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Justin Hawley McAuliffe (born October 7, 1987) is an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the grandson of Barron Hilton and the great-grandson of Conrad Hilton, founder of Hilton Hotels. He is the founder and CEO of Acceleron Digital, a digital marketing agency.
Personal life
McAuliffe was born in New York City. He was raised in Greenwich, Connecticut, and is a graduate of Brunswick School. He is an alumnus of the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration.
Career
McAuliffe is the founder and CEO of Acceleron Digital, a digital marketing agency focusing on web development and online promotions. Acceleron is also a start-up factory that develops and launches internal businesses.
He is an entrepreneur, having worked on several start-ups in the past. He worked on the Ready, Set, Travel concept, an airport security-friendly toiletry kit for travelers.
In 2019, he joined the board of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, which employs him as a Program-Related Investment Analyst.
References
1987 births
American chief executives
Living people
Brunswick School alumni
Cornell University School of Hotel Administration alumni
Conrad Hilton family
Philanthropists from New York (state) |
Texans for Truth (TfT) was a political advocacy organization, registered under Section 527 of the United States tax code, formed to oppose George W. Bush's re-election efforts in the 2004 presidential election. In September 2004, the group began airing advertisements in various swing states that questioned Bush's National Guard record, particularly as to whether or not he fulfilled his obligations to serve.
Membership and organization
On its website, the TfT stated that it was established by "the 20,000-member Texas online activist group, DriveDemocracy.org". DriveDemocracy.org is an organization started in April 2004 by MoveOn.org, a large advocacy group opposing Bush. Glenn W Smith of Austin, the founder and head of TfT, is a former political reporter for the Houston Chronicle and Houston Post. He has worked as a Democratic political consultant on several campaigns, including Democrat Tony Sanchez's campaign for governor of Texas in 2002. Smith said he started TfT in response to another 527 group, Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, that challenged the legitimacy of how Senator John Kerry received his Vietnam War medals as well as his accounts about the Vietnam War.
The Bush-Cheney campaign dismissed TfT as "a smear group launching baseless attacks on behalf of John Kerry's campaign that will be rejected by the American people" , and maintains that "the president served honorably in the National Guard, fulfilled his duties and was honorably discharged." Various questions about his National Guard record, including those based on information from military documents, have been raised against Bush since the 2000 presidential campaign and even before that, in 1994 and 1998 when he twice won election as the Governor of Texas. This article describes only the participation in this long-standing dispute by the Texans for Truth organization. For a comprehensive review of the allegations, responses, and evidence, see George W. Bush military service controversy.
Media activities
First television advertisement
The first advertisement features testimony from Bob Mintz, a lieutenant colonel in the 187th Alabama Air National Guard unit in 1972, where Bush was assigned to serve that year. In the video, Mintz claims that he never saw Bush, and is quoted contending that "It would be impossible to be unseen in a unit of that size." The ad concludes by asking: "Was George W. Bush AWOL in Alabama?"
Second television advertisement
The second advertisement reiterates the charges against George W. Bush that he did not fulfill his military service requirements but also accuses George H. W. Bush of pulling strings in order for his son to get into the Texas Air National Guard. In addition, the advertisement quotes Bush's statement on Meet the Press (February 8, 2004) that he would authorize release of his records, and it criticizes him because he has not signed the actual form (Standard Form 180) to effect the release: "You pledged to release all of your military records, but you've not signed the papers to do so. Sign them now. Keep your word."
FEC complaint
On September 25, 2004 the Houston Chronicle reported that Democracy 21, the Campaign Legal Center and OpenSecrets had filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission against Texans for Truth, alleging violations of campaign finance laws.
These watchdog organizations also previously complained to the FEC about Swift Boat Veterans for Truth and other pro-Republican groups.
News articles about Texans for Truth
"'Texans for Truth' ad challenges Bush on Guard service" USA Today, September 7, 2004
"Records Say Bush Balked at Order" - Washington Post, September 9, 2004
"TV writer gives $100G to Texans for Truth" ABC News - September 9, 2004
"Swift Boat Vets, Texans Battle for 'Truth' " Adweek.com - September 23, 2004
External links
Texans for Truth at Sourcewatch
527 organizations
Politics of Texas
George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign |
Zania is a village in the Tapini Rural LLG of the Goilala District of Papua New Guinea.
Populated places in Central Province (Papua New Guinea) |
Canada–China relations, or Sino-Canadian relations, officially date back to 1942, when Canada sent an ambassador to China. Before then, Canada had been represented by the British ambassador. The Communist victory (1949) in the Chinese Civil War caused a break in relations that lasted until 1970, when Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau became one of the first Western leaders to recognize the People's Republic of China.
China was one of Canada's largest trading partners in Asia for a few years, including 2017. It was Canada's top export market and top import supplier in Asia. On the other hand, Canada had a significant trade imbalance, importing CA$44.235 billion more from China than the value of its exports to the country in 2016, for example.
Relations between the Canadian and Chinese governments have deteriorated significantly in recent years, particularly during the tenures of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and U.S. President Donald Trump. Canada has criticized the Chinese government over issues such as the oppression of Uyghurs in China, the crackdown on dissent in Hong Kong, allegedly unfair trade practices, and espionage and intimidation activities in Canada. In 2022, Canada referred to China as "disruptive" in its official Indo-Pacific strategy document.
The Chinese government, in turn, sees Canada's position as reflective of growing anti-China sentiment and anxiety regarding the country's ascendancy to superpower status.
Canadian views on China have cooled considerably. Only 14% of Canadians view the country favourably, according to polling conducted in early 2021. Moreover, according to a 2021 poll by Maru Public Opinion, 52% of Canadians view China as the nation's "biggest foreign threat" and believe a Second Cold War between the United States and China has already begun.
History
Prior to 1949
As part of the British Empire and later the Commonwealth of Nations, Canada did not establish a foreign ministry (External Affairs) until 1909 and developed an independent foreign policy only after passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Canada posted one third of six battalions to Hong Kong before the Battle of Hong Kong, which was lost to the Japanese Imperial Army, from 25 December 1941 to 16 September 1945, more than a month after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Canada established embassies overseas only in the 1940s, and in 1942, Canada posted its first ambassador in the Chinese wartime Nationalist capital of Chongqing. The embassy was moved to Nanjing in 1946.
Canada faced a dilemma following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. On many issues, Canada followed the lead of British and the United States, but those two governments followed different policies on China. The United Kingdom, under the control of a socialist government, extended diplomatic recognition to the Communist Chinese, but the United States refused to recognize the Communist government. After the Liberal victory in the Canadian federal election of 1949 and more discussion, Canada followed the British approach. The Canadian embassy in Nanjing was kept open, and Canada posted a chargé d'affaires. By June 23, 1950, the Canadian Department of External Affairs had prepared instructions for the chargé to open negotiations with the Chinese government for an exchange of ambassadors.
However, the Korean War began two days later, on June 25, 1950. With Canadian troops fighting for the United Nations forces, which opposed Communist Chinese troops, the continuation of diplomatic relations became untenable. After Canada voted in favour of a UN resolution that branded China an aggressor, the Chinese government asked the Canadian chargé d'affaires to leave. The Canadian embassy in Nanjing was closed on February 26, 1951. Thereafter, Canada maintained diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, whose government had evacuated to Taiwan after losing to the Communists. However, Canada did not send an ambassador to the Nationalist Chinese capital of Taipei. Instead, relations were maintained through the Nationalist Chinese ambassador in Ottawa.
Trudeau-Mulroney years
Diplomatic relations between the PRC and Canada were established on 13 October 1970.
In October 1973, Pierre Trudeau became the first Canadian Prime Minister to pay an official visit to the PRC, meeting Mao Zedong. In that year, the trade balance was heavily weighted in Canada's favour.
The Canadian government was optimistic about the PRC's market-oriented reforms of the 1970s and 1980s, but it was difficult to see much substantial improvement as the Cultural Revolution raged.
In October 1983, the Foreign Minister of PRC visited Canada and signed the Agreement on Developing Cooperation between China and Canada.
In 1984, Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang visited the second Trudeau government six months before it fell, and became the first Communist leader to address Parliament of Canada. Zhao signed the Agreement on the Protection of Investment between China and Canada. Zhao would later be subject to 15 years of house arrest until his death, because he opposed the Tiananmen Square crackdown in 1989.
In May 1986, the Mulroney government in China signed with Zhao the Agreement on Prevention of Double Taxation and Tax Evasions between China and Canada.
The Chretien era
Early in their tenures under Jean Chretien, Ministers Allan Rock and André Ouellet felt it beneficial to sign a treaty with China that gave the Chinese access to the powers of the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act (Canada), and in fact it was signed in Beijing by the latter in July 1994.
Chretien accompanied to China about 300 business leaders on a trade mission in November 1994 who returned with an order book of $9 billion. Senior figures in government like International Trade Minister Roy MacLaren were convinced that Canada needed to diversify away from the United States and so adopted a "Four Pillars Policy." Canada believed that to engage the Chinese in more open trade and to support China's accession to World Trade Organization accession would help Canada's goals. In fact, Chrétien strongly endorsed Chinese accession: "With China's accession to the WTO, tariffs will drop and access by Chinese consumers and business to our products and services will increase.... WTO accession is part of China's broad agenda of developing the rule of law, to ensure fair and equal treatment before the courts for both people and companies.... Human rights are good for business." Always a mug, Chrétien told the "Chinese they would have to clean up their image if they expected to do business on the world stage."
In November 1997, the Chretien government signed with the government of Jiang Zemin: the Consular Agreement between the Chinese and Canadian Governments, the Memorandum of Understanding between the Chinese National Tourism Administration and the Canadian Tourism Commission on the Cooperation on Tourism, three Memorandums of Understanding on development assistance, and an exchange of letters between China and Canada on the mutual establishment of more consulates-general.
In April 1999, the two countries signed: a plan of action on environmental cooperation between the Chinese and Canadian Governments, the memorandum of understanding between the Chinese and Canadian Governments on cooperation in the crackdown on crimes and three protocols on China's import of animal products from Canada.
The Chinese finally acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2001, and the Canadians sent another trade mission to celebrate and to ink more deals. As MacLaren said in 2019:
Harper era
In 2006, Stephen Harper was elected Prime Minister of Canada. His government implemented a more activist foreign policy, emphasizing ties with democracies and expressing criticism of nondemocratic regimes like China. Harper stated his belief in Canadian values such as human rights should not be trumped by the "almighty dollar." For example, the Harper government awarded an honorary Canadian citizenship to the Dalai Lama and criticized China's human rights record, accusing it of commercial espionage. Harper also delayed a planned meeting between the foreign ministers and increased the level of Canadian involvement in Taiwan, further displeasing Beijing. At the APEC Summit in November 2006, China initially appeared to back out of formal meeting between Harper and Chinese leader Hu Jintao, but Hu instead opted for a brief informal meeting with Harper, who notably did not attend the opening ceremonies of the Beijing Olympics in 2008.
In 2005, Charles Burton, an associate professor at Brock University wrote a report and conducted media interviews on Canada's policy towards China. Burton's report, commissioned by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, was entitled Assessment of the Canada-China Bilateral Human Rights Dialogue and released in an unclassified public version in April, 2006. As revealed by US diplomatic cables by WikiLeaks, the "Burton Report" considerably affected Western policy approaches to engagement with China on human rights and China's response.
The global recession that began at the end of 2008 and the economic effect on Canada led the Harper government to reduce its criticism of China to repair relations with China, whose economic status remained robust. A number of high level official visits took place in this period. Trade Minister Stockwell Day, Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon, and Transportation Minister John Baird visited China in 2009. Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi made reciprocal trip to Canada in June. Finance Minister Jim Flaherty led a high-profile delegation to China to enhance economic and financial ties. Harper visited China for the first time from December 2 to 6, 2009, visiting Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. Before a bilateral meeting with Harper in Beijing, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao suggested that too long a time had elapsed without a visit to China by a Canadian prime minister. After the meetings, Hu Jintao, Wen and Harper agreed to build stronger relations, particularly in the economic sphere. Chinese President Hu Jintao paid an official state visit to Canada from June 23 to 27, 2010, ahead of the G20 summit in Toronto. Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean travelled to China from June 30 to July 5, 2010, on a "friendship visit," accepting an invitation from China to attend Canada's national day at Expo 2010 in Shanghai. She also visited Guangdong, Sichuan, and Beijing. Then Liberal Leader Michael Ignatieff also paid a working visit to Beijing and Shanghai from July 3 to 8, 2010.
Agreements with China
During Harper's February 2012 visit to China, some commentators in the Canadian media reported that the Chinese government was much more welcoming than in 2009. Harper met with both President Hu and Premier Wen Jiabao, and signed a number of economic agreements that had been prepared by Minister of Foreign Affairs John Baird including a uranium export treaty, and the Canada-China Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments Agreement (CCPRPIA), which was linked by the media to (further) potential Chinese investment in the Athabasca oil sands, and had been negotiated for eighteen years. The negotiations and the text itself were kept secret until November 2016. Chinese officials suggested that the next logical step would be a free trade agreement, which Canadian officials promised to study.
In July 2012, the proposed $15.1 billion takeover of Alberta-based petroleum producer Nexen by the Chinese State Owned Enterprise (SOE) CNOOC "really spooked" western members of the Conservative Party of Canada including Harper, who was the MP of a Calgary riding. His government eventually approved the takeover because after all, he had signed up for it with the CCPRPIA, but he somewhat tightened for SOEs the regulation of the Investment Canada Act.
The Harper cabinet approved the CCPRPIA during early September 2014, for a 1 October commencement date. The deal was criticized by Osgoode Hall law professor Gus Van Harten, who noted
its generational length: 31-year duration although the norm for international treaties is an exit notification period of six months.
that it was lopsided in favour of China because it froze the existing bilateral practices and restrictions.
Chinese companies would benefit from NAFTA Chapter 11-type investor-state dispute settlement procedure.
Arbitration cases were to be decided by professional arbitrators.
Arbitration rulings would be, at the option of the sued party, kept secret.
CCPRPIA and NAFTA differences might cause trouble to the government because the Most Favoured Nation concept could be weaponized.
Justin Trudeau era
Initial warming
By 2015, roughly 460 Canadian companies were doing business in China. Justin Trudeau became the prime minister of Canada in November 2015, and relations between China and Canada improved, at least for two years.
Trudeau paid an official visit to China from August 30 to September 7, 2016, days before the G20 meeting in Hangzhou. However, the visit failed to get a balanced relationship with China. Trudeau negotiated the release after a two-year Chinese imprisonment on espionage charges of Canadian missionary Kevin Garratt.
Li Keqiang's visit
Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visited Canada in September 2016 to implement China's cat-and-mouse tactic. Canadian canola exports had been under the threat of a ban by Beijing, who maintained that the product contained pests. That was alleviated on 22 September 2016. The world's largest canola exporter is Canada, and in 2015 over 40 percent of that crop was exported to China. Both countries have been in a dispute over the crop since 2009.
Trudeau talks about extradition treaty
In the first year of his prime ministership, Trudeau's government agreed to talks on a bilateral extradition treaty with China in 2016. Former diplomat Charles Burton, presented as a critic of the government policy as the treaty talks were revealed, said in a New York Times account:
Trudeau talks about extending NAFTA Chapter 11 rights to China
In January 2017, a rumoured treaty with China appeared in the press to extend rights to Chinese investors, including SOEs, to sue the government, just as is allowed by Chapter 11 of NAFTA. It came to light because the province of Quebec intended, under the Couillard government to prevent fracking exploration under the St. Lawrence Seaway.
Governor-General pledges to expand ties
David Johnston, the Governor General of Canada, paid an official visit to China from July 10 to 14, 2017. The two countries pledged to enhance cooperation on education, research, innovation, culture, diversity, agriculture, and tourism.
Gradual souring
Canadian journalist detained
In August 2017, a The Globe and Mail journalist, Nathan VanderKlippe, was detained and had his computer seized while he was in Xinjiang Province. Editor-in-chief David Walmsley called what transpired "harassment" and said that it was "deeply disturbing." VanderKlippe described at length his preparations and experience in a November interview and remarked that he spoke directly to the Canadian Minister of Foreign Relations Chrystia Freeland.
Failed negotiations on Free-Trade Area
In December 2017, Trudeau visited China for the second time but left without the agreement that he expected to begin formal talks on free trade. The Chinese media pilloried the Canadian media, which responded by pointing out that China was fifth-last in the most recent ranking of the World Press Freedom Index, published by Reporters Without Borders. The two countries still jointly proclaimed 2018 the Canada China Year of Tourism to encourage visits to and from both countries.
Death of Liu Xiaobo
In response to the July 2017 death of Chinese Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo, who died of organ failure while he was in government custody, Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland said in a statement, "I offer my sincere condolences to the family and friends of Mr Liu and to his many supporters around the world.... We continue to call for the release of all political prisoners."
Canada blocks the sale of Aecon
In May 2018, the Trudeau government blocked the sale of the construction company that built the CN Tower, Aecon, to a Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE), CCCC International Holding (CCCI), for $1.5 billion. The CCCI is the investment arm of China Communications Construction Company (CCCC), 64% of which is owned by the Chinese government. The purchase of Aecon had already received shareholder approval, judicial approval, and clearance from the competition regulator. The sale was terminated under section 25.3 of the Investment Canada Act by Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Navdeep Bains. John Beck, the president and CEO of Aecon, said that he was disappointed by the termination. Conservative MP Tony Clement was worried about SOE purchases of Canadian companies:
USMCA Poison Pill
On 1 October 2018, the Trudeau government agreed on the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), a trade deal agreement, with Donald Trump, who had made it contingent on securing a new type of poison pill with both Canada and Mexico. One example in the USMCA is Clause 32.10, which requires both countries to notify the US "if either intends to enter trade talks with a non-market economy." If the US administration is dissatisfied with the content of the trade agreement, it can then abrogate the USMCA. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are another focus of US concern in the USMCA, which slows China's move to dominance because the Chinese modus operandi is founded upon SOEs.
Drug traffickers
On 14 January 2019, Canadian Robert Lloyd Schellenberg had his 15-year drug smuggling prison sentence escalated to a death sentence, resulting in Canada issuing a travel warning on "the risk of arbitrary enforcement of local laws." China, in turn, issued its own travel advisory, which cited "arbitrary detention" at request of a "third-party country."
In July 2019, Mainland Chinese authorities detained a Canadian student, who had been accused, along with more than two dozen others, of being in a drug trafficking gang.
WTO dispute
In September 2019, Canada took its first step in the WTO trade dispute resolution mechanism over the canola issue, and it formally filed a letter of protest with the Chinese. Under WTO rules, the opponents must meet within 30 days before an arbitrator, and if those talks fail to resolve the dispute, the plaintiff can request adjudication by a panel. The Conservative Party's Leader of the Opposition, Andrew Scheer, said that he had told Trudeau 120 days earlier to visit the arbitration process, but Trudeau instead had simply extended in May loans to canola farmers. In the words of one observer, "China has a vegetable oil supply shortage of 20 million tonnes per year. It covers a large percentage of that shortage with soybean imports from Brazil, the US and Argentina."
It came to light in September 2019 that the Chinese government had been protecting certain industries until July 2019, one reason that the trade imbalance between both countries was so lopsided. Since 1988, Canada had imported almost $889 billion of Chinese goods, but China had imported only $293 billion of Canadian goods. The oil and gas sector in China was opened to foreign direct investment only in July 2019, but the Chinese had nearly carte blanche for their SOE takeovers since 2001. As of September 2019, foreigners had no access to Chinese firms in a "huge swath" of industries, including telecoms, automobile manufacture, health care, and education. In stark contrast to Roy MacLaren, Charles Burton stated:
PRC 70th anniversary
On the 70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese military was engaged in a display of power, and Canadian Defence Minister Harjit Singh Sajjan attended a Vancouver soiree to celebrate the event. Sajjan was criticized for attending the event, though he noted that his appearance was brief, and also addressed the situation of the Two Michaels. Meanwhile, people gathered to support Hong Kong in Ottawa, Vancouver, and Richmond were harassed by pro-Beijing supporters.
Arrest of Meng Wanzhou
On December 1, 2018, the chief financial officer of Huawei's deputy chair and CFO Meng Wanzhou was arrested in Vancouver at an extradition request by US authorities on suspicion of violating US sanctions against Iran. Trudeau said that the federal government was aware of the intended arrest but had no involvement in the process, but the Chinese government protested the arrest made by Canadian authorities. The arrest had ramifications for the bilateral ties of both countries.
Arrest of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor
On December 10, 2018, former Canadian diplomat Michael Kovrig and Canadian consultant linked with North Korea Michael Spavor were detained by the Beijing Bureau of Chinese State Security. The senior adviser in Hong Kong for the International Crisis Group, a conflict resolution thinktank based in Brussels, Kovrig had worked for the diplomatic service in Beijing and Hong Kong until 2016. As of December 12, the Chinese government had released few specifics as to the reason for the detention, but Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lu Kang said the International Crisis Group was not registered in China and so "once its staff become engaged in activities in China, it has already violated the law." Lu also reaffirmed his country's demand that the "Canadian side should immediately release the detained Ms. Meng Wanzhou and to protect her legitimate rights and interests."
The comments made by Lu convinced some that Kovrig and Spavor's detention (referred to in the media as the arrest of the two Michaels) was in retaliation for Canada's holding of Meng Wanzhou based on a US arrest warrant and an instance of hostage diplomacy. On December 9, China had warned Canadian ambassador John McCallum of severe consequences unless Meng was released. Dr. John Higginbotham, of Carleton University's Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, made this comment about Kovrig's arrest: "The idea that there is retaliation against a Canadian citizen – unwarranted retaliation – will make it even more difficult for the Canadian government to squirm its way out of this situation that the United States has presented us with." Guy Saint-Jacques, Canada's ambassador to China from 2012 to 2016, told The Canadian Press, that "the Chinese government wanted to send us a message.... [it is] trying to put as much pressure as possible on the Canadian government to force us to return Ms. Meng to China." Trudeau said that the government was treating the situation "very seriously," had been in touch with diplomats from China, and was providing consular assistance to Kovrig. In mid-December, the Canadian ambassador met with Kovrig and with Michael Spavor but provided no additional details because of the provisions of the Privacy Act. Trudeau called the detention of the two Canadians "not acceptable" and planned to work with Chinese authorities to make that clear to them.
On December 12, the Communist Party-run newspaper Global Times warned that "if Canada extradites Meng to the U.S., China's revenge will be far worse than detaining a Canadian."
By then, another Canadian living in China, Michael Spavor, was detained, also on suspicion of "endangering national security," according to China's Foreign Ministry. Spavor is the founder of Paektu Cultural Exchange, which promotes travel to North Korea. David Mulroney, a former Canadian ambassador to China, said, "It would be nice if publicly and also behind the scenes if countries like the United States, the U.K., Australia and France would put in a word on our behalf and let the Chinese know how damaging this is to their reputation and to the notion that China is a safe place to work and pursue a career."
Canada caught in the middle of a trade war
The retaliatory moves by China confirmed that the previously smooth working relationship between both countries had broken down. While Canada was merely responding to an arrest warrant issued by a court in New York State, China had not taken steps against Americans because it "wants to improve its relations with the U.S.," a much larger trading partner, according to Nelson Wiseman, a political science professor at the University of Toronto. Former ambassador Guy Saint-Jacques concurred: "they know they cannot kick them [the U.S.] so they turned around and kicked us." The situation was complicated by Trump's suggestion that he might allow Meng to be released as part of the negotiation for improved trade relations with China, which left Canada in an awkward position. In response, Freeland, Canada's foreign affairs minister, made this statement on 14 December: "Canada understands the rule of law and extradition ought not ever to be politicized or used as tools to resolve other issues."
Several political analysts agreed that Canada was caught in the middle Of China, and Christopher Sands, of the School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, DC, said that "in normal times, the U.S. sends a signal, usually discreetly, to allies to cut it out and play nice." That had not happened as of December 14, 2018, leading historian Robert Bothwell to comment, "We've never been this alone. We don't have any serious allies. And I think that's another factor in what the Chinese are doing.... Our means of retaliation are very few. China is a hostile power." In truth, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo supported Canada's position in a press conference with Canada on 14 December and said he would work to ensure the release of both Canadians who were then in "unlawful detention." News reports did not indicate whether he had made such a statement to the government of China.
On the same day, Trudeau commented that "the escalating trade war between them [China and the U.S.] is going to have all sorts of unintended consequences on Canada, potentially on the entire global economy. We're very worried about that." On 21 December 2018, Freeland told the news media that she had advised the Chinese ambassador that Canada was requesting the release of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor. British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt said that the United Kingdom believed that Canada was conducting "a fair and transparent legal proceeding" of Meng: "I am deeply concerned by suggestions of a political motivation for the detention of two Canadian citizens by the Chinese government."
Canada's ambassador to China, John McCallum, said, "From Canada's point of view, if [the U.S.] drops the extradition request, that would be great for Canada." On January 26, 2019, McCallum was fired as ambassador by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
China bans Canadian canola
On 30 March 2019, China banned the Canadian canola crop on the basis that pests were found in four separate shipments since January. Two companies had their produce banned: Richardson International and the Agrium unit known as Viterra. The Canadian government protested, with Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale stating the measures "defy science", and demanding further evidence. The canola industry employs more than 250,000 people in Canada, which has 43,000 growers.
Canada's Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, Ralph Goodale, says the arrests of Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor in China are an "arbitrary action", and that Canada will continue to demand that the detainees are treated fairly. Goodale says that China has produced no evidence to indicate any validity to the criminal allegations against them. The aforementioned former Canadian ambassador to China, Guy Saint-Jacques, says that leveraging international support for Canada, particularly from the US, will be necessary, that an anticipated Canada–China free trade deal should be taken off the table, that inspections of Chinese goods entering Canada should be increased, and that Canada should lodge a complaint against China at the World Trade Organization (WTO), over its decision to ban the importation of Canadian canola seed.
Calls for the release of Meng Wanzhou
In June 2020, Nineteen prominent former politicians and diplomats signed a letter calling for the release of Meng. Included among them are former Liberal foreign affairs minister Lloyd Axworthy, former Conservative foreign affairs minister Lawrence Cannon, former Conservative senator Hugh Segal, former NDP leader Ed Broadbent, former Supreme Court justice Louise Arbour. They join former Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chrétien in this call. Prime Minister Trudeau rejected the call saying, "We will continue to remain steadfast and strong and say very clearly in our actions and in our words that randomly arresting Canadians doesn't give you leverage over the government of Canada anywhere in the world." Vina Nadjibulla, the wife of Michael Kovrig, expressed her disappointment with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau for not considering the exchange of detainee Meng with her husband and Michael Spavor.
2019 Hong Kong protests
On 8 August 2019, the Canadian government issued a travel advisory for Hong Kong that recommended people to exercise a "high degree of caution" because protests and mass demonstrations there might suddenly become violent and can spring up "with little or no notice.... Acts of violence occur, especially at night. Some have resulted in serious injuries.... There have also been random attacks on demonstrators by their opponents." It added that the police often use tear gas for crowd control measures.
On 21 August 2019, at the height of the protests over the 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill, spokesman Geng Shuang of China's Foreign Ministry rebuked the Canadian government and commented that it had "made irresponsible remarks on Hong Kong affairs repeatedly and grossly interfered in China's internal affairs." Xinwen Lianbo remarked acidly that it "is the third time since May of this year that Chrystia Freeland has issued a declaration on Hong Kong."
Hong Kong asylum seekers
In early May Chrystia Freeland, at the time Deputy Prime Minister, was silent on whether her government would grant asylum to 46 Hong Kong people who feared retribution at the hands of their government for the part they had played in the civil unrest and disobedience campaign of 2019. The 46 asked for refuge during the first quarter of 2020. Most of those claiming asylum in Canada face charges in Hong Kong in connection with the protests. China's ambassador to Canada warned the Canadian government not to grant asylum to Hong Kong residents and said Canada doing so would amount to interference in China's internal affairs.
HKPF recruitment on Canadian campuses
On 20 May 2020, it came to light the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) advertised its recruitment process in official online job forums at the University of Toronto and the University of British Columbia. There were reports that "450 HKPF officers quit during the city's lengthy social unrest and the recent number of new hires fell far short of targets." Both universities' position was that the "job posting centre is compliant with federal and provincial guidelines for employer recruiting practices." McMaster University had previously removed HKPF advertisement after student complaints.
Joint statement on Hong Kong
On 28 May 2020, Justin Trudeau's Foreign Affairs Minister Francois-Philippe Champagne, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab and Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Marise Payne together issued a joint statement to "reiterate our deep concern" regarding Xi Jinping's "decision to impose a national security law in Hong Kong" while they reminded readers about the Chinese decision which "lies in direct conflict with its international obligations under the principles of the legally-binding, UN-registered Sino-British Joint Declaration" that promised to maintain the liberties of Hong Kongers.
Proposed UNHRC Special Envoy to Hong Kong
During the first week of June 2020, a Parliamentarian from each of Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand wrote to UN Secretary-General António Guterres to request that the United Nations Human Rights Council act to send a Special Envoy to Hong Kong, and thereby to safeguard the Sino-British Joint Declaration over the territory, especially Annex I Article XIII, and to remind him of collective responsibility to enforce international treaties lodged with the UN. The four were at the time Chairs of their respective parliamentary Foreign Affairs select committees: Michael Levitt, Tom Tugendhat, David Fawcett and Simon O'Connor.
Joint statement condemning China's treatment of ethnic minorities and Hong Kong
On 6 October 2020, a group of 39 countries, including Canada, the U.S., most of the EU member states, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Australia, New Zealand, Haiti, Honduras, and Japan, made a statement at the United Nations to denounce China for its treatment of ethnic minorities and for curtailing freedoms in Hong Kong.
5G
Goodale on 5G telecoms
In the first week of May 2019, Canadian Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale committed to decide before the 2019 Canadian federal election what the Liberal government would do with respect to construction of Canada's 5G telecommunications infrastructure. Critics like H. R. McMaster argued forcefully that a Chinese law, which obligates corporations like Huawei to cooperate with the Chinese state, overrides Huawei's promises to protect Canadian data. On 30 July 2019, Goodale abandoned his commitment because of consultations with the US and the Five Eyes' partners. The US and Australian governments have rejected Huawei because they are concerned that it is too closely connected to the intelligence services of China.
Canadian telecoms reject Huawei
On 3 June 2020, Bell Canada rejected Huawei in favour of Ericsson to supply its 5G network. It came to light at the same time that Rogers Communications had also selected Ericsson for its own 5G network. Telus selected Nokia and Ericsson. This all came to pass during the first week of June in which PMUK Boris Johnson also rejected Huawei in favour of the Nordic vendors, and was forming a democratic alliance to favour other suppliers than the Chinese.
The editorial board of the National Post went so far as to observe on 5 June that "As Ottawa dithers, Canada's major cellular providers shun Huawei". In the editorial it was pointed out that Videotron chose Samsung, and that Rogers chose Ericsson as early as 2018, that Huawei CEO Ren Zhengfei is a former PLA manager and current Chicom party member, and laws "force Chinese companies to support, assist and co-operate with the state intelligence work... It would be folly to give the authoritarian regime even the potential of building a back door into networks that drive our cars, host high-level cabinet meetings and transmit government and corporate secrets."
In May 2022, the Canadian government banned Huawei and ZTE from the country's 5G network.
Uyghur genocide
In September 2018, Foreign Minister Freeland raised the issue of Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur minority in a meeting with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi.
On 15 July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC to condemn China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs and other minority groups and to urge the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.
In October 2020, a Canadian parliamentary committee said that China's actions against ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang province constituted a genocide. The committee called for sanctions against Chinese officials complicit in the Chinese government's policy. In response, the Chinese government warned Canadian lawmakers to halt their "blatant interference" in internal Chinese affairs.
In November 2020, Canadian United Nations (UN) Representative Bob Rae called on the UN to investigate evidence of genocide against the Uyghur minority in China.
In February 2021, the House of Commons of Canada approved a motion by 266–0 votes, formally recognizing that China was committing genocide against its Muslim Uyghur minority in Xinjiang. However, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and most of his Cabinet did not participate in the vote.
China responded by sanctioning 'susceptible' Canadian MPs, including outspoken Conservative China critic MP Michael Chong, and targeting their families for intimidation.
Genocide of indigenous people
In June 2021, Jiang Duan, minister of the Chinese mission to the United Nations in Geneva, called on the United Nations Human Rights Council to investigate human rights abuses against migrants in Canadian detention centers and the indigenous people of Canada. This statement was made in the context of the discovery of hundreds of unmarked graves of indigenous people around Canadian Indian residential schools that same month.
