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Sidney Herbert Elphinstone, 16th Lord Elphinstone and 2nd Baron Elphinstone, (27 July 1869 – 28 November 1955) was a British nobleman.
Early life
Sidney Herbert Elphinstone was born at Carberry Tower south-east of Edinburgh on 27 July 1869. He was the son of William, 15th Lord Elphinstone and Lady Constance Murray (28 Dec 1838 – 16 Mar 1922).
His maternal grandparents were Alexander Murray, 6th Earl of Dunmore and Lady Catherine Herbert, daughter of the 11th Earl of Pembroke. His paternal grandparents were Lieutenant-Colonel James Drummond Fullerton Elphinstone and his second wife, Anna Maria (née Buller) Elphinstone, the daughter of Sir Edward Buller, 1st Baronet.
He was educated at Marlborough College and succeeded his father in 1893.
Career
Lord Elphinstone was Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1923 and 1924, Lord Clerk Register of Scotland and Keeper of the Signet from 1944 until his death. From 1924 to 1930 he served as president of the influential conservationist group the Cockburn Association. He was invested as a Knight of the Thistle in 1927 and was Chancellor of the Order from 1949. He was Captain General of the Royal Company of Archers from 1935 until 1953 and was Governor of the Bank of Scotland from 1924 to 1955.
In 1938, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE). His proposers were Hugh Macmillan, Baron Macmillan, Sir Thomas Henry Holland, James Pickering Kendall and James Watt.
Scrap book
Lord Elphinstone's Scrap book, which is held in the Mary Ann Beinecke Decorative Art Collection at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library, provides a list of the clans of Scotland with the badges of distinction used by them. This rare book includes textile samples of clan tartans along with watercolour illustrations of clan flowers. Elphinstone was at one time a Trustee and Commissioner of Manufacturers in Scotland. The Scrap book can be viewed in the Digital Collections of the Clark Library.
Marriage and later life
Lord Elphinstone married Lady Mary Bowes-Lyon on 24 July 1910 in Westminster. She was the daughter of Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck. She was also a sister of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The couple had five children:
The Hon. Mary Elizabeth Elphinstone (1911–1980). She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon on 26 April 1923.
John Elphinstone, 17th Lord Elphinstone (1914–1975). He died unmarried and had no issue.
The Hon. Jean Constance Elphinstone (1915–1999), married Captain John Wills. Their daughter Marilyn was a goddaughter of Princess Margaret and a bridesmaid at her 1960 wedding.
The Hon. and Rev. Andrew Charles Victor Elphinstone (1918–1975), married Jean Hambro and had issue. His wife was a Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Elizabeth II. Their son James became the 18th Lord Elphinstone.
The Hon. Margaret Elphinstone (1925–2016), married Denys Rhodes and had issue. She was a bridesmaid at the 1947 wedding of the then-Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh.
The Lord Elphinstone died on 28 November 1955, aged 86.
References
External links
Lord Elphinstone's Scrap Book Mary Ann Beinecke Decorative Art Collection
1869 births
1955 deaths
People educated at Marlborough College
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Knights of the Thistle
Governors of the Bank of Scotland
English people of Dutch descent
De Peyster family
Schuyler family
Van Cortlandt family
Sidney
Members of the Royal Company of Archers
16
Presidents of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society |
Balocco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about northwest of Vercelli. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 273 and an area of . It is the home of the Circuito di Balocco road-testing track.
Balocco borders the following municipalities: Buronzo, Carisio, Formigliana, San Giacomo Vercellese, and Villarboit.
Demographic evolution
Economy
The main activity is agriculture: rice farming, corn and wheat . The motorway nearby has favored the settlement of industrial companies.
Circuito di Balocco
Balocco is the seat of the major proving ground of FCA Italy. The Circuito di Balocco test track was built in the early 1960s by Alfa Romeo for testing new cars, prototypes and racing cars. In the track is also hosted club and racing organization events. The track area exceeds and it has over of different types of test tracks.
References
External links
The Balocco track
Cities and towns in Piedmont
Motorsport venues in Italy |
Patrik Langvardt (born 6 December 1971) is a former professional tennis player from Denmark.
Career
Langvardt represented Denmark in the Davis Cup competition from 2000 until 2002. He made his debut in 2000 during the Europe/Africa Zone Group II, second round against the Ivory Coast. Langvardt played in four Davis Cup ties, winning 2 of the 4 singles matches and the one doubles match, that he played.
After retiring from professional tennis, Langvardt began coaching tennis. He started a tennis academy at the Trelleborg Tennis Club in Sweden and since 2012 he has been the coach of the Danish player, Frederik Nielsen.
See also
List of Denmark Davis Cup team representatives
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Danish male tennis players |
...So Unknown is a 2023 studio album by American metalcore band Jesus Piece. The band's second release, it comes five years after debut Only Self and has received positive reviews from critics.
Reception
Olly Thomas of Kerrang! rated this album 4 out of 5, pointing out the attention to detail and stating that it results in "an involving listen, but emphatically doesn’t detract from the band’s primary intention of rearranging your skeletal structure through elastic, chugging riffs and neck-snapping beats". Metal Injections Max Heilman gave ...So Unknown an 8.5 out of 10, calling it "exciting, emotive, and ball-busting hardcore taken to the next level by smart writing". Mandy Scythe of MetalSucks scored this 4.5 out of 5, exhorting readers, "If you’re a fan of hardcore, or if you’re just looking for something a little outside of your usual metal menu that still delivers the riffs, check out …So Unknown. It’s an album that will change the way you think about hardcore music."
Pitchfork Media editors chose this as one of the 10 albums of the week for readers to hear and critic Matthew Ismael Ruiz scored it a 7.3 out of 10 as a band that "boast a unique mix of aggressive East Coast grooves and call-and-response vocals, offsetting metal’s melodic and theatrical tendencies with hardcore’s propulsive energy" and particularly noting the virtuosity of drummer Luis Aponte. Editors at Rolling Stone chose ...So Unknown as a Hear This pick and critic Ian Blau stating that the band "avoid the repetitive and rough aspects of their debut by growing exponentially as musicians, focusing their songwriting, and becoming more capable of translating the energy of their live show into nuanced studio performances". In Slant Magazine, Steve Erickson gave this release 3.5 out of 5 stars, characterizing it as "the album feels more defined by genre than the band’s past work, but the anger running through it is contagious" and summing up that the music "creates a stark contrast to the majority of recent pop-rock, which carries a mood of depressed resignation". This was an Editor's Pick at Spill Magazine, where Ryan Ruple scored it a 9 out of 10, predicting, "as far as metal records go this year, encompassing all sub genres, …So Unknown is going to be in several End Of The Year lists for fans". Writing for Sputnikmusic, YoYoMancuso scored this work a 3.0 out of 5, summing up that it is "a flawed record, but still a worthwhile one to check out".
On June 23, Alternative Press published an unranked list of the top 25 albums of the year to date and included this release, calling it "a chaotic listen from start to end, brimming with metallic aggression, savage breakdowns, and smart songcraft".
Track listing
"In Constraints" – 2:19
"Fear of Failure" – 3:06
"Tunnel Vision" – 3:23
"FTBS" – 2:12
"Silver Lining" – 3:55
"Gates of Horn" – 2:18
"Profane" – 2:11
"An Offering to the Night" – 2:13
"Stolen Life" – 3:20
"The Bond" – 2:48
Personnel
Jesus Piece
John Distefano – guitar
Luis Aponte – drums
Aaron Heard – vocals
Anthony Marinaro – bass guitar
David Updike – guitar
Additional personnel
Randy Leboeuf – production
See also
2023 in American music
List of 2023 albums
References
External links
2023 albums
Century Media Records albums
Jesus Piece (band) albums |
Clara Brink Shoemaker (20 June 1921 in Rolde - 30 September 2009) was a Dutch-born American crystallographer and a senior research professor at Oregon State University. As a postdoctoral researcher, she worked on the structure determination of vitamin B12 in the group of Dorothy Hodgkin. Together with her husband, David Shoemaker, she contributed to the research on transition metal phases and intermetallic compounds. They were the first to recognize that interstices in tetrahedrally close-packed metal crystals are exclusively tetrahedral and only have four types of coordination polyhedra.
Life
In 1941, Shoemaker completed her undergraduate degree at the University of Leiden which was closed shortly after due to the Nazi occupation. She then started her graduate studies at the University of Utrecht where she studied under Anton Eduard van Arkel. At the end of the World War II, she completed her doctoral examination. Afterwards, Shoemaker assumed an assistantship at the University of Utrecht and she learned the techniques of X-ray crystallography under the renowned crystallographer Caroline MacGillavry. In 1950, Shoemaker received her PhD from the University of Utrecht and was hired by Anton Eduard van Arkel as an X-ray crystallographer at the University of Leiden. During this time, her research focused on crystal structures of monovalent ions. Starting later in 1950, she worked on the crystal structure of vitamin B12 in Dorothy Hodgkin's laboratory in Oxford for one year. This resulted in three publications co-authored with Hodgkin. The stay was funded by an International Federation of University Women fellowship. In 1953, Shoemaker took a one-year leave of absence and travelled to Massachusetts Institute of Technology to work with David Shoemaker on the structure of transition metals. David Shoemaker renewed her leave of absence contract for another year in 1954. In 1955, Clara Brink Shoemaker and David Shoemaker married. After the wedding, Clara Shoemaker moved to Barbara Low's laboratory at Harvard Medical School. In 1956, her son Robert was born. While taking care of her son, Shoemaker worked from home on the International Tables of Crystallography. In 1959, Shoemaker became a naturalized citizen of the United States of America. Clara and David Shoemaker relocated to Oregon State University in 1970, where David Shoemaker was hired as a chairman and professor of chemistry. Due to the nepotism guidelines of the university, Clara Shoemaker worked as a research associate under Kenneth Hedberg whereas Hedberg's wife Lise Hedberg worked under David Shoemaker. In 1982, Clara Shoemaker was promoted to senior research professor. In 1984, both Clara and David Shoemaker retired from Oregon State University but continued their scientific work.
Research
Together with her husband, David Shoemaker she contributed to the research on transition metal phases and intermetallic compounds. They were the first to recognize that interstices in tetrahedrally close-packed metal crystals are exclusively tetrahedral and only have four types of coordination polyhedra.
Selected publications
Together with Dorothy Hodgkin, she published 3 publications on the crystal structure of vitamin B12:
References
1921 births
2009 deaths
American women chemists
American crystallographers
Dutch emigrants to the United States
People from Aa en Hunze
Leiden University alumni
Utrecht University alumni
Oregon State University faculty
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American women scientists |
The South Asian Microform Project, also known by South Asian Materials Project and SAMP is one of six programs headed by the Center for Research Libraries (CRL) Global network. SAMP preserves higher education material via microform, among other techniques.
Overview
SAMP is affiliated with the Association for Asian Studies. In 2019 SAMP partnered with JSTOR providing over 500,000 digitized pages freely available as of March 2020.
History
Early foundations of SAMP began in 1962 by academic scholars and librarians who felt the need to preserve physical material. These individuals formed the Inter-University Committee on South Asian Scholarly Resources at the University of Chicago, led by chairman Robert E. Frykenberg of the University of Wisconsin History Department. These individuals wanted to coordinate the filming and bibliographic control of these materials. Other earlier objects of SAMP included:
promote cooperative acquisition efforts;
begin a bibliographic survey of existing South Asian microfilm resources in the U.S.
maintain a master file and information clearinghouse for these resources;
assist scholars and librarians in locating filmed materials;
acquire a portable microfilm unit to be found in India to be used on a rental basis by U.S. scholars; and
publish a newsletter dealing with microfilm resources
CRL officially founded SAMP in 1967, focusing on materials from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. They primarily specialized in collecting documents that were difficult to achieve, expensive, or of limited quantities. By the end of their first year, SAMP had gathered a total of thirteen items.
Members
CRL memberships are not required to take part in SAMP. Any institution or nonprofit organization that maintains a library can participate. Members are granted full access to the materials provided by the SAMP. The following is the current list of university members of the SAMP:
University of British Columbia
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Los Angeles
Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta
University of Chicago
Columbia University
Cornell University
Duke University
Emory University
Harvard University
University of Hawaii at Manoa
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Indiana University
University of Iowa
Kansas State University
Library of Congress
Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya
Michigan State University
University of Michigan
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
University of Missouri-Columbia
Mushfiq Khwaja Library and Research Centre
New York Public Library
New York University
North Carolina State University
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of Notre Dame
Ohio State University
University of Pennsylvania
Princeton University
Roja Muthiah Research Library
Rutgers University
Stanford University
Syracuse University
University of Texas at Austin
University of Toronto
University of Virginia
Washington University
University of Washington
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Yale University
References
External links
CRL: South Asia Microform Project Website
Educational programs |
Jelva is a village in Bilara Town, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan state, India. It is approximately 90 km from the main city of Jodhpur. It is well connected with surrounding villages and cities by roads. It is connected with city line electricity (almost round the clock electricity). It shares the border with Jetiwas to the south, Tharasni to the west, Bilara to the north and Atbara to the east.
Climate
The climate of Jelva is generally hot and semi-arid, but has a rainy season from late June to September.
Profession
It is an agriculturally dominating village but due to the lowering of ground water table and an increase in hardness, farming is becoming less popular. The people are rapidly switching their profession to business, mostly in the retail sector.
The crops cultivated are wheat, cotton, cumin (jeera), fennel (saunf), guar, pearl millet (बाजरी), sorghum (jowar), fenugreek (methi), etc.
Elected representatives
Currently Mrs. Rekha Devi Banjara is sarpanch of the village, preceded by Mr. Mahendra Singh Purohit.
References
Villages in Jodhpur district |
Christoph Weilhamer (1547–1597) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Auxiliary Bishop of Passau (1589–1597).
Biography
Christoph Weilhamer was born in Landshut, Germany in 1547 and ordained a priest in 1578. On 9 Oct 1589, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Sixtus V as Auxiliary Bishop of Passau and Titular Bishop of Symbalia. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Passau until his death on 22 May 1597.
References
16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Bavaria
Bishops appointed by Pope Sixtus V
1597 deaths
1547 births |
Lawrence Morley Hillman (February 5, 1937 – May 31, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman and coach. One of the most travelled players in hockey history, he played for 15 different teams in his 22 professional seasons. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1955 and 1973, and then in the World Hockey Association (WHA) from 1973 to 1976. After retiring he spent parts of three seasons as a coach in the WHA. Hillman had his name engraved on the Stanley Cup six times during his playing career.
Early life
Hillman was born in Kirkland Lake, Ontario, on February 5, 1937. He began his junior career by playing one season for the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in 1953. After joining the Hamilton Tiger Cubs in the middle of the 1953–54 season, he joined the Detroit Red Wings in 1955.
Playing career
Hillman made his NHL debut for the Red Wings on March 5, 1955, against the New York Rangers at Detroit Olympia. He won his first Stanley Cup championship with the franchise later that year, becoming the youngest player to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup, at 18 years, two months, nine days old. This is a record that cannot be broken under the current rules, as a player must be 18 years old by September 15 to be eligible to play in the NHL that season. He split the following season between the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League (AHL) and Detroit. Hillman subsequently left the Red Wings after the 1956–57 season and went to the Boston Bruins. He scored his first goal for the Bruins on December 19, 1957, in a 3–3 tie with New York at Boston Garden. He led the league with 70 games played that season. He ultimately played two full seasons in Boston before being sent to their minor league team, the Providence Reds, for most of the 1959–60 season.
Hillman went to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1961 and continued to bounce from the minor leagues to the NHL and back. He played on four Stanley Cup-winning teams in Toronto in 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1967. In between those Cup wins he played parts of six seasons with the Rochester Americans and the Springfield Indians. Hillman was named to AHL All-Star First Team in 1965 and captained the Americans to the their first Calder Cup later that year.
Following the 1967–68 season, Hillman signed with the expansion Minnesota North Stars who later traded Hillman to the Montreal Canadiens, with whom he won his sixth and final Stanley Cup championship in 1969. He was one of only 11 players to win the Stanley Cup with three or more different teams. During the 1969–70 season, he again led the NHL in games played (76).
After Montreal, Hillman played for the Philadelphia Flyers, Los Angeles Kings, and Buffalo Sabres. Following the 1972–73 season, he left the NHL for the World Hockey Association, and played two seasons for the Cleveland Crusaders. His final season was in 1975–76, playing for the Winnipeg Jets.
Coaching career
After his playing career ended, Hillman took over as coach of the Jets in 1977. He led the franchise to the Avco Cup in his rookie season, in which he recorded a .638 winning percentage (50–28–2). However, he was fired 61 games into the 1978–79 campaign, after the Jets went 28–27–6.
Personal life
Hillman was the older brother of NHL and WHA defencemen Wayne Hillman and Floyd Hillman. He was also the uncle of former NHL forward Brian Savage. Hillman was married to Liz until his death. During his later years, they resided in a townhouse on Lake Timiskaming, close to where he was born.
Hillman died at a hospital in Sudbury, Ontario on May 31, 2022, at the age of 85.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Coaching record
Achievements
1955 Stanley Cup champion (Detroit Red Wings)
1962 Stanley Cup champion (Toronto Maple Leafs)
1963 Stanley Cup champion (Toronto Maple Leafs)
1964 Stanley Cup champion (Toronto Maple Leafs)
1965 Calder Cup Champion (Rochester Americans)
1967 Stanley Cup champion (Toronto Maple Leafs)
1969 Stanley Cup champion (Montreal Canadiens)
1976 Avco Cup champion (Winnipeg Jets)
1978 Avco Cup champion (Winnipeg Jets) (Head coach)
References
External links
Larry Hillman's Day With the Stanley Cup
1937 births
2022 deaths
Place of death missing
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cleveland Crusaders players
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Flyers (WHL) players
Hamilton Tiger Cubs players
Los Angeles Kings players
Minnesota North Stars players
Montreal Canadiens players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Providence Reds players
Rochester Americans
Ice hockey people from Kirkland Lake
Springfield Indians players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Windsor Spitfires players
Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996) coaches
Winnipeg Jets (WHA) players |
Angel Goodrich (born February 24, 1990) is an American former professional basketball player, who played for the Tulsa Shock and Seattle Storm in the WNBA.
Background and family
Goodrich was born in Glendale, Arizona to Jonathan and Fayth (Goodrichard) Lewis. Jonathan is African-American; Fayth is Native American (Cherokee). Goodrich herself is an enrolled member of the Cherokee Nation.
Goodrich has two siblings, an older brother Zach Goodrich, and a younger sister Nikki Lewis. Lewis played college basketball for the Tabor Bluejays.
High school
Goodrich attended Sequoyah High School in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, where she was the first Division I athletic scholarship recipient in the school's history. During her 4 years at the Cherokee-operated school, she lettered in basketball, softball and track and field, and earned All-State honors as a sprinter. She also led the school's basketball team, the Sequoyah Lady Indians, to three consecutive Class AAA state titles.
College
Goodrich played her college basketball for the Kansas Jayhawks at the University of Kansas. In her freshman year, she tore the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in her left knee, causing her to miss the entire season. The following year she tore the ACL in her right knee after only 15 games. Despite these setbacks, she still scored over 1,000 career points for KU, and became the Jayhawks' all-time career assists leader. Her assists total of 771 ranks as the third-highest in Big 12 Conference history.
In her senior year, Goodrich was a finalist for the Naismith Award, Wade Trophy, Wooden Award, Nancy Lieberman Award, and the USBWA Ann Meyers Drysdale Award. She also earned First Team All-Big 12 honors, and was a member of the WBCA All-Region 5 Team.
Kansas statistics
Source
Professional career
In 2013, Goodrich was selected in the third round of the WNBA draft (29th pick overall) by the Tulsa Shock. At the time she was the highest-drafted Native American player in the history of the WNBA. During the 2013–14 off-season, she played for Chevakata Vologda in the Russian Premier League. In 2014, she completed her second and final season for the Shock. In 2015, she was picked up on waivers by the Seattle Storm. In September 2015 Goodrich registered the first double-double (12 points, 10 rebounds) in her three-year WNBA career. Angel then went on to play half a season in Russia and a full season in Poland after she was let go from Seattle in 2016. Goodrich then turned her attention to teaching Native American youth at a basketball camp to help prepare them for playing at a collegiate level.
WNBA career statistics
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013
| style="text-align:left;"| Tulsa
| 31 || 16 || 21.9 || .423 || .250 || .545 || 1.8 || 2.9|| 1.2 || 0.1 || 1.7 || 4.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2014
| style="text-align:left;"| Tulsa
| 28|| 0|| 6.5 || .500 || .500 || .571 || 0.4|| 0.8 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 0.7 || 1.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015
| style="text-align:left;"| Seattle
| 23|| 5|| 15.8 || .408 || .300 || .500 || 1.7|| 3.0 || 0.6 || 0.0 || 1.2 || 3.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|3 years, 2 teams
| 82 || 21|| 14.9|| .426 || .273 || .538 || 1.3 || 2.2 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 1.2 || 2.9
See also
Tahnee Robinson
References
External links
Chevakata Vologda stats at FIBAEUROPE.com
College profile at kuathletics.com
1990 births
21st-century Native Americans
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American women's basketball players
Basketball players from Oklahoma
Cherokee Nation sportspeople
Kansas Jayhawks women's basketball players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Native American basketball players
Native American sportspeople
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' basketball)
Sportspeople from Glendale, Arizona
People from Tahlequah, Oklahoma
Seattle Storm players
Tulsa Shock draft picks
Tulsa Shock players
Guards (basketball)
21st-century Native American women
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American sportspeople
Black Native American people |
Primo is a flavoured milk brand of New Zealand. It is owned by Fonterra.
History
In 2017 Primo partnered with Tip Top to create Hokey Pokey and Mint Choc Chip flavoured drinks. In 2019 the two created milk flavours for Goody Goody Gum Drops and the Tip Top Jelly Tip.
In July 2018 Primo created a campaign asking New Zealanders to describe a new milk flavour. The campaign said that person who created the best entry would earn $10,000. A video campaign, 'Primo Flavour Labs', was created to advertise this, showing people creating new flavours. Such flavours included 2 minute noodles, goose milk, and a flavour created by playing music onto an existing flavour.
In 2019 Fonterra decreased sugar content from Primo. It had decreased by 30 to 40 percent the over the previous year. In 2019 Consumer NZ gave Primo's Sublime Lime flavour the 'Bad Taste Food Award', an award given to products that convince consumers that they are healthier than what they actually are. It had a 4.5 health star rating despite having three teaspoons of sugar in a 600ml bottle.
In October 2023 it was announced that Primo would bring Nigel Latta to an event named "Primo Presents - Nigel Latta Live: What in the scam is going on?" in November, where Nigel Latta talks about scams. This was after he had hosted the television series You've Been Scammed.
References
New Zealand drinks
Flavored milk |
Adolf Weil (25 December 1938 – 12 May 2011) was a German professional motocross racer. He competed in the FIM 250cc and 500cc Motocross Grand Prix world championships as a rider for the Maico factory racing team between 1966 and 1978.
Motocross career
Weil began competing in the motocross world championships in 1966. He finished second to Håkan Andersson in the 1973 250cc World Championship, and finished in third place three times in the 500cc World Championship. While he was never able to capture an international title, he won 14 German motocross national championships. Weil won the 1973 Trans-AMA championship at the age of 34. He was known as the 'Iron Man' of motocross because he competed for over 20 years in a physically demanding sport that is dominated by younger riders. He raced his entire career on Maico motorcycles.
In 1976, Weil was awarded the Silver Laurel Leaf, the highest state award for athletic performance in Germany. After retiring from competition in 1978, he ran a motorcycle business with his two sons Frank and Jürgen in his hometown of Solingen, Germany.
Motocross Grand Prix Results
References
1938 births
2011 deaths
People from Solingen
Sportspeople from Düsseldorf (region)
German motocross riders
Recipients of the Silver Laurel Leaf |
Lady Canning's Seat is major tourist spot in Coonoor, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. It is situated 9 km from the township Coonoor. The site is named after Countess Charlotte Canning.
See also
Coonoor
Nilgiri mountains
Catherine Falls
Lamb's Rock
Sim's Park
Droog Fort
Dolphin's Nose
Katary Falls
(Ralliah dam)
References
Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district
Coonoor |
Pass It On is the second play in a trilogy by New Zealand playwright Renée. The first play in the trilogy is Wednesday to Come, and the third is Jeannie Once. It takes place during the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute. Characters Cliff and Jeannie appeared as teenagers in Wednesday to Come.
Background
The first performance was on 1 March 1986 by Theatre Corporate in Auckland, directed by Roger McGill. The play has been published by Playmarket.
Characters
Nell – thirty-four, Cliff's wife
Cliff – thirty-two
Jeannie – thirty
Gus – thirty-four
Synopsis
The play begins in February 1951, at the beginning of the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute. Cliff is a waterside worker, and on strike. Jeannie and Gus are involved with the union, publishing a Bulletin, putting the waterside workers' views across due to emergency regulations preventing publication of anything supporting of them in mainstream media. The play traces the change in relationship between Cliff's wife, Nell, and Jeannie. The play culminates with a march to advertise a public meeting to get public support for the strikers.
Productions
References
1986 plays
New Zealand plays |
Kuladhar is a given name of Indian origin. Notable people with the name include:
Kuladhar Chaliha (1887–1963), Indian politician
Kuladhar Saikia (born 1959), Indian police officer
Indian given names |
The Latin-British Exhibition of 1912 (May 25 to October 19) was the fifth in the series of the White City Exhibitions, after previous exhibitions such as the first Franco-British Exhibition of 1908, and one of the last exhibitions held in Shepherd's Bush, London, in the exhibition space known as the Great White City, and later simply as White City. The exhibition site is now occupied by the BBC White City centre and the Westfield London shopping centre, one of the largest in Britain.
There were reproductions of the cities of Rome, Naples, Venice, Florence, Granada, Toledo, as well as sites in Britain plus native villages from the colonies. Although the amusement section was smaller compared to previous years, it still featured popular exhibits including the Mountain Railway, The House of Troubles, the Great Bostock Jungle, the Spiral Chute, and the Caves of Laughter. Among the attractions was the Flip Flap, a large cable car with views of the city.
See also
History of Shepherd's Bush
White City
References
History of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
1912 in London
World's fairs in London
White City, London
Festivals established in 1912
1912 festivals |
Sigurjón Pétursson (9 March 1888 – 3 May 1955) was an Icelandic wrestler. He competed in the light heavyweight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Sigurjón later became an industrialist: by 1946 he was the owner of a textile factory at Álafoss just outside Reykjavik. He also took a keen interest in Icelandic culture and in psychic research.
Sigurjón believed that he experienced telepathic communication with, amongst other dead Icelanders, the nineteenth-century Icelandic poet Jónas Hallgrímsson. He concluded that the remains of Jónas should be brought from Denmark, where he died, to his birthplace in Iceland. This debate over this scheme is known in Icelandic as the beinamálið ('bones question').
References
External links
1888 births
1955 deaths
Icelandic male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Iceland
Wrestlers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Reykjavík |
Anandapur is a village in the Keshpur CD block in the Medinipur Sadar subdivision of the Paschim Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.
Geography
Location
Anandapur is located at
Area overview
Paschim Medinipur district (before separation of Jhargram) had a total forest area of 1,700 km2, accounting for 14.31% of the total forested area of the state. As observed from the map of the Midnapore Sadar subdivision, placed alongside, there are large stretches of forests in the subdivision. The soil is predominantly lateritic. Around 30% of the population of the district resides in this subdivision. 13.95% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.05% lives in the rural areas. Anandapur houses many schools like Anandapur High School.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India Anandapur had a total population of 11,461 of which 5,741 (50%) were males and 5,720 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,337. The total number of literate persons in Anandapur was 7,826 (68.28% of the population over 6 years).
Civic administration
Police station
Anandapur police station has jurisdiction over part of Keshpur CD block.
References
Villages in Paschim Medinipur district |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Management.Automation;
using System.Management.Automation.Subsystem;
using System.Management.Automation.Subsystem.DSC;
using System.Management.Automation.Subsystem.Feedback;
using System.Management.Automation.Subsystem.Prediction;
using System.Threading;
using Xunit;
namespace PSTests.Sequential
{
public class MyInvalidSubsystem : ISubsystem
{
private readonly Guid _id;
public static readonly MyInvalidSubsystem Singleton;
static MyInvalidSubsystem()
{
Singleton = new MyInvalidSubsystem(Guid.NewGuid());
}
private MyInvalidSubsystem(Guid id)
{
_id = id;
}
public Guid Id => _id;
public string Name => "Invalid";
public string Description => "An invalid subsystem implementation";
public Dictionary<string, string> FunctionsToDefine => null;
}
public class MyCompositeSubsystem : ICommandPredictor, IFeedbackProvider
{
private readonly Guid _id;
public static readonly MyCompositeSubsystem Singleton;
static MyCompositeSubsystem()
{
Singleton = new MyCompositeSubsystem(Guid.NewGuid());
}
private MyCompositeSubsystem(Guid id)
{
_id = id;
}
public Guid Id => _id;
public string Name => "Composite";
public string Description => "A composite implementation that serves as both a feedback provider and a command predictor.";
Dictionary<string, string> ISubsystem.FunctionsToDefine => null;
#region IFeedbackProvider
public FeedbackItem GetFeedback(FeedbackContext context, CancellationToken token) => new FeedbackItem("nothing", null);
#endregion
#region ICommandPredictor
public SuggestionPackage GetSuggestion(PredictionClient client, PredictionContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken) => default;
#endregion
}
public static class SubsystemTests
{
private static readonly MyPredictor predictor1, predictor2;
static SubsystemTests()
{
predictor1 = MyPredictor.FastPredictor;
predictor2 = MyPredictor.SlowPredictor;
}
private static void VerifyCommandPredictorMetadata(SubsystemInfo ssInfo)
{
Assert.Equal(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, ssInfo.Kind);
Assert.Equal(typeof(ICommandPredictor), ssInfo.SubsystemType);
Assert.True(ssInfo.AllowUnregistration);
Assert.True(ssInfo.AllowMultipleRegistration);
Assert.Empty(ssInfo.RequiredCmdlets);
Assert.Empty(ssInfo.RequiredFunctions);
}
private static void VerifyCrossPlatformDscMetadata(SubsystemInfo ssInfo)
{
Assert.Equal(SubsystemKind.CrossPlatformDsc, ssInfo.Kind);
Assert.Equal(typeof(ICrossPlatformDsc), ssInfo.SubsystemType);
Assert.True(ssInfo.AllowUnregistration);
Assert.False(ssInfo.AllowMultipleRegistration);
Assert.Empty(ssInfo.RequiredCmdlets);
Assert.Empty(ssInfo.RequiredFunctions);
}
private static void VerifyFeedbackProviderMetadata(SubsystemInfo ssInfo)
{
Assert.Equal(SubsystemKind.FeedbackProvider, ssInfo.Kind);
Assert.Equal(typeof(IFeedbackProvider), ssInfo.SubsystemType);
Assert.True(ssInfo.AllowUnregistration);
Assert.True(ssInfo.AllowMultipleRegistration);
Assert.Empty(ssInfo.RequiredCmdlets);
Assert.Empty(ssInfo.RequiredFunctions);
}
[Fact]
public static void GetSubsystemInfo()
{
#region Predictor
SubsystemInfo predictorInfo = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystemInfo(typeof(ICommandPredictor));
SubsystemInfo predictorInfo2 = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystemInfo(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor);
Assert.Same(predictorInfo2, predictorInfo);
VerifyCommandPredictorMetadata(predictorInfo);
Assert.False(predictorInfo.IsRegistered);
Assert.Empty(predictorInfo.Implementations);
#endregion
#region Feedback
SubsystemInfo feedbackProviderInfo = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystemInfo(typeof(IFeedbackProvider));
SubsystemInfo feedback2 = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystemInfo(SubsystemKind.FeedbackProvider);
Assert.Same(feedback2, feedbackProviderInfo);
VerifyFeedbackProviderMetadata(feedbackProviderInfo);
Assert.True(feedbackProviderInfo.IsRegistered);
Assert.Single(feedbackProviderInfo.Implementations);
#endregion
#region DSC
SubsystemInfo crossPlatformDscInfo = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystemInfo(typeof(ICrossPlatformDsc));
SubsystemInfo crossPlatformDscInfo2 = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystemInfo(SubsystemKind.CrossPlatformDsc);
Assert.Same(crossPlatformDscInfo2, crossPlatformDscInfo);
VerifyCrossPlatformDscMetadata(crossPlatformDscInfo);
Assert.False(crossPlatformDscInfo.IsRegistered);
Assert.Empty(crossPlatformDscInfo.Implementations);
#endregion
ReadOnlyCollection<SubsystemInfo> ssInfos = SubsystemManager.GetAllSubsystemInfo();
Assert.Equal(3, ssInfos.Count);
Assert.Same(ssInfos[0], predictorInfo);
Assert.Same(ssInfos[1], crossPlatformDscInfo);
Assert.Same(ssInfos[2], feedbackProviderInfo);
ICommandPredictor predictorImpl = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Null(predictorImpl);
ReadOnlyCollection<ICommandPredictor> predictorImpls = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystems<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Empty(predictorImpls);
ReadOnlyCollection<IFeedbackProvider> feedbackImpls = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystems<IFeedbackProvider>();
Assert.Single(feedbackImpls);
ICrossPlatformDsc crossPlatformDscImpl = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystem<ICrossPlatformDsc>();
Assert.Null(crossPlatformDscImpl);
ReadOnlyCollection<ICrossPlatformDsc> crossPlatformDscImpls = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystems<ICrossPlatformDsc>();
Assert.Empty(crossPlatformDscImpls);
}
[Fact]
public static void RegisterSubsystemExpectedFailures()
{
Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(
paramName: "proxy",
() => SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem<ICommandPredictor, MyPredictor>(null));
Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(
paramName: "proxy",
() => SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, null));
ArgumentException ex = Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(
paramName: "proxy",
() => SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CrossPlatformDsc, predictor1));
Assert.Contains(nameof(ICrossPlatformDsc), ex.Message);
ex = Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(
paramName: "kind",
() => SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem((SubsystemKind)0, predictor1));
Assert.Contains("0", ex.Message);
ex = Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(
paramName: "kind",
() => SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor | SubsystemKind.CrossPlatformDsc, predictor1));
Assert.Contains("3", ex.Message);
// You cannot register the instance of a type that only implements 'ISubsystem'.
ex = Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(
paramName: "proxy",
() => SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, MyInvalidSubsystem.Singleton));
Assert.Contains(nameof(ICommandPredictor), ex.Message);
ex = Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(
paramName: "subsystemType",
() => SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem<ISubsystem, MyInvalidSubsystem>(MyInvalidSubsystem.Singleton));
Assert.Contains(nameof(ISubsystem), ex.Message);
}
[Fact]
public static void RegisterSubsystemForCompositeImplementation()
{
try
{
SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem<ICommandPredictor, MyCompositeSubsystem>(MyCompositeSubsystem.Singleton);
SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.FeedbackProvider, MyCompositeSubsystem.Singleton);
}
finally
{
SubsystemManager.UnregisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, MyCompositeSubsystem.Singleton.Id);
SubsystemManager.UnregisterSubsystem<IFeedbackProvider>(MyCompositeSubsystem.Singleton.Id);
}
}
[Fact]
public static void RegisterSubsystem()
{
try
{
// Register 'predictor1'
SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem<ICommandPredictor, MyPredictor>(predictor1);
// Now validate the SubsystemInfo of the 'ICommandPredictor' subsystem
SubsystemInfo ssInfo = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystemInfo(typeof(ICommandPredictor));
VerifyCommandPredictorMetadata(ssInfo);
Assert.True(ssInfo.IsRegistered);
Assert.Single(ssInfo.Implementations);
// Now validate the 'ImplementationInfo'
var implInfo = ssInfo.Implementations[0];
Assert.Equal(predictor1.Id, implInfo.Id);
Assert.Equal(predictor1.Name, implInfo.Name);
Assert.Equal(predictor1.Description, implInfo.Description);
Assert.Equal(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, implInfo.Kind);
Assert.Same(typeof(MyPredictor), implInfo.ImplementationType);
// Now validate the subsystem implementation itself.
ICommandPredictor impl = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Same(impl, predictor1);
Assert.Null(impl.FunctionsToDefine);
const string Client = "SubsystemTest";
const string Input = "Hello world";
var predClient = new PredictionClient(Client, PredictionClientKind.Terminal);
var predCxt = PredictionContext.Create(Input);
var results = impl.GetSuggestion(predClient, predCxt, CancellationToken.None);
Assert.Equal($"'{Input}' from '{Client}' - TEST-1 from {impl.Name}", results.SuggestionEntries[0].SuggestionText);
Assert.Equal($"'{Input}' from '{Client}' - TeSt-2 from {impl.Name}", results.SuggestionEntries[1].SuggestionText);
// Now validate the all-subsystem-implementation collection.
ReadOnlyCollection<ICommandPredictor> impls = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystems<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Single(impls);
Assert.Same(predictor1, impls[0]);
// Register 'predictor2'
SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, predictor2);
// Now validate the SubsystemInfo of the 'ICommandPredictor' subsystem
VerifyCommandPredictorMetadata(ssInfo);
Assert.True(ssInfo.IsRegistered);
Assert.Equal(2, ssInfo.Implementations.Count);
// Now validate the new 'ImplementationInfo'
implInfo = ssInfo.Implementations[1];
Assert.Equal(predictor2.Id, implInfo.Id);
Assert.Equal(predictor2.Name, implInfo.Name);
Assert.Equal(predictor2.Description, implInfo.Description);
Assert.Equal(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, implInfo.Kind);
Assert.Same(typeof(MyPredictor), implInfo.ImplementationType);
// Now validate the new subsystem implementation.
impl = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Same(impl, predictor2);
// Now validate the all-subsystem-implementation collection.
impls = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystems<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Equal(2, impls.Count);
Assert.Same(predictor1, impls[0]);
Assert.Same(predictor2, impls[1]);
}
finally
{
SubsystemManager.UnregisterSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>(predictor1.Id);
SubsystemManager.UnregisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, predictor2.Id);
}
}
[Fact]
public static void UnregisterSubsystem()
{
// Exception expected when no implementation is registered
Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => SubsystemManager.UnregisterSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>(predictor1.Id));
SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem<ICommandPredictor, MyPredictor>(predictor1);
SubsystemManager.RegisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, predictor2);
// Exception is expected when specified id cannot be found
Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => SubsystemManager.UnregisterSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>(Guid.NewGuid()));
// Unregister 'predictor1'
SubsystemManager.UnregisterSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>(predictor1.Id);
SubsystemInfo ssInfo = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystemInfo(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor);
VerifyCommandPredictorMetadata(ssInfo);
Assert.True(ssInfo.IsRegistered);
Assert.Single(ssInfo.Implementations);
var implInfo = ssInfo.Implementations[0];
Assert.Equal(predictor2.Id, implInfo.Id);
Assert.Equal(predictor2.Name, implInfo.Name);
Assert.Equal(predictor2.Description, implInfo.Description);
Assert.Equal(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, implInfo.Kind);
Assert.Same(typeof(MyPredictor), implInfo.ImplementationType);
ICommandPredictor impl = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Same(impl, predictor2);
ReadOnlyCollection<ICommandPredictor> impls = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystems<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Single(impls);
Assert.Same(predictor2, impls[0]);
// Unregister 'predictor2'
SubsystemManager.UnregisterSubsystem(SubsystemKind.CommandPredictor, predictor2.Id);
VerifyCommandPredictorMetadata(ssInfo);
Assert.False(ssInfo.IsRegistered);
Assert.Empty(ssInfo.Implementations);
impl = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystem<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Null(impl);
impls = SubsystemManager.GetSubsystems<ICommandPredictor>();
Assert.Empty(impls);
}
}
}
``` |
Don José Ramón Rodil y Campillo, 1st Marquess of Rodil and 3rd Viscount of Trobo (February 5, 1789 in Santa María de Trobo, – February 20, 1853 in Madrid) was a Spanish Liberal general and statesman. Originally a law student at the University of Santiago de Compostela, he enlisted in the Spanish army and went to Peru in 1817 as one of the commissioned officers in the fight against the pro-independence nationalist forces. He also served as Prime Minister of Spain from 17 June 1842 to 9 May 1843.
