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Sylvans S.C. is a football club based on the Channel Island of Guernsey. They are affiliated to the Guernsey Football Association and play in the FNB Priaulx League.
History
The club was formed in 1922.
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in Guernsey |
Daniel Morgan House, also known as the George Flowerdew Norton House, Boyd House, and Sherrard House, is a historic home located at Winchester, Virginia. It is a -story, seven bay, 17 room, Late Georgian style brick dwelling. It has a side-gable roof and paired double interior chimneys. The oldest section was built about 1786 for George Flowerdew Norton, and the western stuccoed brick wing was built for Daniel Morgan (1736–1802) about 1800. A brick kitchen, built about 1820 is attached to the north side of the dwelling and two-story addition, constructed about 1885, is attached to the northwest corner of the house. A one-room addition was added to the eastern side about 1890, and a second-story room was built above the back porch about 1915. Also on the property is a contributing coursed stone retaining wall (c. 1900).
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. It is located in the Winchester Historic District.
Gen.Daniel Morgan died in this house on July 6, 1802. The house then was the home of his daughter.
References
External links
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Georgian architecture in Virginia
Houses completed in 1786
Houses in Winchester, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Winchester, Virginia
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia |
Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki (; born 3 May 1965) is a Nigerian politician who served as the Minister of State for Mines and Steel Development of Nigeria since 6 July 2022 till 29th May 2023. She served earlier as the Minister of State for Transportation from 2019 till she was moved by the President to the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development in 2022.
A former senator, she was elected to represent the Kwara Central Senatorial District in the year 2003 under the platform of the People's Democratic Party. She was elected into the House of Representatives in 1999 representing Asa/Ilorin West Federal Constituency, Kwara State. She is a sister of former Senate President of Nigeria (8th Assembly), Bukola Saraki.
Early life and education
Saraki was born on 3 May 1965 to Abubakar Olusola Saraki and Florence Morenike Saraki, her father was a leading senator in the Second Nigerian Republic (1979–1983) and father of politics in Kwara State. Her brother, Abubakar Bukola Saraki, was governor of Kwara State from 29 May 2003 to 29 May 2011 and was the President of the 8th Senate of Nigeria. She attended the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom and earned a bachelor's degree in Economics. She did her national service at the Nigeria Bank for Commerce and Industry, Lagos. She worked for the Societe Generale Bank (Nigeria) with the post of the Head of Money Markets and later as Head of Domiciliary Accounts.
From 1994 to 1999, she was executive director of Ashmount Insurance Brokers, Lagos.
Political career
Saraki was elected as a member of the House of Representatives in 1999 under the umbrella of the All People's Party (APP). She ran under the umbrella of the People's Democratic Party, (PDP) for the senate in 2003 and won the seat, representing the Central Senatorial District of Kwara State. She re-contested in 2007 and won again, serving as a Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for eight years (2003–2011). In 2011, she contested in the gubernatorial election of Kwara State under the ACPN party, losing election to PDP's Abdulfatah Ahmed. As a legislator, she was a member of several committees. At the Senate, Saraki chaired the Senate Committee on National Planning, Poverty Alleviation and Economic Affairs. She also acted as vice-chairperson of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Saraki was also a returning member of the ECOWAS Parliament. Saraki defected to the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2015. In February 2016, Saraki was appointed by President Muhammed Buhari as the Pro Chancellor and Chairperson of the Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State. On 13 February 2017, Saraki was also appointed as one of the 16-member committee to re-negotiate its 2009 agreement with the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU).
On 21 August 2019, President Muhammadu Buhari appointed her Minister of State for Transportation and on 6 July 2022, she was appointed Minister of State for Mines and Steel Development.
See also
List of Hausa people
References
Kwara State
1965 births
Living people
Peoples Democratic Party members of the Senate (Nigeria)
Yoruba women in politics
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Nigerian Fula people
Gbemisola
21st-century Nigerian politicians
21st-century Nigerian women politicians |
Paul Lawrence Berezney (born September 25, 1915 – March 29, 1990) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He played 31 games for the Green Bay Packers between 1942 and 1944, starting in 23. Berezney was the starting right tackle for the Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game. After leaving the NFL in 1944, Berezney played in one game for the Miami Seahawks of the All-America Football Conference in 1946.
Personal life
Born in Jersey City, New Jersey, Berezney attended William L. Dickinson High School. His brother Pete also played in the AAFC.
Their brother Steve wrote a book on their family, titled after their father Pete, called "Sugarhouse Pete: An American Family Story".
References
External links
1915 births
1990 deaths
American football offensive tackles
Green Bay Packers players
Miami Seahawks players
Players of American football from Jersey City, New Jersey
William L. Dickinson High School alumni |
Oumar Ba (1906 – 1964) was a physician and politician from Niger who served in the French Senate from 1948 to 1952. He was born in Bandiagara.
References
Oumar Ba's page on the French Senate website
Nigerien politicians
French senators of the Fourth Republic
1906 births
1964 deaths
Senators of French West Africa |
The last spike is the final rail spike driven in the construction of a railway. It is often a momentous occasion and special ceremonial spikes of gold or silver may be used.
Last spike may refer to:
Last Spike (Canadian Pacific Railway), driven in 1885
The Last Spike (book), a 1971 book by historian Pierre Berton, the second volume of an account of the Canadian Pacific Railway's origins and construction
Towards the Last Spike, a 1952 poem by Canadian poet E. J. Pratt about the Canadian Pacific Railway construction
Last Spike (Grand Trunk Pacific Railway), Canada, driven in 1914
Last Spike (Nevada), the last spike of the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, driven in 1905
Last Spike Memorial, a monument on the location of the North Island Main Trunk line in New Zealand, driven in 1908
Golden spike, the final spike of the first transcontinental railroad across the United States, driven in 1869 |
Salam Atilola (born 2 February 1996 in Saki, Nigeria who has short playing time with Crown, Shooting Stars F.C., MFM FC all in Nigeria National League except Abia Warriors F.C. in the Nigeria First division who later sacked him on poor performance. Atilola Abdulsalam Tunde who joined Abia Warriors in the Nigeria Premier League season february 2019 mid-season window transfer registered only 3 goals from 8 games in 2018/19 season. He was sacked the following season 2019/20 from Abia Warriors F.C. in January after un-impressive performance playing 15 games without a goal as a Striker.
Career
Salam Atilola is a natural left footed Striker. He was discovered by Karamone. He started his professional league football debut with Crown in 2012/13 season later sacked sacked and later signed by Shooting Stars F.C. in 2013/14 after he was sacked. He also played for MFM FC in the Nigeria Second division league 2014/15 season and was later also sacked after average performance.
References
External links
- Fifa League Result ~ Salam Atilola Goal
1996 births
Living people
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria Professional Football League players
Men's association football forwards
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
Karamone F.C. players
Shooting Stars S.C. players
Yoruba sportspeople
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Eswatini
Expatriate men's footballers in Eswatini
Abia Warriors F.C. players |
```java
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
package org.apache.pulsar.broker.service;
import io.netty.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.mledger.Entry;
import org.apache.pulsar.client.api.transaction.TxnID;
import org.apache.pulsar.common.api.proto.CommandLookupTopicResponse;
import org.apache.pulsar.common.api.proto.CommandTopicMigrated.ResourceType;
import org.apache.pulsar.common.api.proto.ServerError;
import org.apache.pulsar.common.protocol.schema.SchemaVersion;
import org.apache.pulsar.common.schema.SchemaInfo;
public interface PulsarCommandSender {
void sendPartitionMetadataResponse(ServerError error, String errorMsg, long requestId);
void sendPartitionMetadataResponse(int partitions, long requestId);
void sendSuccessResponse(long requestId);
void sendErrorResponse(long requestId, ServerError error, String message);
void sendProducerSuccessResponse(long requestId, String producerName, SchemaVersion schemaVersion);
void sendProducerSuccessResponse(long requestId, String producerName, long lastSequenceId,
SchemaVersion schemaVersion, Optional<Long> topicEpoch,
boolean isProducerReady);
void sendSendReceiptResponse(long producerId, long sequenceId, long highestId, long ledgerId,
long entryId);
void sendSendError(long producerId, long sequenceId, ServerError error, String errorMsg);
void sendGetTopicsOfNamespaceResponse(List<String> topics, String topicsHash, boolean filtered,
boolean changed, long requestId);
void sendGetSchemaResponse(long requestId, SchemaInfo schema, SchemaVersion version);
void sendGetSchemaErrorResponse(long requestId, ServerError error, String errorMessage);
void sendGetOrCreateSchemaResponse(long requestId, SchemaVersion schemaVersion);
void sendGetOrCreateSchemaErrorResponse(long requestId, ServerError error, String errorMessage);
void sendConnectedResponse(int clientProtocolVersion, int maxMessageSize, boolean supportsTopicWatchers);
void sendLookupResponse(String brokerServiceUrl, String brokerServiceUrlTls, boolean authoritative,
CommandLookupTopicResponse.LookupType response, long requestId,
boolean proxyThroughServiceUrl);
void sendLookupResponse(ServerError error, String errorMsg, long requestId);
void sendActiveConsumerChange(long consumerId, boolean isActive);
void sendReachedEndOfTopic(long consumerId);
boolean sendTopicMigrated(ResourceType type, long resourceId, String brokerUrl, String brokerUrlTls);
Future<Void> sendMessagesToConsumer(long consumerId, String topicName, Subscription subscription,
int partitionIdx, List<? extends Entry> entries, EntryBatchSizes batchSizes,
EntryBatchIndexesAcks batchIndexesAcks,
RedeliveryTracker redeliveryTracker, long epoch);
void sendTcClientConnectResponse(long requestId, ServerError error, String message);
void sendTcClientConnectResponse(long requestId);
void sendNewTxnResponse(long requestId, TxnID txnID, long tcID);
void sendNewTxnErrorResponse(long requestId, long tcID, ServerError error, String message);
void sendEndTxnResponse(long requestId, TxnID txnID, int txnAction);
void sendEndTxnErrorResponse(long requestId, TxnID txnID, ServerError error, String message);
void sendWatchTopicListSuccess(long requestId, long watcherId, String topicsHash, List<String> topics);
void sendWatchTopicListUpdate(long watcherId,
List<String> newTopics, List<String> deletedTopics, String topicsHash);
}
``` |
Mohamed Ragab (; born 19 June 1990), is an Egyptian footballer who plays for Egyptian Premier League side El Entag El Harby as a forward.
References
2 . http://www.efa.com.eg/PlayerProfile?id=131713&&competitionId=214 . Egyptian Football Association
1990 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Egyptian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Petrojet SC players
El Entag El Harby SC players
Egyptian Premier League players |
Golujeh-ye Ghami (, also Romanized as Golūjeh-ye Ghamī; also known as Kolūjeh-ye Ghamī) is a village in Owch Tappeh-ye Gharbi Rural District, Torkamanchay District, Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 37, in 16 families.
References
Populated places in Meyaneh County |
The slender catshark (Schroederichthys tenuis) is a small species of catshark belonging to the family Scyliorhinidae. It is found on the upper continental slope off the coast of Suriname, French Guiana and northern Brazil, including the mouth of the Amazon River at depths between . Its it can grow up to a length of .
Description
The slender catshark is a small, elongated shark that grows to a length of about . The snout is relatively broad and rounded, the mouth is wide and the nostrils are concealed by lobed flaps. The second dorsal fin is larger than the first and the upper lobe of the tail fin is much larger than the lower lobe. The general colour of the dorsal (upper) surface is pale brown and there are seven or eight dark brown saddle-shaped patches with a scattering of dark brown spots between them.
Distribution
The slender catshark seems to be endemic to the upper continental slope of the coast of Brazil and Suriname including the Amazon estuary, between 4°N and 2°S . It has also been reported from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Patagonia but this may have been a case of misidentification. It is a demersal fish species and is found near the seabed at depths of between .
Biology
The slender catshark mostly feeds on small fish, crustaceans, molluscs and squid. Examination of the stomach contents of captured individuals shows that its diet also includes foraminifera and sponges, and the dermal denticles of other sharks have also been found. This species is oviparous with one or two eggs being laid, each enclosed in a tough egg-case with curly tendrils at each end.
Status
The slender catshark is a little studied shark and the IUCN has rated it as "least concern" in its Red List of Threatened Species. The population size and trend is unknown but the shark has a limited range and may be vulnerable to pollution in the Amazon River water. It is sometimes caught as bycatch by artisan fishermen while they are trawling for shrimps and other commercially fished catsharks. It is possible that it is increasingly being targeted by fishermen, and if this is the case, the IUCN would be concerned.
References
slender catshark
Fish of Suriname
Fish of French Guiana
Fish of Brazil
slender catshark |
Liham at Lihim () is the seventh album by the Filipino rapper Gloc-9. In an interview by Myx, Gloc-9 stated that he had a dream collaboration with a certain artist that happened on this album (though he did not reveal the name of that artist). The album has tracks featuring Regine Velasquez-Alcasid, Rico Blanco, Quest, Marc Abaya of Kjwan, Zia Quizon, Kamikazee, Eunice Jorge of Gracenote, Denise Barbacena and Sly Kane. The album is released in October 2013 with the song "Magda" featuring Rico Blanco as its first single. It has 12 tracks under the Universal label.
Track listing
Certifications
References
Gloc-9 albums
2013 albums
Universal Records (Philippines) albums |
Kal Khungestan (, also Romanized as Kal Khūngestān) is a village in Seyyedvaliyeddin Rural District, Sardasht District, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 9 families.
References
Populated places in Dezful County |
Rettenegg is a municipality in the district of Weiz in the Austrian state of Styria.
Geography
Rettenegg lies in the Fischbach Alps at the confluence of the Pfaffenbach and the Feistritz.
References
Cities and towns in Weiz District
Fischbach Alps |
The Royal Order of Noble Ladies of Queen Maria Luisa is an Order created by King Charles IV of Spain by royal decree on April 21, 1792, at the request of his wife, Queen Maria Luisa, to reward noble women who distinguished themselves for their services and talents. As such, it was established as an honour reserved only for women.
History
The Order was defined as a strictly female reward system, ruled by the Queen and composed of thirty members reserved for the Spanish high nobility. The first secretary of the Order was Don Miguel de Bañuelos y Fuentes, retired Knight of the Order of Charles III, and General Stewart of the Army.
In 1796 the King raised the Order to a nobiliary dignity, granting their holders and their spouses the protocolar treatment of excellence, equating to Grandee of Spain and Knights Grand Crosses of the Order of Charles III. Later, during the short reign of Joseph Bonaparte (Joseph I of Spain), a decree was signed on September 18, 1809, dissolving all military orders, including the female one of Maria Luisa, excepting only the order of the Golden Fleece, but this measure was reversed after Bonaparte's expulsion from Spain and the Bourbon restoration. Successive queens in turn inherited the prerogatives of the founding queen of the Order and the custom was established that the current queen of Spain would exercise the governorship of the Order.
In a Royal Decree of October 28, 1851, a payment of 3,000 reales was required of members of the Order, to be paid within three months; non-payers would cease to be members. Also included in the protocol for granting the authorization of the Council of Ministers and published in the Gaceta de Madrid (now Boletín Oficial del Estado). In 1869, after the dismissal of Queen Isabella II, the ruler, General Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre changed the name of the Order to Order of the Nobles Ladies of Spain.
King Alfonso XII, by Royal Decree of November 28, 1878, declared that the Noble Ladies could wear the cross of the Order in a less formal way on the left side of the chest, except on occasions important enough to require its use in the form prescribed by the Order's statutes.
A Republican decree of July 24, 1931, without expressly referring to this Order, abolished in fact as an official institution. But both King Alfonso XIII, until January 1941, and his son Juan de Borbón, Count of Barcelona gave some bands of this Order to some princesses of his family; the latest to his daughters, Infantas Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz and Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria, to commemorate their eighteenth birthday. It was also granted to Princess Sophia of Greece when she became Princess of Spain by her marriage to the future King Juan Carlos I in 1962; she wore the Dame's version at his proclamation ceremony on November 22, 1975.
Currently, and according to the statutes, there is a single category of Noble Lady, limited to 30 members except on the express will of the monarch. Since the resignation of Don Juan de Borbón, Count of Barcelona to his dynastic rights on May 14, 1977, during the reign of Juan Carlos I, there have been no new appointments so that, although it formally remains in effect, it can be considered that this order is de facto extinct.
Patronage and feast days
The patronage of the Order was entrusted to Saint Ferdinand, king of Castile and León and Saint Louis, king of France and during their feast days, May 30 and August 25 respectively, the Queen received protocolarly the Ladies in chapter. As well, the Noble Ladies of the Order were statutorily recommended special devotion to their patron saints and had to visit once a month a charity establishment, such as the Hospital de la Inclusa or some women's hospitals such as the Hospital de la Pasión.
Investiture
Women rewarded by this distinction normally receive it in a formal investiture ceremony described in the statute, in the private rooms of the Queen at the Royal Palace, except in cases of serious illness or disability.
Many women from many countries have received this distinction, one of the major honors that the Spanish monarchy can award to women in recognition of their "services, actions and qualities."
Current members
Infanta Margarita, 2nd Duchess of Hernani – 1192nd Dame
Queen Sofía of Spain – 1193rd Dame. Last dame inducted.
Notes and sources
La Real Orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina María Luisa , published by Palafox y Pezue, Madrid, 1998, 512 pages
Dames of the Royal Order of Queen María Luisa of Spain
Orders of chivalry of Spain
Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain
Maria Luisa, Order Of Queen |
Bruna Cusí Echaniz (born 9 September 1986) is a Spanish actress, winner of Goya Award for Best New Actress in 2018.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Spanish film actresses
Actresses from Barcelona
Spanish television actresses
21st-century Spanish actresses |
Rachmaninoff is an impact crater on Mercury. This basin, first imaged in its entirety during MESSENGERs third Mercury flyby, was quickly identified as a feature of high scientific interest, because of its fresh appearance, its distinctively colored interior plains, and the extensional troughs on its floor. The morphology of Rachmaninoff is similar to that of Raditladi, which is one of the youngest impact basins on Mercury. The age of Raditladi is estimated at one billion years. Rachmaninoff appears to be only slightly older.
The central part of Rachmaninoff is occupied by a peak ring 130 km in diameter and somewhat elongated in the north–south direction. The area within it is covered by bright reddish smooth plains, which are different in color from the plains outside the peak ring. These plains are likely to be of volcanic origin because they show signs of flow. They also over-topped and covered the southern portion of the peak ring itself. The lowest recorded elevation on Mercury, 5380 meters below the global average, lies within Rachmaninoff Basin. Rachmaninoff is one of 110 peak ring basins on Mercury.
The smooth plains inside the peak ring were deformed by a set of concentric graben (troughs) much like those inside Raditladi. The troughs are located at half the distance to the peak ring from the center of the crater. Rachmaninoff is the fourth impact crater on Mercury (after Caloris, Rembrandt and Raditladi), where extensional tectonic features have been observed. The formation mechanism of the graben remains unknown.
The crater is named after Sergei Rachmaninoff, a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor (1873–1943).
A distinct bright area between the inner peak ring and the rim in the southeast portion of the crater is known as Suge Facula.
Views
References
Impact craters on Mercury
Sergei Rachmaninoff |
Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 9 June 1963. The Independence Party won 16 of the 40 seats in the Lower House of the Althing. Bjarni Benediktsson became Prime Minister after the elections.
Results
References
Elections in Iceland
Iceland
Parliament
Parliamentary elections in Iceland
Iceland |
Scott Blakey aka Shantibaba is a cannabis breeder who currently operates from Switzerland and is known for creating the cannabis strains White Widow, Super Silver Haze, White Rhino, Critical Mass and El Nino. Cannabis companies that Blakey has owned include Mr. Nice Seedbank, Greenhouse Seed Co. and CBD Crew and Sciva Corporation.