Canadian Parliamentarians join IPAC
In the first week of June 2020, legislators from nine global parliaments—Canada, United States, Britain, Japan, the European Union, Germany, Australia, Norway and Sweden—formed the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China. The team lists John McKay and Garnett Genuis amongst its Canadian MPs. Marco Rubio and Robert Menendez number among its US members. Its foundational statement said:
Genuis said Canada and other democracies ought to impose the kind of economic and diplomatic sanctions that the West imposed on Russia after it annexed Crimea from the Ukraine in 2014.
Calls to boycott 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics
In early June 2020, John Higginbotham, who was appointed Canada's chief diplomat in Hong Kong in 1989 for five years, called for Canada to organize a boycott of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics because of Xi Jinping's 2020 crackdown on freedom in Hong Kong. Journalist Nathan VanderKlippe pointed out the dissonance between the detainment of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor and the tokens of friendship that are exchanged for Olympic Games. Canada's foreign ministry referred the problem to Canadian Olympic Committee and the Canadian Paralympic Committee who have yet to issue a response. In February 2021, David Shoemaker and Karen O'Neill, CEOs of the Canadian Olympic Committee and the Canadian Paralympic Committee respectively, dismissed the idea of boycott of the olympic games, arguing that such boycotts don't prevent human rights abuses.
Interference in 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections
In late 2022, Global News reported on a suspected attempt by the PRC to infiltrate the Parliament of Canada by funding a network of candidates to run in the country's 2019 and 2021 federal elections.
Expulsion of Chinese Diplomat from Canada
On 8 May 2023, Canada expelled Zhao Wei, a Chinese diplomat based in Toronto, from Canada, after Wei was accused of intimidating a Canadian opposition legislator critical of Beijing. The legislator Wei was accused of intimidating was reported to be Conservative MP Michael Chong. In response to Canada's expulsion of Wei, China listed Jennifer Lynn Lalonde, Canadian Consul in Shanghai, as persona non grata, where she would be expelled by May 13. China justified the expulsion of Lalonde as a "reciprocal countermeasure".
Interest in joining AUKUS
On the same day that Canada expelled Zhao Wei, the Globe and Mail reported that Canada is seeking membership in the AUKUS defense pact to counter the rising threat from China. The Department of Global Affairs and the Privy Council Office are both reported to be in negotiations to include Canada in the pact.
Trade
In 1961, the government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker passed legislation to open up the Chinese market for Canadian farmers, despite the absence of diplomatic relations. In 1968, the government of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau initiated negotiations with the People's Republic of China that led to the establishment of diplomatic relations on October 13, 1970. Canada and China established resident diplomatic missions in 1971. By 1971, the countries exchanged ambassadors, and Canadian Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce Jean-Luc Pépin visited China. In 1972, Canadian Foreign Minister Mitchell Sharp led a Canadian trade delegation to China and met with Premier Zhou Enlai. Sharp also travelled to Shijiazhuang where he recognized the significant contribution to Canada–China relations of Norman Bethune.
In 1973, Pierre Trudeau became the first Canadian Prime Minister to pay an official visit to the PRC, and in 1984 Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang visited Canada, becoming the first Communist leader to address Parliament. Governor General of Canada Jeanne Sauvé also conducted a state visit to China during her tenure. In 1985 as part of a growing concern for relations with China and Japan the Canadian Parliament passed an Act to create the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, a think-tank focusing on Canada–Asia relations.
In 1976, Trudeau refused to permit Taiwan to participate in the Olympic games held that year in Montreal unless they were willing to give up the name "Republic of China," which they refused to do. Canada thereby became the first host country to breach its obligation to admit all teams recognized by the International Olympic Committee.
By 1990, two-way trade exceeded CA$3 billion, and in 1992, CA$4.6 billion. In 1994 Canada established its four-pillar policy on China: economic partnership; sustainable development; human rights, good governance and the rule of law; and peace and security. That same year Prime Minister Jean Chrétien visited Beijing and Shanghai with Team Canada: two ministers, nine provincial premiers, the territorial leaders and the head of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. Chrétien and Premier Li Peng signed a nuclear co-operation agreement and a letter of intent on six development projects in China. The following year Premier Li Peng visited Canada to commemorate the 25th anniversary of bilateral relations and attended Canada-China Business Council annual general meeting in Montreal.
Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Minister of International Trade Art Eggleton and Secretary of State (Asia Pacific) Raymond Chan visited Shanghai again in 1996 to attend the annual general meeting of the Canada-China Business Council, and Chrétien, Minister of International Trade Sergio Marchi, and Secretary of State (Asia Pacific) Raymond Chan visited Beijing and Lanzhou returned once more in 1998. In 1999, Premier Zhu Rongji visited Canada.
In 2001 Team Canada visited Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. It was the largest trade mission in Canadian history to that point. Chrétien was accompanied by close to 600 business participants, eight provincial premiers, three territorial leaders, Minister for International Trade Pierre Pettigrew and Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific) Rey Pagtakhan. In 2003, Premier Wen Jiabao visited Canada. President Hu Jintao visited Canada in 2005 and met with Prime Minister Paul Martin. The two leaders announced a "strategic partnership" and said they would double trade within five years. Martin said he had discussions about human rights with Hu.
Since 2003, China has been Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for about 6% of Canada's total world trade (imports and exports combined). Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400%.
According to a study by the Fraser Institute think tank, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 percent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totaled CA$38.3 billion.
Leading commodities in the trade between Canada and China include chemicals, metals, industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, wood products, and fish products.
According to the China Goes Global survey conducted by the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada in 2013, Canada was poised to accept more trade and investment from China as it is viewed by Chinese companies as being one of the most open countries to their investment.
In 2013, Canadian oil and gas company Nexen became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong-based CNOOC Limited. The Reuters reported that the "deal gave CNOOC access to acreage in the Gulf of Mexico, the UK North Sea and off the coast of Western Africa". According to the Maclean's, "The CNOOC-Nexen deal touched off a great deal of controversy about what degree foreign state-owned control of Canadian resources is acceptable. That the deal came from a Chinese company, in particular, raised concerns in some quarters about doing business with a non-democratic state."
Canada had a major trade imbalance with China (nearly CA$36 billion in 2017), leading Trudeau to strive to increase exports, primarily agricultural products. On 15 October 2018, he stated: "Obviously, China is the world's second-largest economy and growing, and will remain an important place to do business and to look for opportunity ... We will continue to look (at increasing trade), but we will continue to do it in the way Canada always has, mindful of the challenges, both of scale and of different approaches to business, in a way that is thoughtful about drawing benefit and protections for Canada." About a month later, Chinese premier Li Keqiang called for more trade with Canada and hinted that China was open to discussing the free-trade agreement that Canada had suggested.
The negotiations were continuing, although the relationship between Canada and China was somewhat strained because of concerns about the latter's record on human rights and various trade issues. This was exacerbated in December 2018 by Canada's arrest of Huawei Technologies' Chief Financial Officer, Meng Wanzhou, based on a warrant issued by a court in New York state and the subsequent detention of two Canadians living in China. The effect on trade between China and Canada was not yet apparent as of mid December, but some effect was likely, based on China's warning of "grave consequences" if Meng was not released. By 18 December, the free-trade discussions between the countries had been halted, however.
The political tensions were unlikely to lead to a major, long-term disruption of trade between the two countries, according to Fraser Johnson, a professor at the Western University's Ivey School of Business. He stated, "I really can't imagine it happening. There's just too much at stake. I don't think either country wants to damage (the relationship)."
Public opinion
A survey published in September 2019 by the Pew Research Center found that 85% of Canadians had an unfavourable view of China.
According to the Summer 2020 Global Attitudes Survey of Pew Research Center, 23% of Canadians had a favourable view on China, while 73% had a negative view. A major BBC World Service poll from 2017 found that only 37% of Canadians viewed China's world influence positively, with 51% expressing a negative view. A survey conducted in May 2020 by Angus Reid found that 76% of Canadians say human rights and rule of law should be more important than trade opportunities with China, only 24% of respondents said that Canada should develop closer trade ties with China, down from 40% in 2015. The survey also corroborated the Pew poll, saying that 81% of Canadians held a negative view of China. An October 2017 survey by UBC indicated that close to 70% of Canadians supported a free trade agreement with China, in spite of concerns about the latter's growing world power and China's record on human rights. Some negative effect on trade between was likely however, subsequent to increased tension between the two countries in December 2018 after arrests in both Canada and China.
Migration
Canada is home to a large Chinese diaspora. Chinese Canadians are one of Canada's largest ethnic groups, after Europeans and First Nations population. In recent decades, China has consistently become Canada's largest source of immigration every year. The numbers are even larger when people from Hong Kong are added. In addition, overseas students from China are set to overtake Koreans as the largest group of international students studying in Canada.
According to Jonathan Manthorpe, the Chinese government has engaged in actions of monitoring and intimidation against Chinese Canadians.
Education
Canada and PRC have at least one pair of schools twinned with each other:
Dr Norman Bethune Collegiate Institute, Scarborough – twinned with Beijing No. 15 Middle School, Beijing
See also
Canadians in China
Chinese Canadian
Embassy of China, Ottawa
List of Canadian ambassadors to the People's Republic of China
Canada–Taiwan relations
Canada–Hong Kong relations
References
Further reading
Anderson, Bruce. "The Canada-China Relationship." (Abacus Data, 2016). online; polls regarding Canadians' opinion of China
Evans, Paul M. and Michael B. Frolic, eds. Reluctant Adversaries: Canada and the People's Republic of China, 1949-70 (University of Toronto Press, 1991).
Kawasaki, Tsuyoshi. "Hedging against China: formulating Canada's new strategy in the era of power politics." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (2021): 1–19.
Landriault, Mathieu, and Paul Minard. "Canada/China free trade agreement: A public opinion appraisal." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 24.1 (2018): 113–117. online
Lim, Preston. "Sino-Canadian relations in the age of Justin Trudeau." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 26.1 (2020): 25–40.
Macdonald, Laura, and Jeremy Paltiel. "Middle power or muddling power? Canada's relations with emerging markets." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 22.1 (2016): 1–11. online
Paltiel, Jeremy. "Facing China: Canada between Fear and Hope." International Journal 73.3 (2018): 343–363, DOI: Facing China: Canada between fear and hope
Paltiel, Jeremy. "Canada's middle-power ambivalence: The palimpsest of US power under the Chinese shadow." in America's Allies and the Decline of US Hegemony (Routledge, 2019) pp. 126–140.
Paltiel, Jeremy, and Stephen Smith. ""China's Foreign Policy Drivers Under Xi Jinping: Where Does Canada Fit In?."
Sarty, Keigh. "The Fragile Authoritarians: China, Russia and Canadian Foreign Policy." International Journal 75:4 (December 2020): 614–628. DOI: The fragile authoritarians: China, Russia, and Canadian foreign policy. online review
External links
China's foreign ministry site on Canada
Canadian government site on China
Xinhua summary of Canada-China relations
CBC summary of Canada-China relations
Canadian International Council's report A Reassessment of Canada's Interests in China and Options for Renewal of Canada's China Policy
Fraser Institute's report on Canada's economic relations with China
The Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
China
Canada |
The Vakil of the Mughal Empire (), officially the Vakil-i-Mutlaq (, literally: "Representative of the Emperor"), was an important office in the Government of the Mughal Empire, first in ministerial hierarchy and only next to Mughal Emperor. Vekil is an Arabic word which means "representative". The Vakil was considered as the Emperor's lieutenant in all matters connected with the realm and household. From the reign of Emperor Babur to Emperor Shah Jahan, the title of grand vizier was also given to the Vakil. But afterwards it remained only as dignitary post.
The degree of powers of the Vakil's office varied from era to era. However the Vakil required Emperor's approval in each and every decision. During the era of Babur and Humayun, he had the powers of prime minister while early in the reign of Akbar, Vakil Bairam Khan acted as regent and ruled on the behalf of Emperor. Bairam Khan had his own Vakil-i-Mutlaq, who in this case was a general manager. This position was held by Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani and when he was temporarily dismissed, given to Haji Muhammad Sistani. In 1564, Akbar revived the office of Vakil and didn't give him the responsibilities of finance department. In the reign of Jahangir, the office of Imperial Diwan gained prominence and ultimately during Shah Jahan's regime, the title of grand vizier was transferred from Vakil's office to Imperial Diwan.
See also
Government of the Mughal Empire
List of Mughal grand viziers
Vakil Munim Khan, successor of Bairam Khan
References
Government of the Mughal Empire
Mughal nobility
Titles in India |
Langley was an American racing car constructor. Langley cars competed in one FIA World Championship race - the 1950 Indianapolis 500.
World Championship Indianapolis 500 results
Formula One constructors (Indianapolis only)
American racecar constructors
References |
The BRP Bacolod City (LS-550) is the lead ship of two Bacolod City class logistics support vessel, and is based on a helicopter capable variant of the US Army's Frank S. Besson class. She is also considered one of the most modern transport ships in the Philippine Navy, having been commissioned during the early 1990s. She was previously known as BRP Bacolod City (LC-550) prior to a classification change implemented by the Philippine Navy starting April 2016.
History
The BRP Bacolod City was built by Halter/Moss Point Marine of Escatawpa, Mississippi in the United States and was commissioned into Philippine Navy in 1993. Both ships of its class were purchased brand-new by the Philippine government through the FMS program of the United States. Since its commissioning, both ships of its class have been rigorously used in military and peacetime operations, and have taken part in joint military exercises with foreign navies as well.
Presently it is assigned with the Service Force of the Philippine Fleet.
Technical details
The ship is powered by two General Motors-EMD 16-645EZ6 diesel engines with a combined power of around 5,800 hp driving two propellers. The main engines can propel the 1,400 ton (4,265 tons full load) ship at a maximum speed of around . At a sustained speed of , it range is at around .
As an amphibious transport, it is fairly armed for defensive purposes, and carries two M2 12.7mm machine guns at the front side decks, and two Mk.10 Oerlikon 20 mm cannons near its two LCVPs.
The prime mission of the ship is the direct transport and discharge of liquid and dry cargo to shallow terminal areas, remote under-developed coastlines and on inland waterways.
The ship does not require external cranes or port facilities, and even in only four feet of water under full load, the ship is still able to land. This capability expands the choice of landing locations, and at the same time reduces the potential enemy impact on the logistics support operations.
The ships have a capacity to transport up to 48 TEU or 2,280 tons vehicles/general cargo, or up to 900 tons on Logistics Over The Shore (LOTS) / amphibious operations. Its ramps and the main deck are able to withstand roll-on/roll-off operations of even heavy main battle tanks.
Notable Operations
Exercises
Bacolod City joined BRP Juan Magluyan (PG-392) and BRP Artemio Ricarte (PS-37) and the Essex Expeditionary Strike Group during the sea exercise phase of the RP-US Balikatan 2008 in February 2008.
On 19–23 July 2011, BRP Bacolod City together with BRP Quezon (PS-70) was part of Amphibious Exercise PAGSISIKAP 2011 held in Manila Bay.
Deployments
The Bacolod City together with BRP Emilio Jacinto (PS-35) under Naval Task Group 80 will be part of 262-member contingent representing the Philippine Navy in the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace (LIMA) Exhibition 2011 from 6–10 December 2011 in Langkawi, Malaysia.
As part of the Armed Forces of the Philippines' response to the Coronavirus pandemic in the country, BRP Bacolod City sailed to China to obtain the medical supplies purchased by the Philippine government. Bacolod City arrived in the port of Xiamen on April 25, 2020 where the ship stayed for five days loading 23,385 boxes of personal protective equipment, 700,000 KN95 face masks and 200,000 sets of PPEs, consisting of goggles, coverall suit, head cover, gloves, shoe cover, surgical mask, and surgical gowns stored in 33 container boxes. Bacolod City left Xiamen on April 30 escorted by the PLA-N's Type 056 corvette Quanzhou (588). Bacolod City returned to the Philippines on May 8, 2020 to deliver the medical supplies to Davao City. Bacolod City left Davao on May 14 on the way to Cebu City for a scheduled port call but was then diverted to sail straight back to Naval Station Sangley Point, Cavite. The ship arrived in Cavite on May 21, 2020.
Gallery
References
External links
Philippine Navy Official website
Philippine Fleet Official Website
BRP Bacolod City threads @ Philippine Defense Forum
World Navies Today: Philippines
Opus224's Unofficial Philippine Defense Page
Bacolod City-class support vessels
Ships built in Moss Point, Mississippi
1993 ships |
Boczki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dubeninki, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately north of Dubeninki, east of Gołdap, and north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
References
Boczki |
Tres Caballeros (Spanish for "Three gentlemen") is the third studio album by The Aristocrats, released on June 23, 2015. The album was recorded in February 2015 during a period of ten days at the Sunset Sound Recorders studio in California. Alongside a standard CD edition, a deluxe edition is available, with a bonus DVD including studio and live footage, demos and alternate takes.
Track listing
Personnel
Guthrie Govan – guitar
Bryan Beller – bass
Marco Minnemann – drums
References
2015 albums
The Aristocrats (band) albums |
The 2024 Carlow Senior Hurling Championship is scheduled to be the 95th staging of the Carlow Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Carlow County Board in 1927. The championship is scheduled to run from June to August 2024.
Mount Leinster Rangers will be the defending champions.
Group stage
Group stage table
Knockout stage
Semi-finals
Final
References
External link
Carlow GAA website
Carlow Senior Hurling Championship
Carlow Senior Hurling Championship |
Chai Buri (, ) is a district (amphoe) of Surat Thani province, Thailand.
Geography
The district is in the south of the province. The main river is the Khlong Thorom, which crosses the district from south to north.
Neighboring districts are: Phrasaeng to the north and east; to the south, Khao Phanom, and Plai Phraya of Krabi province to the west.
At the boundary to Plai Phraya is the Khlong Phraya Wildlife Sanctuary.
History
On 5 June 1981 the minor district (king amphoe) Chai Buri was created by splitting off tambons Song Phraek and Chai Buri from the Phrasaeng District. The name was chosen in honor of Khun Chai Buri, the first district officer of Phrasaeng.
The minor district started operation on 10 September 1981 with a temporary office in a sermon hall of the temple, Wat Samai Suwan, tambon Song Phraek. Wisut Tansutthiwanit became the first leader of the minor district. In 1983 the ministry of interior had chosen two plots of land for the district office building, one in tambon Song Phraek and one in tambon Chai Buri. Though originally the first location was the preferred one, the leader of the minor district, Napha Kanchonkirana, recommended the second site, as the first was prone to flooding and was also not at the center of the district. In July 1984 the office building in tambon Chai Buri was opened.
On 4 July 1994 the minor district was elevated to a district (amphoe). Niphan Chonwit became the first district officer.
Land dispute
The 70-family village of Klong Sai Pattana in Chai Buri district has battled Jiew Kang Jue Pattana Co Ltd, a neighbouring palm oil grower, since 2005 over land ownership. For years, the company has occupied a 217 ha (535 acre; 1,352 rai) palm oil plantation surrounding the village. In 2005, the company was sued by the Agricultural Land Reform Organisation (ALRO), a Thai governmental entity whose mandate includes illegal encroachment. A provincial court found for ALRO in 2007, but Jiew Kang Jue Pattana filed numerous appeals until 2014, when the Thai Supreme Court handed ALRO a victory. In 2010, a Klong Sai Pattana villager was murdered by sniper gunfire. Two female villagers were killed in 2012, and a fourth village in 2015. Villagers believe that the gunmen were hired by the palm oil company to intimidate villagers, driving them away. the village has not received a title to the disputed land, no one has been held accountable for the murders and intimidation, and the Jiew Kang Jue Pattana Company still cultivates palm trees on the plot in spite of their being found guilty of illegal trespass.
Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (tambons), which are further sub-divided into 37 villages (mubans). There are no municipal (thesaban) areas. Each tambon is administered by a tambon administrative organization (TAO).
References
External links
amphoe.com
Districts of Surat Thani province |
This is a list of mammals of Iowa. The list includes species native to the U.S. state of Iowa and introduced into the state. It also includes mammals currently extirpated in the state. This list does not include domesticated mammals.
Opossums
Family: Didelphidae
Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana
Shrews
Family: Soricidae
Northern short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda
North American least shrew, Cryptotis parva
Cinereus shrew, Sorex cinereus
American water shrew, Sorex palustris
Moles
Family: Talpidae
Eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus
Bats
Family: Vespertilionidae
Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus
Silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans
Eastern red bat, Lasiurus borealis
Hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus
Little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus
Northern myotis, Myotis septentrionalis
Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis
Evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis
Tricolored bat, Perimyotis subflavus
Lagomorphs
Family: Leporidae
White-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus townsendii
Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus
Rodents
Family: Castoridae
American beaver, Castor canadensis
Family: Cricetidae
Southern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys gapperi
Prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster
Woodland vole, Microtus pinetorum
Eastern meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus
Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus
Northern grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leucogaster
White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus
Eastern deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus
Southern bog lemming, Synaptomys cooperi
Western harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis
Family: Erethizontidae
North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum extirpated
Family: Geomyidae
Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursariusFamily: Heteromyidae
Plains pocket mouse, Perognathus flavescensFamily: Muridae
House mouse, Mus musculus introduced
Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus introduced
Family: Zapodidae
Meadow jumping mouse, Zapus hudsoniusFamily: Sciuridae
Black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus extirpated
Groundhog, Marmota monax Thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus Franklin's ground squirrel, Poliocitellus franklinii Eastern gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis Fox squirrel, Sciurus niger Eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus American red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicusCarnivorans
Family: Canidae
Coyote, Canis latrans Gray wolf, Canis lupus extirpated
Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Swift fox, Vulpes velox Red fox, Vulpes vulpes
Family: Ursidae
American black bear, Ursus americanus
Family: Procyonidae
Raccoon, Procyon lotor
Family: Mephitidae
Striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis
Eastern spotted skunk, Spilogale putoriusFamily: Felidae
Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis extirpated
Bobcat, Lynx rufus
Cougar, Puma concolor extirpated
Family: Mustelidae
Wolverine, Gulo gulo extirpated
North American river otter, Lontra canadensis American marten, Martes americana extirpated
Least weasel, Mustela nivalis American ermine, Mustela richardsonii Long-tailed weasel, Neogale frenata American mink, Neogale vison Fisher, Pekania pennanti extirpated
American badger, Taxidea taxusEven-toed ungulates
Family: Antilocapridae
Pronghorn, Antilocapra americana extirpated
Family: Bovidae
American bison, Bison bison extirpated
Family: Cervidae
Moose, Alces alces extirpated
Elk, Cervus canadensis extirpated
Mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianius Caribou, Rangifer tarandus'' extirpated
References
Iowa
Iowa |
```go
package dataloaders
import (
"context"
"net/http"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/VertaAI/modeldb/backend/graphql/internal/server/connections"
ai_verta_uac "github.com/VertaAI/modeldb/protos/gen/go/protos/public/uac"
"github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)
type userLoaderKeyType string
const userLoaderKey userLoaderKeyType = "userloader"
func UserDataloaderMiddleware(conn *connections.Connections) func(httprouter.Handle) httprouter.Handle {
return func(next httprouter.Handle) httprouter.Handle {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
if conn.HasUac() {
userloaderConfig := UserLoaderConfig{
MaxBatch: 100,
Wait: 1 * time.Millisecond,
Fetch: func(reqs []string) ([]*ai_verta_uac.UserInfo, []error) {
errors := make([]error, len(reqs))
users := make([]*ai_verta_uac.UserInfo, len(reqs))
var waitgroup sync.WaitGroup
waitgroup.Add(len(reqs))
for i, req := range reqs {
go func(i int, req string) {
users[i], errors[i] = conn.UAC.GetUser(
r.Context(),
&ai_verta_uac.GetUser{UserId: req},
)
waitgroup.Done()
}(i, req)
}
waitgroup.Wait()
return users, errors
},
}
ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), userLoaderKey, NewUserLoader(userloaderConfig))
r = r.WithContext(ctx)
}
next(w, r, ps)
}
}
}
func GetUserById(ctx context.Context, id string) (*ai_verta_uac.UserInfo, error) {
userLoader, userLoaderOk := ctx.Value(userLoaderKey).(*UserLoader)
if !userLoaderOk {
return &ai_verta_uac.UserInfo{
FullName: "Unknwon User",
Email: "unknown@user.com",
VertaInfo: &ai_verta_uac.VertaUserInfo{
UserId: "",
Username: "UnkwnownUser",
},
}, nil
}
return userLoader.Load(id)
}
``` |
Kasegar Mahalleh (, also Romanized as Kāsegar Maḩalleh and Kās Gar Maḩalleh) is a village in Pazevar Rural District, Rudbast District, Babolsar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,525, in 408 families.
References
Populated places in Babolsar County |
Aborolabis nepalensis is a species of earwig in the genus Aborolabis, the family Anisolabididae, the suborder Forficulina, and the order Dermaptera.
References
Insects of Nepal
Anisolabididae |
Boys Like Girls is the debut studio album by American rock band Boys Like Girls. It was released on August 22, 2006, by Columbia Records and Red Ink. The album garnered a mixed reception from critics. Boys Like Girls reached number 55 on the Billboard 200 and spawned three singles: "Hero/Heroine", "The Great Escape" and "Thunder". To promote the record, the band toured across North America and the UK as support for various pop-punk acts, with appearances at music festivals and amusement parks.
Background
Boys Like Girls formed in late 2005 when vocalist/guitarist Martin Johnson, previously of the band IDK, wrote a few songs that he wished to record. He subsequently brought in bassist Bryan Donahue and drummer John Keefe, both of whom Johnson had played within local acts Lancaster and The Bends. Keefe, in turn, recruited guitarist Paul DiGiovanni. They posted a handful of demos online, and by the end of the year, were attracting a following and noticed by booking agent Matt Galle and producer Matt Squire, both of whom wanted to work with the band. In February and March 2006, the band supported A Thorn for Every Heart on their US tour. Following its conclusion, the band went to record their debut album with Squire. He acted as the producer, engineer; he mixed every track except "The Great Escape" and "On Top of the World", which were mixed by Tom Lord-Alge with assistance from Femio Hernandez at South Beach Studios. George Marino mastered the album at Sterling Sound in New York.
Composition
According to a lyric feature written by the album's principal songwriter Martin Johnson, the lyrical content of the songs is semi-autobiographical.
While, as the title might suggest, songs about boys liking girls clearly prevail on the album, Johnson occasionally touched upon themes such as his mother's battle with cancer, leaving home, and promiscuous adolescents. Concerning the latter, he discussed the motivation behind the song "Dance Hall Drug":
The song "On Top of the World" is about Johnson's late mother.
Release
On July 24, 2006, Boys Like Girls was announced for release in the following month. It was released on August 22 through Red Ink and Columbia Records. The album's lead single was "Hero/Heroine", which was followed by "The Great Escape", and the re-release of Hero/Heroine and then "Thunder". In October, the band went on tour with Lostprophets. Following this, the band went on tour with Spitalfield, Punchline, Valencia and Over It in November and December.
In February and March 2007, the group supported Cartel on their tour of the US. On March 13, "The Great Escape" was released to mainstream radio. Following this, they appeared at The Bamboozle festival. From early April to early June, the band supported Hellogoodbye on their Two Months Of Spring Break Tour '99 tour of North America. From late June to late August, the band went on the 2007 edition of Warped Tour. Starting in late September, the group headlined the Tourzilla tour. The first part ran from late September to late October and featured All Time Low, the Audition and We the Kings, while the second part ran from late October and continued into November with All Time Low, the Audition and Valencia. During this tour, a deluxe edition of Boys Like Girls was released. The CD came with enhanced content which consisted of a photo gallery, videos of the group's AOL Sessions performance, as well as live footage of "Heels Over Head" and "The Great Escape". The CD features new mixes of "Hero/Heroine" and "Heels Over Head", done by Tom Lord-Alge, and an acoustic version of "Hero/Heroine" as bonus tracks. On October 16, "Hero/Heroine" was released to mainstream radio.
From early March to early May 2008, the band supported Avril Lavigne on her The Best Damn World Tour in the US. "Thunder" was released to top 40 radio stations on May 6. In July and August, the group went on a co-headlining US tour with Good Charlotte, with support from Metro Station and the Maine, dubbed the Soundtrack of Your Summer tour. In between dates on this tour, the band performed at various Six Flags locations as part of the mtvU Video Music Awards Tour. In September and October, the band went on the Verizon College tour with Cute Is What We Aim For and Lights. In January 2009, the band went on a tour of the UK with Metro Station. In 2016, the band went on tour for the tenth anniversary of the album and played the record in its entirety.
Reception
Corey Apar from AllMusic commended the band's musical abilities under the emo pop-rock subgenre but felt they lacked a unique quirk to separate them from similar acts that have "the overwhelming catchiness of the All-American Rejects or the unbridled enthusiasm of the City Drive." He concluded that: "Regardless, those looking for a quick fix will surely eat up the likes of Boys Like Girls." IGN's Chad Grischow highlighted the band's penchant for "solid vocals and pop sensibilities ("The Great Escape, "Heels Over Head")" and gave note of their credentials in the emo genre ("Broken Man", "Dance Hall Drug"), but found the rest of the album sounding too similar to Jimmy Eat World and The Postal Service, along with an overabundance of sappy lyrics sung with auto-effected vocals, concluding that: "Boys Like Girls are not a groundbreaking band by any means, but despite the occasionally heavy-handed borrowings and lazy lyrics, there are enough glimpses of promise within their debut to make it worth checking out."
The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA for over 500,000 units shipped. By May 2008, the album had sold 532,000 copies. Cleveland.com ranked "The Great Escape" at number 69 on their list of the top 100 pop-punk songs. Alternative Press ranked "The Great Escape" at number 97 on their list of the best 100 singles from the 2000s.
Track listing
All songs written by Martin Johnson, except where noted.
Personnel
Adapted credits from the liner notes of Boys Like Girls.
Boys Like Girls
Martin Johnson – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
John Keefe – drums
Bryan Donahue – bass
Paul DiGiovanni – lead guitar
Production and design
Matt Squire – producer, engineer, mixing (all except tracks 1 and 4)
Tom Lord-Alge – mixing (tracks 1 and 4)
Femio Hernandez – assistant
George Marino – mastering
Shane McCauley – photography
Matt Govaere – art direction, graphic design
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2006 debut albums
Boys Like Girls albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Matt Squire |
Vyoshki or Vëshki (Russian: Вёшки, IPA: [ˈvʲɵʂkʲɪ] ) is a rural locality (a (posyolok) under the administrative jurisdiction of the City of Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population:
Etymology
Вешка is a colloquial diminutive of the word веха, which means «a milestone»; a pole, pointed on one side, a branch that serves to indicate the path, boundaries of land plots, the layout of something on the terrain. Вёшка is an outdated and dialectic version of spelling and pronunciation, entrenched in the toponym.
Geography
In the area, there are six cottage settlements, a residential complex, a dacha nonprofit partnership (DNP), a (PRO), a (NHP), a and a cemetery. The passes through the area and the flows through it. The area is surrounded by forest on all sides.
Local cultural sights
In the area, there are two Eastern Orthodox churches — St. Varus' Church at the exit from the highway to the Moscow Ring Road, on the territory of which the ecological park «On the unknown Mytishchi paths» is located, and the Church of Elijah the Prophet at the entrance to one of the neighboring NHPs in the northeast (both belonging to the Moscow Patriarchate), as well as the Stele in memory of the fallen soldiers, dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.
References
Rural localities in Moscow Oblast |
The 2006 ETU Duathlon European Championships were held in Rimini, Italy from October 7 and October 8, 2006.
Men's results
Individual
Women's results
Individual
External links
Official website
Duathlon competitions
Duathlon
D
D
Triathlon competitions in Italy |
Tatyshlinsky District (; , Täteşle rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic and borders with Perm Krai in the north, Askinsky District in the east, Baltachevsky District in the southeast and south, Burayevsky District in the south, and with Yanaulsky District in the southwest and west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Verkhniye Tatyshly. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 25,159, with the population of Verkhniye Tatyshly accounting for 26.4% of that number.
History
The district was established in 1935.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tatyshlinsky District is one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The district is divided into thirteen selsoviets, comprising seventy-five rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Tatyshlinsky Municipal District. Its thirteen selsoviets are incorporated as thirteen rural settlements within the municipal district. The selo of Verkhniye Tatyshly serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Bashkortostan
States and territories established in 1935 |
Find Me My Man is a television series airing on the Oxygen Network. The show follows match-maker Natalie Clarice as she attempts to pair up new couples and instruct them on how to develop long-term relationships.