He led the Carabineros Corps, established by a royal decree issued by King Fernando VII in 1829 at the time that Luis López Ballesteros was Minister of Finance.
Early life
Rodil was born on 5 February 1789 in Santa María de Trobo, near Lugo in Galicia. His early studies were at the Mondoñedo Seminary, later studying at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Following the outbreak of the Peninsular War however, he enlisted in the Literary Battalion. On October 1816, he was sent to South America to fight against the "insurrectionists", where he served under Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela who ordered him Military Governor of Huamanga and then Lima.
Last Stand in Callao
In 1824, Rodil assumed command of the last Spanish stronghold on Peruvian territory in the port of Callao. Shortly after the last evacuation of Lima by the Royalist Army troops, the pro-independence soldiers finally took the capital, with Bolívar's arrival causing a massive exodus to Callao of those who maintained their loyalty to the Spanish crown, either by sincere conviction, for the defense of their interests, or for subsequent lawsuits with the leaders of the young independent Peru, with various Spaniards, Creoles, and mestizos fleeing as refugees. Now besieged by nationalist forces backed by Simón Bolívar, Rodil refused to surrender, even as scurvy and starvation wreaked havoc among the hundreds of loyalists living in the fort. Even his top lieutenants began turning against him, only for Rodil to execute them by firing squad. He even executed his chaplain, Pedro Marieluz, for not revealing to him the details of the confessions made by those sentenced to death.
Callao was soon populated by more than 8,000 refugees, half of them royalist fighters led by Rodil. Despite being informed in January 1825 about the capitulation at Ayacucho and its terms, this Spanish chief rejected the surrender proposal and insisted on defending Callao, hoping at some point to receive military reinforcements from Spain that never arrived.
The Patriots, despairing at the resistance of the Spaniards, threatened reprisals against the defenders of Callao but were countermanded by Bolívar: "Heroism does not merit punishment. How we would applaud Rodil if he were a patriot!". Nevertheless, in the long run, resistance proved futile; two of Rodil's trusted comrades who commanded other forts nearby, and their forces, jumped to the nationalist side, thus revealing Rodil's potential defensive plans. The siege came to an end with the inability of the besieged to continue, with many of them dying as a result of the conditions in the port, themselves the result of a lack of resources and hygiene. On January 22, 1826, Rodil surrendered to Venezuelan general Bartolomé Salom and was allowed to go back to Spain, which he did, accompanied by a hundred Spanish officers and soldiers who had served under him.
Return to Spain and later life
Back in Spain, Rodil was more respected than his other Army colleagues, such as José de la Serna and José de Canterac, who had been defeated in the earlier Battle of Ayacucho. After Ferdinand VII's death, he supported Isabella II in the civil war against the Carlists. He later was viceroy of Navarra, which wasn't yet fully incorporated in the Spanish kingdom, and was President of the Government of Spain in 1842. He had a personal rivalry with Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana, who had attempted to divest him of his military honors. Rodil then retired from Spanish politics, and died at age 64 on February 19, 1853.
References
External links
1789 births
1853 deaths
People from Terra Chá
Royalists in the Hispanic American Revolution
Spanish captain generals
Spanish generals
Marquesses of Spain
Viscounts of Spain
Progressive Party (Spain) politicians
Military personnel of the First Carlist War |
23S rRNA (guanosine2251-2'-O)-methyltransferase (, rlmB (gene), yifH (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:23S rRNA (guanosine2251-2'-O-)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine2251 in 23S rRNA S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2'-O-methylguanosine2251 in 23S rRNA
The enzyme catalyses the methylation of guanosine2251.
References
External links
EC 2.1.1 |
Sonic Liberation Front Meets Sunny Murray is an album by the Philadelphia-based ensemble Sonic Liberation Front and drummer Sunny Murray. Three tracks on the album were recorded live in 2002, while the remaining tracks were recorded at Rittenhouse Recording Studio in 2008. The album was released in 2010 by the High Two label.
Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Phil Freeman wrote: "Though he's one of the most powerful drummers in jazz, free or otherwise, Murray never truly takes over the music; he's a guest in this house, and he acts accordingly, supporting the group rather than turning its compositions into platforms for drum solos." He stated that the music reinforces the idea "that so-called 'free' jazz has rules every bit as strict as those governing bebop or big-band swing."
DownBeat reviewer Bill Meyer praised "Knowledge of the Sun," writing: "cornetist Todd Margasak and saxophonist Terry Lawson's mournful unisons seem to drift over the slowly undulating percussive figures like a rain cloud over an arboreal canopy." However, he noted: "this CD represents neither party at its best."
Writing for All About Jazz, Mark Corroto suggested that "the purpose here is the pulse and consciousness-raising properties of the vibrations emitted," and commented: "Perhaps we could call them a West African/Cuban/AACM jam band that's the child of Albert Ayler and Sun Ra."
Track listing
"Init" (Kevin Diehl) – 9:20
"Knowledge of the Sun" (Matt Engle) – 7:26
"Meaningless Kisses" (Sunny Murray) – 10:32
"Cosa de Grupo" (Kevin Diehl) – 5:45
"Ochun Libre" (Kevin Diehl) – 9:47
"Some Other Times" (Sunny Murray) – 11:50
"Nomingo" (Sunny Murray) – 9:59
"Under the Waves of Kanagawa" (Adam Jenkins) – 5:40
Tracks 1–5 recorded in June, 2008, at Rittenhouse Recording in Philadelphia. Tracks 6–8 recorded live in 2002.
Personnel
Sunny Murray – drums
Adam Jenkins – alto saxophone (tracks 6–8)
Terry Lawson – tenor saxophone
Kimbal Brown – trumpet (tracks 6–8)
Todd Margasak – cornet (tracks 1–5)
Matt Engle – bass (tracks 1–5)
Fahir Kendall – bass (tracks 6–8)
Kevin Diehl – drums, percussion, bata
Chuck Joseph – bata, congas
Okomfo Adwoa Tacheampong – bata (tracks 1–5)
Shawn Hennessy – bata (tracks 1–5)
Nichola Rivera – bata, congas (tracks 6–8)
Joey Toledo – bata, percussion (tracks 6–8)
References
2010 albums
Sunny Murray albums |
Petrovo Selo is a village in Croatia.
Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 24.
References
Populated places in Dubrovnik-Neretva County |
Lake Pergusa (Pergoussa, Πυργούσσα in Ancient Greek) is a lake in Sicily, set between a group of mountains in the Erean Mountains chain near Pergusa, 5 km from Enna, Italy. It is a vital stop in the migratory trajectory of a great number of birds. In addition to birds, which are by far the main inhabitants of the Pergusa nature reserve, there are also interesting species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates found here. At an elevation of 670 m, the lake's surface area is 1.83 km2.
Overview
The lake is encircled by the most important racing track of Southern Italy, the Autodromo di Pergusa, that hosts international competitions and events, such as Formula One, Formula 3000 and a Ferrari Festival that has featured Formula One star Michael Schumacher.
In the area of Lake Pergusa, an archeological site known as Cozzo Matrice can be found. This site essentially houses the ruins of an old fortified village, containing imposing walls constructed around the 9th millennium BC, a sacred citadel, an opulent necropolis and the remains of an ancient temple dedicated to Demeter, dating back more than 2,000 years.
An important forest and vegetation zone named Selva Pergusina (meaning "Pergusa Wood") surrounds part of the Lake Pergusa Valley, producing a striking panorama.
In antiquity, the lake was said to be the site where Persephone was abducted by Hades.
References
External links
Enna tourist page
Province of Enna
Lakes of Sicily
Enna |
Poynter Hill is a conspicuous hill, height , standing 8 nautical miles (15 km) east-southeast of Cape Kjellman on the west side of Trinity Peninsula. Charted in 1948 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, it was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1950 after Charles William Poynter, master's mate, who accompanied Edward Bransfield on the brig Williams in January 1820 when explorations were made in the South Shetland Islands and Bransfield Strait. Poynter Hill is separated from nearby Ivory Pinnacles by the 700-metre pass Poynter Col, which derived its name from that of the hill.
Map
Trinity Peninsula. Scale 1:250000 topographic map No. 5697. Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie and British Antarctic Survey, 1996.
References
SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
Hills of Trinity Peninsula |
Secwepemc Nation may refer to:
the Secwepemc people (aka the Shuswap people)
the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council
the Northern Shuswap Tribal Council |
The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, ran from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, covering a major part of the naval history of World War II. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. The campaign peaked from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943.
The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the German Kriegsmarine (Navy) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe (Air Force) against the Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Navy, United States Navy, and Allied merchant shipping. Convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) after Germany's Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940.
As an island country, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to survive and fight. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic involved a tonnage war; the Allied struggle to supply Britain, and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting. Rationing in the United Kingdom was also used with the aim of reducing demand, by reducing wastage and increasing domestic production and equality of distribution. From 1942 onward, the Axis also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies and equipment in the UK in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe. The defeat of the U-boat threat was a prerequisite for pushing back the Axis in Western Europe. The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies—the German blockade failed—but at great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk in the Atlantic for the loss of 783 U-boats (the majority of them Type VII submarines) and 47 German surface warships, including 4 battleships (, , , and ), 9 cruisers, 7 raiders, and 27 destroyers. Of the U-boats, 519 were sunk by British, Canadian, or other UK-based forces, 175 were destroyed by American forces, 15 were destroyed by the Soviets, and 73 were scuttled by their crews before the end of the war for various reasons. This front ended up being highly significant for the German war effort: Germany spent more money on producing naval vessels than it did every type of ground vehicle combined, including tanks.
The Battle of the Atlantic has been called the "longest, largest, and most complex" naval battle in history. The campaign started immediately after the European war began, during the so-called "Phoney War", and lasted more than five years, until the German surrender in May 1945. It involved thousands of ships in more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters, in a theatre covering millions of square miles of ocean. The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as participating countries surrendered, joined and even changed sides in the war, and as new weapons, tactics, counter-measures and equipment were developed by both sides. The Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface-raiders by the end of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses due to U-boats continued until the war's end. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later wrote "The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril. I was even more anxious about this battle than I had been about the glorious air fight called the 'Battle of Britain'."
Name
On 5 March 1941, First Lord of the Admiralty A. V. Alexander asked Parliament for "many more ships and great numbers of men" to fight "the Battle of the Atlantic", which he compared to the Battle of France, fought the previous summer. The first meeting of the Cabinet's "Battle of the Atlantic Committee" was on March 19. Churchill claimed to have coined the phrase "Battle of the Atlantic" shortly before Alexander's speech, but there are several examples of earlier usage.
Background
Following the use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany in the First World War, countries tried to limit or abolish submarines. The effort failed. Instead, the London Naval Treaty required submarines to abide by "cruiser rules", which demanded they surface, search and place ship crews in "a place of safety" (for which lifeboats did not qualify, except under particular circumstances) before sinking them, unless the ship in question showed "persistent refusal to stop...or active resistance to visit or search". These regulations did not prohibit arming merchantmen, but doing so, or having them report contact with submarines (or raiders), made them de facto naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules. This made restrictions on submarines effectively moot.
Early skirmishes (September 1939 – May 1940)
In 1939, the Kriegsmarine lacked the strength to challenge the combined British Royal Navy and French Navy (Marine Nationale) for command of the sea. Instead, German naval strategy relied on commerce raiding using capital ships, armed merchant cruisers, submarines and aircraft. Many German warships were already at sea when war was declared in September 1939, including most of the available U-boats and the "pocket battleships" (Panzerschiffe) and which had sortied into the Atlantic in August. These ships immediately attacked British and French shipping. sank the ocean liner within hours of the declaration of war—in breach of her orders not to sink passenger ships. The U-boat fleet, which was to dominate so much of the Battle of the Atlantic, was small at the beginning of the war; many of the 57 available U-boats were the small and short-range Type IIs, useful primarily for minelaying and operations in British coastal waters. Much of the early German anti-shipping activity involved minelaying by destroyers, aircraft and U-boats off British ports.
With the outbreak of war, the British and French immediately began a blockade of Germany, although this had little immediate effect on German industry. The Royal Navy quickly introduced a convoy system for the protection of trade that gradually extended out from the British Isles, eventually reaching as far as Panama, Bombay and Singapore. When the convoy system was first introduced however, Britain's Royal Admiralty strongly opposed the idea. It believed that the convoy would be a waste of ships that they could not afford, considering they might be needed in battle. Convoys allowed the Royal Navy to concentrate its escorts near the one place the U-boats were guaranteed to be found, the convoys. Each convoy consisted of between 30 and 70 mostly unarmed merchant ships.
Some British naval officials, particularly the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, sought a more 'offensive' strategy. The Royal Navy formed anti-submarine hunting groups based on aircraft carriers to patrol the shipping lanes in the Western Approaches and hunt for German U-boats. This strategy was deeply flawed because a U-boat, with its tiny silhouette, was always likely to spot the surface warships and submerge long before it was sighted. The carrier aircraft were little help; although they could spot submarines on the surface, at this stage of the war they had no adequate weapons to attack them, and any submarine found by an aircraft was long gone by the time surface warships arrived. The hunting group strategy proved a disaster within days. On 14 September 1939, Britain's most modern carrier, , narrowly avoided being sunk when three torpedoes from exploded prematurely. U-39 was forced to surface and scuttle by the escorting destroyers, becoming the first U-boat loss of the war. Another carrier, , was sunk three days later by .
Escort destroyers hunting for U-boats continued to be a prominent, but misguided, technique of British anti-submarine strategy for the first year of the war. U-boats nearly always proved elusive, and the convoys, denuded of cover, were put at even greater risk.
German success in sinking Courageous was surpassed a month later when Günther Prien in penetrated the British base at Scapa Flow and sank the old battleship at anchor, immediately becoming a hero in Germany.
In the South Atlantic, British forces were stretched by the cruise of Admiral Graf Spee, which sank nine merchant ships of in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean during the first three months of war. The British and French formed a series of hunting groups including three battlecruisers, three aircraft carriers, and 15 cruisers to seek the raider and her sister Deutschland, which was operating in the North Atlantic. These hunting groups had no success until Admiral Graf Spee was caught off the mouth of the River Plate between Argentina and Uruguay by an inferior British force. After suffering damage in the subsequent action, she took shelter in neutral Montevideo harbour and was scuttled on 17 December 1939.
After this initial burst of activity, the Atlantic campaign quieted down. Admiral Karl Dönitz, commander of the U-boat fleet, had planned a maximum submarine effort for the first month of the war, with almost all the available U-boats out on patrol in September. That level of deployment could not be sustained; the boats needed to return to harbour to refuel, re-arm, re-stock supplies, and refit. The harsh winter of 1939–40, which froze over many of the Baltic ports, seriously hampered the German offensive by trapping several new U-boats in the ice. Hitler's plans to invade Norway and Denmark in the spring of 1940 led to the withdrawal of the fleet's surface warships and most of the ocean-going U-boats for fleet operations in Operation Weserübung.
The resulting Norwegian campaign revealed serious flaws in the magnetic influence pistol (firing mechanism) of the U-boats' principal weapon, the torpedo. Although the narrow fjords gave U-boats little room for manoeuvre, the concentration of British warships, troopships and supply ships provided countless opportunities for the U-boats to attack. Time and again, U-boat captains tracked British targets and fired, only to watch the ships sail on unharmed as the torpedoes exploded prematurely (due to the influence pistol), or hit and fail to explode (because of a faulty contact pistol), or run beneath the target without exploding (due to the influence feature or depth control not working correctly). Not a single British warship was sunk by a U-boat in more than 20 attacks. As the news spread through the U-boat fleet, it began to undermine morale. The director in charge of torpedo development continued to claim it was the crews' fault. In early 1941, the problems were determined to be due to differences in the earth's magnetic fields at high latitudes and a slow leakage of high-pressure air from the submarine into the torpedo's depth regulation gear. These problems were solved by about March 1941, making the torpedo a formidable weapon. Similar problems plagued the US Navy's Mark 14 torpedo, but it ignored the reports of German problems.
Submarine warfare
Early in the war, Dönitz submitted a memorandum to Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, the German navy's Commander-in-Chief, in which he estimated effective submarine warfare could bring Britain to its knees because of the country's dependence on overseas commerce. He advocated a system known as the Rudeltaktik (the so-called "wolf pack"), in which U-boats would spread out in a long line across the projected course of a convoy. Upon sighting a target, they would come together to attack en masse and overwhelm any escorting warships. While escorts chased individual submarines, the rest of the "pack" would be able to attack the merchant ships with impunity. Dönitz calculated 300 of the latest Atlantic Boats (the Type VII), would create enough havoc among Allied shipping that Britain would be knocked out of the war.
This was in stark contrast to the traditional view of submarine deployment up until then, in which the submarine was seen as a lone ambusher, waiting outside an enemy port to attack ships entering and leaving. This had been a very successful tactic used by British submarines in the Baltic Sea and Bosporus during World War I, but it would not work if port approaches were well-patrolled. There had also been naval theorists who held that submarines should be attached to a fleet and used like destroyers; this had been tried by the Germans during the Battle of Jutland with poor results, since underwater communications were in their infancy. The Empire of Japan also adhered to the idea of a fleet submarine, following the doctrine of Alfred Thayer Mahan, and never used their submarines either for close blockade or convoy interdiction. The submarine was still looked upon by much of the naval world as "dishonourable", compared to the prestige attached to capital ships. This was true in the Kriegsmarine as well; Raeder successfully lobbied for the money to be spent on capital ships instead.
The Royal Navy's main anti-submarine weapon before the war was the inshore patrol craft, which was fitted with hydrophones and armed with a small gun and depth charges. Unrestricted submarine warfare had been outlawed by the London Naval Treaty; anti-submarine warfare was seen as 'defensive' rather than dashing; many naval officers believed anti-submarine work was drudgery similar to mine sweeping; and ASDIC was believed to have rendered submarines impotent. Although destroyers also carried depth charges, it was expected that these ships would be used in fleet actions rather than coastal patrol, so they were not extensively trained in their use. The British, however, ignored the fact that arming merchantmen, as they did from the start of the war, removed them from the protection of the "cruiser rules", and that anti-submarine trials with ASDIC had been conducted in ideal conditions.
British situation
The German occupation of Norway in April 1940, the rapid conquest of the Low Countries and France in May and June, and the Italian entry into the war on the Axis side in June transformed the war at sea in general and the Atlantic campaign in particular in three main ways:
Britain lost its biggest ally. In 1940, the French Navy was the fourth largest in the world. Only a handful of French ships joined the Free French Forces and fought against Germany, though these were later joined by a few Canadian destroyers. With the French fleet removed from the campaign, the Royal Navy was stretched even further. Italy's declaration of war meant that Britain also had to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet and establish a new group at Gibraltar, known as Force H, to replace the French fleet in the Western Mediterranean.
The U-boats gained direct access to the Atlantic. Since the English Channel was relatively shallow, and was partially blocked with minefields by mid-1940, U-boats were ordered not to negotiate it and instead travel around the British Isles to reach the most profitable spot to hunt ships. The German bases in France at Brest, Lorient, and La Pallice (near La Rochelle), were about closer to the Atlantic than the bases on the North Sea. This greatly improved the situation for U-boats in the Atlantic, enabling them to attack convoys further west and letting them spend longer time on patrol, doubling the effective size of the U-boat force. The Germans later built huge fortified concrete submarine pens for the U-boats in the French Atlantic bases, which were impervious to Allied bombing until mid-1944 when the Tallboy bomb became available. From early July, U-boats returned to the new French bases when they had completed their Atlantic patrols.
British destroyers were diverted from the Atlantic. The Norwegian campaign and the German invasion of the Low Countries and France imposed a heavy strain on the Royal Navy's destroyer flotillas. Many older destroyers were withdrawn from convoy routes to support the Norwegian campaign in April and May and then diverted to the English Channel to support the withdrawal from Dunkirk. By the summer of 1940, Britain faced a serious threat of invasion. Many destroyers were held in the Channel, ready to repel a German invasion. They suffered heavily under air attack by the Luftwaffe Fliegerführer Atlantik. Seven destroyers were lost in the Norwegian campaign, another six in the Battle of Dunkirk and a further 10 in the Channel and North Sea between May and July, many to air attack because they lacked an adequate anti-aircraft armament. Dozens of others were damaged.
The completion of Hitler's campaign in Western Europe meant U-boats withdrawn from the Atlantic for the Norwegian campaign now returned to the war on trade. So at the very time the number of U-boats on patrol in the Atlantic began to increase, the number of escorts available for the convoys was greatly reduced. The only consolation for the British was that the large merchant fleets of occupied countries like Norway and the Netherlands came under British control. After the German occupation of Denmark and Norway, Britain occupied Iceland and the Faroe Islands, establishing bases there and preventing a German takeover.
It was in these circumstances that Winston Churchill, who had become Prime Minister on 10 May 1940, first wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt to request the loan of fifty obsolescent US Navy destroyers. This eventually led to the "Destroyers for Bases Agreement" (effectively a sale but portrayed as a loan for political reasons), which operated in exchange for 99-year leases on certain British bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda and the West Indies, a financially advantageous bargain for the United States but militarily beneficial for Britain, since it effectively freed up British military assets to return to Europe. A significant percentage of the US population opposed entering the war, and some American politicians (including the US Ambassador to Britain, Joseph P. Kennedy) believed that Britain and its allies might actually lose. The first of these destroyers were only taken over by their British and Canadian crews in September, and all needed to be rearmed and fitted with ASDIC. It was to be many months before these ships contributed to the campaign.
'The Happy Time' (June 1940 – February 1941)
The early U-boat operations from the French bases were spectacularly successful. This was the heyday of the great U-boat aces like Günther Prien of U-47, Otto Kretschmer (), Joachim Schepke (), Engelbert Endrass (), Victor Oehrn () and Heinrich Bleichrodt (). U-boat crews became heroes in Germany. From June until October 1940, over 270 Allied ships were sunk; this period was referred to by U-boat crews as "the Happy Time" ("Die Glückliche Zeit"). Churchill would later write: "...the only thing that ever frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril".
The biggest challenge for the U-boats was to find the convoys in the vastness of the ocean. The Germans had a handful of very long-range Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft based at Bordeaux and Stavanger, which were used for reconnaissance. The Condor was a converted civilian airliner—a stop-gap solution for Fliegerführer Atlantik. Due to ongoing friction between the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine, the primary source of convoy sightings was the U-boats themselves. Since a submarine's bridge was very close to the water, their range of visual detection was quite limited.
The best source proved to be the codebreakers of B-Dienst who had succeeded in deciphering the British Naval Cypher No. 3, allowing the Germans to estimate where and when convoys could be expected.
In response, the British applied the techniques of operations research to the problem and came up with some counter-intuitive solutions for protecting convoys. They realised that the area of a convoy increased by the square of its perimeter, meaning the same number of ships, using the same number of escorts, was better protected in one convoy than in two. A large convoy was as difficult to locate as a small one. Moreover, reduced frequency also reduced the chances of detection, as fewer large convoys could carry the same amount of cargo, while large convoys take longer to assemble. Therefore, a few large convoys with apparently few escorts were safer than many small convoys with a higher ratio of escorts to merchantmen.
Instead of attacking the Allied convoys singly, U-boats were directed to work in wolf packs (Rudel) coordinated by radio. The boats spread out into a long patrol line that bisected the path of the Allied convoy routes. Once in position, the crew studied the horizon through binoculars looking for masts or smoke, or used hydrophones to pick up propeller noises. When one boat sighted a convoy, it would report the sighting to U-boat headquarters, shadowing and continuing to report as needed until other boats arrived, typically at night. Instead of being faced by single submarines, the convoy escorts then had to cope with groups of up to half a dozen U-boats attacking simultaneously. The most daring commanders, such as Kretschmer, penetrated the escort screen and attacked from within the columns of merchantmen. The escort vessels, which were too few in number and often lacking in endurance, had no answer to multiple submarines attacking on the surface at night, as their ASDIC worked well only against underwater targets. Early British marine radar, working in the metric bands, lacked target discrimination and range. Moreover, corvettes were too slow to catch a surfaced U-boat.
Pack tactics were first used successfully in September and October 1940 to devastating effect, in a series of convoy battles. On September 21, convoy HX 72 of 42 merchantmen was attacked by a pack of four U-boats, which sank eleven ships and damaged two over the course of two nights. In October, the slow convoy SC 7, with an escort of two sloops and two corvettes, was overwhelmed, losing 59% of its ships. The battle for HX 79 in the following days was in many ways worse for the escorts than for SC 7. The loss of a quarter of the convoy without any loss to the U-boats, despite a very strong escort (two destroyers, four corvettes, three trawlers, and a minesweeper) demonstrated the effectiveness of the German tactics against the inadequate British anti-submarine methods. On 1 December, seven German and three Italian submarines caught HX 90, sinking 10 ships and damaging three others. The success of pack tactics against these convoys encouraged Admiral Dönitz to adopt the wolf pack as his primary tactic.
At the end of the year 1940, the Admiralty viewed the number of ships sunk with growing alarm. Damaged ships might survive but could be out of commission for long periods. Two million gross tons of merchant shipping—13% of the fleet available to the British—were under repair and unavailable, which had the same effect in slowing down cross-Atlantic supplies.
Nor were the U-boats the only threat. Following some early experience in support of the war at sea during Operation Weserübung, the Luftwaffe began to take a toll of merchant ships. Martin Harlinghausen and his recently established command—Fliegerführer Atlantik—contributed small numbers of aircraft to the Battle of the Atlantic from 1941 onwards. These were primarily Fw 200 Condors and (later) Junkers Ju 290s, used for long-range reconnaissance. The Condors also bombed convoys that were beyond land-based fighter cover and thus defenceless. Initially, the Condors were very successful, claiming 365,000 tons of shipping in early 1941. These aircraft were few in number, however, and directly under Luftwaffe control; in addition, the pilots had little specialised training for anti-shipping warfare, limiting their effectiveness.
Italian submarines in the Atlantic
The Germans received help from their allies. From August 1940, a flotilla of 27 Italian submarines operated from the BETASOM base in Bordeaux to attack Allied shipping in the Atlantic, initially under the command of Rear Admiral Angelo Parona, then of Rear Admiral Romolo Polacchini and finally of Ship-of-the-Line Captain Enzo Grossi. The Italian submarines had been designed to operate in a different way than U-boats, and they had a number of flaws that needed to be corrected (for example huge conning towers, slow speed when surfaced, lack of modern torpedo fire control), which meant that they were ill-suited for convoy attacks, and performed better when hunting down isolated merchantmen on distant seas, taking advantage of their superior range and living standards. While initial operation met with little success (only 65343 GRT sunk between August and December 1940), the situation improved gradually over time, and up to August 1943 the 32 Italian submarines that operated there sank 109 ships of 593,864 tons, for 17 subs lost in return, giving them a subs-lost-to-tonnage sunk ratio similar to Germany's in the same period, and higher overall. The Italians were also successful with their use of "human torpedo" chariots, disabling several British ships in Gibraltar.
Despite these successes, the Italian intervention was not favourably regarded by Dönitz, who characterised Italians as "inadequately disciplined" and "unable to remain calm in the face of the enemy". They were unable to co-operate in wolf pack tactics or even reliably report contacts or weather conditions, and their area of operation was moved away from those of the Germans.
Amongst the more successful Italian submarine commanders who operated in the Atlantic were Carlo Fecia di Cossato, commander of the submarine , and Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia, commander of and then of .
ASDIC
ASDIC (also known as SONAR) was a central feature of the Battle of the Atlantic. One crucial development was the integration of ASDIC with a plotting table and weapons (depth charges and later Hedgehog) to make an anti-submarine warfare system.
ASDIC produced an accurate range and bearing to the target, but could be fooled by thermoclines, currents or eddies, and schools of fish, so it needed experienced operators to be effective. ASDIC was effective only at low speeds. Above or so, the noise of the ship going through the water drowned out the echoes.
The early wartime Royal Navy procedure was to sweep the ASDIC in an arc from one side of the escort's course to the other, stopping the transducer every few degrees to send out a signal. Several ships searching together would be used in a line, apart. If an echo was detected, and if the operator identified it as a submarine, the escort would be pointed towards the target and would close at a moderate speed; the submarine's range and bearing would be plotted over time to determine course and speed as the attacker closed to within . Once it was decided to attack, the escort would increase speed, using the target's course and speed data to adjust her own course. The intention was to pass over the submarine, rolling depth charges from chutes at the stern at even intervals, while throwers fired further charges some to either side. The intention was to lay a 'pattern' like an elongated diamond, hopefully with the submarine somewhere inside it. To effectively disable a submarine, a depth charge had to explode within about . Since early ASDIC equipment was poor at determining depth, it was usual to vary the depth settings on part of the pattern.
There were disadvantages to the early versions of this system. Exercises in anti-submarine warfare had been restricted to one or two destroyers hunting a single submarine whose starting position was known, and working in daylight and calm weather. U-boats could dive far deeper than British or American submarines (over ), well below the maximum depth charge setting of British depth charges. More importantly, early ASDIC sets could not look directly down, so the operator lost contact on the U-boat during the final stages of the attack, a time when the submarine would certainly be manoeuvring rapidly. The explosion of a depth charge also disturbed the water, so ASDIC contact was very difficult to regain if the first attack had failed. It enabled the U-boat to change position with impunity.
The belief that ASDIC had solved the submarine problem, the acute budgetary pressures of the Great Depression, and the pressing demands for many other types of rearmament meant little was spent on anti-submarine ships or weapons. Most British naval spending, and many of the best officers, went into the battlefleet. Critically, the British expected, as in the First World War, German submarines would be coastal craft and only threaten harbour approaches. As a result, the Royal Navy entered the Second World War in 1939 without enough long-range escorts to protect ocean-going shipping, and there were no officers with experience of long-range anti-submarine warfare. The situation in Royal Air Force Coastal Command was even more dire: patrol aircraft lacked the range to cover the North Atlantic and could typically only machine-gun the spot where they saw a submarine dive.
Great surface raiders
Despite their success, U-boats were still not recognised as the foremost threat to the North Atlantic convoys. With the exception of men like Dönitz, most naval officers on both sides regarded surface warships as the ultimate commerce destroyers.
For the first half of 1940, there were no German surface raiders in the Atlantic because the German Fleet had been concentrated for the invasion of Norway. The sole pocket battleship raider, Admiral Graf Spee, had been stopped at the Battle of the River Plate by an inferior and outgunned British squadron. From the summer of 1940 a small but steady stream of warships and armed merchant raiders set sail from Germany for the Atlantic.
The power of a raider against a convoy was demonstrated by the fate of convoy HX 84, attacked by the pocket battleship on 5 November 1940. Admiral Scheer quickly sank five ships and damaged several others as the convoy scattered. Only the sacrifice of the escorting armed merchant cruiser (whose commander, Edward Fegen, was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross) and failing light allowed the other merchantmen to escape. The British now suspended North Atlantic convoys, and the Home Fleet put to sea to try to intercept Admiral Scheer. The search failed and Admiral Scheer disappeared into the South Atlantic. She reappeared in the Indian Ocean the following month.
Other German surface raiders now began to make their presence felt. On Christmas Day 1940, the cruiser attacked the troop convoy WS 5A, but was driven off by the escorting cruisers. Admiral Hipper had more success two months later, on 12 February 1941, when she found the unescorted convoy SLS 64 of 19 ships and sank seven of them. In January 1941, the battleships and put to sea from Germany to raid the shipping lanes in Operation Berlin. With so many German raiders at large in the Atlantic, the British were forced to provide battleship escorts to as many convoys as possible. This twice saved convoys from slaughter by the German battleships. In February, the old battleship deterred an attack on HX 106. A month later, SL 67 was saved by the presence of .
In May, the Germans mounted the most ambitious raid of all: Operation Rheinübung. The new battleship and the cruiser put to sea to attack convoys. A British fleet intercepted the raiders off Iceland. In the Battle of the Denmark Strait, the battlecruiser was blown up and sunk, but Bismarck was damaged and had to run to France. Bismarck nearly reached her destination, but was disabled by an airstrike from the carrier Ark Royal, and then sunk by the Home Fleet the next day. Her sinking marked the end of the warship raids. The advent of long-range search aircraft, notably the unglamorous but versatile PBY Catalina, largely neutralised surface raiders.
In February 1942, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen moved from Brest back to Germany in the "Channel Dash". While this was an embarrassment for the British, it was the end of the German surface threat in the Atlantic. The loss of Bismarck, the destruction of the network of supply ships that supported surface raiders, the repeated damage to the three ships by air raids, the entry of the United States into the war, Arctic convoys, and the perceived invasion threat to Norway had persuaded Hitler and the naval staff to withdraw.
War had come too early for the German naval expansion project Plan Z. Battleships powerful enough to destroy any convoy escort, with escorts able to annihilate the convoy, were never achieved. Although the number of ships the raiders sank was relatively small compared with the losses to U-boats, mines, and aircraft, their raids severely disrupted the Allied convoy system, reduced British imports, and strained the Home Fleet.
Escort groups (March–May 1941)
The disastrous convoy battles of October 1940 forced a change in British tactics. The most important of these was the introduction of permanent escort groups to improve the coordination and effectiveness of ships and men in battle. British efforts were helped by a gradual increase in the number of escort vessels available as the old ex-American destroyers and the new British- and Canadian-built s were now coming into service in numbers. Many of these ships became part of the huge expansion of the Royal Canadian Navy, which grew from a handful of destroyers at the outbreak of war to take an increasing share of convoy escort duty. Others of the new ships were crewed by Free French, Norwegian and Dutch, but these were a tiny minority of the total number, and directly under British command. By 1941 American public opinion had begun to swing against Germany, but the war was still essentially Great Britain and the Empire against Germany.
Initially, the new escort groups consisted of two or three destroyers and half a dozen corvettes. Since two or three of the group would usually be in dock repairing weather or battle damage, the groups typically sailed with about six ships. The training of the escorts also improved as the realities of the battle became obvious. A new base was set up at Tobermory in the Hebrides to prepare the new escort ships and their crews for the demands of battle under the strict regime of Vice-Admiral Gilbert O. Stephenson.
In February 1941, the Admiralty moved the headquarters of Western Approaches Command from Plymouth to Liverpool, where much closer contact with, and control of, the Atlantic convoys was possible. Greater cooperation with supporting aircraft was also achieved. In April, the Admiralty took over operational control of Coastal Command aircraft. Tactically, new short-wave radar sets that could detect surfaced U-boats and were suitable for both small ships and aircraft began to arrive during 1941.
The impact of these changes first began to be felt in the battles during the spring of 1941. In early March, Prien in U-47 failed to return from patrol. Two weeks later, in the battle of Convoy HX 112, the newly formed 3rd Escort Group of four destroyers and two corvettes held off the U-boat pack. U-100 was detected by the primitive radar on the destroyer , rammed and sunk. Shortly afterwards U-99 was also caught and sunk, its crew captured. Dönitz had lost his three leading aces: Kretschmer, Prien, and Schepke.
Dönitz now moved his wolf packs further west, in order to catch the convoys before the anti-submarine escort joined. This new strategy was rewarded at the beginning of April when the pack found Convoy SC 26 before its anti-submarine escort had joined. Ten ships were sunk, but another U-boat was lost.
The field of battle widens (June–December 1941)
Growing American activity
In June 1941, the British decided to provide convoy escort for the full length of the North Atlantic crossing. To this end, the Admiralty asked the Royal Canadian Navy on May 23, to assume the responsibility for protecting convoys in the western zone and to establish the base for its escort force at St. John's, Newfoundland. On June 13, 1941, Commodore Leonard Murray, Royal Canadian Navy, assumed his post as Commodore Commanding Newfoundland Escort Force, under the overall authority of the Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches, at Liverpool. Six Canadian destroyers and 17 corvettes, reinforced by seven destroyers, three sloops, and five corvettes of the Royal Navy, were assembled for duty in the force, which escorted the convoys from Canadian ports to Newfoundland and then on to a meeting point south of Iceland, where the British escort groups took over.
By 1941, the United States was taking an increasing part in the war, despite its nominal neutrality. In April 1941 President Roosevelt extended the Pan-American Security Zone east almost as far as Iceland. British forces occupied Iceland when Denmark fell to the Germans in 1940; the US was persuaded to provide forces to relieve British troops on the island. American warships began escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic as far as Iceland, and had several hostile encounters with U-boats.
In June 1941, the US realised the tropical Atlantic had become dangerous for unescorted American as well as British ships. On May 21, , an American vessel carrying no military supplies, was stopped by west of Freetown, Sierra Leone. After its passengers and crew were allowed thirty minutes to board lifeboats, U-69 torpedoed, shelled, and sank the ship. The survivors then drifted without rescue or detection for up to eighteen days. When news of the sinking reached the US, few shipping companies felt truly safe anywhere. As Time magazine noted in June 1941, "if such sinkings continue, U.S. ships bound for other places remote from fighting fronts, will be in danger. Henceforth the U.S. would either have to recall its ships from the ocean or enforce its right to the free use of the seas."
A Mid-Ocean Escort Force of British, Canadian, and American destroyers and corvettes was organised following the declaration of war by the United States in December 1941.
At the same time, the British were working on a number of technical developments which would address the German submarine superiority. Though these were British inventions, the critical technologies were provided freely to the US, which then renamed and manufactured them. Likewise, the US provided the British with Catalina flying boats and Liberator bombers that were important contributions to the war effort.
Catapult aircraft merchantmen
Aircraft ranges were constantly improving, but the Atlantic was far too large to be covered completely by land-based types. A stop-gap measure was instituted by fitting ramps to the front of some of the cargo ships known as catapult aircraft merchantmen (CAM ships), equipped with a lone expendable Hurricane fighter aircraft. When a German bomber approached, the fighter was launched off the end of the ramp with a large rocket to shoot down or drive off the German aircraft, the pilot then ditching in the water and—in the best case—recovered by ship. Nine combat launches were made, resulting in the destruction of eight Axis aircraft for the loss of one Allied pilot.