Blakey estimates he travelled roughly 40,000 miles on his 1964 Royal Enfield Bullet motorbike through Central and South Asia in the 1980s, gathering marijuana strains from local breeders and families in India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Burma and Bhutan. Blakey took these genetics and worked on them with fellow cannabis colleague, Neville Schoenmakers up until out in 1998. In 2003, Blakey was arrested at the Italy-Switzerland border for allegedly trafficking large quantities of cannabis and depositing millions of Euros into Swiss bank accounts. Blakey was detained in a Swiss prison for two months before the charges were dropped.
Biography
Blakey was born in 1964 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia to an Australian mother and English father. He began smoking cannabis at the age of 13, and was instantly drawn to the experience that the plant offered. Blakey completed high school at the age of 16, before attending The University of Melbourne where he studied science from 1981 to 1985. During this time, he would travel to Mullumbimby by car and bring cannabis down to the university to sell to other individuals as enamoured by the plant as he was.
Early seed research and collection
Blakey spent a considerable amount of time travelling around Asia during the 1980s and estimates that he covered close to 40,000 miles on his 1964 Royal Enfield Bullet motorbike, where he collected cannabis seeds of local landrace strains between 1982 and 1986. The main countries he travelled to included Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and India, with a considerable amount of time spent in a plant nursery within an ashram in Pondicherry known as ‘The Mother.’ In this Ashram, he was given the name "Shantibaba" (peace person) by the local Sadhu's.
In 1986, Blakey toured the South American continent for 11 months, collecting seed and pods for his own private seed bank and research. During this time, he visited Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Chile. He also covered the desert and jungle regions, and the Andes.
The Amsterdam years
Shantibaba moved to Amsterdam in 1988 where he became an integral contributor to the "coffee shop" scene with a knack for producing high quality charas from his extensive seed collection. In 1994 he co-founded the Greenhouse Seed Co. with Arjan Roskam, whilst he was working closely with Neville Schoenmakers. Together, they went on to win many awards including the Cannabis Cup for White Widow, Super Silver Haze, White Rhino and El Nino. Scott and Neville developed the NL5 x Haze, a seed line, which forms part of the foundation for all Haze strains. In 1998 Shantibaba took out all first and second prizes for Super Silver Haze, Mango Haze and Shantibaba's Hash. Scott and Neville always valued plants over profits and at the peak of success, this unfortunately led to a falling out with Arjan due to their contrasting priorities.
At this point in time, Blakey took all of his mother and father plants, and teamed up with his friend and international drug smuggler, Howard Marks to create Mr. Nice Seedbank. Many new and old strains were made available through this new venture, including strains such as Shit, Devil and Spice. With the help of Neville Schoenmakers, Shantibaba decided to change the names of many strains that had brought him fame, in order to distinguish the original genetics from other companies claiming to still breed them. White Widow became Black Widow, Great White Shark aka Peacemaker became Shark Shock, and White Rhino became Medicine Man.
As a prolific breeder and grower of cannabis and strains, Shantibaba began consulting for several farms and writing columns for cannabis magazines such as Dolce Vita and Treating Yourself.
CBD research
in 2000, Blakey moved to Switzerland and set up large grows where he became the first person to cultivate strains of cannabis with high levels of cannabidiol (CBD) for commercial purposes. In 2009, Shantibaba co-founded the CBD crew as a collaboration between Mr. Nice Seedbank and Resin Seeds. CBD Crew was established for the purpose of researching and pioneering new strains in the medicinal cannabis field. CBD Crew is a science based cannabis seed breeding company that enriches cannabis in CBD and simultaneously reduces the THC concentration. Notable CBD strains include CBD Critical Mass, CBD Shark Shock, CBD Skunk Haze, and the CBD Therapy and CBD Yummy. CBD Crew was the very first CBD enriched seed company in the market, helping companies such as Dutch Passion to develop and stabilize their first CBD-rich strains.
In 2019, Shantibaba set up Sciva Corporation to further continue research and cultivation of cannabis in the pursuit of medical outcomes.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Cannabis researchers |
Patrick Ryan Devlin (born April 12, 1988) is a former American football quarterback. Following a stint with Penn State, he played college football at Delaware, and was signed by the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2011.
Devlin went on to join the Minnesota Vikings, where he was a member of the practice squad, and trained with the Chicago Bears and the Cleveland Browns in 2015, before signing with the Browns as a back-up later that year. In his five seasons in the NFL, he did not take a single snap.
High school career
At Downingtown East High School, Devlin set the Pennsylvania high school career passing yards record with 8,162 career yards. He became a highly touted recruit, and although he verbally committed to the University of Miami, he eventually announced that he would be attending Pennsylvania State University to play for the Nittany Lions.
College career
Penn State
2007
After redshirting the 2006 season, Devlin was listed as the third-string quarterback behind Anthony Morelli and Daryll Clark in 2007. Devlin saw action in games against Florida International, Wisconsin and Temple, but accumulated few statistics.
2008
In the weeks leading up to the start of the 2008 season, controversy swirled around the Nittany Lions' starting quarterback position. Daryll Clark, the more experienced and agile quarterback was being weighed against the younger, more prolific passing threat in Devlin. In the end, Penn State coach Joe Paterno chose to start Clark, while having him split as much time with Devlin as would be possible. Lopsided victories in the first four games of the 2008 season provided Devlin with much playing time. In games against Coastal Carolina, Oregon State, Syracuse and Temple, Devlin threw for 260 yards and was 18 of 35. When Clark was forced out in the fourth quarter of the Nittany Lions' crucial game against Ohio State due to a concussion, Devlin led the team on a go-ahead drive that was culminated by his own 1-yard touchdown run. He also had some playing time against Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana and Michigan State. Devlin appeared in ten games for the Nittany Lions, passing for 459 yards, four touchdowns and no interceptions.
Devlin decided to transfer from Penn State prior to the 2009 Rose Bowl.
Delaware
2009
Devlin signed with the University of Delaware on February 4, 2009 to play for the Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team.
Devlin led the 2009 squad to a 6–5 record. Devlin started all eleven games for the Blue Hens, passing for 2,664 yards, sixteen touchdowns, and nine interceptions. In the final game of the season against Villanova, Devlin passed for Delaware school records in completions (42) and attempts (58) and threw for 407 yards. Devlin was named the Colonial Athletic Association Football Offensive Player of the Week twice during the season, and led the league in passing average per game (242.2 yards) and total offense per game (253.7 yards). He also was honored as the Eastern College Athletic Conference Division I – Championship Subdivision Offensive Player of the Week.
The Sports Network wrote that "Devlin has put some teeth back into the Blue Hen passing attack with his accurate throws and on-field leadership", and included him as a finalist in the voting for the 2009 Walter Payton Award, given to the most outstanding offensive player in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA). In November 2009, Devlin was honored as the local College Player of the Year by the Eagles Fly for Leukemia program, an organization supporting pediatric cancer and leukemia research in the Delaware Valley.
2010
In June, Devlin was selected to the Consensus Draft Services Pre-Season NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision pre-season honorable mention All-American. The team is made up of players at the FCS level who the CDS staff predicts will be among the top players in the nation and have a chance to be selected in the National Football League Draft in April 2011. In July, Devlin was placed on the watchlists for the Walter Payton Award and the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award.
In the season's first game against West Chester, Devlin completed 14 of 23 passes for 163 yards with three touchdown passes to lead the team to a 31–0 shutout. Although Devlin fractured a bone in his non-throwing wrist in the first quarter of the game against South Dakota State, he played through the middle of the fourth quarter. Although cleared to play the following week against Duquesne, Devlin stood on the sidelines. Devlin came back the following week with a big second-half win against Richmond, but was knocked out of the following week's game against James Madison with a concussion. Back at home against Maine, Devlin completed 20 of 36 passes for 286 yards, leading the Blue Hens to their sixth win of the season. After a close win against Rhode Island and a one-point loss against William & Mary, he dominated against Towson, completing 29 of 38 passes for 318 yards and one touchdown while running for another score. Devlin became the ninth Delaware player to pass for over 4,000 yards in a career. Against UMass, Devlin completed 16 of 22 passes for 240 yards, four touchdowns and a interception in a 45–27 win. Delaware were briefly ranked No. 1, before losing to rivals Villanova 28–21 in overtime, with Devlin completing 30 of 45 passes for 305 yards and three touchdowns.
In the post-season, Delaware had a first round bye, and in the second round, they defeated Lehigh 42–20, with Devlin completing 19 of 26 passes for 256 yards and four touchdowns. In the quarter-finals, they defeated New Hampshire 16–3, and Devlin completed 27 of 38 passes for 261 yards and two touchdowns. In the semi-final, they defeated Georgia Southern 27–10, and Devlin completed 14 of 20 passes for 137 yards and two touchdowns. In the NCAA Division I Football Championship Game, Devlin completed 22 of 34 passes for 220 yards, but threw an interception as Delaware lost the game 20–19 to Eastern Washington. His performances during the season saw him being named the Colonial Athletic Association Player of the Year.
College statistics
Professional career
Devlin entered the 2011 NFL Draft and was regarded as one of the top ten quarterbacks entering the draft by NFL Network analyst Mike Mayock, but was not drafted. He was targeted as the first overall pick in the 2011 UFL Draft, but declined to sign a mandatory contract.
Miami Dolphins
Devlin was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent on July 26, 2011. He was waived after the preseason, but signed with the team's practice squad. He was promoted to the team's active roster on December 20. In the 2012 season, he remained the Dolphins' third-string quarterback by beating out David Garrard, and in the 2013 season, he made the 53-man team, after wide receiver Marvin McNutt was released. During the Dolphins' 2014 preseason, Devlin injured his hamstring, and on August 11, 2014, he was waived in favor of signing Brady Quinn.
Minnesota Vikings
Devlin was signed to the Minnesota Vikings practice squad on November 3, 2014. On April 2, 2015, Devlin was waived by the Vikings.
Chicago Bears
Devlin was signed to the Chicago Bears on May 11, 2015. On June 18, 2015, he was waived by the Bears.
Cleveland Browns
Devlin was signed to the Cleveland Browns on August 27, 2015. He was released by the Browns on September 5, 2015. On December 31, 2015, Devlin was re-signed by the Browns to be back-up to Austin Davis, after it was determined Johnny Manziel would not play due to his status in the NFL concussion protocol. He was not re-signed by the Browns going into the 2016 season, as the franchise moved on from Manziel and brought in Robert Griffin III as their preferred starting quarterback.
Personal life
Devlin is married to Tristin Jones, with whom he has three children. He is a nephew of former Buffalo Bills offensive tackle Joe Devlin.
References
External links
Miami Dolphins bio
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens bio
Penn State Nittany Lions bio
1988 births
Living people
People from Downingtown, Pennsylvania
American football quarterbacks
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football players
Miami Dolphins players
Minnesota Vikings players
Chicago Bears players
Cleveland Browns players
Players of American football from Chester County, Pennsylvania |
The Cooloola sedge frog or Cooloola tree frog (Litoria cooloolensis) is a species of frog in the subfamily Pelodryadinae.
It is endemic to Australia and only known from Fraser and North Stradbroke Islands, off south-eastern Queensland.
Habitat
It inhabits sandy coastal and island freshwater lakes and wallum creeks, with a preference for dense reed beds. It is threatened by water extraction and pollution and by tramping of the reef beds. It occurs in the Great Sandy National Park.
Description
This amphibian's back is yellowish green, speckled with dark spots, and the hidden surfaces of its thighs are orange with a purple-brown stripe. The belly is grainy and white in color.
L. cooloolensis, like other members of the genus Litoria, has horizontal irises.
Taxonomy
Litoria cooloolensis is part of the species-group L. bicolor, which was created to accommodate 7 species from the region that had characteristics in common.
The other members of the group are: Litoria fallax in Australia; Litoria bicolor in Austrália and Papua New Guine; Litoria bibonius, Litoria contrastens, Litoria longicrus and Litoria mystax in Papua New Guine.
References
Litoria
Frogs of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia
Amphibians of Queensland
Amphibians described in 1974
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The toxicology of fire ant venom is relatively well studied. The venom plays a central role in the biology of Red imported fire ants, such as in capturing prey, and in defending itself from competitors, assailants, and diseases. Some 14 million people are stung annually in the United States, suffering reactions that vary from mild discomfort, to pustule formation, swelling, and in rare cases, systemic reactions followed by anaphylactic shock. Fire ant venoms are mainly composed (>95%) of a complex mixture of insoluble alkaloids added to a watery solution of toxic proteins. For the Red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren there are currently 46 described proteins, of which four are well-characterised as potent allergens.
Venom
Venom plays an important role in the biology of fire ants, being used to capture prey items, nest defense, and antimicrobial action. On average, however, a worker stores very little venom (only about 0.5 µg at any given time). Newborn workers contain little to no venom within their reservoirs, but workers that are only one day old can produce 1.17 µg/day. However, workers that are 17 days old only produce 0.3 µg/day. Workers deliver 0.66 nl of venom when they sting, which amounts to 3.1% of their supply. Older workers deliver less venom when they sting, but middle-aged workers and nest-defenders deliver much higher quantities. Like all fire ant species, venom is secreted by the venom gland and is stored in the poison sac. When in use, it is ejected through the stinger's main duct. Capacity is between 20 and 40 nl, but this depends on the worker's size. The American entomologist Justin O. Schmidt described it as being "sharp, sudden, mildly alarming", therefore ranking at "1" in the Schmidt sting pain index, a pain scale which ranks the pain intensity of an insect's sting from 0 to 4.
Over 95% of the venom components are water-insoluble piperidine alkaloids. Piperidines include trans-2-methyl-6-n-undecylpiperidines, trans-2-methyl-6-n-tridecylpiperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-(cis-4-tridecenyl) piperidines, trans-2-methyl-6-n-pentadecylpiperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-(cis-6-pentadecenyl)piperidine and 2,6-dialkylpiperidines (the ants' venom is dominated by the trans- stereoisomers of this specific ingredient). trans-2-Methyl-6-n-undecylpiperidine (solenopsin) has been shown to have cytotoxic, hemolytic, necrotic, insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-HIV properties. As well as that, the alkaloid has shown antiangiogenic activity. These components are responsible for the formation of hives, and also for the development of sterile pustules on areas where the ant has stung. Experiments indicate that the median lethal dose (LD50) on tested female rats is 0.36 mg/kg.
Approximately 46 proteins have been identified in the red imported fire ant's venom, although scientists have long believed the venom only contained alkaloids. This assumption was mostly due to the difficulties in obtaining sufficient venom for analysis because of its low protein content, which is only 0.1% of the venom's total weight.
These proteins are experimentally suggested to directly account for the anaphylactic reactions seen in humans sensitive to the venom. Whilst including a number of neurotoxins and potential allergens, not all of these proteins are involved with venom function. At least four protein allergens have been characterised, named Sol i 1-4. Of these, Sol i 3, is part of the antigen 5 family, and Sol i 1 is a phospholipase A1B; Sol i 1 shows a close relation with wasp venom phospholipases. Sol i 2 and 4 are unique, odorant-binding proteins of poorly understood function. Other proteins found in the venom may benefit the colony; some of these proteins can kill off bacteria, which may explain why workers spray venom around their nests by vibrating their gasters. Other proteins also bind pheromones which may assist a worker to lay chemical trails to communicate with other nestmates.
Incidence
In the United States, more than 40 million people live in areas infested with fire ant populations and 14 million people are stung by them annually. A quarter of all victims stung by red imported fire ants are expected to develop sensitivity to the venom, and approximately 6,000 will suffer anaphylaxis. 51% of people who relocated themselves to infested areas report getting stung within three weeks after arrival. In a survey conducted in South Carolina, 33,000 people (or 94 per 10,000 population) received medical attention due to red imported fire ants, and 660 people (1.9 per 10 000 population) were treated for anaphylaxis. In Texas, 79% of participants in a survey stated they had been stung by red imported fire ants, while 20% had not. 61% of West Texans state they had been stung by the ants before, compared to 90% in central Texas, 89% in east Texas, 86% in the gulf coastal regions, 78% in the south and 72% in the north. In separate survey, 87% of individuals classed their reactions as mild, 12% as moderate and 1% as severe. In Australia, 64,000 homes are within red imported fire ant infested areas, and 140,000 consultations and 3,000 anaphylactic reaction cases are predicted every year by 2030 if government efforts to eradicate the ant fail. A survey conducted in China shows that one-third of participants in infested areas were victims of red imported fire ant stings.
Studies suggest that the rate of systemic reactions to stings may be associated with seasonal variations in the venom's potency. 51% of allergic reactions occurred in summer, and 19% in spring. However, A survey reported a higher incidence during spring (39.9%) than summer (31.9%). Younger people, usually those under 20 years, experience the highest rate of sting attacks (50%), but the rate declines with older people. Among men and women, the rate varies as some studies report more women being attacked than men and vice versa. Deaths from red imported fire ant stings are rare, but may become common the more the ant spreads. Many cases have also been reported in the past. It is reported that more than 80 deaths have been recorded; of these, 22 cases were recorded in Florida and 19 in Texas. However, when duplicate reports are excluded, four deaths were recorded in Alabama, 10 in Florida, two in Georgia and Louisiana, and 14 in Texas. People can be educated and be made aware of the dangers of red imported fire ants.
Signs and symptoms
Reactions seen in humans vary; some are hypersensitive to venom while others show resilience. Hypersensitivity can be attributed to certain medical problems such as heart conditions or diabetes. Bacterial infections attributed to sting injuries also pose a problem and may require further medical attention. Most humans can withstand many stings, but others may suffer from severe reactions such as anaphylaxis.
People who are stung by red imported fire ants may experience intense local burning or flare-ups, followed by reddening of the skin at the sting site. This area will swell into a bump, hive or vesicle within 20 minutes. White fluid-filled sterile pustules begin to form within hours or days after being stung. Pustules on the skin remain for a couple of days, and may become infected which would require medical attention. In most cases, pustules dry up in a matter of weeks and leave brown scars that either remain for several months or become permanent. The formation of pustules occurs in almost every person stung by the ants. In one study, 96% of participants reported the formation of pustules, whereas 2% reported large local reactions. Between 17% and 56% of people stung develop venom-specific IgE. Many of them will experience pruritic lumps around areas where the ants stung, known as late-phase responses or cutaneous allergic reactions.
Pustule formation can only be prevented if the ants are removed before they have a chance to sting. Once venom has been injected, pustules will form and no form of treatment will prevent them from occurring. Medications such as antibiotics, diphenylhydrazines, epinephrines or topical steroids will not affect pustular reactions.
Anaphylaxis occurs in 0.6 to 6% of people who have been stung by the ants, and it can be fatal if left untreated. Typical symptoms of anaphylaxis include dizziness, headaches, fever, severe chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, low blood pressure, loss of breath, serious swelling, and slurred speech. One case reports a victim feeling strong vertigo 5 to 10 minutes after being stung, followed by glassy eyes, dry mouth, paleness, unconsciousness and severe cramps on the sting sites. In addition, neuropathy, seizures (even without any evidence of prior systemic reactions), cerebrovascular accidents, and nephrotic syndrome have been associated with red imported fire ant stings. A series of neurotoxins have been identified in red imported fire ant venom, which may explain why some victims experience hallucinations after they have been stung.
Treatment
It is suggested that a conservative approach be used when treating sting injuries; specifically, the kind of treatment used should be based on the symptoms. For minor sting injuries, with symptoms only including pustule formations and pain, over-the-counter products are available to prevent infection. Ants should be removed by washing the area with antiseptic soap, and itchiness. It is rare for ant sting sites to become infected, so the use of antibiotic prophylaxis is not always required.