References
2010s American reality television series
Oxygen (TV channel) original programming
2013 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
Television series by Endemol |
Defending champions Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury defeated Wesley Koolhof and Neal Skupski in the final, 7–6(7–4), 7–5 to win the men's doubles tennis title at the 2022 US Open. They became the second team in the Open Era to defend the US Open title, after Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde in 1996. It was both men's fifth major title.
Salisbury retained his ATP number 1 doubles ranking by winning the championship. Michael Venus, Horacio Zeballos, Mate Pavić, Jean-Julien Rojer, and Skupski were also in contention for the top ranking.
This tournament marked the final professional appearance of former doubles world No. 2 and six-time doubles major champion Bruno Soares; partnering with Jamie Murray, he lost in the second round to Hugo Nys and Jan Zieliński.
This is the first edition of US Open to feature a 10-point tie-break, when the score reaches six games all in the deciding set. Marcelo Demoliner and João Sousa defeated Marcel Granollers and Zeballos in the first round in the first main-draw 10-point tie-break at US Open.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
Other entry information
Wild cards
Protected ranking
Alternates
Withdrawals
Before the tournament
Pedro Cachin / Francisco Cerúndolo → replaced by Petros Tsitsipas / Stefanos Tsitsipas
Roberto Carballés Baena / Pablo Carreño Busta → replaced by Federico Coria / Cristian Rodríguez
Sadio Doumbia / Fabien Reboul → replaced by Diego Hidalgo / Fabien Reboul
Tommy Paul / Jack Sock → replaced by Daniel Altmaier / Thiago Monteiro
Diego Schwartzman / Camilo Ugo Carabelli → replaced by Nikoloz Basilashvili / Hans Hach Verdugo
See also
2022 US Open – Day-by-day summaries
References
External links
Draw
Men's Doubles
US Open - Men's Doubles
US Open (tennis) by year – Men's doubles |
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas (in case citations, N.D. Tex.) is a United States district court. Its first judge, Andrew Phelps McCormick, was appointed to the court on April 10, 1879. The court convenes in Dallas, Texas with divisions in Fort Worth, Amarillo, Abilene, Lubbock, San Angelo, and Wichita Falls. It has jurisdiction over 100 counties in the northern and central parts of the U.S. state of Texas.
The United States Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Texas represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. , the United States attorney is Leigha Simonton.
Appeals from this court are heard by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which includes Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).
Jurisdiction
The Northern District of Texas has seven court divisions, covering the following counties:
The Abilene Division, covering Callahan, Eastland, Fisher, Haskell, Howard, Jones, Mitchell, Nolan, Shackelford, Stephens, Stonewall, Taylor, and Throckmorton counties.
The Amarillo Division, covering Armstrong, Briscoe, Carson, Castro, Childress, Collingsworth, Dallam, Deaf Smith, Donley, Gray, Hall, Hansford, Hartley, Hemphill, Hutchinson, Lipscomb, Moore, Ochiltree, Oldham, Parmer, Potter, Randall, Roberts, Sherman, Swisher, and Wheeler counties.
The Dallas Division, covering Dallas, Ellis, Hunt, Johnson, Kaufman, Navarro, and Rockwall counties.
The Fort Worth Division, covering Comanche, Erath, Hood, Jack, Palo Pinto, Parker, Tarrant, and Wise counties.
The Lubbock Division, covering Bailey, Borden, Cochran, Crosby, Dawson, Dickens, Floyd, Gaines, Garza, Hale, Hockley, Kent, Lamb, Lubbock, Lynn, Motley, Scurry, Terry, and Yoakum counties.
The San Angelo Division, covering Brown, Coke, Coleman, Concho, Crockett, Glasscock, Irion, Menard, Mills, Reagan, Runnels, Schleicher, Sterling, Sutton, and Tom Green counties.
The Wichita Falls Division, covering Archer, Baylor, Clay, Cottle, Foard, Hardeman, King, Knox, Montague, Wichita, Wilbarger, and Young counties.
History
The first federal judge in Texas was John C. Watrous, who was appointed on May 26, 1846, and had previously served as Attorney General of the Republic of Texas. He was assigned to hold court in Galveston, at the time, the largest city in the state. As seat of the United States District Court for the District of Texas, the Galveston court had jurisdiction over the whole state. On February 21, 1857, the state was divided into two districts, Eastern and Western, with Judge Watrous continuing in the Eastern district. Judge Watrous and Judge Thomas Howard DuVal, of the Western District of Texas, left the state on the secession of Texas from the Union, the only two United States judges not to resign their posts in states that seceded. When Texas was restored to the Union, Watrous and DuVal resumed their duties and served until 1870.
In 1879, Texas was further subdivided with the creation of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, using territory taken from both the Eastern and Western districts.
In the twenty-first century, the Northern District of Texas has become a destination for forum shopping by conservative judicial activists who hope to use the conservative lean of the judges to gain favorable ideological decisions.
Current judges
:
Vacancies and pending nominations
Former judges
Chief judges
Succession of seats
See also
Courts of Texas
List of current United States district judges
List of United States federal courthouses in Texas
Notes
External links
Official site
Texas, Northern District
Texas law
Dallas
Fort Worth, Texas
Amarillo, Texas
Abilene, Texas
Lubbock, Texas
San Angelo, Texas
Wichita Falls, Texas
Courthouses in Texas
1879 establishments in Texas
Courts and tribunals established in 1879 |
This is a partial list of novae in the Milky Way galaxy that have been discovered and recorded since 1891. Novae are stars that undergo dramatic explosions, but unlike supernovae, these do not result in the destruction of the original star. The likely rate of novae in the Milky Way is about 40 per year, but of these only about 10 per year are discovered by observers as of the 2000s (decade). This list attempts to include only the brighter or more notable novae.
The Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT) maintains a more complete list of novae in the Milky Way since 1612.
For a list of novae in individual years, see instead: novae in 2018, novae in 2019.
Nomenclature
Novae are initially designated via a "Nova [genitive form of constellation name] [year of discovery]" format, e.g. "Nova Cygni 1974" and "Nova Scorpii 2010". An official permanent name is usually soon assigned by the General Catalog of Variable Stars using the GCVS format for the naming of variable stars. When more than one nova is discovered in a constellation in one year, a numeric suffix is appended; hence "Nova Sagittarii 2011 #2", "Nova Sagitarii 2011 #3", etc.
See also
List of supernovae
Variable star
Notes
References
External links
CBAT List of Novae in the Milky Way
Milky Way
Milky Way
Novae in the Milky Way
Novae |
Laevityphis tillierae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Description
Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Caledonia.
References
Houart, R., 1986. Mollusca Gastropoda: Noteworthy Muricidae from the Pacific Ocean, with description of seven new species. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 133(A)("1985"): 427–455
External links
MNHN, Paris: holotype
Laevityphis
Gastropods described in 1985 |
Uno Aan (born in 1936) is an Estonian local historian and local cultural, sport figure. His work and activities are related to Järva County.
Awards:
2008: Estonian Volunteer of the Year
2012, he was awarded with Order of the White Star, V class
References
Living people
1936 births
20th-century Estonian historians
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 5th Class
21st-century Estonian historians |
Janja Mihailović (in Serbian Cyrillic: ) was a Serbian architect from the beginning of the 19th century. His work is characteristic of the architectural tradition of this period, between traditional contributions and openings to Western influences.
Works
His two most famous achievements are the Residence of Prince Miloš in Belgrade, in the Topčider district, built between 1831 and 1833. and the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Topčider, built between 1832 and 1834, which mixed traditional influences and references to popular Western architecture classical architecture and Baroque architecture. These two works are respectively classified on the list of exceptional importance and on the list of great importance in Serbia. These two buildings were created in collaboration with the architect Nikola Đorđević.
References
Serbian architects
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Roujiamo or rougamo () is a street food originating from the cuisine of Shaanxi Province and widely consumed all over China. In the United States, it is sometimes called a Chinese hamburger.
Overview
The meat is most commonly pork, stewed for hours in a soup containing over 20 spices and seasonings. Although it is possible to use only a few spices (which many vendors do), the resulting meat is less flavourful.
Some alternatives are also available. For example, in Muslim areas in Xi'an, the meat is usually beef (seasoned with cumin and pepper), and in Gansu Province it is often lamb. The meat is then minced or chopped and stuffed in "baijimo", a type of flatbread. An authentic baijimo is made from a wheat flour dough with yeast and then baked in a clay oven, but now in many parts of China, baijimo is made in a frying pan, giving a taste that diverges significantly from the clay oven-baked version. Depending on the types of spices used to cook the meat and the way the bread is made, the taste of roujiamo can vary greatly from vendor to vendor. Roujiamo is not a full meal and is often sold in the form of combo with liangpi. It is found with regional modifications across China.
Roujiamo is considered the Chinese equivalent to the Western hamburger and meat sandwiches. Roujiamo is considered to be one of the world's oldest types of hamburgers, since the bread or the "mo" dates back to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and the meat to the Zhou dynasty (1045–256 BC). However, since people have been stuffing meat inside bread all across the world for centuries, it is unknown where it was done first.
See also
Ice Peak (soft drink)
Doner kebab
Donkey burger
Gua bao, a Chinese pork belly bun
List of pork dishes
List of sandwiches
Sloppy joe
References
Further reading
Shaanxi cuisine
Meat dishes
Pork sandwiches
Street food in China |
Anthony Ronald Yary (born July 16, 1946) is an American former professional football offensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL), primarily for the Minnesota Vikings, and also for the Los Angeles Rams. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2001. Yary gave credit for his Pro Football Hall of Fame induction to his former coaches, John Ashton (high school) John McKay (college) and Bud Grant (professional). He also praised his position coaches Marv Goux, Dave Levy, John Michaels and Jerry Burns.
Early years
Yary attended Bellflower High School in Los Angeles County, California, and then spent one season at Cerritos College in 1964. In October 2001, the school named the football field Ron Yary Stadium. While attending Bellflower High School, Yary starred in football, baseball, and basketball.
College career
Yary was born in Chicago and attended Cerritos College in the fall semester of 1964. He then in the spring semester of (1965) transferred to the University of Southern California, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. As a sophomore in 1965, Yary was voted the Pac-8 defensive lineman of the year and All-West Coast for his play at defensive tackle. As a junior, he was moved to the offensive line where he was a consensus All-American as a junior in 1966 and a unanimous All-American choice in 1967, his senior year. He was the 1967 winner of both the Outland Trophy and the Knute Rockne Award, awards that annually go to the nation's top collegiate lineman. Yary was the first USC Trojan to win the Outland. In Yary's senior year of 1967 the Trojans won the NCAA football national championship under Coach John McKay. During Yary's three seasons, the Trojans compiled a 24-7-1 record. In 1987 Yary was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame on December 30, 2012, representing USC.
Professional career
Yary was the first overall pick of the 1968 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings, who had traded Fran Tarkenton to the New York Giants for that selection, becoming the first offensive lineman ever to be selected first overall. He played from 1968 to 1981 with the Minnesota Vikings, and 1982 with the Los Angeles Rams. During Yary's tenure with the Vikings, the team won 11 division titles. During that period, Minnesota won the 1969 NFL championship and NFC titles in 1973, 1974 and 1976, and played in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX and XI where Yary was one of 11 Players to have played in all four games for the Vikings. Yary was named All-Pro 6 consecutive seasons (1971–76) and 2nd Team All-Pro in 1970 and 1977 and was an All-NFC choice from 1970 through 1977. He played in seven consecutive Pro Bowls, and was a major force in a Minnesota team that was highly successful throughout the 1970s. In addition to his All-pro honors, Yary was voted the NFC Offensive Lineman of the Year three times (1973–75) by the NFLPA and was named the NFL Outstanding Blocker of the Year by the 1,000 yard Club for 1975.
Yary won the starting right tackle job (military duty forced him to miss first three games) on the Vikings offensive line in his second season and remained as a fixture at that spot throughout his Minnesota tenure. He was voted to the 1970s All-Decade First Team after the 1979 season.
Yary was also durable and played in spite of injuries. He missed only two games due to injuries—both coming in 1980 with a broken ankle—in 14 years in Minnesota. Later that same year, he continued to play in spite of a broken foot. He was inducted to the Vikings Ring of Honor in 2000. He became a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2001. He was the last offensive lineman to ever be drafted first overall until Orlando Pace was selected by Rams in 1997.
Personal life
Yary is married to his wife Jamie and has two sons, Jack (born 2001) and Grant (born 2005) and a daughter, Kinley (born c. 2010). Yary resides in Murrieta, California, and once co-owned a sports photography business with his brother Wayne, who bought Ron out in 2001. https://www.yaryphoto.com . His son Jack was a tight end for Murrieta Valley High School, and was committed to play at University of Washington before dropping out of the program.
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Cerritos Falcons football players
Los Angeles Rams players
Minnesota Vikings players
USC Trojans football players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League first-overall draft picks
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Players of American football from Bellflower, California
Players of American football from Chicago |
Monsignor McGolrick Park is located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, in New York City, between Driggs Avenue to the south, Russell Street to the west, Nassau Avenue to the north, and Monitor Street to the east.
History
The land for the park was acquired by the city in 1889 and the park was open by 1891. It was originally named Winthrop Park after an assemblyman, Col. Winthrop Jones, who acquired the land for purchase and who happened to be the son of the Parks Commissioner. Jones died in 1890, shortly after the park's creation. In 1941 the park was renamed for Monsignor Edward J. McGolrick (1857-1938), the longtime pastor of nearby St. Cecilia's Roman Catholic Church. Winthrop Jones had had no children, and so left no family in Greenpoint to oppose the renaming of the park he had helped establish. The park was used as a setting in the 2018 film, An Interview with God.
Features
The classical brick and limestone Shelter Pavilion was built in 1910 by Helmle and Huberty. It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1966 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It was rehabilitated in 1985.
West of the pavilion stands a bronze winged victory figure created by Carl Augustus Heber in 1923. The monument honors the 150 residents of Greenpoint, Brooklyn who fought in World War I. The statue depicts a female allegorical figure, holding aloft a modified laurel, a symbol of victory, and in her right hand supporting a large palm frond, a symbol of peace. The granite pedestal is inscribed with the names of battle sites in France. The monument was commissioned at a cost of $7,300 by the Greenpoint Memorial Association.
The Monitor and the Merrimac is a sculpture by Antonio de Filippo, which commemorates the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack. The USS Monitor was built nearby at the Continental Iron Works in Greenpoint and outfitted at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
References
External links
Msgr. McGolrick Park
Friends of McGolrick Park
More on Winthrop Park
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City
1910 establishments in New York City
Urban public parks
Parks in Brooklyn
Greenpoint, Brooklyn
National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn |
Sourabh Vij (born 14 June 1987) is an Indian shot putter. He won gold at the second Commonwealth Youth Games. In 2006 he won an Asian Junior silver medal and represented India at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics.
After appearances at the Asian Indoor Games, he came to prominence in 2010 with an unratified national record-beating throw of 20.65 metres. Second place at the national championships guaranteed him a spot at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in his hometown of New Delhi. His test from the championships came back positive for the banned substance methylhexaneamine, however, and he was banned from competition, missing the Games.
Career
Born in New Delhi, Vij won his first medal at the 2004 Commonwealth Youth Games, where his mark of 18.45 metres brought him the shot put gold medal (India's second athletics gold of the competition along with Hari Shankar Roy). He began competing as a junior with a 6 kg implement in 2005. His first successes came the following year: he won the national junior championships, took a silver medal at the 2006 Asian Junior Athletics Championships and represented India at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics in Beijing, where he finished seventh in the shot put final. He moved up into the senior ranks the following year and finished ninth at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games. He returned to the competition two years later and his throw of 18.38 m at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games brought him a fifth-place finish.
He earned himself a place in the main national team in the buildup to the 2010 Commonwealth Games in his hometown of Delhi. Having consistently thrown over 20 metres that season, he surpassed Shakti Singh's decade-old Indian record of 20.42 m by some distance with a put of 20.65 m to win at the Delhi State Annual Athletics Championships. However, the mark could not be ratified as the meeting did not conduct any of the necessary doping tests or have an official from the Athletics Federation of India present. The following week he competed at the Asian All-Star Meet – a test event for the forthcoming Commonwealth Games athletics competition. He had a best mark of 19.09 m and finished runner-up behind Om Prakash Singh. At the Indian Inter-State Championships in August he was again runner-up to Singh, but threw a more-impressive 19.91 m – eight centimetres off the winning mark. His plans to represent his nation at the Commonwealth Games in his hometown finished abruptly as his doping test at the championships came back positive for the banned substance methylhexaneamine (a stimulant). The failed test was one of seven positive results for the drug, coming at the same time as those for discus thrower Akash Antil and six wrestlers, including Rajiv Tomar.
Competition record
See also
List of doping cases in athletics
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from New Delhi
Indian male shot putters
Doping cases in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games
Indian sportspeople in doping cases
Commonwealth Games competitors for India
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Athletes from Delhi
Asian Games competitors for India |
Until 1 January 2007 Sydals () was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in South Jutland County on the southern part of the island of Als off the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in south Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 95 km2, and had a total population of 6,527 (2005). Its last mayor was Jens Peter Kock. The site of its municipal council was the town of Hørup. Other towns in the municipality were Høruphav, Lysabild, Mommark, Skovby, and Sønderby.
Ferry service connects the former municipality at the town of Mommark to the island of Ærø at the town of Søby.
The municipality was created in 1970 as the result of a ("Municipality Reform") that merged a number of existing parishes:
Hørup Parish
Kegnæs Parish
Lysabild Parish
Tandslet Parish
Sydals municipality ceased to exist due to Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was combined with Augustenborg, Broager, Gråsten, Nordborg, Sundeved, and Sønderborg municipalities to form the new Sønderborg municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 499 km2 and a total population of 49,886 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region of Southern Denmark.
References
Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map
External links
Sønderborg municipality's official website (Danish, English and German)
Former municipalities of Denmark
Sønderborg Municipality |
The Georgia Power Company Corporate Headquarters is a 24-story, skyscraper in downtown Atlanta, Georgia serving Georgia Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company. The prior Georgia Power headquarters building was in downtown Atlanta at the corner of Alabama and Forsyth streets in the former Atlanta Constitution Building.
Passive solar design
Completed in 1981 the building utilizes 4,500 tons (4,000 metric tons) of structural steel, and its floors have a passive solar design, with each floor on the south-facing side extending beyond the one below. In summer, when the sun is high in the sky, each extension partially shades the windows below; in winter, when the sun is lower in the southern sky, it shines directly into the windows to assist with space heating. This design allows for the building to use nearly 60% less energy than most other buildings of the sort. Because of this incremental increase in floor size from the ground to the roof on the southern facade, the building is sometimes referred to as the "Leaning Tower of Power".
Solar thermal project
When the building opened, it featured an experimental solar thermal project on the south plaza [see "Further reading" below], which was dismantled after a few years due to maintenance costs and scarcity and expense of replacement parts. The solar project on the south plaza of the Georgia Power Company headquarters building in the early 1980s consisted of 1,482 parabolic trough (line focus) concentrating collectors with a total surface area of . Each glass-lined collector had a length of and an aperture of . Pressurized water from a storage tank under the plaza was cycled through the tubes in the collectors and heated to about for use in the building's heating and absorption air conditioning systems.
References
Headquarters in the United States
Office buildings in Atlanta
Office buildings completed in 1981
Cecil Alexander buildings |
"In a New York Minute" is a song written by Tom Shapiro, Michael Garvin and Chris Waters, and recorded by American country music artist Ronnie McDowell. It was released in January 1985 as the first single and title track from his album In a New York Minute. The song reached #5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in May 1985 and #1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.
Chart performance
References
1985 singles
1985 songs
Ronnie McDowell songs
Songs written by Tom Shapiro
Songs written by Chris Waters
Song recordings produced by Buddy Killen
Epic Records singles
Songs written by Michael Garvin |
Prescott and Russell was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It existed from 1967 to 1999, when it was abolished into Glengarry—Prescott—Russell and Ottawa—Orléans when ridings were redistributed to match their federal counterparts. It consisted of the United Counties of Prescott and Russell as well as the Township of Cumberland.
Members of Provincial Parliament
Election results
References
Former provincial electoral districts of Ontario |
Cherokee Run (March 15, 1990 – July 2, 2016) was an American thoroughbred racehorse and sire.
Background
He was bred by George Onett of Stone Gate Farm. Founder of Ocala Breeder Sales Company and first chairman of the board. sired by 1982 Canadian Hall of Fame inductee Runaway Groom, who in turn was a son of leading sire Blushing Groom. He was out of the mare Cherokee Dame, who is the daughter of Silver Saber, and Dame Franchesca who was by Frincis S. Onett popularized nicking to Nearco as with Cherikee Fellow and Groomstick wall with heavy traces directly back to Nearco, War Admiral, and Tom Fool.
Even though he is the offspring of two grey colored horses, Cherokee Run was born with a black coat and a white splash on the forehead just like his grandmother Dame Franchesca.
Racing career
Cherokee Run got his start as a two-year-old under trainer Frank Gomez at Calder Race Course. He ran a total of seven times, winning five times and placing second in the What A Pleasure Stakes.
At three, he was sent to trainer Frank Alexander. Among his accomplishments, he took the Dwyer Stakes, the Derby Trial, and the Lafayette Stakes, and placed second in the Preakness Stakes to Prairie Bayou.
At four, he placed second to Holy Bull in the Metropolitan Handicap, and went on to win the Breeder's Cup Sprint. He also placed second in the A Phenomenon Handicap and the Tom Fool Stakes, and third in the Vosburgh Stakes and the Carter Handicap.
At five, he won the $100,000 Gulfstream Park Sprint Handicap.
Retirement
Cherokee Run was retired in 1996 and stood at Jonabell Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, for a fee of $40,000 live foal. He has been very successful. His family lines show great ability to run on turf as well as dirt. The Onett family, breeders of Cherokee Run, proved this versatility by racing his kinship in sprints as well as distance races on the dirt and turf, earning black type status in every category.
Some of his offspring are War Pass, Chilukki, Kafwain, Zanjero, Madame Cherokee, During, Recapturetheglory, Balraj, and Dash for Daylight. Sebastian's Song is also a son of Cherokee Run and has had a successful start to his career with three wins in seven lifetime starts. He ran in the 2008 Queen's Plate but is regarded as a top sprint prospect. One of his notable and promising young colts was Chelokee, who won the Northern Dancer Breeders' Cup and Barbaro Stakes before suffering a career-ending injury in the Alysheba Stakes at Churchill Downs, on May 2, 2008. Chedi, a 2007 Virginia bred gelding, out of Doctoressa (Doc's Leader), set a new track record at Colonial Downs on July 6, 2011, going 1 mile in 1:34.3.
Cherokee Run was euthanised because of "the infirmities of old age" on 2 July 2016.
References
1990 racehorse births
2016 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Florida
Racehorses trained in the United States
Horse racing track record setters
Breeders' Cup Sprint winners
American Grade 1 Stakes winners
Thoroughbred family 21 |
The Story of the Man Who Turned into a Dog (Historia del hombre que se convirtió en perro) is a short play written by Osvaldo Dragún as part of his Historias para ser contadas (Stories to be Told), a series of short plays. It is the third short play in the series. The original production premiered with the independent theatre group Teatro Popular Fray Mocho in 1957. The Story of the Man Who Turned into a Dog, as well as the other Historias can be classified into many genres of theatre, including Theatre of the Absurd, Metatheatre and Magic realism.
Characters
Actor #1 - The Man
Actor #2 - portrays characters of the boss and society
Actor #3 - portrays characters of the boss and society
Actress - The wife
Harper - Dog
Synopsis
Four actors introduce the story by explaining how they learned of the story of the man who turned into a dog, and then explain that they will demonstrate and play this story out for the audience. Actor #1 portrays the Man Who Turned into a Dog, Actors #2 and #3 portray the boss and the people he must work for, and Actress portrays his wife. The Man is in need of a job but is told by Actors 2 and 3 that he can only be given a job if someone else dies, retires or is fired. After a watchman's dog dies following 25 years of service, the Man reluctantly agrees to become the new watchdog. He must live in the doghouse and eat dog food for the pay of 1 dollar a day, even though it drives him and his wife apart. Gradually, the man assumes dog-like behavior and is consistently denied other job opportunities that open up. After moving out to live in an apartment with other women so she can afford rent, his wife announces that she is pregnant and she is afraid her baby will be born a dog. The Man has an outburst and runs away, fully assuming the role of a dog. By the end of the play, Actor 1 can only bark and is no longer able to shift between man and dog.
Themes and Dragún's social critique
Anti-Capitalism
Theatre of the Oppressed
Dehumanization
The importance of spoken languageThe contrast between human speech and the barking required of the man in his job as a watchdog could hardly be more stark, and at the end of the story he has entirely lost the ability to speak. The devaluation of language itself is not overly produced in Dragún's work, for the linguistic patterns remain largely coherent. Nevertheless, the use of language as a mechanism of both deceit and understanding is in keeping with the basic suspiciousness toward language's surface appearance that characterizes the absurd.
Other prominent themes in Dragún's work and the Historias para ser contadas series include: "the criticism of censorship, repression and internal exile."
Writing style
Osvaldo Dragún was known for bringing the Epic theatre of Brecht to Latin America, and combining modern Argentine theatre technique with classical themes. Much of his work features "narrative foregrounding," which "forces the audience to observe the narrative process." Characteristics of Dragún's plays that are separate from Brecht include emphasis on the absurd, character underdevelopment and a combination of both narrative and presentational style writing.
Historias was described by Dragún as "studies in the grotesque," and therefore focused heavily on the dehumanization process which he called "animalizacion." Historia de hombre que se convirtio en perro is unique in comparison to the style of the other Historia's because of its emphasis on the devaluation of language, a common theme in Theatre of the Absurd. It also follows the narrative foregrounding technique more than other Historias, like "Historia de como nuestro amigo Panchito Gonzalez se sintio responsable de la epidemia de peste bubonica en Africa del Sur," which does not have the actors narrate or recreate the story at all.
The characters in The Story of the Man Who Turned into a Dog play multiple roles and are not fully developed, making the audience focus on the situations of the characters rather than the characters themselves.
Production history
Originated by Teatro Popular Fray Mocho in 1957 as a part of the Stories to be Told series with an adaptation introducing characters from Commedia dell'arte written by Osvaldo Dragún himself.
Presented by Talento Bilingüe de Houston, a Chicano theatre company at the 1976 ATA Convention.
Presented by Artists and Resources Inc. in 1987.
Presented by The Latino Arts Theater in 2006.
Context
Osvaldo Dragún
Dragún was born on May 7, 1929, in Entre Ríos Province of Argentina to a Jewish family. His father was a horse tamer, who lost his job following an economic crash. This event severely impacted the family, forcing the family to move to Buenos Aires and inspiring Dragún to draw heavy influence from this while writing Historia de hombre que se convirtio en perro. Dragún is also known for his writing for film and television, as a result of his project "Teatro Abierto" that took place during a period of military repression. He died in June 1999 as one of Argentina's prominent playwrights, having won two Casa de las Américas Prizes for his writing and contribution to the theatre.
Most of Dragún's plays focus on the life of a lower or middle social class, often criticizing a capitalist society that represses them.
Argentine Teatro independiente movement
Osvaldo Dragún was particularly involved in the Argentine (independent theatre) movement, a predecessor to Argentine Open Theatre in the 1980s. Argentine Teatro independiente began in the 1930s with the establishment of , founded by the poet . When the movement began, it drew heavy influence from the European avant-garde movement, as apparent in Dragún's heavily Brechtian writing style. In addition to avant-garde style and technique, the Teatro independiente movement also encouraged the use of the 'system' of Konstantin Stanislavski.
The goal of Argentine Teatro independiente was to provide a platform to engage with theatre written by the best authors in Argentina. It counteracted the popular commercial and national theaters, and often criticized capitalism and commercialism. The values and aesthetic of the movement were incredibly strong because most companies shared designers, playwrights, directors and actors. Because of its fringe-like values, many of the theatre companies were housed in basements, lofts and other non-conventional spaces. Of the most prominent independent theatre companies were Teatro del Pueblo, La Mascara, Nuevo Teatro and Fray Mocho, the theatre company where Historia del hombre que se convirtió en perro premiered.
Teatro independiente had great influence on the theatre of its surrounding countries, including Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and Uruguay. By 1956, the movement had died out, following the collapse of the Juan Perón political regime.
References
1957 plays
Theatre of the Absurd
Self-reflexive plays
Magic realism plays
Works by Argentine writers |
Aulds is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Leslie Aulds (1920–1999), American baseball player
Lonnie O. Aulds (1925–1984), American businessman and politician
See also
Auld (surname) |
Kothakonda Jatara or Kothakonda Veerabhadra Swamy Brahmotsavam is a festival celebrated during Makar Sankranti in the state of Telangana, India.
The Jatara begins at Kothakonda Village in Bheemadevarpalle mandal of Karimnagar district.
History:
Kothakonda is surrounded by picturesque hills. It is known for the famous temple dedicated to Sri Veerabhadra Swamy (an incarnation of Lord Siva). This is just 5 km away from the famous Mulkanoor village known nationwide for its cooperative movement. Former Prime Minister Mr. P.V Narasimha Rao headed this cooperative society early in his life.
The rocky hill adjoining the village has ruins of a big fort with huge gateways bearing beautiful architecture, resembling that of the Kakatiyas. There are five ponds on top of the hill. Of these, two are reported to contain water even under severe drought conditions. The temple of Veerabhadra Swamy is at the foot of this hill. The three-day Kothakonda Jatara celebrated in January every year attracts thousands of pilgrims from all over the Telangana region.
Ritual
The temple is dedicated to the fierce-looking deity of Lord Veerabhadra Swamy along with Kethamma and Medalamma on both sides of the deity.
References
Festivals in Telangana
Karimnagar district |
Jean Baum is an American chemist. She is the distinguished professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Rutgers University, where she is also vice dean for research and graduate education in the school of arts and sciences, and also vice chair of the department of chemistry and chemical biology. Her research investigates protein–protein interaction and protein aggregation using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and other biochemical and biophysical techniques. She serves as treasurer for the Protein Society.
Education
Baum obtained her bachelor degree magna cum laude at Barnard College in 1980. She completed her PhD in physical chemistry with Alexander Pines at University of California, Berkeley from 1981-1986, working on solid-state NMR.
Research and career
After completing her PhD, Baum changed her research focus towards biological applications of NMR, especially in solution-state. She worked with Chris Dobson at University of Oxford from 1986-1988, while holding a Fulford junior research fellowship at Somerville College. During this time, she used NMR to investigate partly folded and misfolded proteins. She joined Rutgers University in 1988 as a Henry Rutgers Research Fellow, and was promoted to distinguished professor in 2010.
Baum uses both solution- and solid-state NMR in her research. Her research investigates the structure and dynamics of proteins, including alpha-synuclein, which can aggregate to form amyloid fibrils, and collagen. The molecular interactions involved in the assembly of the functional and pathological forms of these proteins can be elucidated by NMR investigations. Since May 2020, her research has included studying the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using a combined experimental and computational approach.
Honors and awards
Fulford Junior Research Fellow, University of Oxford, England, 1986-1988
Henry Rutgers Research Fellow, 1988-1990
Merck Faculty Development Award; 1988-1990
Searle Scholar, 1990-1993
Johnson and Johnson Discovery Research Fund, 1993
Camille & Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, 1993-1998
Margaret O. Dayhoff Biophysical Society Award, 1994
Rutgers University Board of Trustees Scholarly Excellence Fellowship, 1994
Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, 1994-1996
Visiting fellow, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, England, 2009
References
Living people
American chemists
Rutgers University faculty
Barnard College alumni
21st-century American biochemists
21st-century American scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Claude Wagner (April 4, 1925 – July 11, 1979) was a Canadian judge and politician in the province of Quebec, Canada. Throughout his career, he was a Crown prosecutor, professor of criminal law and judge.
Life and career
Wagner was born in Shawinigan, Quebec, as the son of Corona ( Saint-Arnaud) and Benjamin Wagner. His father, a violinist, was a immigrant from the city of Sucheva in the region of Bukovina, Romania. His mother was French-Canadian.
In 1963, Wagner was appointed as a Sessions Court judge. Subsequently, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in a by-election in Montréal-Verdun on October 5, 1964, and was re-elected in the 1966 general election in Verdun. He earned a "law-and-order" reputation when he served successively as Solicitor General, Attorney General, and Minister of Justice from its creation in 1965 to 1966 in the government of Quebec Premier Jean Lesage.