Although CAM ships and their Hurricanes did not down a great number of enemy aircraft, such aircraft were mostly Fw 200 Condors that would often shadow the convoy out of range of the convoy's guns, reporting back the convoy's course and position so that U-boats could then be directed on to the convoy. The CAM ships and their Hurricanes thus justified the cost in fewer ship losses overall.
High-frequency direction-finding
One of the more important developments was ship-borne direction-finding radio equipment, known as HF/DF (high-frequency direction-finding, or Huff-Duff), which started to be fitted to escorts from February 1942. These sets were common items of equipment by the spring of 1943. HF/DF let an operator determine the direction of a radio signal, regardless of whether the content could be read. Since the wolf pack relied on U-boats reporting convoy positions by radio, there was a steady stream of messages to intercept. An escort could then run in the direction of the signal and attack the U-boat, or at least force it to submerge (causing it to lose contact), which might prevent an attack on the convoy. When two ships fitted with HF/DF accompanied a convoy, a fix on the transmitter's position, not just direction, could be determined. However, the standard approach of anti-submarine warships was immediately to "run-down" the bearing of a detected signal, hoping to spot the U-boat on the surface and make an immediate attack. Range could be estimated by an experienced operator from the signal strength. Usually the target was found visually. If the submarine was slow to dive, the guns were used; otherwise an ASDIC (Sonar) search was started where the swirl of water of a crash-diving submarine was observed. In good visibility a U-boat might try and outrun an escort on the surface whilst out of gun range. Running down the bearing of a HF/DF signal was also used by escort carriers (particularly , operating south of the Azores), sending aircraft along the line of the bearing to force the submarine to submerge by strafing and then attack with depth charges or a FIDO homing torpedo.
The British also made extensive use of shore HF/DF stations, to keep convoys updated with positions of U-boats.
The radio technology behind direction finding was simple and well understood by both sides, but the technology commonly used before the war used a manually-rotated aerial to fix the direction of the transmitter. This was delicate work, took quite a time to accomplish to any degree of accuracy, and since it only revealed the line along which the transmission originated a single set could not determine if the transmission was from the true direction or its reciprocal 180 degrees in the opposite direction. Two sets were required to fix the position. Believing this to still be the case, German U-boat radio operators considered themselves fairly safe if they kept messages short. The British, however, developed an oscilloscope-based indicator which instantly fixed the direction and its reciprocal the moment a radio operator touched his Morse key. It worked simply with a crossed pair of conventional and fixed directional aerials, the oscilloscope display showing the relative received strength from each aerial as an elongated ellipse showing the line relative to the ship. The innovation was a 'sense' aerial, which, when switched in, suppressed the ellipse in the 'wrong' direction leaving only the correct bearing. With this there was hardly any need to triangulate—the escort could just run down the precise bearing provided, estimating range from the signal strength, and use either efficient look-outs or radar for final positioning. Many U-boat attacks were suppressed and submarines sunk in this way—a good example of the great difference apparently minor aspects of technology could make to the battle.
Enigma cipher
The way Dönitz conducted the U-boat campaign required relatively large volumes of radio traffic between U-boats and headquarters. This was thought to be safe, as the radio messages were encrypted using the Enigma cipher machine, which the Germans considered unbreakable. In addition, the Kriegsmarine used much more secure operating procedures than the Heer (Army) or Luftwaffe (Air Force). The machine's three rotors were chosen from a set of eight (rather than the other services' five). The rotors were changed every other day using a system of key sheets and the message settings were different for every message and determined from "bigram tables" that were issued to operators. In 1939, it was generally believed at the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park that naval Enigma could not be broken. Only the head of the German Naval Section, Frank Birch, and the mathematician Alan Turing believed otherwise.
The British codebreakers needed to know the wiring of the special naval Enigma rotors. The capture of several Enigma rotors during the sinking of by in February 1940 provided this information. In early 1941, the Royal Navy made a concerted effort to assist the codebreakers, and on May 9 crew members of the destroyer boarded and recovered her cryptologic material, including bigram tables and current Enigma keys. The captured material allowed all U-boat traffic to be read for several weeks, until the keys ran out; the familiarity codebreakers gained with the usual content of messages helped in breaking new keys.
In August 1940, the British began use of their "bombe" computer which, when presented with an intercepted German Enigma message, suggested possible settings with which the Enigma cipher machine had been programmed. A reverse-engineered Enigma machine in British hands could then be programmed with each set of suggested settings in turn until the message was successfully deciphered.
Throughout the summer and autumn of 1941, Enigma intercepts (combined with HF/DF) enabled the British to plot the positions of U-boat patrol lines and route convoys around them. Merchant ship losses dropped by over two-thirds in July 1941, and the losses remained low until November.
This Allied advantage was offset by the growing numbers of U-boats coming into service. The Type VIIC began reaching the Atlantic in large numbers in 1941; by the end of 1945, 568 had been commissioned. Although the Allies could protect their convoys in late 1941, they were not sinking many U-boats. The Flower-class corvette escorts could detect and defend, but they were not fast enough to attack effectively.
U-boat captured by an aircraft
An extraordinary incident occurred when a Coastal Command Hudson of 209 Squadron captured U-570 on 27 August 1941 about south of Iceland. Squadron Leader J. Thompson sighted the U-boat on the surface, immediately dived at his target, and released four depth charges as the submarine crash dived. The U-boat surfaced again, a number of crewmen appeared on deck, and Thompson engaged them with his aircraft's guns. The crewmen returned to the conning tower while under fire. A few moments later, a white flag and a similarly coloured board were displayed. Thompson called for assistance and circled the German vessel. A Catalina from 209 Squadron took over watching the damaged U-boat until the arrival of the armed trawler Kingston Agate under Lt Henry Owen L'Estrange. The following day the U-boat was beached in an Icelandic cove. Although no codes or secret papers were recovered, the British now possessed a complete U-boat. After a refit, U-570 was commissioned into the Royal Navy as .
Mediterranean diversion
In October 1941, Hitler ordered Dönitz to move U-boats into the Mediterranean to support German operations in that theatre. The resulting concentration near Gibraltar resulted in a series of battles around the Gibraltar and Sierra Leone convoys. In December 1941, Convoy HG 76 sailed, escorted by the 36th Escort Group of two sloops and six corvettes under Captain Frederic John Walker, reinforced by the first of the new escort carriers, , and three destroyers from Gibraltar. The convoy was immediately intercepted by the waiting U-boat pack, resulting in a brutal battle. Walker was a tactical innovator, his ships' crews were highly trained and the presence of an escort carrier meant U-boats were frequently sighted and forced to dive before they could get close to the convoy. Over the next five days, five U-boats were sunk (four by Walker's group), despite the loss of Audacity after two days. The British lost Audacity, a destroyer and only two merchant ships. The battle was the first clear Allied convoy victory.
Through dogged effort, the Allies slowly gained the upper hand until the end of 1941. Although Allied warships failed to sink U-boats in large numbers, most convoys evaded attack completely. Shipping losses were high, but manageable.
Operation Drumbeat (January–June 1942)
The attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States had an immediate effect on the campaign. Dönitz promptly planned to attack shipping off the American East Coast. He had only 12 Type IX boats able to reach US waters; half of them had been diverted by Hitler to the Mediterranean. One of the remainder was under repair, leaving only five boats for Operation Drumbeat (Paukenschlag), sometimes called by the Germans the "Second happy time."
The US, having no direct experience of modern naval war on its own shores, did not employ a black-out. U-boats simply stood off shore at night and picked out ships silhouetted against city lights. Admiral Ernest King, Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet (Cominch), who disliked the British, initially rejected Royal Navy calls for a coastal black-out or convoy system. King has been criticised for this decision, but his defenders argue the United States destroyer fleet was limited (partly because of the sale of 50 old destroyers to Britain earlier in the war), and King claimed it was far more important that destroyers protect Allied troop transports than merchant shipping. His ships were also busy convoying Lend-Lease material to the Soviet Union, as well as fighting the Japanese in the Pacific. King could not require coastal black-outs—the Army had legal authority over all civil defence—and did not follow advice the Royal Navy (or Royal Canadian Navy) provided that even unescorted convoys would be safer than merchants sailing individually. No troop transports were lost, but merchant ships sailing in US waters were left exposed and suffered accordingly. Britain eventually had to build coastal escorts and provide them to the US in a "reverse Lend Lease", since King was unable (or unwilling) to make any provision himself.
The first U-boats reached US waters on January 13, 1942. By the time they withdrew on February 6, they had sunk 156,939 tonnes of shipping without loss. The first batch of Type IXs was followed by more Type IXs and Type VIIs supported by Type XIV "Milk Cow" tankers which provided refuelling at sea. They sank 397 ships totalling over 2 million tons. (As mentioned previously, not a single troop transport was lost.) In 1943, the United States launched over 11 million tons of merchant shipping; that number declined in the later war years, as priorities moved elsewhere.
In May, King (by this time both Cominch and CNO) finally scraped together enough ships to institute a convoy system. This quickly led to the loss of seven U-boats. The US did not have enough ships to cover all the gaps; the U-boats continued to operate freely during the Battle of the Caribbean and throughout the Gulf of Mexico (where they effectively closed several US ports) until July, when the British-loaned escorts began arriving. These included 24 armed anti-submarine trawlers crewed by the Royal Naval Patrol Service; many had previously been peacetime fishermen. On July 3, 1942, one of these trawlers, HMS Le Tigre proved her worth by picking up 31 survivors from the American merchant Alexander Macomb. Shortly after, Le Tigre managed to hunt down the U-boat that had torpedoed the merchant ship, which was then sunk by ; credit was awarded to Le Tigre. The institution of an interlocking convoy system on the American coast and in the Caribbean Sea in mid-1942 resulted in an immediate drop in attacks in those areas. As a result of the increased coastal convoy escort system, the U-boats' attention was shifted back to the Atlantic convoys. For the Allies, the situation was serious but not critical throughout much of 1942.
Operation Drumbeat had one other effect. It was so successful that Dönitz's policy of economic war was seen, even by Hitler, as the only effective use of the U-boat; he was given complete freedom to use them as he saw fit. Meanwhile, Hitler sacked Raeder after the embarrassing Battle of the Barents Sea, in which two German heavy cruisers were beaten off by half a dozen British destroyers. Dönitz was eventually made Grand Admiral, and all building priorities turned to U-boats.
Battle returns to the mid-Atlantic (July 1942 – February 1943)
With the US finally arranging convoys, ship losses to the U-boats quickly dropped, and Dönitz realised his U-boats were better used elsewhere. On July 19, 1942, he ordered the last boats to withdraw from the United States Atlantic coast; by the end of July 1942 he had shifted his attention back to the North Atlantic, where allied aircraft could not provide cover—i.e. the Black Pit. Convoy SC 94 marked the return of the U-boats to the convoys from Canada to Britain. The command centre for the submarines operating in the West, including the Atlantic also changed, moving to a newly constructed command bunker at the Château de Pignerolle just east of Angers on the Loire river. The headquarters was commanded by Hans-Rudolf Rösing.
There were enough U-boats spread across the Atlantic to allow several wolf packs to attack many different convoy routes. Often as many as 10 to 15 boats would attack in one or two waves, following convoys like SC 104 and SC 107 by day and attacking at night. Convoy losses quickly increased and in October 1942, 56 ships of over 258,000 tonnes were sunk in the "air gap" between Greenland and Iceland.
U-boat losses also climbed. In the first six months of 1942, 21 were lost, less than one for every 40 merchant ships sunk. In August and September, 60 were sunk, one for every 10 merchant ships, almost as many as in the previous two years.
On November 19, 1942, Admiral Noble was replaced as Commander-in-Chief of Western Approaches Command by Admiral Sir Max Horton. Horton used the growing number of escorts becoming available to organise "support groups", to reinforce convoys that came under attack. Unlike the regular escort groups, support groups were not directly responsible for the safety of any particular convoy. This gave them much greater tactical flexibility, allowing them to detach ships to hunt submarines spotted by reconnaissance or picked up by HF/DF. Where regular escorts would have to break off and stay with their convoy, the support group ships could keep hunting a U-boat for many hours. One tactic introduced by Captain John Walker was the "hold-down", where a group of ships would patrol over a submerged U-boat until its air ran out and it was forced to the surface; this might take two or three days.
Western Approaches Tactical Unit
Between February 1942 and July 1945, about 5,000 naval officers played war games at Western Approaches Tactical Unit. Many game graduates believed that the battle they fought on the linoleum floor was essential to their subsequent victory at sea. In November 1942, Admiral Horton tested Beta Search in a wargame. Janet Okell and Jean Laidlaw played the role of the escorts. Five times in a row Okell and Laidlaw sank the submarine of Admiral Horton, the commander-in chief of Western Approaches.
Ahead-throwing weapons
At the start of World War II, the depth charge was the only weapon available to a vessel for destroying a submerged submarine. Depth charges were dropped over the stern and thrown to the side of a warship travelling at speed. Early models of ASDIC/Sonar searched only ahead, astern and to the sides of the anti-submarine vessel that was using it: there was no downward-looking capability. So there was a time lag between the last fix obtained on the submarine and the warship reaching a point above that position. Then the depth charges had to sink to the depth at which they were set to explode. During those two delays, a capable submarine commander would manoeuvre rapidly to a different position and avoid the attack. The depth charges then left an area of disturbed water, through which it was difficult to regain ASDIC/Sonar contact. In response to this problem, one of the solutions developed by the Royal Navy was the ahead-throwing anti-submarine weapon—the first of which was Hedgehog.
Hedgehog
Hedgehog was a multiple spigot mortar, which fired contact-fused bombs ahead of the firing ship while the target was still within the ASDIC beam. These started to be installed on anti-submarine ships from late 1942. The warship could approach slowly (as it did not have to clear the area of exploding depth charges to avoid damage) and so its position was less obvious to the submarine commander as it was making less noise. Because hedgehog only exploded if it hit the submarine, if the target was missed, there was no disturbed water to make tracking difficult—and contact had not been lost in the first place.
Squid
Squid was an improvement on 'Hedgehog' introduced in late 1943. A three-barrelled mortar, it projected charges ahead or abeam; the charges' firing pistols were automatically set just prior to launch. The more advanced installations had Squid linked to the latest ASDIC sets so that Squid was fired automatically.
Leigh Light
Detection by radar-equipped aircraft could suppress U-boat activity over a wide area, but an aircraft attack could only be successful with good visibility. U-boats were relatively safe from aircraft at night for two reasons: 1) radar then in use could not detect them at less than ; 2) flares deployed to illuminate any attack gave adequate warning for evasive manoeuvres. The introduction of the Leigh Light by the British in January 1942 solved the second problem, thereby becoming a significant factor in the Battle for the Atlantic. Developed by RAF officer H. Leigh, it was a powerful and controllable searchlight mounted primarily to Wellington bombers and B-24 Liberators. These aircraft first made contact with enemy submarines using air-to-surface-vessel (ASV) radar. Then, about a from the target, the Leigh Light would be switched on. It immediately and accurately illuminated the enemy, giving U-boat commanders less than 25 seconds to react before they were attacked with depth charges. The first confirmed kill using this technology was U-502 on July 5, 1942.
The Leigh Light enabled the British to attack enemy subs on the surface at night, forcing German and Italian commanders to remain underwater especially when coming into port at sub bases in the Bay of Biscay. U-boat commanders who survived such attacks reported a particular fear of this weapon system since aircraft could not be seen at night, and the noise of an approaching aircraft was inaudible above the din of the sub's engines. Subsequently, the common practice of surfacing at night to recharge batteries and refresh air was mostly abandoned as it was safer to perform these tasks during daylight hours when enemy planes could be spotted. A drop in Allied shipping losses from 600,000 to 200,000 tons per month was attributed to this device.
Metox receiver
By August 1942, U-boats were being fitted with radar detectors to enable them to avoid sudden ambushes by radar-equipped aircraft or ships. The first such receiver, named Metox after its French manufacturer, was capable of picking up the metric radar bands used by the early radars. This not only enabled U-boats to avoid detection by Canadian escorts, which were equipped with obsolete radar sets, but allowed them to track convoys where these sets were in use.
However, it also caused problems for the Germans, as it sometimes detected stray radar emissions from distant ships or planes, causing U-boats to submerge when they were not in actual danger, preventing them from recharging batteries or using their surfaced speed.
Metox provided the U-boat commander with an advantage that had not been anticipated by the British. The Metox set beeped at the pulse rate of the hunting aircraft's radar, approximately once per second. When the radar operator came within of the U-boat, he changed the range of his radar. With the change of range, the radar doubled its pulse repetition frequency and as a result, the Metox beeping frequency also doubled, warning the commander that he had been detected and that the approaching aircraft was at that point 9 miles away.
Germans break Admiralty codes
In 1941, American intelligence informed Rear Admiral John Henry Godfrey that the UK naval codes could be broken. In March, 1942, the Germans broke Naval Cipher 3, the code for Anglo-American communication. Eighty per cent of the Admiralty messages from March, 1942 to June 1943 were read by the Germans. The sinking of Allied merchant ships increased dramatically.
Günter Hessler, Admiral Dönitz's son-in-law and first staff officer at U-boat Command, said:
"We had reached a stage when it took one or two days to decrypt the British radio messages. On occasions only a few hours were required. We could sometimes deduce when and how they would take advantage of the gaps in our U-boat dispositions. Our function was to close those gaps just before the convoys were due." The code breakers of Bletchley Park assigned only two people to evaluate whether the Germans broke the code. After five months, they finally determined that the codes were broken. In August, 1942, the UK Admiralty was informed. However, the Admiralty did not change the codes until June, 1943.
Captain Raymond Dreyer, deputy staff signals officer at Western Approaches, the British HQ for the Battle of the Atlantic in Liverpool, said, "Some of their most successful U-boat pack attacks on our convoys were based on information obtained by breaking our ciphers."
Enigma in 1942
On February 1, 1942, the Kriegsmarine switched the U-boats to a new Enigma network (TRITON) that used the new, four-rotor, Enigma machines. This new key could not be read by codebreakers; the Allies no longer knew where the U-boat patrol lines were. This made it far more difficult to evade contact, and the wolf packs ravaged many convoys. This state persisted for ten months. To obtain information on submarine movements the Allies had to make do with HF/DF fixes and decrypts of Kriegsmarine messages encoded on earlier Enigma machines. These messages included signals from coastal forces about U-boat arrivals and departures at their bases in France, and the reports from the U-boat training command. From these clues, Commander Rodger Winn's Admiralty Submarine Tracking Room supplied their best estimates of submarine movements, but this information was not enough.
Then on October 30, crewmen from salvaged Enigma material from as she foundered off Port Said. This allowed the codebreakers to break TRITON. By December 1942, Enigma decrypts were again disclosing U-boat patrol positions, and shipping losses declined dramatically once more.
German Command centre
Following the St Nazaire Raid on 28 March 1942, Raeder decided the risk of further seaborne attack was high and relocated the western command centre for U-boats to the Château de Pignerolle, where a command bunker was built and from where all Enigma radio messages between German command and Atlantic based operational U-boats were transmitted/received. In July 1942, Hans-Rudolf Rösing was appointed as FdU West (Führer der Unterseeboote West). Pignerolle became his headquarters.
Climax of the campaign (March–May 1943, "Black May")
After Convoy ON 154, winter weather provided a brief respite from the fighting in January before convoys SC 118 and ON 166 in February 1943, but in the spring, convoy battles started up again with the same ferocity. There were so many U-boats on patrol in the North Atlantic, it was difficult for convoys to evade detection, resulting in a succession of vicious battles.
On March 10, 1943, the Germans added a refinement to the U-boat Enigma key, which blinded the Allied codebreakers at Bletchley Park for 9 days. That month saw the battles of convoys UGS 6, HX 228, SC 121, SC 122 and HX 229. One hundred and twenty ships were sunk worldwide, 82 ships of 476,000 tons in the Atlantic, while 12 U-boats were destroyed.
The supply situation in Britain was such that there was talk of being unable to continue the war, with supplies of fuel being particularly low. The situation was so bad that the British considered abandoning convoys entirely. The next two months saw a complete reversal of fortunes.
In April, losses of U-boats increased while their kills fell significantly. Only 39 ships of 235,000 tons were sunk in the Atlantic, and 15 U-boats were destroyed. By May, wolf packs no longer had the advantage and that month became known as Black May in the U-boat Arm (U-Bootwaffe). The turning point was the battle centred on slow convoy ONS 5 (April–May 1943). Made up of 43 merchantmen escorted by 16 warships, it was attacked by a pack of 30 U-boats. Although 13 merchant ships were lost, six U-boats were sunk by the escorts or Allied aircraft. Despite a storm which scattered the convoy, the merchantmen reached the protection of land-based air cover, causing Dönitz to call off the attack. Two weeks later, SC 130 saw at least three U-boats destroyed and at least one U-boat damaged for no losses. Faced with disaster, Dönitz called off operations in the North Atlantic, saying, "We had lost the Battle of the Atlantic".
In all, 43 U-boats were destroyed in May, 34 in the Atlantic. This was 25% of German U-boat Arm's total operational strength. The Allies lost 58 ships in the same period, 34 of these (totalling 134,000 tons) in the Atlantic.
Convergence of technologies
The Battle of the Atlantic was won by the Allies in two months. There was no single reason for this; what had changed was a sudden convergence of technologies, combined with an increase in Allied resources.
The mid-Atlantic gap that had previously been unreachable by aircraft was closed by long-range B-24 Liberators. On 18 March 1943, Roosevelt ordered King to transfer 60 Liberators from the Pacific theatre to the Atlantic to combat German U-boats; one of only two direct orders he gave to his military commanders in WWII (the other was regarding Operation Torch). At the May 1943 Trident conference, Admiral King requested General Henry H. Arnold to send a squadron of ASW-configured B-24s to Newfoundland to strengthen the air escort of North Atlantic convoys. General Arnold ordered his squadron commander to engage only in "offensive" search and attack missions and not in the escort of convoys. In June, General Arnold suggested the Navy assume responsibility for ASW operations. Admiral King requested the Army's ASW-configured B-24s in exchange for an equal number of unmodified Navy B-24s. Agreement was reached in July and the exchange was completed in September 1943.
Further air cover was provided by the introduction of merchant aircraft carriers (MAC ships), and later the growing numbers of American-built escort carriers. Primarily flying Grumman F4F Wildcats and Grumman TBF Avengers, they sailed with the convoys and provided much-needed air cover and patrols all the way across the Atlantic.
Larger numbers of escorts became available, both as a result of American building programmes and the release of escorts committed to the North African landings during November and December 1942. In particular, destroyer escorts (DEs) (similar British ships were known as frigates) were designed to be built economically, compared to fleet destroyers and sloops whose warship-standards construction and sophisticated armaments made them too expensive for mass production. Destroyer escorts and frigates were also better designed for mid-ocean anti-submarine warfare than corvettes, which, although maneuverable and seaworthy, were too short, slow, and inadequately armed to match the DEs. Not only would there be sufficient numbers of escorts to securely protect convoys, they could also form hunter-killer groups (often centered on escort carriers) to aggressively hunt U-boats.
By spring 1943, the British had developed an effective sea-scanning radar small enough to be carried in patrol aircraft armed with airborne depth charges. Centimetric radar greatly improved interception and was undetectable by Metox. Fitted with it, RAF Coastal Command sank more U-boats than any other Allied service in the last three years of the war. During 1943 U-boat losses amounted to 258 to all causes. Of this total, 90 were sunk and 51 damaged by Coastal Command.
Allied air forces developed tactics and technology to make the Bay of Biscay, the main route for France-based U-boats, very dangerous to submarines. The Leigh Light enabled attacks on U-boats recharging their batteries on the surface at night. Fliegerführer Atlantik responded by providing fighter cover for U-boats moving into and returning from the Atlantic and for returning blockade runners. Nevertheless, with intelligence coming from resistance personnel in the ports themselves, the last few miles to and from port proved hazardous to U-boats.
During May 1943, the US Navy began using a high-speed bombe of its own design which could deduce the settings of the new four-rotor German Enigma cipher machines. By September 1944, 121 of the new high-speed bombes were at work.
Dönitz's aim in this tonnage war was to sink Allied ships faster than they could be replaced; as losses fell and production rose, particularly in the United States, this became impossible.
Beginning in August 1943, the British were allowed to access the harbors at the Portuguese Azores Islands and to operate Allied military aircraft based in the Azores Islands.
South Atlantic (May 1942 – September 1943)
Despite U-boat operations in the region (centred in the Atlantic Narrows between Brazil and West Africa) beginning autumn 1940, only in the following year did these start to raise serious concern in Washington. This perceived threat caused the US to decide that the introduction of US forces along Brazil's coast would be valuable. After negotiations with Brazilian Foreign Minister Osvaldo Aranha (on behalf of dictator Getúlio Vargas), these were introduced in second half of 1941.
Germany and Italy subsequently extended their submarine attacks to include Brazilian ships wherever they were, and from April 1942 were found in Brazilian waters. On 22 May 1942, the first Brazilian attack (although unsuccessful) was carried out by Brazilian Air Force aircraft on the . After a series of attacks on merchant vessels off the Brazilian coast by , Brazil officially entered the war on 22 August 1942, offering an important addition to the Allied strategic position in the South Atlantic.
Although the Brazilian Navy was small, it had modern minelayers suitable for coastal convoy escort and aircraft which needed only small modifications to become suitable for maritime patrol. During its three years of war, mainly in Caribbean and South Atlantic, alone and in conjunction with the US, Brazil escorted 3,167 ships in 614 convoys, totalling 16,500,000 tons, with losses of 0.1%. Brazil saw three of its warships sunk and 486 men killed in action (332 in the cruiser ); 972 seamen and civilian passengers were also lost aboard the 32 Brazilian merchant vessels attacked by enemy submarines. American and Brazilian air and naval forces worked closely together until the end of the Battle. One example was the sinking of in July 1943, by a coordinated action of Brazilian and American aircraft. In Brazilian waters, eleven other Axis submarines were known to be sunk between January and September 1943—the Italian and ten German boats: , , , U-507, , , , , , and .
By fall 1943, the decreasing number of Allied shipping losses in the South Atlantic coincided with the increasing elimination of Axis submarines operating there. From then on, the battle in the region was lost by Germany, even though most of the remaining submarines in the region received an official order of withdrawal only in August of the following year, and with (Baron Jedburgh) the last Allied merchant ship sunk by a U-boat (U-532) there, on 10 March 1945.
Final years (June 1943 – May 1945)
Germany made several attempts to upgrade the U-boat force, while awaiting the next generation of U-boats, the Walter and Elektroboot types. Among these upgrades were improved anti-aircraft defences, radar detectors, better torpedoes, decoys, and Schnorchel (snorkels), which allowed U-boats to run underwater off their diesel engines.
Germany returned to the offensive in the North Atlantic in September 1943 with initial success, with an attack on convoys ONS 18 and ON 202. A series of battles resulted in fewer victories and more losses for UbW. After four months, BdU again called off the offensive; eight ships of 56,000 tons and six warships had been sunk for the loss of 39 U-boats, a catastrophic loss ratio.
The Luftwaffe also introduced the long-range He 177 bomber and Henschel Hs 293 guided glide bomb, which claimed a number of victims, but Allied air superiority prevented them from being a major threat.
German tactical and technical changes
To counter Allied air power, UbW increased the anti-aircraft armament of U-boats, and introduced specially-equipped "flak boats", which were to stay surfaced and engage in combat with attacking planes, rather than diving and evading. These developments initially caught RAF pilots by surprise. However, a U-boat that remained surfaced increased the risk of its pressure hull being punctured, making it unable to submerge, while attacking pilots often called in surface ships if they met too much resistance, orbiting out of range of the U-boat's guns to maintain contact. Should the U-boat dive, the aircraft would attack. Immediate diving remained a U-boat's best survival tactic when encountering aircraft. According to German sources, only six aircraft were shot down by U-flaks in six missions (three by U-441, one each by U-256, U-621 and U-953).
The Germans also introduced improved radar warning units, such as Wanze. To fool Allied sonar, the Germans deployed Bold canisters (which the British called Submarine Bubble Target) to generate false echoes, as well as Sieglinde self-propelled decoys.
The development of torpedoes also improved with the pattern-running Flächen-Absuch-Torpedo (FAT), which ran a pre-programmed course criss-crossing the convoy path and the G7es acoustic torpedo (known to the Allies as German Naval Acoustic Torpedo, GNAT), which homed on the propeller noise of a target. This was initially very effective, but the Allies quickly developed counter-measures, both tactical ("Step-Aside") and technical ("Foxer").
None of the German measures were truly effective, and by 1943 Allied air power was so strong that U-boats were being attacked in the Bay of Biscay shortly after leaving port. The Germans had lost the technological race. Their actions were restricted to lone-wolf attacks in British coastal waters and preparation to resist the expected Operation Neptune, the invasion of France.
Over the next two years many U-boats were sunk, usually with all hands. With the battle won by the Allies, supplies poured into Britain and North Africa for the eventual liberation of Europe. The U-boats were further critically hampered after D-Day by the loss of their bases in France to the advancing Allied armies.
Last actions (May 1945)
Late in the war, the Germans introduced the Elektroboot: the Type XXI and short range Type XXIII. The Type XXI could run submerged at , faster than a Type VII at full speed surfaced, and faster than Allied corvettes. Designs were finalised in January 1943 but mass-production of the new types did not start until 1944. By 1945, just one Type XXI boat and five Type XXIII boats were operational. The Type XXIIIs made nine patrols, sinking five ships in the first five months of 1945; only one combat patrol was carried out by a Type XXI before the war ended, making no contact with the enemy.
As the Allied armies closed in on the U-boat bases in North Germany, over 200 boats were scuttled to avoid capture; those of most value attempted to flee to bases in Norway. In the first week of May, twenty-three boats were sunk in the Baltic while attempting this journey.
The last actions in American waters took place on May 5–6, 1945, which saw the sinking of the steamer and the destruction of and in separate incidents.
The last actions of the Battle of the Atlantic were on May 7–8. was the last U-boat sunk in action, by an RAF Catalina; while the Norwegian minesweeper and the freighters and were torpedoed in separate incidents, just hours before the German surrender.
The remaining U-boats, at sea or in port, were surrendered to the Allies, 174 in total. Most were destroyed in Operation Deadlight after the war.
Outcomes
The Germans failed to stop the flow of strategic supplies to Britain. This failure resulted in the build-up of troops and supplies needed for the D-Day landings. The defeat of the U-boat was a necessary precursor for accumulation of Allied troops and supplies to ensure Germany's defeat.
Victory was achieved at a huge cost: between 1939 and 1945, 3,500 Allied merchant ships (totalling 14.5 million gross tons) and 175 Allied warships were sunk and some 72,200 Allied naval and merchant seamen died. The vast majority of Allied warships lost in the Atlantic and close coasts were small warships averaging around 1,000 tons such as frigates, destroyer escorts, sloops, submarine chasers, or corvettes, but losses also included one battleship (), one battlecruiser (), two aircraft carriers ( and ), three escort carriers (, Audacity, and ), and seven cruisers (, , , , , , and ). The Germans lost 783 U-boats and approximately 30,000 sailors killed, three-quarters of Germany's 40,000-man U-boat fleet. Losses to Germany's surface fleet were also significant, with 4 battleships, 9 cruisers, 7 raiders, and 27 destroyers sunk.
Losses:
Merchant Navy
United Kingdom
During the Second World War nearly one third of the world's merchant shipping was British. Over 30,000 men from the British Merchant Navy died between 1939 and 1945. More than 2,400 British ships were sunk. The ships were crewed by sailors from all over the British Empire, including some 25% from India and China, and 5% from the West Indies, Middle East and Africa. The British officers wore uniforms very similar to those of the Royal Navy. The ordinary sailors, however, had no uniform and when on leave in Britain they sometimes suffered taunts and abuse from civilians who mistakenly thought the crewmen were shirking their patriotic duty to enlist in the armed forces. To counter this, the crewmen were issued with an 'MN' lapel badge to indicate they were serving in the Merchant Navy.
The British merchant fleet was made up of vessels from the many and varied private shipping lines, examples being the tankers of the British Tanker Company and the freighters of Ellerman and Silver Lines. The British government, via the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT), also had new ships built during the course of the war, these being known as Empire ships.
United States
In addition to its existing merchant fleet, United States shipyards built 2,710 Liberty ships totalling 38.5 million tons, vastly exceeding the 14 million tons of shipping the German U-boats were able to sink during the war.
Canada
Canada's Merchant Navy was vital to the Allied cause during World War II. More than 70 Canadian merchant vessels were lost. An estimated 1,600 merchant sailors were killed, including eight women. Information obtained by British agents regarding German shipping movements led Canada to conscript all its merchant vessels two weeks before actually declaring war, with the Royal Canadian Navy taking control of all shipping August 26, 1939.
At the outbreak of the war, Canada possessed 38 ocean-going merchant vessels. By the end of hostilities, in excess of 400 cargo ships had been built in Canada.
With the exception of the Japanese invasion of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands, the Battle of the Atlantic was the only battle of the Second World War to touch North American shores. U-boats disrupted coastal shipping from the Caribbean to Halifax, during the summer of 1942, and even entered into battle in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Canadian officers wore uniforms which were virtually identical in style to those of the British. The ordinary seamen were issued with an 'MN Canada' badge to wear on their lapel when on leave, to indicate their service.
At the end of the war, Rear Admiral Leonard Murray, Commander-in-Chief Canadian North Atlantic, remarked, "...the Battle of the Atlantic was not won by any Navy or Air Force, it was won by the courage, fortitude and determination of the British and Allied Merchant Navy."
Norway
Before the war, Norway's Merchant Navy was the fourth largest in the world and its ships were the most modern. The Germans and the Allies both recognised the great importance of Norway's merchant fleet, and following Germany's invasion of Norway in April 1940, both sides sought control of the ships. Norwegian Nazi puppet leader Vidkun Quisling ordered all Norwegian ships to sail to German, Italian or neutral ports. He was ignored. All Norwegian ships decided to serve at the disposal of the Allies. The vessels of the Norwegian Merchant Navy were placed under the control of the government-run Nortraship, with headquarters in London and New York.
Nortraship's modern ships, especially its tankers, were extremely important to the Allies. Norwegian tankers carried nearly one-third of the oil transported to Britain during the war. Records show that 694 Norwegian ships were sunk during this period, representing 47% of the total fleet. At the end of the war in 1945, the Norwegian merchant fleet was estimated at 1,378 ships. More than 3,700 Norwegian merchant seamen died.
Assessment
It is maintained by G. H. Persall that "the Germans were close" to economically starving England, but they "failed to capitalize" on their early war successes. Others, including Blair and Alan Levine, disagree; Levine states this is "a misperception", and that "it is doubtful they ever came close" to achieving this.
The focus on U-boat successes, the "aces" and their scores, the convoys attacked, and the ships sunk, serves to camouflage the Kriegsmarine manifold failures. In particular, this was because most of the ships sunk by U-boats were not in convoys, but sailing alone, or having become separated from convoys.
At no time during the campaign were supply lines to Britain interrupted; even during the Bismarck crisis, convoys sailed as usual (although with heavier escorts). In all, during the Atlantic campaign only 10% of transatlantic convoys that sailed were attacked, and of those attacked only 10% on average of the ships were lost. Overall, more than 99% of all ships sailing to and from the British Isles during World War II did so successfully.
Despite their efforts, the Axis powers were unable to prevent the build-up of Allied invasion forces for the liberation of Europe. In November 1942, at the height of the Atlantic campaign, the US Navy escorted the Operation Torch invasion fleet across the Atlantic without hindrance, or even being detected. (This may be the ultimate example of the Allied practise of evasive routing.) In 1943 and 1944 the Allies transported some 3 million American and Allied servicemen across the Atlantic without significant loss. By 1945 the USN was able to wipe out a wolf-pack suspected of carrying V-weapons in the mid-Atlantic, with little difficulty.
Third, and unlike the Allies, the Germans were never able to mount a comprehensive blockade of Britain. Nor were they able to focus their effort by targeting the most valuable cargoes, the eastbound traffic carrying war materiel. Instead they were reduced to the slow attrition of a tonnage war. To win this, the U-boat arm had to sink 300,000 GRT per month in order to overwhelm Britain's shipbuilding capacity and reduce its merchant marine strength.
In only four out of the first 27 months of the war did Germany achieve this target, while after December 1941, when Britain was joined by the US merchant marine and ship yards the target effectively doubled. As a result, the Axis needed to sink 700,000 GRT per month; as the massive expansion of the US shipbuilding industry took effect this target increased still further. The 700,000 ton target was achieved in only one month, November 1942, while after May 1943 average sinkings dropped to less than one tenth of that figure.
By the end of the war, although the U-boat arm had sunk 6,000 ships totalling 21 million GRT, the Allies had built over 38 million tons of new shipping.
The reason for the misperception that the German blockade came close to success may be found in post-war writings by both German and British authors. Blair attributes the distortion to "propagandists" who "glorified and exaggerated the successes of German submariners", while he believes Allied writers "had their own reasons for exaggerating the peril".
Dan van der Vat suggests that, unlike the US, or Canada and Britain's other dominions, which were protected by oceanic distances, Britain was at the end of the transatlantic supply route closest to German bases; for Britain it was a lifeline. It is this which led to Churchill's concerns. Coupled with a series of major convoy battles in the space of a month, it undermined confidence in the convoy system in March 1943, to the point Britain considered abandoning it, not realising the U-boat had already effectively been defeated. These were "over-pessimistic threat assessments", Blair concludes: "At no time did the German U-boat force ever come close to winning the Battle of the Atlantic or bringing on the collapse of Great Britain".
Shipping and U-boat sinkings each month
Historians disagree about the relative importance of the anti-U-boat measures. Max Hastings states that "In 1941 alone, Ultra [breaking the German code] saved between 1.5 and two million tons of Allied ships from destruction." This would be a 40 per cent to 53 per cent reduction. A history based on the German archives written for the British Admiralty after the war by a former U-boat commander and son-in-law of Dönitz reports that several detailed investigations to discover whether their operations were compromised by broken code were negative and that their defeat ".. was due firstly to outstanding developments in enemy radar ..." The graphs of the data are colour coded to divide the battle into three epochs before the breaking of the Enigma code, after it was broken, and after the introduction of centimetric radar, which could reveal submarine conning towers above the surface of the water and even detect periscopes. Obviously this subdivision of the data ignores many other defensive measures the Allies developed during the war, so interpretation must be constrained. Codebreaking by itself did not decrease the losses, which continued to rise ominously. More U-boats were sunk, but the number operational had more than tripled. After the improved radar came into action shipping losses plummeted, reaching a level significantly (p=0.99) below the early months of the war. The development of the improved radar by the Allies began in 1940, before the United States entered the war, when Henry Tizard and A. V. Hill won permission to share British secret research with the Americans, including bringing them a cavity magnetron, which generates the needed high-frequency radio waves.
All sides will agree with Hastings that "... mobilization of the best civilian brains, and their integration into the war effort at the highest levels, was an outstanding British success story."