Victims who show signs of anaphylaxis are treated with antihistamines, epinephrines, and parenteral corticosteroids. Epinephrine is the first product for use to treat systemic allergic responses, particularly if a patient is experiencing dyspnoea or hypotension because it is capable of reversing adverse events quickly and is very safe to use. It is recommended that people who have suffered from anaphylaxis carry an epinephrine autoinjector (EpiPen), should dyspnoea or hypotension begin to occur.
Whole body extract immunotherapy (WBE) to treat victims of anaphylaxis has been in use since 1973. Anyone who has a suspected allergy to the venom is redirected to an allergist for assessment. The treatment uses the entire body of the ant and not just the venom, and unlike fire ant venom immunotherapy (which is occasionally used), WBE contains venom proteins. To reduce a patient's sensitivity to the venom, gradual increases of dose extracts are injected into the body. WBE immunotherapy appears to be very effective in preventing systemic reactions; in one study of participants who completed WBE immunotherapy, two out of fifteen participants suffered from allergic reactions upon being stung 18 months after immunotherapy. As mentioned, fire ant venom immunotherapy is occasionally used, and studies show it can reduce the risk of systemic reactions. In fact, another study claims that fire ant venom immunotherapy is more effective than WBE immunotherapy. Fire ant venom immunotherapy is not recommended for children with large local reactions, although an exception may be made for those who live in heavily infested areas. There is also an increased risk of systemic allergic reactions to future stings in children who have cutaneous manifestations after getting stung. This makes many experts put some children on fire ant venom immunotherapy, while others do not.
The recommended maintenance dose is between 0.5 mL of a 1:100 w/v 1:10 w/v WBE. For fire ant venom immunotherapy, the most common maintenance dose is 0.5 mL of a 1:200 (wt/vol) dilution. During the build-up phase, it is recommended that dosing is given weekly or biweekly, although some scientists suggest that rush protocols can be successful. It is recommended that patients going through immunotherapy receive treatment for three to five years, and lifelong therapy, although there is no consensus as to how long an individual should be treated.
Stings to animals
The stings of the red imported fire ant in animals are painful, and may prove life-threatening. In dogs, stings from the red imported fire ant can cause pustular dermatosis, a condition where pustules appear in crops as a result of the ant sting. After getting stung, the immediate response consists of erythema and swelling. The pustules remain for approximately 24 hours, whereas in humans they can last for several days. In livestock, red imported ants mostly sting animals in regions with no hair, particularly around the ears, eyes, muzzle, the perineum and ventral portion of the abdomen. Newborn or young livestock can be blinded or killed when attacked by the ants. Healthy individuals are less likely to be attacked than weak or sick animals. Red papule and mild swelling occur, followed by vesicopustule with a red halo developing within 24 to 48 hours. The eyes and eyelids are commonly damaged from the stings; in sheep and goats, ophthalmic ointment containing antibiotics and corticosteroids can be used to treat the eyes of sheep and goats, but this treatment is not recommended for horses. In non-domestic animals, cases of red imported fire ants stings in animals such as ferrets, moles squirrels, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, and newborn blackbucks have been reported, as well as lizards and screech owl nestlings. The aftermath of the injuries is like those in domestic animals.
Red imported fire ants are known to actively kill vertebrate animals, and cause significant livestock losses. Animals may trigger major stinging episodes when they disturb active nests, with thousands of ants participating in the attack. During such episodes, an animal may suffer from hundreds to thousands of individual stings. It is suspected that many victims of the red imported fire ants may be depressed as a result of the effects of the toxin. Some animals may swallow red imported fire ants as they lick or bite around the sites they are stinging. This can cause additional injuries inside the animal itself, especially in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In suckling white tail deer fawns, sting sites have been found in the oesophagus and abomasum; toxins from the ingested ants may cause inflammation of the gastrointestinal lining.
References
Sources
Toxicology
Insect bites and stings |
Rotherham Town F.C. was an English football club from Rotherham, Yorkshire. They merged with rivals Rotherham County in 1925 to form Rotherham United.
History
In 1899, Rotherham Casuals and Rotherham Grammar School combined to form Rotherham F.C. On becoming a limited company in 1904 a new name of Rotherham Athletic was adopted, and a year later they changed their name again, to Rotherham Town (no relation to the previous Rotherham Town that was a member of the Football League in the 1890s).
In 1903 the new club joined the Midland League, where they remained until 1925, when they merged with their Third Division North neighbours Rotherham County to form Rotherham United.
Notable former players
:Category:Rotherham Town F.C. (1899) players
League and cup history
Honours
League
Midland League
Runners-up: 1908–09, 1911–12
Sheffield Association League
Champions: 1902–03
Sheffield Association League Division 2
Champions: 1899-1900
Cup
Sheffield & Hallamshire Senior Cup
Winners: 1919–20, 1924–25
Rotherham Charity Cup
Winners: 1899-1900
Records
Best FA Cup performance: 1st round, 1907–08
References
Association football clubs established in 1899
Association football clubs disestablished in 1925
Defunct football clubs in England
Defunct football clubs in South Yorkshire
Sport in Rotherham
1899 establishments in England
1925 disestablishments in England
Sheffield Association League
Midland Football League (1889) |
Deportivo Oceanía is an at-grade metro station in Gustavo A. Madero borough, in México City Mexico. Its represented by a koala clinging to a soccer ball. This metro station is named after nearby Deportivo Oceanía sports center, located north of the city; it offers many sports activities, like Tae Kwon Do, Volleyball, Soccer, with low fares, from $26.00 México Peso to $40. Deportivo Oceanía has facilities for the handicapped, and it is located near Avenida 608 avenue.
The station was opened on 15 December 1999.
From 23 April to 28 June 2020, the station was temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.
Ridership
References
External links
Mexico City Metro Line B stations
Railway stations opened in 1999
1999 establishments in Mexico
Mexico City Metro stations in Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City
Accessible Mexico City Metro stations |
The 2015 Judo Grand Slam was held in Tokyo, Japan, from 4 to 6 December 2015.
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
Source Results
Medal table
References
External links
2015 IJF World Tour
2015 Judo Grand Slam
Judo
Judo
2015 |
The Sam Roi Yot leaf-toed gecko (Dixonius kaweesaki) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Thailand.
Etymology
The specific name, kaweesaki, is in honor of Thai naturalist Kaweesak Keeratikiat.
Geographic range
D. kaweesaki is found in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand.
Habitat
The preferred natural habitat of D. kaweesaki is rocky areas in shrubland, at altitudes of .
Reproduction
The mode of reproduction of D. kaweesaki is unknown.
Gallery
References
Further reading
Sumontra M, Chomngan N, Phanamphon E, Pawangkhanant P, Viriyapanon C, Thanaprayotsak W, Pauwels OSG (2017). "A new limestone-dwelling leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from Khao Sam Roi Yot massif, peninsular Thailand". Zootaxa 4247 (5): 556–568. (Dixonius kaweesaki, new species).
Dixonius
Reptiles described in 2017 |
The Swiss Epic is an annual mountain bike stage race held in the Canton of Grisons, Switzerland. It has been accredited as hors catégorie (beyond categorisation) by the Union Cycliste Internationale. It is part of the global Epic Series and was once inspired by the pinnacle event of it, the Cape Epic.
Alongside the Cape Epic and The Pioneer in New Zealand, the Swiss Epic is considered a Legend Race. Legend races are the top category of the global Epic Series, and any rider resolute enough to complete three Epic Series races, including the pinnacle event, the Absa Cape Epic, gets awarded with Epic Legend status. This status is immortalised in the form of an Epic Legend medal.
History
The Swiss Epic was founded in 2014. Joko Vogel, Dany Gehrig, and Thomas Frischknecht had the idea of a multi-day stage race in Switzerland whereby the Cape Epic in South Africa has been used a model.
In 2014, two months after the first edition, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) granted the hors catégorie.
In 2018, the parliament of the Canton of Grisons signed a five-year contract with the Swiss Epic that they spend 300.000 CHF each year. Therefore, the race was relocated from the Canton of Valais to the Canton of Grisons. The Swiss Epic is considered the European equivalent of the Cape Epic.
Editions
Winners
Men's winners
Women's winners
Masters winners
Grand Masters winners
Mixed winners
References
External links
Swiss Epic |
Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari (1 July 1918 – 7 April 1998) was an Islamic scholar of Hanafi jurisprudence, Sufi, and Muslim leader. He is known for his magnum opus, Tafsir Zia ul Quran fi Tafsir ul Quran, meaning “The light of the Quran in the Exegesis of the Quran." It is commonly referred to as Diya ul Quran or Zia ul Quran. He also authored Zia un Nabi, or “Diya al-Nabi," Life of Prophet Muhammad, a detailed biography of Muhammad in seven volumes.
He was associated with Sunni Barelvi movement and was the spiritual guide and pir of the Chishtiyya Sufi order.
Early life and career
Muhammad Karam Shah was born on 1 July 1918 at Bhera, Sargodha District, British India. He finished his basic education in his hometown Bhera in 1936. Then he learned Persian and Arabic languages. Then on the advice of Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi (1906 – 1981), he went to Muradabad, in 1942 for the study of hadith. He graduated from the University of the Punjab in 1945 and then went on to Egypt for higher religious education at Al-Azhar University. He received his master's degree in Islamic Law.
He is known for being the author of the book "Zia un Nabi", a 1995 Urdu biography of prophet Muhammad. The worj is 7 Volumes. Later, it was translated into English by Muhammad Qayyum Awan also in seven volumes . He is recognised for writing Tafsir Zia ul Quran, an Urdu interpretation of the Quran in 5 volumes.
He reorganized the Islamic institution Dar al Ulum Muhammadiyyah Ghausiyyah established by his father in Bhera (Sargodha) and brought major changes in the syllabi of religious education. He was of the view that modern education also should be learned along with religious education.
Karam Shah al-Azhari was an active participant in the Pakistan movement and vigorously campaigned in the Indian provincial elections, 1946 for All India Muslim League.
He also served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Pakistan until his death in 1998 and had served on its Shariat Bench. He became a justice of the Federal Shariat Court, when it was first established in 1981.
Bibliography
Tafsir Zia ul Quran (1995) (in five volumes)
Zia un Nabi (1995) (a detailed biography of prophet Muhammad in seven volumes)
Awards and recognition
Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) by the Government of Pakistan
Pakistan Post Office issued a commemorative postage stamp to honor him in its 'Men of Letters' stamp series (2004)
Death
Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari died on 7 April 1998 after being ill for nearly a year.
References
External links
Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari's book on goodreads.com website
Profile of Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari on dmgbhera.net website
1918 births
1998 deaths
Pakistani scholars
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Sharia judges
Al-Azhar University alumni
Cairo University alumni
Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
People from Sargodha District
University of the Punjab alumni
Barelvis
Pakistan Movement activists
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
Translators of the Quran into Urdu
20th-century translators |
Yuanfuliite is a black submetal mineral. The mineral is named after the geologist Yuan Fuli.
It can be found in places like Russia, Sakha Republic, and Siberia.
It occurs in metamorphosed magnesium marble.
References
External links
Mindat.org: Yuanfuliite
Borates
Minerals |
The Excelsior Stadium is a football stadium in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is the home ground of Airdrieonians of the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL). Since the 2021–22 season it has also been used by Celtic for the home matches of their women's team in the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) and B team in the Scottish Lowland Football League, as well as by Glasgow University F.C. of the West of Scotland Football League. It is an all-seater stadium with a capacity of , and has a 3G artificial surface.
The stadium was opened in 1998 by the original Airdrieonians F.C., who were returning to Airdrie four years after leaving their previous ground, Broomfield Park. The name of the stadium derives from Airdrieonians' original name, the club having been founded as Excelsior F.C. in 1878. For sponsorship reasons the venue was originally known as The Shyberry Excelsior Stadium (after Shyberry Design Ltd. who had sponsored the construction) and from 2018 to 2022 as The Penny Cars Stadium. The stadium is also sometimes unofficially referred to as New Broomfield, after the former Airdrie ground. Following the liquidation of the original Airdrieonians in 2002, the Excelsior Stadium became home to the new Airdrie United F.C.; they subsequently were permitted to revive the Airdrieonians name.
Other teams to have used the Excelsior Stadium in the past include SWPL teams Glasgow City, as their main home ground between 2014 and 2017, and prior to that for matches in European competitions; and Motherwell, for the 2020–21 season. SPFL club Queen's Park temporarily shared the ground from 2013 to 2014. Both Queen of the South (in 2008) and Motherwell (in 2009) have used the ground for European fixtures. It has also hosted the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup three times.
History
Following the sale of Airdrieonians' home ground Broomfield Park to supermarket chain Safeway in 1994, the club searched for several years for a suitable site, and planning permission for, a new home. Guidelines set by the football authorities in the period were for top division clubs in Scotland to have all-seater stadia with a minimum capacity of 10,000, and having only been relegated from the Scottish Premier Division in 1993, the club sought to comply with this. The building work on Excelsior Stadium was eventually completed in 1998, and Airdrieonians played here until the club went out of business due to heavy debts (caused in part by the burden of the construction cost of the new stadium, and made worse by a fall in supporter numbers in the four years based away from their home town) in May 2002.
This left an opening in the Scottish League, which was filled by Northern Premier League side Gretna. To attain a position in the league, Jim Ballantyne bought out the ailing Clydebank, renamed the club Airdrie United, changed the strip and relocated the club to Airdrie and Excelsior Stadium. Airdrie United are now known as 'Airdrieonians', the same name as the club dissolved in 2002.
The ground seats and, as well as hosting Airdrieonians first and youth team games, Motherwell Under 20s games and various local amateur sides, it has also played host to Scottish Challenge Cup finals in 1999 and 2005, as well as Scotland under-21 fixtures and Old Firm reserve matches. The stadium has also hosted several charity events.
In 2003 Falkirk enquired about groundsharing at the stadium for a season, as their former home, Brockville did not meet SPL criteria. This was later rejected in a meeting between SPL chairmen, meaning Falkirk were denied a place in the SPL. In August 2008 it played host to Queen of the South's UEFA Cup 2nd qualifying round 1st leg against Nordsjælland. The stadium also hosted all of Motherwell's Europa League qualifying round ties in the 2009–10 season, against Llanelli, Flamurtari and Steaua Bucharest.
Queen's Park used the Excelsior Stadium as their temporary home ground while Hampden Park was being converted for use as an athletics stadium in the 2014 Commonwealth Games. In women's football, the stadium has been the home ground of Scottish Women's Premier League clubs Glasgow City between 2014 and 2017 and Motherwell during the 2020–21 season. Glasgow University F.C. have also used the ground since joining the new West of Scotland League in 2020. From the 2021-22 season, Celtic F.C. use the ground as the home venue for both their women's team in the SWPL and their B team, who play in the Scottish Lowland Football League.
In January 2016, East Kilbride of the Scottish Lowland Football League drew Celtic in the Scottish Cup. As their K-Park stadium was inadequate for the crowd expected, the match was held at Excelsior Stadium; 7,767 fans attended.
In June 2017 the stadium underwent refurbishment prior to hosting a concert by singer Elton John.
Records and facts
The record attendance at New Broomfield was 9,612 for the 2005 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, played between Hamilton Academical and St Mirren on 6 November 2005. The highest confirmed attendance for an Airdrieonians match was 9,044 for a Scottish League One fixture against Rangers on 23 August 2013; however, one of the first matches at the stadium, a Scottish League Cup win for Airdrie over cup holders Celtic in August 1998 was reported to have been played "before 10,000 ecstatic fans".
Excelsior Stadium is the highest stadium in Scottish league football.
Facilities
In addition to the executive match-viewing boxes that look onto the pitch, the stadium boasts conference and banqueting facilities, with six separate spaces and a public bar being situated within the main (Joseph Dalziel) stand. Disabled facilities are also provided in the North, East and South stands. A Sports Injury Clinic operates from the main stand and Crossfit have a fitness facility operating out of the North Stand.
Nine five-a-side football pitches were installed for community use in early 2010, adjacent to the stadium on the South stand side and to the East stand side. The car parks were resurfaced, and new fencing and gates were erected around the perimeter of the stadium and land.
At the end of the 2009–10 season, a new 3G artificial surface was installed. Although due for completion prior to season 2010–11, in July Airdrie United played their opening Challenge Cup 1st Round game v Ayr United at Alloa Athletic's Recreation Park ground, as the work had been delayed due to heavy rain. The first competitive game played on the new surface was on 14 August 2010, as Airdrie entertained Ayr United.
See also
Stadium relocations in Scottish football
References
External links
Stadium pictures at StadiumDB.com
Airdrieonians F.C.
Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)
Football venues in Scotland
Sports venues in North Lanarkshire
Scottish Football League venues
Queen's Park F.C.
Scottish Professional Football League venues
Sports venues completed in 1998
Glasgow City F.C.
Motherwell F.C. Women
Celtic F.C. Women
Scottish Women's Premier League venues |
Jurema may refer to:
Jurema, Pernambuco, a municipality in the state of Pernambuco in Brazil
Jurema, Piauí, a municipality in the state of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil
Jurema River, a river in Ceará, Brazil
Mimosa tenuiflora, a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil |
The Vikhroli-Kopar Khairane Link Road (VKLR), also known as the JVLR-Kopar Khairane-Ghansoli Bridge, is a proposed 7.5 km to 10 km, freeway grade road bridge connecting the Indian city of Mumbai with Navi Mumbai, its satellite city. The new link road would start at Eastern Express Highway (EEH) where Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road (JVLR) ends in Vikhroli, then cross Thane Creek and Harbour railway line and will terminate at Kopar Khairane in Navi Mumbai before ending on Thane-Belapur Road. The link would be a six-lane road of about 10 km in length including a bridge over the Thane Creek. At present motorists have to take either the Vashi Bridge or Mulund-Airoli Link Road to go to Navi Mumbai and Pune. The new road will help motorists save time and fuel.
The project is estimated to cost around ₹ 550 to 1200 crore. Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) appointed N P Bridging (Belgian company), as designing consultants for the project, which was supposed to submit the final report on the link road by mid-September 2016.
Significance
It will be the fourth bridge over the Thane Creek; the other three being the Vashi Bridge connecting Mankhurd to Vashi, the Airoli Bridge connecting Mulund to Airoli and the Kalwa Bridge connecting Thane and Kalwa. The Navi Mumbai-end provides for a seamless corridor for travelling to Thane, Dombivli, Kalyan, Panvel (which is itself now a node of Navi Mumbai) & Ambernath and beyond besides throwing open a direct corridor with the new Navi Mumbai International Airport in Ulwe node of Navi Mumbai. It will mean easier access for residents of Ghatkopar, Powai, Vikhroli, and Bhandup. The connector will lead to a real estate boom as travel time will reduce by about an hour.
People travelling from western suburbs to Eastern suburbs will benefit the most. Connectivity of Mumbai to proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport will be improved. The bridge will have ramp connectivity on the Eastern Express Highway with a city connect on the Thane-Belapur Road. Motorists can navigate further towards nodal visits or drive down further towards Panvel in Navi Mumbai city, as the Thane-Belapur Road meets the Sion Panvel Highway, or even wend their way onto the Palm Beach Marg.
Further, the link road will allow a 70 km shortcut for local commuters travelling to Alibaug, and also benefit the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, in Navi Mumbai, in terms of logistic and transport of goods. This bridge also plays an important role in connecting with the southern parts of MMR Region including Pen, Rasayani.
Timeline
1. The MMRDA chalked out a plan to build the 10- km link road that will pass over Thane Creek and the dumping ground at Kanjurmarg, Bhandup. This road was originally proposed to start at Ghatkopar passing through Kanjurmarg as the Ghatkopar-Kopar Khairane Link Road. It had, in November 2013, appointed NP Bridging, a Belgium-based firm, to design the link road over Thane Creek between the existing Vashi Bridge and Airoli Bridge. The study approximately costs ₹ 7.5 crores.