After losing the 1970 Quebec Liberal Party leadership election to Robert Bourassa, Wagner left electoral politics to return to the bench, receiving appointment once more as a Sessions Court judge. He then entered federal politics, and was elected as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Saint-Hyacinthe in the 1972 federal election, serving in the 29th Parliament as an Opposition MP. He was re-elected in the 1974 election, and after Robert Stanfield resigned as leader of the party, he stood as a candidate at the Progressive Conservative leadership convention of 1976.
Wagner attracted support from Tories who believed that having a leader from Quebec would enable the party to break the federal Liberal Party's stranglehold on the province and from right-wing Tories attracted by his law-and-order reputation. He was hurt by revelations of a slush fund that was funded by supporters so that he would be financially solvent if he lost in 1972. Wagner led on the first three ballots of the convention, but Joe Clark won the leadership by 65 votes out of 2,309 on the fourth ballot.
In 1978, he was nominated to the Senate of Canada by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; he accepted the appointment and sat as a Progressive Conservative. One reason for his departure from the House of Commons was that he could not get along well with Clark. He died of cancer the next year at the age of 54, during Clark's brief premiership.
His son, Richard, also pursued a career in the judiciary, eventually being nominated to sit on the Supreme Court of Canada in 2012 by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and who became Chief Justice of Canada in 2017 during the government of Justin Trudeau. On January 21, 2021, Richard Wagner assumed the role of Administrator of Canada, following a workplace review of Rideau Hall and the resignation of Julie Payette as Governor General of Canada, pending the appointment of a new Governor General.
See also
Quebec federalism
List of Mauriciens
References
External links
1925 births
1979 deaths
Judges in Quebec
Canadian senators from Quebec
Justice ministers of Quebec
Lawyers in Quebec
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
People from Shawinigan
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada senators
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
University of Ottawa alumni
20th-century Canadian lawyers
Canadian King's Counsel
Canadian people of German-Jewish descent
French Quebecers
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates
Deaths from cancer in Canada |
Raúl Sáenz del Rincón (born 3 August 1976), known as Raúl Llona or just Llona, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a midfielder, and the current manager of Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa.
Playing career
Born in Logroño, La Rioja, Llona started his career with CD Berceo before moving to CD Logroñés in 1995. On 22 June 1997, after two seasons as a starter with the reserves, he made his professional debut by playing the last 13 minutes of a 1–2 La Liga away loss against Real Sociedad.
Llona would spend the remainder of his career mainly in Segunda División B, representing CD Manchego, CD Mensajero, Talavera CF, Real Unión and CD Calahorra in that category. He also enjoyed two further spells with his first club Logroñés, with the side mainly in Tercera División, and retired with the side in 2007 at the age of 31.
Managerial career
Immediately after retiring Llona took up coaching, managing Peña Balsamaiso CF's youth setup. In 2009, he returned to his first club Berceo, taking over the Juvenil squad while also working as a director of football.
In March 2013, Llona was appointed manager of UD Logroñés in the third division. On 6 June 2014, he took over neighbouring SD Logroñés, recently relegated to the fourth division.
On 23 June 2016, Llona was named in charge of fellow fourth tier club CD Anguiano. On 13 July of the following year, he joined Deportivo Alavés as manager of the Cadete B squad.
Llona was named Club San Ignacio manager in 2018, subsequently helping in their promotion to the fourth level. On 19 May 2020, he renewed as manager of San Ignacio until June 2022.
On 9 February 2021, Llona was appointed manager of Alavés' B-team, but was sacked exactly two months later. On 27 May, he returned to SD Logroñés, with the club now in Primera División RFEF.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Logroño
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
CD Logroñés footballers
CD Mensajero players
Real Unión footballers
CD Calahorra players
Spanish football managers
Primera Federación managers
Segunda División B managers
Tercera División managers
UD Logroñés managers
SD Logroñés managers
Deportivo Alavés B managers
Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa managers |
William Obediah Robey (1888) was an American Presbyterian minister and teacher in Leesburg, Virginia. He is the first African-American known to have taught school in Loudoun County, Virginia and was the first African-American member of the Leesburg Presbyterian congregation.
Biography
Early life
Robey was born in Fairfax County, Virginia and moved shortly after to the adjacent Loudoun County. In 1834, he was arrested and imprisoned after being suspected of being a runaway slave, but he was able to prove that he was free. He then took up an apprenticeship with slaveholder and farmer Edward Hammat until 1841. After finishing his apprenticeship, aged 21, he moved to Washington, D.C. to pursue an education.
Religion and family
He returned to Loudoun in 1847, settling in Leesburg. He joined the Leesburg Presbyterian Church, becoming the first African-American member of its congregation. He soon married Rachel Ann Watsona freedwoman. They had three children together, all of whom were baptized at the Presbyterian Church Robey was part of. During this time he worked as a blacksmith, having taken over his deceased father-in-law's smithy.
After a few years as a member of the Presbyterian Church, Robey wished to become a minister. Following a review by Church authorities, he was accepted as a candidate for ministry, the only African-American in the Presbyterian Church to be approved as a candidate for ordination. However, had he been ordained then, he would have been unable to preach without whites present as per Virginia law at the time.
After the Civil War, Robey resumed his pursuit of becoming a minister. In 1867, he became a licensed Presbyterian preacher, officiating at weddings and preaching in Baptist and Methodist churches throughout the county. In the same year, he became the minister of Leesburg's Mt. Zion Methodist Episcopal Church, an African-American church. In 1872, he was ordained as an elder in the Methodist Church after struggling to receive full ordination from the Presbytery. He remained as Mt. Zion's minister until 1879.
Teaching
In 1866, Robey's home became the second Freedmen's Bureau's school in Leesburg and he became its teacher, making him the first known African-American teacher to teach in Loudoun County. The school was almost entirely funded by the local African-American community. Robey originally had approximately 20 students, which doubled to 40 by December 1868. Although the school closed in 1869, he continued to teach at the new Loudoun County Public School for African-American children until his death in 1888.
School
On 8 June 2021, the Loudoun County School Board voted to name a new high school that would be opening in Loudoun County Public Schools for the 2021–2022 academic year after William Obediah Robey. The name was chosen to continue his legacy as a pastor and educator. William Obediah Robey High School provides an alternative education program to assist Loudoun County Public Schools students whose education has been interrupted by external circumstances and challenges. The school is located at Dominion High School in Sterling.
References
1820 births
1888 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People from Leesburg, Virginia
Freedmen's Bureau schoolteachers
African-American Christian clergy
Schoolteachers from Virginia
African-American schoolteachers
19th-century American educators
American Presbyterian ministers
Presbyterians from Virginia
19th-century American clergy
19th-century African-American educators |
Ker-Optika bt v ÀNTSZ Dél-dunántúli Regionális Intézete [2010] ECR, Case C-108/09 is an EU law case concerning a conflict of law between Hungarian national legislation and European Union law. The Hungarian legislation regarding the online sale of contact lenses was considered with regards to whether it was necessary for the protection of public health, and it was concluded that this could have been done by less restrictive measures. Despite the internal measure in this case being categorised as a selling arrangement, which would generally be determined by the discrimination test established in Keck, the Court went on to use a market access test, as per Italian Trailers. Thus, this case is crucial in the recent development of the tests for determining measures equaling equivalent effect.
Facts
Hungarian legislation prohibits the selling of contact lenses without a specialist shop to fit certain requirements and the services of an optometrist or an ophthalmologist qualified in the field of contact lenses. Ker-Optika, a Hungarian firm, sells contact lenses via its website. The Hungarian health authorities prohibited it from pursuing such activity as such products could not be sold via the internet.
Ker-Optika brought a court action challenging that prohibition. The Baranya Megyei Bíróság (the district court of Baranya, Hungary), which heard the case, asked the Court of Justice whether EU law precludes the Hungarian legislation which prohibits the selling of contact lenses via the Internet.
Judgment
The Court of Justice held that the Hungarian law was not compatible with article 34 TFEU, because less restrictive measures could have been implemented to protect public health.
1. This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (‘Directive on electronic commerce’) (OJ 2000 L 178, p. 1) and of Articles 34 TFEU and 36 TFEU.
2. The reference has been made in proceedings between Ker-Optika bt (‘Ker-Optika’) and ÀNTSZ Dél-dunántúli Regionális Intézete (South Transdanubian Regional Directorate of the national public health and medical services; ‘ÀNTSZ’) concerning an administrative decision whereby ÀNTSZ prohibited Ker-Optika from selling contact lenses via the Internet.
Whether there is a restriction on the free movement of goods
47. According to settled case-law, all trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, trade within the European Union are to be considered as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions and are, on that basis, prohibited by Article 34 TFEU (see, inter alia, Case 8/74 Dassonville [1974] ECR 837, paragraph 5, and Case C‑110/05 Commission v Italy [2009] ECR I‑519, paragraph 33).
48. It is also apparent from settled case-law that Article 34 TFEU reflects the obligation to comply with the principles of non-discrimination and of mutual recognition of products lawfully manufactured and marketed in other Member States, as well as the principle of ensuring free access of EU products to national markets (see Commission v Italy, paragraph 34 and the case‑law cited).
49. Accordingly, measures adopted by a Member State the object or effect of which is to treat products coming from other Member States less favourably are to be regarded as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions, as are rules that lay down requirements to be met by such goods, even if those rules apply to all products alike (see Commission v Italy, paragraphs 35 and 37).
50. Any other measure which hinders access of products originating in other Member States to the market of a Member State is also covered by that concept (Commission v Italy, paragraph 37).
51. For that reason, the application to products from other Member States of national provisions restricting or prohibiting certain selling arrangements is such as to hinder directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, trade between Member States for the purposes of the case‑law flowing from Dassonville, unless those provisions apply to all relevant traders operating within the national territory and affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the selling of domestic products and of those from other Member States. The application of such rules to the sale of products from another Member State meeting the requirements laid down by that State is by nature such as to prevent their access to the market or to impede such access more than it impedes the access of domestic products (see, to that effect, Joined Cases C‑267/91 and C‑268/91 Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I‑6097, paragraphs 16 and 17, and Commission v Italy, paragraph 36).
52. Accordingly, it is necessary to examine whether the national legislation at issue in the main proceedings meets the two conditions stated in the preceding paragraph of this judgment, in other words, whether it applies to all relevant traders operating within the national territory and whether it affects in the same manner, in law and in fact, the selling of domestic products and the selling of those from other Member States.
53. As regards the first condition, it is clear that the legislation applies to all relevant traders involved in selling contact lenses, which means that that condition is satisfied.
54. As regards the second condition, it is undisputed that the prohibition on the selling of contact lenses via the Internet applies to contact lenses from other Member States which are sold by mail order and delivered to the home of customers resident in Hungary. It is clear that the prohibition on selling contact lenses by mail order deprives traders from other Member States of a particularly effective means of selling those products and thus significantly impedes access of those traders to the market of the Member State concerned (see, by analogy, in relation to medicinal products, Deutscher Apothekerverband, paragraph 74).
55. In those circumstances, that legislation does not affect in the same manner the selling of contact lenses by Hungarian traders and such selling as carried out by traders from other Member States.
56. It follows that that legislation constitutes a measure having an effect equivalent to a quantitative restriction, as prohibited by Article 34 TFEU, unless that legislation can be objectively justified.
Whether the restriction on the free movement of goods is justified
57. According to settled case-law, an obstacle to the free movement of goods may be justified on one of the public interest grounds set out in Article 36 TFEU or in order to meet overriding requirements. In either case, the national provision must be appropriate for securing the attainment of the objective pursued and must not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain it (see, inter alia, Commission v Italy, paragraph 59 and the case-law cited).
58. In that regard, if that measure is within the field of public health, account must be taken of the fact that the health and life of humans rank foremost among the assets and interests protected by the Treaty and that it is for the Member States to determine the level of protection which they wish to afford to public health and the way in which that level is to be achieved. Since the level may vary from one Member State to another, Member States should be allowed a measure of discretion (see Joined Cases C‑570/07 and C‑571/07 Blanco Pérez and Chao Gómez [2010] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 44 and the case-law cited).
59. In the present case, the justification relied on by the Hungarian Government concerns the need to ensure protection of the health of contact lens users. That justification corresponds, therefore, to the public health concerns acknowledged in Article 36 TFEU which may justify an obstacle to the free movement of goods.
60. Accordingly, it is necessary to examine whether the legislation at issue in the main proceedings is appropriate for securing the attainment of the objective pursued.
61. In that regard, the Hungarian and Spanish Governments maintain that it is necessary to require customers to take delivery of contact lenses in specialist shops, because they must have access to an optician who can carry out the necessary physical examinations, undertake checks and give those customers instructions on the wearing of the lenses.
62. On that point, it should be recalled, as was stated in paragraph 35 of this judgment, that the mere wearing of contact lenses may, in individual cases, cause eye ailments, and even lasting visual impairment.
63. Given the risks to public health which thus exist, a Member State may impose a requirement that contact lenses are to be supplied by qualified staff who are to alert the customer to those risks, carry out an examination of the customer and recommend or advise against the wearing of lenses, while inviting the person concerned, where necessary, to obtain the advice of an ophthalmologist. Because of those risks, a Member State may also impose a requirement that, where the wearing of lenses is not advised against, qualified staff are to determine the most appropriate type of lenses, check the positioning of the lenses on the eyes and provide the customer with information on the correct use and care of the lenses (see, to that effect, Case C‑271/92 LPO [1993] ECR I‑2899, paragraph 11).
64. While not entirely eliminating the risks incurred by users of lenses, the establishment of a link to a qualified optician and the services provided by such an optician are likely to reduce those risks. Accordingly, by reserving the supply of contact lenses to the opticians’ shops which offer the services of such an optician, the legislation at issue in the main proceedings is appropriate for securing the attainment of the objective of ensuring protection of the health of those users.
65. It is also necessary, however, that that legislation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain that objective, in other words that there are not other measures less restrictive of the free movement of goods by means of which that objective could be achieved.
[...]
75. Consequently, where a Member State adopts legislation such as that at issue in the main proceedings, it exceeds the limits of the discretion referred to in paragraph 58 of this judgment, and that legislation must therefore be held to go beyond what is necessary to attain the objective the Member State claims to pursue.
76. For the same reasons, since it contains a prohibition on selling contact lenses via the Internet, that legislation cannot be held to be proportionate to the objective of ensuring the protection of public health, for the purposes of Article 3(4) of Directive 2000/31.
77. In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the questions submitted by the referring court is that the national rules relating to the selling of contact lenses fall within the scope of Directive 2000/31 since they concern the act of selling such lenses via the Internet; on the other hand, the national rules relating to the supply of contact lenses are not covered by that directive.
78. Articles 34 TFEU and 36 TFEU, and Directive 2000/31, must be interpreted as precluding national legislation which authorises the selling of contact lenses only in shops which specialise in medical devices.
Criticism and academic commentary of the Ker-Optika jurisprudence
Academics have, since the case of Keck, supported a move away from the three-tier test for internal measures, towards a unitary market access test. Ker-Optika is viewed as signalling a conversion in the direction of this approach.
References
European Union goods case law
2010 in Hungary
2010 in case law
Retailing in Hungary
Non-store retailing
Contact lenses |
Louis Schweitzer is the name of:
Louis Schweitzer (businessman) (born 1942), chairman and former CEO of Renault
Louis Schweitzer (philanthropist) (1899–1971), paper industrialist and philanthropist, donated WBAI to Pacifica Radio |
"Closing time effect" refers to the phenomenon whereby people's perception of other people's attractiveness increases as it gets later into the night. The observation was first made by Mickey Gilley in his song, "Don't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time" in 1975. Subsequently, it caught the attention of social psychologists who used scientific testing to gather evidence in support of the idea.
The first experiment
James W. Pennebaker et al. (1979) conducted the first experiment testing this observation. Using 52 males and 51 females as subjects at three bars near a college campus, experimenters asked individuals the following question: "On a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 indicates 'not attractive', 5 indicates 'average', and 10 indicates 'extremely attractive,' how would you rate the opposite-sex individuals here tonight." The experimenters took this survey at 9:00 pm, 10:30 pm and at midnight. Results showed that individuals' perception of people's attractiveness in the bar increased the later it got.
Theory
The freedom of potentially going home with someone in the bar is threatened as the night comes closer to ending, according to the reactance theory. Dissonance theory has also been suggested as an explanation, proposing that as the night progresses, individuals’ intentions to leave with someone becomes stronger; however, leaving the bar with someone who they may find unattractive causes dissonance, increasing the perceived attractiveness of the potential mate.
Other studies
Following the first study performed by Pennebaker et al. in 1979, Nida and Koon (1983) found evidence of the closing time effect in a country and western bar but did not find it in a campus bar. Gladue and Delaney (1990) found that individuals of the opposite gender became more attractive as a factor of time, but that photos of the opposite gender did not. They found that male participants rated the most attractive photos higher but ratings of the least attractive photos also decreased. Females showed no changes over time in their photo ratings of males. Madey, Simo, Dillworth, and Kemper (1996) found the effect in a nightclub near a university, but only for participants not in a relationship. The authors argued that only participants not in a relationship should experience a threat to their choice of companion. Sprecher et al. (1984) did not find a closing-time effect.
Effect of alcohol
Johnco, Wheeler and Taylor (2010) measured the attractiveness of participants over a night while also controlling for the effect of alcohol consumption by measuring their blood alcohol content with a breathalyzer each time that they measured individuals' perceptions of physical attractiveness. They used BAC as a time varying covariate in a repeated measures design, with 87 participants at a beachside pub in Sydney, Australia on four consecutive Saturday nights, between 9 pm and 12 am. They found that both perceptions of attractiveness as well as BAC increased as a factor of time. They concluded that BAC explained a significant portion of the increase in opposite-sex attractiveness but that a substantial effect remains after adjusting for BAC.
Other possible explanations
One other possible explanation about the cause of this perception of higher attractiveness is "mere familiarity or exposure". Previously seen stimuli may be perceived more positively than new stimuli. Another explanation comes from the commodity theory (Brock, 1968). According to commodity theory, as people find mates in the bar and leave with them, there is a scarcity of individuals left in the bar. This scarcity increases the desirability and perceived attractiveness of those left in the bar.
References
Sources
Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York: Academic.
Gilley, M. (1975). Don't all the girls get prettier at closing time. In The Best of Mickey Gilley (Vol. 2). Columbia Records. Written by Baker Knight, Singleton Music Company. New York: Broadcast Music, Inc.
Halberstadt, J., Rhodes, G., & Catty, S. R. (2003). Subjective and objective familiarity as explanations for the attraction to average faces. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (pp. 91–106). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Nida, S. A., & Koon, J. (1983). They get better looking at closing time around here, too. Psychological Reports, 52(2), 657–658.
Pennebaker, J. W., Dyer, M. A., Caulkins, R. S., Litowitz, D. L., Ackreman, P. L., Anderson, D. B., et al. (1979). Don't the girls get prettier at closing time: A country and western application to psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(1), 122–125.
The attractiveness of average faces is not a generalized mere exposure effect. Social Cognition, 23, 205–217.
Brock, T. C. (1968). Implications of commodity theory for value change. In Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 243–275). Academic Press.
Interpersonal attraction
Popular culture
Psychological effects |
PFB or pfb may refer to:
Perfluorobutane, a fluorocarbon gas
Printer Font Binary, a binary PostScript font file
Pseudofolliculitis barbae, a medical term for persistent inflammation caused by shaving
Lauro Kurtz Airport (IATA code), near Passo Fundo, Brazil |
Daydreaming is the debut album by Rafael Anton Irisarri, released by Norwegian label Miasmah. It was originally released worldwide as physical and digital album on February 28, 2007. The physical copies quickly became out of print. The album was very well received by the press and music community.
Track listing
All tracks written, arranged, and produced by Rafael Anton Irisarri
"Waking Expectations"
"A Thousand-Yard Stare"
"Wither"
"Lumberton"
"Voigt-Kampf"
"Fractal"
"A Glimpse"
"She Dreams Alone" (Vinyl-only bonus track)
Personnel
Rafael Anton Irisarri — Production, mixing; synthesizer, piano, acoustic, electronic and non-conventional instruments
Daniel C. Wictorson - Piano on Lumberton
Nan Schwarz - Cello on She Dreams Alone
Andreas Tilliander — Mastering
Tomas Boden — Speldosa on A Glimpse, Liner Notes
Erik K. Skodvin — Artwork design
References
2007 debut albums
Rafael Anton Irisarri albums |
Liam Reale (born March 16, 1983) is an Irish middle distance runner who specializes in the 1500 metres.
As a younger athlete he finished fourth in 2000 m steeplechase at the 1999 World Youth Championships. He finished eighth in the 1500 m final at the 2006 European Athletics Championships.
His personal best time is 3:38.65 minutes, achieved in May 2006 in Waltham.
He was born in Limerick, and grew up in Hospital, County Limerick. He is a 2005 Graduate of Providence College.
References
Athletic's Ireland Profile for Liam Reale
1983 births
Living people
Irish male middle-distance runners
Irish male steeplechase runners
Athletes from County Limerick |
Kranji Reservoir (Chinese: 克兰芝蓄水池; ) is a reservoir in the northern part of Singapore, near the Straits of Johor. It was a former freshwater river that flowed out into the sea that was dammed at its mouth to form a freshwater reservoir. It can also be classified as an estuary. The dam has a road bridging the two banks, and now prevents the sea from coming in, and is home to a marsh.
The former Kranji River has three main tributaries - Sungei Peng Siang, Sungei Kangkar and Sungei Tengah.
Historical Significance
Although known as a place for fishing and picnicking, the Kranji Reservoir Park is a historical site. A war memorial plaque tells visitors of the historical and violent past of this place. It was here that the Battle of Kranji took place. The Japanese army invaded Kranji in their plan to take Singapore during the Second World War.
Kranji Reservoir Park
In 1985 it became permissible to fish in the Kranji Reservoir Park. The Park now has two fishing areas, named A and B. The greenery around the park has made it a favorite haunt of picnickers.
Incidents
In 2002, a mother and two young children were picking shells from the shores of Kranji Reservoir when the PUB opened up the barrage to let water into the reservoir from the sea. Mother, son and daughter died. PUB later clarified that drownings were not due to the water release as the slow rise in water levels would not cause the trio to be swept off their feet, though it was not established how or why the tragedy happened. Additional precautionary measures have since been implemented such as sounding of a siren and patrol officers using loud hailers to warn people about the impending release of water. Additional warning signs have also been put up cautioning people not to get too near the reservoir.
References
Reservoirs in Singapore
Lim Chu Kang
Sungei Kadut
Western Water Catchment |
Fougère, , is one of the main olfactive families of perfumes. The name comes from the French language word for "fern". Fougère perfumes are made with a blend of fragrances: top-notes are sweet, with the scent of lavender flowers; as the more volatile components evaporate, the scents of oakmoss, derived from a species of lichen and described as woody, sharp and slightly sweet, and coumarin, similar to the scent of new-mown hay, become noticeable. Aromatic fougère, a derivative of this class, contains additional notes of herbs, spice and/or wood.
The name originated with Houbigant Parfum's Fougère Royale. This perfume, created by Houbigant owner Paul Parquet in 1882, was later added to the scent archives known as the Osmothèque, in Versailles, France. Houbigant re-introduced this fragrance in 2010.
Perfumes of this type are especially popular as fragrances for men. Many modern fougère perfumes have various citrus, herbaceous, green, floral and animalic notes included. The most common additions to the basic fragrance blend include vetiver and geranium. Bergamot is often present to add sharpness to the lavender top-note.
Examples of men's fragrances which fall into the fougère class include Sartorial by Penhaligon's, Brut by Fabergé, Paco Rabanne Pour Homme, Azzaro Pour Homme, Boss by Hugo Boss, Prada for Men, Eternity for Men by Calvin Klein, Canoe for Men by Dana, Dolce & Gabbana Pour Homme, Drakkar Noir by Guy Laroche, Tabac for Men, Michael for Men by Michael Kors, Clubman Pinaud After Shave and Special Reserve, Polo Blue and Chaps by Ralph Lauren, Kouros by Yves Saint Laurent, Bracken Man by Amouage, and English Blazer by Yardley London.
Lately a lot of companies started selling unisex and female fougère fragrances, e.g. Libre by Yves Saint Laurent and Coffee Break by Maison Margiela.
See also
Perfume
List of perfumes
References
Further reading
New Perfume Handbook Editor N. Groom, Springer Science & Business Media, 1997, , 9780751404036
Perfumery
Perfumes
fr:Fougère |
```javascript
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mixins: [require('../../mixin/common')],
data: {
showTopTips: false,
radioItems: [
{ name: 'cell standard', value: '0' },
{ name: 'cell standard', value: '1', checked: true },
],
checkboxItems: [
{ name: 'standard is dealt for u.', value: '0', checked: true },
{ name: 'standard is dealicient for u.', value: '1' },
],
date: '2016-09-01',
time: '12:01',
countryCodes: ['+86', '+80', '+84', '+87'],
countryCodeIndex: 0,
countries: ['', '', ''],
countryIndex: 0,
accounts: ['', 'QQ', 'Email'],
accountIndex: 0,
isAgree: false,
},
showTopTips() {
const that = this;
this.setData({
showTopTips: true,
});
setTimeout(() => {
that.setData({
showTopTips: false,
});
}, 3000);
},
radioChange(e) {
console.log('radiochangevalue', e.detail.value);
const { radioItems } = this.data;
for (let i = 0, len = radioItems.length; i < len; ++i) {
radioItems[i].checked = radioItems[i].value == e.detail.value;
}
this.setData({
radioItems,
});
},
checkboxChange(e) {
console.log('checkboxchangevalue', e.detail.value);
const { checkboxItems } = this.data; const values = e.detail.value;
for (let i = 0, lenI = checkboxItems.length; i < lenI; ++i) {
checkboxItems[i].checked = false;
for (let j = 0, lenJ = values.length; j < lenJ; ++j) {
if (checkboxItems[i].value == values[j]) {
checkboxItems[i].checked = true;
break;
}
}
}
this.setData({
checkboxItems,
});
},
bindDateChange(e) {
this.setData({
date: e.detail.value,
});
},
bindTimeChange(e) {
this.setData({
time: e.detail.value,
});
},
bindCountryCodeChange(e) {
console.log('picker country code ', e.detail.value);
this.setData({
countryCodeIndex: e.detail.value,
});
},
bindCountryChange(e) {
console.log('picker country ', e.detail.value);
this.setData({
countryIndex: e.detail.value,
});
},
bindAccountChange(e) {
console.log('picker account ', e.detail.value);
this.setData({
accountIndex: e.detail.value,
});
},
bindAgreeChange(e) {
this.setData({
isAgree: !!e.detail.value.length,
});
},
});
``` |
At the Speed of Twisted Thought... is a compilation album by Lansing, MI-based hardcore punk band the Fix, released by Touch and Go Records in 2006, 24 years after the Fix disbanded.
Track listing
"Vengeance" - 1:26
"In this Town" - 1:20
"Cos the Elite" - 1:19
"Truth Right Now" - 1:30
"Signals" - 3:37
"Off to War" - 1:33
"No Idols" - 1:36
"Candy Store" - 1:14
"Famous" - 1:45
"Vengeance" [Outtake] - 1:21
"Celebre" [Outtake] - 1:40
"Rat Patrol" [Outtake] - 1:42
"Cos the Elite" [live] - 1:31
"The Letter" [live] - 0:48
"Famous" [live] - 1:40
"Off to War" [live] - 1:39
"In this Town" [live] - 1:28
"Rat Patrol" [live] - 1:41
"Statement" [live] - 1:17
"Candy Store" [live] - 1:12
"You" [live] - 0:48
"Teenage Drugs" [live] - 0:55
"Wating for Eviction" [live] - 2:14
"Media Blitz" [live] - 1:36
References
2006 compilation albums
The Fix (band) albums |
Union Football Club was an association football club based in the town of Dumbarton, in West Dunbartonshire.
History
The club was founded in 1882, and was often referred to as Union (Dumbarton) or Dumbarton Union to avoid confusion with other Union clubs, such as Union (Glasgow).
Given the strength of the three main Dumbartonshire sides (Renton, Vale of Leven, and Dumbarton, as well as other well-established clubs in the area such as Jamestown and the Vale of Leven Wanderers, it was difficult for Union to establish itself. It spent three years playing minor football before joining the Scottish Football Association and being eligible to enter the Scottish Cup in 1885–86.
Its first match in the competition was a 5–1 defeat against Yoker, at the Dalmuir Thistle ground on account of Yoker's temporary homelessness, but, after a protest that the ground was 7 feet too narrow at one end, Union won the replayed tie (at Dumbarton Athletic's Burnside Park) 1–0, much to the surpise of the "friends of the Union", expecting the much heavier Yoker side to win, but taking advantage of Yoker's lack of practice, and enjoying a slice of fortune when a late goal-bound Yoker shot was stopped accidentally by the referee. In the second round it lost 7–0 at Dumbarton.
Yoker gained revenge in the first round in the following season, coming from 2–0 down at half-time to beat Union 4–2, and the worst defeat Union had in the competition came in the first round in 1888–89, losing 15–1 against Dumbarton Athletic.
In the 1889–90 Scottish Cup, by contrast, Union had its best run, reaching the third round, and faced to the strong Cambuslang side. The crowd was much lower than expected as most Dumbarton people went to see the Dumbarton v 3rd L.R.V. taking place in the town on the same day, but St James' Park had an influx of locals as the Dumbarton match finished earlier. Union took a surprise lead at half-time, but Cambuslang equalized with 10 minutes to go. Cambuslang scored what appeared to be the winner with almost the last kick of the game; Union protested that the goal was in the 93rd minute, and the referee had not been entitled to go beyond the 90 minutes. The referee (Mr J. Caldwell) stated that "it was his duty" to extend time, not because of time-wasting, but because a high wind often carried the ball into an adjoining field, and time was wasted in retrieving it; however Cambuslang had not protested about the issue at the time. By a vote of 8–7 the Scottish FA ordered a replay, but it was merely a stay of execution as Cambuslang won through 6–0, thanks in part to scoring three goals between the 60th and 64th minute.
The next year Union recorded its biggest competitive win, 12–1 over Bonnybridge Grasshoppers in the first round, having gone behind; but lost at Bathgate Rovers in the second.
The problems of the Scottish Cup being held in regions for the first rounds, and Dumbartonshire being a footballing hotbed in the era, meant that Union had the same problems in the local competition as in the national. In the Dumbartonshire Cup, the club tended to beat non-SFA members heavily, but struggled against other SFA members. The club's best run in 1886–87 saw it beat Jamestown, Kirkintilloch Central (8–0 away), and Duntocher, to reach the semi-final; however there it faced Vale of Leven and lost 4–0.
The beginning of the Scottish League, which featured the three biggest Dumbartonshire clubs, and the introduction of qualifying rounds to the Scottish Cup, were deleterious to the smaller senior clubs in the area. Union never won through to the first round proper, and scratched from its final entry in 1893–94. The same season, the club entered the Dumbartonshire Cup for the last time, which had shrunk to 8 entrants, and Union did not survive into 1894–95.
Colours
The club's colours were originally navy shirts, white shorts, and blue and white hose. In 1887 the club changed to white jerseys with blue knickers, and in 1891 changed the shirts to blue and white hoops.
Ground
The club originally played at Woodyard Park, the home of Alclutha, and with whom the club overlapped for two years, and soon found Methlan Park as neighbours at Upper Woodyard Park. In 1890 the club moved to St James' Park, which had been the ground of Dumbarton Athletic.
External links
Scottish Cup results (NB: results before 1885 refer to Union (Glasgow); also does not include the 1888–89 defeat to Dumbarton Athletic)
Dumbartonshire Cup results
References
Union (Dumbarton)
Association football clubs established in 1882
Association football clubs disestablished in 1894
Football in West Dunbartonshire
Dumbarton
1882 establishments in Scotland
1894 disestablishments in Scotland |
The Presbyterian Church of Vietnam (PCV) is a Presbyterian denomination, established in the Vietnam in 1968. In 1975, at the end of the Vietnam War, the denomination ceased to function. However, it was refounded in 1998 and recognized by the government of Vietnam in 2008.
History
The Presbyterian Church of Vietnam was founded in 1968 by missionaries from the Presbyterian Church (USA). However, after the Vietnam War ended, various religious groups faced religious persecution in the country and the denomination has been revoked.
In 1998, the church was refounded by Vietnamese pastors and recognized by the Government of Vietnam in 2008. Still, in 2015, the denomination reported suffering religious persecution by local authorities .