In popular culture
Films
U-Boote westwärts!, 1941 propaganda film.
Action in the North Atlantic, 1943 American war film about sailors aboard a Liberty ship in the US Merchant Marine battling a German U-boat.
Corvette K-225, 1943 American film about Royal Canadian Navy convoy escort
Western Approaches, 1944 British colour film dramatising the experience of merchant sailors in a lifeboat.
The Cruel Sea, 1953 film about a Royal Navy escort during the Battle.
The Enemy Below, 1956 film about the captain of an American destroyer escort who matches wits with a German U-boat captain.
Sink the Bismarck!, 1960 film about the hunt for and sinking of the German battleship.
Das Boot, 1981 German film about a German U-boat and its crew.
U-571, 2000 film about a U-boat boarded by disguised United States Navy submariners.
In Enemy Hands, 2004 film about American sailors being taken captive by a German U-boat.
Greyhound, 2020 film about an American Commander defending a convoy from U-boats.
Comandante, 2023 film about the sinking of the Belgian ship Kabalo by the Italian ship Comandante Cappellini.
Tabletop games
Submarine, 1976 Avalon Hill strategy game.
U-Boat, 1976 Heritage Models miniatures strategy game.
U-Boat, 1959 Avalon Hill strategy game.
Wolfpack, 1974 Simulations Publications, Inc. solitaire strategy game.
War at Sea, 1975 Avalon Hill strategy game.
Computer games
Aces of the Deep, 1994 U-boat simulator video game
Silent Hunter II, second of a series
Destroyer Command, 2002 naval simulation video game
Silent Hunter III, 2005 U-boat simulator video game, third of a series
Silent Hunter 5, 2010 U-boat simulator video game, fifth of a series
See also
British merchant seamen of World War II
British Security Co-ordination
Convoy battles of World War II
Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II
List of German U-boats in World War II
List of wolfpacks of World War II
Monsun Gruppe, the German U-boat campaign in the Indian Ocean
Notes
References
Bibliography
New edition updated with an addendum consisting of a 1986 paper written by Welchman that corrects his misapprehensions in the 1982 edition.
Further reading
Official histories
Douglas, William A.B., Roger Sarty and Michael Whitby, No Higher Purpose: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943, Volume 2 Part 1, Vanwell Publishing 2002,
Douglas, William A.B., Roger Sarty and Michael Whitby, A Blue Water Navy: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1943–1945, Volume 2 Part 2, Vanwell Publishing 2007,
Morison, S.E. The Two Ocean War and History of United States Naval Operation in World War II in 15 Volumes. Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic and volume X The Atlantic Battle Won deal with the Battle of the Atlantic
Schull, Joseph, Far Distant Ships: An Official Account of Canadian Naval Operations in World War II, King's Printer, Ottawa, 1952 – reprinted by Stoddart Publishing, Toronto, 1987,
Aircraft against U-Boats (New Zealand official history)
Biographies
Cremer, Peter. U-333
Dönitz, Karl. Ten Years And Twenty Days
Gastaldoni, Ivo. A última guerra romântica: Memórias de um piloto de patrulha (The last romantic war: Memoirs of a maritime patrol aviator) Incaer, Rio de Janeiro (1993)
Gretton, Peter. Convoy Escort Commander (London). Autobiography of a former escort group commander
Macintyre, Donald. U-boat Killer (London). Autobiography of another former escort group commander (1956)
Rayner, Denys, Escort: The Battle of the Atlantic (London: William Kimber 1955)
Robertson, Terence. The Golden Horseshoe (London). Biography of the top German U-boat ace, Otto Kretschmer
Robertson, Terence. Walker R.N. (London 1955). Biography of the leading British escort group commander, Frederick John Walker
Werner, Herbert A. Iron Coffins: The account of a surviving U-boat captain with historical and technical details
General histories of the campaign
Blair, Clay. Hitler's U-boat War. Two volumes. Comprehensive history of the campaign
Brown, Ken. U-Boat Assault on America: Why the US was Unprepared for War in the Atlantic (US Naval Institute Press, 2017), 288 pp
Dimbleby, Jonathan, The Battle of the Atlantic: How the Allies Won the War (Viking, 2016)
Doherty, Richard, 'Key to Victory: The Maiden City in the Battle of the Atlantic'
Fairbank, David. Bitter Ocean: The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945
Gannon, Michael. 1990. Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany's First U-Boat Attacks Along the American Coast in World War II. Harper and Row.
Gannon, Michael. 1998. Black May: The Epic Story of the Allies' Defeat of the German U-Boats in May 1943. Dell.
Haslop, Dennis. Britain, Germany and the Battle of the Atlantic: A Comparative Study (A&C Black, 2013)
Keegan, John. Atlas of World War II (2006)
Macintyre, Donald. The Battle of the Atlantic. (London 1961). Excellent single volume history by one of the British Escort Group commanders
Milner, Marc. "The Atlantic War, 1939–1945: The Case for a New Paradigm." Global War Studies 14.1 (2017): 45–60.
O'Connor, Jerome M, "FDR's Undeclared War", WWW.Historyarticles.com
Rohwer, Dr. Jürgen. The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943 (London: Ian Allan 1977). . A thorough and lucid analysis of the defeat of the U-boats
Sarty, Roger, The Battle of the Atlantic: The Royal Canadian Navy's Greatest Campaign, 1939–1945, CEF Books, Ottawa, 2001
Syrett, David. The Defeat of the German U-Boats: The Battle of the Atlantic (University of South Carolina Press, 1994.)
Terraine, John, Business in Great Waters, (London 1987) Wordsworth Military Library. The best single-volume study of the U-boat Campaigns, 1917–1945
van der Vat, Dan. The Atlantic Campaign, 1988
Williams, Andrew, The Battle of the Atlantic: Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea and the Allies' Desperate Struggle to Defeat Them
External links
U-Boat histories & Fates 1945
The Royal Naval Patrol Service
Battle of the Atlantic 70th Anniversary Commemorations
Navy Department Library, Convoys in World War II: World War II Commemorative Bibliography No. 4, April 1993, AD-A266 529
European Axis Signal Intelligence in World War II as Revealed by "TICOM" Investigations and by other Prisoner of War Interrogations and Captured Material, Principally German: Volume 2 – Notes on German High Level Cryptography and Cryptanalysis; see footnote 3 p. 2.
American Theater of World War II
Atlantic 1939-45
Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
Atlantic 1939-45
Atlantic 1939-45
Atlantic 1939-45
Atlantic 1939-45
Atlantic 1939-45
Atlantic
Atlantic 1939-45
Military history of Canada during World War II
Military history of the Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic |
```go
// Unless explicitly stated otherwise all files in this repository are licensed
// This product includes software developed at Datadog (path_to_url
// Package writer contains the logic for sending payloads to the Datadog intake.
package writer
import (
"bytes"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"math"
"math/rand"
"net/http"
"net/url"
"os"
"strconv"
"sync"
"time"
"go.uber.org/atomic"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/trace/config"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/trace/log"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/trace/telemetry"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-go/v5/statsd"
)
// newSenders returns a list of senders based on the given agent configuration, using climit
// as the maximum number of concurrent outgoing connections, writing to path.
func newSenders(cfg *config.AgentConfig, r eventRecorder, path string, climit, qsize int, telemetryCollector telemetry.TelemetryCollector, statsd statsd.ClientInterface) []*sender {
if e := cfg.Endpoints; len(e) == 0 || e[0].Host == "" || e[0].APIKey == "" {
panic(errors.New("config was not properly validated"))
}
// spread out the the maximum connection limit (climit) between senders
maxConns := math.Max(1, float64(climit/len(cfg.Endpoints)))
senders := make([]*sender, len(cfg.Endpoints))
for i, endpoint := range cfg.Endpoints {
url, err := url.Parse(endpoint.Host + path)
if err != nil {
telemetryCollector.SendStartupError(telemetry.InvalidIntakeEndpoint, err)
log.Criticalf("Invalid host endpoint: %q", endpoint.Host)
os.Exit(1)
}
senders[i] = newSender(&senderConfig{
client: cfg.NewHTTPClient(),
maxConns: int(maxConns),
maxQueued: qsize,
maxRetries: cfg.MaxSenderRetries,
url: url,
apiKey: endpoint.APIKey,
recorder: r,
userAgent: fmt.Sprintf("Datadog Trace Agent/%s/%s", cfg.AgentVersion, cfg.GitCommit),
}, statsd)
}
return senders
}
// eventRecorder implementations are able to take note of events happening in
// the sender.
type eventRecorder interface {
// recordEvent notifies that event t has happened, passing details about
// the event in data.
recordEvent(t eventType, data *eventData)
}
// eventType specifies an event which occurred in the sender.
type eventType int
const (
// eventTypeRetry specifies that a send failed with a retriable error (5xx).
eventTypeRetry eventType = iota
// eventTypeSent specifies that a single payload was successfully sent.
eventTypeSent
// eventTypeRejected specifies that the edge rejected this payload.
eventTypeRejected
// eventTypeDropped specifies that a payload had to be dropped to make room
// in the queue.
eventTypeDropped
)
var eventTypeStrings = map[eventType]string{
eventTypeRetry: "eventTypeRetry",
eventTypeSent: "eventTypeSent",
eventTypeRejected: "eventTypeRejected",
eventTypeDropped: "eventTypeDropped",
}
// String implements fmt.Stringer.
func (t eventType) String() string { return eventTypeStrings[t] }
// eventData represents information about a sender event. Not all fields apply
// to all events.
type eventData struct {
// host specifies the host which the sender is sending to.
host string
// bytes represents the number of bytes affected by this event.
bytes int
// count specfies the number of payloads that this events refers to.
count int
// duration specifies the time it took to complete this event. It
// is set for eventType{Sent,Retry,Rejected}.
duration time.Duration
// err specifies the error that may have occurred on events eventType{Retry,Rejected}.
err error
// connectionFill specifies the percentage of allowed connections used.
// At 100% (1.0) the writer will become blocking.
connectionFill float64
// queueFill specifies how flul the queue is. It's a floating point number ranging
// between 0 (0%) and 1 (100%).
queueFill float64
}
// senderConfig specifies the configuration for the sender.
type senderConfig struct {
// client specifies the HTTP client to use when sending requests.
client *config.ResetClient
// url specifies the URL to send requests too.
url *url.URL
// apiKey specifies the Datadog API key to use.
apiKey string
// maxConns specifies the maximum number of allowed concurrent ougoing
// connections.
maxConns int
// maxQueued specifies the maximum number of payloads allowed in the queue.
// When it is surpassed, oldest items get dropped to make room for new ones.
maxQueued int
// maxRetries specifies the maximum number of times a payload submission to
// intake will be retried before being dropped.
maxRetries int
// recorder specifies the eventRecorder to use when reporting events occurring
// in the sender.
recorder eventRecorder
// userAgent is the computed user agent we'll use when communicating with Datadog
userAgent string
}
// sender is responsible for sending payloads to a given URL. It uses a size-limited
// retry queue with a backoff mechanism in case of retriable errors.
type sender struct {
cfg *senderConfig
queue chan *payload // payload queue
inflight *atomic.Int32 // inflight payloads
maxRetries int32
mu sync.RWMutex // guards closed
closed bool // closed reports if the loop is stopped
statsd statsd.ClientInterface
}
// newSender returns a new sender based on the given config cfg.
func newSender(cfg *senderConfig, statsd statsd.ClientInterface) *sender {
s := sender{
cfg: cfg,
queue: make(chan *payload, cfg.maxQueued),
inflight: atomic.NewInt32(0),
maxRetries: int32(cfg.maxRetries),
statsd: statsd,
}
for i := 0; i < cfg.maxConns; i++ {
go s.loop()
}
return &s
}
// loop runs the main sender loop.
func (s *sender) loop() {
for p := range s.queue {
s.sendPayload(p)
}
}
// backoff triggers a sleep period proportional to the retry attempt, if any.
func (s *sender) backoff(attempt int) {
delay := backoffDuration(attempt)
if delay == 0 {
return
}
time.Sleep(delay)
}
// Stop stops the sender. It attempts to wait for all inflight payloads to complete
// with a timeout of 5 seconds.
func (s *sender) Stop() {
s.WaitForInflight()
s.mu.Lock()
s.closed = true
s.mu.Unlock()
close(s.queue)
}
// WaitForInflight blocks until all in progress payloads are sent,
// or the timeout is reached.
func (s *sender) WaitForInflight() {
timeout := time.After(5 * time.Second)
outer:
for {
select {
case <-timeout:
break outer
default:
if s.inflight.Load() == 0 {
break outer
}
time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
}
}
}
// Push pushes p onto the sender's queue, to be written to the destination.
func (s *sender) Push(p *payload) {
s.mu.RLock()
if s.closed {
s.mu.RUnlock()
return
}
s.mu.RUnlock()
select {
case s.queue <- p:
default:
_ = s.statsd.Count("datadog.trace_agent.sender.push_blocked", 1, nil, 1)
s.queue <- p
}
s.inflight.Inc()
}
// sendPayload sends the payload p to the destination URL.
func (s *sender) sendPayload(p *payload) {
for attempt := 0; ; attempt++ {
s.backoff(attempt)
if s.sendOnce(p) {
return
}
}
}
// sendOnce attempts to send the payload one time, returning
// whether or not the payload is "finished" either because it was
// sent, or because sending encountered a non-retryable error.
func (s *sender) sendOnce(p *payload) bool {
req, err := p.httpRequest(s.cfg.url)
if err != nil {
log.Errorf("http.Request: %s", err)
return true
}
start := time.Now()
err = s.do(req)
stats := &eventData{
bytes: p.body.Len(),
count: 1,
duration: time.Since(start),
err: err,
}
if err != nil {
log.Tracef("Error submitting payload: %v\n", err)
}
switch err.(type) {
case *retriableError:
// request failed again, but can be retried
s.mu.RLock()
defer s.mu.RUnlock()
if s.closed {
s.releasePayload(p, eventTypeDropped, stats)
// sender is stopped
return true
}
if r := p.retries.Inc(); (r&(r-1)) == 0 && r > 3 {
// Only log a warning if the retry attempt is a power of 2
// and larger than 3, to avoid alerting the user unnecessarily.
// e.g. attempts 4, 8, 16, etc.
log.Warnf("Retried payload %d times: %s", r, err.Error())
}
if p.retries.Load() >= s.maxRetries {
log.Warnf("Dropping Payload after %d retries, due to: %v.\n", p.retries.Load(), err)
// queue is full; since this is the oldest payload, we drop it
s.releasePayload(p, eventTypeDropped, stats)
return true
}
s.recordEvent(eventTypeRetry, stats)
return false
case nil:
s.releasePayload(p, eventTypeSent, stats)
default:
// this is a fatal error, we have to drop this payload
log.Warnf("Dropping Payload due to non-retryable error: %v.\n", err)
s.releasePayload(p, eventTypeRejected, stats)
}
return true
}
// waitForSenders blocks until all senders have sent their inflight payloads
func waitForSenders(senders []*sender) {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for _, s := range senders {
wg.Add(1)
go func(s *sender) {
defer wg.Done()
s.WaitForInflight()
}(s)
}
wg.Wait()
}
// releasePayload releases the payload p and records the specified event. The payload
// should not be used again after a release.
func (s *sender) releasePayload(p *payload, t eventType, data *eventData) {
s.recordEvent(t, data)
ppool.Put(p)
s.inflight.Dec()
}
// recordEvent records the occurrence of the given event type t. It additionally
// passes on the data and augments it with additional information.
func (s *sender) recordEvent(t eventType, data *eventData) {
if s.cfg.recorder == nil {
return
}
data.host = s.cfg.url.Hostname()
data.connectionFill = float64(s.inflight.Load())
data.queueFill = float64(len(s.queue)) / float64(cap(s.queue))
s.cfg.recorder.recordEvent(t, data)
}
// retriableError is an error returned by the server which may be retried at a later time.
type retriableError struct{ err error }
// Error implements error.
func (e retriableError) Error() string { return e.err.Error() }
const (
headerAPIKey = "DD-Api-Key"
headerUserAgent = "User-Agent"
)
func (s *sender) do(req *http.Request) error {
req.Header.Set(headerAPIKey, s.cfg.apiKey)
req.Header.Set(headerUserAgent, s.cfg.userAgent)
resp, err := s.cfg.client.Do(req)
if err != nil {
// request errors include timeouts or name resolution errors and
// should thus be retried.
return &retriableError{err}
}
// From path_to_url#Response:
// The default HTTP client's Transport may not reuse HTTP/1.x "keep-alive"
// TCP connections if the Body is not read to completion and closed.
if _, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body); err != nil {
log.Debugf("Error discarding request body: %v", err)
}
resp.Body.Close()
if isRetriable(resp.StatusCode) {
return &retriableError{
fmt.Errorf("server responded with %q", resp.Status),
}
}
if resp.StatusCode/100 != 2 {
// status codes that are neither 2xx nor 5xx are considered
// non-retriable failures
return errors.New(resp.Status)
}
return nil
}
// isRetriable reports whether the give HTTP status code should be retried.
func isRetriable(code int) bool {
if code == http.StatusRequestTimeout {
return true
}
// 5xx errors can be retried
return code/100 == 5
}
// payloads specifies a payload to be sent by the sender.
type payload struct {
body *bytes.Buffer // request body
headers map[string]string // request headers
retries *atomic.Int32 // number of retries sending this payload
}
// ppool is a pool of payloads.
var ppool = &sync.Pool{
New: func() interface{} {
return &payload{
body: &bytes.Buffer{},
headers: make(map[string]string),
retries: atomic.NewInt32(0),
}
},
}
// newPayload returns a new payload with the given headers. The payload should not
// be used anymore after it has been given to the sender.
func newPayload(headers map[string]string) *payload {
p := ppool.Get().(*payload)
p.body.Reset()
p.headers = headers
p.retries.Store(0)
return p
}
func (p *payload) clone() *payload {
headers := make(map[string]string, len(p.headers))
for k, v := range p.headers {
headers[k] = v
}
clone := newPayload(headers)
if _, err := clone.body.ReadFrom(bytes.NewBuffer(p.body.Bytes())); err != nil {
log.Errorf("Error cloning writer payload: %v", err)
}
return clone
}
// httpRequest returns an HTTP request based on the payload, targeting the given URL.
func (p *payload) httpRequest(url *url.URL) (*http.Request, error) {
req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, url.String(), bytes.NewReader(p.body.Bytes()))
if err != nil {
// this should never happen with sanitized data (invalid method or invalid url)
return nil, err
}
for k, v := range p.headers {
req.Header.Add(k, v)
}
req.Header.Add("Content-Length", strconv.Itoa(p.body.Len()))
return req, nil
}
// stopSenders attempts to simultaneously stop a group of senders.
func stopSenders(senders []*sender) {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for _, s := range senders {
wg.Add(1)
go func(s *sender) {
defer wg.Done()
s.Stop()
}(s)
}
wg.Wait()
}
// sendPayloads sends the payload p to all senders.
func sendPayloads(senders []*sender, p *payload, syncMode bool) {
if syncMode {
defer waitForSenders(senders)
}
if len(senders) == 1 {
// fast path
senders[0].Push(p)
return
}
// Create a clone for each payload because each sender places payloads
// back onto the pool after they are sent.
payloads := make([]*payload, 0, len(senders))
// Perform all the clones before any sends are to ensure the original
// payload body is completely unread.
for i := range senders {
if i == 0 {
payloads = append(payloads, p)
} else {
payloads = append(payloads, p.clone())
}
}
for i, sender := range senders {
sender.Push(payloads[i])
}
}
const (
// backoffBase specifies the multiplier base for the backoff duration algorithm.
backoffBase = 100 * time.Millisecond
// backoffMaxDuration is the maximum permitted backoff duration.
backoffMaxDuration = 10 * time.Second
)
// backoffDuration returns the backoff duration necessary for the given attempt.
// The formula is "Full Jitter":
//
// random_between(0, min(cap, base * 2 ** attempt))
//
// path_to_url
var backoffDuration = func(attempt int) time.Duration {
if attempt == 0 {
return 0
}
maxPow := float64(backoffMaxDuration / backoffBase)
pow := math.Min(math.Pow(2, float64(attempt)), maxPow)
ns := int64(float64(backoffBase) * pow)
return time.Duration(rand.Int63n(ns))
}
``` |
Bilel Chabbar (Arabic:بلال شبار; born 31 March 2000) is a Tunisian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club Espérance de Tunis.
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Tunisian men's footballers
Espérance Sportive de Tunis players
Olympique Sidi Bouzid players
Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players |
Zsuzsa Vathy (25 April 1940 - 7 January 2017) was a Hungarian writer, journalist, and engineer. In 1986, she won the Attila József Prize; in 2010, she won the Sándor Márai Prize ,
Life
Vathy was born in Pápa. She studied chemistry at the University of Veszprém. From 1964 to 1970 , she worked as an engineer in a chemical company in Százhalombatta.
After 1971, she worked as a journalist in Budapest. Since 1990 she has worked for the magazines Kortárs , Hitel, Holmi. Her stories appeared in the literary weekly Élet és Irodalom .She has been a freelance author since 1992 .
After the death of her husband Ervin Lázár , who was a children's book author, and storyteller, she also became the editor of his literary estate. In the volume of short stories, “Our Life, Our Death,” published in 2007,
Eighteen of her books were published in Hungary, and several stories were translated into English and German. In 2006, she was commissioned to write about the Herend porcelain factory .
Vathy was accepted as a member of the Hungarian Academy of Arts (“Magyar Művészeti Akadémia”) in 1997.
Vathy died on 7 January 2017 in Budapest at the age of 76.
Works
Életünk, halálunk . 11 novellas. Helikon Kiadó, Budapest, 2007, . (“Our Life, Our Death”)
Angol Park . 23 stories. Helikon Kiadó, Budapest, 2009, (“Amusement Park”)
References
1940 births
2017 deaths
20th-century Hungarian writers
20th-century Hungarian women writers
Attila József Prize recipients
Hungarian chemical engineers
People from Pápa |
Leganes, officially the Municipality of Leganes (, ), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Iloilo, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 34,725 people.
It is located north of the capital Iloilo City. Like most Philippine towns that sprawl outward from the capital, is made up of houses, farms and light agricultural industry. The major thoroughfare runs right through the center of the town.
Leganes is a part of the Metro Iloilo–Guimaras area, centered on Iloilo City.
History
Leganes has a history closely intertwined with the neighboring town of Jaro. For many centuries, Leganes was considered an unremarkable area, primarily consisting of wetlands, marshes, and swamps. The upper part of the region was inhabited by wild animals, and it was known as Guihaman.
In 1903, through Act No. 719, Leganes was incorporated into the municipality of Santa Barbara. However, this arrangement was short-lived. In 1915, by virtue of Executive Order No. 97, Leganes was removed from Santa Barbara and merged with Jaro, effective from January 1, 1916.
Further changes occurred in 1939 when Executive Order No. 241 was issued on December 23. This order separated the "arrabal de Leganes" from the municipality of Jaro, establishing it as an independent municipality. This change officially took effect on January 1, 1940, marking the formation of the municipality of Leganes.
Geography
Barangays
Leganes is politically subdivided into 18 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
M.V. Hechanova (Balabago)
Bigke
Buntatala
Cagamutan Norte
Cagamutan Sur
Calaboa
Camangay
Cari Mayor
Cari Minor
Gua-an
Guihaman
Guinobatan
Guintas
Lapayon
Nabitasan
Napnud
Poblacion
San Vicente
Climate
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Leganes, Iloilo, was 34,725 people, with a density of .
Hiligaynon is the most dominant language used by the residents. English and Tagalog are also spoken. Roman Catholicism is the most dominant religion in this municipality.
Economy
References
External links
[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
Philippine Census Information
Local Governance Performance Management System
Municipalities of Iloilo |
Chetone phaeba is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1870. It is found in Guatemala.
References
Chetone
Moths described in 1870 |
Lee Darren Boxell (born 16 February 1973) was a British schoolboy who disappeared from the London Borough of Sutton in England on 10 September 1988, aged 15. He was last seen in Sutton High Street before saying he might go to watch a football match at Selhurst Park in Croydon. At the time of his disappearance, Boxell was described as , of slim build with light brown hair; he was wearing black jeans, a white Flintstones T-shirt and brown suede shoes.
Despite a lengthy police investigation and numerous appeals, there have been no further sightings of Boxell since the day of his disappearance. His parents, Peter and Christine, have kept his bedroom exactly how it was the day he went missing.
Disappearance
On the morning of Saturday 10 September 1988, Lee Boxell left his home in Cheam, in the London Borough of Sutton, to meet a friend at 11am in nearby town of Sutton. Boxell and his friend spent a couple of hours window shopping and parted company at 1pm. When he was leaving, Boxell said he might go to Selhurst Park football stadium to watch a match between Charlton Athletic F.C. and Millwall F.C.
Despite extensive appeals on both the BBC's Crimewatch and at Selhurst Park and other football stadiums, no one has come forward with any confirmed sightings of Boxell at any of the football grounds in the area. However, a witness did come forward to say that they had spotted Boxell outside a Tesco location on Sutton High Street (now an Asda) at 2:20pm. This meant it was unlikely that Boxell would have made it to any of the football grounds in the area in time for a 3pm kick off. Boxell has not been seen since.
Subsequent events
In 2012, a further witness stated that Boxell attended an unofficial youth club in the annexe of St Dunstan's Church in Cheam, known as "The Shed", which was previously unknown to the police. Following extensive inquiries the police found out that paedophiles were operating in the area at the time Boxell disappeared. William Lambert, the St Dunstan's graveyard digger who ran The Shed, was jailed for eleven years in 2011, when he was aged 75, after sexually abusing four girls who attended the club. Between June and September 2012 the police excavated part of the St Dunstan's graveyard, digs which resumed in April 2013.
In 2013, to coincide with what would have been Boxell's 40th birthday, Crimewatch featured another appeal for information, working on the new theory that Boxell attended The Shed on the day he disappeared. Following this appeal, there was an allegation of sexual abuse never before reported, and police began working on the theory that "Lee may have died after intervening to try to stop sexual abuse at a youth club in Cheam".
In 2018, a Scotland Yard spokesman confirmed that cold case detectives had interviewed a potential witness and new information was being investigated that could lead to Boxell's remains being found. The following year, Boxell was featured in a missing person campaign promoted by Italian football club AS Roma.
Potential suspects
In 2001, links were suggested between Boxell's disappearance and Brian Lunn Field, a paedophile and serial sex offender who had recently been arrested for the 1968 murder of Roy Tutill. His body was found in woodland three days after his disappearance. Tutill had been abducted from a street in Chessington, less than four miles away from Sutton where Boxell was last seen. Boxell's mother dismissed a link, stating that she believed Field was in prison from 1987 to 1990. However this is inaccurate, as although Field was convicted in 1986 of the abduction of two boys in his car and given a four-year sentence, he did not serve the whole sentence and was released in 1988 (the same year Boxell disappeared). Field is also suspected by police of being responsible for the abduction and murder of Patrick Warren and David Spencer, two boys who vanished from Solihull, West Midlands, in 1996 while Field was driving around in a van in the vicinity of where they were last seen. These boys have also never been found.
See also
List of people who disappeared
Disappearance of Patrick Warren and David Spencer – the disappearance of two schoolboys in 1996 which is suspected to be the work of Brian Lunn Field, who has been linked to Boxell's disappearance
Murder of Roy Tutill – involved the abduction of a 14-year-old schoolboy from the street less than 4 miles away from where Boxell was last seen, carried out by Brian Lunn Field who has also been linked to Boxell's disappearance
Murder of Lindsay Rimer – unsolved 1994 case of a British child who disappeared from Yorkshire and was found one year later in a nearby canal
References
Further reading
External links
Lee Boxell on Missing People
Lee Boxell disappearance on BBC Crimewatch UK on 08/12/1988 at 9:32 mins-12:10 mins
Lee Boxell disappearance on BBC Crimewatch UK Update on 08/12/1988 at 08:00 mins-08:35 mins
Lee Boxell disappearance on BBC Crimewatch on 14/02/2013
1988 in London
1980s missing person cases
Incidents of violence against boys
History of the London Borough of Sutton
Unsolved murders in London
Missing English children
Missing person cases in London
September 1988 events in the United Kingdom |
The Free routine combination competition at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships was held on 18 and 20 June 2022.
Results
The preliminary round was started on 18 June at 10:00. The final was held on 20 June at 16:00.
References
Free routine combination |
Marjorie S. Deane (April 18, 1923 – November 22, 2003) was an American fashion authority and industry leader for more than sixty years. She was the Chairman of the Tobe Report, an influential weekly merchandising publication and consulting service, with clients responsible for over $400 billion in sales at the time of her death.
She began her fashion career in the Executive Training Program at the Franklin Simon Department Store. While there, she also attended the Tobe Coburn School, where she graduated with distinction in 1943, earning the top alumni prize, the Mehitabel, on two occasions. Following Franklin Simon, she worked at The Tobe Report, and then was recruited by Macy's, becoming its first female Senior Vice President. At Macy's she was responsible for many innovations, and was one of the first women to cover the European collections, to which she returned for the next fifth years.
She was then named Fashion Director at Look Magazine. In 1963, she returned to the Tobe Report, eventually assuming full ownership. At Tobe, she advised most of the largest retailers in the world, including Federated Department Stores, The May Company, Wal-Mart, Neiman Marcus, Sears, Saks Fifth Avenue and more than two hundred other clients. She was considered to have been the first journalist to cover many of the nation's top designers, including Calvin Klein, Perry Ellis and Halston. She was at the first Dior and St. Laurent presentations, and was one of their earliest proponents.
References
1923 births
2003 deaths
American businesspeople |
North Java is a hamlet in Wyoming County, New York, United States. The community is located along New York State Route 98, west-southwest of Warsaw. North Java has a post office with ZIP code 14113, which opened on July 29, 1845.
References
Hamlets in Wyoming County, New York
Hamlets in New York (state) |
José de Ledesma (1630–1670) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period.
Ledesma, born in Burgos painted large devotional canvases. After initial training in his native city, he moved to Madrid and entered the school of Juan Carreño de Miranda.
References
1630 births
1670 deaths
People from Burgos
17th-century Spanish painters
Spanish male painters
Spanish Baroque painters |
Renny Vicente Vega Hernández (, born 4 July 1979) is a Venezuelan former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
He played with the Venezuela national team for more than ten years, with his most successful moment being when he was a member of the historic 2011 Copa América squad that reached 4th place. His performances as goalkeeper under the leadership of coach Richard Páez, and currently César Farías, for the national team make him an important player in Venezuelan football's emergent recent history.
Club career
Venezuela and Europe
In 1997, Vega traveled to Italy to play in the youth ranks of Udinese. However, he returned to Venezuela in 1998, joining Nacional Táchira, a first division club of his country. After two years with Nacional, Vega returned to Udinese remaining at the club for one year. He then returned to Venezuela and played for various First Division clubs, including Caracas.
In 2006, he was signed by Carabobo, playing 29 games in the club. In 2007, because of his good performances with the national team and his club, he was transferred to Turkish club Bursaspor, being this his second adventure in the old continent. He established himself as the Turkish club's top keeper and appeared in 22 league matches. After his spell at Bursaspor, he joined to Denizlispor, playing only one friendly game for the club.
In January 2009, after his bad spell at Denizlispor, Vega returned to Venezuela, joining Caracas, the most successful team of his country. With Caracas he played both the Copa Libertadores and the local tournament. He had a successful semester at Caracas, winning the Venezuelan league title and also the cup title. In 2010, his team again qualified to the Copa Libertadores but had a poor Cup run, finishing last place in the group with 2 points. Although, since Caracas won the league title again, his team once again qualified to the continental tournament in 2011.
Colo-Colo
On 13 February 2012, was reported that Primera División club Colo-Colo and Caracas reached an agreement in a US$100.000 fee for Vega on a long-season deal, being appointed on 16 January during a press conference at Estadio Monumental. However, because first-choice Francisco Prieto's well performances, Vega failed to play during championship first weeks, but following the resignation of Ivo Basay (team's coach) and 5–0 thrash of rivals Universidad de Chile (where Prieto conceded those goals), he finally made his debut on 5 May against Unión San Felipe in a 1–0 home win. After five-match unbeaten with him in goal and caretaker coach Luis Pérez since one-nil over San Felipe (between Torneo Apertura's regular phase and playoffs), on 24 June, he conceded four goals in rematch semifinal against Universidad de Chile, after having won 2–0 in first leg at Macul, where Vega made a well game.
International career
In 1998, Vega was named the best keeper of the Primera División youth ranks and one year later was listed in the Copa América 22–man squad of Venezuela national team by the Argentine coach José Omar Pastoriza. He made his international debut on 30 July 1999 against Brazil, in where his team lost 7–0, in a match that Ronaldinho realized a very well goal, who made an incredible dribbling that passed over the head of the centre back José Manuel Rey. Three seasons later, Renny was called–up by Richard Páez to the 2001 Copa América held in Colombia, not making an international appearance. In June 2007, was considered by Páez in an historic Copa América for his country, that was made at Venezuela.
Vega made his qualifiers debut in a 1–0 away win over Ecuador at Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa in Quito, his most successful and significant career match, then lost then against the Argentina national football team in the Estadio José Pachencho Romero with goals of the footballers of Barcelona, the centre back Gabriel Milito and the striker Lionel Messi, missing the following qualifier games against Bolivia and Colombia, in where was replaced by the keeper Leonardo Morales, returning in a 1–1 away draw with Uruguay at the Estadio Centenario of the capital Montevideo, in where received a header goal of Diego Lugano. On 12 October 2008, Vega made his most poor performance in the qualifiers against Brazil conceding four goals in a 4–0 home win at the Estadio Polideportivo, receiving the same number of goals in March of the next year against Argentina at Buenos Aires.
Prior to the 2011 Copa América held in Argentina, Renny played two of the three friendly matches leading up to the tournament. The first game was a 2–0 win over Guatemala and in the second match against Spain, Vega committed two mistakes that led his team to a 3–0 loss.
Vega played the full 90 minutes in the opening match of the Group B against Brazil. In an "impressive" performance he stopped a series of goal attempts from stars like Neymar and Alexandre Pato with the game ending in a 0–0 draw. After of the game, Vega said: "The big teams aren’t going to get an easy ride — they’ll have to scrap for everything in every game".
On 13 July 2011, in the last game of the group stage against Paraguay, Venezuela advance to the knockout stage for second time in its history, after drawing 3–3 in dramatic fashion. The game was being lost 3–1 in the 85th minute, but thanks to a goal from Miku in the 89th minute, the team looking for the equalizer in the 93rd minute, in which Vega went up for a corner and headed the ball assisting centre back Grenddy Perozo in scoring the equalizing goal.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Club
Caracas
Primera División Venezolana: 2008–09, 2009–10
Torneo de Clausura: 2009, 2010
Copa Venezuela: 2009
International
Copa América: Fourth place 2011
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Carabobo
Men's association football goalkeepers
Venezuelan men's footballers
Venezuela men's international footballers
1999 Copa América players
2001 Copa América players
2007 Copa América players
2011 Copa América players
Udinese Calcio players
Deportivo Italia players
Deportivo Táchira F.C. players
Caracas FC players
Aragua FC players
Carabobo F.C. players
Bursaspor footballers
Denizlispor footballers
Colo-Colo footballers
Deportivo La Guaira players
C.F. União players
Süper Lig players
Chilean Primera División players
Primeira Liga players
Venezuelan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Portugal |
```html
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(2 of 2 overloads)</a>
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<p>
Get the contained OVERLAPPED object.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">const OVERLAPPED * get() const;
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``` |
Aleksei Viktorovich Sapogov (; born 2 April 1988) is a former Russian professional football player.
External links
1988 births
People from Leninsk-Kuznetsky
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Gornyak Uchaly players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
Russian Premier League players
Russia men's B international footballers
FK Spartaks Jūrmala players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia
Men's association football forwards
FC Torpedo Moscow players
Footballers from Kemerovo Oblast
FC Tver players |
The Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory is a conspiracy theory stating that Canadian singer Avril Lavigne died in 2003, shortly after the release of her successful first album, Let Go, and was replaced by a body double named Melissa Vandella. Evidence used to support the theory include changes in Lavigne's appearance between 2003 and the present, supposed subliminal messaging in her follow-up effort, Under My Skin, and a photoshoot in which Lavigne has the name "Melissa" written on her hand.
The origins of the theory can be traced back to the 2011 Brazilian blog Avril Está Morta ("Avril Is Dead"), which led to conversations on Internet forums sharing supposed evidence of Lavigne's replacement. The theory gained more traction in May 2017, when a Twitter user posted a thread recounting the theory. Lavigne herself has denied the theory on multiple occasions.
Origins
The origins of the replacement theory can be dated back to 2011, with a Brazilian blog named Avril Está Morta, or Avril Is Dead, although some sources say that the rumour dates back as far as 2005. The theory alleges that the pressures of fame, combined with the death of Lavigne's grandfather, sent her into a deep depression after the release of her 2002 debut album, Let Go, and that the singer died by suicide shortly after.
According to the conspiracy theory, a look-alike named "Melissa" was originally hired to distract paparazzi, protecting a reclusive Lavigne. It alleges that Lavigne befriended "Melissa", that shortly before the singer's supposed death her body double was taught how to sing and perform like the musician, that after Lavigne's death her record company buried the news and replaced her with "Melissa Vandella" for a continued profit, and that "Melissa" recorded all of Lavigne's future work. Much of the evidence cited in support of the conspiracy theory is the purported appearance and disappearance of various moles and other skin blemishes in pictures of Lavigne over time, as well as a promotional photoshoot in which she has the name "Melissa" written on her hand.
The conspiracy theory soon gained traction on Internet forums such as ATRL and Godlike Productions, where self-proclaimed "Avril Rangers" shared evidence. One ATRL post in 2012 suggested that the original Avril may actually be alive, using a picture of what appeared to be the singer buying cheese at a time when "new Avril" was supposedly battling Lyme disease. In addition to the changes in her appearance, the theory alleges that the title and artwork for "Avril"'s second album, Under My Skin, as well as the lyrics of songs like "My Happy Ending", "Together", and "The Best Years of Our Lives" by Evan Taubenfeld, are subliminal messaging. The original blog further suggests that Melissa feels guilt over "participating in this farce", leading to the subliminal messaging.
Rise in popularity
The theory began to gain traction in the United States in October 2015, when BuzzFeed reporter Ryan Broderick tweeted about Avril Está Morta. In a BuzzFeed post, Broderick cleared up his tweet on the matter, mentioning that the opening line of the original blog post admits that the theory is a hoax, and that "This blog was created to show how conspiracy theories can look true."
The death hoax saw increased prevalence in May 2017, when a high school student posted a Twitter thread alleging that Lavigne had died and been replaced in late 2003. The thread, which was retweeted a quarter of a million times, cited discrepancies in the singer's face, fashion style, and handwriting as evidence of her death and replacement. The Twitter thread largely corresponds with the earlier "Avril Está Morta" conspiracy, with one major difference: this time, Under My Skin was created using pre-existing recordings of the real Lavigne.