2. MMRDA then sought the BMC’s permission to start construction on the dumping ground at Kanjurmarg. BMC denied the permission. According to them, an elevated road cannot be constructed over the dumping ground area, as the garbage heap can pile up to 35 metres.
3. Keeping in mind the effective dispersal of traffic coming from Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road and the constraint of construction at Kanjurmarg in Bhandup, the plan was changed to construct the link road from Eastern Express Highway (EEH), where the Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road (JVLR) ends.
4. Engineers from the NP Bridging were invited to design the realligment of the link road from Ghatkopar to Vikhroli. They were supposed to submit the final report on the link road by mid-September 2016.
See also
Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road
Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
Airoli Bridge
Vashi Bridge
Sion Panvel Expressway
Bandra-Worli Sea Link
Navi Mumbai International Airport
References
Buildings and structures in Mumbai
Proposed bridges in India
Proposed road bridges
Road bridges in India
Bridges in Maharashtra
2021 in transport
Transport in Navi Mumbai
Transport in Mumbai
Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra |
The Newton–Pepys problem is a probability problem concerning the probability of throwing sixes from a certain number of dice.
In 1693 Samuel Pepys and Isaac Newton corresponded over a problem posed to Pepys by a school teacher named John Smith. The problem was:
Pepys initially thought that outcome C had the highest probability, but Newton correctly concluded that outcome A actually has the highest probability.
Solution
The probabilities of outcomes A, B and C are:
These results may be obtained by applying the binomial distribution (although Newton obtained them from first principles). In general, if P(n) is the probability of throwing at least n sixes with 6n dice, then:
As n grows, P(n) decreases monotonically towards an asymptotic limit of 1/2.
Example in R
The solution outlined above can be implemented in R as follows:
for (s in 1:3) { # looking for s = 1, 2 or 3 sixes
n = 6*s # ... in n = 6, 12 or 18 dice
q = pbinom(s-1, n, 1/6) # q = Prob( <s sixes in n dice )
cat("Probability of at least", s, "six in", n, "fair dice:", 1-q, "\n")
}
Newton's explanation
Although Newton correctly calculated the odds of each bet, he provided a separate intuitive explanation to Pepys. He imagined that B and C toss their dice in groups of six, and said that A was most favorable because it required a 6 in only one toss, while B and C required a 6 in each of their tosses. This explanation assumes that a group does not produce more than one 6, so it does not actually correspond to the original problem.
Generalizations
A natural generalization of the problem is to consider n non-necessarily fair dice, with p the probability that each die will select the 6 face when thrown (notice that actually the number of faces of the dice and which face should be selected are irrelevant). If r is the total number of dice selecting the 6 face, then is the probability of having at least k correct selections when throwing exactly n dice. Then the original Newton–Pepys problem can be generalized as follows:
Let be natural positive numbers s.t. . Is then not smaller than for all n, p, k?
Notice that, with this notation, the original Newton–Pepys problem reads as: is ?
As noticed in Rubin and Evans (1961), there are no uniform answers to the generalized Newton–Pepys problem since answers depend on k, n and p. There are nonetheless some variations of the previous questions that admit uniform answers:
(from Chaundy and Bullard (1960)):
If are positive natural numbers, and , then .
If are positive natural numbers, and , then .
(from Varagnolo, Pillonetto and Schenato (2013)):
If are positive natural numbers, and then .
References
Factorial and binomial topics
Probability problems
Isaac Newton
Mathematical problems |
Borrelia sinica is a spirochete bacterium. Its cells contain only four periplasmic flagella inserted at each end of the spirochaetes, differing from other Borrelia species. It is associated with Lyme disease. CMN3T is the type strain of this species.
References
Further reading
External links
NCBI Taxonomy Browser - Borrelia
LPSN
sinica
Bacteria described in 2001 |
The pyramid of Senusret I is an Egyptian pyramid built to be the burial place of the Pharaoh Senusret I. The pyramid was built during the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt at el-Lisht, near the pyramid of his father, Amenemhat I. Its ancient name was Senusret Petei Tawi (Senusret beholds the two lands).
The pyramid was 105 meters on each side with a height of 61.25 meters; the slope of the four faces was 49° 24'. The pyramid used a method of construction never before seen in an Egyptian pyramid; four stone walls radiated from the center built of rough-hewn blocks that decreased in size the higher their placement. The eight sections formed by these walls were then subdivided by three more walls, splitting the pyramid into 32 different units which were then filled with slabs of stone as well as debris. An exoskeleton of fine limestone then covered the structure. This new method of construction was not particularly efficient, however, and the completed pyramid suffered from stability problems. Unusually, clear evidence for the ramps used to construct the pyramid also remain.
Complex
Surrounding the actual structure was a comparatively large complex, which consisted of a mortuary temple, a rectangular structure with a courtyard in the center, and nine smaller pyramids for Senusret's queens. From the mortuary, a limestone causeway with carved statues set every 10 cubits ran to a public temple outside the perimeter wall of the compound. Little of this is visible today, however, because later Roman buildings were built over the complex.
Excavations
The pyramid has been severely damaged over time, and little of its limestone cladding remains. It now appears as little more than a hillock of stone.
None of the excavations penetrated to the burial chamber due to high water levels, but much was learned about pyramid construction from the surrounding quarries, which contained one of the highest concentrations of ancient debris of any Egyptian archaeological site.
Gautier and Jequier
The pyramid was first explored by archaeologists Gautier and Jequier between 1894 and 1895.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
From 1906 to 1943, the pyramid was excavated by a team from the Metropolitan Museum of Art headed initially by Albert Lythgoe, Arthur Mace and .
Dieter Arnold
From 1984 to 1987, further excavation was carried out by Dieter Arnold.
See also
Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of megalithic sites
References
Sources
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century BC
Senusret I
Lisht
Pyramids of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
20th century BC in Egypt |
El ruiseñor mexicano, (English: The Mexican mockingbird) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.
Cast
Ernestina Garfias as Ángela Peralta
Enrique Rambal as Agustín Balderas "Ruiseñor mexicano"
Antonio Passy as Don Manuel Peralta
Carmen Molina as Josefa
Oscar Pulido as Don Sebastián
Enrique Aguilar as Eugenio Castera
Enrique Becker as Manuel Peralta hijo
María Douglas as Emperatriz Carlota Amalia
Guillermo Zarur as Marqués de Colin
Dina de Marco as Amalia
Ana Margarita as Claudia Cardán
References
External links
Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1969 telenovelas
1969 Mexican television series debuts
1969 Mexican television series endings |
Upper Necaxa Totonac is a native American language of central Mexico spoken by 3,400 people in and around four villages— Chicontla, Patla, Cacahuatlán, and San Pedro Tlaloantongo —in the Necaxa River Valley in Northern Puebla State. Although speakers represent the majority of the adult population in Patla and Cacahuatlán, there are very few monolinguals and few if any children are currently learning the language as a mother tongue, and, as a consequence, the language must be considered severely endangered.
Phonology
In some respects, Upper Necaxa has a fairly typical Totonacan consonantal inventory, lacking a voice/voiceless opposition in stops and having the three lateral phonemes /l/, //, and //, although the lateral affricate // has largely been replaced by the voiceless lateral fricative //, persisting in word-final position in only a few lexical items.
The Upper Necaxan inventory is also notable in the family in that it lacks a uvular stop /q/ but contains a robust glottal stop phoneme, derived historically from *q. The loss of *q also resulted in the collapse of fricative + uvular sequences—*sq, *q, and *q—to ejective fricatives at the same point of articulation (i.e., s’, ’, and ’).
The vowel inventory is also somewhat different from most other members of the family, having full phonemic mid-vowels.
Although most examples of /e/ and /o/ are conditioned, at least diachronically, by adjacency to // (historically, *q) and, to a lesser extent, to /y/ and /x/, there are nevertheless enough instances of both without the conditioning environment that the vowels have to be considered phonemic.
Morphology
Like other Totonacan languages, Upper Necaxa is a highly polysynthetic agglutinating language, making extensive use of both prefixes and suffixes for inflection, quasi-inflection, and derivation. The verb has nine relatively ordered prefixal “slots” and fourteen positions for suffixes. These positions are determined simply by the relative order in which co-occurring affixes can appear on the verb and do not correlate with semantically or functionally defined categories. Several affixes can appear in more than one position in the template, depending on various formal, semantic, and stylistic factors, and one position, suffix position 2, can accommodate more than one affix, the suffixes that can occupy this position being variably ordered with respect to one another.
Verbal inflection
Upper Necaxa dynamic verbs are inflected for three tenses (past, present, future), four aspects (imperfective, perfective, perfect, progressive), and four moods (indicative, optative, potential, irrealis). The tenses are marked exclusively by prefixes in the past and future and by a zero in the present, while three of the fours aspects (imperfective, perfective, and perfect) are marked by suffixes. The fourth aspect, the progressive, is realized through the use of inflectional compounds formed on the stative verb ma ‘be lying’. The indicative mood is zero-marked while the optative and potential are marked by the prefixes ka- and t-, respectively; the fourth mood, the irrealis, is marked by idiomatic combinations of morphemes borrowed from other parts of the TAM paradigms. Stative verbs are marked for tense and mood, but lack aspectual inflections.
Person-marking on the verb is complex, the verb agreeing in person and number with the subject and up to two objects. The table below shows the indicative perfective form of the transitive verb tks- ‘hit sth’:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! 1sg.obj !! 2sg.obj !! 3sg.obj !! 1pl.obj !! 2pl.obj !! 3pl.obj
|-
| 1sg.sub || — || ktksn || ktksl || — || ktksn || ktksl
|-
| 2sg.sub || kintkst || — || tkst || kiltksw || — || ktkst
|-
| 3sg.su || kintksl || tksn || tksl || kinktksn || ktksn || ktksl
|-
| 1plexc.sub || — || ktksn || ktksw || — || ktksn || ktksw
|-
| 1plincl.sub || — || — || tksw || — || — || ktksw
|-
| 2pl.sub || kiltksw || — || tkstit || kiltksw || — || ktkstit
|-
| 3pl.sub || kintatksl || tatksn || tatksl || kinktatksn || ktatksn || tatksn/ktksl
|}
Like other members of the family, the Upper Necaxa verb paradigms show some irregularities in forms where first and second persons interact and one or both of these persons is plural, leading to a three-way ambiguity in such expressions:
A further wrinkle is that in clauses with third person plural subjects and third person plural objects, only one of these can be marked on the verb (see the bottom right cell in the paradigm given above).
Double object-marking is rare, and occurs only in clauses with both a singular first-person and a singular second person object:
Such a sentence where either the recipient or the theme (the bride in this case) were plural would have to be expressed by periphrastic means.
Verbal quasi-inflection
In addition to its rich verbal inflectional system, Upper Necaxa also a number of affixes that, like inflections, are close to 100% productive across the class of verbs, are semantically compositional, and do not form new lexemes with their bases, but which do not express obligatory categories. These fall under the heading of “quasi-inflection.” The quasi-inflectional morphemes include elements with modal meanings such as the desiderative suffix -kṵtun and the debiditive -ʔḛː, directionals such as kiː- ‘roundtrip’, teː- ‘in passing’, and -teːɬa ‘ambulative’, deictics (-či ‘proximal’ and -ča ‘distal’), -pala ‘repetitive’, and the totalitative -ʔo̰ː, which indicates either that an action has been carried through to completion or that the subject or objects have been completely affected.
Valency-increasing derivation
Upper Necaxa has a wealth of valency-increasing morphemes, both causatives and applicatives, which can be combined more or less freely with verb roots and with each other to form multivalent verbs with up to five objects. There are two causatives, the less productive being ma̰ʔa- ‘stimulus’, which adds a non-agentive or inanimate causer of an involuntary change of state. The second, more productive, causative is the circumfix maː- -niː. This morpheme is a canonical causative that adds an agentive causer to an event and is compatible with almost any verb in the language. The suffixal portion of the circumfix is either -niː or takes the form of a long harmonic vowel agreeing in quality with the vowel of the preceding syllable. Only dynamic verbs require the suffix, stative verbs forming their causatives with maː- alone.
In addition to the causatives, there are four applicatives, each associated with a particular semantic role or roles. The most general of these is the benefactive -ni which adds semantic roles such as beneficiary, recipient, addressee, and affectee. The instrumental prefix liː- adds either an instrument or a motive to a clause, and is used to mark the subordination of a following finite clause in expressions of motive:
The third prefix, the comitative ta̰ː- adds a co-actor to the clause, while the fourth, la̰ʔ- 'allative', adds a goal, usually but not always human. The allative is found only with verbs of motion historically or synchronically derived from the verbs a̰n 'go' and min ‘come’.
Derivation using bodyparts
A well-known characteristic of Totonacan languages in general is their prolific use of prefixal forms of bodyparts and other part-expressions to form verbs specifying a target or “active” zone for the action designated by the verb. The part prefixes can be combined either with a (free or bound) stative base, as in (1), or with an ordinary dynamic verb (2):
In neither case does the addition of the part prefix affect the valency of the verb, positively or negatively. Although there are a few individual lexical items where the addition of a part prefix can increase the valency (usually by adding an instrument), the only constructions where this is regularly the case are "wearing" verbs formed from the bound stative bases -nuː ‘in’ and -ʃtu ‘out’ such as makanuː ‘wear sth (clothing) on the hand (maka-)’/makaʃtu ‘remove sth (clothing) from the hand (maka-)’, a̰ʔnuː ‘wear sth (clothing) on the head (a̰ʔ-)’/a̰ʔʃtu ‘remove sth (clothing) from the head (a̰ʔ-)’, etc.
Nominal morphology
Unlike verbs, nouns in Upper Necaxa are uninflected. Although they have plural forms, these are rarely used and the language completely lacks case or any kind of noun class or gender. Possessive constructions are head-marked, the possessed nouns bearing a prefix showing the person of the possor and a suffix indicating its number:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! || singular || plural
|-
! 1
| kinčičḭ‘my dog’ || kinčičḭka̰n ‘our dog’
|-
! 2
| minčičḭ‘your dog’ || minčičḭka̰n ‘your dog’
|-
! 3
| ḭʃčičḭ'‘his/her dog’ || ḭʃčičḭka̰n ‘their dog’
|}
Kinship terms and words referring to parts of wholes are inherently possessed and must always be inflected for person and number of their possessor, though they may be used generically with the prefix ʃa- ‘impersonal possessor’.
Syntax
Upper Necaxa is a basically verb-initial, head-marking language with constituent order governed largely by information structure. Grammatical relations are marked exclusively by verbal agreement, the language lacking any case or prepositions, and verbs can have up to five objects. Unlike many languages where different object-relations are assigned by the government pattern of the verb and are assigned uniquely, in Upper Necaxa nominal arguments are largely undifferentiated and the choice of the controller of object-agreement morphology is governed by animacy and discourse-factors.
Locative constructions
The “basic locative construction” (that is, the full answer to the question ‘where is X?’) in Upper Necaxa is unusually complex and contains elements expressing both the posture of the object whose location is being described (the Figure) and its intrinsic orientation with respect to another object that is used to locate it (the Ground):
The basic formula for these expressions is [Figure part.prefix+posture.verb Ground], where the posture verb describes the position (sitting, standing, lying, or up high) of the Figure and the part prefix specifies its intrinsic orientation with respect to the Ground. The order of lexical elements is flexible and the Figure may be omitted, and in some cases the Ground may be affixed with the locative clitic nak=. Preliminary data on acquisition indicate that children do not fully master this construction until they are 10 or 11 years of age.
Another interesting feature of these constructions is that, where such a reading is plausible, the mapping between Figure/Ground and grammatical relation is potentially reversible:
Although the two sentence above differ as to whether the first-person or subject-persons is subject or object (and vice versa) each has the same potential interpretations, the resolution of the ambiguity depending crucially on context.
Numerals and numeral classifiers
Numerals below twenty are bound morphemes and must always be accompanied by a classificatory prefix indicating the type or measure of the noun being quantified. The use of a classificatory prefix, as opposed to a suffix, is typologically unusual. In all there are just over 30 classificatory prefixes, a few of which are illustrated below:
{|
|-
|ča̰ːtin čḭʃkṵ ‘one man’|| || la̰ʔatin pa̰ʃnḭ ‘one pig’ || || ʔentin kḭwḭ ‘one stick’ || || paːtin ɬa̰mam ‘one pot’
|-
|ča̰ːtṵ čḭʃkṵ ‘two men’|| || tantṵ pa̰ʃnḭ ‘two pigs’ || || ʔentṵ kḭwḭ ‘two sticks’ || || paːtṵ ɬa̰mam ‘two pots’
|-
|ʔeɬatṵtun čḭʃkṵ ‘three men’|| ||tantṵtun pa̰ʃnḭ ‘three pigs’ || || ʔentṵtun kḭwḭ ‘three sticks’ || || paːtutun ɬa̰mam ‘three pots’
|-
|ʔeɬata̰ːtḭ čḭʃkṵ ‘four men’|| || tanta̰ːtḭ pa̰ʃnḭ ‘four pigs’ || || ʔenta̰ːtḭ kḭwḭ ‘four sticks’ || ||paːta̰ːtḭ ɬa̰mam ‘four pots’
|-
|ʔeɬakitsis čḭʃkṵ ‘five men’|| ||tankitsis pa̰ʃnḭ ‘five pigs’ || || ʔenkitsis kḭwḭ ‘five sticks’ || ||paːkitsis ɬa̰mam ‘five pots’
|-
|ʔeɬačaːʃan čḭʃkṵ ‘six men’|| ||tančaːʃan pa̰ʃnḭ ‘six pigs’ || || ʔenčaːʃan kḭwḭ ‘six sticks’|| ||paːčaːʃan ɬa̰mam ‘six pots’
|-
|ʔeɬatoxon čḭʃkṵ ‘seven men’|| || tantoxon pa̰ʃnḭ ‘seven pigs’ || || ʔentoxon kḭwḭ ‘seven sticks’ || || paːtoxon ɬa̰mam ‘seven pots’
|-
|ʔeɬatsayan čḭʃkṵ ‘eight men’|| ||tantsayan pa̰ʃnḭ ‘eight pigs’ || || ʔentsayan kḭwḭ ‘eight sticks’ || || paːtsayan ɬa̰mam ‘eight pots’
|-
|ʔeɬanaxaːtsa čḭʃkṵ ‘nine men’|| ||tanaxaːtsa pa̰ʃnḭ ‘nine pigs’ || || ʔenaxaːtsa kḭwḭ ‘nine sticks’|| || paːnaxaːtsa ɬa̰mam ‘nine pots’
|-
|ʔeɬakaʍ čḭʃkṵ ‘ten men’|| || tankaʍ pa̰ʃnḭ ‘ten pigs’ || || ʔenkaʍ kḭwḭ ‘ten sticks’ || || paːkaʍ ɬa̰mam ‘ten pots’
|-
|}
Note that the classifier for humans (first column) changes from ča̰ː- to ʔeɬa- after 3 (although ča̰ː- is occasionally used for 3 people); the classifier for one animal is la̰ʔa- and for more than one animal is tan (column 2). Numbers between 10 and 20 are formed by combining the numeral bases for 1–9 with the base for 10, -kaʍ: ʔeɬakaʍtin ‘11 (people)’, ʔeɬakaʍtṵ ‘eleven (people)’, etc.