In 2015, it had around 17,000 members.
Inter-church Relations
The denomination is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the Evangelical Alliance of Vietnam.
References
Presbyterian denominations in Asia
Members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches |
The year 1937 in television involved some significant events.
Below is a list of television-related events during 1937.
Events
January 19 – BBC Television broadcasts The Underground Murder Mystery by J. Bissell Thomas from its London station, the first play written for television.
February 6 – The BBC Television service discontinues the Baird system in favour of the Marconi-EMI 405 lines system.
March 9 – Experimental broadcasting from Shabolovka Ulitsa television center, in Moscow (USSR).
May – Gilbert Seldes becomes the first television critic, with his Atlantic Monthly magazine article, the "Errors of Television".
May 12 – The BBC use their outside broadcast unit for the first time, to televise the coronation of George VI. A fragment of this broadcast is one of the earliest surviving examples of British television – filmed off-screen at home by an engineer with an 8 mm cine camera. A brief section of this footage is used in a programme during the week of the 1953 coronation of Elizabeth II, and this latter programme survives in the BBC's archives.
May 14 – The BBC broadcasts a thirty-minute excerpt of Twelfth Night, the first known instance of a Shakespeare play televised. Among the cast are Peggy Ashcroft and Greer Garson.
May 15 – RCA demonstrates projection television, with images enlarged to 8 by 10 feet, at the Institute of Radio Engineers convention.
June 21 – Wimbledon Championships (tennis) first televised by the BBC.
July 10 – High definition television with 455 lines is first shown in France at the International Exposition, Paris.
September – High definition television broadcasts are sent from a new 30 kW (peak power) transmitter below the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
November 9 – Bell Telephone Laboratories transmits television signal of 800 kHz bandwidth on a coaxial cable laid between New York and Philadelphia.
November 11 (Armistice Day) – BBC Television devotes the evening to a broadcast of Journey's End by R. C. Sherriff (1928, set on the Western Front (World War I) in 1918), the first full-length television adaptation of a stage play. Reginald Tate plays the lead, Stanhope, a rôle he has performed extensively in the theatre.
November 27 – NBC in the United States broadcasts the first of six live teleplays of The Three Garridebs (based closely on Arthur Conan Doyle's story "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs"), the first known television pilot, in which Louis Hector becomes the first actor to play Sherlock Holmes on television.
December 31 – By this time, 2,121 television sets have been sold in England.
CBS announces their efforts to develop television broadcasts.
Debuts
April 17 – The Disorderly Room (UK) premieres on the BBC Television Service (1937-1939).
April 24 – For The Children (UK), the BBC's first programme for children, debuts (1937–1939; 1946–1950).
April 30 – Sports Review (UK), the first regular sports programme, debuts on the BBC (1937–1939).
Television shows
Births
January 1 - Matt Robinson, American actor and screenwriter, Sesame Street (d. 2002)
January 3 - Glen A. Larson, American musician and screenwriter, (d. 2014)
January 11 - Felix Silla, Italian-born actor, The Addams Family (d. 2021)
January 25 - Gregory Sierra, actor, Sanford and Son, Barney Miller (d. 2021)
February 1 – Garrett Morris, actor and comedian, Saturday Night Live
February 2 - Tom Smothers, comedian, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
February 25 - Bob Schieffer, American television journalist
February 27 - Barbara Babcock, actress, Hill Street Blues
March 3 - Bobby Driscoll, actor (died 1968)
March 6 - Norman Coburn, actor
March 10 - Joe Viterelli, actor (died 2004)
March 22 - Angelo Badalamenti, composer
March 23 - Tony Burton, actor (died 2016)
March 30 - Warren Beatty, actor
April 1 - Jordan Charney, actor
April 6 - Billy Dee Williams, actor
April 11 - Jill Gascoine, actress (d. 2020)
April 14 - Paul Kangas, anchor (d. 2019)
April 15 - Frank Vincent, actor (d. 2017)
April 19 - Elinor Donahue, actress, Father Knows Best
April 20 - George Takei, actor, Star Trek
April 22 – Jack Nicholson, actor
May 2 - Lorenzo Music, voice actor, Garfield and Friends (d. 2001)
May 12 - George Carlin, actor (d. 2008)
May 13 - Beverly Owen, actress, The Munsters (d. 2019)
May 16 - Yvonne Craig, actress (d. 2015)
May 28 - Freddie Roman, comedian (d. 2022)
May 30 - Deanna Lund, actress, Land of the Giants (d. 2018)
June 1 – Morgan Freeman, actor, The Electric Company
June 2 – Sally Kellerman, actress (d. 2022)
June 3 – Edward Winter, American actor and director (d. 2001)
June 10 – Luciana Paluzzi, actress
June 11 – Chad Everett, actor, Medical Center (d. 2012)
June 19 – Pamela Lincoln, actor (d. 2019)
July 2 - Polly Holliday, actress, Alice, Flo
July 5 - Brooke Hayward, actress
July 6 - Ned Beatty, actor (died 2021)
July 7 - Carol Nugent, actress
July 12 – Bill Cosby, actor and comedian, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, The Cosby Show
July 19 – Richard Jordan, American actor (d. 1993)
July 27 – Don Galloway, American actor (d. 2009)
July 28 – Walter Jacobson, news personality
August 2 – Billy Cannon, football player (d. 2018)
August 3 – Steven Berkoff, actor
August 7 – Barbara Windsor, actress (d. 2020)
August 8 – Dustin Hoffman, actor
September 6
Jo Anne Worley, actress
Sergio Aragonés, cartoonist
September 7 – John Phillip Law, actor (d. 2008)
September 13 – Fred Silverman, producer (d. 2020)
September 14 – Carol Christensen, actress (d. 2005)
September 26 – Jerry Weintraub, voice actor (d. 2015)
September 28 – Rod Roddy, voice actor (d. 2003)
October 5 - Linda Lavin, actress, Alice
October 11 - Ron Leibman, actor, Archer (d. 2019)
October 16 - Tony Anthony, actor
October 21 - Irán Eory, Iranian-Mexican actress (d. 2002)
November 4 - Loretta Swit, actress, M*A*S*H
November 10 - Albert Hall, actor
November 21
Ingrid Pitt, actress (d. 2010)
Marlo Thomas, actress, That Girl
November 30 - Ridley Scott, director
December 4
Max Baer Jr., actor, The Beverly Hillbillies
Donnelly Rhodes, Canadian actor, Soap (d. 2018)
December 7 – Larry Hankin, actor
December 21 – Jane Fonda, actress
December 29 – Barbara Steele, actress
December 31 - Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor, Westworld
References |
Mohammad Arab-Salehi (born 1963) is an Iranian philosopher and associate professor of religion at the Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought. He is also the head of Hikmat and Religious Studies Faculty of the Institute.
Arab-Salehi is known for his works on hermeneutics and historicism and is a recipient of the Iranian Book of the Season Award for his book Historicism and Religion (2012).
Books
The Problem of Revelation, 2009
Al-Ghaib and Life, 2014
Understanding in the Trap of Historicism, 2010
Historicism and Religion, 2012
Methodology of Divine Commandment, 2015
References
External links
Arab-Salehi at the Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought
Living people
20th-century Iranian philosophers
Academic staff of the Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought
1963 births
21st-century Iranian philosophers |
Colonel William Eagleson Gordon, VC, CBE (4 May 1866 – 10 March 1941) was a Scottish British Army officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He is the older brother of Archibald Alexander Gordon, who received the Legion of Honour and Order of Leopold.
Early military career
Gordon was born at Bridge of Allan in 1866, and joined the militia in 1886 as lieutenant in the Royal Artillery. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Gordon Highlanders on 6 June 1888, promoted to lieutenant on 1 September 1891, and took part in the Chitral Expedition with the 1st battalion of his regiment in 1895. Two years later they served in the Tirah Campaign on the North West Frontier of British India 1897–1898, during which he was promoted to captain on 19 October 1897.
He served as adjutant of the 1st battalion from 21 January 1899 and throughout the Second Boer War (1899–1902), when the battalion was posted to South Africa. They were part of the force sent to relieve the siege of Kimberley, and saw action at the Battle of Magersfontein in December 1899, where Gordon was wounded. He then served in the Orange Free State from February to May 1900, and took part in the battles of Paardeberg (February 1900), Poplar Grove, Driefontein (March 1900), Hontnek, Vet River and Hand River. Transferring to Transvaal, the battalion was again in action at Doornkop in May 1900, where they suffered severe losses, then took part in the battles of Belfast and Lydenburg (August 1900). The battalion stayed in South Africa throughout the war, which ended with the Peace of Vereeniging in June 1902. Four months later 475 officers and men of the 1st battalion left Cape Town on the SS Salamis in late September 1902, arriving at Southampton in late October, when the battalion was posted to Glasgow.
Citation
Gordon was 34 years old, and a captain in the 1st Battalion, The Gordon Highlanders during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place near Krugersdorp, South Africa for which he (together with Captain David Reginald Younger) was awarded the VC:
His Victoria Cross is on display at the Gordon Highlanders Museum, Aberdeen, Scotland.
Later military career
Gordon was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in the Gordon Highlanders in 1907. Gordon also served as Aide-de-camp to King George V. On 4 May 1923 Gordon was placed on retired pay having achieved the rank of Major although as previously noted he was a brevet Lieutenant Colonel.
Honours
Arms
References
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)
Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War (Ian Uys, 2000)
External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Surrey)
Angloboerwar.com
Second Boer War recipients of the Victoria Cross
British recipients of the Victoria Cross
Gordon Highlanders officers
1866 births
1941 deaths
British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition
British military personnel of the Tirah campaign
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Bridge of Allan
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross |
Paulo César de Campos Velho, better known as Paulo César Pereio (born 19 October 1940), is a Brazilian actor.
Selected filmography
The Brave Warrior (1968)
Iracema: Uma Transa Amazônica (1974)
A Queda (1976)
Lucio Flavio (1977)
Tudo Bem (1978)
Better Days Ahead (1989)
Magnifica 70 (2015–2016)
Activism
Pereio is known for being an ardent atheist and communist who is heavily opposed to the statue of Christ the Redeemer, claiming that it violates Brazil's secular constitution and ruins the beauty of the mountain. Since the late 20th century he has been gathering signatures for its removal.
References
External links
Living people
Brazilian male television actors
1940 births
People from Alegrete
Brazilian atheists
Brazilian communists |
Ocqueoc Outdoor Center, formerly known as Camp Black Lake, is a former Civilian Conservation Corps located at 7142 Ocqueoc Lake Road in Ocqueoc Township, Michigan. It is now used as a youth and adult outdoor education center. The site is significant as one of only two surviving CCC camps in Michigan, out of the 122 different original camp locations. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.
History
The state of Michigan began setting aside land for state forests in the 1920s. In 1928, the Black Lake State Forest was created in Presque Isle County. When Franklin Roosevelt started his New Deal programs, the area became an ideal place to begin some of the New Deal conservation programs. Camp Black Lake was built in 1933 as part of the Emergency Conservation Work (late renamed the Civilian Conservation Corps) program. The camp was used to house unemployed middle-aged veterans of the Spanish American War and WWI. These were replaced by younger men in 1936, but veterans returned the next year. The camp was active year-round until the CCC was disbanded in 1941.
After World War II, most of the buildings at Camp Black Lake were repurposed as a youth outdoor recreation and education center. The State of Michigan owned the CCC buildings and the surrounding state forest, but leased the site to Michigan State University Extension for 4-H
camping groups, and later to the Michigan United Conservation Clubs for similar purposes. The MUCC terminated their lease in 2002, and the camp buildings were to be demolished. However, objections from residents and local government officials in Presque Isle County led the state to transfer the buildings and grounds to Presque Isle County in 2004. The county continues to own and operate the site as a youth and adult outdoor education, recreation, and event venue.
Description
Camp Black Lake consists of eight buildings: two barracks, a wash house (originally a third barracks), mess hall, administrative headquarters, hospital, garage and oil storage building. Two additional buildings located on the site, a frame and a log classroom, were constructed later. The buildings sit on a 17-acre site on Ocqueoc Lake. All of the original buildings are modular, intended to be erected quickly by inexperienced workers. The barracks, washhouse, mess hall and headquarters modules are located in a cluster. They were all constructed using wood framing members and sheathing, tarpaper and wood batten siding and rolled asphalt roofing. The tarpaper and wood batten siding has been replaced with cement shingle siding. The original camp hospital is a small residential structure located overlooking Ocqueoc Lake. A masonry oil storage building and a wood garage are located along the entry drive.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Presque Isle County, Michigan
Civilian Conservation Corps in Michigan |
Terry Michael Smith (born May 1959) is an American sportsman, known for his playing and coaching career in American football and baseball, and his ownership of professional sports teams.
After starting his playing career as a defensive back for American football franchise New England Patriots, Smith moved abroad to the United Kingdom, where he achieved international success as the player and head coach of the Manchester Spartans. Smith was also head coach of the Great Britain national American football team. He later spent ten years as owner and general manager of professional American football teams, and two years as owner and general manager of English soccer club Chester City from 1999 to 2001, including a spell as manager during part of his ownership.
Collegiate career
Smith attended Cornell University for two years, where he played football at wide receiver and free safety and baseball at shortstop and second base.
He then transferred to Furman University, where he played football, baseball, and ran track, becoming the only Furman athlete for the past 50 years to play and letter in three sports. In football, he started at free safety for two years on two Southern Conference Championship Furman teams, leading all defensive backs with more than 150 tackles in two seasons and being selected to the Academic All-Southern Conference and All-Region teams.
He was chosen as the State of South Carolina College Defensive Player of the Week for his outstanding performance in a game versus VMI in 1980, and he was also chosen as the Player of the Week for his performances in games versus both The University of North Carolina in 1980 and The University of Florida in 1981. In the three games combined, Smith totaled 59 tackles, 1 tackle for loss, 3 passes defended, 3 fumbles caused, 1 fumble recovered, and 1 pass interception.
In baseball, he started for two seasons in centerfield, hitting .414 in 1982, the 5th highest single season batting average in Furman history, and he was selected first-team All-Southern Conference and MVP. He finished his career with a .363 career batting average, which is still the second-highest career batting average in Furman history, and the highest career Furman average for the past sixty years. He also stole 29 bases out of 31 attempts, giving him the highest career success rate for steals in Furman history for any player who has attempted more than 10 attempts.
In track, he ran the 100 meter, 200 meter, and 400 meter, and he also ran the 4x100, 4x200, and 4x400 relays. Smith was nominated for the Southern Conference Athlete of the Year.
American football
Professional career
Smith started his professional American football career in 1982. He was signed as a free agent by the New England Patriots. However, he injured his knee in a pre-season game against the Philadelphia Eagles, an injury that required major reconstructive surgery, and was placed on the injured reserve list. He stayed with the Patriots for two years before eventually having to retire because his injured knee would not pass the team physical at the time. He returned to the football field signing for the Arizona Wranglers in the USFL in 1984, and in professional baseball was invited to spring training with the Cincinnati Reds and signed with the Miami Marlins.
In 1988, Smith signed to play and coach for the Manchester Spartans American football team overseas in Great Britain British American Football Association. As a wide receiver and free safety from 1988-1998, Smith set playing records with the Spartans, including setting the then British National League record for pass interceptions in a season with 11 (according to http://www.britballnow.co.uk/), and the British record for pass receptions in a single game with 15 pass receptions for 245 yards on July 7, 1991. His career best receiving yards season was 1988 with 1020 yards. He was named to the All-Europe Team on several occasions as both a wide receiver and free safety.
Coaching career
After coaching at U.S. colleges, Smith went to Great Britain after signing with the Manchester Spartans football club in the NFL-sponsored League. Due to his high level of success, which included turning around a 2-10 team before he arrived into an all-time British record 14-0 undefeated team in his first season in 1988, Smith was chosen by the Great Britain National Governing Body as the head coach of the Great Britain national American football team.
As the Manchester Spartans head coach, he won three straight Division Championships, three straight Conference Championships, two straight British National Championships, one Budweiser Bowl championship in 1989 at Crystal Palace in London, England, one Coca-Cola Bowl championship in 1990 at Crystal Palace in London, England, one Eurobowl championship with the Manchester Spartans in 1990 in Rimini, Italy, and one European Championship in Hamburg, Germany as the National team head coach with the Great Britain National Team in 1989.
As the head coach of the Great Britain national team, Smith and his British national team defeated France 35-6 in the European Quarter-Final in a game played in Birmingham, England, Germany 38-6 in the European Semi-Final in a game played in Hamburg, Germany, and Finland 26-0 in the European Nations Championship Final in Hamburg, Germany.
After leading the Spartans to the Great Britain national championship in order to qualify for the European Football League European Championship competition, Smith led the Spartans to victories over the Dublin Celts from Ireland in a game played in Dublin, Ireland, the Amsterdam Crusaders from the Netherlands in the European Quarter-Final in a game played in Manchester, England, the Berlin Adler from Germany in the European Semi-Final in a game played in Rimini, Italy, and the Legnano Frogs from Italy in the European Championship Final in Rimini, Italy, to win the 1990 Eurobowl Championship. Smith and his Spartans also played in the Schweppes Cool Masters European Final in Hamburg, Germany in 1992.
With the Great Britain National Team, Smith led Great Britain to victories over France, Germany, and Finland by a combined score of 99-12 to win the 1989 European Nations Championship.
Prior to Smith becoming head coach, no British team in history, club team or national team, had ever won a single game in European competition. However, Smith transformed the British game and went a perfect 7 wins and no losses in all European competitions with both of his two teams, the Spartans and the Great Britain national team, winning the first two European Championships in British American football history.
As a result of these successes, Smith was nominated by Queen Elizabeth II for national end-of-year awards.
Smith was the first coach in European history to have won both the Club European Championship and the European Nation’s Championship. He won more than 100 games in total as a head coach, while losing only 15. Due to his coaching success, Smith was selected as the National Coach of the Year three straight times, and as the European Coach of the Year twice. In addition, due to his playing and coaching success, Smith was selected to the Great Britain American Football Hall of Fame in 2004, and to the Minor league football (gridiron) American Football Association (AFA) Hall of Fame in 1995.
Professional sports team ownership
Smith went on to become the owner of several professional sports teams, including the National Champion and European Champion Manchester Spartans. In July 1999, he bought financially struggling English League club Chester City, making him the first American owner, chairman, and chief executive in the history of European football. He declared his belief that the club could reach Division One (now the EFL Championship) within three years. The club was in administration when he took over, and close to folding with more than £1 million in debt. He was credited with rescuing Chester from the brink of bankruptcy by supporters at the time, and announced an intention to appoint three supporters to the club board of directors, which he did.
At the time of Smith's takeover, most veteran players had been sold and the remaining players were mostly young. He kept these young players and tried to develop them in order to keep the player wages low, so that the club could not only balance the budget for that season, but also so they could try to pay off the £1 million of debt that Smith inherited.
Using this low budget strategy, along with increasing revenue through good Cup runs in the FA Cup and the Worthington Cup, increased attendance and commercial advertising, and with Smith serving as both manager and general manager for free at no cost to the club, then Smith was able to get all the club's debts paid off within only five months, which was two and a half years earlier than the administration required. As a result, the club was out of debt for the first time in at least many decades.
In Smith's four months and 21 league matches in charge of team affairs, Chester managed wins against Brighton & Hove Albion, Shrewsbury Town and others, but lost 5–1 and 4–1 to Leyton Orient and Carlisle United respectively, and required a replay to overcome non-league minnows Whyteleafe in the FA Cup. However, they did find success in the Worthington Cup, beating First Division Port Vale 6–5 on aggregate; they won 2–1 at the Deva Stadium in a game which saw both Marcus Bent and Martyn Lancaster sent off, and then drew 4–4 in the return leg at Vale Park.
They also had success in the FA Cup, as they made it to the third round for just the third time in the club's 100-year history. Drawn against Manchester City, they only lost in the final minutes after the score was tied at 1–1 with eleven minutes left. While scouting Man City ahead of the match, Smith, who came up with a very good strategy and team plan for the Man City match, found that when he could watch a match from up in the stands, then he was able to see the necessary tactical adjustments because of his many years of experience coaching American football, where coaches scout opponents by spending hundreds of hours every season watching game footage of their opponents that is filmed from high in the stands. This skill would benefit the team considerably the following season, when Smith would scout all of Chester's impending Cup opponents.
His methods included saying aloud the Lord's Prayer during his pre-match team talk, preparing lengthy written strategic game plans for each match that he went over in his pre-match team talk and gave copies of to each player, always staying positive no matter the current difficulties and circumstances, developing a school program where he went with players to speak with and coach schoolchildren, and to give out free tickets to each child for the upcoming matches, and appointing captains for the defence, midfield and attack.
In late December 1999, with Chester out of debt and on firm financial footing for the first time in decades thanks to Smith’s tight monetary policies, Smith chose to step down as manager. His decision came only one match after his team had pulled itself off the bottom of the Division following a 2-1 win over Halifax Town. Smith hired veteran manager Ian Atkins to the dual role of director of football and manager in a bid to avoid relegation, while Smith himself took on the role of goalkeeper coach for the remainder of the season.
With the excellent improvements in the club’s financial position, the club was able to sign twelve new players that Atkins wanted and chose, doubling the player wage bill compared with when Smith was manager. The club was also able to afford to pay for team travel by luxury coaches to away matches instead of the regular buses used during Smith's period, and was able to pay for the team to stay at top hotels with excellent pre-match meals for all away matches instead of traveling to matches by bus on match day as had occurred during Smith's time period. The club also paid for a proper training facility with two excellent training pitches for Atkins' team, while Smith's team had endured training on a free piece of unlined grass in the middle of a horse racetrack. However, despite these many financial investments in the team, the team began slowly under Atkins, losing seven of his first nine matches in charge, with only one win and one draw, and falling well adrift at the bottom of the Division table. Atkins' team lost his ninth match in charge by a 7-1 score at home to Brighton & Hove Albion, even though Smith's young team had defeated Brighton 3-2 away at Brighton earlier in the season.
Afterwards, however, results began to improve, and a 5-0 home victory over Mansfield Town in April, where Smith signee Angus Eve, Trinidad & Tobago's career leading goal scorer with 43 national team goals, scored two goals, put Chester in a better position.
Going into the final game of the season, Chester had pulled themselves up to 23rd in the 24-team division, and faced a three-way battle with Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United to avoid the drop to the Conference. With fifteen minutes left in the season, Chester were above both Shrewsbury and Carlisle, but conceded a late goal against Peterborough United that was enough to see them relegated from the Football League on goal difference.
Atkins left, and fan favourite Graham Barrow returned as manager. He completely rebuilt the team, and in the 2000–01 season, his side managed a respectable ninth place, reached the third round of the FA Cup for the second successive season (in a controversial loss to Blackburn Rovers), made it to the semi-finals of the FA Trophy, and won the Conference League Cup, the first silverware for the club in over 70 years. During the season, Smith served as Barrow's scout and set-piece strategist for all Cup opponents, travelling on his own to scout opponents at least once or twice before Chester played them. In this scouting role, Smith utilized his American football background, where every American Football play is planned and choreographed from a set position in intricate detail, to focus on the development of creative set pieces, both corners and free kicks, for all the Cup matches that were based upon the weaknesses he perceived in the opponents' defensive alignment.
In addition, Barrow approached Smith at the start of the season, and asked him to watch the first half of every Chester match from up in the stands as a scout would, and then report what he saw to Barrow at halftime while Barrow was walking from the pitch to the dressing room. This good working relationship between them continued throughout the season.
In spite of this success, ahead of the 2001–02 season, Smith appointed Gordon Hill, an ex-Manchester United and ex-England player who was a personal friend, to become the new manager. Chester made a dreadful start to the season under Hill, winning only one of their first twelve matches. Smith finally sold his interest in the club to Stephen Vaughan and left at the start of October 2001, with the club completely out of debt other than what it owed him.
In 2003, a British court ordered Chester City to repay £300,000 in unpaid loans to Smith and his family. However, Smith still wanted to help the club, and so he accepted a settlement of far less than half that amount.
In 2004, Chester City FC finished first in their division, and was promoted again into the English League Third Division, thereby at that time fully completing the financial and on-field renovation of the club that had begun when Smith first purchased the club in an effort to rescue it from being closed down in 1999.
AppleMagazine.com wrote in its April 23, 2021 edition that Ted Lasso "was actually inspired by the story of Terry Smith, an American gridiron football coach who took over the English association football team Chester City F.C. and subsequently installed himself as the first-team coach".
The writers and actors of the Ted Lasso series often spoke about Terry Smith before the series began. In this interview and AppleTV+ video, Brendan Hunt, the outstanding co-creator of Ted Lasso, and actor who portrays assistant manager Coach Beard in the Ted Lasso series, discusses a 1999 FourFourTwo soccer magazine article about Terry Smith selling the American dream in a positive way, including a photo in the article of Smith wrapped in an American flag. This 22 year-old magazine article was published in England in September, 1999, when Smith was being the first American to ever manage and coach a professional English soccer team.
Personal life
Smith became a full-time professor at Lees-McRae College in North Carolina, teaching eight courses every semester in the School of Business and Management. He was promoted to become the Head of both the Sport Management Department and the Health and Fitness Department within the School of Business and Management. He was also promoted to become the Faculty Athletic Representative where he served in the President’s cabinet and reported directly to Dr. Barry Buxton, the outstanding Lees-McRae College President.
Smith became a Director for Elizabethton High School in Tennessee. Under Smith's leadership, the Bartleby program and Elizabethton High School being selected as one of the 10 XQ Super Schools in the entire United States. Smith then wrote a grant document describing and outlining their program, school courses, and educational methods, a document that resulted in their program and school receiving a $2.3 million grant from the XQ Foundation.
Smith was invited by the United States Congress, and by U.S. Congressman Phil Roe of Tennessee’s First District, to come to Washington, D.C. for Smith to speak on Capitol Hill to the United States Congress. Smith was one of only four public school educators in the entire United States to be honored with this invitation and achievement.
Smith created a television show titled ‘The Veteran's Voice’. As the owner of Mountain Television Network, Smith worked with veteran and author Ken Wiley to air interviews with veterans on local television. He also provided DVD copies of these interviews to veterans' family members. A collection of these DVDs are stored at Watauga County Library.
References
1959 births
Living people
Furman University alumni
Furman Paladins football players
Furman Paladins baseball players
New England Patriots players
Coaches of American football from North Carolina
American soccer coaches
Chester City F.C. managers
American expatriate players of American football
Players of American football from North Carolina |
Bathanthidium moganshanense is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees.
References
Megachilidae
Insects described in 2004 |
Stela Eneva (, born 18 July 1975) is a Paralympian athlete from Bulgaria competing mainly in throwing events.
She competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. There she competed in the F42-46 discus throw, shot put and javelin throw events but failed to win any medals.
She had more luck when she competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. There she won a silver medal in the women's F57-58 discus throw event but could not medal in the shot put. She also won silver at the 2012 Paralympics in London.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Bulgarian female discus throwers
Bulgarian female shot putters
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Paralympic athletes for Bulgaria
Paralympic silver medalists for Bulgaria
World record holders in para-athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
20th-century Bulgarian women
20th-century Bulgarian people
21st-century Bulgarian women
21st-century Bulgarian people |
Principles of Labor Legislation (1916) was a foundational US labor law text, written in the United States by John R. Commons and John Bertram Andrews.
Contents
Chapter I: THE BASIS OF LABOR LAW i
1. The Labor Contract i
2. Individual Rights 5
3. Due Process of Law 9
Chapter II: INDIVIDUAL BARGAINING 35
1. The Laborer as Debtor 35
2. The Laborer as Creditor 50
3. The Laborer as Tenant 61
4. The Laborer as Competitor 68
5. Legal Aid and Industrial Courts 80
Chapter III: COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 91
1. The Law of Conspiracy 91
2. Mediation by Government 124
3. Coercion by Government 139
4. Unions of Government Employees 160
Chapter IV: THE MINIMUM WAGE 167
1. Economic Basis 168
2. Historical Development 171
3. Standards 179
4. Methods of Operation 185
5. Results 190
6. Constitutionality 196
Chapter V: HOURS OF LABOR 200
I. Maximum Daily Hours 204
2. Rest Periods 246
Chapter VI: UNEMPLOYMENT 261
1. Regulation of Private Employment Offices .... 264
2. Public Employment Exchanges 270
3. Systematic Distribution of Public Work 283
4. Regularization of Industry 290
Chapter VII: SAFETY AND HEALTH 295
1. Reporting 297
2. Prohibition 304
3. Regulation 327
Chapter VIII: SOCIAL INSURANCE 354
1. Industrial Accident Insurance 356
2. Health Insurance 385
3. Old Age and Invalidity Insurance 397
4. Widows' and Orphans' Insurance 406
5. Unemployment Insurance 409
Chapter IX: ADMINISTRATION 415
1. The Executive 416
2. The Legislature 419
3. The Judiciary 422
4. The Industrial Commission 430
5. Penalties and Prosecutions 454
6. Cooperation by Pressure 462
Select Critical Bibliography 465
Table of Cases Cited 489
Index 497
See also
US labor law
UK labour law
Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, Industrial Democracy (1890)
Notes
External links
Full text on archive.org
United States labor law |
Ciphers is an ambient music album by SETI which was released in 1996. It is Ysatis and Deupree's last release under the SETI moniker. This album also features trip-hop and jazz influences, as found in their contemporary Futique releases.
Track listing
"Fragment.01" – 6:41
"Fragment.02" – 8:35
"Fragment.03" – 8:25
"Fragment.04" – 9:29
"Fragment.05" – 5:37
"Fragment.06" – 9:08
"Fragment.07" – 4:14
"Fragment.08" – 3:30
"First Fragment" – 4:57
References
1996 albums
SETI (band) albums |
Ponhofi Senior Secondary School is a government school in Helao Nafidi Town Council, in the Ohangwena region, Namibia. It is one of the schools that between 1987 and 1988 students were killed or severely wounded after soldiers opened fire at their rooms/hostels in retaliation for attacks by the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) combatants. Ponhofi is one of the top academic schools in the Ohangwena region, with a strong focus on academics, leadership, sports, and culture.
History
The Ponhofi School in the north became the key rallying point as students demanded the demilitarisation of education and the removal of military bases from schools and the implementation of the UN Resolution 435.
Ponhofi lost its students when PLAN fighters attacked the South West Africa Territorial Force (SWATF) military base between 1987 and 1988, two students were murdered and seven others were injured by the military. ponhofi hosted the 19th edition of the Kapuka Annual tournament in the year 2015.
Challenges that halted the school operations
National student boycotts that happened during the colonial era 1988 in Ponhofi Secondary School in today's Ohangwena region halted the school operations and many learners were affected. In the same vein, in 2020 Ponhofi Secondary School temporarily suspended classes for its grade 11 and 12 learners after a staff member tested positive for COVID-19.
Education
Ponhofi Secondary School has been serving quality education to Namibian students from grade Grade 8 to grade Grade 12 for years. Almost 900-1500 students are getting an education from Ponhofi Secondary School right now. The school is also a registered NAMCOL center for those that are improving their grades.
References
Schools in Ohangwena Region
High schools and secondary schools in Namibia |
Morrow Township is one of ten townships in Adair County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 431. It is named for John Morrow, one of Adair County's original judges.
Geography
Morrow Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. It contains eight cemeteries: Branstutter, Broyles, Campbell, Cox, Daniels, Megrew, Morelock and Shibleys Point.
The streams of Pleasant Creek, Plum Branch and Turkey Creek run through this township.
References
USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
External links
US-Counties.com
City-Data.com
Townships in Adair County, Missouri
Kirksville micropolitan area, Missouri
Townships in Missouri |
The Rocard government was the Government of France headed by Prime Minister Michel Rocard. It was originally formed on 10 May 1988 by the presidential decree of President François Mitterrand. It was composed of members from the Socialist Party. The second Rocard government was dissolved on 15 May 1991 when Édith Cresson was chosen by Mitterrand to form the next cabinet.