The Twitter thread inspired an Internet meme in which users would say that a celebrity or fictional character died and was replaced, showing two pictures of the figure in question and titling it "a conspiracy theory thread".
Response
The first time Lavigne was asked about the rumours was in 2014 during an interview for the Brazilian TV show Pânico na Band, during The Avril Lavigne Tour. Lavigne was asked if she had heard about online rumours claiming she "had died and was replaced by a clone", to which she replied by saying that the first time she was hearing about it was in this interview, and later added, "Well, I'm here, and I'm here in Brazil". In a video of the interview uploaded to the official YouTube channel of the TV show, it's possible to see images of the blog page Avril Está Morta responsible for starting the rumours. After the theory resurfaced globally in 2017, Lavigne addressed the rumours in a November 2017 Facebook live stream Q&A, when a fan asked whether she was dead, to which Lavigne responded, "No, I'm not dead. I'm here." She went on to say that the theory was spawned because "people are just bored and need something to talk about". The question was broached again in a November 2018 interview with Australia's KIIS 106.5. When asked about the theory, the singer responded, "Some people think that I'm not the real me, which is so weird! Like, why would they even think that?" Radio hosts Kyle and Jackie O said that Lavigne "never actually flat out denied" that she had been replaced, and suggested that technological difficulties during the interview were a suspicious coincidence. In a 2019 interview with Entertainment Weekly, Lavigne addressed the theory directly, calling it a "dumb internet rumor" and saying that she was "flabbergasted that people bought into it". Lavigne addressed the rumour once again in a 2022 interview for Galore Magazine, stating "So it's funny because everyone says I look the same, but then there's that. That doesn't make any sense. Also, how random? When people bring it up, and it's been brought up to me for like, years, that there's this conspiracy theory that I'm not me or something? I'm a clone? How did something like that get so—I don't know, it's just the weirdest rumour."
In 2013, a separate death hoax alleged that Lavigne died in a snowboarding accident at Whistler Blackcomb ski resort.
The creator of the same Brazilian blog that originated the "Avril Está Morta" conspiracy had apologized and changed the whole blog post to state that Avril has never died, and that the blog was a way of showing how conspiracy theories may seem true.
See also
Paul is dead, a similar theory involving Paul McCartney
Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory
References
Death conspiracy theories
Women and death
Conspiracy theories in Brazil
Conspiracy theories in the United States
2010s in mass media
Avril Lavigne |
Sa'ad bin Ateeq bin Misfer Al Ateeq (Arabic: سعد بن عتيق بن مسفر العتيق; Born in 1969), is an Islamic preacher, religious scholar, thinker and university professor from Saudi Arabia. He is considered controversial by some for the topic of the religious sermons he has delivered and his connections to governments of Arab states of the Persian Gulf, including the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, particularly the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque. The Foundation for Defense of Democracies, The Daily Beast, and Foreign Policy magazine have run articles about Al-Ateeq, expressing concerns about his alleged fanaticism and fundamentalist hard-line views. Foreign Policy has even compiled extensive documentation of his government-sponsored activities.
One of Al-Ateeq's lectures at A Dhi al-Nurayn Mosque in 2005 was promoted by the Saudi Arabian government's official press agency.
In 2010, during Ramadan, the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar) invited Sa'ad Ateeq al-Ateeq to give sermons. In May 2011, the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar) again asked Sa'ad Ateeq al-Ateeq for sermons. One of his sermons is listed in the media section of the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar) website.
Sa'ad al-Ateeq serves as a preacher and Imam at The King Khalid Military College Mosque. In December 2010, he preached a sermon to the King Saud University students.
During a sermon at Qatar's Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque (Grand Mosque of Qatar), Sa'ad Ateeq called for the ultimate victory of Muslims and Islam while referring to the end of Jews and Christians as determined by God.
Sa'ad Ateeq al-Ateeq was invited to deliver a sermon to Qatari airport security on July 23, 2013, in Doha, Qatar, by the Ministry of Interior. Additionally, he delivered a religious sermon to the Qatari Navy in July 2013.
The Facilities Security Force of the Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia) hosted a lecture by Al-Ateeq on September 23, 2013.
On October 2, 2013, at the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque, Sa'ad Ateeq al-Ateeq reiterated his call for the supremacy of Muslims and Islam, alongside the destruction of Christians and Jews.
In February 2014, the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar) tweeted another sermon by al-Ateeq at the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque.
On February 26, 2014, Al-Ateeq delivered a lecture titled With Beloved Muhammad at a Qur'an schools exhibition where school children were present.
On July 6, 2014, al-Ateeq preached at the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque. On July 9, 2014, al-Ateeq gave another Ramadan sermon at the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque. In July 2014, Al-Ateeq was invited to deliver a speech at the Dubai International Holy Quran Award, an event organized by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Ruler of Dubai. Al-Ateeq participation as a preacher and scholar in the event was mentioned on Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum's website At the event, he delivered his speech.
In January 2015, Sa'ad Ateeq al-Ateeq made a controversial statement calling for the destruction of Shias, Christians, Nusayris (Alawites), and Jews while emphasizing that Muslims and Islam be exalted in Qatar's Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque. These statements were promoted on the website and the official Twitter account of the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar) Al-Ateeq himself promoted his January 2015 sermon at the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque on his Twitter account.
In March 2015, al-Ateeq repeated his calls for the destruction of "Rafidah" Shia, "Nusayri" (Alawites), Christians, and Jews in Sudan. He also emphasized the upliftment of Muslims and the Significance of Islam. Focusing more on Quran, the reader is asked that if he wants to find more information about Him (Allah), he will need to approach a Bakhabar or Illamwala (i.e. a complete scholar). Quoting Quran Sharif- Surat Al Furqan 25:59 here,"He who created the heavens and the earth and what is between Sky and Earth in six days and then established Himself above the Throne - the Most Merciful [Kabir], so ask about Him one well informed."Al-Ateeq delivered a speech at King Khaled Mosque, which had been promoted through the official Twitter account associated with the Mosque host..
References
External links
Living people
1969 births
Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University alumni
Saudi Arabian Islamic religious leaders
Sunni imams
Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Saudi Arabian Salafis
Saudi Arabian imams
20th-century imams
21st-century imams
Critics of Shia Islam |
Cherax pulcher is a species of crayfish from West Papua in Indonesia. It is popular as a freshwater aquarium species across Asia, Europe, and North America.
Etymology
The specific name is derived from the Latin word pulcher, which means "beautiful". The name was chosen due to the species' bright coloration.
Discovery
The species was first observed being sold for aquariums, where it was ascertained that it likely represented a new species. However, it proved difficult to track down, as dealers' claims as to its location proved difficult to corroborate. It was eventually traced to the Bird's Head Peninsula in New Guinea, where a number of specimens were collected with the help of the Maju Aquarium in Jakarta.
Description
Males of the species measure in length, while females measure long. The body is slightly oval in shape. The species has notably large eyes.
The species is brightly colored, with a pink cephalothorax that fades into greenish-grey on the sides. The rostrum is a greenish-blue, and the pleon is dark blue or black, with pinkish-grey or cream coloration on the margins (in some individuals the pleon is greenish-grey with pink speckles). The tail fan is cream-colored or pink around the outside margin. The legs are blue, and the chelae are blue with varying intensities, with cream-colored or white margins.
Taxonomy
Cherax pulcher is part of the subgenus Astaconephrops. It is the nineteenth Cherax species to have been discovered in West Papua in Indonesia (Cherax are not known from other Indonesian regions). The most morphologically similar species, C. boesemani, is found in the Ajamaru Lake and the Ajamaru River, approximately away.
Range and habitat
So far the species has only been found in Hoa Creek near the village of Teminabuan in West Papua, Indonesia. The creek is clear, fast flowing in some places, with a sandy and rocky bottom.
Human use
The species is sold throughout Asia, Europe, and North America on the ornamental fish market, where it is commonly marketed under the names "Hoa Creek", "Blue Moon", or "Irian Jaya". Local people also harvest it as a source of food.
Conservation status
Due to continued harvesting of the species both for export and for consumption, it has been observed by local collectors that the species' numbers have begun to decrease.
References
Parastacidae
Crustaceans of Indonesia
Crustaceans described in 2015
Fauna of Western New Guinea |
Earl Clifford Broady (1904–1992) was an American judge, attorney, police officer and pianist in Los Angeles. He joined the police department in 1927, later becoming Deputy D.A., and then a judge. Broady lead a jazz ensemble known as Broady's Hot Footers. Broady was hired as Chief Deputy District Attorney by District Attorney Evelle Younger. He was the first African American in upper management in the office. He was a highly respected judge who was regularly assigned high profile and complicated cases.
Personal life
Broady once said, "I not only was born across the tracks. I was born on the wrong side of that place across the tracks.” He began working as a janitor at age 13, and in his early years worked as a mail carrier, and was an accomplished pianist and a band leader. Later in life he was known for his philanthropy.
Career
Broady joined the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 1927. He became one of the first African American police officers to be elevated to the rank of Lieutenant and Watch Commander at the Los Angeles Police Force.
He attended night classes at University of Southern California (USC) and the Los Angeles College of Law, and in 1944 left the LAPD to practice law. He was later elected president of the Criminal Courts Bar Association of Los Angeles, and became Chief Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles County.
He was appointed to be a judge on the Los Angeles Superior Court on June 7, 1965, where he served until his retirement in 1978. Judge Broady also served on the McCone Commission, which studied the causes behind the Watts riots.
He gave US$1 million to Howard University in honor of Los Angeles lawyer Curtis Cavielle Taylor in whose office Broady started his legal career.
References
1904 births
1992 deaths
California state court judges
African-American judges
African-American police officers
American police officers
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American judges
20th-century African-American lawyers |
Pomadasys olivaceus, commonly named piggy, or pinky is a species of marine fish in the family Haemulidae, the grunts, first described by F.Day in 1875 as Pristipoma olivaceum in Day, F. (1875), The fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. London. Part 1.
Distribution
It is found on the south and east coasts of southern Africa from False Bay to Mozambique, and elsewhere in the western Indian Ocean, in coastal waters, on sand and reef to depths of 90 m, including tidal estuaries,
Description
Silvery body toning to olive on the back, and a dark blotch on the operculum behind the eye.
References
olivaceus
Animals described in 1875
Fish of the Indian Ocean |
La Claridad was a mansion built on Golfview Road in Palm Beach, Florida in 1924 for utilities magnate Clarence H. Geist. It was designed by Palm Beach architect Marion Sims Wyeth. It used tile and wrought iron from Mizner Industries; other furnishings were brought from Spain. In 1948 architect Belford Shoumate turned it into two houses. After removing ten feet from the Geist’s original entrance hall, the living room became the focal point for a house rebuilt to the east; the original entry, loggia, staircase and dining room remained with the corner house to the west.
References
Palm Beach, Florida
Houses in Palm Beach County, Florida
Houses completed in 1924
1924 establishments in Florida |
Kevan Tebay (2 February 1936 – 13 August 1996) was an English cricketer active from 1959 to 1963 who played for Lancashire. He was born and died in Bolton. He appeared in 15 first-class matches, scoring 509 runs with a highest score of 106, his only first-class century, and held three catches.
Notes
1936 births
1996 deaths
English cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
Cricketers from Bolton |
The men's marathon event at the 1938 British Empire Games was held on 7 February in Sydney, Australia with the start and finish at the Sydney Cricket Ground.
Results
References
Athletics at the 1938 British Empire Games
1938 |
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 6 also known as Kv1.6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNA6 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit.
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
Datumetine is a tropane alkaloid found in leaves of Datura metel. It is said to modulate NMDA receptor and thus causes memory loss. It also causes epileptic seizures in mice. Docking studies suggest that it fits on both allosteric and orthosteric sites of NMDA receptor. It acts together with other anticholinergic tropane alkaloids of datura to cause amnesia.
See also
Datura ferox
References
Tropane alkaloids
Tropane alkaloids found in Solanaceae
Benzoic acids
Methoxy compounds
Phenyl compounds
NMDA receptor modulators |
Magellano is the third studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Francesco Gabbani. It was released in Italy through BMG Rights Management on 28 April 2017, and was released worldwide on 12 May 2017 under the title Magellan. The album debuted at number 1 on the Italian Albums Chart. It includes the single "Occidentali's Karma", with which he represented Italy at the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, finishing in 6th place.
Background
In April 2017, Gabbani announced on Facebook that he would be releasing his third studio album, Magellano, on 28 April 2017 and the album would include his Eurovision song "Occidentali's Karma". To promote the album, Gabbani embarked on a tour, and held several shows across Italy from 19 June to 9 September 2017.
Singles
"Occidentali's Karma" was released as the lead single from the album on 10 February 2017. The song peaked at number 1 on the Italian Singles Chart. The song has also charted in Switzerland. In February 2017, Gabbani won Sanremo Music Festival 2017 and accepted the invitation to represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest, which was held at the International Exhibition Centre in Kyiv, Ukraine. As a member of the "Big 5", Italy automatically qualified to compete in the final, which took place on 13 May 2017. "Tra le granite e le granate" was released as the second single from the album on 8 May 2017. The song peaked at number 19 on the Italian Singles Chart.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
2017 albums
Francesco Gabbani albums |
Barekot () is a rural municipality located in Jajarkot District of Karnali Province of Nepal.
According to Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration Barekot has an area of and the total population of the rural municipality is 18,083 as of 2011 Nepal census.
Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, Nayakwada and Sakala which previously were all separate Village development committees merged to form this new local level body. Fulfilling the requirement of the new Constitution of Nepal 2015, Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration replaced all old VDCs and Municipalities into 753 new local level bodies.
The rural municipality is divided into total 9 wards and the headquarters of this newly formed rural municipality is situated at Nayakwada.
Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Barekot Rural Municipality had a population of 18,083. Of these, 99.9% spoke Nepali and 0.1% other languages as their first language.
In terms of ethnicity/caste, 41.7% were Chhetri, 21.6% Kami, 21.4% Thakuri, 6.4% Magar, 2.9% Sarki, 2.3% Damai/Dholi, 1.9% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 1.2% Hill Brahmin, 0.3% Badi, 0.1% Gharti/Bhujel, 0.1% Newar and 0.1% others.
In terms of religion, 98.6% were Hindu and 1.3% Christian.
In terms of literacy, 48.6% could read and write, 3.1% could only read and 48.3% could neither read nor write.
References
External links
Official website
Populated places in Jajarkot District
Rural municipalities in Karnali Province
Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017 |
Hensies (; ; ) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
It has 6,857 inhabitants, as of January 1, 2017. The total area is 25.99 km2, giving a population density of 258 inhabitants per km2.
The municipality consists of the following districts: Hainin, Hensies, Montrœul-sur-Haine, and Thulin.
References
External links
Municipalities of Hainaut (province) |
Mary Ann Martin, Lady Martin ( Parker; 5 July 1817 – 2 January 1884) was an English community leader, teacher and writer in New Zealand.
Mary Ann Parker was born in London in 1817. Her father William Parker, a Church of England clergyman, was rector of St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate. On 3 April 1841 at St Ethelburga's, she married William Martin who had been appointed the first chief justice of New Zealand and she soon followed him to New Zealand.
In 1874 they left NZ for Lichfield in England, where Selwyn was bishop. After Selwyn's death in April 1878 they moved to Torquay, Devon. There Mary Martin was involved in the church and in the work of the recently founded Girls' Friendly Society. After her husband's death in 1880 she remained in Torquay until her death on 2 January 1884.
Her book, Our Maoris, was published posthumously in 1884 by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
References
1817 births
1884 deaths
New Zealand educators
New Zealand women educators
New Zealand writers
New Zealand women writers
English emigrants to New Zealand
19th-century New Zealand people
19th-century women writers
Wives of knights |
Complement factor H-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFHR1 gene.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
OMIM entries on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome |
Swinhoe's snipe, (Gallinago megala), also known as forest snipe or Chinese snipe, is a medium-sized (length 27–29 cm, wingspan 38–44 cm, weight 120 gm), long-billed, migratory wader.
The common name commemorates the British naturalist Robert Swinhoe who first described the species in 1861.
Identification
It is identifiable as a Gallinago snipe by its cryptically patterned black, brown, buff and white plumage, but it is not easily distinguished from Latham's and pin-tailed snipe in the field. The species is commonly referred to as a cho suekyung in South Korea.
Distribution
It breeds mainly in central and southern Siberia and Mongolia. The entire population migrates and spends the non-breeding season principally in eastern and southern India, Sri Lanka, south-eastern China, South-East Asia and New Guinea. It has been recorded on migration in eastern China and occasionally in Japan. Records in Australia are mainly from the Top End of the Northern Territory and from north-western Western Australia.
Habitat
Breeding habitat: forest glades and meadows. Non-breeding habitat: shallow freshwater wetlands of various kinds including paddy fields and sewage farms, with bare mud or shallow water for feeding, with nearby vegetation cover.
Food
Mainly small invertebrates including earthworms, mollusks and insects.
Breeding
Display flights and drumming by the males.
Conservation
Because of wide range and no evidence of significant population decline, the species is assessed as being of least concern.
References
BirdLife International. (2006). Species factsheet: Gallinago megala. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 9 February 2007
Higgins, P.J.; & Davies, J.N. (eds). (1996). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 3: Snipe to Pigeons. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.
Lane, Brett; & Davies, Jeff. (1987). Shorebirds in Australia. RAOU: Melbourne.
National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife. (1987). The Shorebirds of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
Further reading
Identification
Carey, Geoff and Urban Olsson (1995) Field Identification of Common, Wilson's, Pintail and Swinhoe's Snipes Birding World 8(5): 179-190
Swinhoe's snipe
Shorebirds
Birds of Manchuria
Birds of Mongolia
Birds of North Asia
Migratory birds (Eastern Hemisphere)
Birds described in 1861
Taxa named by Robert Swinhoe |
is the 14th single from Japanese pop singer Kaela Kimura.
Track listing
References
2009 singles
Kaela Kimura songs
Japanese-language songs
2009 songs |
Franz Ittenbach (18 April 1813, Königswinter – 1 December 1879, Düsseldorf) was a German religious painter, in the Nazarene style, associated with the Düsseldorfer Malerschule.
Life and work
Ittenbach began his art education as a student of Kaufmann, then left to study under in Cologne. In 1832, Ittenbach became a pupil, at the age of 19, of the Düsseldorf Academy, where he also received private lessons from its president, Schadow. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. He was a member of the Nazarene movement and associated himself mainly with three of his friends and fellow-students: Karl Müller and Andreas Müller, and Ernst Deger. The four men travelled about in Germany, studying and painting together. From 1839 to 1842, Ittenbach lived in Italy. On his return, he stayed in Munich for some time. In 1849, he returned to Düsseldorf. He died there in 1879. From 1859 until his death, he was a member of the artists' club "Malkasten".
Ittenbach was exceedingly religious and persistently declined any commissions for mythological or pagan subjects. As a rule, he devoted his energies exclusively to church decoration. He would precede the execution of his greatest works with devout religious exercises, including confession and communion.
His finest paintings are said to be found at Bonn, in the St. Remigius, and in Breslau in a church dedicated to the same saint. There is also a remarkable "Holy Family" dated 1861, painted for Prince Liechtenstein in his private chapel near Vienna. Most of his other works can be found in various Catholic churches in Germany. His only important fresco was painted in 1844 in a church at Remagen.
Ittenbach was a popular painter in court circles, a member of most of the European academies, and the recipient of many medals and decorations. He painted a few portraits, although his main work was his altar-pieces.
References
Further reading
External links
1813 births
1879 deaths
People from Königswinter
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
German romantic painters
Catholic painters
Nazarene painters
Fresco painters
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Romantic painters
Düsseldorf school of painting |
Mifflin is a borough in Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 534 at the 2020 census.
History
Mifflin was founded as the town of Patterson. At one time, Mifflin, as well as the small community of Denholm lying directly north of the town, was an important stop along the Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad tracks still pass through the town, but they are now owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway.
The Pennsylvania Railroad depot still stands in Mifflin, although it has long been abandoned. Mifflin is named after Thomas Mifflin, the first Governor of Pennsylvania.
Geography
Mifflin is located at (40.568262, -77.403496).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 627 people, 234 households, and 165 families residing in the borough. The population density was . There were 260 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the borough was 92.82% White, 1.28% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.32% Pacific Islander, 3.83% from other races, and 1.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.38% of the population.
There were 234 households, out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the borough the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.5 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $26,438, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $27,386 versus $19,044 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $12,843. About 14.9% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.
References
Populated places established in 1849
Boroughs in Juniata County, Pennsylvania
1849 establishments in Pennsylvania |
Cephetola rileyi is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon.
References
Endemic fauna of Cameroon
Butterflies described in 1936
Poritiinae |
"The Gentle" is an epithet and a nickname which may refer to:
Alfonso IV of Aragon (1299–1336), King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona
Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (1412–1464), also Landgrave of Thuringia
Queen Susan the Gentle, a fictional character in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series
Mensur Suljović (born 1972), Serbian-born Austrian darts player nicknamed "The Gentle"
See also
Angelo Bruno (1910–1980), Sicilian-American crime boss also known as "the Gentle Don"
Donald Cameron of Lochiel (c. 1695 or 1700–1748), known as "Gentle Lochiel", hereditary chief of Clan Cameron and supporter of Bonnie Prince Charlie
Lists of people by epithet |
Perry Township may refer to one of the following places in the State of South Dakota:
Perry Township, Davison County, South Dakota
Perry Township, Lincoln County, South Dakota
See also
Perry Township (disambiguation)
South Dakota township disambiguation pages |
Attila Vadkerti (born 22 February 1982) is a Hungarian handballer who plays for SC Pick Szeged and the Hungarian national team.
He made his international debut on 16 November 2004 against France.
Vadkerti competed in handball at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Achievements
Nemzeti Bajnokság I:
Winner: 2007
Silver Medalist: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Bronze Medalist: 2000, 2001
Magyar Kupa:
Winner: 2006, 2008
Finalist: 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
EHF Cup:
Winner: 2014
Individual awards
Silver Cross of the Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2012)
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Hungarian male handball players
Olympic handball players for Hungary
Handball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Szeged |
Ruža vjetrova (), often abbreviated to RV, is a Croatian television soap opera. The show was created by Dinko Paleka and first broadcast on RTL Televizija on 29 August 2011. Ruža vjetrova is an original idea made by Dinko Paleka, a project that he was working on for over 3 years. It is about the lives and loves of both young and older characters in Split. The focus is on the old-fashioned Matošić family, wealthy Odak family and the middle-class Jelavić family. The soap was renewed for a second season, which introduced new characters.
Plot
The backbone of the series is a love story between two young people from different climes and quite different families. The girl is Ines Matošić, a young and energetic daughter of well-known and respected lawyer Suzana Matošić and the young man is Marko Odak, successor to his father's business empire, based on dubious contracts.
Much intrigue and inexplicable actions of parents when children are involved, collapse of love and deception, political and business shenanigans and the friendships that are born or are closed will enter the homes of viewers and tickle the imagination of all those who will be found in some of the characters.
The three main families, Matošić, Odak and Jelavić, are at first glance quite different and not compatible. However the series will certainly intertwine, and their life problems and incredible stories, through various situations will connect them with each other, argue them ecc.
Matošić family is the old town family who have for decades engaged in law and who live in a large apartment in the old part of Split. Once a warm home, now it is just a reminder of a past. Love and harmony rules their house for many times, but now coldness and distrust sneaked into the family.
Odak family originates from the Dalmatian hinterland, and enhance the construction work in the nineties, often in dubious ways. They are traditional, family people who stick together, but even in their family the mysteries and intrigues will cause a lot of trouble.
Jelavić family are ordinary people who work hard in order to earn an average, but still are living an easy life. Although they do not have much money, they have each other, regardless of the problems that arise within families, generally agree that most problems are dealt with at the end with a conversation and laughter, which often lack Matošić and Odak families.
Storylines
Season 1
At the beginning of the series, Marko and Ines are both shipwrecked and meet each other in the middle of the sea. They spend the night there and fall in love. Meanwhile, both of their families hear of the shipwreck and try to investigate. Suzana, Ines's mother, is in the middle of a case, prosecuting one of Stipe Odak's partners in his construction business for embezzling money. Meanwhile, the Odak family is meeting with Jakov to discuss the construction firm, and that his partner was placed in jail. Ines and Marko get married, and during their honeymoon, Ines is abducted. After the wedding, Milivoj meets Ana, a mistress and love interest, and they have unprotected sex. Sara meets Luka, and begins to date him. Marko and Srđan go to the abductor's location and free Ines, but the investigation is not over. Srđan noticed a man fleeing the scene. He tells everyone that that man is the perpetrator, and then all of Split begins to look for him. Srđan finds him, but falls into a trap. The man is holding a gun to his head. Srđan negotiates, and asks the man who organized the kidnapping. He does not give it up, and dies the next day.
The Matošić and Odak grandparents go on a camping trip together, where Nives begins to think that Milivoj likes younger women. She tells Suzana, who does not believe her. At the Jelavić house, Adrijana's sister moves in, finds a job, and then moves out after being kicked out by Adrijana. Then, in the weeks to follow, Srđan gets a new boss at his law firm, Mila. They meet frequently to discuss business, but Ana, Srđan's new girlfriend, thinks there is something going on between them. They are having dinner one day, then Ana calls Srđan and says she is pregnant. Srđan is happy, but then the dinner is interrupted by Ana who gets into a fight with Mila, who then leaves to go back to Zagreb. Ines sees Dr. Nikola for fertility treatments after she finds out that she can not have children, which was suggested by Marica, Marko's mother, after Marko and her tried for a child. Jelena, Marko's ex-girlfriend, visits him and Ines with her son Ante and tells Marko that he is the father. Ines and Marko take care of Ante while Jelena has to go back and work in Zagreb. A week later, Marica finds a recording device in Stipe's jacket that reveals that he organized the kidnapping. She tells Srđan, and he confronts Stipe.
Ines and Marko try for a child of their own, but are unsuccessful. Srđan meets Ana and they get into a serious relationship, and get married a couple of weeks later. At the wedding, Sara takes drugs, and is drunk. She is confronted by Suzana, but ignores her mother's warning. A couple of days later, when Luka and Sara were driving, Sara was drunk and they were having an argument. Sara crashed the car, and was sent to the hospital, where she is in a coma. She wakes up soon after, and is angry at Luka. The doctor says the next day that she needs blood or else she will be off of life support. Jakov Odak gives her blood, and she is thankful. Edo Jelavić takes out a loan to help the family's finances, but does not pay it back on time, so the loan sharks follow him and threaten his family. Adrijana pays them back, and makes Edo move into his own apartment. Nika hates this, and cries at school, which gets the social worker's attention. They become friends after, and try to get into a relationship, but cannot. After Milivoj and Suzana visit Sara at the hospital, they get into a huge fight, which leads Milivoj into a huge alcoholism and despair. Suzana begins seeing Ivan, but does not know that Nives Odak is seeing him as well. Ana finds out she is pregnant and tells Srđan and the Matošić family. They are ecstatic, but Milivoj thinks it may be his baby.
Milivoj tells Ana, and she secretly does a DNA test to find out the father. Meanwhile, Marko figures out that his father Stipe organized Ines's kidnapping, calls him on it, and punches him in the face. Then, he tells him he never wants to see him again. Ana gets the DNA result back, and it is Milivoj's. Then, the Matošić family gather for dinner that Srđan tells them Ana is going to have a son. Ana slips the DNA test into Milivoj's jacket as they leave, but Milivoj leaves his jacket there. Suzana reads the DNA test the next day, and is shocked. She yells at Milivoj, then surprises Ana as she goes grocery shopping. Edo gets a job at Jakov's construction firm, and the Odaks make a lot of money. Ana gets hit by a truck, and dies without Srđan there. Srđan falls into a despair, and so does the rest of the Matošić family. Suzana looks for Ivan's support, and is not interested in reconciling with Milivoj. Ines continues her fertility treatments, after Jelena comes back to Split and tells them that an agency moved her work to Zagreb, and she and Ante would be staying with Stipe and Marica Odak. Marko is devastated that he can not see his son anymore. The Odaks get a new car. After a dinner with Ivan and Nives, and a failed business deal, unknown people plant explosives in the car, which kill Edo Jelavić. Ivan is dating both Suzana and Nives at the same time. After Suzana rejects him, he proposes to Nives. She accepts, and asks Marica to be her maid of honour. Marica gladly accepts.
Ivan meets with Suzana, and he stands her up. Sara confronts him, and he meets Suzana again on the Split docks. She slaps him after he tells her he loves her, and they kiss. As Stipe and Nives are talking about that Stipe organized Ines' kidnapping, Jelena listens in and hears what they are saying. The next day, a suspicious Jakov confronts her and she says she still loves Marko. Nives and Stipe agree with the business deal, and transfer all their assets to Ivan's account. Jelena gets a job to distract everyone else, and says she will be moving out. The fertility treatments were successful, and Ines gets pregnant with a new baby. Jakov thinks she will try to break up their marriage. The Jelavić hears of Edo dying of explosives in the car, and they blame the Odaks. Toni yells at Adrijana, and then leaves the family house. He breaks into the Odak house, and smashes a vase to tell the Odaks that he will avenge his father. Jelena meets Ines and Marko for dinner, where she tells them that Stipe organized Ines's kidnapping, which Marko denies. Ines asks Marica about it the next day, which tells her it was true and Marko knew about it. They get into a heated argument, where in the middle, Ines's stomach hurts and thought she lost the baby. It turns out she just got her period. Ines then begins to be better friends with Dr. Nikola.
The next night, Ines returns her wedding ring to Marko. She tells her family that Stipe organized her kidnapping, and they are devastated. Ivan meets with Suzana before he leaves Split. He tells her he loves her. He transfers his assets to Suzana, who then owns the Odak house. When she is receiving the house, Nives goes and screams in the pool outside. The Odaks beg for the house back, then Stipe gets in a fight with the Matošićes. Srđan hears of it and buys a gun to protect his family. Suzana finds out from Mila and then confronts Srđan. He still keeps the gun. Ines comes back to Marko's apartment and they almost reconcile, but Jelena comes out of the bathroom half-naked. Ines leaves immediately. Suzana walks into her house at night and Nives holds a gun to her head. She tells her she will return the house. Stipe shoots Jakov for no reason and he is put in the hospital. Sara calls the police. When Marko tries to find Ines, he goes to Dr. Nikola's office, where they are in embrace. He fights with Nikola, then leaves.
Nives shows Suzana a film of her talking to Ana before she died, and Nives goes on the gossip column on the radio and tells about Milivoj being the father of Ana's unborn baby. Adrijana tells Ines to give Marko another chance. Ines goes to Marko's house, and they spend the night. After, they decide their marriage may not continue. Srđan stops at nothing to put Stipe in jail. He threatens Jakov with the gun–either he could be with Sara, or he could have the Odak house back. Sara hears of this, and is not happy. Jelena continues to create lies to tell Ante and Ines about Marko. Jelena goes on dinner with Nives and poisons her tea, which causes her to almost faint on the Split harbour. Petar comes to Split and becomes friends with Toni Jelavić.
Jakov chooses the house and Sara hears of it and returns her stuff. Toni Jelavić tries to place explosives in Stipe's car to avenge his father's death, but fails and it explodes on his face. Adrijana tries to get him to go to Italy to get the surgery on his face done. Marica and Suzana discuss the war between the families and try to work out a solution. Ines and Marko go on a trip to try to get their love back, but both have questions–Ines doesn't want her new child to be raised around the Odaks, but Marko loves her. Jelena puts a double dose of poison in Nives's tea, but when Ante visits Nives, they play and Nives switches the tea with Ante's. Ante faints and Dr. Nikola saves him at the hospital. Jakov proposes to Sara to stop their arguing, and she agrees. Mila and Srđan set up a sting operation to try and catch Stipe trafficking drugs. Tončić, a convict, agrees to help them, but turns to Stipe's side and gives them away. He pretends to agree to the deal, and Stipe gives him the drugs, which Tončić hides in Srđan's drawer at work. which he Suzana takes the news well but Stipe does not. Nives accuses Jelena of poisoning and tells Marko, who battles for Ante's custody to move to America. Jelena goes to lunch with Marko on a mountain to discuss the custody agreement, where she poisons him with snake venom. He lies unconscious and calls Ines, fainting. She gets there as soon as she can and tries to revive him. Toncic tells the police that Srdan had been drug trafficking, they check his drawer, and he is arrested. Petar reconciles with Nives, his long-lost mother. Marko dies from the snake bite and Ines gets his inheritance.
Season 2
The backbone of the second season of the love story and the fate of two young people who will secrets of the past, evil people and a great temptation to stand on the path to true happiness. The girl is Marija Mrčela heroin fakes her own death to escape the abusive husband, a young man Šimun Bartulović, rural man, simple and strong character. The new season starts with Marija's escape from a violent husband, Ranko. Ranko after jumping from the yacht, the current is carried away to an unknown beach where he finds and rescues Šimun. Their encounter remains deeply etched in their minds and hearts.
In the first few episodes, Marija moves to Split and hides in the Odak house to help Stipe after he falls ill. Ranko finds out from Simun that she is in Split, and buys a condo there, trying to find her. The Matosic family visits Mila on her farm in Lika for dinner, with Ines carrying her and Marko's baby. At the end of the night, Mila and Suzana talk about Srđan, who sent a letter to them from jail. Then they talk about Ivan Marušić, which Suzana complains about. A day later, Suzana bathes nude in a lake close to the farm with Krsto, Šimun's father, watching her. Later, Simun gets instructions from Tamara, Ranko's lawyer, to find Marija. She gives him a photo of her. Marija begins to worry because Stipe Odak is getting better and that he won't need her help anymore.
Jakov and Petar fight for Nives' attention, and get into a fistfight. Jelena gets mad at Ines about her giving some of Marko's inheritance to Ante and reveals to Petar that Marko isn't Ante's father. Marija wants to move out of the Odak house and find work after Stipe gets better. Ranko sets up an ad in the paper for a nurse needed, which he is targeting Marija with. She finds this and he answers the phone, and Marija is shocked and moves back into the Odak house. Ranko then enlists Mila's help to find Marija.
Cast
Current cast members
Recurring cast members
Former cast members
Production
A television studio of 900 square meters was built to record Wind Rose. The studio has 13 sets, four sets of external and nine sets in the studio. The team counts 80 members, the main cast does 21 people, a day pass through the production of at least 130 people. The originator of the idea was Wind Rose producer Dinko Paleka, who on this project for three years. Besides him, the story elaborates John Delas and Tomislav Štefanac under the supervision of Garth Brooks.
Reception
The first two episodes were recorded viewership of 7.9% (330,000 viewers), which entered the series in the top 10 most watched show that day. On 2012 Valentine's Day series was recorded viewership of 10.7%, a few days later it was announced that the Ruža vjetrova during February was the most watched in Dalmatia, where it follows the 27.5% average viewer. The new list is attached to TV in April 2012, announcing that soap opera attracts around 410,000 spectators, which is 9.8 percent of the total population.
Broadcasters
References
External links
2011 Croatian television series debuts
2013 Croatian television series endings
Croatian television soap operas
2010s Croatian television series
RTL (Croatian TV channel) original programming |
Ch'oeusu () is a North Korean sporting goods manufacturing unit. It operates under the authority of the Ministry of Physical Culture and Sports and has been the official kit provider for the North Korea national football team since 2014. Choeusu also produces footballs, volleyballs and goal-netting, among others.
References
Sportswear brands
North Korea at multi-sport events |
Kevin Sousa may refer to:
Kevin Sousa (chef), American chef
Kevin Sousa (footballer), Cabo Verdean footballer |
When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth (titled When Dinosaurs Ruled the World in the U.K.) is a 1970 British science fiction film from Hammer Films, written and directed by Val Guest, and starring Victoria Vetri. It was produced by Aida Young. This was the third in Hammer's "Cave Girl" series, preceded by One Million Years B.C. (1966) and Prehistoric Women (1967); it was followed by Creatures the World Forgot (1971).
Plot
The Cliff Tribe led by Kingsor are about to sacrifice three blonde women to their Sun God, but one of the women, Sanna, escapes and is rescued by fishermen of the Seaside Tribe, among whom is Tara, who becomes enamoured with her.
Tara takes Sanna to his people, who also worship the Sun God, but without sacrifices. After building a hut for herself, she joins them at a celebration of a successful hunt, in which the men have captured a plesiosaur. The plesiosaur breaks free, but is subsequently killed and butchered. Ayak, a brunette woman who is jealous of Tara's feelings for Sanna, denounces Sanna as a witch and incites the elder women against her.
Kingsor and his men arrive, looking for Sanna. She flees, and hunters of her former tribe, led by Kane, give chase. During the search, the hunters are attacked by a Chasmosaurus, which gores Kane. When Tara seeks Sanna, the Chasmosaurus charges him and injures Khaku, one of his companions. He is chased to a cliff, where the Chasmosaurus loses its footing and plunges to its death. Khaku dies of his injuries shortly after, while Kane's wounds are tended to by the Seaside tribeswoman Ulido.
Khaku's funeral pyre at the shore is followed by a tribal frenzy during which an enraged Ayak burns down Sanna's hut. Sanna meanwhile becomes trapped by a carnivorous plant, and cuts off a portion of her hair in order to escape. As Tara goes looking for Sanna, he finds her hair trapped beneath the plant and assumes she is dead. Satisfied by this, Sanna's former tribe stop hunting her and join with Tara's tribe, with Kane, now healed, marrying Ulido.
Sanna seeks shelter in a Megalosaurus nest, fooling the mother and its baby into thinking she is one of them. Sanna grows attached to the baby and plays hide-and-seek with it, as well as teaching it to sit. Tara meanwhile sees one of the women in Sanna's tribe dyeing her daughter's hair with tar, in an attempt to prevent her from being sacrificed like Sanna.
Some weeks later, while Tara is hiking back to his tribe, which has been taken over by the overzealous Kingsor, he is carried off by a giant Rhamphorhynchus. After killing the pterosaur, he finds Sanna and her tamed dinosaur. They are subsequently discovered and Tara is sacrificed to a Tylosaurus by Kingsor. Tara manages to escape and returns to Sanna.
The tribe then goes searching for Sanna again, and the two run away into a forest, where Sanna's dinosaur "parent" rescues her, but Tara is recaptured and the tribe prepare to burn him. The coastline, however, begins to recede, and the tribe is attacked by giant crabs. As a tsunami looms overhead, Sanna arrives to save Tara and they escape with Kane and Ulido aboard a raft. Kingsor tries to command the water to heal in a last effort to appease his deities, only to be swept away. While Ayak is running towards the raft, she steps into a trap of quicksand and is sucked down to her death. As the waters calm, the four survivors stop to witness a lunar eclipse, left in awe by the creation of the Moon above them.
Cast
Victoria Vetri as Sanna
Robin Hawdon as Tara
Patrick Allen as Kingsor / Narrator
Drewe Henley as Khaku
Sean Caffrey as Kane
Magda Konopka as Ulido
Imogen Hassall as Ayak
Patrick Holt as Ammon
Carol Hawkins as Yani
Production
Writing
Director Val Guest's screenplay was based on a treatment by J. G. Ballard (author of Empire of the Sun). But like Hammer's other prehistoric films, When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth anachronistically portrays the dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era from about living alongside Homo sapiens of the Late Quaternary Period (±200,000 years ago). The film's characters use a language that was specially written for the film, albeit of only a dozen words or so, a frequent one being "neekro", which means "kill", and also "akita", which is heard many times.