Numbers higher than 20 are used without classificatory prefixes by many speakers. Like many Mesoamerican languages, Upper Necaxa uses a vigesimal numbering system based on multiples of pṵʃam ‘20’, the odd decades being formed by adding kaʍ ‘10’:
{|
|-
|20 pṵʃam || 30 pṵʃamakaʍ
|-
| 40 tṵpṵʃam || 50 tṵpṵʃamakaʍ
|-
| 60 tṵtupṵʃam || 70 tṵtupṵʃamakaʍ
|-
| 80 ta̰ːtḭpṵʃam || 90 ta̰ːtḭpṵʃamakaʍ
|-
|}
As the 11–19, numerals between decades are formed by simple compounding: pṵʃamatin ‘21’, pṵʃamakaʍtin ‘31’, etc. Numbers from 100 up are generally in Spanish.
Notes
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2003). Classifiers: A typology of noun categorization devices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beck, David. (2006). "Control of agreement in multi-object constructions in Upper Necaxa Totonac." In Atsushi Fujimori & Maria Amelia Reis Silva (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas. Vancouver: UBC Working Papers in Linguistics.
Beck, David. (2008b). "Variable ordering of affixes in Upper Necaxa Totonac." In Seok Koon Chin and Hude Fusheini (eds.), Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas, 29–38. Vancouver: UBC Working Papers in Linguistics.
Beck, David. (2011b). "Lexical, quasi-inflectional, and inflectional compounding in Upper Necaxa Totonac." In Alexandra Aikhenvald & Pieter Muysken (eds.), Multi-verb Constructions: A view from the Americas, 63–106. Leiden: Brill.
Langacker, R. W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, vol. II. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Varela, Vianey, & Ryan Klint. (2006). "The ribbon sits on the candle’s shin: The acquisition of Basic Locative Constructions in Upper Necaxa Totonac. In Atsushi Fujimori & Maria Amelia Reis Silva (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas. Vancouver: UBC Press.
External links
Upper Necaxa Totonac Project
OBJ:object
1OBJ:first person, object
2OBJ:second person, object
3OBJ:third person, object
Indigenous languages of Mexico
Totonacan languages
Mesoamerican languages
Articles citing ISO change requests |
The Pax Assyriaca (Latin for "Assyrian peace") was a relatively long period of peace in the Neo-Assyrian Empire during the 7th century (c. 700–630/620 BC). The term was coined in parallel to Pax Romana. The Neo Assyrian Empire is notorious for its use of brute force to expand and maintain an empire after the Dark Ages of around 911–600 BC. However, their rule brought around a time period known as the Pax Assyriaca (700–620 BC). During this time the Neo Assyrian Empire achieved its highest point of success, ranging from Egypt to the West, to the Persian Gulf in the East, and most of the Central Mediterranean area. The economic, political, ideological, and militant development during this period had lasting effects on the events even after the demise of the Assyrian Empire.
Beginnings of the Pax Assyriaca
The greatest moments of Assyrian expansion occurred during the rule of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC), who expanded into Mesopotamia, Syria, Anatolia, and Egypt. His reforms of the Assyrian empire maximized military and political efficiency allowing him to establish the Neo Assyrian Empire. He centralized power by weakening Assyrian officials and appointed governors to distribute the already small portion of power left within the empire. He also instituted a larger army with use of tribute soldiers and conquered peoples. After his conquests and those of his sons, Shalmaneser V and Sargon II in Anatolia and Levant, the empire entered a stage of frontier fortification and stabilization known as the Pax Assyriaca. Considering the method of expansion used by the Neo Assyrians of military conquest and demands of tribute of their conquered lands paints the Neo Assyrians in a rather negative light. However, expanding over a large territory it provided stability in power that was not seen previously since many of the local leaders were fighting over that power. With the end of the power struggle in the region, the focus was shifted to the expansion of the economy and general empire building. Neo Assyria held many vassal states that paid tribute to the empire and the more productive and lucrative the states were, the higher the tribute that was paid. Therefore, Assyria found it in its best interest to support the development of not only their empire but those around them.
Economic development
Though the period is named the "Assyrian Peace" there was still some unrest within the empire with many revolts and uprisings and continuation of military expansion. However, the period was noticeably more peaceful and prosperous considering that power was much more stabilized and centralized than ever before under this one political entity. The development of Ekron, one of the five Philistine pentapolis, is a testament to the result of the development that was made possible by the Pax Assyriaca. Ekron Grew prosperous during the Pax Assyriaca after 200 years of decline. The city grew nearly 8 times in size and experienced vast economic expansion. Ekron was the center of production of olive oil for the empire during this period and a large producer of textiles which can be seen with the discoveries of looms and olive oil installments in the area. With findings of more than 115 olive oil installments, Ekron is estimated to produce around 1000 tons of olive oil annually. However, there is no evidence that there was any of either product before the period indicating that the economic growth was caused by the Pax Assyriaca. The large hordes of silver found in excavated Ekron palaces that were constructed by the elite show the extent of the economic prosperity that Ekron was experiencing. The construction of this zone of elites indicates the clear distinction between the higher and lower classes was emerging due to the influx of wealth to those who were in control of the production and management of Ekron's politics and economy. Even after the withdrawal of the Assyrians, the city continued to prosper, indicating the long-lasting effects of the Pax Assyriaca on cities such as Ekron.
The Assyrian relationship with the Phoenicians during this period further contributed to the economic development of Neo Assyria. Phoenicia was another vassal state that paid tribute to the Neo Assyrians. As a major economic factor in the area, the Phoenicians conducted trade within the empire bringing wine, lumber, ivory, metals, and ideas thanks to the extensive maritime network they had established. Becoming a major source of resources, Phoenicians had to find new means in order to supply the large demand of the large Assyrian Empire resulting in Phoenician expansion in order to obtain colonies to gain more resources. The Phoenicians were instrumental in the trade of iron throughout the Mediterranean as they controlled three iron-producing regions: Cyprus, Cilicia, and Crete. Due to their extensive trade networks, the Phoenicians were able to connect Greece and Mesopotamia in trade of not only goods but ideas that would result in the spread of the Assyrian alphabet, art, and architecture towards the west.
Political and military development
During the rule of Tigleth-pileser III, power within the Assyrian Empire was centralized as high-ranking officials lost their powers. Generals had carried out personal conquests without the consultation of the king, but with the implementations on the reforms, those officials were stripped of power. Governors were implemented to rule over small provinces in order to spread out whatever power the king himself didn't hold in order to prevent dynastic rule within the provinces. Tiglath-pileser also officially implemented the use of foreigners within his army. He used the people he conquered to expand his army and resulted in addition of cavalry and chariots. Foreign soldiers were the army's infantry light infantry while native Assyrians were the cavalry and chariots.
The Assyrians were rarely directly involved politically among their vassal states and in some parts of their empire. There is no evidence that shows a demand for religious participation at the local level or a demand for the use of Assyrian language. Payment of tribute and loyalty to the king were the only real requirements on the local level. The rather weak political system used by the Assyrians made it hard for the empire to be held together for long without revolt and uprising and would make it easier for an opposing force to remove an empire that was so disconnected from its peoples.
Revolts and end of the Pax Assyriaca
Though it may have been called the "Assyrian Peace", Neo Assyria dealt with revolts and had further military expansion of its kingdom during this period. Babylon had multiple uprisings throughout its time under the Neo Assyrians until it was eventually destroyed by Sennacherib in 689 BC to prevent it from rebelling again. It was, however, rebuilt by his son Esarhaddon, and eventually led the rebellion against the Neo Assyrians that succeed in destroying the Assyrian capital Nineveh. The end of the Assyrian Empire would also bring about the end of the Pax Assyriaca and the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
References
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Assyriaca, Pax
7th century BC in international relations
Ancient international relations
Latin political words and phrases |
Budhvayee is a village in Jagat Tehsil, Budaun district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The Budaun railway station is located at the distance of 4 kilometer from the village. Its village code is 128384. The village is administrated by Gram Panchayat.
References
Villages in Budaun district |
Kuntur Nasa (Aymara kunturi condor, nasa nose, "nose of a condor", Hispanicized spelling Condor Nasa) is a mountain in the Andes in Bolivia, about 3.800 m (12,467 ft) high. It is located in the Cordillera de los Frailes in the Potosí Department, Tomás Frías Province, Yocalla Municipality, Kuntur Nasa lies south west of the higher Pari Chata at the river Pillku Mayu ("red river").
References
Mountains of Potosí Department |
Dracaena cinnabari, the Socotra dragon tree or dragon blood tree, is a dragon tree native to the Socotra archipelago, part of Yemen, located in the Arabian Sea. It is named after the blood-like color of the red sap that the trees produce. It is considered the national tree of Yemen.
Description
The dragon blood tree has a unique and strange appearance, with an "upturned, densely packed crown having the shape of an uprightly held umbrella". This evergreen species is named after its dark red resin, which is known as "dragon's blood". Unlike most monocot plants, Dracaena displays secondary growth, D. cinnabari even has growth zones resembling tree rings found in dicot tree species. Along with other arborescent Dracaena species it has a distinctive growth habit called "dracoid ". Its leaves are found only at the end of its youngest branches; its leaves are all shed every 3 or 4 years before new leaves simultaneously mature. Branching tends to occur when the growth of the terminal bud is stopped, due to either flowering or traumatic events (e.g. herbivory).
Its fruits are small fleshy berries containing between 1 and 4 seeds. As they develop they turn from green to black, and then become orange when ripe. The berries are eaten by birds (e.g. Onychognatus species) and thereby dispersed. The seeds are in diameter and weigh on average 68 mg. The berries exude a deep red resin, known as dragon's blood.
Like other monocotyledons, such as palms, the dragon's blood tree grows from the tip of the stem, with the long, stiff leaves borne in dense rosettes at the end (4, 5, 7). It branches at maturity to produce an umbrella-shaped crown, with leaves that measure up to long and wide. The trunk and the branches of the dragon blood are thick and stout and display dichotomous branching, where each of the branches repeatedly divides into two sections.
Biology
The dragon's blood tree usually produces its flowers around March, though flowering does vary with location. The flowers tend to grow at the end of the branches. The plants have inflorescences and bear small clusters of fragrant, white, or green flowers. The fruits take five months to completely mature. The fruits are described as a fleshy berry, which changes from green to black as it gradually ripens. The fleshy berry fruit ends up being an orange-red color that contains one to three seeds. The berries are usually eaten and dispersed by birds and other animals.
The different shape of the dragon's blood tree is an adaptation for survival in arid conditions with low amounts of soil, such as in mountaintops. The large, packed crown provides shade and reduces evaporation. This shade also aids in the survival of seedlings growing beneath the adult tree, explaining why the trees tend to grow closer together.
Taxonomy
The first description of D. cinnabari was made during a survey of Socotra led by Lieutenant Wellsted of the East India Company in 1835. It was first named Pterocarpus draco, but in 1880, the Scottish botanist Isaac Bayley Balfour made a formal description of the species and renamed it as Dracaena cinnabari. Of between 60 and 100 Dracaena species, D. cinnabari is one of only six species that grow as a tree.
Evolution
Along with other plants on Socotra, D. cinnabari is thought to have derived from the Tethyan flora. It is considered a remnant of the Mio-Pliocene Laurasian subtropical forests that are now almost extinct due to the extensive desertification of North Africa.
Conservation
Threats
Although most of its ecological habitats are still intact, there is an increasing population with industrial and tourism development. This is putting more pressure on the vegetation through the process of logging, overgrazing, woodcutting and infrastructure of development plans. Though the dragon's blood tree is highly widespread, it has become fragmented due to the development that has occurred in its habitats. Many of its populations are suffering due to poor regeneration. Human activities have greatly reduced the dragon's blood population through overgrazing, and feeding the flowers and fruits to the livestock of the island. One of the species' greatest threats is the gradual drying out of the Socotra Archipelago, which has been an ongoing process for the last few hundred years. This has resulted in non-flourishing trees, and the duration of the mist and cloud around the area seems to also be decreasing. Increasing arid environments is predicted to cause a 45 percent reduction in the available habitat for D. cinnabari by the year 2080.
Additional threats to the dragon's blood tree include harvesting of its resin and use of the leaves to make rope. Presently some of the dragon's blood trees have been used to make beehives. This was generally prohibited; this displays how the species may be threatened by a breakdown in the traditional practices of the island.
The best preserved and largest stand of D. cinnabari is on the limestone plateau named Rokeb di Firmihin. This approximately forest has numerous rare and endemic species. Research shows that in coming decades the number of trees in this forest will decrease due to the lack of natural regeneration.
Management
The unique flora and fauna of the Socotra Archipelago are in a World Heritage Site and a Global 200 ecoregion. It is a Centre of Plant Diversity and an Endemic Bird Area. It also lies within the Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspot. There are multiple efforts that are being developed to help create and support a sustainable habitat and biodiversity management programs on Socotra. The dragon's blood tree is considered as an important species for commodity and for conservation efforts on the island. The dragon's blood falls under an umbrella species. This is a species selected for making conservation related decisions, typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat. Species conservation can be subjective because it is difficult to determine the status of many species. Thus, the dragons blood protection efforts would also benefit many other plants and animals within the area.
The dragon's blood tree is given some protection from international commercial trade under the listing of all Dracaena species on Appendix II of CITES (3), but if its populations are to be effectively preserved, a variety of measures will need to be taken. These include urgent monitoring of the species' natural regeneration and the expansion of Skund Nature Sanctuary to cover important areas of the habitats. Also, efforts to avoid road construction in the dragon blood's habitat, and limit grazing need to be brought to attention. Additional conservation efforts for the tree involve fencing against livestock, watering of seedlings in open areas, and involving local communities in planting seedlings.
By the 21st century threats arising from global warming and over grazing has made it difficult for new dragon blood trees to grow in wild. A collaboration of local people with assistance from others such as UK-based Friends of Socotra and Mendel University has been aiding a number of slow growing saplings by watering them while they are too young to draw down sufficient water, and protecting them from hungry goats. As of 2022, about 600 saplings have reached the point where they no longer need regular watering, leading to hopes that a new generation of the tree may become established on Socotra.
Uses
Dragon's blood is used as a stimulant and abortifacient. The root yields a gum-resin, used in gargle water as a stimulant, astringent and in toothpaste. The root is used in rheumatism, the leaves are a carminative.
The trees can be harvested for their crimson red resin, called dragon's blood, which was highly prized in the ancient world and is still used today. Around the Mediterranean basin it is used as a dye and as a medicine, Socotrans use it ornamentally as well as dyeing wool, gluing pottery, a breath freshener, and lipstick. Because of the belief that it is the blood of the dragon it is also used in ritual magic and alchemy. In 1883, the Scottish botanist Isaac Bayley Balfour identified three grades of resin: the most valuable were tear-like in appearance, then a mixture of small chips and fragments, with a mixture of fragments and debris being the cheapest. The resin of D. cinnabari is thought to have been the original source of dragon's blood until during the medieval and renaissance periods when other plants were used instead.
The local inhabitants of the city in the Socotra Island used the dragon's blood resin as a cure-all. Greeks, Romans, and Arabs used it in general wound healing, as a coagulant, cure for diarrhea, for dysentery diseases, for lowering fevers. It was also taken for ulcers in the mouth, throat, intestines and stomach.
Dragon's blood from D. cinnabari was used as a source of varnish for 18th-century Italian violin-makers. It was also used as tooth-paste in the 18th century. It is still used as varnish for violins and for photoengraving. Dragon's blood is also listed in a 16th-century text, Stahel und Eyssen, as an ingredient in a quenching bath for tempering steel. However this text is vague and poorly regarded as either an accurate description of smith's practice, or as a viable recipe.
See also
National symbols of Yemen
Dracaena draco
References
Sources
Eggli, U. (2001) Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Pearson, J. (2002) Dragons blood. The Horticulturalist, 11(2): 10–12.
Attorre, F., Francesconi, F., Taleb, N., Scholte, P., Saed, A., Alfo, M. and Bruno, F. (2007) Will dragonblood survive the next period of climate change? Current and future potential distribution of Dracaena cinnabari (Socotra, Yemen)" Biological Conservation 138: 430-439.
Heywood, V.H. (1978) Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Gupta, D., Bleakley, B. and Gupta, R.K. (2008) Dragon’s blood: botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses" Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115: 361-380.
UNEP-WCMC: Socotra Archipelago, Yemen
External links
cinnabari
Endemic flora of Socotra
Plants described in 1882
Plant dyes
Taxa named by Isaac Bayley Balfour |
Nob Hill Nature Park is a 6-acre oak woodland located in St. Helens, Oregon, north of Portland, Oregon. Situated on a basalt bluff, it overlooks the Columbia River, at the point where Multnomah Channel joins the Columbia. Notable flora include white oak trees (Quercus garryana), as well as native wildflowers such as camas, trillium, iris, and larkspur. A variety of invasive species are also present, including blackberry, English ivy, Lunaria (or money plant), vinca, mullein, thistle, and tansy.
It is maintained by a community group (The Friends of Nob Hill Nature Park) which holds volunteer work parties twice yearly, in April and November. The proposed goal of maintenance activities is to return the park to a more natural and historically representative state, i.e. by removing invasive plants and planting native ones. These efforts are co-sponsored by a community partner group, Scappoose Bay Watershed Council. It is thought that this area was travelled through by the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Parking is located near the park's main trailhead at 451 Plymouth St, St. Helens, OR 97051. Photos from the park are available on the city's website. The park is open from dawn to dusk. Dogs must be leashed.
References
External links
City of St. Helens: Nob Hill Nature Park
Parks in Columbia County, Oregon
St. Helens, Oregon |
Vaalajärvi is a medium-sized lake in the Kemijoki main catchment area. It is located in Sodankylä municipality in the region Lapland in Finland. In the area there is a canoeing route lake Vaalajärvi–river Jeesiöjoki–river Kitinen.
See also
List of lakes in Finland
References
Kemijoki basin
Landforms of Lapland (Finland)
Lakes of Sodankylä |
Altagonum planinox is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Carabinae. It was described by Darlington in 1952.
References
planinox
Beetles described in 1952 |
is a town located in Fuwa District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 27,439 and a population density of 480 persons per km2, in 10,525 households. The total area of the town was .
Geography
Tarui is located in far southwestern Gifu Prefecture, at the western end of the Nōbi Plain of Japan. The town has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Tarui is 15.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1904 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.7 °C.
Neighbouring municipalities
Gifu Prefecture
Ōgaki
Ikeda
Ibigawa
Sekigahara
Yōrō
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tarui peaked around the year 2000 and has declined slightly since.
History
The area around Tarui was part of traditional Mino Province. Numerous Jōmon period and Kofun period remains have been found in the area, which was the site of the Nara period provincial capital and Provincial temple. During the Edo period, Tarui-juku prospered as a post station on the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto. The town of Tarui was formed on 1 July 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. The 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake caused considerable damage to the area. Tarui annexed the neighboring villages of Iwate, Fuchu, Miyashiro, Osa, and Aihara in 1954. The 1959 Isewan Typhoon caused severe damage to the town.
Education
Tarui has seven public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Gifu Prefectural Board of Education.
Transportation
Railway
JR Central - Tōkaidō Main Line
Highway
Sister city relations
- Calgary, Alberta, Canada, from July 1996
Local attractions
Nangū Taisha, the ichinomiya of Mino Province
Tarui Ichirizuka. a National Historic Site
Mino Provincial Capital Site, A National Historic Site
The Beauty of Tarui, a video portraying the major sites of Tarui
References
External links
Towns in Gifu Prefecture |
The Mang, or Matang, community is an Indian caste mainly residing in the state of Maharashtra. Matang are known as Madiga "kommati" in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
The community was historically believed to be associated with Forts security of Maratha Empire In modern day India, they are listed as a Progressive Caste,
Their origins lie in the Narmada Valley India.
Religion
The Mang practice Hinduism, worship the deities Mahadev Rama, Krishna Bhagavan, and Hanuman. Bhavani Janakamma is the caste deity of the Mang.In modern times, they are ardent followers of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj and many of them have converted to and practice Marathi. Mang also worship spirits and village deities like
Pochamma and Maisamma, who according to them are responsible for all the good and bad that befalls the village community. The Mang celebrate all major Hindu festivals, as well as the annual Jatara festival for the deity Maisamma, which entails the sacrifice of sheep and goats and a feast of lamb and goat meat.