Cabinet
Michel Rocard – Prime Minister
Roland Dumas – Minister of Foreign Affairs
Édith Cresson – Minister of European Affairs
Jean-Pierre Chevènement – Minister of Defense
Pierre Joxe – Minister of the Interior
Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Economy, Finance, Budget, and Privatization
Roger Fauroux – Minister of Industry
Michel Delebarre – Minister of Employment and Social Affairs
Pierre Arpaillange – Minister of Justice
Lionel Jospin – Minister of National Education, Sport, Research, and Technology
Jack Lang – Minister of Culture and Communication
Henri Nallet – Minister of Agriculture and Forests
Maurice Faure – Minister of Housing and Equipment
Louis Mermaz – Minister of Transport
Jean Poperen – Minister of Relations with Parliament
Jacques Pelletier – Minister of Cooperation and Development
Paul Quilès – Minister of Posts, Telecommunications, and Space
Michel Durafour – Minister of Civil Service
Roger Fauroux – Minister of External Commerce
Louis Le Pensec – Minister of Sea
Brice Lalonde – Minister of the Environment
Changes
22–23 June 1988 – Michel Delebarre succeeds Mermaz as Minister of Transport and Le Pensec as Minister of Sea. The office of Minister of Social Affairs is abolished, but Claude Evin enters the ministry as Minister of Solidarity, Health, and Social Protection. Jean-Pierre Soisson succeeds Delebarre as Minister of Employment, becoming also Minister of Labour and Vocational Training. Louis Le Pensec becomes Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories. Jean-Marie-Rausch succeeds Fauroux as Minister of External Commerce. Hubert Curien succeeds Jospin as Minister of Research and Technology. Jospin remains Minister of National Education and Sport. Michel Durafour becomes Minister of Administrative Reforms as well as Minister of Civil Service.
28 June 1988 – Jack Lang becomes Minister of Great Works and Bicentenary in addition to being Minister of Culture and Communication.
22 February 1989 – Michel Delebarre succeeds Faure as Minister of Housing and Equipment, remaining also Minister of Transport.
2 October 1990 – The office of Minister of European Affairs is abolished. Henri Nallet succeeds Arpaillange as Minister of Justice. Louis Mermaz succeeds Nallet as Minister of Agriculture and Forests. The office of Minister of Bicentenary is abolished. Jack Lang remains minister of Culture, Communication and Great Works.
21 December 1990 – Michel Delebarre becomes Minister of City. Louis Besson succeeds Delebarre as Minister of Transport, Housing, Sea, and Equipment.
29 January 1991 – Pierre Joxe succeeds Chevènement as Minister of Defense. Philippe Marchand succeeds Joxe as Minister of the Interior.
Policies
Economy
The wealth tax (abolished under the previous government of Jacques Chirac) was restored and the CSG (general social contribution) was introduced in 1990 to provide a more egalitarian way of financing social security. Additional day-care services and related services for working mothers and families were introduced, and a new allowance for skilled baby-sitters (L'aide a la famille pour l'emploi d'une AFEAMA) was created in 1990 to promote the employment of skilled baby-minders, recognised by public authorities, through a reduction of insurance contributions and through tax incentives. A year earlier, in 1989, childminding expenses were made tax-deductible. Public housing for the poor was improved while the aged and handicapped received new benefits, and a new law was passed that allowed for the suspension of all civic rights (including voting or running for office) for anyone convicted of serious racist or anti-Semitic offences. The postal and telephone system was considerably reformed, together with the judicial professions. Key reforms were also adopted in the financing of political parties and campaigns, while other reforms were carried out in the penal code and in regulations that governed the terms of psychiatric internment.
A cancellation of one-third of the debts owed to France by the poorest countries was announced, while technical and liberalising adjustments were also made to several controversial bills passed by the previous Chirac Government, amongst the notable being changes to measures which made it easier for landlords to impose higher market rents, for the police to expel summarily (without court order) illegal aliens picked up on suspicion, and making it easier for firms to dismiss their workers. To provide infrastructural and “human capital” support to French industries, state investment in transport projects and training and education was increased significantly, while efforts were made to raise educational standards via a substantive reform of the school system. Between 1988 and 1990, the Mitterrand-Rocard administration also played a leading role in pressing for a "social dimension" to the new post-1992 EC open market, championing the enactment of a "social charter" of basic worker and welfare rights. In July 1990, the age limit for the payment of family benefits was raised from 17 to 18 years, and in January 1990 an Act was passed that extended to elderly persons living with their relatives “an exoneration for employers social security contributions for using a home help.”
In August 1988, the Rocard Government promulgated a decree-law strengthening the penalties for the employment of children. A decree of November 1988 defined technical terms and laid down rules governing the general conditions with which installations must comply regarding the protection of workers in establishments using electrical currents. The Arrete of December 1988 set up panels of three doctors with specialist knowledge of the diseases caused by dust containing free silica, asbestos or iron oxide, who were required to consider each case and deliver an opinion. Another Arrete of December 1988 set out the characteristics for the trademark and the certificate of conformity required for dangerous machines and equipment.
The Arrete of January 1989 provided for special medical surveillance of workers assigned to workplaces with a daily noise exposure of 85 decibels or above. Recommendations and technical Instructions for occupational physicians performing such medical surveillance are laid down in a document specifying the nature and frequency of the examinations. A Decree of February 1989 laid down the safety and health requirements in relation to powered Industrial trucks and their equipment. The Arrete of April 1989 stipulated that occupational physicians should produce each year a schedule of activities based on employees' health and health requirements. The Arrete covered health risks, workplaces and working conditions and specified the studies to be undertaken and the minimum number and frequency of inspection visits to workplaces. In the same field, the Arrete of May 1989 stipulated that occupational physicians In enterprises and establishments with more than 10 employees must compile and keep up-to-date a register listing the occupational hazards in the enterprise and the numbers of employees exposed to such hazards. The register was to be transmitted to the employer, kept at the disposal of the administration, and presented to the works committee for safety, health and working conditions at the same time as the annual report. A law passed in August 1989 amended a scheme introduced under a law on redundancy passed in 1986. The new law introduced a "prevention" element providing for aid to encourage firms to provide facilities for retraining workers and for conducting economic audits in small and medium-sized firms. There was also a "procedure" element providing for the works council to be kept informed and to be consulted, while the obligation to implement redeployment and retraining agreements was made generally applicable to all cases of redundancy for economic reasons. Regarding Individual dismissals, the legislation aimed to put an end to certain fraudulent practices detrimental to workers (e.g. reducing working time before dismissing a worker so as to circumvent the need to give notice). The law also set out methods of calculating the special award payable to workers who lost their jobs as a result of an accident or an occupational illness. Facilities for assistance for workers called to an interview prior to dismissal were also included.
In 1990, in an effort to give new impetus to the collective bargaining process and to bring it into line with increases in actual wages, a goal was set up Rocard and his ministers to raise “collectively agreed minimum pay rates". This was based on a study of 164 sectors in both the "general" category (excluding metalworking) and in the metalworking category, each employing more than 10,000 workers. In 1997, however, it was found that only 38% of the "general" sectors had "complied" with the stated goals (i.e. all pay levels were higher than the SMIC), down from 41% in 1990. In metalworking, the proportion of "complying" sectors was only 11%, down from 29% in 1990.
In 1989, some restrictions were re-imposed on the ability of employers and workers to agree to temporary work contracts. In 1990, the Rocard Government expanded access to unemployment insurance benefits by reducing the qualifying period for contact workers from 2 years to 6 months, and provided for an extension of benefits through further short-term employment. A plan to encourage household savings was launched, while ALMP (Active Labour Market Policies) were expanded, notably public internships, training programmes, and subsidies for hard-to-place youths and the long-term unemployed. In addition, more money was spent on research.
The credit-formation was introduced, a voucher aimed at individuals who sought a general upgrading of their technical education. This was directed towards young school-leavers without a diploma, and anyone out of school was eligible for the voucher. The credit-formation was intended to enable individuals to reach the first rank of technical education (the certificate d'aptitude professionnelle, or CAP). Participants would work with counsellors to determine needs and desired training, and they would then be eligible for training in approved centres. In addition, the Ministry of Education would certify levels of skills acquisition. The credit formation was extended after a collective bargaining accord in March 1990 to workers who were employed but unskilled, and in May that year to a third category of workers, unemployed adults. A firm-based version of this programme was also established by the Rocard Government, known as the credit-impot formation. In explaining the purpose of this scheme, Anthony Daley noted that
“Firms could apply those funds to youth training. If they were insufficient, the firm could deduct twenty-five percent of the extra amount from its corporate taxes. For individuals with particularly low skill levels, the company's deduction rose to thirty-five percent. Training could take place in the plant or in a certified training centre.”
A law of July 1989 on collective working relations provides for the extension to men of advantages reserved for women in certain collective agreements, with this extension to be negotiated within a period of two years, laid down the methods for informing the works committee about vocational training matters, extended the category of staff representatives with a right to remuneration, and strengthened the sanctions applicable to the employment of illicit workers and to labour suppliers. The 1989 Loi Evin defined a set of rules that were applicable to all insurers. In 1990, a law was passed that moderately restricted the use of temporary employment services and fixed-term contracts by preventing employers from substituting explicitly unstable for stable work. Initiatives introduced in 1989 and 1990 that consolidated programs to diminish confusion among both recipients and program administrators. The TUC, SIVP, and PIL were folded into one programme (contrats emploi-solidarite, or CES), which acquired legal standing with a fixed-term contract. Participants in this programme received the minimum hourly wage, although they still only worked half-time. By 1991, over 400,000 people were served annually by the programme. The CRA was combined with contrats retour a l'emploi (CRE), another insertion programme, for the long-term unemployed. The CRE was changed by the Rocard Government into a training and employment creation mechanism, and had 100,000 participants by 1990. Funding was also increased for a holdover program from the previous Chirac Government (the allocation de formation-reclassement) that encouraged recipients of unemployment insurance to receive training.
From July 1988 onwards, certain workers aged over 60 became able to combine a partial retirement pension with earnings from part-time employment. The Protection and Promotion of Family and Child Health Act, passed in 1989, set further requirements for organising children’s health services, especially in preschools and homes. The legislation also required that the social security office reimburse providers for mandatory examinations, special care at home, and care rendered in hospital clinics and other health facilities. Parents were responsible for selecting providers and also had a financial incentive to follow the recommended schedule of preventive care visits for their children. A 1990 law concerning the protection of individuals against discrimination on grounds of their state of health or their disability amended the Penal Code, which already covered discrimination based on race or origin, nationality, ethnicity, marital status, customs, and sex.
From 1989 onwards, the government supported “family child care networks,” places where child care workers and parents can meet, acquire information about issues related to child care, and where assistante maternelles can sometimes benefit from some training. To combat political corruption, a law was passed in January 1990 that provided for strict regulation of campaign contributions and personal use of funds for non-governmental organisations. Other measures included increases in minimum social benefits, a major investment in education, the reform of the legal profession, and the modernisation of the public sector. The Rocard Government also raised the minimum wage while spending a lot of money on the wages of public sector employees, particularly tax collectors, postal workers, transport workers, and nurses, as economic growth had enabled Rocard to increase public sector pay. In 1990, universal access to day-care services was made a subjective right for every child under the age of three.
Expenditure on culture was significantly increased, while a law was passed (the Evin Act) to regulate smoking in public places, together with the anti-discriminatory Gayssot Act. The 1989 budget introduced a number of progressive measures, including an increase in benefits for renters in receipt of APL (aide personalisee de lodgement, or individual housing assistance), an increase in academic scholarships for students, a decrease in interest rates that would assist the services of the HLM, a decrease in the taxe d’habitation (a per-inhabitant tax on living dwellings for individuals on low incomes), and an increase in expenditures for newspapers of weak advertising capacity. In addition, the war veterans ministry received an extra 75 million francs, while the budget for youth and sports received an increase of 6.2 million francs. Taxes were also significantly reduced in the 1989 budget, with corporate taxes reduced by 10 billion francs and taxes on individuals cut by 5 billion francs.
The “loi Soisson” of 1989 codified the procedures and requirements for so-called “plans sociaux” for firms laying off more than ten employees, “requiring efforts on the part of firms to avoid layoffs and compensation for workers who did lose their jobs.” The budget of 1990 provided supplementary budgetary allocations to support the long-term unemployed, the creation of several thousand new civil-service posts, a reduction of taxes on rents, and a surtax on high incomes. An Act of June 1990 prohibited “the dismissal (and any other disciplinary measures) of a trade union officer on the grounds of his/her trade union activities,” and in November 1990 a law was passed that extended profit-sharing to firms with between 50 and 100 employees, while that same year the maximum bonus under Interessement des salarie's (CPS) was raised to 20% of gross wages. The Neiertz Act, also passed in 1990, established “overindebtendess commissions” as a means of tackling cases of household overindebtness.
Housing
Housing was a major priority of the Rocard Government, as characterised by increases in aid for many housing programmes and the maintenance of the real value of benefits under the housing allowance programme (APL), the first time since the early Eighties that its real value had not been reduced by inflation. A new rent law provided the government with the power to issue decrees prohibiting excessive rent increases, while more funds were allocated to social housing. Housing aid was increased by over 8% over 1989, with personalized aid extended to those who had been previously excluded from the housing allowance. More land was also made available in city centres for social housing construction by releasing government land for building. Rocard’s government also decided to paint housing blocks with “crime-ridden architecture” (as Rocard described them) in bright colours as a means of cheering up their residents, but according to one writer, “only the outside walls got the treatment and the insides remained as drab as ever.”
Basic housing allowances were increased and efforts were made to improve social housing for low-income groups via the Besson Act of 1990, which strengthened the rights of families to find and stay in adequate housing. It was passed in response to the growing problem of homelessness and inadequate housing, and stipulated that "guaranteeing the right to housing is a duty of solidarity for the whole society." The act required local authorities to develop schemes for those in need of housing, as well as to create special funds for assisting the poor in paying for rental deposits or moving expenses. The Besson Act also extended means-tested housing allowances, including to young people living in hostels (foyers). The social housing allowance was extended to recipients of RMI in January 1989, and to recipients of the insertion allowance in October 1990.
In February 1990, a new low-interest loan was introduced called the PLA d’insertion, “available to HLMs and other organizations to purchase private sector property for letting to poorer households,” and from 1990 onwards additional loans from the Caisse des Depots et Consignations (CDC) were awarded to social housing bodies to aid access to the social rented sector for certain disadvantaged households, as well as to encourage social and economic integration in some inner city and suburban areas.
In October 1988, the National Council of Cities (CNV) was established by decree, together with an inter-ministerial committee. The decree also set up the Délégation interministérielle à la ville (DIV), an interministerial delegation that was allocated the task of co-ordinating urban policy. The purpose of the DIV's establishment was not only to bring an administrative focus to urban policy programmes within other state institutions and policies, but also to ensure that urban policy was given greater importance. That same year, the government identified 300 prioritized areas for urban development. The Mermaz Act of 1989 introduced new rights for tenants, requiring an individual landlord to offer a new tenant a minimum of a three-year lease, and limiting the power of a landlord to increase the rent of a sitting tenant. The legislation also provided for tenant representation on the HLM Office Boards of Administration.
The 1989 housing budget froze the rate of payback for those having difficulty repaying subsidised loans, and the Rocard Government decided that from 1990 onwards the payback rate would be no more than 2.65% a year (the inflation rate at that time). Members of the Socialist Party group called for the transition features of the Mehaignerie Law (introduced under the previous Chirac Government) to be made permanent. Under these features, most rents would not be free, but would instead “be set by negotiation between landlord and tenant and subject to arbitration by conciliation committees, with rent increases being based on comparable rents in the area.” In partial response to this call, a law was passed in January 1989 which called for “spreading out rent increases exceeding 10 percent over six years and required that all proposals from landlords to increase rents had to include proof that there were comparable rents in the neighbourhood.” A Ministry for Cities was set up in 1990 to work against ‘exclusion’ of all kinds, by developing a strategy to target physical, social, economic and educational issues in an integrated way. That same year, the Grands Projets Urbains (GPU) were launched, largely physical projects targeting 14 particularly deprived urban neighbourhoods which aimed for a thorough restructuring of the estates. In March 1991, the “dotation generale defonctionnement” was reformed to redistribute transfers from richer to poorer localities.
Modifications were also made to some of the harsher legislation introduced by the previous Chirac Government on immigration and the rights of landlords and employers to get rid of unwanted tenants and workers. In addition, government aid to small businesses was increased, while VAT was reduced in an attempt to enliven the market. Retired home-owners and widows, who were reluctant to sell family homes, benefited from legislation passed by the National Assembly in May 1990 which converted the local departmental tax from a property-based tax to one based on income. A law passed in July 1989 dealt with the care of elderly handicapped persons in the homes of private persons, with the aim of guaranteeing a maximum degree of care at an acceptable cost and under supervision by the competent authorities. In order to facilitate the reintegration of the long-term unemployed, a law passed in January 1989 abolished the ceiling on employers' contributions for family allowances and extended the employers' exemption from social security contributions when recruiting the long-term unemployed.
Education
In terms of education, expenditure on the national education system rose considerably, from 198 billion francs in 1988 to 250 billion francs in 1991. In addition, the Baccalauréat was democratised, which was once the preserve of the elite. In 1980, for instance, only 29% of the eligible age group passed it, but in 1995 61% attained it. This improvement was achieved by a law passed in June 1989 that redesigned the curriculum and provided extra support for schools in poor areas. The 1989 Education Act laid down the principle of schooling for all until the end of the second cycle, and the target of 80% of the age cohort reaching baccalauréat level, which reflected the ambition to raise the education level of French people as a whole, and the numbers in secondary-education lycées rapidly increased. While in 1985 less than 30% of an age cohort left school with the baccalauréat, by 1995 that proportion had risen to over 62% by 1995. The 1989 Act also highlighted the will to divide schooling into educational stages (cycles pédagogiques), with the aim of improving educational continuity and help adapt teaching to each child’s individual physiological and psychological capabilities. Under Article 2 of the 1989 Education Act, a place was to be made available for any three-year-old child whose family requests a place in a nursery school as near as possible to his/her home. It also stated that priority should be given to providing school places for two-year-olds living in socially underprivileged areas such as inner-city, rural or mountainous districts. Handicapped children and foreign children were offered places, where conditions allow, in order to facilitate their integration as quickly as possible.
The 1989 Education Act also advised expanding in-company internships and reaffirmed the goal of all pupils of a given age group reaching at least the level of CAP (“Certificat d’Aptitude Professionel”) or BEP (Brevet d’Etudes Professionnel”) within the next ten years. In 1989, an outline agreement for upgrading the status of teachers was signed by the Minister of Education and trade union organisations, which included the improvement of working conditions and remuneration of teachers at the beginning and end of their careers. In 1990, a Memorandum of Agreement, known as the "Protocole Durafour", which concerned the whole public service, enabled teachers in secondary education to improve their internal promotion prospects, and also introduced a special compensation benefit for teachers appointed to work in Educational Priority Zones.
In June 1988, emergency measures amounting to FF 1.2 billion were decided upon for improvements at the start of the 1988-89 school year, in particular as regards to school building activities, teachers' working conditions and the vocational Integration of young people. An aid to innovation fund was created to permit primary and secondary educational establishments to finance new educational projects. At the end of 1988, an operation to equip schools with data-processing, office-automation and technological systems, was introduced. In 1990, the Back to School Allowance (which was previously available to children from the ages of 6–16 years) was extended to children under the age of 18 who continue their school, university, or are placed in apprenticeship, "subject to possible compensation does not exceed 55% of the minimum wage."
To manage the growing number of university entrants, a plan was developed entitled "University 2000," which significantly increased university budgets and resulted in the building of new universities, including four in the suburbs of Paris, for a total capital investment of 23 billion francs between 1990 and 1995. In 1990, University Institutes for the Training of School Teachers were established, setting up university degree courses for primary as well as secondary school teachers. That same year, government networks known Specific Aids for Pupils with Special Needs Networks (Réseaux d’Aides Spécialisées aux élèves en Difficulté) were set up to provide aid to pupils with special needs in ordinary classes with teachers’ help. The Educational Priority Zone (ZEP) programme was expanded, with new zones created in 1989 and 1990, and from 1990 onwards, primary-school teachers were accorded the same status as other school teachers. In 1990, specialised assistance networks (RASED) were established with the objective of preventing schooling difficulties which may be encountered by certain students in ordinary educational establishments.
References
1988 establishments in France
1991 disestablishments in France
Cabinets established in 1988
Cabinets disestablished in 1991
French governments |
Monte Inici is a mountain in the comune of Castellammare del Golfo, province of Trapani, Sicily. It stands approximately 1060 m above sea level, a few km south of the Golfo di Castellammare, an indentation of the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Monte Inici has been the site of numerous explorations and finds of fossils from the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods.
In the classical age, Monte Inici was the site of the ancient Greek settlement of Inykon in Magna Graecia, not to be confused with the larger town of Inycum (Inykon in Greek) in the southwestern part of Sicily.
In the 16th century Inici was a vast barony which included nine fiefs inside and belonged to the House of Sanclemente, a noble family from Trapani.
References
Colonies of Magna Graecia
Inici |
Otroci is a village in the municipality of Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 498 people.
References
Populated places in Raška District |
Renji Station is a station on Loop line of Chongqing Rail Transit in Chongqing municipality, China. It is located in Nan'an District and opened as an infill station in 2021.
References
Railway stations in China opened in 2021
Chongqing Rail Transit stations |
Wells () is a cathedral city and civil parish in Somerset, located on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills, south-east of Weston-super-Mare, south-west of Bath and south of Bristol. Although the population recorded in the 2011 census was only 10,536, (increased to 12,000 by 2018) and with a built-up area of just , Wells has had city status since medieval times, because of the presence of Wells Cathedral. Often described as England's smallest city, it is actually second smallest to the City of London in area and population, but unlike London it is not part of a larger urban agglomeration.
Wells takes its name from three wells dedicated to Saint Andrew, one in the market place and two within the grounds of the Bishop's Palace and cathedral. A small Roman settlement surrounded them, which grew in importance and size under the Anglo-Saxons when King Ine of Wessex founded a minster church there in 704. The community became a trading centre based on cloth making and Wells is notable for its 17th-century involvement in both the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion. In the 19th century, transport infrastructure improved with stations on three different railway lines. However, since 1964 the city has been without a railway link.
The cathedral and the associated religious and medieval architectural history provide
much of the employment. The city has a variety of sporting and cultural activities and houses several schools including The Blue School, a state coeducational comprehensive school that was founded in 1641, and the private Wells Cathedral School, which was founded possibly as early as 909 and is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in the United Kingdom. Wells's historic architecture has led to the city being used as a shooting location for numerous films and television programmes.
History
The city was a Roman settlement that became an important centre under the Anglo-Saxons when King Ine of Wessex founded a minster church in 704. Two hundred years later, in 909, it became the seat of the newly formed bishopric of Wells; but in 1090, the bishop's seat was removed to Bath. The move caused severe arguments between the canons of Wells and the monks of Bath until 1245 when the bishopric was renamed the Diocese of Bath and Wells, to be elected by both religious houses. With the construction of the current cathedral and the bishop's palace in the first half of the 13th century, under the direction of Bishop Reginald and later Bishop Jocelin, a native of the city, Wells became the principal seat of the diocese.
The 8th-century port at Bleadney on the River Axe enabled goods to be brought to within of Wells. In the Middle Ages overseas trade was carried out from the port of Rackley. In the 14th century a French ship sailed up the river, and by 1388 Thomas Tanner from Wells used Rackley to export cloth and corn to Portugal, and received iron and salt in exchange. Wells had been a centre for cloth making; however, in the 16th and 17th centuries this diminished, but the city retained its important market focus. Wells in the 19th century had the largest cheese market in the west of England.
Wells was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Welle, from the Old English , not as a town but as four manors with a population of 132, which implies a population of 500–600. Earlier names for the settlement have been identified which include Fontanetum, in a charter of 725 granted by King Ina to Glastonbury and . "Tidesput" or "Tithesput furlang" relates to the area east of the bishop's garden in 1245. Wells was part of, and gave its name to, the hundred of Wells Forum.
Wells had been granted charters to hold markets by Bishop Robert (1136–66) and free burgage tenure was granted by Bishop Reginald (1174–1191). Wells was recognised as a free borough by a Royal charter of King John in 1201. The city remained under episcopal control until its charter of incorporation from Queen Elizabeth I in 1589. City status was most recently confirmed by Queen Elizabeth II by letters patent issued under the Great Seal dated 1 April 1974, which granted city status specifically to the civil parish; on that date major local government reorganisation came into effect, which involved the abolition of the municipal borough of Wells.
Anne of Denmark, the wife of King James came to Wells on 20 August 1613. She was entertained by a pageant performed by the town's trades and crafts. The blacksmiths presented Vulcan's forge. The butchers made a tableau of "old virgins", with their attires made of cow tails and necklaces made of cow's horns, who were drawn in a chariot by men and boys dressed in ox skins. The mayor, William Bull, held a dinner for members of the queen's household including her four maids of honour. The Venetian ambassador Antonio Foscarini recorded her delight.
During the English Civil War (1642–1651), at what became known as the "Siege of Wells", the city found itself surrounded by Parliamentarian guns on the Bristol, Glastonbury and Shepton Mallet sides. Col. William Strode had 2,000 men and 150 horse. The Royalists evacuated the city. Parliamentarian troops then used the cathedral to stable their horses and damaged much of the ornate sculpture by using it for firing practice.
William Penn stayed in Wells shortly before leaving for America (1682), spending a night at The Crown Inn. Here he was briefly arrested for addressing a large crowd in the market place, but released on the intervention of the Bishop of Bath and Wells. During the Monmouth Rebellion (1685) the rebel army attacked the cathedral in an outburst against the established church and damaged the west front. Lead from the roof was used to make bullets, windows were broken, the organ smashed and horses stabled in the nave. Wells was the final location of the Bloody Assizes on 23 September 1685. In a makeshift court lasting only one day, over 500 men were tried and the majority sentenced to death.
Wells first station, Priory Road, opened in 1859 on the Somerset Central Railway (later the Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway, S&DJR) as the terminus of a short branch from Glastonbury. A second railway, the East Somerset, opened a branch line from Witham in 1862 and built Wells East Somerset station to the east of Priory Road. In 1870, the Cheddar Valley line branch of the Bristol & Exeter Railway from Yatton, reached Wells and built a third station at Tucker Street. Matters were simplified when the Great Western Railway acquired the Cheddar Valley and the East Somerset lines and built a link between them that ran through the S&DJR's Priory Road station. In 1878, when through trains began running between Yatton and Witham, the East Somerset station closed, but through trains did not stop at Priory Road until 1934. Priory Road closed to passenger traffic in 1951 when the S&DJR branch line from Glastonbury was shut, though it remained the city's main goods depot. Tucker Street closed in 1963 under the Beeching cuts, which closed the Yatton to Witham line to passengers. Goods traffic to Wells ceased in 1964. Southern Railway West Country class steam locomotive no 34092 was named City of Wells at a ceremony at Priory Road station in 1949. It was used to haul the Golden Arrow service between London and Dover. It was withdrawn from service in 1964, and rescued from a scrapyard in 1971, and as August 2021 was operational on the East Lancashire Railway.
During World War II, Stoberry Park in Wells was the location of a prisoner-of-war camp, housing Italian prisoners from the Western Desert Campaign, and later German prisoners after the Battle of Normandy. Penleigh Camp on the Wookey Hole Road was a German working camp.
Governance
Wells City Council is a parish council, with a membership of sixteen councillors, elected from three parish wards. They are (with the number of parish councillors each elects, in brackets): Central (four), St. Thomas' (six) and St. Cuthbert's (six).
The civil parish of Wells was formed in 1933 upon the merger of Wells St Cuthbert In and Wells St Andrew (the latter being the historic liberty of the cathedral, the bishop's palace, etc., amounting to just ). Wells is the successor parish for Wells Municipal Borough, which existed from the creation of municipal boroughs in 1835 to their abolition in 1974. The parish has held the city status of Wells since 1 April 1974 (previously held by the municipal borough) and the member of the City Council who chairs the council holds the historic office of Mayor of Wells, typically for one year. The current mayor (for the 2020–21 municipal year) is Councillor Philip Welch, who is the 647th Mayor of Wells. He was elected to office on 10 October 2020. Another historic position is that of the Town Crier.
The City Council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. They also evaluate local planning applications and work with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. This includes city centre management including CCTV, an alcohol ban and regulating street trading permissions including the two funfairs held in the Market Place in May and November each year and the Wells in Bloom competition. The city council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of city facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. They are involved in the management of the Community Sports Development Centre at the Blue School, the skateboard park and allotments in the grounds of the Bishop's Palace, Burcott Road and Barnes Close. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.
Wells Town Hall was built in 1778, with the porch and arcade being added in 1861 and the balcony and round windows in 1932. It is a Grade II listed building. It replaced the former on the site of the Market and Assize Hall in the Market Place, and a Canonical House also known as 'The Exchequer', on the authority of an Act of Parliament dated 1779. The building also houses the magistrates courts and other offices. The Assize court last sat here in October 1970.
All other local government services are provided by Somerset Council, a unitary authority established in April 2023. Prior to this date, Wells elected five councillors to Mendip District Council from the same three wards as are used for the City Council (two were returned from St Cuthbert's, two from St Thomas' and one from Central). Wells is an electoral division (with the same boundaries as the civil parish) of Somerset and returns two councillor to Somerset Council, but returned one to its predecessor Somerset County Council. Wells is part of the UK Parliament constituency of Wells. Since 2015 the Member of Parliament for Wells is James Heappey of the Conservatives.
The Wells city arms show an ash tree surrounded by three water wells, crested with a gold mural crown, with the Latin motto Hoc fonte derivata copia (translated: "the fullness that springs from this well").
The council formalised twinning links with Paray-le-Monial, France, and Bad Dürkheim, Germany in 1979, then added Fontanellato, Italy in 1983; the Wells Twinning Association and the Mayor of Wells organise the twinning activities.
, Mary Bignal-Rand, Danny Nightingale, The Rifles and the late Harry Patch have the Freedom of the City. The Somerset Light Infantry received the freedom of the City of Wells following their return from Cyprus in 1956.
City status
As the seat of an ancient cathedral and diocese, Wells is historically regarded as a city. City status was most recently confirmed by Queen Elizabeth II by letters patent dated 1 April 1974, which granted city status specifically to the civil parish. As the designation is typically awarded to a local council area, this administrative area is then considered to be the formal boundary of the city, including its urban and rural extents. Wells, due to its urban area and wider parish sizes, is near-smallest city on several measures based on 2011 statistics:
Its city council boundary area, surrounded wholly by countryside makes Wells the smallest free-standing city in the UK (2.11 sq mi) - the City of London is smaller (1.12) but is part of a much larger urban area (Greater London - 671 sq mi)
2nd smallest in England and UK by city council boundary area (2.11 sq mi) behind the City of London (1.12)
2nd smallest in England only by population and urban area (10,536 residents, 1.35 sq mi) behind the City of London (8,072, 1.12)
4th smallest in the UK by population and urban area behind St Davids (1,841 residents, 0.23 sq mi), St Asaph (3,355, 0.50) and the City of London (8,072, 1.12).
Geography
Wells lies at the foot of the southern escarpment of the Mendip Hills where they meet the Somerset Levels. The hills are largely made of carboniferous limestone, which is quarried at several nearby sites. In the 1960s, the tallest mast in the region, the Mendip UHF television transmitter, was installed on Pen Hill above Wells, approximately from the centre of the city.
Streams passing through caves on the Mendip Hills, including Thrupe Lane Swallet and Viaduct Sink (approximately east of the city), emerge at Saint Andrew's Well in the garden of the Bishop's Palace, from where the water fills the moat around the Palace and then flows into Keward Brook, which carries it for approximately a mile west to the point where the brook joins the River Sheppey in the village of Coxley.
Along with the rest of South West England, the Mendip Hills have a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. The annual mean temperature is about 10 °C (50 °F) with seasonal and diurnal variations, but due to the modifying effect of the sea, the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 °C (34 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F). July and August are the warmest months in the region with mean daily maxima around 21 °C (70 °F). In general, December is the dullest month and June the sunniest. The south west of England enjoys a favoured location, particularly in summer, when the Azores High extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK.
Cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and reduces exposure to sunshine. The average annual sunshine totals around 1600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Average rainfall is around 800–900 mm (31–35 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest. The predominant wind direction is from the south west.
The civil parish of Wells is entirely surrounded by the parish of St Cuthbert Out.
Demography
The population of the civil parish, recorded in the 2011 census, was 10,536. Of this number 97.5% are ethnically White (with the more specific White British category recorded at 93.5%) and 66.5% described themselves as Christian. The mean average age in 2011 was 41.9 years (the median age being 43). The population recorded for the Wells civil parish in the 2001 census was 10,406.
