead joined Kempton Park-based side the . He made his first class debut for the Falcons against the Pumas, playing off the bench in a 6–26 defeat in the opening round of the 2014 Vodacom Cup, and also started their next home match of the competition, a 29–40 defeat to the . Waratahs / Eagles When Australian Super Rugby side the toured South Africa in March 2014 during the 2014 Super Rugby season, Kounga Kuaté was invited to train with the side and joined the team for the remainder of their South African tour in Durban and Cape Town. Waratahs coach Michael Cheika offered Kounga Kuaté a contract to play with the Waratahs and, despite a difficult visa application process and a contract offer from the , he accepted the offer and made the move to Sydney, joining the Randwick club for the Shute Shield competition. He appeared for the Waratahs' Gen Blue side during the 2014 Pacific Rugby Cup in their match against Argentine side Pampas XV. Carcassonne He agreed a two-year deal in 2016 to play for French club Carcassonne. Cameroon Kounga Kuaté has represented , playing for them in a match against Gabon. References External links Stats on It's Rugby Cameroonian rugby union players Living people 1994 births People from Bafoussam Rugby union props Falcons (rugby union) players New South Wales Waratahs players Randwick DRUFC players
Vic Honour (25 October 1910 – 3 January 2001) was an Australian cricketer. He played in six first-class matches for Queensland in 1935/36. See also List of Queensland first-class cricketers References External links 1910 births 2001 deaths Australian cricketers Cricketers from Buckinghamshire Queensland cricketers
Ingersoll Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles (2.3 mi, 3.7 km) northwest of the central business district of Canton, a city in Fulton County, Illinois, United States. The airport is owned by the Canton Park District. It is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this facility is assigned CTK by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA. The airport received $360,000 as part of the Rebuild Illinois program to help the airport repair and maintain facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Facilities and aircraft Ingersoll Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 684 feet (208 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 18/36 is 3,899 by 75 feet (1,188 x 23 m) and 9/27 is 3,295 by 60 feet (1,004 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2021, the airport has an average of 52 aircraft operations per day, or roughly 19,000 per year. All traffic consists of general aviation. For that same period, there are 18 aircraft based on the airport: 17 single-engine and 1 multiengine. The airport has an FBO run by the Canton Park District. Fuel is available. Accidents & Incidents On October 12, 2017, a Eurocopter MBB-BK 117 C-2 crashed at Ingersoll during a training flight at night. The probable cause was found to be the flight instructor's cyclic control during a hover, resulting in a hard landing. The aircraft's main rotor was substantially damaged. References External links Aerial photo as of 5 April 1998 from USGS The National Map Airports in Illinois Transportation buildings and structures in Fulton County, Illinois
Koro (lit. "village" in Fijian) is a volcanic island of Fiji that forms part of the Lomaiviti Archipelago. The Koro Sea is named after this volcanic island, which has a chain of basaltic cinder cones extending from north to south along its crest. With a land area of , it is the seventh largest island (approximately 5x10 miles) of Fiji. Its latitude is 17.18°; its longitude is 179.24°. Its population as of 2017 census was 2,830 spread across 14 villages on the island. 8 villages are in Mudu District on the east coast, and 6 villages are in Cawa District on the west coast. A roll-on/roll-off ferry services Koro weekly from Suva, and also connects Koro to Vanua Levu to the North. Fiji Link provides one scheduled flight per week to Koro, usually on Friday from Nausori Airport. The island has an airport, Koro Airport, situated on its eastern coast. On its northwestern tip is situated the Dere Bay Resort and the Koro Beach Resort. A residential subdivision, Koro Seaview Estates was established around Dere Bay Resort in 1989 and about 60 homes have been established in the development , including a reconstructed 300-year-old home imported from Java, Indonesia. Planting kava and selling copra are the major economic activities for villagers on Koro. Among Fijians, Koro is known as the most fertile island in Fiji, boasting large plantations and thriving tropical forests. Koro has an exceptional bird life and has been featured in numerous books. The village of Nacamaki on the northern side of the island does a traditional turtle calling ceremony during which villagers chant songs and turtles rise to the surface. The island has several small medical stations and schools up to a high school. A police post, Western Union and a post office are also on the island. History Prior to the arrival of Europeans, settlements were located away from the coast. Captain William Bligh of HMS Bounty passed between the islands of Koro and Makogai in early May 1789, becoming the first European to discover them. The American 2nd Marine Regiment of the 2nd Marine Division and part of the 1st Marine Division undertook landing rehearsals (Operation Dovetail) on Koro in July 1942 before deploying to Guadalcanal. The short-lived 2002 U.S. reality show Under One Roof was filmed on Koro Island. Koro Island was featured on Home and Garden TV's International House Hunters in 2009. The episode was filmed in May 2009. Koro Island was severely impacted by Cyclone Winston in 2016. Transport Ferry service by Patterson Brothers Shipping Company LTD connects Koro to Viti Levu. The island has an airport, Koro Airport, situated on its eastern coast. See also List of volcanoes in Fiji References External links - Information about Koro Island and Owners community of Koro Seaview Estates - Information on Travel to and Living on Koro and the Koro Beach Resort - Information on Real Estate on Koro Island Lomaiviti Province Koro Volcanoes of Fiji