Society and culture
Before the British era, Mang were one of the twelve hereditary village servants called Bara Balutedar. The Mang were the hereditary rope makers and village entertainers. For their services they received a share of the village produce. The caste was hindu and observed the Hindu rituals of Jawal (first hair cut), shendi, lagna, and funerary rites.
In the early 20th century, the Mang began to form caste associations to advocate their cause, such as the Mang Samaj (1932) and Mang Society (1923).
Now they had made very progress in modern community.
Notables
Annabhau Sathe, Maharashtra social reformer
Lahuji Raghoji Salve, Maharashtra social reformer
References
Further reading
Denotified tribes of India
Social groups of Madhya Pradesh
Social groups of Maharashtra
Indian castes
Dalit communities
Musician castes
Scheduled Castes of Maharashtra
Leatherworking castes
Weaving communities of South Asia |
Víctor Julio Rodríguez Villavicencio (born 27 March 1995) is a Venezuelan boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Venezuelan male boxers
Olympic boxers for Venezuela
Boxers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Bantamweight boxers
Sportspeople from Zulia |
Carles () is a Catalan given name of Germanic origin that is a form of Charles. It is also a surname. Notable people with this name include the following:
Given name
Carles Aleñá (born 1998), Spanish footballer
Carles Benavent (born 1954), Spanish flamenco and jazz bassist
Carles Blasi Vidal (born 1964), Andorran politician
Carles Boix (born 1962), Spanish political scientist
Carles Buïgas (1898–1979), Spanish architect, engineer, inventor and author
Carles Busquets (born 1967), Spanish footballer
Carles Campuzano (born 1964), Spanish politician
Carles Canut (1944–2018), Spanish actor
Carles Casagemas (1880–1901), Spanish painter and poet
Carles Castillejo (born 1978), Spanish long-distance athlete
Carles Castillo (born 1975), Spanish politician
Carles Comamala (1887–1976), Spanish orthopedic surgeon and footballer
Carles Congost (born 1970), Spanish artist
Carles Coto (born 1988), Spanish footballer
Carles Cuadrat (born 1968), Spanish footballer, coach and manager
Carles Delclaux Is (born 1951), Spanish textile artist
Carles Fages de Climent (1902–1968), Spanish writer, poet and journalist
Carles Font-Rossell (born 1967), Andorran diplomat and ambassador
Carles Francino (born 1958), Spanish journalist
Carles Gil (born 1992), Spanish footballer
Carles Poch Gradin (born 1982), Spanish tennis player
Carles Juanmartí (born 1978), Spanish canoeist
Carles Lalueza-Fox (born 1965), Spanish biologist
Carles Lerín (born 1962), Swiss-born Spanish modern pentathlete
Carles Magraner, Spanish musician
Carles Marco (born 1974), Spanish basketball player
Carles Marc Martínez Embuena (born 1988), Spanish footballer
Carles Mas (born 1993), Spanish footballer
Carles Mundó (born 1976), Spanish politician
Carles Pérez (born 1998), Spanish footballer
Carles Planas (born 1991), Spanish footballer
Carles Puigdemont (born 1962), Spanish politician
Carles Puyol (born 1978), Spanish footballer
Carles Quilmetas (1775–1834), Spanish composer
Carles Rexach (born 1947), Spanish footballer and manager
Carles Riba (1893–1959), Spanish poet, writer and translator
Carles Riera i Albert (born 1960), Spanish sociologist and politician
Carles Sabater (1962–1999), Spanish singer and actor
Carles Sans (born 1975), Spanish water polo
Carles Santos (1940–2017), Spanish artist
Carles Solà (born 1945), Spanish chemical engineer
Carles Soria (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Carles Torrens (born 1984), Spanish director, screenwriter, editor, and producer
Carles Trepat (born 1960), Spanish guitarist
Middle name
Frederick Carles Merry (died 1900), American architect
Jesús Carles de Vilallonga (1927–2018), Spanish artist
Josep Carles Laínez (born 1970), Spanish writer
Ricardo María Carles Gordó (1926–2013), Spanish priest
Sara Carles Johns (1894–1965), American artist and fashion illustrator
Surname
Adele Carles (born 1968), Australian politician
Antonin Carlès (1851–1919), French sculptor
Arthur Beecher Carles (1882–1952), American Modernist painter
Jean Carles (1892–1966), French perfumer
Pierre Carles (born 1962), French documentarist
Richard Fifer Carles (born 1957), Panamanian businessman and politician
See also
Carle, surnames
Carle (given name)
Acosta Carlez
Carles & Sofia Piano Duo
Carlen (surname)
Carley (name)
Carlos (given name)
Carlos (surname)
Charles
Notes
Catalan masculine given names
Masculine given names |
State Route 379 (SR 379) is a short east–west highway in Morrison, Tennessee. The current length is .
Route description
SR 379 begins at an intersection with SR 55 in Morrison. It goes northeast as West Maple Street and runs a long concurrency with SR 287 in downtown Morrison. SR 379 then becomes East Maple Street and continues to travel northeast before suddenly turning southeast and terminating at SR 55.
History
The entire route of SR 379 follows the former alignment of SR 55 through downtown Morrison.
Major intersections
See also
List of state routes in Tennessee
References
379
Transportation in Warren County, Tennessee |
Oliver Caruso is a German weightlifter. He won the Bronze medal in the 91 kg in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
References
German male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for Germany
Weightlifters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in weightlifting
1974 births
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
20th-century German people
People from Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis
Sportspeople from Karlsruhe (region) |
Songavatnet (also spelled as Songevatnet or Songavatn) is a lake in Vinje Municipality in Vestfold og Telemark county, Norway. It has a surface area of and lies at an elevation of . The lake lies just south of the border of Hardangervidda National Park and just southeast of the mountain Vassdalseggi. The villages of Haukeli and Edland are both located about to the south of the lake and the village of Arabygdi lies about to the southeast of the lake. The lake flows out into the river Songa which flows to the southeast into the nearby lake Totak.
Songavatnet has two dams: Trolldalsdammen and Songadammen. Both are rock-fill dams with a sealing core of moraine mass. The larger dam, Songadammen, measures long and high. The two dams on the south end of the lake are used to regulate the surface elevation of the mountain lake so that it can be used for hydroelectric power production. This was the largest dam in Northern Europe at the time it was completed in the 1960s. The stored energy content of the reservoir is .
Media gallery
See also
List of lakes in Norway
References
Vinje
Lakes of Vestfold og Telemark |
Return of the Mac is the second solo studio album by American rapper Prodigy. It was released on March 27, 2007, through Koch Records. Production was handled entirely by The Alchemist, who produced the project utilizing song samples from the Blaxploitation era, with DJ Muro, who produced two tracks. It features guest appearances from Majesty and Un Pacino.
The album debuted at number thirty-two on the Billboard 200, selling 27,000 copies in its first week. As of December 2007, the album had sold 130,000 copies. The album spawned three singles—"Mac 10 Handle", "New York Shit" and "Stuck on You", with accompanying music videos directed by DanTheMan.
Background
Soon after the release of the Mobb Deep's seventh studio album Blood Money, Prodigy parted ways with G-Unit Records and began working on a H.N.I.C. sequel. Record producer and circa Murda Muzik days collaborator the Alchemist, who pictured on the album cover alongside Prodigy, took on the project, which was intended to be a prequel mixtape to upcoming H.N.I.C. Pt. 2. Due to the unexpected level of quality of the resulting record, it was decided to release the effort as a traditional studio album.
Six years after the release of Return of the Mac, Prodigy and the Alchemist released a full-length collaborative album, Albert Einstein.
Critical reception
Return of the Mac was met with generally favourable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 75, based on eleven reviews.
Tom Breihan of Pitchfork wrote: "what it is is the announcement of a stunning and unexpected late-career renaissance; Prodigy is tapping back into the fearsome frustration that once drove him". AllMusic's David Jeffries resumed: "even if this is familiar ground, an album so tight in theme and feel is refreshing in an era where most lyricists invite anybody and everybody". Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews stated that the album "is everything that Blood Money should have been and wasn't". Mark Abraham of Cokemachineglow was "happy to hear Prodigy sounding engaged and excited again, even if the quality of his lyricism doesn't match his newfound enthusiasm". In his mixed review for PopMatters, Quentin B Huff found the album "presents a more refined and progressive Prodigy than the one we heard on Blood Money, but there's no indication that Hell on Earth's Prodigy will be heard from anytime soon".
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 1 contains samples of "Kamen Rider" performed by Shunsuke Kikuchi.
Track 2 contains samples of "Blacula Strikes" performed by Gene Page.
Track 4 contains samples of "Easin In" performed by Edwin Starr.
Tracks 5 and 6 contain samples of "Down and Out in New York City" performed by James Brown.
Track 11 contains samples of "Do I Stand A Chance" performed by The Montclairs.
Track 14 contains samples of "Playing Your Game Baby" performed by Barry White.
Personnel
Albert "Prodigy" Johnson – vocals, executive producer
Madgesty – vocals (track 7)
Jamal "Un Pacino" Brayboy-Brady – vocals (track 10)
Alan "The Alchemist" Maman – producer, executive producer
Murota "DJ Muro" Takayoshi – producer (tracks: 1, 8)
Eddie Sancho – mixing (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6-14, 16, 17)
Kevin Crouse – mixing (tracks: 3, 15)
Arnold Mischkulnig – mixing (track 5), mastering
Andrew Kelley – art direction, design, photography
Rayon Richards – photography
Ted D'Ottavio – photography
Paul Grosso – creative director
Alyson Abbagnaro – A&R
Bob Perry – A&R
Charts
References
External links
2007 albums
E1 Music albums
MNRK Music Group albums
Prodigy (rapper) albums
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Mafioso rap albums |
is a retired professional Japanese baseball player and manager.
Mori played Nippon Professional Baseball from 1955–1974 as the catcher of the Yomiuri Giants. He was an eight-time Best Nine Award-winner (1961–1968) and the Japan Series MVP in 1967. He was selected to eleven Nippon Professional Baseball All-Star Games. He was nicknamed "the brains of the V9 Dynasty", as he was the main catcher of the Yomiuri Giants V9 Dynasty.
After his retirement as a player, Mori managed the Seibu Lions from 1986–1994, leading the team to 6 of the 8 Japan Series championships of the Invincible Seibu dynasty. He won the Matsutaro Shoriki Award in 1986 and 1990. Mori managed the Yokohama BayStars in 2001–2002.
Mori participated in 27 of the 73 Japan Series contested, as a player, coach, and manager, as of 2023, with him winning 21 of the 27, making him the most decorated individual in NPB history.
External links
1937 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gifu
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball catchers
Yomiuri Giants players
Managers of baseball teams in Japan
Seibu Lions managers
Yokohama DeNA BayStars managers
Baseball people from Gifu Prefecture
Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame inductees |
The 1967 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State College—now known as California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo—as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1967 NCAA College Division football season. Led by Sheldon Harden in his sixth and final season as head coach, Cal Poly compiled an overall record of 3–7 with a mark of 1–4 in conference play, placing fifth in the CCAA. The Mustangs played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California.
Schedule
Team players in the NFL
The following were selected in the 1968 NFL Draft.
References
Cal Poly
Cal Poly Mustangs football seasons
Cal Poly Mustangs football |
Clystea serrana is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Schaus in 1928. It is found in Brazil.
References
Clystea
Moths described in 1928 |
George Eustis Paine Jr. (August 27, 1920 – September 23, 1991) was an American politician from New York.
Early life
Paine was born on August 27, 1920, in Islip, Suffolk County, New York. He was the son of George Eustis Paine Sr. (1894–1953) and Helen (née Ellis) Paine (1895–1948). After his mother's death in 1948, his father remarried to Katryna Ten Broeck Weed (1897–1962), the daughter of New York State Assemblyman George S. Weed.
The Paines lived in Willsboro, Essex County, where they owned a pulp mill which had been taken over by George Jr's grandfather Augustus G. Paine Jr. (1866–1947). George Jr attended St. Mark's School in Southboro, Massachusetts, followed by Princeton University.
Career
Following his graduation from Princeton, he worked for Fidelity and Casualty Insurance Company in New York City.
Paine was a member of the New York State Senate (39th District) from 1961 to 1964, sitting in the 173rd and 174th New York State Legislatures.
Personal life
In July 1941, he married Joan Widener Leidy (1923–1988), a granddaughter of Joseph E. Widener, the art collector who was a founding benefactor of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. They had two children, and divorced in 1950.
He died on September 23, 1991.
References
1920 births
1991 deaths
People from Islip (town), New York
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
People from Essex County, New York
20th-century American politicians |
The Taiwan Strait Crises refers to conflicts involving the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China.
The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–1955)
The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)
The Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–1996) |
Cucumber Raita is a variation of raita that can be used as a dip or a salad. It is made by mixing together freshly chopped cucumber, green chillies, and dahi (yogurt), and optionally finely chopped tomato and onion.
It is especially popular in the summer months as it helps to beat the heat. It is often served as a side accompaniment with the main course in Indian cuisine.
See also
Raita
List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages
References
External links
Sanjeev Kapoor's Recipe for Raita
Benefits of Cucumber Raita
Vegetarian dishes of India
Yogurt-based dishes
Raita |
Raúl Pérez (21 June 1915 – 26 July 1967) was a Chilean footballer. He played in four matches for the Chile national football team from 1941 to 1942. He was also part of Chile's squad for the 1941 South American Championship.
References
External links
1915 births
1967 deaths
Chilean men's footballers
Chile men's international footballers
Place of birth missing
Men's association football forwards |
The SA Suns (formerly Southern Suns - prior to 2015) are a women's field hockey team based in South Australia that competes in the Australian Hockey League (AHL).
References
Field hockey clubs in Australia
Women's field hockey teams in Australia
Sports clubs and teams in South Australia
Sports clubs and teams in Adelaide
Field hockey clubs established in 1993 |
"Stellar" is a song by American rock band Incubus. It was released on June 13, 2000, as the second single from their third album Make Yourself. The song reached number 2 on the US Modern Rock Tracks and also reached number 17 on the US Mainstream Rock charts and number 7 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.
Music video
The music video released in 2000 has the band playing in a surreal, celestial atmosphere. A young woman (played by Brandon Boyd's then-girlfriend Jo) ends up traveling into space to meet Boyd. During the chorus, the band is seen playing in front of a white screen with floating lines and graphs spinning around in the background.
In other media
It is featured in the Daria movie Is It College Yet?.
Cover version is featured in Guitar Hero and as downloadable content for the Xbox 360 version of Guitar Hero II.
Master recording is featured in Guitar Hero Smash Hits and downloadable content for Rocksmith and Rock Band.
Track listing
US Promo
"Stellar (Radio Edit)"
US Single
"Stellar" (Acoustic)
"Stellar" (Album Version)
Charts
Personnel
Incubus
Brandon Boyd – vocals
Mike Einziger – guitar
Dirk Lance – bass
José Pasillas – drums
Chris Kilmore – turntables
Production
Produced by Scott Litt
References
2000 singles
Incubus (band) songs
Song recordings produced by Scott Litt
1999 songs
Epic Records singles
Songs written by Brandon Boyd
Songs written by Mike Einziger
Songs written by Alex Katunich
Songs written by Chris Kilmore
Songs written by José Pasillas
Music videos directed by Phil Harder |
Marcelo Russo Guerreiro Correia (born 25 March 1993 in Faro) is a Portuguese footballer who plays for S.C. Farense as a defender.
Football career
On 27 July 2014, Correia made his professional debut with Farense in a 2014–15 Taça da Liga match against Chaves.
References
External links
Stats and profile at LPFP
1993 births
Living people
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
S.C. Farense players
Footballers from Faro, Portugal |
The Self-Titled Album is an album by Appleton, Wisconsin-based rock group Tenement. It was co-released in July 2016 by Forward Records and Deranged Records, following the release of a cassette version that the band wrote and recorded in the span of a week ahead of an East Coast tour in 2015.
Reception
The New York Times: "It doesn’t have the same power as a self-contained document of the double album, but it satisfies the urge to hear more of Mr. Pitsch’s rough perfectionism."
Sorry State Records: "The Self-Titled Album also feels kind of disorienting, but with a considerably shorter running length it at least gives off the surface impression of being more digestible. If you never liked Tenement before, I doubt that The Self-Titled Album is going to be the record that flips you since the rather slick production and Amos's distinctive singing style style still fly in the face of punk's cult of lo-fi. However, if you're a Tenement fan (particularly of their post-Napalm Dream material), this is an essential record, more immediate and, in a way at least, even more adventurous and free than Predatory Headlights."
In an article referring to Tenement albums as 'unsteady affairs', Columbus Alive called The Self-Titled Album 's "Lonesome Crying Eyes" a 'tear-in-your-beer ballad' and "The Strangest Couple In Love" a 'hooky, driving pop-rock number' while concluding that Amos Pitsch tends to channel Paul Westerberg in his 'fondness for extremes'.
Track listing
All compositions by Amos Pitsch
"Everyone To Love You"
"Underworld Hotel"
"Witches In A Ritual"
"Lonesome Crying Eyes"
"Your Shadowed Alleyways"
"The Strangest Couple In Love"
"Roads Of Home"
References
External links
The Self-Titled Album at Bandcamp
2016 albums
Tenement (band) albums
Deranged Records albums |
One Day is the sixth studio album by Klymaxx, released in 1994 (see 1994 in music). The album has sold approximately 40,000 copies in the United States.
Track listing
"One Day"
"Code Blue"
"All I Think About Is You"
"Every Heart Needs Love"
"4 The Ole Dawg N U"
"Dear John"
"This Doesn't Feel Like Love Anymore"
"This Time"
"Ain't Nobody"
"The Night Moves"
"Here It Comes From You"
"Not Gonna Stop Lovin' You"
"Klymaxx Supper Club (Interlude)"
"All I Think (Reprise)"
"Once Before You Go"
Singles released
"All I Think About is You"
"4 the Ole Dawg N U"
1994 albums
Klymaxx albums |
The Bible (, 'Breath of God') has been translated to Armenian since the beginning of the fifth century.
The invention of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots and Isaac of Armenia in 405 AD for lack of a sufficient alphabet to translate Scripture into. The earliest translation was Mesrop's early 5th century translation. The first monument of Armenian literature is the version of the Holy Scriptures. According to Moses of Chorene, Isaac of Armenia made a translation of the Bible from the Syriac text about the year 411. This work was insufficient, and soon afterwards Mesrop's pupils were sent to Edessa to translate the Scriptures. They journeyed as far as Constantinople, and brought back with them authentic copies of the Greek text. With the help of other copies obtained from Alexandria the Bible was translated again from the Greek according to the text of the Septuagint and Origen's Hexapla. This version, now in use in the Armenian Church, was completed around the year 434. The decrees of the first three councils — Nicæa, Constantinople, and Ephesus — and the national liturgy (so far written in Syriac) were also translated into Armenian, the latter being revised on the liturgy of St. Basil, though retaining characteristics of its own.
The first sentence in Armenian written down by St. Mesrop after he invented the Armenian alphabet is said to be the opening line of Solomon's Book of Proverbs:
These translations were translated to Classical Armenian. There have been multiple translations into Armenian since then, and into Modern Armenian.
See also
List of Bible translations by language
References
Further reading
External links
Online Eastern Armenian Bible
The Bible Society of Armenia
http://armenianbible.org/
Culture of Armenia
Armenian literature
Armenia
History of religion in Armenia |
Thoriosa fulvastra is a spider species of the wandering spider family (Ctenidae) native to Sierra Leone and São Tomé and Príncipe. It was first named in 1910 by Eugène Simon.