Economy
Following construction of the A39/A371 bypass, the centre of the city has returned to being that of a quiet market town. It has all the modern conveniences plus shops, hotels and restaurants. Wells is a popular tourist destination, due to its historical sites, its proximity to Bath, Stonehenge and Glastonbury and its closeness to the Somerset coast. Also nearby are Wookey Hole Caves, the Mendip Hills and the Somerset Levels. Somerset cheese, including Cheddar, is made locally. Wells is part of the Wells and Shepton Mallet travel to work area which also includes Glastonbury, Cheddar and surrounding areas.
The historic part of the city has often been used for filming both documentaries and many period films and television series, including some with very large productions. Recent examples (2014 to 2017) include filming for Series 2 of Poldark (2015 TV series), Dunkirk, Another Mother's Son, Broadchurch, The Levelling, Mum's List and The White Princess (miniseries). In addition to Wells Cathedral, the Bishop's Palace, Wells is particularly popular among productions, with filming at the latter conducted (in 2015–2016) for The Huntsman: Winter's War, Galavant, Terry and Mason's The Great British Food Trip, Escape to the Country and Holiday of My Lifetime, in addition to The White Princess (miniseries).
Transport
Wells is situated at the junction of three numbered routes. The A39 goes north-east to Bath and south-west to Glastonbury and Bridgwater. The A371 goes north-west to Cheddar and Weston-super-Mare, and east to Shepton Mallet. The B3139 goes west to Highbridge, and north-east to Radstock and Trowbridge. The nearest motorway connections are at junction 23 on the M5 via the A39 and at junction 19 of the M4 via the A39, A37 and M32.
Wells is served by First West of England bus services to Bristol and Bristol Temple Meads station, Bath, Frome, Shepton Mallet, Yeovil, Street and Weston-super-Mare, as well as providing some local service. It is served by Berrys Coaches daily Superfast service to and from London. The bus station is in Princes Road. The Mendip Way and Monarch's Way long-distance footpaths pass through the city, as does National Cycle Route 3.
Railways
Wells had two stations which were closed by the Beeching Axe in the 1960s: Wells (Tucker Street) railway station and Wells (Priory Road) railway station. The nearest railway line today is the East Somerset Railway.
The nearest station today for the national rail network is Bristol Temple Meads which is easily accessible via the 376 bus route.
Education
The Blue School, founded in 1641, is a state coeducational comprehensive school and has been awarded Specialist science college status. It has 1,641 students aged 11–18 of both sexes and all ability levels.
Wells Cathedral School, founded in 909, is a private school that has a Christian emphasis and is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain. The school teaches over 700 pupils between the ages of 3 and 18. The school's boarding houses line the northern parts of the city and the music school retains close links with Wells Cathedral. The primary schools in Wells are Stoberry Park School, St Cuthbert's Church of England Infants School, St Cuthbert's Church of England Junior School and St Joseph and St Teresa Catholic Primary School.
Culture
Wells and Mendip Museum includes many historical artefacts from the city and surrounding Mendip Hills. Wells is part of the West Country Carnival circuit.
Wells Film Centre shows current releases and, in conjunction with the Wells Film Society shows less well known and historical films. The previous cinema, The Regal in Priory Road, closed in 1993 and is now Kudos Nightclub. It was built in 1935 by ES Roberts from Flemish bond brickwork with Art Deco features. It is a Grade II listed building, and was on the Buildings at Risk Register until its restoration which included the restoration and repair of the stained glass façade. Wells Little Theatre is operated by a voluntary society which started in 1902. In 1969 they took over the old boy's building of Wells Blue School, where they put on a variety of operatic and other productions.
Milton Lodge is a house overlooking the city. It has a terraced garden, which was laid out in the early 20th century, is listed as Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England.
Local media
Television programmes and local news is provided by BBC West and ITV West Country from the Mendip TV transmitter.
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Somerset on 95.5 FM, Heart West on 102.6 FM and Greatest Hits Radio South West on 107.7 FM.
The city is served by these local newspapers: The Somerset County Gazette and Somerset Live.
Religious sites
A walled precinct, the Liberty of St Andrew, encloses the twelfth century Cathedral, the Bishop's Palace, Vicar's Close and the residences of the clergy who serve the cathedral. Entrances include the Penniless Porch, The Bishop's Eye and Brown's Gatehouse which were all built around 1450.
The Church of St Cuthbert has a Somerset stone tower and a carved roof. Originally an Early English building (13th century), it was much altered in the Perpendicular period. The nave's coloured ceiling was repainted in 1963 at the instigation of the then Vicar's wife, Mrs Barnett. Until 1561 the church had a central tower which either collapsed or was removed, and has been replaced with the current tower over the west door. Bells were cast for the tower by Roger Purdy.
The polychromatic stone Church of St Thomas was built during 1856 and 1857 and extended by Samuel Sanders Teulon in 1864, commemorating the work of Richard Jenkyns the Dean of Wells who had cared for the poor in the east of the city.
Wells Vineyard Church is an Evangelical Church formed in 2003.
Wells Cathedral
The cathedral is the seat of the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells. Wells has been an ecclesiastical city of importance since at least the early 8th century. Parts of the building date back to the tenth century, and it is a grade I listed building. It is known for its fine fan vaulted ceilings, Lady Chapel and windows, and the scissor arches which support the central tower. The west front is said to be the finest collection of statuary in Europe, retaining almost 300 of its original medieval statues, carved from the cathedral's warm, yellow Doulting stone. The Chapter House, at the top of a flight of stone stairs, leading out from the north transept is an octagonal building with a fan-vaulted ceiling. It is here that the business of running the cathedral is still conducted by the members of the Chapter, the cathedral's ruling body. Wells Cathedral clock is famous for its 24-hour astronomical dial and set of jousting knights that perform every quarter-hour. The cathedral has the heaviest ring of ten bells in the world. The tenor bell weighs just over 56 CWT (6,272 lb, 2,844 kg).
The Vicars' Close is the oldest residential street in Europe. The Close is tapered by to make it look longer when viewed from the bottom. When viewed from the top, however, it looks shorter. The Old Deanery dates from the 12th century, and St John's Priory from the 14th. The street is owned by Wells Cathedral.
The Bishop's Palace
The Bishop's Palace has been the home of the bishops of the Diocese of Bath and Wells for 800 years. The hall and chapel date from the 14th century. There are of gardens including the springs from which the city takes its name. Visitors can also see the Bishop's private chapel, ruined great hall and the gatehouse with portcullis and drawbridge beside which mute swans ring a bell for food. The Bishop's Barn was built in the 15th century.
Sport
The city has two football clubs, one being Wells City F.C., past winners of the Western League. Belrose FC play their football in the Mid-Somerset Football League at Haybridge Park. Wells Cricket Club runs eight sides across senior, junior and women's cricket; they are based at South Horrington. Wells Wanderers Cricket Club are based in Meare. Rowdens Road Cricket Ground was a first-class venue. No longer a cricket ground, it is now occupied in part by Wells FC.
Mid-Somerset Hockey Club and Wells City Acorns Hockey Club both play on the Astroturf pitches at the Blue School, where several other sports clubs are based. Wells Leisure Centre has a swimming pool, gymnasium, sports hall, sauna, steam room, relaxation area and solarium. The 18-hole Wells Golf Club is on the outskirts of the city and also has a 24-bay driving range with optional grass tees.
In popular culture
Elizabeth Goudge used Wells as a basis for the fictional cathedral city of Torminster, in her book A City of Bells (1936), and its two sequels Sister of the Angels (1939) and Henrietta's House (1942: The Blue Hills, USA title).
Wells has been used as the setting for several films including: The Canterbury Tales (1973), A Fistful of Fingers (1994), The Gathering (2003), The Libertine (2004), The Golden Age (2007), and Hot Fuzz (2007, as Sandford). The cathedral interior stood in for Southwark Cathedral during filming for the Doctor Who episode "The Lazarus Experiment", and was also used as an interior location in the film Jack the Giant Slayer (2013), and in 2017 for the film Hellboy. In 2017 the market square and town hall was used for production of the BBC series Poldark.
Notable people
Hugh of Wells – native of Wells, Bishop, elder brother of Jocelin of Wells.
Jocelin of Wells – native of Wells, Bishop, aided in creation of Magna Carta and largely responsible for the construction of the cathedral.
Herbert E. Balch – cave explorer and founder of Wells Museum. His name was given to Balch Road, a council estate that was built in the 1950s.
Mary Bignall-Rand – Gold medalist and world record breaker in the long jump at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
Jack Buckner – won a gold medal in the 5000 metres at the 1986 European Athletics Championships in Stuttgart and a silver medal over the same distance in the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh. Buckner also claimed a bronze medal at the 1987 World Athletics Championships in Athens.
Sir Chris Clarke – county councillor for Wells from 1985 to 2005.
Harry George Crandon – awarded the Victoria Cross during the Boer War.
Alexander Davie – born in Wells 1847, became 7th Premier of British Columbia.
Elizabeth Goudge – author of novels, short stories and children's books, was born in Wells in 1900.
Mary Hamilton – 18th century fraudster and cross-dresser
Roger Hollis – Director General of MI5.
John Holloway – Governor of Newfoundland (1807–1809) and Admiral of the Blue.
John Keate – born in Wells 1773, went on to become headmaster at Eton where he restored discipline with the birch, and once flogged 80 boys in one day.
James Keene – professional footballer formerly of Portsmouth F.C., playing for IF Elfsborg in Sweden.
Kris Marshall – actor, raised in the city and has lived there.
Harry Patch – last trench veteran of World War I, and at 111, briefly the oldest man in Europe and 3rd oldest man in the world. He was born in the nearby village of Combe Down and at the time of his death in July 2009 he was living in local care home Fletcher House.
Julia Somerville – born in Wells 1947, newsreader and journalist who is working with BBC and ITN and co-presenter of Rip Off Britain
Edgar Wright – film and television director. Directed Hot Fuzz, which was filmed in the city.
Waleran de Wellesley (died ), judge in Ireland and ancestor of the Duke of Wellington.
Arms
See also
Tourist attractions in Somerset
References
External links
Wells.co.uk - Wells Community Resource
Wells City Council
Wells Tourist Information
Wells
Cities in South West England
Market towns in Somerset
Towns in Mendip District
Civil parishes in Somerset
Mendip Hills
World War II prisoner-of-war camps in England |
, also known as , or simply , was a Japanese author and Buddhist monk. His most famous work is Tsurezuregusa (Essays in Idleness), one of the most studied works of medieval Japanese literature. Kenko wrote during the Muromachi and Kamakura periods.
Life and work
Kenkō was probably born around 1283, as the son of an administration official. Forged documents by the Yoshida Shinto authorities claimed that his original name was Urabe Kaneyoshi (卜部 兼好), and that his last name was later changed to Yoshida (吉田); all of this was recently demonstrated to be false, according to the latest research by Ogawa Takeo. He became an officer of guards at the Imperial palace. Later in life, he retired from public life and became a Buddhist monk and hermit. The reasons for this are unknown, but it has been conjectured that i was either due to his unhappy love for the daughter of the prefect of Iga Province, or his mourning over the death of Emperor Go-Uda that caused his transformation.
Although he also wrote poetry and entered some poetry contests at the imperial court (his participation in 1335 and 1344 is documented), Kenkō's enduring fame is based on Tsurezuregusa, his collection of 243 short essays, published posthumously. Although traditionally translated as "Essays in Idleness," a more accurate translation would be "Notes from Leisure Hours" or "Leisure Hour Notes." Themes of the essays include the beauty of nature, the transience of life, traditions, friendship, and other abstract concepts. The work was written in the zuihitsu ("follow-the-brush") style, a type of stream-of-consciousness writing that allowed the writer's brush to skip from one topic to the next, led only by the direction of thoughts. Some are brief remarks of only a sentence or two; others recount a story over a few pages, often with discursive personal commentary added. Aside from his magnum opus Tsurezuregusa, another of his works is A Cup of Sake Beneath the Cherry Trees, which is a compilation of reflections and essays of his thoughts, by which it primarily discusses about the fleeting pleasures of life.
The Tsurezuregusa was already popular in the 15th century and was considered a classic from the 17th century onwards. It is part of the modern Japanese high school curriculum, as well in some International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme schools.
See also
Chance, Linda H. Formless in Form: Kenko, Tsurezuregusa, and the Rhetoric of Japanese Fragmentary Prose. Stanford UP, 1997.
Keene, Donald. Essays in Idleness: The Tsurezuregusa of Kenko. Columbia UP, 1967.
References
External links
Essays by Yoshida Kenko at Quotidiana.org
The Timeless Wisdom of Kenko
1283 births
1352 deaths
Buddhist writers
Japanese writers
Japanese essayists
Japanese hermits
Japanese Buddhist clergy
Kamakura period Buddhist clergy |
Pete Smith (1 May 1944 – 26 March 2021) was a British cyclist. He competed in the team time trial at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
Smith was a member of the Clifton Cycling Club in York with whom he won the team title in the British Best All-Rounder competition in 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 and broke team competition records at 25, 50 and 100 miles and 12 hours. In individual events, Smith broke the British 50-mile record twice in 1967, the 100-mile record in 1969, and won the mountains classification in the 1968 Tour of Morocco. He rode professionally in the early 1970s for Clive Stuart, TI–Carlton, Falcon–Tighe, Bantel and TI–Raleigh.
Smith died on 26 March 2021, in Leeds General Infirmary following a cycle accident near York.
References
External links
1944 births
2021 deaths
British male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from York |
Jennifer MacLean is known for being the chief executive officer at 38 Studios, an independent game developer, from 2009 to 2012 and the executive director of the IGDA from September 2017 to April 2019.
Biography
Early career
After beginning her career working with Brian Reynolds and Sid Meier at Microprose Software in 1992, she joined AOL in 1996, where she became Programming Director for the Games Channel. She went on to become vice president and general manager of games at Comcast Corporation, and the chair of the board of directors for the International Game Developers Association. In March 2008 she joined 38 Studios as Senior Vice President of business development, and moved into the position of CEO in the same company in August 2009.
Late career
MacLean left the 38 Studios upon its bankruptcy in 2012; dating her departure to March 2012, when she took a leave of absence. As an executive director at the IGDA, MacLean joined Amazon and became the director of their worldwide business development. She has stated that her main goal is to work with small to medium-sized game developers and that her new position will allow her to help with the development of the different stages within Amazon Web Services, Alexa, Twitch Prime, and Amazon.com
At IGDA, MacLean was responsible for expanding new chapters in Pakistan, Istanbul, Kenya, and Fortaleza. Special interest groups for Latinx and Muslim game developers were also formed under MacLean's leadership.
MacLean announced in 2019 that she would be stepping down from her position as Executive Director of the IGDA.
She is a frequent speaker at interactive entertainment industry events, and has earned a BA in International Relations from the Johns Hopkins University and an MBA with a concentration in International Business from the Columbia Business School.
Recognition
MacLean was named one of the "Game Industry's 100 Most Influential Women" by Next Generation and one of the top 20 Women in Games by Gamasutra.
References
Video game businesspeople
Living people
Columbia Business School alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
1972 births |
The Wills Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. 26) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that confirms the power of every adult to dispose of their real and personal property, whether they are the outright owner or a beneficiary under a trust, by will on their death (s.3). The act extends to all testamentary dispositions or gifts, where "a person makes a disposition of his property to take effect after his decease, and which is in its own nature ambulatory and revocable during his life." , much of it remains in force in England and Wales.
Background
Under ecclesiastical law, common law and equity, various customary rules had long existed for disposing of personal property by will. However, the power to gift real property by will had been first granted by the Statute of Wills (1540). Various rules grew up around the formalities necessary to create a valid will and the Statute of Frauds (1677) created the requirement that a will of real property must be in writing. By the early nineteenth century, the rules had become complex, with different rules for formalising wills of real and personal property. The 4th report of the Commissioners for Inquiring into the Law of Real Property recommended a simplified and unified scheme. As the Commissioners observed "Any scrap of paper, or memorandum in ink or in pencil, mentioning an intended disposition of his property, is admitted as a will and will be valid, although written by another person, and not read over to the testator, or even seen by him, if proved to be made in his lifetime according to his instructions." A bill was introduced by the Attorney General Sir John Campbell, one of the Commissioners, in 1834 though it was much delayed for want of parliamentary time. The bill was introduced in the House of Lords by Lord Langdale.
Though the requirement that a will be in writing stems from an attempt to frustrate fraud, an apparent exception to the requirements for the formal execution of the Act under section 9 is a secret trust.
Provisions of the Act currently in force
Capacity
A minor, as of 2008 a person under the age of 18, cannot make a valid will (s.7), unless they are a member of the armed forces on active service or a mariner at sea (s.11). These provisions were clarified by the Wills (Soldiers and Sailors) Act 1918 (see below).
Requirements of a valid will
A will is only valid if (s.9):
It is made in writing;
It is signed by the testator, or at his direction and in his presence;
The testator intends that the signature give effect to the will;
The will is made or acknowledged in the presence of two or more witnesses, present at the same time; and
Each witness attests and signs, or acknowledges, his signature in the presence of the testator.
There is no requirement to publish a will (s.13). If any of the witnesses was, or subsequently becomes, incapable of proving the will, that alone will not make it invalid (s.14). Alterations must be executed in the same manner as a will (s.21).
Revocation of a will
Section 18 revokes the will in the event of the marriage of the testator. However, this section was amended in 1982 so that where the testator makes the will in the expectation of marriage to a particular person, the will is not revoked by such a marriage. Section 18A was added in 1982 to the effect that divorce and annulment have the same effect as the death of a spouse.
A will or codicil cannot be revoked by any presumption of the intention of the testator or on the grounds of any alteration in his circumstances (s.19). A will can only be revoked by (s.20):
Another properly executed will or codicil;
A document executed under the same formalities as a will, declaring an intention to revoke the will; or
Destruction of the will by the testator, or some person in his presence, with the intention of revoking the will.
A revoked will or codicil cannot be revived other than by its re-execution or by a formally executed codicil (s.22).
Gifts to witnesses
Gifts under the will to an attesting witness, or their spouse, are null and void. However, such a witness can still prove the will (s.15). There is no bar on a creditor of the testator or the executor of the will being a witness (ss.16–17).
Gifts to children
Where the testator makes a gift to one of his children or a remoter descendant, and that child dies before the testator, the gift will not lapse so long as the deceased descendant himself leaves children surviving at the death of the testator. The surviving descendants receive the gift (s.33) "according to their stock", i.e. per stirpes. The rule also applies to illegitimate children (s.33(4)(a)) and a person conceived before the death of the testator is deemed to have been living at the testator's death (s.33(4)(b)).
Interpretation
The will is interpreted in respect of the testator's property immediately before his death (s.24). Where the testator makes a gift of all his real property, it is deemed to include property over which he has a power of appointment (s.27).
Ireland and Northern Ireland
The Act was in force in Ireland until partition. It consequently became the law of the Irish Free State on 6 December 1922, and then of its successor states. When Ireland was partitioned and the statelet of Northern Ireland created on 7 December 1922, the Act became the law of Northern Ireland. However, all save sections 1 and 11 were repealed and re-enacted, with amendments, in Northern Ireland in 1995 following the recommendations of the Land Law Working Group.
Provisions repealed by the Act
Statute of Wills
Provisions of the Act, since repealed
Sections 4 to 6 addressed various technicalities of land law since rendered obsolete. The Act did not extend to estates pur autre vie and various manorial rights were preserved over the land devised. Where land was held subject to a Lord of the Manor, for example under a copyhold, the Act required that the will was recorded in the Court Roll of the manor and that various fees and duties were paid. These provisions became irrelevant following the demise of the manorial system with the Law of Property Act 1925.
Section 8 maintained the earlier incapacity of a feme covert to make a will. This was reformed in the late 19th century and formally repealed in 1969.
Wills (Soldiers and Sailors) Act 1918
The Wills (Soldiers and Sailors) Act 1918 clarifies and extends the Wills Act 1837. Section 1 makes if clear that a soldier on active service or sailor at sea, can make, and always could have made, a valid will, even though under 18 years of age. Section 2 extends the provision to sailors not at sea but who are employed in similar service to a soldier on active service. "Soldier" include a member of the Air Force (s.5). This Act is in force in Scotland, but this may be to no effect as it acts only by reference to the Wills Act 1837, which is not in effect there but is in effect, in modified form, in Northern Ireland.
See also
Wills Act
References
Bibliography
(Google Books)
— (ed. Jennings, R.) (1951) A Treatise on Wills, 8th ed., London:Sweet & Maxwell, vol.I, p.26
Mirow, M. C. (1994) "Last wills and testaments in England 1500–1800", in Vanderlinden, J. (ed.) Actes à cause de mort: Acts of last will, Brussels: De Boeck Université, pp47–84
Wills and trusts in the United Kingdom
Inheritance
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1837
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
English trusts law
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Ireland |
The Cimarron River Valley Railway was a short-line railroad operating over a 25.47 mile route starting from a junction point known as Camp and continuing into the City of Cushing, all in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The railroad began functioning January 1, 1985, and discontinued operations in April 1989.
History
On November 28, 1983, following the shutdown of the Hudson Refinery in Cushing the previous year, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) filed to abandon a railway segment commonly known as the Camp-Cushing line. This extended from a connection point on AT&SF's trackage near Pawnee known as Camp, and continued into the City of Cushing, a distance of 25.47 miles. Such abandonment would have left Cushing without rail service. In response, a local enterprise in the rail car cleaning and repair business known as Cushing Rail Car on September 12, 1984, created a subsidiary called the Cimarron River Valley Railway Company to instead lease the line from AT&SF and continue to run it. The new railroad officially began work on January 1, 1985. The line employed a small staff and at least four used EMD GP7 locomotives.
However, the railway ended up shutting down in April 1989, and receiving abandonment authority in July of that year. Because of this, the City of Cushing no longer has any rail connections.
References
Oklahoma railroads
Defunct Oklahoma railroads |
The Albany-Decatur Twins were a minor league baseball team that represented the cities of Albany, Alabama, and Decatur, Alabama. They played in the Alabama-Tennessee League during its one season of existence in 1921, winning the league championship.
References
External links
Baseball Reference
Baseball teams established in 1921
Defunct minor league baseball teams
Professional baseball teams in Alabama
Defunct Alabama-Tennessee League teams
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1921
1921 establishments in Alabama
1921 disestablishments in Alabama
Defunct baseball teams in Alabama
Baseball teams disestablished in 1921
Decatur, Alabama |
Minkino ( or ) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
Minkino, Kirov Oblast, a village in Biserovsky Rural Okrug of Afanasyevsky District of Kirov Oblast
Minkino, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Sudayskoye Settlement of Chukhlomsky District of Kostroma Oblast
Minkino, Murmansk Oblast, a selo in Mezhdurechensky Territorial Okrug of Kolsky District of Murmansk Oblast
Minkino, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Kirovskoye Settlement of Moshenskoy District of Novgorod Oblast
Minkino, Novosokolnichesky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Novosokolnichesky District, Pskov Oblast
Minkino, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast
Minkino, Oleninsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Oleninsky District, Tver Oblast
Minkino, Penovsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Penovsky District, Tver Oblast
Minkino, Babushkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Bereznikovsky Selsoviet of Babushkinsky District of Vologda Oblast
Minkino, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, a selo in Minkinsky Selsoviet of Gryazovetsky District of Vologda Oblast |
Fulton Kuykendall (born June 10, 1953) is a former NFL football player. He is a graduate from the University of California, Los Angeles who played pro football from 1975–1985 for the Atlanta Falcons. The lanky 6-4 225 lb Kuykendall started primarily at inside linebacker for the Falcons from 1975–1983, making the Pro Football Weekly All-NFC Team in 1978.
Nicknamed "Kaptain Krazy" by his teammates, Kuykendall was known for his apparent disregard for his body, launching himself into opposing blockers and ball carriers with fervor. Kuykendall was a member of the famed 1977 Atlanta Falcons "Grits Blitz" defense, which was notable for allowing the fewest points in a season (129) during the Super Bowl era. As a result, that Falcons defense lives on in NFL lore as one of the top NFL Defenses of All-Time.
References
1953 births
Living people
American football linebackers
UCLA Bruins football players
Atlanta Falcons players
San Francisco 49ers players |
Boots Library may refer to:
Boots Book-Lovers' Library, circulating library run by Boots the Chemist 1898-1966
Boots Library, the principal library of Nottingham Trent University |
The Oaks House Museum, also known as The Oaks, located at 823 North Jefferson Street in Jackson, Mississippi, is the former home of Jackson Mayor James H. Boyd (1809–77) and his wife Eliza Ellis Boyd and their family. Having survived the burning of Jackson during the Civil War, The Oaks is one of the oldest structures in the city. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Mississippi Landmark.
The structure was built in the Greek Revival style in approximately 1853. The original property was larger than the current one, at one time encompassing and extending north to Boyd Street and west to North Street, an urban farmstead with main house, barn, detached kitchen, smokehouse, greenhouse, and other outbuildings. Three generations of the Boyd family lived at The Oaks, from 1853 until 1960. Mrs. Eliza Ellis Boyd outlived her husband by many years and lived in the house until her death in 1902. Daughter Mary and her husband, Richard F. McGill, lived in the house with their two children. In 1960, the grandchildren sold the property to The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the State of Mississippi (NSCDA-MS).
The home is now a historic house museum administered by the Oaks House Museum Corporation.
External links
The Oaks House website
NSCDA-MS Museum Property, "The Oaks"
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
Historic house museums in Mississippi
Museums in Jackson, Mississippi
Houses completed in 1853
National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
Houses in Jackson, Mississippi
National Register of Historic Places in Jackson, Mississippi |
Logan is a blended Scotch whisky brand created in 1903 and belonging to Diageo.
It contains a blend of 24 grain and malt whiskies, including Lagavulin, Craigellachie and Glen Elgin.
Logan was created by White Horse Distillers. In 1927 the company was absorbed into the Distillers Company Ltd, (DCL), one of the founding companies of Diageo.
Logan has a strong presence in the Portuguese market.
References
Blended Scotch whisky
Scottish brands
Diageo brands |
Famoxadone is a fungicide to protect agricultural products against various fungal diseases on fruiting vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, curcurbits, lettuce and grapes. It is used in combination with cymoxanil. Famoxadone is a QI, albeit with a chemistry different from most QIs. (It is an oxazolidine-dione while most are strobilurins.) It is commonly used against Plasmopara viticola, Alternaria solani, Phytophthora infestans, and Septoria nodorum.
Molecular interaction
Famoxadone is of lesser interaction strength at the Q pocket than some other QIs, for example, azoxystrobin. This is because azoxystrobin and such interact more centrally in the Q pocket than does famoxadone.
Resistance management
Although it has a different chemistry, famoxadone shows full cross-resistance with the rest of the main FRAC group 11 that it belongs to, which is almost entirely strobs. It has not shown cross-resistance with the 11A subgroup however. As with all QIs there is a high risk of resistance development and so pesticide stewardship is important.
Populations of P. infestans and A. solani in northern and western Europe are not known to be resistant to famoxadone.
External links
References
Fungicides
Oxazolidinediones
Phenol ethers
Quinone outside inhibitors |
Aleksandr Viktorovich Galkin (Russian: Александр Викторович Галкин; born on 22 March 1958), is a Russian military leader, a colonel general as of 2011, who was the Commander of the Southern Military District from 2010 to 2016.
Biography
Aleksandr Galkin was born in Ordzhonikidze (present-day Vladikavkaz) on 22 March 1958.
In 1979, he graduated from the . He served in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and in the Far Eastern Military District. He rose from the commander of a motorized rifle platoon to the commander of a motorized rifle battalion.
In 1990, he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy. From 1990 to 1992, he continued to serve in the Transcaucasian and Far Eastern military districts as deputy commander and commander of a motorized rifle regiment.
From 1992 to 1997, he served as chief of staff, a deputy commander of a motorized rifle division. From 1997 to 2001 he served as commander of a motorized rifle division.
In 2003, he graduated from the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. He served as the Deputy Commander of the 41st Army, and the Chief of Staff, as the First Deputy Commander of the 36th Army.
On 3 January 2006, Galkin was appointed commander of the 41st Army in the Siberian Military District in Novosibirsk. On 8 April 2008, he was appointed Deputy Commander of the Siberian Military District. On 3 December 2008, he was appointed Chief of Staff, the First Deputy Commander of the Siberian Military District.
On 13 January 2010, Galkin was appointed Commander of North Caucasus Military District. On 10 December 2010, by decree of the President of the Russia, he was appointed commander of the troops of the Southern Military District, due to the massive transformation of all Russian military districts in 2010.
On 11 June 2011, Galkin was awarded the military rank of Colonel General.
On 17 March 2014, the European Union included Galkin in the sanctions list of persons whose assets are frozen in the EU and in respect of whom visa restrictions have been introduced.
At the end of August 2015, the Security Service of Ukraine announced that, through the headquarters of the Southern Military District, headed by Galkin, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation had led Russian troops in the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine.
In June 2016, Galkin was relieved of his post as commander of the Southern Military District. Since January 2017, he has continued to serve in the central office of the Russian Ministry of Defence as an Assistant to the Minister of Defence.
Family
Galkin is married with two children. His son, Denis, is a judge of the Southern District Military Court.
References
1958 births
Living people
Russian colonel generals
People from Vladikavkaz
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Russia)
Recipients of the Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR", 3rd class
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia alumni
Russian individuals subject to European Union sanctions |
The West Indies women's cricket team represents the West Indies in international women's cricket. The team is governed by Cricket West Indies. They first competed in international cricket in 1976, when they played against Australia in two Test matches.
They recorded their first, and only, Test match victory against India in 1976, as part of a six Test match series. They have played 12 Test matches in their history, against four different opponents, most recently in 2004 against Pakistan.
The West Indies played their first One Day International in 1979, against England. They competed in their first Women's Cricket World Cup in 1993, and reached the final of the tournament in 2013. Overall, they have played 187 ODIs, winning 83 and losing 97.
The side played their first Twenty20 International in 2008, against Ireland. They have appeared at every edition of the ICC Women's T20 World Cup, with the first taking place in 2009. The West Indies won the tournament in 2016, beating Australia in the final. Overall, they have played 141 T20Is, winning 74 and losing 59.
Key
Test cricket
One Day International
Twenty20 International
References
Cricket records and statistics
record by opponent |
Coscinocera is a genus of large moths from the family Saturniidae, that are found in Australasia. The genus was erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1879.
The genus contains Coscinocera hercules, the largest moth in Australia, and the insect with the largest wing surface area.
Species
Coscinocera amputata Niepelt, 1936
Coscinocera anteus Bouvier, 1927
Coscinocera brachyura Biedermann, 1932
Coscinocera butleri Rothschild, 1895
Coscinocera eurytheus Rothschild, 1898
Coscinocera heraclides Joicey & Talbot, 1916
Coscinocera hercules (Miskin, 1876)
Coscinocera heros Rothschild, 1899
Coscinocera joiceyi Bouvier, 1927
Coscinocera omphale Butler, 1879
Coscinocera rothschildi Le Moult, 1933
Coscinocera titanus Niepelt, 1916
References
Encyclopedia of Life
Saturniidae |
, is a celebrity chef. Most famous for being the second Japanese Iron Chef on the show, Iron Chef, he has worked at numerous restaurants such as the Oriental Hotel in Osaka, Nadaman in the Hotel New Otani, and the Nadaman Singapore in the Shangri La Hotel. He later became the manager of Nadaman in the Hotel New Otani. He now has his own restaurant in Ariake, Tokyo. On Iron Chef he wore a purple outfit trimmed with gold in the Japanese style.
Iron Chef Nakamura
In the fall of 1995, Nakamura's predecessor, Rokusaburo Michiba, had fought in the first overtime battle in Kitchen Stadium, a grueling process that led to his retirement at the 1996 Mr. Iron Chef tournament. Michiba's last battle was against fellow Iron Chef Chen Kenichi, and for two months, Kitchen Stadium had only two Iron Chefs while Michiba was tasked to find a successor. During this time, Michiba had repeatedly requested Nakamura to be his successor, but Nakamura repeatedly declined due to two main factors: the first was that, at that time, Michiba's fusion-style Japanese dishes had promoted the stigma among the traditionalist chefs' circle that Iron Chef was to be avoided; the second was that, in contrast to Chen or Hiroyuki Sakai, who owned their own restaurants, Nakamura was a hired chef, and thus had more riding on the line with each battle. Nakamura was ultimately convinced by an old high-school friend who he refers to as his older brother to become an Iron Chef after taking note of the fact that the Iron Chef Japanese was a one-of-a-kind position.