This is a list of the awards won by the satirical news program The Daily Show. British Academy Television Awards The British Academy Television Awards is an annual award show presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The awards were founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. Critics' Choice Television Awards The Critics' Choice Television Awards is an annual accolade bestowed by the Broadcast Television Journalists Association in recognition of outstanding achievements in television, since 2011. The Daily Show has won three awards from a total of seven nominations. Directors Guild of America Awards The Directors Guild of America Award is an annual accolade bestowed by the Directors Guild of America in recognition of outstanding achievements in film and television directing, since 1938. The Daily Show has been nominated for eleven awards. Emmy Awards Awarded since 1949, the Primetime Emmy Award is an annual accolade bestowed by members of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences recognizing outstanding achievements in American prime time television programming. Awards presented for more technical and production-based categories (like art direction, casting, and editing) are designated "Creative Arts Emmy Awards." The Daily Show has won twenty-four awards from a total of sixty-four nominations. Primetime Emmy Awards Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards GLAAD Media Awards The GLAAD Media Awards were created in 1990 by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to "recognize and honor media for their fair, accurate and inclusive representations of the LGBT community and the issues that affect their lives." The Daily Show has received two awards from four nominations. Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry. Often considered the highest music honour, the awards were established in 1958. The Daily Show has received two awards. Peabody Awards The George Foster Peabody Awards or simply Peabody Awards is named after American businessman and philanthropist George Peabody, which recognizes distinguished and meritorious public service by American radio and television stations, networks, online media, producing organizations, and individuals. The Daily Show has received three awards. Television Critics Association Awards The TCA Award is an annual accolade bestowed by the Television Critics Association in recognition of outstanding achievements in television. The Daily Show has won four awards from a total of twenty-six nominations. Writers Guild of America Awards The Writers Guild of America Award is an annual accolade bestowed by the Writers Guild of America in recognition of outstanding achievements in film and television writing, since 1949. The Daily Show has received one award from twelve nominations. Other awards References External links Daily Show Awards
Bulbophyllum dekockii is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. References The Bulbophyllum-Checklist The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia dekockii
The Payload Operations and Integration Center, also known as the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC), radio callsign Huntsville, or the Payload Operations Center, is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) facility located at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. It is the headquarters for the science operations of the International Space Station (ISS), working in conjunction with the ISS control center in Houston, Texas. The Payload Operations Center links Earth-bound researchers and developers from around the world with their experiments and astronauts on board the ISS. The everyday tasks performed at the center during the life of the ISS include: Integrating research requirements Planning science missions Ensuring the safe execution of research Integrating the crew and ground team training, and research mission timelines Managing use of space station payload resources Handling science communications with the crew Managing command and data transmissions to and from the orbiting research center The Payload Operations Center is staffed around the clock by three shifts of flight controllers. Payload Operations Center Console Positions A total of eight flight controllers staff the Payload Operations Center front room. They are: Payload Operations Director (POD) The POD manages day-to-day operations of payloads on board the space station. This position is the single point-of-authority to the International Space Station Mission Control Center Flight Director in Houston for all of NASA's payload operations. The POD oversees team members responsible for managing payload mission planning, ground commanding of space station payloads, communications with the crew, use of the payload support system, the video system and the data systems. The POD ensures compliance with established safety requirements, flight rules and payload regulations. The POD also leads the review and approval of all change requests to the timeline. Operations Controller (OC) The Operations Controller leads a team that is responsible for maintaining the daily payload work assignments; ensuring scheduled research activities are accomplished safely and on time, and managing and tracking available resources. The OC leads resolution of NASA payload anomalies, and monitors troubleshooting of on board systems to identify possible impacts to payload operations. The position assesses change requests for impacts to the current science timeline, payload hardware assets and resources required for science such as crew time and electrical power. The OC also is responsible for evaluating requests by scientists for changes to the experiment timeline, and then implementing changes to the science operations plan on board. Payload Rack Officer (PRO) The PRO is responsible for the configuration of ExPRESS payload racks in the International Space Station's US Lab, JEM, and Columbus modules, and for coordinating the configuration of systems resources to all NASA payload racks. When a new payload is installed, the PRO configures the rack interfaces to properly support the payload. For existing payloads, the PRO configures the EXPRESS racks to power payloads on or off, monitors the health and status of both the payload and the rack and if necessary, coordinates troubleshooting of the payload support structure and payload interfaces. The PRO also is responsible for managing all ground commanding of U. S. payload systems and experiments on board the International Space Station. The PRO manages the command system, receives and sends command files to the mass storage device and configures the system to allow