Its female holotype measures from 11 to 12 mm and is believed to be reposited in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, France.
References
Fauna of São Tomé and Príncipe
Fauna of Sierra Leone
Ctenidae
Spiders of Africa
Taxa named by Eugène Simon
Spiders described in 1910 |
Berwick and Haddington was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918, when it replaced the separate Berwickshire and Haddingtonshire constituencies, until it was renamed Berwick and East Lothian for the 1950 general election. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP), using the first-past-the-post voting system.
The constituency covered the counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
General Election 1939–40
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
Unionist: John McEwen
Labour: John Robertson
Liberal:
Elections in the 1940s
References
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1950
1918 establishments in Scotland
Politics of East Lothian
Politics of the Scottish Borders |
Konrad Stürtzel von Buchheim (Stürzel, Stirtzel, Sturtzl, Sterczel) (about 1435 – March 2, 1509) was a German jurist for canon laws (Dr. jur. can.), knight and chancellor of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I.
Konrad was born about 1435 as a son of a citizen in Kitzingen in Lower Franconia. In 1453 he went to the university in Heidelberg and left as a Master of Arts four years later. In 1460 he was one of the first professors at the young University of Freiburg in Breisgau, which belonged to Austria at that time and became its president for the first time in 1469. At the same time he studied canon law and got his doctor's degree (Dr. jur. can.). In 1478/1479 he again became president of the University of Freiburg.
In parallel to his academic functions Konrad was advisor to Archduke Sigismund of Austria since 1474. In 1481 he changed completely from the university to the court of Sigismund in Innsbruck and became his chancellor in 1486. When the upper classes of society (Ständegesellschaft) of Tyrol became unsatisfied with his misgovernment Sigismund was compelled to hand over the leadership to King Maximilian I. In 1490 Konrad was significantly involved in organising the transfer of power from Sigismund to Maximilian. Konrad was in attendance on the Roman-German King as his Chancellor of Tyrol. Obviously in return for his support he was ennobled by Frederick III. on January 24, 1488 which was confirmed three years later by his son Maximilian who granted the name Sturtzl von Buchen on July 4, 1491 in Nuremberg.
The political significance of Chancellor Stürtzel grew as Maximilian put the chancellery in Innsbruck more and more in charge of duties of the whole Empire. But Maximilian's plan to make the court chancellery (Hofkanzlei) a chancellery of the Empire (Reichskanzlei) got into a grim conflict with Archbishop Berthold von Henneberg who was Elector (Kurfürst) and Archchancellor of the German part of the Empire. At the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) 1495 in the city of Worms it came to a constitutional dispute about the relationship between the king and the estates of the realm (Stände) leading to the Imperial Reform. In these negotiations during the following Imperial Diets Stürtzel and other advisors had to act for the king who was often absent. When Maximilian lost Milan to the French king Charles VIII he lost power and influence in his empire and the court chancellery was withdrawn from all imperial duties 1500. Then Konrad asked for his retirement and was honorably discharged and allowed to keep his titles until the end of his life. Nevertheless he was mandated for several diplomatic missions after his retirement.
Konrad was also engaged in many foreign affairs acting as a delegate of Sigismund and later Maximilian in negotiations with the Duke of Milan, with the dukedoms Geldern, Friesland and the Swiss.
During his career Stürtzel gained considerable assets. On the one hand, the Chancellor of the court was paid very well, but he also knew how to invest his money profitably. In 1491 he bought the villages Buchheim, Holzhausen and Hugstetten northwest of Freiburg as a fiefdom (Lehen) covering all rights and inhabitants. Beside that he bought seven neighboring houses in the center of Freiburg near the Gothic Münster and rebuilt them in the 1490s into one large residence which was the largest private house in town at that time. This was later known as 'Basler Hof' as it belonged from 1587 to the cathedral chapter (Domkapitel) of Basel and after 1651 the government of Further Austria (Vorderösterreich) was located there. From 1933-1941 the Gestapo was located there and it was mainly destroyed in 1944 during World War II. Reconstructed in 1951 it serves today as headquarters of the government of South-Baden.
In 1505 a new chorus was built in the Freiburg Minster and Konrad sponsored the first chapel for the grave of his family. He ordered two stained-glass windows with a picture of himself and his family which were drafted by Hans Baldung several years after Konrad's death and finalized about 1530. The windows were replaced in 1910 by copies as the original windows are in bad condition. Also in 1505 Konrad commissioned Hans Wydyz to fabricate a Three-Kings-Altar for his residence which can still be seen in the Minster today.
Konrad was married twice. His first wife was Elisabeth Griesser and his second wife was Ursula Laucher.
His hometown Kitzingen, the city of Freiburg and the village Buchheim nearby named a street after him.
References
External links
This article is based on a translation of the German Wikipedia article Konrad Stürtzel.
Genealogy of 'Konrad Stürzel'
1430s births
1509 deaths
People from Kitzingen
Canon law jurists
Jurists from Bavaria
German untitled nobility
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg |
Kapilvastu District ( ), often Kapilbastu, is one of the districts of Lumbini Province, Nepal. The district, with Kapilbastu municipality as its district headquarters, covers an area of and in 2001 had a population of 481,976, which increased to 571,936 in 2011 and later according 2021 census it further increased to 686,739 Kapilvastu district has 3 number of seats for central whereas 6 seats for state level elections.
Geography and climate
The district is situated at a height of above sea level. Geographically, the district can be divided into the low land plains of Terai and the low Chure hills.
Kapilvastu is bounded by Rupandehi District to the east, Dang District to the northwest, Arghakhanchi District to the north, Balrampur district, Awadh region, Uttar Pradesh, India to the west and Siddharthnagar district, Purvanchal region, Uttar Pradesh to the south.
The summer is hot with temperature above 40 °C and winter temperature remains below 15 °C.
Due to extremely hot and cold climatic conditions, the people suffer from viral fever, dengue, malaria etc. and cold and diarrohea respectively.
Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Kapilvastu District had a population of 571,936.
As their first language, 49.9% spoke Awadhi, 17.8% Urdu, 17.0% Nepali, 11.3% Tharu, 1.7% Magar, 0.9% Maithili, 0.4% Hindi, 0.2% Bhojpuri, 0.2% Newar, 0.1% Doteli, 0.1% Gurung, 0.1% Kham and 0.1% other languages.
Ethnicity/caste: 18.2% were Musalman, 12.3% Tharu, 10.2% Yadav, 8.5% Hill Brahmin, 6.3% Kurmi, 4.0% Chhetri, 3.8% Dusadh/Pasawan/Pasi, 3.7% Chamar/Harijan/Ram, 3.5% Magar, 3.1% Kahar, 2.1% Dhobi, 2.1% Kewat, 1.9% Teli, 1.8% Kami, 1.6% Kathabaniyan, 1.3% Kori, 1.3% other Terai, 1.2% Terai Brahmin, 1.1% Badhaee, 1.1% Baraee, 1.1% Hajam/Thakur, 0.9% Kalwar, 0.7% other Dalit, 0.7% Mallaha, 0.7% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.6% Damai/Dholi, 0.6% Halwai, 0.6% Lohar, 0.5% Gaderi/Bhedidar, 0.5% Thakuri, 0.4% Lodh, 0.3% Bengali, 0.3% Kayastha, 0.3% Koiri/Kushwaha, 0.3% Marwadi, 0.3% Newar, 0.2% Dhunia, 0.2% Gurung, 0.2% Kumal, 0.2% Sarki, 0.1% Badi, 0.1% Dhandi, 0.1% Dhanuk, 0.1% Kanu, 0.1% Kumhar, 0.1% Majhi, 0.1% Mali, 0.1% Natuwa, 0.1% Pattharkatta/Kushwadiya, 0.1% Sonar, 0.1% Sudhi and 0.1% others.
Religion: 80.6% were Hindu, 18.2% Muslim, 0.9% Buddhist, 0.2% Christian and 0.1% others.
Literacy: 54.7% could read and write, 3.6% could only read and 41.5% could neither read nor write.
Administration
The district consists of ten municipalities, out of which six are urban municipalities and four are rural municipalities. These are as follows:
Kapilvastu Municipality
Banganga Municipality
Buddhabhumi Municipality
Shivaraj Municipality
Krishnanagar Municipality
Maharajgunj Municipality
Mayadevi Rural Municipality
Yashodhara Rural Municipality
Suddhodhan Rural Municipality
Bijaynagar Rural Municipality
Economy
Most of the population of the district is dependent on agriculture. Paddy rice is a major crop of the district. A number of youths rely on foreign employment while sugarcane is an important cash crop.
Population
In 2021 National population and Housing census 2021 was reported that total population of kapilvastu district was 686,739 .
Male=337,604 and Female=348604 and number of total household was 101,321
Data source: central bureau of statistics, kathmandu government of Nepal .
Culture
Awadhi people are the major inhabitants of this region, which is very rich in their culture. Awadhi cuisine is well known. Most people of the district follow Sanatana culture and majority of the population is Hindu. Therefore, festivals such as Vijaya Dashami, Deepawali, Holi, Ram Navami and Naag Panchami are very popular. Shivaratri and the month of Shrawana attract huge crowds in the district capital Taulihawa where ancient Tauleshwar Nath Temple exists. Since Kapilvastu was the kingdom of Bhagwan Buddha, Vaishak Purnima is also celebrated in a grand way. The local population including Tharu celebrate Makar Sankranti (Maghi) with festivity. Tharus live in the northern part of the district.
Places of interest
World Marsh Region
A region with biodiversity, cultural, archaeological and historical monuments that has been proposed to be enlisted in the list of World Cultural Heritage of UNESCO.
Archaeological sites
More than 138 historical sites related to Buddha have already been identified within the boundary to the east of Banganga, west of Kothi, north to Indian border and south to Mahendra highway. The forest of the district stands as a natural park. The land is irrigated by the rivers like Banganga, Koili, Surai, Chirai, Bhutera and others. The latest archaeological excavation carried out under the aegis of the Department of Archaeology (DoA) has discovered that Kapilvastu has the highest number of archaeological sites in the country. The department has identified 136 archaeological sites in the district.
See also
People's Progressive Party
Jagdishpur Lake, Kapilvastu
Bikuli, Kapilvastu
Lumbini Province
References
External links
Districts of Nepal established in 1962 |
William Sirs (6 January 1920 – 16 June 2015) was a British trade unionist, who served as general secretary of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC) from 1975 to 1985.
Bill Sirs was born and raised in Hartlepool, one of 10 children. He left school at 14 and became a crane operator in the iron and steel industry, becoming active in forerunners of the ISTC. He remained in north-east England until he moved south with his two children and his wife Joan.
Sirs is best remembered for his involvement in the steelworkers' strike of 1980. During the action, Sirs came into conflict with Ian MacGregor, the man appointed by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to slim down British Steel Corporation, then a nationalised industry. Sirs was quoted as saying, "We are being looked upon as the worst producing steel nation in Europe".
Sirs subsequently incurred the wrath of other trade unionists by his intervention in the miners' strike of 1984.
Sirs was a member of the St Ermin's group, an organised group of right-wing trade unionists meeting at the St Ermin's Hotel with the aim of preventing the Bennite left taking over the Labour Party.
Works
Hard Labour. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985.
References
1920 births
2015 deaths
People from Hartlepool
General Secretaries of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation
Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress
Labour Party (UK) people |
The 2021 Grand Prix du Morbihan was the 44th edition of the Grand Prix du Morbihan, a one-day road cycling race held on 16 October 2021 in and around Grand-Champ, Morbihan, in the Brittany region of northwestern France. This edition was the race's first in the UCI ProSeries; the 2020 edition was expected to feature in the inaugural UCI ProSeries but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was also the fifteenth and penultimate event of the 2021 French Road Cycling Cup. The race was originally due to be held on 15 May but was postponed by COVID-19 precautions.
The race began in Grand-Champ and headed southeast through the Regional Natural Park of the Gulf of Morbihan, passing through the towns of Saint-Avé, Treffléan, and Theix-Noyalo en route to the southernmost point of the race near Surzur. Then, the race headed north through Sulniac to Trédion, with sprint points in both towns, before heading west back to Grand-Champ for six laps of the hilly finishing circuit, which was long; the first of these circuits began with left in the race.
Teams
Three of the 19 UCI WorldTeams, seven UCI ProTeams, five UCI Continental teams, and the French national team made up the 16 teams that participated in the race. UCI ProTeam was also expected to participate, but the team ceased operations with immediate effect on 11 October due to financial problems. There were seven teams that did not field a full squad of seven riders; , , , , and each entered six riders, while and each entered five riders. In total, 103 riders started the race, of which 85 finished.
UCI WorldTeams
UCI ProTeams
UCI Continental Teams
National Teams
France
Result
References
Sources
External links
Grand Prix du Morbihan
Grand Prix du Morbihan
Grand Prix du Morbihan
Grand Prix du Morbihan |
Ahmed Seif El-Islam (; 9 January 1951 – 27 August 2014) was an Egyptian communist, human rights activist and lawyer. He was the father of the social activists Alaa Abd El-Fattah, Sanaa Seif and Mona Seif. His was married to social activist and professor Laila Soueif, who is also the sister of novelist Ahdaf Soueif.
Early years
Ahmed Seif El-Islam was born in Hosh Eissa, Beheira Governorate. He graduated from the Faculty of Economics and Political Science of Cairo University in 1977. While serving a five-year sentence in prison for a free speech case, he earned a degree in law from Cairo University in 1989. He also received a degree in criminal law from the same university.
Political, legal and human rights activism
In the 1970s, Seif was a leader in the student movement; accordingly, he was arrested and tortured by the police forces several times, especially in the so-called “organized popular movement” case. In prison and during his detention period, he got his bachelor's degree in Law. After he was released, he volunteered to defend defendants with various affiliations, in cases concerning opinion; such as the “Revolutionary Socialists” and “Islamic Liberation Party” cases in 2003 and 2004, respectively. He also defended many cases before the high Constitutional Court.
In 2008, Seif was part of the team defending 49 persons, who were tried before the high State Security Court in Tanta, North Cairo. They were accused of participating in popular protests on 6 April 2008. The protest was in solidarity with the Mahala workers strike, which was primarily in the state-run textile industry, in response to low wages and rising food costs; however, violent clashes between the police and protestors took part. The lawyers’ team claimed that all confessions from the side of defendants were taken under the pressure of torture during their detention period. The case ended up acquitting and freeing 27 defendants and convicting 22 others.
Seif was one of the lawyers defending the 13 defendants, who were affiliated to Abdullah Azzam Brigades and were accused of the Taba terrorist bombing in 2004. 3 of them were sentenced to death and other to life imprisonment; however, the Security Council of Armed Forces didn’t ratify the sentences and the defendants went to rehearing and retrial. Seif raised concerns about the unconstitutionality of the court; accordingly, the retrials were postponed till the 13th of December 2013, in order to provide measure certificate that proves the unconstitutionality of the court and the annulment of Emergency Law.
After the 25 January uprising, Seif was a member of the Personal Liberty Protection Commission, which was formulated by Presidential Decree number 5 for 2012. The commission was responsible for reviewing all cases of civilians, who were tried and sentenced by a military court in the period between 25 January 2011 and 30 June 2012. It was also mandated to review situations of all political prisoners, who were held by the Ministry of Interior or other entities. Finally, the commission was assigned to examine cases of protestors who were sentenced by civilian courts.
Detention
Seif was detained four times, twice during the Sadat era and twice during the Mubarak era.
In 1972 Seif was held in custody for two days for joining student demonstrations demanding the liberation of Sinai. In the following year he was detained for 8 months after participating in protests rejecting president Sadat's speech and the deferment of the decision of the upcoming war with Israel, Seif and his mates were released days before the October War and stated that "he had not been tortured in prison".
In 1983 Seif and 16 others were accused of membership in a leftist organization, but only Seif and 4 of his mates spent 5 years in Citadel prison. Seif suffered during his time in prison, he was beaten and tortured by electricity, until his arm and leg were broken. A legal complaint was submitted regarding the incident but was ignored.
Commenting on that, Seif said "I Had the Chance to escape to London when my Wife Dr. Laila and my son Alaa were there but I changed my mind although the security were willing to help me escaping to get rid of me as a political activist but I had an agreement with my wife to turn myself in, despite the fact that my wife was pregnant with my second kid Mona, I chose to spend 5 years in prison in my country rather than escape and live at least 15 years away, so I turned myself in, and I had received my law degree in prison, but the history repeats itself my daughter was born during my time in prison and the same happened with my son Alaa, his son khalid was born while his father in prison,"
The experience of detention and torture pushed Seif to dedicate his activities to defending human rights.
Seif was also detained for two days in 2011 on the third of February, the day known as "Battle of the Camel", when the security forces stormed Hisham Mubarak Law Center and arrested Seif and other human rights activists and Journalists.
Death
Seif died on 27 August 2014 from complications following heart surgery at Qasr El-Einy hospital in Cairo, aged 63. Two of his three children – Alaa Abd-elFattah and Sanaa Seif - were unable to visit their father in hospital because they had been jailed for taking part in protests against the law banning unsanctioned demonstrations.
References
1951 births
2014 deaths
Cairo University alumni
Egyptian communists
Egyptian human rights activists
20th-century Egyptian lawyers
21st-century Egyptian lawyers |
The Dead North Film Festival was an annual film festival in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, which presented a lineup of horror, fantasy and science fiction films. The festival had a special focus on films made in Arctic areas, such as the Canadian territories, Scandinavia, Greenland, Iceland and Russia.
The festival was first launched in 2012, by Jay Bulckaert and Pablo Saravanja through the city's Artless Collective. In addition to the primary film festival, the event has also organized filmmaking workshops to act as an unofficial "film school" for amateur filmmakers in the region; in 2020, the festival organizers also launched Rated N, a television series on Yellowknife's cable community channel which broadcasts short films previously screened at the festival.
In September 2020, festival organizers announced that the festival would be going on hiatus.
References
External links
Film festivals in the Northwest Territories
Festivals in Yellowknife
Film festivals established in 2012
Fantasy and horror film festivals in Canada
Science fiction film festivals
Short film festivals in Canada
2012 establishments in the Northwest Territories
2020 disestablishments in Northwest Territories
Defunct film festivals in Canada |
Azreh () may refer to:
Azreh-ye Mohammad Khan
Azreh-ye Mokarrami |
Alphaea khasiana is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1910. It is found in China (Yunnan) and India (Assam).
References
Moths described in 1910
Spilosomina
Moths of Asia |
Thomas Hudson Nelson (12 February 1856, in Bishop Auckland, County Durham – 5 November 1916, in Redcar, North Yorkshire) was a British ornithologist. He is best known for The Birds of Yorkshire: being a historical account of the avi-fauna of the county (1907).
Life
Thomas Hudson Nelson was born on 12 February 1856 in Bishop Auckland, County Durham. He was educated privately under Marquis de Kervan. Due to health problems, Nelson was unable to continue his education. On doctor’s advice, he moved to Redcar, where his interest in birds grew. He traveled around the country with fellow collectors and ornithologist visiting classic bird sites.
Nelson became an assistant editor of The Naturalist, published many papers on the ornithology of Yorkshire and was an active member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
In 1898, he married Frances Shaw.
In 1907, Nelson’s major work The Birds of Yorkshire: being a historical account of the avi-fauna of the county was published. The book consisted of almost 900 pages and a number of photographic illustrations of birds and bird habitats in two volumes. William Eagle Clarke and Frederick Boyes assisted Nelson in the production of the book. Among Nelson’s other contributions to ornithology should be mentioned such works as Nesting of the Ruff in Yorkshire (1906), Pallas's Sand Grouse in Yorkshire in June (1908), Little Bunting in Durham (1903), and Little Bunting in Yorkshire.