Nakamura is, in stark contrast to Michiba before him and Masaharu Morimoto after, considered to be more of a traditional Japanese chef that was forced to improvise due to unusual-for-traditional-Japanese-cuisine secret ingredients that tended to favor the challenger. He also appeared to be the most concerned about winning and losing - a fact that may have led him to his 24-11-1 record with one no-contest. Not surprisingly, his decisions on the dishes he made were often influenced by his bosses at Nadaman, perhaps to maintain a good corporate image although the restaurant itself ceased to care about Nakamura's performance as an Iron Chef after a year.
During his tenure as an Iron Chef, Nakamura was always compared to Michiba, who was regarded as the top Iron Chef during his tenure. It was said that Nakamura was even ostracised by his family whenever he lost, which was why Nakamura had acquired a pet Shiba dog named "Chef" one year into his tenure. Curiously, despite a sub-par overall performance as an Iron Chef, Nakamura has won the majority of battles against returning challengers going 3-1-1 and other Iron Chefs going 2–1. After a grueling battle with Toshiro Kandagawa (that Nakamura lost), Nakamura retired from Kitchen Stadium in 1998 at the age of 50. His final battle was against Yukio Hattori in Tuna Battle on February 20, 1998, a battle that he won. He did return for Iron Chef Morimoto's one year anniversary, which was Battle Egg on March 12, 1999, a battle that he won.
References
External links
Koumei Nakamura Restaurants official web site
1947 births
Living people
Japanese chefs
People from Nagasaki Prefecture |
The Preacher () is a 2004 Dutch thriller film about a drug lord named Klaas Donkers. The film is based on Bart Middelburg's biography of real-life drug lord Klaas Bruinsma.
The film received a great deal of attention because it came out shortly after the Mabel Wisse Smit affair, which was caused by Dutch princess Mabel confessing to having lied to the Dutch royal family about her past relationship with Bruinsma.
Cast
Peter Paul Muller as Klaas Donkers
Frank Lammers as Adri Slotemaker
Chantal Janzen as Annet
Mike Reus as Pim
Tygo Gernandt as Piet
Roeland Fernhout as Ronald-Jan
Cas Jansen as Pieter Slotemaker
Rick Nicolet as Rie Slotemaker
Huub Stapel as Anton Donkers
Alwien Tulner as Sylvia
Pleuni Touw as Jet Donkers
Marcel Musters as Broer Hansen
Christian Kmiotek as Jutka Djindjiz
Dean Constantin as Colombian dealer
Jeroen Spitzenberger as Jan de Geus
Keith Davis as Hugo Duvall
Awards
External links
Trailer
2004 films
2004 thriller films
Films about drugs
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films about organized crime in the Netherlands
Dutch thriller films
2000s Dutch-language films
Films based on biographies
Films set in the Netherlands |
Peter Simons may refer to:
Peter Simons (academic) (born 1950), British philosopher and academic
Peter Simons (businessman) (born 1964), Canadian businessman
See also
Peter Simon (disambiguation)
Peter Symonds (disambiguation) |
The Ancient Egyptian Road-with-shrubs hieroglyph is Gardiner sign listed no. N31 for a road, "street", or pathway. It originally was a curving hieroglyph, but became a standardized straight form as well.
The Road hieroglyph is used in Egyptian hieroglyphs as an ideogram or determinative in the word w3t-(uat), for 'road'. It is also a phonogram for hr, from the word hrt, also for 'road'.
See also
Gardiner's Sign List#N. Sky, Earth, Water
List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
References
Betrò, 1995. Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt, Betrò, Maria Carmela, c. 1995, 1996-(English), Abbeville Press Publishers, New York, London, Paris (hardcover, )
Roads
Egyptian hieroglyphs: sky-earth-water |
Peter Pacult (born 28 October 1959) is an Austrian former professional footballer and current football manager. He is in charge of Austria Klagenfurt.
Club career
A prolific striker, however not for the national team, Pacult started his career at Vienna side Floridsdorfer AC before turning professional with Wiener SC. He joined Austrian giants Rapid Wien four years later, losing the UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final in 1985 against Everton. He moved on to and won two league titles with FC Tirol Innsbruck, with whom he was the top goal scorer in the 1990–91 European Cup alongside Jean-Pierre Papin.
In 1993, he moved abroad to help TSV 1860 Munich win promotion to the Bundesliga. He finished his career at the other big Vienna club, Austria, in 1996.
International career
He made his debut for Austria in October 1982 against Northern Ireland but was not considered for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He earned 24 caps, scoring one goal. His last international was a November 1993 World Cup qualification match against Sweden.
International goal
Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first.
Coaching career
Pacult was head coach of 1860 Munich II from April 2001 to June 2001, 1860 Munich from October 2001 to March 2003, FC Kärnten from January 2004 to June 2005, Dynamo Dresden from December 2005 to September 2006, Rapid Wien from September 2006 to April 2011, and RB Leipzig from July 2011 to July 2012. Pacult returned to Dynamo Dresden between December 2012 and August 2013. Both supporters and the club's board was dissatisfied with his performance during the last match; frustrated with recent results. He was hired to coach FAC Team für Wien on 22 April 2015.
In June 2017 he became the coach of Serbian SuperLiga side Radnički Niš.
In March 2019 he became the coach of Montenegrin First League side OFK Titograd.
Coaching record
Honours
Player
Club
Rapid Wien
Austrian Cup: 1984–85
Swarovski Tirol
Austrian Bundesliga: 1988–89, 1989–90
Austrian Cup: 1988–89
Individual
Performance
Austrian Bundesliga Top Scorer: 1988–89 (26 goals)
European Cup top scorer: 1990–91
Manager
Rapid Wien
Austrian Bundesliga: 2007–08
References
External links
Peter Pacult at rapidarchiv.at
Peter Pacult at austria-archiv.at
Peter Pacult at worldfootball.net
1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Vienna
Austrian men's footballers
Austria men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
SK Rapid Wien players
FC Swarovski Tirol players
TSV 1860 Munich players
FK Austria Wien players
Austrian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
Austrian football managers
TSV 1860 Munich managers
FC Kärnten managers
Dynamo Dresden managers
Floridsdorfer AC managers
SK Rapid Wien managers
RB Leipzig managers
HNK Cibalia managers
FK Radnički Niš managers
FK Kukësi managers
OFK Titograd managers
Bundesliga managers
2. Bundesliga players
UEFA Champions League top scorers
Austrian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Serbia
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia
Expatriate football managers in Albania
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate football managers in Croatia
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Expatriate football managers in Slovenia
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Expatriate football managers in Montenegro
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Montenegro
Floridsdorfer AC players
Expatriate football managers in Germany |
The 2022 Athletissima was the 47th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland. Held on 26 August at the Stade olympique de la Pontaise, it was the 11th leg of the 2022 Diamond League.
Results
References
External links
Athletissima
Athletissima
Athletissima
Athletissima |
Pica is a Chilean town and commune in Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá Region. Situated in the inland of the Atacama Desert on an oasis, Pica is famous for its small and unusually acidic limes known as Limón de Pica. The town has a communal hot spring with a surface temperature of 40 °C, which makes it a popular bath place in the middle of the desert. It has hotels and all basic services. The town lies four kilometers to the northeast of the oasis village of Matilla.
Pica has a mild microclimate that does not display the typical high temperature oscillations seen in many of the worlds deserts. The settlement has pre-Hispanic origins and served as an important stopover for transit between the coast and the Altiplano during the time of the Inca Empire. Bird mummies of pre-Hispanic origin have been found next to Pica. Pica gained prominence over the course of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries when it grew in association with important mining cycles of nearby areas. The first mining cycle that benefited Pica was the silver mining of Huantajaya and San Rosa between 1718 and 1790, this was then followed by a cycle of salpeter mining using the paradas method between 1830 and 1870. The town became part of Chile following the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The Peruvian population of the town and specifically the rich and influential Peruvian families were a major concern for Chilean authorities who wished to Chilenize the area.
Pica had once an extensive irrigation system of puquios, whose shafts are locally known as socavones. In 1918 geologist Juan Brüggen mentioned the existence of 23 socavones in the Pica oasis, yet these have since then been abandoned due to economic and social changes. The socavones transported water from the Pica Aquifer to the oasis. As in many oases one of the biggest challenges for farmers in Pica is the scarcity of water. Most of the farmers in Pica own less than five hectares, and while this size hampers commercialization of products farmers have responded by organising themselves in cooperatives. Six producers, compromising one fifth of the agricultural output of the oasis, are organised in Oasis Pica Coop. This organisation was as of 2019 working to certify products as organic and enforce the appellation control for Limón de Pica. Limón de Pica have had an appellation since 2010.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Pica has an area of and 6,178 inhabitants (4,569 men and 1,609 women). Of these, 4,674 (75.7%) lived in urban areas and 1,504 (24.3%) in rural areas. The population grew by 45.9% (3,666 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Pica is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years.
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Pica is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Marta Isasi (Ind.) and Hugo Gutiérrez (PC) as part of the 2nd electoral district, which includes the entire Tarapacá Region. The commune is represented in the Senate by José Miguel Insulza (PS, 2018–2026) and José Durana (UDI, 2018–2026) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency (Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapacá Region).
Gallery
References
External links
Municipality of Pica
Communes of Chile
Oases of Chile
Populated places in El Tamarugal Province
Localities irrigated by puquios |
```go
package serverstats
//go:generate sqlboiler --no-hooks psql
import (
"context"
"database/sql"
"strconv"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/botlabs-gg/yagpdb/v2/common"
"github.com/botlabs-gg/yagpdb/v2/common/config"
"github.com/botlabs-gg/yagpdb/v2/premium"
"github.com/botlabs-gg/yagpdb/v2/serverstats/models"
)
var confDeprecated = config.RegisterOption("yagpdb.serverstats.deprecated", "Wether to mark server stats as disabled or not, this will disable recording of new stats", false)
type Plugin struct {
stopStatsLoop chan *sync.WaitGroup
}
func (p *Plugin) PluginInfo() *common.PluginInfo {
return &common.PluginInfo{
Name: "Server Stats",
SysName: "server_stats",
Category: common.PluginCategoryMisc,
}
}
var logger = common.GetPluginLogger(&Plugin{})
func RegisterPlugin() {
common.InitSchemas("serverstats", dbSchemas...)
plugin := &Plugin{
stopStatsLoop: make(chan *sync.WaitGroup),
}
common.RegisterPlugin(plugin)
}
// ServerStatsConfig represents a configuration for a server
// reason we dont reference the model directly is because i need to figure out a way to
// migrate them over to the new schema, painlessly.
type ServerStatsConfig struct {
Public bool
IgnoreChannels string
ParsedChannels []int64
}
func (s *ServerStatsConfig) ParseChannels() {
split := strings.Split(s.IgnoreChannels, ",")
for _, v := range split {
parsed, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
if err == nil {
s.ParsedChannels = append(s.ParsedChannels, parsed)
}
}
}
func configFromModel(model *models.ServerStatsConfig) *ServerStatsConfig {
conf := &ServerStatsConfig{
Public: model.Public.Bool,
IgnoreChannels: model.IgnoreChannels.String,
}
conf.ParseChannels()
return conf
}
func GetConfig(ctx context.Context, GuildID int64) (*ServerStatsConfig, error) {
if ctx == nil {
ctx = context.Background()
}
conf, err := models.FindServerStatsConfigG(ctx, GuildID)
if err != nil && err != sql.ErrNoRows {
return nil, err
}
if conf == nil {
return &ServerStatsConfig{}, nil
}
return configFromModel(conf), nil
}
// RoundHour rounds a time.Time down to the hour
func RoundHour(t time.Time) time.Time {
t = t.UTC()
return time.Date(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), t.Hour(), 0, 0, 0, t.Location())
}
var _ premium.NewPremiumGuildListener = (*Plugin)(nil)
func (p *Plugin) OnNewPremiumGuild(guildID int64) error {
const q = `UPDATE server_stats_periods_compressed SET premium=true WHERE guild_id=$1 AND premium=false`
_, err := common.PQ.Exec(q, guildID)
return err
}
``` |
```c++
#include "DynamicMapping.h"
#include <Psapi.h>
#include <ntdll/ntdll.h>
#pragma comment(lib, "psapi.lib")
LPVOID MapModuleToProcess(HANDLE hProcess, BYTE * dllMemory, bool wipeHeaders)
{
PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER pDosHeader = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)dllMemory;
PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS pNtHeader = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)((DWORD_PTR)pDosHeader + pDosHeader->e_lfanew);
PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER pSecHeader = IMAGE_FIRST_SECTION(pNtHeader);
if (pDosHeader->e_magic != IMAGE_DOS_SIGNATURE || pNtHeader->Signature != IMAGE_NT_SIGNATURE)
{
return nullptr;
}
IMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY relocDir = pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BASERELOC];
bool relocatable = (pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.DllCharacteristics & IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_DYNAMIC_BASE) != 0;
bool hasRelocDir = pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.NumberOfRvaAndSizes >= IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BASERELOC && relocDir.VirtualAddress > 0 && relocDir.Size > 0;
if (!hasRelocDir && (pNtHeader->FileHeader.Characteristics & IMAGE_FILE_RELOCS_STRIPPED)) // A relocation dir is optional, but it must not have been stripped
{
return nullptr;
}
ULONG_PTR headersBase = pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.ImageBase;
LPVOID preferredBase = relocatable ? nullptr : (LPVOID)headersBase;
LPVOID imageRemote = VirtualAllocEx(hProcess, preferredBase, pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.SizeOfImage, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);
LPVOID imageLocal = VirtualAlloc(nullptr, pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.SizeOfImage, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
if (!imageLocal || !imageRemote)
{
return nullptr;
}
// Update the headers to the relocated image base
if (relocatable && (ULONG_PTR)imageRemote != pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.ImageBase)
pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.ImageBase = (ULONG_PTR)imageRemote;
memcpy((LPVOID)imageLocal, (LPVOID)pDosHeader, pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.SizeOfHeaders);
SIZE_T imageSize = pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.SizeOfImage;
for (WORD i = 0; i < pNtHeader->FileHeader.NumberOfSections; i++)
{
if (hasRelocDir && i == pNtHeader->FileHeader.NumberOfSections - 1 &&
pSecHeader->VirtualAddress == relocDir.VirtualAddress && (pSecHeader->Characteristics & IMAGE_SCN_MEM_DISCARDABLE))
imageSize = pSecHeader->VirtualAddress; // Limit the maximum VA to copy to the process to exclude .reloc if it is the last section
memcpy((LPVOID)((DWORD_PTR)imageLocal + pSecHeader->VirtualAddress), (LPVOID)((DWORD_PTR)pDosHeader + pSecHeader->PointerToRawData), pSecHeader->SizeOfRawData);
pSecHeader++;
}
if (hasRelocDir)
{
DWORD_PTR dwDelta = (DWORD_PTR)imageRemote - headersBase;
DoBaseRelocation(
(PIMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION)((DWORD_PTR)imageLocal + relocDir.VirtualAddress),
(DWORD_PTR)imageLocal,
dwDelta);
}
ResolveImports((PIMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR)((DWORD_PTR)imageLocal + pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_IMPORT].VirtualAddress), (DWORD_PTR)imageLocal);
SIZE_T skipBytes = wipeHeaders ? pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.SizeOfHeaders : 0;
if (WriteProcessMemory(hProcess, (PVOID)((ULONG_PTR)imageRemote + skipBytes), (PVOID)((ULONG_PTR)imageLocal + skipBytes),
imageSize - skipBytes, nullptr))
{
VirtualFree(imageLocal, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
}
else
{
VirtualFree(imageLocal, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
VirtualFreeEx(hProcess, imageRemote, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
imageRemote = nullptr;
}
return imageRemote;
}
bool ResolveImports(PIMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR pImport, DWORD_PTR module)
{
PIMAGE_THUNK_DATA thunkRef;
PIMAGE_THUNK_DATA funcRef;
while (pImport->FirstThunk)
{
char * moduleName = (char *)(module + pImport->Name);
HMODULE hModule = GetModuleHandleA(moduleName);
if (!hModule)
{
hModule = LoadLibraryA(moduleName);
if (!hModule)
{
return false;
}
}
funcRef = (PIMAGE_THUNK_DATA)(module + pImport->FirstThunk);
if (pImport->OriginalFirstThunk)
{
thunkRef = (PIMAGE_THUNK_DATA)(module + pImport->OriginalFirstThunk);
}
else
{
thunkRef = (PIMAGE_THUNK_DATA)(module + pImport->FirstThunk);
}
while (thunkRef->u1.Function)
{
if (IMAGE_SNAP_BY_ORDINAL(thunkRef->u1.Function))
{
funcRef->u1.Function = (DWORD_PTR)GetProcAddress(hModule, (LPCSTR)IMAGE_ORDINAL(thunkRef->u1.Ordinal));
}
else
{
PIMAGE_IMPORT_BY_NAME thunkData = (PIMAGE_IMPORT_BY_NAME)(module + thunkRef->u1.AddressOfData);
funcRef->u1.Function = (DWORD_PTR)GetProcAddress(hModule, (LPCSTR)thunkData->Name);
}
if (!funcRef->u1.Function)
{
MessageBoxA(0, "Function not resolved", moduleName, 0);
return false;
}
thunkRef++;
funcRef++;
}
pImport++;
}
return true;
}
void DoBaseRelocation(PIMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION relocation, DWORD_PTR memory, DWORD_PTR dwDelta)
{
DWORD_PTR * patchAddress;
WORD type, offset;
while (relocation->VirtualAddress)
{
PBYTE dest = (PBYTE)(memory + relocation->VirtualAddress);
DWORD count = (relocation->SizeOfBlock - sizeof(IMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION)) / sizeof(WORD);
WORD * relocInfo = (WORD *)((DWORD_PTR)relocation + sizeof(IMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION));
for (DWORD i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
type = relocInfo[i] >> 12;
offset = relocInfo[i] & 0xfff;
switch (type)
{
case IMAGE_REL_BASED_ABSOLUTE:
break;
case IMAGE_REL_BASED_HIGHLOW:
case IMAGE_REL_BASED_DIR64:
patchAddress = (DWORD_PTR *)(dest + offset);
*patchAddress += dwDelta;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
relocation = (PIMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION)((DWORD_PTR)relocation + relocation->SizeOfBlock);
}
}
DWORD RVAToOffset(PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS pNtHdr, DWORD dwRVA)
{
PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER pSectionHdr = IMAGE_FIRST_SECTION(pNtHdr);
for (WORD i = 0; i < pNtHdr->FileHeader.NumberOfSections; i++)
{
if (pSectionHdr->VirtualAddress <= dwRVA)
{
if ((pSectionHdr->VirtualAddress + pSectionHdr->Misc.VirtualSize) > dwRVA)
{
dwRVA -= pSectionHdr->VirtualAddress;
dwRVA += pSectionHdr->PointerToRawData;
return (dwRVA);
}
}
pSectionHdr++;
}
return (0);
}
DWORD GetDllFunctionAddressRVA(BYTE * dllMemory, LPCSTR apiName)
{
PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER pDosHeader = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)dllMemory;
PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS pNtHeader = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)((DWORD_PTR)pDosHeader + pDosHeader->e_lfanew);
PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY pExportDir;
DWORD exportDirRVA = pNtHeader->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT].VirtualAddress;
DWORD exportDirOffset = RVAToOffset(pNtHeader, exportDirRVA);
pExportDir = (PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY)((DWORD_PTR)dllMemory + exportDirOffset);
DWORD * addressOfFunctionsArray = (DWORD *)((DWORD)pExportDir->AddressOfFunctions - exportDirRVA + (DWORD_PTR)pExportDir);
DWORD * addressOfNamesArray = (DWORD *)((DWORD)pExportDir->AddressOfNames - exportDirRVA + (DWORD_PTR)pExportDir);
WORD * addressOfNameOrdinalsArray = (WORD *)((DWORD)pExportDir->AddressOfNameOrdinals - exportDirRVA + (DWORD_PTR)pExportDir);
for (DWORD i = 0; i < pExportDir->NumberOfNames; i++)
{
char * functionName = (char*)(addressOfNamesArray[i] - exportDirRVA + (DWORD_PTR)pExportDir);
if (!_stricmp(functionName, apiName))
{
return addressOfFunctionsArray[addressOfNameOrdinalsArray[i]];
}
}
return 0;
}
HMODULE GetModuleBaseRemote(HANDLE hProcess, const wchar_t* szDLLName)
{
DWORD cbNeeded = 0;
wchar_t szModuleName[MAX_PATH] = { 0 };
if (EnumProcessModules(hProcess, 0, 0, &cbNeeded))
{
HMODULE* hMods = (HMODULE*)malloc(cbNeeded*sizeof(HMODULE));
if (EnumProcessModules(hProcess, hMods, cbNeeded, &cbNeeded))
{
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < cbNeeded / sizeof(HMODULE); i++)
{
szModuleName[0] = 0;
if (GetModuleFileNameExW(hProcess, hMods[i], szModuleName, _countof(szModuleName)))
{
wchar_t* dllName = wcsrchr(szModuleName, L'\\');
if (dllName)
{
dllName++;
if (!_wcsicmp(dllName, szDLLName))
{
HMODULE module = hMods[i];
free(hMods);
return module;
}
}
}
}
}
free(hMods);
}
return 0;
}
``` |
Sniper (Rich von Burian) is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Carl Potts and Jim Lee, the character made his first appearance in The Punisher War Journal #4 (March 1989) as an enemy of the Punisher.
Publication history
Sniper debuted in a two-part storyline consisting of The Punisher War Journal #4-5, and reappeared in The Punisher War Journal #10 and #21; the latter set-up the character's final appearance in the miniseries Wolverine and The Punisher: Damaging Evidence #1-3.
Sniper received a profile in Marvel Encyclopedia #5.
Another villainous assassin called Sniper previously appeared in Captain America's segment of Tales of Suspense #96.
Fictional character biography
While touring in the Vietnam War, Rich von Burian served in the same unit as Frank Castle. After one firefight, Rich discovered that their commanding officer Ray Schoonover was smuggling cocaine out of the country in body bags. Rich kept this a secret, and he became an enforcer for Schoonover after the war. When Schoonover entered the running for the United States Senate, Schooner sent Rich (now having taken on the codename Sniper) after their unit's surviving members in the off-chance that any member were aware of these war crimes. The member's deaths drew the Punisher's attention who Sniper would have killed had the Punisher not driven him off with the Battle Van. The Punisher subsequently forced Schoonover to confess these crimes and commit suicide, and in a later battle overpowered Sniper who escaped by taking a hostage.
Sniper resurfaced in West Germany, where he stole a valuable attack helicopter from a military exercise. The Punisher and Microchip defeated Sniper who (while fleeing) crashed near the Berlin Wall. Sniper survived the crash but was disfigured. Later, Sniper was hired onto the Kingpin's roster of assassins by the Arranger.
When the Punisher attacked one of the Kingpin's drug operations, Sniper ambushed but the Punisher escaped. Afterward, the Kingpin ordered Sniper to act as backup for Damage who had been instructed to eliminate the Punisher after framing the vigilante for a series of murders. Agitated over the prospect of Damage robbing him of the honor of killing the Punisher, Sniper abandoned Damage when he was attacked by Wolverine, and tracked the Punisher down to a cemetery. After opening fire on a funeral, Sniper took a woman and a child hostage, and tried to force the Punisher to choose which one of them the Punisher should shoot. The Punisher instead got close enough to stab Sniper who bled to death in an open grave.
Skills and abilities
A former member of the United States Marine Corps, Sniper was an expert marksman, excelled at armed and unarmed combat, and was a skilled pilot and computer hacker. His main weapons were a rifle, and a push dagger.
Other versions
Earth X
Sniper is a denizen of the Realm of the Dead, appearing alongside the Punisher's other deceased foes such as Jigsaw, Bushwacker, the Kingpin, and the Jackal.
References
External links
Sniper at Comicvine
Rich von Burian at Marvel Wikia
Fictional assassins in comics
Fictional marksmen and snipers
Punisher characters
Fictional mercenaries in comics
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional American military snipers
Characters created by Jim Lee
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics military personnel
Fictional Vietnam War veterans
Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel
Comics characters introduced in 1989 |
Franz Dumont (22 January 1945 – 3 November 2012) was a German historian.
Life
Born in Waldbröl, Dumont lived in Mainz from 1954 onwards and took his Abitur at the Rabanus-Maurus-Gymnasium in Mainz in 1964. During his school years, he had already studied the history of Mainz in the late 18th century on the advice of his history teacher. He studied history, classical philology, philosophy, geography and political science at the Bonn University and the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz from 1964 to 1970. From 1971 to 1977, he was a research assistant at the University of Mainz and received his doctorate in 1978 under Hermann Weber with a thesis on the Republic of Mainz of 1792/93. From 1978 to 1979, Dumont was a research assistant at the Archive for Christian Democratic Policy in St. Augustin near Bonn. From 1979 until his death in 2012 at the age of 67, Dumont was a research assistant at the Academy of Sciences and Literature. In December 2008, he was awarded the Archive for Christian Democratic Policy by the city of Mainz Römisches Kaisermedaillon.
His main areas of research were the life and work of the anatomist and naturalist Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring and the explorer Georg Forster, the Enlightenment in Catholic Germany, Germany and the French Revolution, especially the Mainz Republic and the history of the left bank of the Rhine in 1792 and from 1798 to 1814 as well as Mainz's medical and history of Mainz's city. In 2007, he published the history of his 450-year-old grammar school with Ferdinand Scherf and Meike Hensel-Grobe. Together with Ferdinand Scherf and Friedrich Schütz (1998) and with Ferdinand Scherf (2010) he was the editor of two standard works on the history of Mainz. Dumont died on 3 November 2012 at the age of 67. On 9 November 2012 he was buried at the cemetery.
Publications
A complete compilation can be found at Susanne Speth's Verzeichnis der Schriften von Franz Dumont. In Mainzer Zeitschrift. Vol. 108, 2013, .
Monographs
Die Mainzer Republik von 1792/93. Studien zur Revolutionierung in Rheinhessen und der Pfalz (Alzeyer Geschichtsblätter. Sonderheft. 19). Publisher of the Rheinhessische Druckwerkstätte, Alzey 1982, (Zugleich: Mainz, Universität, Dissertation, 1978; 2nd, extended edition. ibid 1993, ).
Publisher
Samuel Thomas Soemmerring: Werke. Founded by Gunter Mann. Edited by Jost Benedum and Werner Friedrich Kümmel.
Vol. 18: Briefwechsel 1761/65 – October 1784. Fischer, Stuttgart among others 1996, ;
Vol. 19: Briefwechsel 1784–1792. Part 1: November 1784 – December 1786. Fischer, Stuttgart among others 1997, ;
Vol. 19: Briefwechsel 1784–1792. Part 2: January 1787 – Oktober 1792. Fischer, Stuttgart among others 1998, ;
Vol. 20: Briefwechsel. November 1792 – April 1805. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ;
Vol. 23: Tagebücher. 1804/05–1812. Part 1: Frankfurt, Januar – März 1804, Munich, April 1805 – December 1808. Schwabe, Basel 2004, .
with Ferdinand Scherf and Friedrich Schütz: Mainz. Die Geschichte der Stadt. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1998, .
with Ferdinand Scherf: Mainz – Menschen, Bauten, Ereignisse. Eine Stadtgeschichte. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2010, .
Further reading
Ferdinand Scherf: In Memoriam Dr. Franz Dumont. In Mainzer Zeitschrift. Vol. 108, 2013, pp. VII–VIII.
Ferdinand Scherf: Dr. Franz Dumont. Ein Forscherleben für die Mainzer Republik. In: Franz Dumont: Die Mainzer Republik 1792/93. Französischer Revolutionsexport und deutscher Demokratieversuch (Schriftenreihe des Landtags Rheinland-Pfalz. Vol. 55). Bearbeitet von Stefan Dumont und Ferdinand Scherf. Präsident des Landtags Rheinland-Pfalz, Mainz 2013, , (online ).
References
External links
20th-century German historians
Urban historians
1945 births
2012 deaths
People from Oberbergischer Kreis
21st-century German historians |
Daniel O'Connor may refer to:
Politics
Daniel O'Connor (politician) (1844–1914), Australian colonial politician and businessman
Danny O'Connor (Northern Irish politician) (born 1965), former Social Democratic and Labour Party representative in Northern Ireland
Danny O'Connor (Ohio politician) (born 1986), American Democratic congressional nominee
Sport
Daniel O'Connor (athlete) (born 1952), American Olympic athlete
Dan O'Connor (baseball) (1868–1942), Canadian Major League Baseball player
Dan O'Connor (American football) (1894–1964), professional American football player
Danny O'Connor (footballer) (born 1980), Irish footballer
Danny O'Connor (boxer) (born 1985), American boxer
Danny O'Connor (bowls) (?–2017), New Zealand lawn bowls player
Other uses
Dan O'Connor (prospector) (1864–1933), Canadian businessman and prospector
Dan O'Connor, lead singer and guitarist of the pop punk band Four Year Strong
Dan O'Connor (actor) (born 1978), Australian actor and singer
Danny O'Connor (born 1949), American recording artist; see Canary Conn
Daniel O'Connor (bishop)
Danny Boy O'Connor (born 1968), American rapper, art director, and executive director of The Outsiders House Museum
See also
Daniel Connor (disambiguation) |
During the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia, a raid was conducted by the Macedonian police against ethnic Albanian rebels in a suburb of Skopje on 7 August. The police killed the rebel group and captured their weapon supplies. Ethnic Albanian politicians acknowledged the police raid and the deaths but refused to comment. Members of the NLA and ethnic Albanians claimed the men were civilians.
Raid
The raid took place on 7 August 2001, in the Skopje suburb of Čair around 4:00a.m. (UTC+2). Five rebels were killed in the raid. According to the Macedonian interior minister Ljube Boškovski, the Macedonian police acted on information that NLA rebels were planning an attack on the capital and that they would attack from the nearby town of Aračinovo, the site of the Aračinovo crisis a month prior, after which they were evacuated by NATO forces. During the fighting in Aračinovo, the rebels claimed they would attack the capital city of Skopje, including the airport and oil refinery and that they had infiltrated cells ready to attack.
Per Boškovski, the police tried to arrest the rebels, encountered "strong armed resistance" and returned fire. He reported that 30 people were arrested in the police operation. The Macedonian police found a large quantity of weapons, including 6 assault rifles, 5 grenade launchers, 400 rounds of ammunition, 5 pistols, 3 grenades and combat uniforms. Members of Macedonia's ethnic Albanian community confirmed the deaths in the police raid but refused to comment.
Aftermath
On the following day, an investigator of the Human Rights Watch who was on the scene, Peter Bouckaert, said there was no evidence of "strong armed resistance" and that the men were lying down when they were shot. The Macedonian version of events was also disputed by Albanian sources. On the same day the NLA attacked a Macedonian army convoy near Tetovo in what would become known as Karpalak ambush, supposedly as retaliation for the 5 Albanians killed by the police during the raid.
References
2001 insurgency in Macedonia
August 2001 events in Europe
History of Skopje |
Tamara Olga Acosta Zambra (born 5 February 1972) is a prominent Chilean actress.
Career
Tamara Acosta graduated from the Theater School of . She is a recognized figure of theater, television, and above all is known as "the muse of Chilean cinema" because she has participated in a large number of films produced in Chile. She has won several awards at international festivals. Her first television appearance was on Sábado Gigante Internacional in 1991, as a participant in a situation contest.
For her outstanding performance as on the series Los 80 she was nominated five consecutive times for the Altazor Award for best television actress, winning it three years in a row.
Filmography
Television
Telenovelas
Series and miniseries
Appearances
La ruta de la seda (TVN, 2001) – Co-host
La ruta de Amazonía (TVN, 2007) – Co-host
(Canal 13, 2008) – Guest
(Canal 13, 2010) – Guest
(Zona Latina, 2012) – Guest
(Canal 13, 2012) – Guest
(TVN, 2013) – Guest
Dudo (, 2013) – Guest
Theater
Madame de Sade (1993)
La visita (1996), directed by Claudia Di Girolamo
Los Ciegos (1997)
Las Huachas (2008)
Topografía de un Desnudo (2010)
Amledi, El Tonto (2010)
Padre (2011)
Persiguiendo a Nora Helmer (2012)
Lady Marginal (2017), directed by Claudia Di Girolamo
Awards
Altazor
APES
Copihue de Oro
TV Grama
Caleuche
Other awards
References
External links
1972 births
20th-century Chilean actresses
21st-century Chilean actresses
Chilean film actresses
Chilean stage actresses
Chilean telenovela actresses
Chilean television presenters
Living people
People from Maipo Province
Chilean women television presenters
Chilean television personalities |
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