flight controllers in the Payload Operations Center and remote users to send commands to their equipment on the space station. Data Management Coordinator (DMC) The Data Management Coordinator is responsible for command, control, data handling, communications and tracking for science payloads on the space station. The DMC manages the integrated high data rate (Ku-band) communications link between the ground and the station. This position manages data system traffic, downlink video, assures ground data quality with NASA users, and assesses data system change requests. The DMC ensures that the data system is properly configured to support payload operations. The DMC also is responsible for managing video coverage of research activity on the station. The DMC monitors, configures and coordinates the use of the video system. Payload Communications Manager (PAYCOM) The PAYCOM, using the call sign, "Huntsville," is the prime communicator with the International Space Station astronaut crew on payload matters. The PAYCOM is responsible for enabling researchers around-the-world to talk directly with the crew about their experiments, and for managing payload conferences. Additionally, the PAYCOM reviews requests for changes to payload activity to assess their impact on the crew. POIC Stowage The POIC Stowage console position is responsible for tracking the stowage locations of payload hardware, tools, and items on the International Space Station. This console position develops products that ensure the ISS crew knows where to locate every item they need for their day to day experiments, and helps maintain an inventory database for accurate tracking of those items. They also support the crew by helping them locate missing items. When the crew calls down and reports an item lost, the POIC Stowage console conducts investigations using video, imagery, and many other resources to come up with alternate search locations. The Stowage Team maintains a high level of situational awareness and knowledge of the current layout of station to ensure the crew can always find what they need to perform payload ops successfully. Marshall GC (GC) The Marshall GC (Marshall Ground Control) is responsible for troubleshooting ground system issues as the ground system expert. Marshall GC leads troubleshooting of real time commanding, telemetry, communication, and facility issues. Other duties that Marshall GC perform are coordinating payload video restrictions, space-to-ground enablement, space-to-ground restrictions, and ground system maintenance. If payload developers have any ground system issues, Marshall GC is the real time coordinator to resolve such issues. As the ground system expert, Marshall GC is the HOSC interface for Backup Control Center (BCC) operations. Timeline Change Officer (TCO) The Timeline Change Officer (TCO) serves as the real-time expert on all NASA payload planning-related information for the International Space Station. Coordinating with NASA control centers, International Partners, and NASA Payload Developers, the TCO bridges the gap between long range planning and execution of the plan on board by the crew. The TCO team supports real-time operations seven days a week, twenty-four hours per day; in addition, short term planning operations are supported five days a week, eight hours per day. See also Flight controller Human spaceflight programs Space Shuttle program International Space Station program References External links NASA's Payload Operations Center page International Space Station Marshall Space Flight Center Space Shuttle facilities
The Daniyal Akhmetov Cabinet was the 6th government in Kazakhstan that was led by Daniyal Akhmetov. President Nursultan Nazarbayev nominated Akhmetov at the joint session of the Parliament to be the Prime Minister on 13 June 2003, stating that the country needed a government to be led by a person with regional governing experience due to Akhmetov's role of being the Akim of Pavlodar Region, in order to speed up the pace of social and economic development. Akhmetov was approved by 73 of 77 members of the Mazhilis and 36 out of 39 members of the Senate of Kazakhstan. Akhmetov continued leading the cabinet until his resignation on 8 January 2007 without a full explanation to which political analysts believed that it was due Nazarbayev's constant criticism of his administrative oversight of the economy. Following the 2007 Kazakh political shakeup, Akhmetov was appointed as the Minister of Defense by President Nazarbayev on 10 January and continued to work under Massimov's government until June 2009. Composition References Cabinets of Kazakhstan 2003 in Kazakhstan Cabinets established in 2003 2003 establishments in Kazakhstan
Krishna Kumari was an Indian politician . She was a Member of Parliament, representing Madhya Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Indian National Congress. References 1908 births 1962 deaths Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh Women in Madhya Pradesh politics Women members of the Rajya Sabha
```javascript Symbols in ES6 Internationalization & Localization ES6 Arrow Functions Generators as iterators in ES6 ES6 Generator Transpiler ```
Michael Hammond (born 1957) is an American linguist and professor at the University of Arizona. He was head of the Department of Linguistics from 2001 to 2011. He is the author or editor of six books on a variety of topics from Syntactic Typology, The Phonology of English, to Computational linguistics. He is known for his research on meter and poetics. He has also published more than 40 articles and presented at over 60 conferences on these topics. He serves on the editorial board of several major journals. Education and early career Hammond received his BA in linguistics from UCLA in 1979 and his PhD in 1984. His PhD thesis on phonology was published as part of the Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics series. From 1983 to 1984 he was an assistant professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Minnesota, and from 1984 to 1988 at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. He joined the University of Arizona faculty in 1988. Selected publications Books Articles and book chapters References External links Official web site Linguists from the United States 1957 births Living people University of California, Los Angeles alumni University of Arizona faculty

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.