Special effects
The effects unit at Bray Studios was used on the production. The stop-motion animation creature effects were created by Jim Danforth, assisted by David W. Allen and Roger Dicken, with each model costing over $3,000 each on average. Allen made the crab puppet, which was made from a real crab shell, though Dicken modified it with horns and spikes in order to make it look less plain. Dicken sculpted the plesiosaur, the Tylosaurus, the feet of the Rhamphorhynchus and model humans used in scenes where characters interacted directly with the creatures.
Due to lack of time and money, and a violent altercation between Danforth and James Carreras, many scenes were canceled, including one that featured giant ants which would have been portrayed through an articulated, dog-sized model created by Dicken for close-up shots.
Filming
Exteriors were shot on Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. Locations included Maspalomas beach, Ansite Mountain, Amurga, and Caldera de Tejeda. Guest recalled, "there was one enormous German hotel and practically nothing else on the island, there was one awful road, that you went by jeep; you got there by boat, there was no airport or anything. [...] We planned very, very, carefully."
Release
The film had its world premiere on 1 October 1970 in London with a U.K. general release on 25 October 1970. It was released in the United States debuting in San Francisco on 10
February 1971.
Home video
The film was released on DVD as an exclusive from Best Buy with a G-rating, but was quickly recalled because it was the original uncut version and contained nudity; it is now a collector's item. The uncut version was also released on Blu-ray in the United States on 28 February 2017 and DVD on 4 April by Warner Archive.
Reception
Box office
The film was popular at the box office. In the United States the film grossed $1.25 million at the box office.
Award and nominations
The film was nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 44th Academy Awards in 1971. It lost to the Disney film Bedknobs and Broomsticks. The nomination was given to Jim Danforth and Roger Dicken.
Homage and tributes
The special effects are considered a benchmark in portraying realistic stop-motion animation effects. The film's title is referenced in Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park with a large rectangular banner hanging in the island's visitors' center. The banner later plays a visibly prominent role in the final action sequence as the film ends.
See also
List of films featuring dinosaurs
References
External links
When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth at the British Film Institute
1970 animated films
1970 films
1970s science fiction films
1970s fantasy adventure films
British fantasy adventure films
British science fiction horror films
1970s English-language films
Films about dinosaurs
Fictional-language films
Films directed by Val Guest
Films shot in the Canary Islands
Films using stop-motion animation
Adventure horror films
Giant monster films
Hammer Film Productions films
British natural horror films
Prehistoric people in popular culture
Films based on works by J. G. Ballard
Films scored by Mario Nascimbene
Films produced by Aida Young
1970s British films |
7 Pecados Rurais is a 2013 Portuguese film directed by Nicolau Breyner. It was the Portuguese film with the largest number of admissions in Portugal in 2013 with 281,423.
References
External links
Portuguese comedy films |
MX vs. ATV Alive is an off-road racing game developed by THQ Digital Studio Phoenix and published by THQ. The game is the fourth title in the MX vs. ATV series, following MX vs. ATV Reflex, and the last game in the series published by THQ. MX vs. ATV Alive was released on May 10, 2011 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was the first THQ game to be launched with a new pricing model, where the game would be sold at a lower retail price than most new releases ($39.99 in the United States), but with a larger amount of paid downloadable content. A later installment of the series, MX vs. ATV: All Out, also utilized a similar pricing model.
Reception
MX vs. ATV Alive was released to mixed reviews; its PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions attained an aggregate score of 61 and 63 on Metacritic, respectively. Much of its criticism was directed towards the game's intentional lack of much initial content due to its DLC-oriented structure. In particular, Computer and Video Games felt that the business model was interesting, but made the resulting game "overly minimal to point of it feeling like a rip off despite the slightly lower price tag".
GameZone gave the game a 7.5/10, considering it to be "an enjoyable, competent off-road racer that succeeds due to its impressive style but struggles from some glaring limitations". While its overall gameplay was considered to be enjoyable and comparable to an arcade-style game, graphical glitches were seen once in a while, and the lack of courses resulting from their slow unlock time led to a repetitive experience.
GameSpot and IGN praised the aggressive racing, varied track designs, and player customization options, while criticizing the lack of a career mode, lack of gameplay modes, and frustrating unlock system.
After Nordic Games acquired MX vs. ATV and THQ's other remaining franchises during their April 2013 liquidation, the company responded to queries on the game's forum regarding missing, unreleased servers and unannounced multiplayer server shutdowns for the game, and stated that they would look into the issues.
References
External links
2011 video games
Crossover racing games
Motorcycle video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
MX vs. ATV
PlayStation 3 games
Rainbow Studios games
THQ games
Video game franchises
Video games developed in the United States
Xbox 360 games |
Pellegrino Tomeoni (ca.1721, Lucca – ca.1816, Lucca) was an Italian composer and organist.
Life
Pellegrino studied in Naples and returned to his native Lucca in 1748 where he was involved with the Teatro Tasche.
He was subsequently maestro di cappella at the collegiate church in Camaiore (1750 1778), at St. Michele in Foro in Lucca (1779 1785) and at the collegiate church in Pietrasanta (1785 1816).
His son Florindo (1755–1820) was also a composer. His daughter Irene Tomeoni (Dutillieu) (1763–1830) was an Italian soprano. She performed in Vienna in the 1790s and beyond. On December 18, 1795, she performed in a concert produced by Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) which also featured newcomer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827). According to Theodore Albrecht, a Beethoven historian, Hayden sold tickets from his third floor apartment.
Compositions
Operas
Dione siracusano, (Lucca 1750)
Il Narsete, generale di Giustiniano imperatore, (Lucca 1770)
Marzio Coriolano, (Lucca 1773)
Sacred works
Magnificat - G major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Mass - C major; V (3), Coro, orch, (US-LOu)
Mass (I-Ls)
Mass sections and psalms, 4–8vv, (I-Ls)
Magnificat, 8vv, (I-Ls)
motets, (I-Ls)
Beatus vir - F major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Confitebor - G major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Credidi - A minor; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Dixit Dominus - A major; Coro (2), bc, (D-MÜs)
Dixit Dominus - C major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Domine ad adjuvandum - C major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Domine ad adjuvandum - D major; Coro (2), bc, (D-MÜs)
Domine probasti me - D minor; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
In convertendo - C major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
In exitu Israel - G major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
La Confession - V, pf, (D-MÜs)
Laetatus sum - F major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Lauda Jerusalem - D major; V (4), Coro (ad lib.?), bc, (D-MÜs)
Lauda Jerusalem - E minor; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Laudate pueri - D major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Nisi Dominus - C major; V (4), Coro, bc, (D-MÜs)
Instrumental
Toccatas, org (La Verna Library)
Theoretical works
Regole pratiche per accompagnare il basso continuo, esposte in dialoghi per facilitare il possesso alla principiante gioventù (Florence, 1795)
Sources
RISM: Results of advanced search done for "Tomeoni, Pellegrino" at RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales).
M. Duella : Musiche per organo del Settecento lucchese (Brescia, 1986)
James L. Jackman / Gabriella Biagi Ravenni : Tomeoni, Pellegrino in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
Notes
External links
1720s births
1816 deaths
Italian male classical composers
18th-century Italian composers
Italian musicologists
18th-century Italian male musicians |
Eupithecia zombensis is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Tanzania.
References
Moths described in 1990
zombensis
Moths of Africa |
Cryptophyllium westwoodii is a species of leaf insect in the family Phylliidae. It is distributed from southern China, the Andaman islands, Myanmar, Indo-China, Sumatra and the Riouw Archipelago.
References
External links
Phasmida Species File. Brock P.
Phylliidae
Insects described in 1875
Phasmatodea of Indo-China |
Ruth Godfrey was a World Series of Poker champion in the 1981 $400 Ladies - Limit 7 Card Stud event.
As of 2008, her total WSOP tournament winnings exceed $19,150.
Godfrey won the $400 Ladies Seven Card Stud event at the 1981 Super Bowl of Poker.
World Series of Poker Bracelet
References
American poker players
Female poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Super Bowl of Poker event winners
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
Annemarie Reinhard (official name after marriage Annemarie Gode) (29 November 1921 – 10 November 1976) was a German writer.
Life
Annemarie Reinhard was born in Dresden. After her finishing high school, she worked as a tailor. She joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in 1948. A friendship connected her with Danish author Martin Andersen Nexø. She began in 1949 to publish her literary works. Together with her husband, the writer Götz Gode, she lived in Dresden until her death.
Annemarie Reinhard wrote novels and narratives for adults and children. Her novel Treibgut dealt with the fate of two refugee orphans after World War II, Tag im Nebel is the history of an escape from the French Foreign Legion and Flucht aus Hohenwaldau is themed around the state organized Nazi eugenics during the Third Reich.
Annemarie Reinhard was a member of the Schriftstellerverband of East Germany and functioned as chairwoman of the Bezirk Dresden association from 1956. She would receive the 1960 Heinrich Mann Prize and the 1964 Martin Andersen Nexö Kunstpreis of the City of Dresden.
Works
Treibgut, Dresden 1949
Wegweiser, Dresden 1952
In den Sommer hinein, Dresden 1953
Tag im Nebel, Berlin 1958
Sieben Körner Reis, Berlin 1960
Brigitte macht die Probe, Berlin 1963
Flucht aus Hohenwaldau, Berlin 1970
Ferien beim Rattenfänger, Berlin 1980
Genossenschaftsbauern – "Helden der Arbeit", Wegbereiter des neuen Lebens, 1953 with Walter Stranka
Translations
Janina Dziarnowska: Das Haus an der Rennbahn, Dresden 1953
External links
Literature by and on Annemarie Reinhard in the Catlog of the German National Library
1921 births
1976 deaths
Writers from Dresden
Heinrich Mann Prize winners
20th-century German women writers |
John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, KG, PC (9 January 1662 – 15 July 1711) was an English peer.
Early life
Holles was born in Edwinstowe, Nottinghamshire, the son of the 3rd Earl of Clare and his wife Grace Pierrepont. Grace was a daughter of The Hon. William Pierrepont and granddaughter of the 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull.
Politics
Holles was elected MP for Nottinghamshire as Lord Houghton on 14 January 1689, but was called to the House of Lords two days later when his father died and he became the 4th Earl of Clare. He was created the Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, of the 2nd creation, in 1694. The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne is a title which was created three times in British history. The first creation had become extinct when his father-in-law Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, died without a male heir. On 30 May 1698, he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Garter.
Family
On 1 March 1690, Holles married his first cousin, Lady Margaret Cavendish, a daughter of Henry Cavendish. They had one child, Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles (1694–1755), who married the 2nd Earl of Oxford and Mortimer and was mother to Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland.
In 1710 he purchased Wimpole Park in Cambridgeshire and the Manor of Marylebone. The Marylebone lands passed to his son-in-law Harley who named Holles Street in his memory.
A rivalry was formed between John and his sister, Elizabeth, when she married Christopher Vane, 1st Baron Barnard.
Death
The duke died in 1711 from injuries received in a fall from his horse while hunting near Welbeck. He left his Cavendish estates to his son-in-law, Edward Harley (later 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer) and the remainder of his property to his nephew Thomas Pelham, subsequently 1st Duke of Newcastle (third creation) and prime minister. He was buried on 9 August 1711 in St. John's Chapel in Westminster Abbey. A large monument to Holles stands in the north transept of the abbey. Designed by James Gibbs and carved by Francis Bird with the aid of John Michael Rysbrack, it consists of a reclining figure of Holles flanked by statues representing Wisdom and Sincerity.
Records
Correspondence and estate records of John Holles, including letters to his wife, are held at the department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham, principally in the Holles Papers (Pw 2), part of the Portland (Welbeck) Collection.
References
External links
Biography of John Holles, Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, with links to online catalogues, on the website of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham
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1662 births
1711 deaths
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Deaths by horse-riding accident in England
21
Earls of Clare
English MPs 1689–1690
Garter Knights appointed by William III
Hunting accident deaths
Lord-Lieutenants of Middlesex
Lord-Lieutenants of Nottinghamshire
Lord-Lieutenants of the East Riding of Yorkshire
Lord-Lieutenants of the North Riding of Yorkshire
Marylebone
People from Edwinstowe |
Keathley Canyon is an undersea canyon in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone in the Gulf of Mexico. The canyon is named for the hydrographic survey ship USNS Sergeant George D. Keathley (T-AGS-35).
The Canyon is rich in oil fields. The major oilfields at the Keathley Canyon are Tiber, Kaskida, Lucius, and Buckskin. Many oil companies, including Chevron Corporation, BP, Anadarko Petroleum, ExxonMobil, Repsol, Shell, Devon Energy, BHP, Eni, Navitas Petroleum and Total have leased the rights to drill for oil in this area.
In June, 2011, ExxonMobil announced two major oil and gas discoveries in Keathley Canyon blocks 918, 919, and 964 (Hadrian field) southwest of New Orleans, with combined estimated reserves of . The find was "the company’s first deepwater exploration well following a U.S. moratorium" after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf in 2010 and "one of the largest discoveries in the Gulf ... in the last decade." "Exxon holds a 50% working interest in four ... blocks. Units owned by Petrobras and Eni hold a 25% interest in three of the blocks. Petrobras also owns 50% of one of the blocks."
References
Submarine canyons of the Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico oil fields of the United States |
QL may refer to:
.QL, an object-oriented query language used to retrieve data from relational database management systems
QL (chemical), the chemical isopropyl aminoethylmethyl phosphonite, a precursor to the nerve agent VX (NATO code)
Quadratus lumborum muscle, a muscle in the lower back
Query language, computer languages used to make queries into databases and information systems
ATCvet code QL (Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents), a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System for veterinary medicinal products
Sinclair QL, a 1980s home and personal computer by Sinclair Research
Bedford QL, a three-ton military 4x4 truck by Bedford Vehicles
Philips QL, an induction lighting system by Philips; see electrodeless lamp
Le Québécois Libre, a political webzine
Queensland, Australia
Queen Latifah, American hip-hop artist, singer and Oscar-nominated actress |
Delta Electricity is an electricity generation company in Australia. The company was formed by the Government of New South Wales in 1996 as part of its reform of the electricity sector in the State, which saw the breakup of the Electricity Commission of New South Wales. Delta Electricity, which at the time owned only the Vales Point Power Station, was sold to Sunset Power International for $1 million in November 2015 and was valued at $730 million 2 years later. It has a portfolio of generating sites mainly using thermal coal power.
Generation portfolio
Delta Electricity, as a State-owned corporation has owned and operated the following power stations to generate electricity for sale under contract. Since December 2015, Delta Electricity only operates the Vales Point Power Station.
History
Delta Electricity was formed by the Government of New South Wales in 1996 as part of its reform of the electricity sector in the State, which saw the breakup of the Electricity Commission of New South Wales.
Following a report by the Health Rivers Commission, in 1998 the Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning, Craig Knowles, announced that a small hydro-electric power station would be installed in the Chichester Dam to generate electricity, reduce greenhouse emissions and allow surplus power to be sold back to the State grid. The mini-power station was completed in 2001 and operated by Delta Electricity, and generates up to of electricity at times of peak flow; with an average annual generation of .
As the Keneally Labor government moved to privatise components of the electricity industry in New South Wales including the electricity trading rights of Delta Electricity, on 14 December 2010 four of the five directors of Delta (including the chairman) suddenly stood down in protest over the proposed sale. On 28 February 2011, at the direction of the New South Wales Government, the newly constituted Board of Delta entered into contracts with energy retailer, TRUenergy, for the supply of electricity under Generation Trading Agreements from the Wallerawang and Mount Piper Power Stations. A subsequent NSW Parliamentary Inquiry was held, but the directors of Delta who resigned refused to give evidence before the Inquiry unless guarantees of parliamentary privilege would be given by the Government. Keneally refused to provides guarantees and, according to the Inquiry chairman, the Government stymied the Inquiry's ability to uncover the facts as to the resignation of the directors.
In May 2012, the New South Wales Parliament passed legislation to sell the State-owned generators. In July 2013, EnergyAustralia acquired from Delta Electricity Wallerawang and Mount Piper Power Stations, near Lithgow, New South Wales, for A$160 million. In November 2014, EnergyAustralia announced that it would permanently close Wallerawang due to ongoing reduced energy demand, lack of access to competitively priced coal and the power station's high operating costs. EnergyAustralia began the process of removing useful equipment from the station in 2015 and began demolition of the site when this process has been completed.
In early 2015, the Colongra Power Station at Lake Munmorah was sold to Snowy Hydro. In November 2015, Delta Electricity, which at the time owned only the Vales Point Power Station, was sold to Sunset Power International for $1 million. Delta Electricity was dissolved in October 2016. The NSW Government retained ownership of the decommissioned Munmorah Power Station (Generation Property Management) which is being demolished.
References
External links
Delta Electricity
Government-owned companies of New South Wales
Electric power companies of Australia |
The Cayman Islands sent 39 athletes (33 males, 6 females) to the XXIst Central American and Caribbean Games in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, July 17 - August 1, 2010.
The athletes participated in athletics (10), beach volleyball (2), equestrian (1), karate do (1), rugby (12), sailing (3), squash (4) and swimming (6).
Medalists
Gold
Shaune Fraser, Swimming (Men's 200 Free)
Silver
Brett Fraser, Swimming (Men's 200 Free)
Brett Fraser, Swimming (Men's 200 Back)
Bronze
Shaune Fraser, Swimming (Men's 100 Free)
Results by event
Athletics
Beach Volleyball
Equestrian
Karate Do
Rugby
Sailing
Squash
Swimming
Lara Butler (f)
Summer Flowers (f)
Tori Flowers (f)
Brett Fraser (m)
Shaune Fraser (m)
Seije Groome (m)
References
External links
Nations at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
2010
2010 in Caymanian sport |
The women's welterweight is a competition featured at the 2017 World Taekwondo Championships, and was held at the Taekwondowon in Muju County, South Korea on June 26 and June 27. Welterweight were limited to a maximum of 67 kilograms in body mass.
Medalists
Results
Legend
DQ — Won by disqualification
P — Won by punitive declaration
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
Draw
External links
Official website
Women's 67
2017
World 67 |
Marie Williams may refer to:
Marie Selika Williams (c. 1849–1937), American coloratura soprano
Marie Victoria Williams (1882–1955), South African classicist |
Great Beauty may refer to:
Great oak beauty or Hypomecis roboraria, a moth of the family Geometridae
Great Auspicious Beauty, one of Seventeen Tantras of Menngagde, styles of meditation and ritual
A Great and Terrible Beauty, 2003 fantasy novel by Libba Bray
The Great Beauty, 2013 Italian film
See also
Four Great Beauties, four ancient Chinese women |
Neethan Shanmugarajah (; born December 24, 1978), is a Canadian politician who represented Ward 42 Scarborough—Rouge River on Toronto City Council from 2017 to 2018. Shan was the first Tamil Canadian to sit on council.
Early life and family
Shan was born on December 24, 1978, in Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka. His father was from Neduntivu and his mother from Analaitivu. He moved to Canada as a refugee in 1995 aged 16.
Shan is married to Thaadsha Navaneethan and has two sons.
Education and early career
Shan completed an honours bachelor of science (BSc) from the University of Toronto in 2001 and a bachelor of education (BEd) from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) in 2003. He later received a master of education (MEd) in sociology and equity studies in education from OISE in 2012.
Shan began his career as a youth outreach worker in Malvern, Toronto. In 2001, aged 22, he became executive director of Canadian Tamil Youth Development Centre (CanTYD), a social service agency. He then became manager of youth programs at Malvern Family Resource Centre. In 2007 he became executive director of Council of Agencies Serving South Asians.
Shan was vice-chair of the National Council of Canadian Tamils and chair of the Tamil Heritage Month Committee, which he founded in 2009. He has served numerous other community groups including Better Ballot Initiative; Boreal Institute for Civil Society (project director); Canadian Tamil Congress; Community Use of Schools Council; Malvern Community Coalition; Parent Action on Drugs (project coordinator); Scarborough Youth Task Group; Tsunami Relief Coordinating Committee; and the Youth Gang Work Group. He is also involved with Canadian Multicultural Radio and Tamil Vision International.
Political career
Public school trustee
Shan unsuccessfully ran for York Region District School Board (YRDSB) public school trustee for wards 7 and 8 in the 2003 Markham elections. He was later elected to the school board following the 2006 Markham election.
In January 2016, Shan was elected in a by-election to be the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) public school trustee for Ward 21 Scarborough—Rouge River. Shan assumed the trustee seat for Ward 17 in June 2022 after David Smith became the MPP for Scarborough Centre.
Provincial politics
Shan took a leave of absence from the YRDSB to run in the 2007 provincial election as the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) candidate in Scarborough—Guildwood but failed to get elected and returned to the school board. He sought the Scarborough—Rouge River seat in the 2011 Ontario general election.
In April 2012, Shan was elected president of the Ontario New Democratic Party.
Shan ran in the 2014 Ontario general election as the NDP's candidate in Scarborough—Rouge River. He contested the Ontario provincial by-election in Scarborough—Rouge River held in September 2016 as the NDP's candidate but again failed to get elected.
Shan was nominated as the Ontario New Democratic Party candidate in the provincial riding of Scarborough Centre for the 2022 Ontario general election, but again failed to win.
Toronto City Councillor
Shan ran in the 2010 Toronto election as a candidate for Ward 42 Scarborough—Rouge River on Toronto City Council but failed to get elected. He ran again in the 2014 Toronto municipal election.
In February 2017, following the resignation of Councillor Raymond Cho, the Scarborough—Rouge River seat became vacant. Running in the subsequent by-election and was elected to Toronto City Council, becoming the first Tamil Canadian to serve on the council. He ran for re-election in the 2018 municipal election in the new Ward 25 Scarborough—Rouge Park after the province aligned Toronto's 44 wards to match the federal and provincial electoral divisions. He was ultimately defeated by newcomer Jennifer McKelvie by 154 votes.
Electoral record
Ontario Legislative Assembly
|align="left" colspan=2|Liberal notional hold
|align="right"|Swing
|align="right"| -4.02
|
Toronto City Council
Toronto District School Board
York Region District School Board
References
Notes
1978 births
21st-century Canadian politicians
Canadian community activists
Canadian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Living people
Ontario New Democratic Party candidates in Ontario provincial elections
People from Jaffna
Sri Lankan emigrants to Canada
Sri Lankan Tamil activists
Tamil politicians
Sri Lankan Tamil teachers
Toronto city councillors
Toronto District School Board trustees
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian people of Sri Lankan descent |
The 1911–12 season was the 41st season of competitive football in England.
Overview
Blackburn Rovers won the First Division title for the first time.
Preston North End and Bury were relegated, to be replaced by Second Division Champions Derby County and runners up, Chelsea.
Barnsley won the FA Cup in a replayed final against West Bromwich Albion; Manchester Utd won the Charity Shield with a spectacular 8–4 victory over Swindon Town.
Events
Grimsby Town returned to the Second Division after a season away. Lincoln City were the team to make way for them.
In March, Justice A.T. Lawrence established the legality of the football league's retain-and-transfer system with his judgement in the Kingaby case. Former Aston Villa player Herbert Kingaby had brought legal proceedings against his old club for preventing him from playing. Erroneous strategy by Kingaby's counsel resulted in the suit being dismissed.
Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition
League tables
First Division
Second Division
References |
Georges de Paris (24 or 28 September 1934 – 13 September 2015) was a French tailor who is often referred to as having been the President of the United States' unofficial tailor or the tailor to the Presidents. Paris fashioned suits for every American President from Lyndon Johnson to Barack Obama.
Biography
De Paris was born in Marseilles, France in 1934. He eventually moved to the United States and lived in Washington, D.C., with a young woman in 1960. After their separation, he found himself homeless, reportedly bathing in the Potomac. He managed to save money to buy a sewing machine and his reputation grew until President Johnson ordered his suits at the suggestion of Otto Passman. He also enjoyed wine and cheese, especially after work at the Washington, D.C., restaurant Old Ebbitt Grill.
De Paris died at the age of 81 in Arlington, Virginia on 13 September 2015 of prostate cancer.
Sources
1934 births
2015 deaths
Greek emigrants to the United States |
Toy Story is a 1995 American animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The first installment in the Toy Story franchise, it was the first entirely computer-animated feature film, as well as the first feature film from Pixar. It was directed by John Lasseter (in his feature directorial debut) and produced by Bonnie Arnold and Ralph Guggenheim, from a screenplay written by Joss Whedon, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen, and Alec Sokolow and a story by Lasseter, Stanton, Pete Docter, and Joe Ranft. The film features music by Randy Newman, and was executive-produced by Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull. The film features the voices of Tom Hanks, Tim Allen, Don Rickles, Jim Varney, Wallace Shawn, John Ratzenberger, Annie Potts, R. Lee Ermey, John Morris, Laurie Metcalf, and Erik von Detten.
Taking place in a world where toys come to life when humans are not present, the plot of Toy Story focuses on the relationship between an old-fashioned pullstring cowboy doll named Woody and a modern space cadet action figure, Buzz Lightyear, as Woody develops jealousy towards Buzz when he becomes their owner Andy's favorite toy.
Following the success of Tin Toy, a short film that was released in 1988, Pixar was approached by Disney to produce a computer-animated feature film that was told from a small toy's perspective. Lasseter, Stanton, and Docter wrote early story treatments, which were rejected by Disney, who wanted the film's tone to be "edgier". After several disastrous story reels, production was halted and the script was rewritten to better reflect the tone and theme Pixar desired: "toys deeply want children to play with them, and ... this desire drives their hopes, fears, and actions". The studio, then consisting of a relatively small number of employees, produced Toy Story under only minor financial constraints.
Toy Story premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 19, 1995, and was released in theaters in North America on November 22 of that year. It was the highest-grossing film during its opening weekend, eventually grossing over $373 million worldwide, making it the second highest-grossing film of 1995. The film received critical acclaim and holds a approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. It was praised for the technical innovation of the 3D animation, script, Newman's score, appeal to all age groups, and vocal performances (particularly Hanks and Allen); it is considered by many to be one of the best animated films ever made and, due to its status as the first computer-animated film, one of the most important films ever made. The film received three Academy Award nominations (Best Original Screenplay (the first animated film to be nominated for this award), Best Original Song for "You've Got a Friend in Me", and Best Original Score) as well as honoring a non-competitive Special Achievement Academy Award.
In 2005, Toy Story was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", one of seven films designated in its first year of eligibility. The success of Toy Story launched a multimedia franchise and a series of three sequels, starting with Toy Story 2 (1999), and the spin-off film Lightyear (2022), with a fourth sequel planned. The film also had a theatrical 3D re-release in 2009 as a part of a double feature with the second film.
Plot
A group of living toys are preparing to move into a new house with their owner Andy Davis, his sister Molly and their single mother. The toys become uneasy when Andy has his birthday party a week early. Sheriff Woody, Andy's favorite toy and their de facto leader, sends Sarge and his green army men to spy on the gift opening with a baby monitor. The other toys (which include Mr. Potato Head, Slinky Dog, Rex the tyrannosaur, Hamm the piggy bank, and Bo Peep the porcelain doll) are relieved when Andy receives nothing that could replace them. However, Andy receives a last-minute surprise gift – a Buzz Lightyear action figure who believes he is an actual Space Ranger. Buzz impresses the other toys with his various features and becomes Andy's new favorite toy, making Woody jealous.
Two days before the move, Andy's family plans for a dinner at Pizza Planet, where Andy is allowed to bring along only one toy; to ensure Andy chooses him and not Buzz, Woody tries using the radio-controlled car RC to knock Buzz behind the desk, but accidentally knocks him out the open bedroom window instead. Most of the other toys believe Woody deliberately tried to kill Buzz, but Andy arrives and takes Woody before they can exact revenge. A furious Buzz stows away in the car, and confronts Woody when the car stops at a gas station on the way to Pizza Planet. The two fight, fall out of the car, and are left behind.
After a further argument, the two hitch a ride on a Pizza Planet delivery truck and sneak into the restaurant. Buzz mistakenly believes a claw crane full of Little Green Men to be a true rocket, and Woody climbs in after him. Andy's sadistic next-door neighbor Sid spots and captures the two and takes them to his house, where they encounter his Bull Terrier Scud and his much-abused "mutant" toys made from parts of other toys he has destroyed.
As Woody tries to find an escape route, Buzz is shocked by a TV commercial that reveals he is indeed a toy. He attempts to fly, but breaks his arm off and has a mental breakdown. After Sid's toys fix Buzz, Sid returns and tapes Buzz to a rocket, but a thunderstorm forces him to delay the launch until the next morning. Overnight, Woody helps Buzz realize that his purpose is making Andy happy, restoring Buzz's resolve. Sid takes Buzz out to launch him, but Woody rallies the mutant toys to frighten Sid into never harming toys again, freeing Buzz.
Woody and Buzz pursue Andy's moving truck, but Scud sees them and gives chase, biting Woody. Buzz fights off Scud, while Woody, freed, climbs into the truck and pushes RC out, using him to distract Scud and rescue Buzz. The other toys, thinking Woody is now trying to get rid of RC as well, toss Woody back into the street. Having escaped Scud, Buzz and Woody pursue the truck on RC, and the other toys spot them coming and realize their error. During the chase, RC's batteries run out, forcing Woody to ignite the rocket still strapped to Buzz. As they launch towards the truck, they become airborne, and Woody drops RC into the truck. Buzz opens his wings to sever the tape just before the rocket explodes; he and Woody glide over the truck and fall through the sunroof of Andy's car, landing safely beside Andy.
At Christmas, in the new house, Sarge and his men spy on the gift opening again while the other toys wait. Mr. Potato Head is delighted when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head, and Woody and Buzz jokingly ponder what gift could be "worse" than Buzz, only to nervously smile at each other when Andy gets a dachshund puppy.
Voice cast
Tom Hanks as Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll who is Andy's favorite toy.
Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear, a Space Ranger action figure, Andy's second favorite toy, and Woody's rival, who later becomes his best friend.
Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head, a cynical potato-shaped doll with put-together pieces on his body.
Jim Varney as Slinky Dog, a dachshund slinky toy.
Wallace Shawn as Rex, a nervous green Tyrannosaurus figurine.
John Ratzenberger as Hamm, a smart-talking piggy bank.
Annie Potts as Bo Peep, a porcelain shepherdess doll and Woody's love interest.
John Morris as Andy Davis, the toys' owner.
Erik von Detten as Sid Phillips, Andy's next-door neighbor, who destroys toys for fun.
Laurie Metcalf as Mrs. Davis, Andy and Molly's single mother.
R. Lee Ermey as Sergeant, the leader of a large troop of plastic green army men.
Jeff Pidgeon as Aliens, crane game toys at Pizza Planet.
Sarah Freeman as Hannah Phillips, Sid's younger sister.
Penn Jillette as the Buzz Lightyear TV commercial announcer.
Mickie McGowan as Mrs. Phillips, the unseen mother of Sid and Hannah.
Production
Development
John Lasseter's first experience with computer animation was during his work as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation, when two of his friends showed him the light-cycle scene from Tron. It was an eye-opening experience that awakened Lasseter to the possibilities offered by the new medium of computer-generated animation. Lasseter tried to pitch The Brave Little Toaster as a fully computer-animated film to Disney, but the idea was rejected and Lasseter was fired. He then went on to work at Lucasfilm and in 1986, he became a founding member of Pixar. In 1986, Pixar was purchased by entrepreneur and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs. At Pixar, Lasseter created short, computer-animated films to show off the Pixar Image Computer's capabilities. In 1988, Lasseter produced the short film Tin Toy, which was told from the perspective of a toy, referencing Lasseter's love of classic toys. Tin Toy won the 1989 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, the first computer-generated film to do so.
Tin Toy gained Disney's attention, and the new team at The Walt Disney Company, CEO Michael Eisner and chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg in the film division, sought to get Lasseter to come back. Lasseter, grateful for Jobs' faith in him, felt compelled to stay with Pixar, telling co-founder Ed Catmull, "I can go to Disney and be a director, or I can stay here and make history." Katzenberg realized he could not lure Lasseter back to Disney and therefore set plans into motion to ink a production deal with Pixar to produce a film. Disney had always made all their movies in-house and refused to change this. But when Tim Burton, who used to work at Disney, wanted to buy back the rights to The Nightmare Before Christmas, Disney struck a deal allowing him to make it as a Disney film outside the studio. This allowed Pixar to make their movies outside Disney.
Both sides were willing. Catmull and fellow Pixar co-founder Alvy Ray Smith had long wanted to produce a computer-animated feature, but only by the early 1990s were the computers cheap and powerful enough to make this possible. In addition, Disney had licensed Pixar's Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), and that made it the largest customer for Pixar's computers. Jobs made it apparent to Katzenberg that although Disney was happy with Pixar, it was not the other way around: "We want to do a film with you," said Jobs. "That would make us happy."
Catmull, Smith, and head of animation Ralph Guggenheim met with Walt Disney Feature Animation president Peter Schneider in the summer of 1990 to discuss making a feature film, but they found the atmosphere to be puzzling and contentious. They later learned that while Katzenberg was pushing the idea of working with Pixar, Schneider did not want to bring in a non-Disney animation studio. Katzenberg arranged to meet directly with the Pixar contingent, this time including Lasseter and Jobs. The Pixar team proposed a Christmas television special, A Tin Toy Christmas, as a first step, but Katzenberg countered that as long as they were gearing up to transition from 30-second commercials to a half-hour special, they might as well go all the way and make a feature-length film. Katzenberg also made it clear that he was only working with Pixar to get access to Lasseter's talents, and that the Pixar team would be signing up to work with a self-described "tyrant" and micro-manager. However, he invited them to talk with Disney's animators and get their opinions on working under him and Lasseter was impressed with what he heard. The two companies began negotiations, although they disagreed on key points including whether Disney would get the rights to Pixar's animation technology or whether Pixar would retain partial ownership of the films, characters, and home video and sequel rights. As Pixar was nearing bankruptcy and desperate for funds, they settled on a deal that would allow Disney to have complete ownership and control of the films and characters, including the rights to make sequels without Pixar's involvement, while Pixar would get approximately 12.5% of ticket sales. These early negotiations became a point of contention between Jobs and Eisner for many years.
An agreement to produce a feature film based on Tin Toy with a working title of Toy Story was finalized, and production began soon thereafter.
Writing
Originally, Toy Story was going to feature "Tinny", the wind-up one-man band toy from the Tin Toy short film, along with "the dummy", a ventriloquist's dummy. While the film's premise was still about toys' desire to be played with by children, the rest of the film's script, which involved Tinny being left behind at a gas station, meeting up with the dummy, and having a series of adventures before finding their way into a kindergarten classroom where they can be played with every day, was quite different. Katzenberg was unhappy with the treatment drafted by Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and Pete Docter, as the two character's motivations were too similar. Instead, he encouraged them to write it as a buddy film, giving the two main characters contrasting personalities, and having them only become friends after being forced to work together. Lasseter, Stanton, and Docter delivered a revised treatment in September 1991 that more closely resembles the final version of the film: Tinny replaces the ventriloquist dummy as a child's favorite toy, their bickering causes them to be left behind at a gas station, they almost catch up to the family at a pizza restaurant, they have to escape a kid that mutilates toys, and the movie ends with a chase scene as the two toys try to catch up to the family's moving van.
The script went through many changes before the final version of it. Lasseter decided Tinny was "too antiquated"; the character was first changed to a military action figure in the likes of G.I. Joe and was then given a space theme. Tinny's name changed to Lunar Larry, then Tempus from Morph, and eventually Buzz Lightyear (after astronaut Buzz Aldrin). Lightyear's design was modeled on the suits worn by Apollo astronauts as well as the aforementioned G.I. Joe action figures. Also, the green and purple color scheme on Lightyear's suit was inspired by Lasseter and his wife, Nancy, whose favorite colors are green and purple, respectively. Woody was inspired by a Casper the Friendly Ghost doll that Lasseter had when he was a child; he was a ventriloquist's dummy with a pull-string (hence the name "Woody"). This was until character designer Bud Luckey suggested that Woody could be changed to a cowboy ventriloquist dummy. Lasseter liked the contrast between the Western and the science fiction genres and the character immediately changed. Eventually, all of the ventriloquist dummy aspects of the character were deleted as the dummy looked "sneaky and mean". However they kept the name "Woody" to pay homage to the Western actor Woody Strode. The story department drew inspiration from films such as Midnight Run and The Odd Couple, and Lasseter screened Hayao Miyazaki's Castle in the Sky for further influence.
Since Toy Storys script writers had little experience with feature films, they attended a seminar given by screenwriter Robert McKee. They were inspired by his guidance, based on Aristotle's Poetics, that the main character in a story should be defined by how they react to the obstacles they face, and that it is those obstacles that make characters interesting. Disney also appointed the duo Joel Cohen and Alec Sokolow and, later, Joss Whedon to help develop the script. Whedon thought that while the script did not work, it had "a great structure". He added the character of Rex and sought a pivotal role for a Barbie doll; the latter transformed into Bo Peep as Mattel would not license the character. Whedon also re-visioned Buzz Lightyear from being a dim-witted but cheerful and self-aware character to an action figure who isn't aware that he's a toy—an epiphany that transformed the film. A brainstorming session with members of Disney Animation's creative team resulted in the addition of the three-eyed squeaky toy aliens.
Casting
Katzenberg approved the script on January 19, 1993, at which point voice casting began. Paul Newman, who subsequently accepted the role of Doc Hudson in the 2006 Pixar film Cars, was considered for the role of Woody. Robin Williams and Clint Eastwood were also considered for Woody, but Lasseter always wanted Tom Hanks to play the role. Lasseter claimed that Hanks "has the ability to take emotions and make them appealing. Even if the character, like the one in A League of Their Own, is down-and-out and despicable." To gauge how an actor's voice might fit with a character, Lasseter borrowed a common Disney technique: animate a vocal monologue from a well-established actor to meld the actor's voice with the appearance or actions of the animated character. This early test footage, using Hanks' voice from Turner & Hooch, convinced Hanks to sign on to the film.
Billy Crystal was approached to play Buzz, and was given his own monologue, utilizing dialogue from When Harry Met Sally. However, he turned down the role, believing the film would be unsuccessful due to its animation. Crystal regretted this upon seeing the film; he subsequently accepted the role of Mike Wazowski in the 2001 Pixar film Monsters, Inc.. In addition to Crystal, Bill Murray, Chevy Chase and Jim Carrey, along with a number of other actors, including Jason Alexander, Dan Aykroyd, Matthew Broderick, Kevin Costner, Michael J. Fox, Richard Gere, David Hasselhoff, Michael Keaton, Wayne Knight, Bill Paxton, Dennis Quaid, Kurt Russell, Adam Sandler and John Travolta, were also considered for the role of Buzz. Lasseter took the role to Tim Allen, who was appearing in Disney's Home Improvement, and he accepted. Crystal later stated in an interview that he would not have been right as Buzz, and that Allen was "fantastic" in the role. Before Wallace Shawn and Jim Varney were cast as Rex and Slinky Dog, Rick Moranis and John Cleese were originally considered for the roles.
To cast Andy, Pixar held an open call for young male actors to bring a toy with them. John Morris (who voices Andy in the film) brought multiple toys, specifically 45 X-Men figures, contrary to the instructions of bringing just one, and Pixar reacted to his dumping of the toys with laughter.
Toy Story was both Hanks' and Allen's first animated film, and they recorded their lines together to make their characters' chemistry and interactions realistic.
Production shutdown
Every couple of weeks, Lasseter and his team showed Disney their latest storyboards or footage. Disney was impressed by Pixar's technical innovation, but less so of the plot. Katzenberg discarded most of Pixar's script ideas, giving his own extensive notes. Katzenberg primarily wanted to add "more edginess" to the two main characters, as Disney wanted Toy Story to appeal to both children and adults, and they asked for adult references to be added to the film. The characters ended up being stripped of their charm, with Hanks, while recording Woody's dialogue for the story reels, complaining that the character had been made into a "real jerk". Pixar screened the first half of the film for Disney executives on November 19, 1993—an event they later dubbed the "Black Friday Incident". The results were disastrous, and Disney's head of feature animation, Peter Schneider, halted production. Katzenberg asked colleague Thomas Schumacher why the reels were bad, to which Schumacher answered, "Because it's not their movie anymore; it's completely not the movie that John set out to make."
Lasseter was embarrassed by the current state of the film, later recalling, "It was a story filled with the most unhappy, mean characters that I've ever seen." Katzenberg allowed him to take the script back to Pixar for rewrites, and the production crew shifted to television commercials while the head writers worked out a new script, being funded personally by Jobs until Disney resumed production. Although Lasseter attempted to keep morale high by remaining outwardly buoyant, the production shutdown was "a very scary time" according story department manager BZ Petroff. Schneider appealed directly to Eisner to cancel the project altogether. Stanton and the other story artists worked to quickly produce new script pages, with help from consultants such as Whedon, and the first revisions were completed in two weeks as promised.
Pixar's script rewrites took three months, and saw Woody transformed from a tyrant to a wise leader. It also included a more adult-oriented staff meeting amongst the toys rather than the juvenile group discussion that had existed in earlier drafts. Buzz Lightyear's character was also changed "to make it more clear to the audience that he genuinely doesn't know he's a toy". Katzenberg and Schneider resumed production with the new script by February 1994, and the voice actors returned one month later to record their new lines. The crew grew from 24 people to 110, and now included 27 animators and 22 technical directors. In comparison, The Lion King, released in 1994, required a staff of 800. In the early budgeting process, Jobs was eager to produce the film as efficiently as possible, impressing Katzenberg with his focus on cost-cutting. However, the $17 million production budget was no longer going to be sufficient, and Jobs demanded more funds from Disney to compensate them for the time lost in rewrites based on Katzenberg's notes. Catmull was able to reach a compromise on a new budget, but the incident led Jobs to rethink their deal with Disney.
Animation
Recruiting animators for Toy Story was brisk; the magnet for talent was not mediocre pay but the allure of taking part in the first computer-animated feature. Lasseter said of the challenges of computer animation, "We had to make things look more organic. Every leaf and blade of grass had to be created. We had to give the world a sense of history. So the doors are banged up, the floors have scuffs." The film began with animated storyboards to guide the animators in developing the characters. 27 animators worked on the film, using 400 computer models to animate the characters. Each character was first either created out of clay or modeled from a computer-drawn diagram before reaching the computer-animated design. Once the animators had a model, its articulation and motion controls were coded; this allowed each character to move in a variety of ways, such as talking, walking, or jumping. Out of all of the characters, Woody was the most complex, as he required 723 motion controls, including 212 for his face and 58 for his mouth. The first piece of animation, a 30-second test, was delivered to Disney in June 1992, when the company requested a sample of what the film would look like. Lasseter wanted to impress Disney with several things in the test that could not be done in traditional, hand-drawn animation, such as Woody's yellow plaid shirt with red stripes, the reflections in Buzz's helmet and the decals on his spacesuit, or Venetian blind shadows falling across Andy's room.
There were eight teams that were responsible for different aspects of all of the shots. The art department was responsible for determining the overall color and lighting scheme. The layout department was responsible for determining the position of all elements of the shot, as well as programming the virtual camera's position and movements. The animation department created the movements of the characters, generally with one animator being assigned to animate an entire shot, but occasionally with each character having its own animator. The shading team used Pixar's RenderMan software to assign surface textures and reflectivity properties to objects. The lighting team placed global, spot, and flood lighting within the scenes. The "Render Farm" used Sun Microsystems computers, running around the clock, to produce the final frames of the film. The camera team recorded the finished frames, which had been rendered at a resolution of 1536 by 922, onto film stock. Finally, Skywalker Sound mixed sound effects, the musical score, and the dialogue to create the audio for the film.
In order to make the film feel as realistic as possible, the layout department, led by Craig Good, avoided the sweeping camera shots popular in computer animation at the time, and instead focused on emulating what would have been possible had the film been shot in live-action with real film cameras. The animation department, led by Rich Quade and Ash Brannon, used Pixar's Menv software to hand pose the characters at key frames based on videotape of the actors recording their lines, and let the software do the inbetweening. To sync the characters' mouths and facial expressions to the actors' recorded voices, animators spent a week per eight seconds of animation, as Lasseter felt that automatic lip syncing would not properly convey a character's emotions. The shading team, led by Tom Porter, used scans of real objects, as well as textures drawn by artists and created with procedural generation algorithms, to "dress" the objects in the film.
The film required 800,000 machine hours and 114,240 frames of animation in total, divided between 1,561 shots that totaled over 77 minutes. Pixar was able to render less than 30 seconds of the film per day.
Music
Lasseter did not want to make Toy Story into a musical, as he felt that it would make the film feel less genuine. Whedon later agreed, saying "It would have been a really bad musical because it's a buddy movie. It's about people who won't admit what they want, much less sing about it. ... Buddy movies are about sublimating, punching an arm, 'I hate you.' It's not about open emotion." However, Disney preferred to make it a musical, as they had had much success with incorporating Broadway-style musical numbers into their animated films, and encouraged Pixar to do the same. As a compromise, although the characters would not sing, the movie would feature non-diegetic songs as background music. Despite this not happening, the first musical number is seen at the end of Toy Story 2 (1999), and Toy Story: The Musical (2012) is the first version of the original to actually feature the cast of characters singing.
Randy Newman was hired, and composed three original songs for the film. The film's signature song "You've Got a Friend in Me", was written in one day. The song Hakuna Matata from The Lion King is heard briefly during the climax when Woody and Buzz where trying to get into the truck while riding RC.
On Newman, Lasseter said, "His songs are touching, witty, and satirical, and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene." The soundtrack for Toy Story was produced by Walt Disney Records and was released on November 22, 1995, the week of the film's release.
Editing and pre-release
Editors, including Lee Unkrich, worked on Toy Story up until the September 1995 deadline to deliver a final cut for scoring and sound design. According to Unkrich, a scene removed from the original final edit featured Sid torturing Buzz and Woody violently at his house; Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid is interrogating Woody because the film's creators thought the audience would love Buzz and Woody by that point. Another scene, in which Woody tried to get Buzz's attention when he was stuck in the box crate, was shortened because the creators felt it would lose the energy of the film. A test screening in July 1995 received encouraging responses from the audience, but the film was not rated as highly as had been hoped, leading to another last-minute round of edits. Eisner, who attended the screening, suggested that the final shot of the film should be of both Woody and Buzz, leading to the film's final shot of the two worried about the arrival of Andy's new puppy.
Crew members had difficulty analysing the film's quality due to footage being in scattered pieces. Some animators felt the film would be a significant disappointment commercially but felt animators and animation fans would find it interesting. Schneider had grown optimistic about the film as it neared completion, and he announced a United States release date of November, coinciding with Thanksgiving weekend and the start of the winter holiday season.
Sources indicate that Jobs lacked confidence in the film during its production, and had been exploring the possibility of selling Pixar to companies such as Hallmark Cards and Microsoft. However, as the film progressed, Jobs, like Schneider, became increasingly passionate about the film and the transformative nature of what Pixar might be able to accomplish. Eager for Pixar to have the funds necessary to negotiate with Disney as an equal partner, and optimistic about the impact the finished film would have, Jobs decided that he would schedule an initial public offering (IPO) of Pixar just a week after the film's November release.
Release
Both Disney and Pixar held separate premiers for Toy Story, with Disney holding theirs at their flagship El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 19, 1995, and Pixar holding theirs the following night at the Regency Center in San Francisco. According to David Price's 2008 book The Pixar Touch, the film deeply resonated with audiences, with even the adults being noticeably moved by the film.
In some international territories, the theatrical release of the film was preceded by a re-release of the Roger Rabbit short Roller Coaster Rabbit.
In addition to showing at the El Capitan, where tickets included admission to the Totally Toy Story funhouse that Disney had built in the Hollywood Masonic Temple next door, the film opened on 2,281 screens on the 22nd and later expanded to 2,574.
The film was also shown at the Berlin International Film Festival out of competition from February 15 to 26, 1996. Elsewhere, the film opened in March 1996.
Marketing
Marketing for Toy Story included $20 million spent by Disney for advertising as well as advertisers such as Burger King, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, and Payless ShoeSource paying $125 million in promotions for the film. Marketing consultant Al Ries reflected on the promotion: "This will be a killer deal. How can a kid, sitting through a one-and-a-half-hour movie with an army of recognizable toy characters, not want to own one?" Despite this, Disney Consumer Products was slow to see the potential of Toy Story. When the Thanksgiving release date was announced in January 1995, many toy companies were accustomed to having eighteen months to two years of lead time and passed on the project. Disney shopped the film at the Toy Fair trade show in February 1995, where only the small Canadian company Thinkway Toys, was interested in licensing the toy rights for the Toy Story characters. Disney promoted the film by inserting its trailer into the home-video re-release of Cinderella, showing a behind-the-scenes documentary on the Disney Channel, and incorporating the characters into a parade at the Disney-MGM Studios theme park in Florida.
It was screenwriter Joss Whedon's idea to incorporate Barbie as a character who could rescue Woody and Buzz in Toy Storys final act. The idea was dropped after Mattel objected and refused to license the toy. Producer Ralph Guggenheim claimed that Mattel did not allow the use of the toy as "They [Mattel] philosophically felt girls who play with Barbie dolls are projecting their personalities onto the doll. If you give the doll a voice and animate it, you're creating a persona for it that might not be every little girl's dream and desire." Hasbro likewise refused to license G.I. Joe (mainly because Sid was going to blow one up, prompting the filmmakers to instead use a fictional toy, Combat Carl), but they did license Mr. Potato Head. The only toy in the film that was not in production was Slinky Dog, which had been discontinued since the 1970s. When designs for Slinky were sent to Betty James (Slinky inventor Richard James's wife) she said that Pixar had improved the toy and that it was "cuter" than the original.
3-D re-release
On October 2, 2009, Toy Story was re-released in Disney Digital 3-D. The film was also released with Toy Story 2 as a double feature for a two-week run which was extended due to its success. In addition, the film's second sequel, Toy Story 3, was also released in the 3-D format. Lasseter commented on the new 3-D re-release:
The Toy Story films and characters will always hold a very special place in our hearts and we're so excited to be bringing this landmark film back for audiences to enjoy in a whole new way thanks to the latest in 3-D technology. With Toy Story 3 shaping up to be another great adventure for Buzz, Woody, and the gang from Andy's room, we thought it would be great to let audiences experience the first two films all over again and in a brand new way.
Translating the film into 3-D involved revisiting the original computer data and virtually placing a second camera into each scene, creating left eye and right eye views needed to achieve the perception of depth. Unique to computer animation, Lasseter referred to this process as "digital archaeology". The process took four months, as well as an additional six months for the two films to add the 3-D. The lead stereographer Bob Whitehill oversaw this process and sought to achieve an effect that affected the emotional storytelling of the film:
When I would look at the films as a whole, I would search for story reasons to use 3-D in different ways. In Toy Story, for instance, when the toys were alone in their world, I wanted it to feel consistent with a safer world. And when they went out to the human world, that's when I really blew out the 3-D to make it feel dangerous and deep and overwhelming.
Unlike other countries, the United Kingdom received the films in 3-D as separate releases. Toy Story was released on October 2, 2009. Toy Story 2 was instead released January 22, 2010. The re-release performed well at the box office, opening with $12,500,000 in its opening weekend, placing at the third position after Zombieland and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. The double feature grossed $30.7 million in its five-week release.
Disney100 re-release
As part of Disney's 100th anniversary, Toy Story was re-released in selected CINEMARK theaters from July 21 to August 3, 2023, as well as UK cinemas from September 29 to October 5, and Latin American theaters from October 12 to 18 alongside Cinderella.
Home media
Toy Story was released by Walt Disney Home Video on VHS and LaserDisc in the United States and Canada on October 29, 1996, with no bonus material. Within the first few weeks of this release, VHS rentals and sales totaled $5.1 million, ranking Toy Story as the 1 video, beating out Twister. Over 21.5 million VHS copies were sold during the first year. A deluxe edition widescreen LaserDisc 4-disc box set was released on December 18, 1996. This THX certified LaserDisc release features bonus material, such as the history and development of characters, storyboards and story reels, abandoned concepts and characters, outtakes, deleted animation and trailers. On January 11, 2000, the film was re-released on VHS, but this time as the first video to be part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection with the bonus short film Tin Toy. This release sold two million copies.
Toy Story was released for the first time on DVD on October 17, 2000, in a two-pack with its first sequel Toy Story 2. The same day, a 3-disc "Ultimate Toy Box" set was released, featuring Toy Story, Toy Story 2, and the third disc of bonus materials. The twin-pack release was later released individually on March 20, 2001. The DVD two-pack, the Ultimate Toy Box set, the Gold Classic Collection VHS and DVD, and the original DVD were all put in the Disney Vault on May 1, 2003. On September 6, 2005, a 2-disc "10th Anniversary Edition" was released featuring much of the bonus material from the "Ultimate Toy Box", including a retrospective special with John Lasseter and a brand new DTS sound mix. This DVD went back in the Disney Vault on January 31, 2009, along with Toy Story 2. The 10th Anniversary release was the last version of Toy Story to be released before being taken out of the Disney Vault lineup along with Toy Story 2. Also on September 6, 2005, a UMD of Toy Story featuring some deleted scenes, a filmmakers' reflect, and a new "Legacy of Toy Story" was released for the Sony PlayStation Portable.
Toy Story was available for the first time on Blu-ray in a Special Edition Combo Pack that included two discs, the Blu-ray, and the DVD versions of the film. This combo-edition was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 23, 2010, along with its sequel. There was a DVD-only re-release on May 11, 2010. Another "Ultimate Toy Box", packaging the Combo Pack with those of both sequels, became available on November 2, 2010. On November 1, 2011, the first three Toy Story films were re-released all together, each as a DVD/Blu-ray/Blu-ray 3D/Digital Copy combo pack (four discs each for the first two films, and five for the third film). They were also released on Blu-ray 3D in a complete trilogy box set. The film had a re-release on 4K ULTRA HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019.
Reception
Box office
Before the film's release, executive producer and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs stated "If Toy Story is a modest hit—say $75 million at the box office, we'll [Pixar and Disney] both break even. If it gets $100 million, we'll both make money. But if it's a real blockbuster and earns $200 million or so at the box office, we'll make good money, and Disney will make a lot of money." Upon its release on November 22, 1995, Toy Story managed to gross more than $350 million worldwide. Disney chairman Michael Eisner stated "I don't think either side thought Toy Story would turn out as well as it has. The technology is brilliant, the casting is inspired, and I think the story will touch a nerve. Believe me, when we first agreed to work together, we never thought their first movie would be our 1995 holiday feature, or that they could go public on the strength of it." The film's first five days of domestic release (on Thanksgiving weekend) earned it $39.1 million. Moreover, Toy Story earned a total of $158.6 million from ticket sales combined with the five-day Wednesday opening. It would go on to hold this record until Independence Day took it the next year. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $29.1 million and maintained the number-one position at the domestic box office for the next two weekends. It was displaced by Jumanji in its fourth weekend, but still remained ahead of Heat with $10.9 million. Toy Story went on to become the highest-grossing domestic film of 1995, beating Batman Forever, Apollo 13 (also starring Tom Hanks), Pocahontas, Casper, Waterworld, GoldenEye, and other films. At the time of its release, it was the third-highest-grossing animated film of all time, after The Lion King (1994) and Aladdin (1992). Toy Story became the second-highest-grossing film of 1995, just $3 million behind Die Hard with a Vengeance. When not considering inflation, Toy Story is number 96 on the list of the highest-grossing domestic films of all time. The film had gross receipts of $192.5 million in the U.S. and Canada and $181.8 million in international markets from its original 1995 release and two re-releases for a total of $374.4 million worldwide. At the time of its release, the film ranked as the 17th-highest-grossing film (unadjusted) domestically and the 21st-highest-grossing film worldwide.
Critical response
Toy Story has an approval rating of based on professional reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of . Its critical consensus reads, "Entertaining as it is innovative, Toy Story reinvigorated animation while heralding the arrival of Pixar as a family-friendly force to be reckoned with." Metacritic (which uses a weighted average) assigned Toy Story a score of 96 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.
Particular praise was offered for the film's 3D animation. Leonard Klady of Variety commended its "razzle-dazzle technique and unusual look" and said that "the camera loops and zooms in a dizzying fashion that fairly takes one's breath away." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times compared the animation to Disney's Who Framed Roger Rabbit, saying that "both movies take apart the universe of cinematic visuals and put it back together again, allowing us to see in a new way." Due to the film's creative animation, Richard Corliss of TIME claimed that it was "the year's most inventive comedy".
The voice cast was also praised by various critics. Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today approved of the selection of Tom Hanks and Tim Allen for the lead roles. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that "Starting with Tom Hanks, who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody, Toy Story is one of the best voiced animated features in memory, with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt."
Several critics also recognized the film's ability to appeal to various age groups. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote "It has the purity, the ecstatic freedom of imagination, that's the hallmark of the greatest children's films. It also has the kind of spring-loaded allusive prankishness that, at times, will tickle adults even more than it does kids."
In 1995, Toy Story was ranked eighth in TIMEs list of the "Best 10 films of 1995". In 2011, TIME named it one of the "25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".
It also ranks at number 99 in Empire magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Films of All Time" and as the "highest-ranked animated movie".
In 2003, the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the greatest animated film of all time. In 2007, the Visual Effects Society named the film 22nd in its list of the "Top 50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time". The film is ranked 99th on the AFI's list of the "100 greatest American Films of All-Time". It was one of the only two animated films on that list, the other being Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). It was also the sixth best in the animation genre on AFI's 10 Top 10.
In more recent years, director Terry Gilliam has praised the film as "a work of genius. It got people to understand what toys are about. They're true to their own character. And that's just brilliant. It's got a shot that's always stuck with me when Buzz Lightyear discovers he's a toy. He's sitting on this landing at the top of the staircase and the camera pulls back and he's this tiny little figure. He was this guy with a massive ego two seconds before... and it's stunning. I'd put that as one of my top ten films, period."
Accolades
The film won and was nominated for various other awards including a Kids' Choice Award, MTV Movie Award, and a British Academy Film Award, among others. John Lasseter received a Special Achievement Academy Award in 1996 "for the development and inspired application of techniques that have made possible the first feature-length computer-animated film". Additionally, the film was nominated for three Academy Awards, two to Randy Newman for Best Music—Original Song, for "You've Got a Friend in Me", and Best Music—Original Musical or Comedy Score. It was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay for the work by Joel Cohen, Pete Docter, John Lasseter, Joe Ranft, Alec Sokolow, Andrew Stanton and Joss Whedon, making it the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award writing category.
Toy Story won eight Annie Awards, including Best Animated Feature. Animator Pete Docter, director John Lasseter, musician Randy Newman, producers Bonnie Arnold and Ralph Guggenheim, production designer Ralph Eggleston, and writers Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, Andrew Stanton, and Joss Whedon all won awards for Best Individual Achievement in their respective fields for their work on the film. The film also won Best Individual Achievement in technical achievement.
Toy Story was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, one for Best Motion Picture—Comedy or Musical, and one for Best Original Song—Motion Picture for Newman's "You've Got a Friend in Me". At both the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards, the film won "Best Animated Film". Toy Story is also among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14, and the highest-placed (at 99) animated film in Empire magazines list of "500 Greatest Movies of All Time". In 2005, Toy Story, along with Toy Story 2 was voted the fourth greatest cartoon in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Cartoons poll, behind The Simpsons, Tom and Jerry, and South Park.
Influence and legacy
Toy Story had a large effect on the film industry with its innovative computer animation. After the film's debut, various industries were interested in the technology used for the film. Graphics chip makers desired to compute imagery similar to the film's animation for personal computers, game developers wanted to learn how to replicate the animation for video games, and robotics researchers were interested in building artificial intelligence into their machines that compared to the film's lifelike characters. Various authors have also compared the film to an interpretation of Don Quixote as well as humanism. In addition, Toy Story left an impact with its catchphrase "To Infinity and Beyond", sequels, and software, among others. In 2005, Toy Story was selected by the United States Library of Congress to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
"To Infinity... and Beyond!"
Buzz Lightyear's line "To Infinity and Beyond!" has been used not only on themed merchandise, but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well. In 2008, during STS-124, astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on Space Shuttle Discovery as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase. The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g. It was reported in 2008 that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean. The phrase occurs in the lyrics of Beyoncé's 2008 song "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", during the bridge. In 2012, the late Capital STEEZ released a song titled "Infinity and Beyond" in reference to the phrase as part of his AmeriKKKan Korruption mixtape.
Disney has also recycled the phrase in homage to Toy Story at least twice. In the "blooper reel" shown during the credits of A Bug's Life, Dave Foley says the line while in character as Flik, and Tim Allen himself repeated his famous line in The Shaggy Dog, in a scene when the titular character jumps off a bridge onto a moving vehicle.
Other influences
Toy Storys cast of characters forms the basis for the naming of the releases of the Debian computer operating system, from Debian 1.1 Buzz, the first release with a codename, in 1996, to Debian 14 Forky, the most-recently announced future release.
In 2013, Pixar designed a "Gromit Lightyear" sculpture based on the Aardman Animations character Gromit for Gromit Unleashed which sold for £65,000.
Sequels and spin-off
The sequel, titled Toy Story 2, was released on November 24, 1999. In the film, Woody is stolen by a toy collector, leading Buzz and his friends to launch a rescue mission. Initially, Toy Story 2 was going to be a direct-to-video release, with development beginning in 1996. However, after the cast from Toy Story returned and the story was considered to be better than that of a direct-to-video release, it was announced in 1998 that the sequel would see a theatrical release.
Toy Story 3 was released on June 18, 2010. In the film, Andy's toys are accidentally donated to a day-care center as he prepares to leave for college.
Toy Story 4 was released on June 21, 2019, with most of the main cast returning for the film. In the film, Woody, Buzz, and the rest of the gang get used to living with Bonnie, who creates a new toy named Forky, from recycled materials from school. As they go on a road trip with Bonnie, Woody is also reunited with Bo Peep, and must decide where his loyalties lie.
A spin-off film, Lightyear, was released on June 17, 2022, with Chris Evans portraying the original Buzz Lightyear, upon whom the toy given to Andy in the first film was based.
On February 8, 2023, Disney announced that a fifth Toy Story film is in development.
See also
List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website
List of animated films considered the best
The Brave Little Toaster
How the Toys Saved Christmas
Live Action Toy Story
References
Bibliography
External links
Official Disney website
Official Pixar website
American animated feature films
1995 films
1995 animated films
1990s American animated films
1990s buddy comedy films
1990s children's animated films
1995 computer-animated films
1990s fantasy comedy films
1990s English-language films
3D re-releases
American 3D films
American adventure comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated comedy films
American children's animated fantasy films
American computer-animated films
Animated buddy films
Animated films about friendship
Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners
Films scored by Randy Newman
Films about toys
Films adapted into television shows
Films directed by John Lasseter
Films produced by Bonnie Arnold
Pixar animated films
Films with screenplays by Joel Cohen
Films with screenplays by Pete Docter
Films with screenplays by John Lasseter
Films with screenplays by Joe Ranft
Films with screenplays by Alec Sokolow
Films with screenplays by Andrew Stanton
Films with screenplays by Joss Whedon
United States National Film Registry films
Walt Disney Pictures animated films
Films about dolls
1995 directorial debut films
1995 children's films
1995 comedy films
Sentient toys in fiction |
Herbert J. Taylor (18 April 1893 – 1 May 1978) was an American business executive, civic leader and sponsor of Christian organizations. He co-founded the Christian Workers Foundation (CWF) in 1939. He served on the boards of several such institutions including Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship (U.S.A.), Youth for Christ, Young Life, Fuller Seminary, Child Evangelism Fellowship, Christian Service Brigade, Pioneer Girls, and the Chicago Billy Graham Crusades. He was vice-chairman of the Price Adjustment Board of the War Department during World War II; the other positions he held were the presidency of Rotary International, 1954–55; directorship positions for the First National Bank of Barrington (Illinois) and the Chicago Federal Savings and Loan Association; and membership on the Board of Governors of the Illinois Crippled Children Society, 1941–42. Taylor also authored "The Four-Way Test", "The Ten Marks of a Good Citizen", "The Twelve Marks of a True Christian", and "God Has A Plan For You". He has been inducted into the American National Business Hall of Fame. He featured on the cover of Newsweeks 28 February 1955 issue.
A Methodist, he and his wife had two daughters, Gloria Beverly and Romona Estellene. He lived in Park Ridge, Illinois. Herbert Taylor died on 1 May 1978. At the time of his death he was Chairman of board emeritus of Club Aluminium Products Inc.
The Four-Way Test
In the early 1930s Taylor set out to save the Club Aluminum Products distribution company from bankruptcy. He believed himself to be the only person in the company with 250 employees who had hope. His recovery plan started with changing the ethical climate of the company. He explained
Adoption of the test by Rotary
In 1940s, when Taylor was an international director of Rotary, he offered the Four Way Test to the organization, and it was adopted by Rotary for its internal and promotional use. Never changed, the twenty four word Four Way Test remains today a central part of the permanent Rotary structure throughout the world, and is held as the standard by which all behaviour should be measured. The Four Way Test has been promoted around the world and is used in myriad forms to encourage personal and business ethical practices. Taylor gave Rotary International the right to use the test in the 1940s and the copyright in 1954. He retained the rights to use the test for himself, his Club Aluminum Company and the Christian Workers Foundation.
References
External links
Herbert J. Taylor Papers, Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton College.
Rotary International leaders
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
1893 births
1978 deaths |
The Revelators (also known as "The Delta Revelators") is an Australian blues rock band formed in 1989 by Joe Camilleri, James Black, Joe Creighton and Peter Luscome. Jeff Burstin joined in 1990. In Camilleri's own words, their desire was to "blow out the serious days' work with people who shared the same interest in music and who simply wanted to play it".
The band is a side project of The Black Sorrows as all members were part of The Black Sorrows at the time of formation. The Revelators' sound was a return to early Black Sorrows sound: playing largely R&B-oriented cover songs.
The band released three studio albums and a live DVD between 1991 and 2002. A greatest hits was released in 2012.
The band received two ARIA Award nominations; both for ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album, in 2001 and 2003.
History
The band was an offshoot of The Black Sorrows. Original members Joe Camilleri (vocals, guitar, sax), James Black (guitars, keys), Jeff Burstin (guitars, mandolin), Joe Creighton (bass) and Peter Luscombe (drums) were all also simultaneously members of The Black Sorrows, an Australian blues and roots band that had released five studio albums in the 1980s.
"The Delta Revelators", as they were originally known, were a Black Sorrows side project in the late 1980s to play gigs and relax after more serious studio work. The response from Melbourne audiences led them to regular sessions at ID's (now The Continental) and the Botanical Hotel which in turn led to fans requesting an album. The band recorded Amazing stories – a collection of roots based covers in 1991. Also guesting on the album were most of the other members of The Black Sorrows, including violinist Jen Anderson and vocalists Linda and Vika Bull. The album was re-released in March 1993 as a 2-CD pack with The Black Sorrows' Better Times and it peaked at number 14 on the ARIA Charts.
A near ten-year hiatus then ensued while the group members were engaged with other musical commitments.
In early 2000, a reconstituted version of the group was assembled, now featuring Camilleri, Creighton, Black, drummer Nicky Bomba, and (as an adjunct member) Ed Bates on pedal steel. In four days, they recorded a second studio album titled The Adventures of The Amazing Revelators. the album was a mix of blues and roots covers and original material. The album was released in March 2000.
In November 2001, a live DVD titled Floating Bridge: Live at the Basement was released. It originally aired on ABC TV in December 2001. The line-up for this release was Camilleri, Black, Creighton, Luscombe and guitarist Claude Carranza.
In September 2002, the band -- now consisting of Camilleri, Creighton and Black with new drummer Tony Floyd -- released a third studio album titled, The Revelators. Session players on the album included Ed Bates, Kerryn Tolhurst, Jane Clifton, Shane O'Mara, and others.
In July 2012, the band released Floating Bridge: Live at the Basement as a digital-only live album.
In August 2012, the band reunited for three special afternoon shows in Melbourne at the newly launched venue the Flying Saucer Club. They celebrated with the release of The Best Of... The Revelators.
Members
Joe Camilleri (vocals, saxophone, guitar)
James Black (keyboards)
Joe Creighton (bass, vocals)
Jeff Burstin (guitar)
Peter Luscombe (drums)
Nicky Bomba (drums, percussion, backing vocals)
Ed Bates (guitar)
James Black (piano, organ, clarinet, guitar, mandolin)
Discography
Studio albums
Amazing Stories (1991, Sony Music Australia)
Better Times (by The Black Sorrows) / Amazing Stories (by The Revelators) (1993, CBS Records) – No. 14 AUS
The Adventures of The Amazing Revelators (2000, Head Records)
The Revelators (2002, Head Records)
DVD/Live albums
Floating Bridge: Live at the Basement (2001 – DVD; 2012 – digital download)
Compilations
The Best Of... The Revelators (Head Records) (2012)
Singles
References
Australian rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Melbourne |
Jiju Jacob (born 25 December 1967) is a former Indian International football player who played as a defender. Jiju is from Kozhikode, Kerala and has represented India in several matches including the Nehru Cup in 1997 and the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games. He currently works as a Malayalam co-commentator and pundit on Star Sports network.
Honours
India
SAFF Championship: 1993; runner-up: 1995
South Asian Games Silver medal: 1993
References
Indian men's footballers
India men's international footballers
Malayali people
Footballers from Kerala
People from Kozhikode district
1967 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Association football commentators
Indian sports broadcasters
Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for India
South Asian Games medalists in football
South Asian Games silver medalists for India |
Blanket Mine is a village and mine in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. It is located about 15 km north-west of Gwanda and 140 km south of Bulawayo. The village grew up around the eponymous gold mine and provides a residential and commercial centre. Its population at the time of the 1982 census was 1,346 people.
The mine was established in 1904 at the north-west end of the Gwanda Greenstone Belt. Gold had previously been mined on an artisanal basis but was industrialised by the Matabele Reefs and Estate Company, which operated the mine until 1911 when it was sold to Forbes Rhodesia Syndicate. It apparently ceased operations after 1916, but resumed in 1941 under a new owner, F.D.A. Payne. The Canadian mine company Falconbridge Ltd. took it over in 1964 and ran it until 1993, producing over 500,000 ounces of gold from 4 million tons of ore. It was sold to Kinross Gold, which produced another 400,000 ounces of gold from 2.4 million tons over the following 12 years.
The current mine operator and minority interest owner is the Jersey-based Caledonia Mining Corporation, which acquired the Blanket Mine from Kinross Gold Corporation in April 2006. Economic instability in Zimbabwe forced the temporary suspension of mining operations until mid-2009. The company subsequently embarked on a major series of expansions from 2010 to 2017, costing over $50 million, which have annual increased production capacity from around 24,000 ounces to around 40,000 ounces. Yields are expected to reach around 75–80,000 ounces per year by 2021.
Following the implementation of a government-mandated indigenization plan, completed on September 5, 2012, Caledonia Mining retained a 49% ownership interest in the Blanket mine. Majority ownership of the mine is divided between four parties: 16% is owned by the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund; 10% by a Management and Employee Trust for the benefit of the present and future managers and employees of Blanket; 15% by identified indigenous Zimbabweans; and 10% by the Blanket Gwanda Community Trust. In 2019, in their September investor presentation, under the heading "Unwinding of Indigenization", Caledonia Mining announced a proposed increase in the company's shareholding in the Blanket Mine, from 49% to 64% when local partners "flip-up" from ownership in Blanket to a shareholding in Caledonia.
References
Populated places in Matabeleland South Province
Gwanda District |
Éditions Dupuis S.A. () is a Belgian publisher of comic albums and magazines.
Based in Marcinelle near Charleroi, Dupuis was founded in 1922 by Jean Dupuis, and is mostly famous for its comic albums and magazines. Initially a French language publisher, it now publishes numerous editions in both the French language and Dutch. Other language editions are mostly licensed to other publishers. For a considerable period of time, Dupuis was a family-owned enterprise. However it was sold in the early 1980's and has since undergone multiple ownership changes.
Origin
The growth of Dupuis towards becoming the leading comic book editor of Belgium started in 1938, when Dupuis added to its portfolio a men's magazine (Le moustique [the mosquito] in French, Humoradio in Dutch), a women's magazine (Bonnes Soirées [good evenings] in French, De Haardvriend [the hearth's friend] in Dutch) and the children's comics magazine Spirou. The latter was originally only in French, and contained a mixture of American comics (e.g. Superman, Brick Bradford, and Red Ryder) and new creations ( and Tif et Tondu). A few months later, a Dutch edition called Robbedoes followed.
Growth after WWII
After some difficulties during the war (mainly because of the scarcity of paper towards the end of it, but also because American comics weren't allowed to be published anymore), Dupuis started to grow quickly. Le moustique became one of the leading magazines with information on radio and (later) television programs in Belgium, and Spirou was one of the two leading Franco-Belgian comics magazines (together with Tintin magazine).
Dupuis started publishing some books as well, but had real success by republishing the comics that had appeared as serials in the magazine, collected as albums afterwards. Sometimes these were one shots, but mainly they came in series. Dupuis has some of the best-selling European comic series, including Lucky Luke, The Smurfs, Gaston Lagaffe and Largo Winch. Many of these comic albums have been reprinted constantly for thirty or forty years, thereby generating constant revenue for the editor.
Stabilization and diversification
In the early sixties, Dupuis started with other activities, including the merchandising of its comic series (puppets, posters, etc.), and the making of animated movies. Most of these weren't very successful but further raised the visibility of their comics. Still, towards the end of the 1960s, the golden age of Dupuis seemed to be over. Some of the magazines were struggling, the merchandising activities were vastly reduced, and the movie studio did not seem to be producing any successful movies.
But the core business, the comics and the main magazines, continued to be hugely successful, with a comics catalogue of more than 2000 titles available in French. Many of the series were turned into animated movies in the 1990s, including Papyrus and , and are being sold as movies and comics throughout Europe. Dupuis has also started producing computer games.
In June 2004, Dupuis was bought by Média-Participations, which now owns almost all major European comic book publishers, including Dargaud and Le Lombard, More recently, in 2015, Dupuis joined with twelve other European comics publishing actors to create Europe Comics, a digital initiative co-funded by the European Commission's Creative Europe program.
Main publications
This is a selection of magazines and comics series originally or mainly published by Dupuis. Some titles later changed to a different publisher.
Magazines
Moustique (created as "Moustique" in 1924, named "Télémoustique" between the 1960s and 2011) and its Flemish counterpart HUMO (since 1936, originally called "Humoradio")
Spirou, since 1938: between 1938 and 2005 also a Flemish version, "Robbedoes".
Comics series
This is a selected list of comics series, ordered by year of first publication by Dupuis, with main authors given. Many series were also continued or temporarily taken over by other artists and writers.
1938: Spirou & Fantasio by Robert Velter, Jijé, André Franquin, ...
1938: Tif et Tondu by Fernand Dineur, Will, ...
1941: Jean Valhardi by Jijé
1946: Lucky Luke by Morris and René Goscinny
1947: Blondin et Cirage by Jijé
1947: Buck Danny by Victor Hubinon and Jean-Michel Charlier
1952: Johan and Peewit by Peyo
1954: Jerry Spring by Jijé
1954: La Patrouille des Castors by Mitacq and Charlier
1956: Gil Jourdan by Maurice Tillieux
1957: Gaston by André Franquin and Yvan Delporte
1958: The Smurfs by Peyo
1958: Le Vieux Nick et Barbe-Noire by Marcel Remacle
1959: Boule et Bill by Jean Roba
1960: Benoît Brisefer by Peyo
1961: Bobo by Paul Deliège and Maurice Rosy
1963: Génial Olivier by Jacques Devos
1965: Sibylline by Raymond Macherot
1965: Sophie by Jidéhem
1967: Les Petits Hommes by Pierre Seron
1968: Les Tuniques Bleues by Louis Salvérius, Lambil, and Raoul Cauvin
1969: Isabelle by Will, Franquin, Delporte and Macherot
1970: Natacha by François Walthéry and Gos
1970: Sammy by Berck and Cauvin
1970: Yoko Tsuno by Roger Leloup
1972: Scrameustache by Gos
1974: Papyrus by Lucien De Gieter
1975: Agent 212 by Daniel Kox and Cauvin
1981: Billy the Cat by Stéphane Colman and Stephen Desberg
1981: Les Femmes en Blanc by Philippe Bercovici and Cauvin
1982: Jeannette Pointu by Marc Wasterlain
1982: Kogaratsu by Michetz and Bosse
1982: Jérôme K. Jérôme Bloche by Alain Dodier
1986: Aria by Michel Weyland
1983: Pierre Tombal by Marc Hardy and Cauvin
1983: Jojo by André Geerts
1986: Soda by Bruno Gazzotti and Tome
1986: Cédric by Laudec and Cauvin
1987: Le Petit Spirou by Tome and Janry
1987: Jessica Blandy by Renaud Dufaux and Jean Dufaux
1987: Théodore Poussin by Frank Le Gall
1988: Cupidon by Malik and Cauvin
1988: Jeremiah (comics) by Hermann Huppen
1990: Largo Winch by Philippe Francq and Jean Van Hamme
1992: Mélusine by Clarke and François Gilson
1993: Kid Paddle by Midam
1996: Dallas Barr by Marvano
2001: Violine by Didier Vasseur and artist Fabrice Tarrin
2003: Parker and Badger by Marc Cuadrado
2004; Lady S by Philippe Aymond and Van Hamme
2005: The Bellybuttons by Maryse Dubuc and Delaf
2005: Orbital by Sylvain Runberg and Serge Pellé
2006: Seuls by Fabien Vehlmann and Bruno Gazzotti
2010: Michel Vaillant'' by Jean Graton
References
External links
Homepage of Dupuis (in French)
Publishing companies established in 1922
Comic book publishing companies of Belgium
Belgian companies established in 1922 |
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1979.
Events
Debuts
Television shows
1970s
Turma da Mônica (1976–present)
Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (1977–1986)
Births
5 March - Érico Brás, actor, singer & comedian
20 June - Marcos Mion, TV host, actor & entrepreneur
19 July - Ellen Rocche, actress & model
28 August - Guilherme Winter, actor
14 September - Ricardo Pereira, actor, model & TV host
22 October - Júlio Rocha, actor
Deaths
See also
1979 in Brazil |
Kim Whanki (Korean: 김환기; hanja: 金煥基; April 3, 1913 – July 25, 1974) was a painter and pioneering abstract artist of Korea, born in the village of Eupdong-ri on the island of Kijwa, of Anjwa-myeon, Sinan County, South Jeolla Province in Korea under Japanese rule. Kim lived and worked in a number of cities and countries during his lifetime, including Tokyo, Japan; Seoul and Busan, Korea; Paris, France; and New York City, USA, where he died.
Kim belongs to the first generation of Korean Abstract artists, mixing oriental concepts and ideals with abstraction. With refined and moderated formative expression based on Korean Lyricism, he created his characteristic art world. His artworks largely dealt with diverse hues and patterns. Kim's early works were semi-abstract paintings which allowed viewers to see certain forms, but his later works were more deeply absorbed abstract paintings, filled with lines and spaces.
The artist's partner Hyang-an Kim established the Whanki Foundation in 1978 and opened the Whanki Museum in 1992. The Museum, located in Seoul, was built by Korean American architect Kyu Sung Woo.
A pioneer of abstract painting and the godfather of the Dansaekhwa movement, Whanki Kim established his place in Korean history and art at an early age. Whanki Kim was an artist whose profound impact on the history of Korean art was seen in the first wave of abstract art. His nomadic lifestyle led him to many different places, like Japan, France, and the U.S., which differentiated his artwork from other artists, who created their art based in Korea, due to the lack of opportunities for travel. As a peripatetic artist gaining inspiration from artists of other origins, Whanki Kim's style of abstract art transformed from geometric abstraction to art with traditional Korean motifs to monochrome paintings of dots and lines. He balanced keeping Korean values and beliefs close and incorporating new foreign techniques into his works, which evidently reflect his personal identity and Korea's national identity, impacted by the political and social conditions of the mid-1900s.
Biography
Early life
Born as the fourth child and only son of wealthy farmer and local landowner Kim Sang-hyeon (김상현), Kim Whanki grew up comfortably on Kijwa island. After graduating from elementary school, Kim was sent to Seoul to live with his older sister and attend Choongdong Middle School (중동중학교). His family then supported him to study abroad in Tokyo, Japan, where he attended Nishikishiro (錦城) Middle School. During his five years of study, he learned to play the violin. Once Kim returned home in 1932, his father objected to Kim's wishes to continue his studies and set Kim to marry.
His great-nephew is Choi Seung-hyeon (b. 1987), an artist, actor, and rapper active under the moniker T.O.P as well as a member of Big Bang.
Tokyo, Japan: 1932–1937
Having decided to become an artist against his father's wishes, Kim secretly boarded a vessel bound for Japan. Thus in 1933, at the age of 20, Kim enrolled in the 3-year program offered at the Department of Arts at Nihon University in Tokyo. During his second year into the program, Kim joined the Avant-Garde Western Painting Institute (アヴァンギャルド洋画研究所, AbuangyarudoYōga Kenkyūjo), led by Japanese artists who were introducing to Japan Cubism, Futurism, and Surrealism based on their experience living and working in Europe. Among his mentors were Togo Seiji and Tsuguharu Foujita. In 1935, Kim is awarded for his first submission to the prestigious Second Section Association (二科会, Nikakai, 이과전, Igwajŏn), When the Skylarks Sing (종달새 노래할 때), marking his debut as an artist. The painting portrays a woman dressed in hanbok, whose body was rendered in geometric, simplified forms. The basket upon her head is "transparent" by showing its content at an impossible angle, revealing Kim's interest apart from realism and towards abstraction. His experiments of incorporating Korean motifs as simplified forms onto the flat picture plane continued, as can be seen in House <집> (1936) and Sauce Jar Terrace <장독대> (1936). Features often seen in traditional Korean houses, such as wooden gates, paper screen doors, stone walls, stairs, and pottery, are also noted to have added a sense of order and repetition to his paintings, further illustrating his development towards pure abstraction.
During this time Kim participated in activities lead by Japan's many artist associations, such as the Hakujitsu Society (白日会), Kofu Society (光風會, Kofukai, 광풍회, Kwangp'unghoe), Free Artists' Association (自由美術家協会, Jiyū Bijutsuka Kyōkai), the Rooｍ Nine Society (九室會; Kyushitsukai), and the Hakuban Society (白蛮会, 백만회, Paengmanhoe). The Hakuban was established in 1936 after the closure of the Avant-Garde Western Painting Institute by five of its members, including Kim and Gil Jin-seop (길진섭, 吉鎭燮, 1970–1975). His first solo exhibition took place at the Amagi Gallery in Tokyo in January 1937, only months before returning to Korea. Even after he left Tokyo, Kim continued to submit works to the Free Artists' Association in Japan until 1941, including Rondo <론도> (1938). As one of the earliest examples of abstract art in modern Korea, the country's government designated the painting as a Registered Cultural Property (No. 535) in 2013.
He even stayed an additional year in Japan as an assistant before returning to Korea in 1937. Kim's time in Tokyo supported his identity as an Abstract artist. In his university years, he became fascinated by the work of Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso His works of 1937 and 1938, such as Rondo, Aria, and White Seagull, are said to show a clear turn toward abstraction with their compositions of pure geometric shapes consisting of repeated rhythmic circular and oblong shapes with squares intersecting or overlapping.
Whanki Kim's early art experimentation with geometric abstraction drew inspiration from Cubism. His first piece that gained popularity was When Skylarks Sing (1935), which depicts a woman holding a basket on top of her head. The building in the background plays with light and shadows and is one of the many geometric shapes that creates depth in the painting. Whanki Kim contrasts the realistic depiction of a traditional Korean woman with an ambiguous background that muddles the exact setting of the painting. There is also a lack of details on the woman's body and face. The artwork reflects Whanki Kim's perception of colonial Korea under Japan's rule, in which Kim as a Korean was relatively distanced from society and had different perspectives than a Korean artist who was attached and impacted by the war.
Seoul: 1938–1951
After returning from his studies in Tokyo, Kim continued to befriend members of the Korean literary circle while gaining more interest in traditional Korean art. By 1940, this exhibition was no longer called the Free Artists Exhibition. It was called the Creative Artists Association, due to increasing military tensions that did not encourage new ideas. The Creative Artists Association made a branch in Korea and held its first exhibition in Seoul, where Kim, fellow Korean artists, as well as a number of Japanese artists exhibited their work. Kim is said to have submitted six pieces: Island Tale, Still Life, Landscape 1, Landscape 2, Landscape at Atami, and Chamber Music before he left the Association in 1941.
In 1944, Kim, who had divorced his first wife, remarried Byun Dong-rim (변동림, 卞東琳, 1916–2004), who was a prodigiously talented writer and widow of poet Yi Sang. Defying the objections from their families, Byun took Kim's art name–Hyang-an–at the time of marriage and lived as such until her death. Kim changed his art name to Su-hwa (수화, 樹話).
Korea was liberated from Japanese rule in 1945 and established its independent government by 1948. The same year, Kim, along with artists Yoo Youngkuk, Lee Kyusang (이규상, 李揆祥, 1918–1967), created the New Realism Group (신사실파, Shinsashilp'a). Its foundational idea was to pursue new types of realistic painting and contribute to the perception of a "new formation of reality," which could be exist apart from Japan's direct influence as well as the right-left ideological struggles that dominated the Cold War period of Korea. Navigating between figuration and non-figuration, the group has since been considered pioneers of Korean abstract art and one of the most influential artist groups in Korean modern art. Participating members included Chang Ucchin, Paek Youngsu (백영수, 白榮洙, 1922–2018), and Lee Jung-seob.
For the New Realism Group's second exhibition held in 1949, Kim submitted his painting Jar and Flowers <백자와 꽃> (1949). The work, in which a piece of white porcelain is rendered as a round abstract geometric form, is considered to be one of the earliest examples from Kim's oeuvre in which he employs pottery as a significant motif for which he received critical acclaim. Since his return to his home country from Japan, Kim had collected and developed a sophisticated taste for Korean antiquities and pottery, especially for a type of white porcelain ware made in the Joseon dynasty widely known as moon jars. It is known that he enjoyed displaying and observing Korean pottery in his home, while depicting the very same objects in his paintings. As a motif in Kim's paintings, Korean pottery was employed as an aesthetic solution for reconciling tradition with modernity.
Based on his submissions to the neorealism exhibitions, Kim's works during 1942 and 1950 show inspiration from nature and everyday life. His desire to present pure composition and simplified objects is evident in work such as Woods.
Busan: 1951–1953
During the Korean War, the South Korean government moved to the southern port city of Busan, along with many refugees. Whanki Kim also fled Seoul for safety in the South and entered a refugee camp for three years. These years are said to have been a time of suffering for Whanki Kim—his wife, Hyang-an Kim, recalls his strong rage and habit of drinking, though he did continue to paint. Some of the works produced during this time are Refugee Train <피난열차> (1951), Landscape at Chin-hae, Shanty, and Jars and Women <항아리와 여인들> (1951).
Kim's oil painting An Evacuation Train from 1951 is another example of his early abstraction work that reflects his distance from the Korean war. This painting shows a crowd of refugees crammed together in train carriages, creating a claustrophobic environment. While some artists opted for sorrowful, more realistic depictions of this era using dark tones, Whanki Kim added his own touch of brighter hues of red and blue and simple shapes. There seems to be a contradiction between the urgent, claustrophobic environment of Koreans fleeing the war and the cartoon-like depiction of the refugees. This painting also reflected a time when abstract American art was promoted by the United States Information (USIS). Western art was easily accessible for Korean artists through funded subscriptions to newspapers, magazines, and art journals, which introduced the contemporary trends of abstraction. The true origin of this agenda was the U.S.-led anti-communist campaign against the socialist realist art of North Korea, and the USIS paid South Korean artists, including Whanki Kim, whose work represented an antidote to North Korean cultural practices. This was opposed to forcefully produced art with subjects of Stalin and Kim Il Sung during the time of South Korea under the North Korean rule.
Seoul: 1953–1956
When Kim Whanki returned to Seoul in 1953, his obsession with jars grew once again and even more than before. He drew jars over and over again in his works including Jar and Poetry, White Jar and Woman, Jar, and Jar and Plum Blossoms. His return to Seoul also allowed him to teach at the College of Fine Arts, Hongik University, to hold a one-man exhibition at the USIS Gallery, and to be elected a member of the Korean Academy.
Paris: 1956–1959
Kim's journals show that his departure for Paris was something he had been planning for quite a while. Starting in 1954, many Korean artists made this trip including Nam Kwan, Kim Heung-su, and Kim Chong-ha. Paris, the capital of the world of modern art, was the place that would cure them of their sense of inferiority, which had resulted from their negative experiences with Western art in Japan. Even though many artists and their works were significantly changed during trips abroad, Kim intentionally retained his artistic style and continued to portray motifs of jars, birds, mountains, deer, and plum blossoms. Away in France, Kim came to better understand and appreciate the unique qualities of Korea and Korean art.
Whanki Kim frequently traveled to new places to adopt new artistic techniques and incorporate them into his work, and his goal throughout his career was to reach this universality of a “boundaryless integration of Eastern and Western aesthetics”. He was tired of his works being viewed as either an abandonment of Korean values or as a weak imitation of “authentic” Western art. A symbol of Whanki Kim's struggle to reach this seamless integration of both traditional/modern and Eastern/Western style was the buncheong jar from the Joseon dynasty. The Joseon Dynasty pottery can be characterized as large, white, thick, and misshapen, and has a utilitarian function. An infamous piece is the “Moon Jar,” which is a white porcelain vessel that is shaped round, like a moon. When he traveled to Paris, his paintings underwent intense change, including the color palette primarily becoming blue, and they began to mimic the mottled ceramic surfaces. In the 1950s, Whanki Kim began to incorporate traditional motifs from the Korean landscape, such as a blue moon, mountains, and plum blossoms. Jar (1958) by Whanki Kim represented the transition from flat, patchy strokes to a building-up of layers. The texture of this piece is evidently thick and mottled, akin to traditional Korean pottery. Further, the jar as a subject has no sense of space as there are no referential objects surrounding it. The scale of the moon is as big as the jar, which creates a “zoom-in” effect and adds to the abstraction of the art. Adding these Korean motifs to his artwork made Kim more aware of his Korean identity in a time of constant travel. Visiting Paris was a transformative experience for Whanki Kim as he was able to experiment with the stained glass effect of Roualt's paintings to replicate the 3D nature and texture of the buncheong jar onto the 2D canvas. He was able to combine the “Koreanness” of the Joseon Dynasty jar and elements of the abstract expressionist movement.
Seoul: 1959–1963
On his return to Seoul in 1959 he was almost immediately offered the position of Dean of Faculty at the College of Fine Arts at Hongik University. In 1960, he became President of Hongik Art College. He found himself teaching and performing administrative duties more often than he was concentrating on art. He often felt frustrated during this time because of conflicts with other board members and the lack of connection between reality and what dreams he had for the institutions of art.
New York: 1963–1974
1963 was the first year Korea participated in the São Paulo Biennial, in which Kim participated as the country's commissioner and among the seven featured artists: Young-ju Kim (김영주, 金永周, (1920–1995), Yoo Youngkuk, Kim Ki-chang, Suh Se-ok, Han Yong-jin (한용진, 韓鏞進, 1934–), and Yoo Gang-yeol (유강열, 劉康烈, 1920–1976). Submitting three works–Moonlight in Summer Night <여름 달밤> (1961), Moonlight Night of Island <섬의 달밤> (1959), and Cloud and Moon <운월> (1963)–Kim was awarded an Honorable Mention for painting. Upon seeing the works of at the Biennale, such as the works of American artist Adolph Gottlieb whom was awarded the Grande Prêmio, Kim reported his desire for the "internationalization" of Korean art.
Thus in 1963, Kim relocated to New York, a city that was emerging as a new center for modern Art. Hyang-an Kim joined Kim in New York the following year. With a grant from the Asia Society funded by the foundation of John D. Rockefeller III, they settled in a studio in the Upper West Side of Manhattan. There he finds support from a number of Korean cultural attaché's, Korean American artists Po Kim, John Pai (1937–), and Nam June Paik, as well as American artists Adolph Gottlieb and Mark Rothko.
When Whanki Kim arrived in New York, he began to experiment with new materials, like newspaper pages and oil paints. He was curious about how different oil paints reacted with the oil on the newspaper, which created a “shifting, moving sense of paint laying on top of a surface” compared to the absorption effect of watercolor paint, which led to his interest in paper-mache. A paper sculpture called Daejup (1968) represents the transformation Kim's art underwent to merge the oil paintings on the newspapers with 3D sculptures. Whanki Kim took pride in the fact that he conserved “Koreanness” into his art as the oil paint on paper mimicked the mottled surface of pottery from Joseon dynasty. Daejup is a wide black jar that widens near the top and has symmetrical dots surrounding the lining of the jar. The dots are intentionally disordered to add an organic sense to the work, similar to the jars of the Joseon time period. What made Whanki Kim so extraordinary was that even while moving to New York and picking up these new techniques of paper-mache, he protected elements of his homeland. New York allowed him to be free of all social obligations and just focus on the creativity of his work. However, it is important to acknowledge that other Korean artists in his realm did not have the privilege and opportunity to drop all of their responsibilities to pursue art. Thus, Whanki Kim had an advantage when it came to access to foreign techniques and the ability to explore.
Most noted from the artist's time in New York is the rise of the series of "all-over canvas dot paintings" (점면전화, Chŏmmyŏnjŏnhwa) or simply known as "dot paintings." By 1970, Kim began to produce paintings that filled the entire surface of his unprimed canvases with small, irregular dots using oil paint mixed with turpentine. An early, significant example is Where, in What Form, Shall We Meet Again? <어디서 무엇이 되어 다시 만나랴> (1970), titled after a poem of his friend and Korean poet Kim Gwang-Seop (김광섭, 1905–1977). While the work resulted from years of experimentation with abstraction and the geometrical elements that make up painting–dot, line, and plane–, the subdued palette as well as the watered-down paint produced an effect of blurred ink, evocative of East Asian ink wash painting. With Where, in What Form, Shall We Meet Again?, Kim was awarded the Grand Prize at the first iteration of the Korean Art Grand Award Exhibition. Drastically different from Kim's work from Korea that depicted Korean motifs and sentiments, his purely abstract style left a great impression to the Korean art scene.
Kim continued to produce "dot paintings" on larger-sized canvases and experimented with different colors, especially with range of blue hues. By 1971, Kim took a turn on its composition by arranging the dots in a circular or curvilinear fashion, such as seen in Universe 05-IV-71 #200 (1971). Universe, which is regarded as one of the most important works of the artist's oeuvre today, was well received in New York at the time. The work was included in Kim's solo show at New York's Poindexter Gallery, where he continued to show annually, until his death in 1974.
Dansaekhwa, also known as the monochrome painting movement, included paintings of gray, brown, beige, and white hues produced in the late 1960s and applied to paintings that manifested a merger between the artist's body and mind by exploring the physicality of the painting materials. This movement stemmed from the desire to reclaim their stolen “Koreanness” pride from the war and the need for strong political and social control. It was also a departure from the Japanese-style Nihonga that represented the colonial period of Korea and adopted abstract paintings in Western art scenes during the era of modernization. In Universe (1971), Kim painted repeating rows of circles made of dots that capture the essence of waves pulsating on the shore. The dots “seem to proliferate like living cells” and “represent the flow of powerful solar energy,” which allows the audience to experience synesthesia. Since no two dots are the same, the movement of each piece is uneven and causes the eye to lose focus and get lost in the painting. Whanki Kim distinguishes himself from other artists with the temporality of his work. American paintings tend to have that “all-at-once” aspect, while Whanki Kim's work is constantly dynamic and there is an implicit sense of movement at all times. New York was a significant transitional period because the usual motifs, like the bird and moon, were gradually replaced by dots and lines, as seen in this work. His pieces became less figurative and more abstract with linear horizontals and verticals and diagonal arrangements. Compared to his earlier works with very bright hues, Universe, along with his later works, were gray-blue or black and encapsulated the “Whanki Blue” palette. Further, Kim designed this piece so that the audience could picture the movement of shimmering heavenly bodies mimicked by the dynamic dots. Individuals are stimulated to become “one” with the painting. This transition and disappearance of Korean motifs can also speak to Whanki Kim's distance from his Korean identity as he settled in New York and became engrossed in foreign works.
During his career in New York, works depicting cosmic, planetary subjects, sound, echo, and music arose. In the second half of his time in New York, Kim spent much time on collages, papier-mâché works, and oil-on-newspaper paintings. It was during this time that Kim began to utilize dots in his works, sometimes even covering whole canvases with just dots, such as in Where and in What Form Are We to Meet Again? (1970) and 05-IV-71 #200 (Universe) (1971). The latter was sold for HK$102m (US$13.03m), surpassing its estimate of HK$48m-62m, and became the most expensive Korean work of art.
See also
Whanki Museum
Exhibitions
22nd Second Section Association Exhibition (二科会, Nikakai), Tokyo, Japan; 1935 (Awarded)
23rd Second Section Association Exhibition (二科会, Nikakai), Tokyo, Japan; 1936 (Awarded)
Amagi Gallery, Tokyo, Japan; Solo Exhibition; 1937
Jeongjaok Gallery, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1940
1st New Realism Group (신사실파, Shinsashilp'a) Exhibition, Hwashin Gallery, Seoul, Korea; 1948
2nd New Realism Group (신사실파, Shinsashilp'a) Exhibition, Hwashin Gallery, Seoul, Korea; 1949
1st National Exhibition (대한민국미술전람회, Taehanmin'gungmisulchŏllamhoe), Seoul, Korea; 1949
3rd New Realism Group (신사실파, Shinsashilp'a) Exhibition, Hwashin Gallery, Seoul, Korea; 1950
New Seoul Tea Room, Busan, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1952
USIS Gallery, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1954
Donghwa Gallery, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1956
M.Bénezit Gallery, Paris, France; Solo Exhibition; 1956
M.Bénezit Gallery, Paris, France; Solo Exhibition; 1956
M.Bénezit Gallery, Paris, France; Solo Exhibition; 1957
M.Bénezit Gallery, Paris, France; Solo Exhibition; 1957
Cheval de Verre Gallery, Brussels, Belgium; Solo Exhibition; 1957
Institut Gallery, Paris, France; Solo Exhibition; 1958
Contemporary Korean Paintings, World House Galleries, New York, New York, United States; organized by Ellen Psaty Conant
Kim Whanki Art Exhibition; Korean Information Center, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1959
Bando Gallery, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1960
Korean Information Center, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1961
Korean Information Center, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1962
Korean Information Center, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1963
7th São Paulo Biennale, São Paulo, Brazil; 1963 (Honorable Mention for Painting)
Asia House Gallery, New York, New York, United States; Solo Exhibition; 1964
8th São Paulo Biennale, Special Exhibition Room, São Paulo, Brazil; 1965
Tasca Gallery, New York, New York, United States; Solo Exhibition; 1966
Gotham Book Mart Gallery, New York, New York, United States; Solo Exhibition; 1968
1st Korea Arts Exhibition, Gyeongbokgung Palace Museum, Seoul, Korea; 1970 (Grand Prize)
Whanki, Poindexter Gallery, New York, New York, United States; Solo Exhibition; September 25–October 21, 1971
Shinsegye Gallery, Seoul, Korea; Solo Exhibition; 1971
Poindexter Gallery, New York, New York, United States; Solo Exhibition; 1972
Poindexter Gallery, New York, New York, United States; Solo Exhibition; 1973
Poindexter Gallery, New York, New York, United States; Solo Exhibition; 1974
Selected Posthumous Exhibitions
Whanki, paintings 1960-1974, Poindexter Gallery, New York, New York, United States; February 18–March 8, 1975
13th São Paulo Biennial, Special Exhibition Whanki; October 17–December 15, 1975
Kim Whanki Retrospective, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea; December 3–December 17, 1975
Kim Whanki 10th Death Anniversary Commemorative Exhibition, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea; March 1–March 25, 1984
Whanki: Retrospective 1963-1974, Centre National des Arts Plastiques, Paris, France; May 12–June 14, 1987
Whanki Kim, New York 1963–1974, Whanki Museum, Seoul, Korea; 1992
Asian Traditions/Modern Expressions: Asian American Artists and Abstraction, 1945–1970, Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Bruswick, New Jersey; 1997
Further reading and external links
Whanki Museum
Kim Whanki, Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (KO)
Kim Whanki, Korean Wikipedia (KO)
Kim Whanki, Korean Art Multilingual Dictionary
Naver Cast - Whanki Kim
Doosan Encyclopedia - Whanki Kim
Brief biography of Kim Hwan'gi, in:
Barry Schwabsky on the Kim Whanki exhibition at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, in: Artforum, Summer 1996
Korean Art Pioneer Kim Whan-ki Advanced Technology & Design KOREA
Images from a Blog
References
1913 births
1974 deaths
20th-century Korean painters
20th-century South Korean painters
South Korean contemporary artists
People from South Jeolla Province
Nihon University alumni
T.O.P
Academic staff of Seoul National University
Academic staff of Hongik University |
Breezy Point can refer to a community in the United States:
Breezy Point, Minnesota, a city in Crow Wing County
Breezy Point, Queens, New York, a neighborhood on the Rockaway Peninsula
See also
Point Breeze (disambiguation)
Breezy (disambiguation) |
Roma (minor planet designation: 472 Roma) is an asteroid. It was discovered by Luigi Carnera on July 11, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GP. This asteroid was named by Antonio Abetti for the city of Rome in Italy, the
native country of its discoverer.
At 21:57 UT, on Thursday, July 8, 2010, this 50 km wide asteroid occulted the star Delta Ophiuchi in an event lasting about five seconds. The occultation path crossed central Europe along a band that ran through Stockholm, Copenhagen, Bremen, Nantes and Bilbao.
This is a member of the dynamic Maria family of asteroids that were probably formed as the result of a collisional breakup of a parent body.
References
External links
Maria asteroids
Roma
Roma
S-type asteroids (Tholen)
19010711 |
Dolomiti Energia S.p.A. is an energy company in the field of electricity and natural gas headquartered in Trento, Italy. The company was established in 2009. Dolomiti Energia employs about 1,961 people in Italy. Chairman of the board is Rudi Oss and chief executive officer is Marco Merler.
History
Dolomiti Energia was established in 2009 in Trento with the merger of Dolomiti Energia and Trentino Servizi. Dolomiti Energia was the majority shareholder of the hydroelectric power stations of Trentino Alto Adige and Trentino Servizi takes its name becoming the new Dolomiti Energia.
In September 2009, Dolomiti Energia acquired the majority of Multiutility S.p.A. headquartered in Verona, and during the same year it acquired 100% of Avisio Energia, which will change its name into Dolomiti Reti S.p.A..
In 2010 Dolomiti Energia acquired PVB Power Bulgaria, an energy company in the field of hydroelectricity in Bulgaria. In March 2021, the share package was sold for 5 millions of euros to Akuo, a group founded by a club of former managers of EDF who worked in Bulgaria.
In November 2011 it was established Sf Energy, a joint venture between Dolomiti Energia, Sel and Enel Produzione for the management of the hydroelectric plant of San Floriano del Collio. In 2012 Dolomiti Energia became shareholder for the 7% of Edipower S.p.A.. Dolomiti Energia is the main sponsor of Aquila Trento, which play in Serie A.
In July 2016, Dolomiti Energia Trading debuted at European Energy Exchange.
Dolomiti Energia, although many shareholders are public entities, is able to sponsor the sports club Aquila Basket Trento which plays in the top Italian basketball league (Serie A). He took second place in the 2016/17 season and in the 2017/18 season.
Activity
The Group's operating statement in 2012 gave the following data :
Electric Energy
customers connected to the grid: 300.688
km medium voltage network: 3.089
km low voltage network: 6.544
Gwh energy produced: 1.850
Gwh energy distributed: 2.400
Gwh energy sold: 3.824
Natural Gas
customers connected to the natural gas network: 146.780
km natural gas network: 2.241
m³ natural gas distributed: 289.000.000
m³ natural gas sold: 428.000.000
Environment
Tons of waste collected: 76.364
Recycling Trento: 66.78%
Recycling Rovereto: 60.86%
Water
Aqueduct users: 84.841
Aqueducts under management: 17 (oltre 200.000 abitanti)
Sewage treatment plants: 16
km water supply network managed: 1.338
m³ of water delivered to the grid: 32.000.000
District heating and cogeneration
Gwh steam produced: 63.4
Gwh heat produced: 61.4
Major shareholders
As of 2011 members of Dolomiti Energia are:
Private shareholders
FT Energia: 11,80 %
A2A: 7,9%
Fondazione Caritro: 5,3%
ISA: 4,1%
EnerGo: 1,8
Public shareholders
FinDolomiti Energia: 47,8%
Comune of Trento: 5,8%
Comune of Rovereto: 4,3%
Other comuni: 2,8%
Bacino imbrifero montano–BIM: 2,0%
Local multi-utility
STET: 1,8%
AGS: 1,2%
AIR: 1,0%
ACSM Primiero: 0,8%
Other companies: 1,6%
References
External links
Dolomiti Energia website Retrieved 14 June 2016
Electrical engineering companies of Italy
Electric power companies of Italy
Energy companies established in 2009
Italian brands
Partly privatized companies of Italy
Italian companies established in 2009 |
Hangover remedies consist of foods, dishes, and medicines, that have been described as having a theoretical potential for easing or alleviating symptoms associated with the hangover.
List of hangover foods
Scientific
Asparagus: In a small cell-based study, concentrated asparagus leaf extract showed marginal harmful by-product scavenging capabilities. This may mean that there is physiological effect, but further research is necessary.
Foods that contain:
Cysteine
gamma-Linolenic acid
Drinking water
Common pear was found to have the highest effect on aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.
Folk cures
The following foods and dishes have been described as having a theoretical potential for easing or alleviating symptoms associated with the hangover. Hangover foods have not been scientifically proven to function as a remedy or cure for the hangover.
Alcohol – hair of the dog remedy
Bloody mary or in Canada, the Caesar.
Corpse Reviver
Fernet – an alcoholic beverage consumed as a drink choice to avoid the hangover
Jägerbomb
Underberg – a digestif bitter
Vodka
Water rich foods:
Fruits
Banana
Kiwifruit
Prickly pear fruit
Drinks
Caffeinated drinks: No significant correlation between caffeine use and hangover severity has been found.
Coffee
Espresso
Electrolyte replacement drinks
Pedialyte
Sports drinks
Juices
Fruit juice
Pickle juice
Tomato juice
Teas
Ginger tea
Green tea
Peppermint tea
Coconut water
Hangover drinks in South Korea – Mass-produced hangover drinks based on Traditional Korean medicine.
Vegetables
Spinach
Tomato
Hovenia dulcis
Soups
Aguadito de pollo – a soup in Peruvian cuisine consisting of chicken, cilantro, vegetables and spices
Aguadito – a chunky Peruvian soup made with cilantro, carrot, peas and potatoes
Ajiaco
Cesnecka – A soup in Czech cuisine that is prepared using a significant amount of garlic
Chicken noodle soup
Fricasé – A soup in Bolivian cuisine prepared with ribs, hominy and potatoes
Haejang-guk – or hangover soup refers to all kinds of guk or soup eaten as a hangover cure in Korean cuisine. It means "soup to chase a hangover" and is also called sulguk ().
Khash
Menudo
Miso soup
Zurek
Tripe soups
Eggs. Egg dishes:
Ostrich egg omelette – consumed as a hangover food in South Africa
Fry up – a British full breakfast
Loco moco
Omelette
Prairie oyster – a cocktail served as a hangover remedy that consists of raw egg, Worcestershire sauce, tomato juice, vinegar, hot sauce, salt and ground black pepper.
Ramen
Shakshuka
Greasy foods
Bacon sandwich
Chicken fillet roll
Hamburger
Peanut butter
Pizza
Fried foods
Churros
Fried chicken
Grilled cheese sandwich
Poutine
Chilaquiles
Revuelto Gramajo – a breakfast hash dish in Argentine cuisine consisting of potatoes, eggs, cheese and vegetables.
Youtiao
Staple food
Toast, and toast and honey
Oats and oatmeal
Spaghetti
Quinoa
Cassoulet
Ceviche
Congee
Dal bhat
Drunken noodles
Honey
Kishkiyya – a porridge in Iraqi cuisine from the 10th century that was consumed in Baghdad, it was prepared using ground wheat and meat.
Luwombo – A dish in Ugandan cuisine consisting of meat, peanuts called luwombo and vegetables that is steamed in a banana leaf and typically served with a side dish of plantains.
Mustard
Sushi
Guobacai – A snack of strong local flavor in Tianjin cuisine, guobacai is a sort of pancake made of millet and mung bean flour.
Torta ahogada
Criticism
While recommendations and folk cures for foods and drinks to relieve hangover symptoms abound, hangover foods have not been scientifically proven to function as a remedy or cure for the hangover.
In a review assessing eight randomised controlled trials of propranolol, tropisetron, tolfenamic acid, fructose/glucose, a yeast preparation and supplements containing Borago officinalis, Cynara scolymus and Opuntia ficus-indica, researchers concluded that "no compelling evidence exists to suggest that any conventional or complementary intervention is effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover."
Medicines
N-Acetylcysteine
Sobrietol
Tolfenamic acid
Ineffective
Activated charcoal
History
Various folk medicine remedies exist for hangovers. The ancient Romans, on the authority of Pliny the Elder, favored raw owl's eggs or fried canary as a hangover remedy, while the "prairie oyster" restorative, introduced at the 1878 Paris World Exposition, calls for raw egg yolk mixed with Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, salt and pepper. By 1938, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel provided a hangover remedy in the form of a mixture of Coca-Cola and milk (Coca-Cola itself having been invented, by some accounts, as a hangover remedy). Alcoholic writer Ernest Hemingway relied on tomato juice and beer.
Other purported hangover cures includes more alcohol, for example cocktails such as Bloody Mary or Black Velvet (consisting of equal parts champagne and stout).
A 1957 survey by an American folklorist found widespread belief in the efficacy of heavy fried foods, tomato juice and sexual activity.
References
Further reading
External links
How to avoid a hangover: Dehydration, chemical build up and nutrient depletion – your body on a hangover (and how to fix it). Healthista.com.
Alcohol abuse
Drinking culture
Food and drink culture
Alternative detoxification |
The Heinkel HD 32 was a trainer developed in Germany in the 1920s, a derivative of the HD 21. Like that aircraft, it was a conventional, single-bay biplane, but had only two cockpits rather than the three that the HD 21 had. The other significant change was the use of a Siemens radial engine in place of the inline units that powered most of the HD 21 family.
A number of HD 32s participated in the 1925 Deutscher Rundflug, including one powered by a Bristol Lucifer engine.
Specifications (variant)
References
1920s German military trainer aircraft
HD 32
Aircraft first flown in 1926 |
Susan Lynn Solomon (August 23, 1951 – September 8, 2022) was an American executive and lawyer. She was the chief executive officer and co-founder of the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF).
Early life
Solomon was born in Brooklyn on August 23, 1951. Her father, Seymour Solomon, was the co-founder of Vanguard Records alongside his brother, Maynard; her mother, Ruth (Katz), was a pianist and worked as a manager of concert musicians. Solomon attended the Fieldston School. She then studied history at New York University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1975. Three years later, she obtained a Juris Doctor from Rutgers University School of Law, where she was an editor of the Law Review.
Career
Solomon started her career as an attorney at Debevoise & Plimpton, and worked in the legal profession until 1981. She subsequently held executive positions at MacAndrews & Forbes and APAX (formerly MMG Patricof and Co.). She was the founder and President of Sony Worldwide Networks, the chairman and CEO of Lancit Media Productions, an Emmy award-winning television production company, and then served as the founding CEO of Sotheby's website prior to founding her own strategic management consulting firm Solomon Partners LLC in 2000.
Solomon was a founding Board member of the Global Alliance for iPSC Therapies (GAiT) and New Yorkers for the Advancement of Medical Research (NYAMR). She served on the Board of the College Diabetes Network and was a board member for the Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine. She also served on the board of directors of the Regional Plan Association of New York, where she was a member of the nominating and governance committee. She previously sat on the strategic planning committee for the Empire State Stem Cell Board.
NYSCF
Solomon co-founded NYSCF in 2005. She had earlier started work as a health-care advocate in 1992, when her son was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. As a result of her son's diagnosis and then her mother's death from cancer in 2004, she sought to find a way in which the most advanced medical research could translate more quickly into cures. In conversations with clinicians and scientists, Solomon identified stem cells as the most promising way to address unmet patient needs.
At the time of her death, NYSCF was one of the biggest nonprofits dedicated to stem cell research, employing 45 scientists at their Research Institute in Manhattan and funding an additional 75 scientists around the world.
Personal life
Solomon married her first husband, Gary Hirsh, in 1968. Together, they had one son. They divorced and she later married Paul Goldberger in 1980. They remained married until her death, and had two children.
Solomon died on September 8, 2022, at her home in Amagansett, New York. She was 71, and suffered from ovarian cancer prior to her death.
Awards
Living Landmark Honoree, New York Landmarks Conservancy, 2015
Stem Cell Action Leadership Award, Genetics Policy Institute, 2012
New York State Women of Excellence Award 2008
Triumph Award, The Brooke Ellison Foundation, 2008
Publications
Articles
"Institutional Report Cards for Gender Equality: Lessons Learned from Benchmarking Efforts for Women in STEM." Cell Stem Cell (September 9, 2019).
"Automated, high-throughput derivation, characterization and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells." Nature Methods (August 3, 2015).
"Cell Therapy Worldwide: An Incipient Revolution." Regenerative Medicine (March 1, 2015).
"7 Actionable Strategies For Advancing Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine." Cell Stem Cell (March 5, 2015).
"Human Oocytes Reprogram Adult Somatic Nuclei to Diploid Pluripotent Stem Cells." Nature (April 28, 2014).
"Twenty years of the International Society for Cellular Therapies: the past, present and future of cellular therapy clinical development." Cytotherapy (April 14, 2014).
"The New York Stem Cell Foundation. Interview with Susan Solomon." Regenerative Medicine (November 2012).
"The New York Stem Cell Foundation: Accelerating Cures Through Stem Cell Research." Stem Cells Translational Medicine (April 2012).
"The sixth annual translational stem cell research conference of the New York Stem Cell Foundation." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (May 2012).
Case Comment "Monty Python and the Lanham Act: In Search of the Moral Right." Rutgers Law Review (Winter 1977) 3(2).
Editorials
"Raising the Standards of Stem Cell Line Quality." Nature Cell Biology (March 31, 2016).
"Banking on iPSC—Is it Doable and is it Worthwhile". Stem Cell Research and Reviews (December 17, 2014).
"#StemCells: Education, Innovation, and Outreach." Cell Stem Cell: Voices (November 7, 2013).
"The New Nonprofit: A Model for Innovation Across Sectors." Smart Assets: The Philanthropy New York Blog (March 14, 2013).
"Stem Cell Research: Science, Not Politics." The Huffington Post (September 21, 2010).
"Opinion: Science Shoved Aside in Stem Cell Ruling." AOL News (August 25, 2010).
"Opportunity for Excellence: The Critical Role of State Programs in the New Federal Landscape." The Huffington Post (June 12, 2009).
"Patients Before Politics: Putting Science First." The Huffington Post (March 9, 2009).
"The Stem Cell Wars Are Not Over." The Huffington Post (November 30, 2007).
"After Bush's Veto, What is Next for Stem Cell Research?" The Huffington Post (June 20, 2007).
"Spitzer Shows Leadership in Stem Cell Research." Times Union (February 18, 2007).
"Today's Stem Cell Bill: A Politically Expedient Approach." The Huffington Post (July 18, 2006).
References
1951 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American women lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
American health activists
American nonprofit chief executives
American women chief executives
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Ethical Culture Fieldston School alumni
Lawyers from Brooklyn
New York University alumni
Rutgers University alumni
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
Stem cell research |
Gensac may refer to the following communes in France:
Gensac, Gironde, in the Gironde department
Gensac, Hautes-Pyrénées, in the Hautes-Pyrénées department
Gensac, Tarn-et-Garonne, in the Tarn-et-Garonne department
Gensac-de-Boulogne, in the Haute-Garonne department
Gensac-la-Pallue, in the Charente department
Gensac-sur-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department |
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