Nelson had an extensive collection of birds and eggs that was bequested to the Dorman Museum in Middlesbrough in 1914. The collection includes over 100 mounted bird specimens and guillemot eggs with unusual colors and marking.
Thomas Hudson Nelson died on 5 November 1916 in Redcar.
Bibliography
References
British ornithologists
1856 births
1916 deaths
19th-century British zoologists
People from Bishop Auckland |
, also known as , (born Osaka, 3 May 1975) is a Japanese former rugby union player. He played as wing and as fullback. He is not related to the late Seiji Hirao. As of 2015 he works as teacher at Kobe Shinwa Women's University's Development and Education Faculty of Junior sports education Department, with "sports pedagogy", "kinematics" as field of specialization and "body and sports" and "sports education rooted in children's development" as research field.
Career
Hirao started to play rugby since his first year at the secondary school days. He left the basketball club and joined the rugby club when the club members eagerly invited him to join them. He then accepted.
Hirao attended Doshisha Junior High School and Doshisha University, earning a master in commerce in the latter.
He played for Mitsubishi Motors Kyoto and then, for Kobelco Steelers between 1999 and 2006. With Kobe Steel, Hirao won three Japan Championships in 2000, 2001 and 2004 and two All Japan Championship titles in 2000 and 2001.
Hirao debuted for Japan in 1998, against South Korea in Bangkok, on 18 December. He was also part of the 1999 Rugby World Cup squad, playing only the match against Wales. His last cap was against Italy, in Tokyo, on 4 July 2004.
As of March 2007, Hirao retired from playing due to the continuous concussions he had during play, resulting in diplopia and distortion of visibility.
As of March 2008, he also was manager and coach of the Kobe club SCIX Rugby Club and completed a master's degree in pedagogy and graduated in letters in Kobe Shinwa Women's University.
Books
"Aikidō to ragubī o tsuranuku mono - jisedai no karada-ron" (Those who pass through Aikido and Rugby - next generation body theory（13/9/2007, Asahi Shinsho 64） - （co-author, along with Taro Uchida）
"Chikakute tōi kono karada" (Near and far this body)（27/9/2014、Mishima-sha）
"Boku-ra no karada shugyō-ron" (Our theory of physical exercise)（9/3/2015, Asahi Shinsho） - （co-author, along with Taro Uchida）
Notes
External links
Takafumi Hirao international stats
Tsuyoshi Hirao international stats
1975 births
Japanese rugby union players
Japanese rugby union coaches
Rugby union fullbacks
Rugby union wings
Kobelco Kobe Steelers players
Japan international rugby union players
Living people
Asian Games medalists in rugby union
Rugby union players at the 1998 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
1999 Rugby World Cup players |
This page lists Japan-related articles with romanized titles beginning with the letter M. For names of people, please list by surname (i.e., "Tarō Yamada" should be listed under "Y", not "T"). Please also ignore particles (e.g. "a", "an", "the") when listing articles (i.e., "A City with No People" should be listed under "City").
Ma
Mabi, Okayama
Maborosi
Machi Koro
Machida, Tokyo
Macross Plus
Macross Seven
Maebaru, Fukuoka
Maebashi, Gunma
Ai Maeda (actress)
Ai Maeda (voice actress)
Maeda Toshiie
Maeda Toshinaga
Maeda Toshitsune
Maegashira
Toshiyuki Maesaka
Maetsue, Ōita
Magatama
Magic Knight Rayearth
Magical girl
Magical girlfriend
Magical nyan-nyan Taruto
Mahayana
Maibara Station
Maid in Japan
Maihara, Shiga
Mainichi Shimbun
Mainland Japan
Maisaka, Shizuoka
Maison Ikkoku
Maizuru, Kyoto
Majutsushi Orphen
Maki, Niigata (Kambara)
Maki, Niigata (Kubiki)
Makino Tsuyoshi
Makino, Shiga
The Makioka Sisters (film)
The Makioka Sisters (novel)
Makisu
Makiyakinabe
Makizono, Kagoshima
Makurazaki, Kagoshima
Malice Mizer
MAWI
Mampuku-ji
Mana (musician)
Man'yōshū
Manchukuo
Manchuria
Maneki Neko
Manga
Mangaka
Maniwa District, Okayama
Manju (food)
Manno, Kagawa
Manriki
Manzai
Manzanar
Maple Town
Marco Polo Bridge Incident
Maria-sama ga Miteru
Mario
Mario Kart 64
Mario Kart: Double Dash
Mario Party
Mario's Super Picross
Marmalade Boy
Martial arts
Martian Successor Nadesico
Marugame, Kagawa
Marunouchi
Marvel vs. Capcom (series)
Masaki, Ehime
Masaki Toshimitsu Dannoshin
Masaoka Shiki
Mashiki, Kumamoto
Mask of Glass
Masked Rider (TV series)
Masonna
The Master of Go
Master Roshi
Master System
Ken Masters
Masuda, Shimane
Masudaya
Matama, Ōita
Matcha
Mathematics of paper folding
Takako Matsu
Matsubara, Osaka
Matsubase, Kumamoto
Matsubayashi-ryu
Matsudo, Chiba
Matsue, Shimane
Matsugaoka
Hideki Matsui
Iwane Matsui
Kazuo Matsui
Matsukata Masayoshi
Matsumoto
Matsumoto, Kagoshima
Yukihiro Matsumoto
Matsunaga Enzo
Matsunaga Hisahide
Matsuno, Ehime
Yasumi Matsuno
Matsunoyuki
Matsuo Bashō
Matsusaka, Mie
Matsushige, Tokushima
Matsushima, Kumamoto
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.
Konosuke Matsushita
Matsutake
Yumi Matsutoya
Matsuura, Nagasaki
Matsuyama, Ehime
Matsuyama, Kagoshima
Daisuke Matsuzaka
Matsuzaki, Shizuoka
Matthew Calbraith Perry
Matto, Ishikawa
Mawashi
Mawatari Matsuko
Mazda
Mazda MX-3
Mazda RX-7
Mazda RX-8
Me
Meadow (programming)
Measure word
Mecha
Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan)
Mega Man (series)
Mega Man 64
Megami Tensei
Megatsunami
Meguro Station
Meguro, Tokyo
Meiji period
Meiji Constitution
Meiji Restoration
Meiji Shrine
Setsuna Meioh
Meiwa, Mie
Memories (1995 film)
Mentai Waido
Menzan Zuihō
Metal Gear (series)
Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
Metal Gear Solid
Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty
Metal Resistance
Metal Slug
Metroid
Metroid Fusion
Metroid Prime
Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
Metropolis (2001 movie)
Mew
Mew (Pokémon)
Mewtwo
Mi
Michiko
Midgar
Mido
Midori
Midori, Hyogo
Hikaru Midorikawa
Midoriko
Mie District, Mie
Mie Prefecture
Mie, Ōita
Mifune, Kumamoto
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
Migration in Japan
Mighty the Armadillo
Mihama, Aichi
Mihama, Mie
Mihama, Wakayama
Mihara, Hiroshima
Mihara, Hyogo
Mihara, Kōchi
Mihara, Osaka
Mihara District, Hyogo
Mihonoseki, Shimane
Mii District, Fukuoka
Miike District, Fukuoka
Mikado
Mikame, Ehime
Mikamo, Okayama
Mikamo, Tokushima
Mikasa, Hokkaidō
Mikata, Hyogo
Mikata District, Hyogo
Mikatsuki, Saga
Mikawa Province
Mikawa, Ehime
Mikawa, Kumamoto
Mikawa, Yamaguchi
Mikazuki, Hyogo
Miki
Miki, Kagawa
Takeo Miki
Mikimoto Kōkichi
Mikumo, Mie
Haruhiko Mikimoto
Mikkabi, Shizuoka
Military history of Japan
Millennium Items
Mima, Ehime
Mima, Tokushima
Mima District, Tokushima
Mimasaka Province
Mimasaka, Okayama
Mimata, Miyazaki
Mimizuka
Minabe, Wakayama
Minabegawa, Wakayama
Minakata Kumagusu
Minakuchi, Shiga
Minamata, Kumamoto
Minamata disease
Minami Torishima
Minami-Alps, Yamanashi
Minami-ku
Minamiamabe District, Ōita
Minamiashigara, Kanagawa
Minamichita, Aichi
Minamidaitō, Okinawa
Minamiechizen, Fukui
Minamiizu, Shizuoka
Minamikawachi District, Osaka
Minamimuro District, Mie
Minaminaka District, Miyazaki
Yoko Minamino
Minamioguni, Kumamoto
Minamishitara District, Aichi
Minamitane, Kagoshima
Minamiuwa District, Ehime
Minamiyamashiro, Kyoto
Minamoto clan
Minamoto no Sanetomo
Minamoto no Yoriie
Minamoto no Yoritomo
Minamoto no Yoshinaka
Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Minato, Tokyo
Minato Mirai 21
Minato Mirai Line
Minato-ku, Nagoya
Minato-ku, Osaka
Mine District, Yamaguchi
Mine, Saga
Mine, Yamaguchi
Norman Mineta
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Mino, Gifu
Mino, Kagawa
Mino, Tokushima
Mino District, Hyogo
Mino District, Shimane
Mino Province
Minokamo, Gifu
Minoh, Osaka
Yui Mizuno
Mi (cont'd)
Mirasaka, Hiroshima
Mirin
Miroku (InuYasha)
Misaki, Ehime
Misaki, Osaka
Misakubo, Shizuoka
Misasa, Tottori
Misato, Akita
Misato, Mie
Misato, Saitama
Misato, Tokushima
Misato, Wakayama
Misawa
Misawa Air Base
Misawa, Aomori
Mishima, Kagoshima
Mishima, Shizuoka
Yukio Mishima
Mishō, Ehime
Mishima District, Osaka
Mishima Sosen
Miso
Miso soup
Misono, Mie
Misty
Misugi, Mie
Yurika Misumaru
Misumi, Kumamoto
Misumi, Shimane
Misumi, Yamaguchi
Mitagawa, Saga
Mitaka, Tokyo
Mitake, Gifu
Mito, Ibaraki
Mito, Aichi
Mito, Shimane
Mito, Yamaguchi
Mitoya, Shimane
Mitoyo District, Kagawa
Mitsu District, Okayama
Mitsu, Hyogo
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi A5M
Mitsubishi A7M
Mitsubishi Eclipse
Mitsubishi F-2
Mitsubishi F1M
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corporation
Mitsubishi G4M
Mitsubishi GTO
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Mitsubishi J8M
Mitsubishi Ki-202
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
Mitsubishi T-2
Mitsubishi Zero
Yasunori Mitsuda
Mitsue, Nara
Mitsugi District, Hiroshima
Mitsugi, Hiroshima
Mitsuhashi, Fukuoka
Mitsui
Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
Kotono Mitsuishi
Mitsuke, Niigata
Mitsukoshi
Mitsuru Igarashi
Mitsuse, Saga
Mitsuteru Yokoyama
Miwa Yoshida
Miwa, Aichi
Miwa, Fukuoka
Miwa, Hiroshima
Miwa, Kyoto
Miwa, Yamaguchi
Miya Masaoka
Miya, Gifu
Miyagawa, Mie
Kazuo Miyagawa
Miyagi Prefecture
Miyahara, Kumamoto
Miyajima, Hiroshima
Miyake, Nara
Issey Miyake
Miyaki District, Saga
Miyako
Miyako District, Fukuoka
Miyako District, Okinawa
Miyakubo, Ehime
Miyanojo, Kagoshima
Miyakonojō, Miyazaki
Miyama, Kyoto
Miyama, Mie
Miyama, Wakayama
Miyamoto Musashi
Nobuko Miyamoto
Yuriko Miyamoto
Miyata, Fukuoka
Miyatake Gaikotsu
Miyazaki
Miyazaki District, Miyazaki
Hayao Miyazaki
Miyazaki Prefecture
Miyazaki, Miyazaki
Kenji Miyazawa
Kiichi Miyazawa
Rie Miyazawa
Miyazu, Kyoto
Miyoshi District, Tokushima
Miyoshi, Aichi
Miyoshi, Hiroshima
Miyoshi, Tokushima
Mizobe, Kagoshima
Kenji Mizoguchi
Mizokuchi, Tottori
Tetsuya Mizuguchi
Mizuho Bank
Mizuho Financial Group
Mizuho, Gifu
Mizuho, Kyoto
Mizuho, Shimane
Mizukami, Kumamoto
Mizuma District, Fukuoka
Mizuma, Fukuoka
Mizumaki, Fukuoka
Mizunami, Gifu
Ami Mizuno
Mizuno Nobumoto
Mizuno Tadakuni
Mizuno Tadashige
Mizusawa, Iwate
Mo
Mobara, Chiba
Mobile Suit Gundam
Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack
Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ
Mobile Suit Victory Gundam
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam
Moblog
Mochi (food)
Kaori Mochida
Mochigase, Tottori
Modern Love's Silliness
Moe (slang)
Mamoru Mohri
Moi dix Mois
Mojibake
Momotarō
Momoyama, Wakayama
Momozono
Monā
Mona Font
Monbetsu, Hokkaidō
Monkey (TV series)
Monobe, Kochi
Akiko Monō
Monster (manga)
Montevideo Maru
Mooka, Tochigi
Mora (linguistics)
Mori, Shizuoka
Mori Chack
Mōri clan
Mori Hiromichi
Ikue Mori
Masahiro Mori
Mōri Motonari
Mori Ōgai
Mōri Terumoto
Yoshirō Mori
Moriguchi, Osaka
Masaharu Morimoto
Morioka, Iwate
Akio Morita
Morita Shoma
Moriya, Ibaraki
Moriyama, Shiga
Daidō Moriyama
Morodomi, Saga
Morotsuka, Miyazaki
Hiroyuki Morioka
Mothra
Mothra vs Godzilla
Motobu, Okinawa
Motoori Norinaga
Motosu, Gifu
Motosu District, Gifu
Motoyama, Kōchi
Mount Fuji
Mount Fuji Jazz Festival
Mount Hiei
Mount Kōya
Mount Rokkō
Mount Suribachi
Mount Tsurugi (Tokushima)
Mount Tsurugi (Hokkaido)
Mr
Mr Driller
Mr. Baseball
Mr.Children
Mr. Game & Watch
Mr. Moto
Mr. Satan
Mr. Saturn
Ms
MSX
Mu
Mu (negative)
Mugegawa, Gifu
Mugi District, Gifu
Mugi, Gifu
Mugi, Tokushima
Muikaichi, Shimane
Mujo
Chiaki Mukai
Mukaishima, Hiroshima
Muko
Munakata District, Fukuoka
Munakata, Fukuoka
Municipalities of Japan
Municipality
Kazusa Murai
Murakami
Murakami, Niigata
Haruki Murakami
Ryū Murakami
Murakami Yoshikiyo
Muraoka, Hyōgo
Murasaki Shikibu
Murayama
Murayama Kaita
Tomiichi Murayama
Mure, Kagawa
Muro, Nara
Muromachi period
Muroran, Hokkaidō
Muroto, Kōchi
Musashi, Ōita
Musashi Province
Musashi University
Musashimaru Kōyō
Musashimurayama, Tokyo
Musashino, Tokyo
Mushiki
Music of Japan
Musō Soseki
Izumi Muto
Yugi Mutou
Japanese battleship Mutsu
Mutsu (nuclear ship)
Mutsu, Aomori
Mutsu Munemitsu
Mutsu Province
Mutsumi, Yamaguchi
My
My Neighbor Totoro
Myoan Eisai
Myōdō District, Tokushima
Myōe
Myoga
Myōzai District, Tokushima
M |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<LinearLayout
android:id="@+id/personal_recommend"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center_vertical"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
android:orientation="horizontal">
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android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:gravity="center">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">
<ImageButton
android:id="@+id/ib_xiandu"
android:layout_width="50dp"
android:layout_height="50dp"
android:background="@drawable/home_middle_fm" />
<TextView
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android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal"
android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
android:text=""
android:textColor="@color/colorContent"
android:textSize="12sp" />
</LinearLayout>
</RelativeLayout>
<RelativeLayout
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:gravity="center">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:orientation="vertical">
<FrameLayout
android:id="@+id/fl_everyday"
android:layout_width="50dp"
android:layout_height="50dp"
android:clickable="true">
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/daily_btn"
android:layout_width="50dp"
android:layout_height="50dp"
android:background="@drawable/home_middle_day" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/tv_daily_text"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_marginTop="3dp"
android:text="21"
android:textColor="@color/select_gank_day"
android:textSize="12sp" />
</FrameLayout>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView4"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
android:text=""
android:textColor="@color/colorContent"
android:textSize="12sp" />
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</RelativeLayout>
<RelativeLayout
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:gravity="center">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">
<ImageButton
android:id="@+id/ib_wan_android"
android:layout_width="50dp"
android:layout_height="50dp"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:background="@drawable/home_middle_music" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
android:text=""
android:textColor="@color/colorContent"
android:textSize="12sp" />
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</RelativeLayout>
<RelativeLayout
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:gravity="center">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">
<ImageButton
android:id="@+id/ib_movie_hot"
android:layout_width="50dp"
android:layout_height="50dp"
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android:background="@drawable/home_middle_rank" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
android:text=""
android:textColor="@color/colorContent"
android:textSize="12sp" />
</LinearLayout>
</RelativeLayout>
</LinearLayout>
<View
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="0.3dp"
android:layout_below="@+id/personal_recommend"
android:layout_marginBottom="13dp"
android:layout_marginTop="13dp"
android:background="@color/colorHomeLine" />
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</layout>
``` |
Eric Lukin (born June 14, 1979) is an American former soccer player who is last known to have played as a defender, midfielder, or forward for TuS Koblenz.
Career
Lukin is the all-time top scorer of the University of Illinois at Chicago.
In 2002, he signed for German third division side Sportfreunde Siegen from Pomorac in Croatia.
References
External links
Eric Lukin at FuPa
American men's soccer players
Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia
Living people
American expatriate men's soccer players
American expatriate soccer players in Germany
Croatian Football League players
Regionalliga players
American people of Croatian descent
Sportfreunde Siegen players
TuS Koblenz players
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
NK Pomorac 1921 players
1979 births
UIC Flames men's soccer players |
The judiciary of Scotland () are the judicial office holders who sit in the courts of Scotland and make decisions in both civil and criminal cases. Judges make sure that cases and verdicts are within the parameters set by Scots law, and they must hand down appropriate judgments and sentences. Judicial independence is guaranteed in law, with a legal duty on Scottish Ministers, the Lord Advocate and the Members of the Scottish Parliament to uphold judicial independence, and barring them from influencing the judges through any form of special access.
The Lord President of the Court of Session is the head of Scotland's judiciary and the presiding judge of the College of Justice (which consists of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary.) As of May 2016, the Lord President was Lord Carloway, who was appointed in December 2015 having previously served as Lord Justice Clerk. The Lord President is supported by the Judicial Office for Scotland which was established on 1 April 2010 as a result of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008, and the Lord President chairs the corporate board of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service.
The second most senior judge is the Lord Justice Clerk, and the other judges of the College of Justice are called Senators. When sitting in the Court of Session, Senators are known as Lords of Council and Session, and when sitting in the High Court of Justiciary they are known as Lords Commissioners of Justiciary. There are also some temporary judges who carry out the same work on a part-time basis.
Scotland's sheriffs deal with most civil and criminal cases. There are 6 sheriffdoms, each administered by a sheriff principal. Sheriffs principal and sheriffs are legally qualified, and previously serve as either advocates or solicitors, though many are also King's Counsel. Summary sheriffs deal exclusively with cases under summary procedure, and some advocates and solicitors serve as part-time sheriffs.
In 2014, Justice of the Peace courts replaced the previous district courts. In Justice of the Peace courts, lay justices of the peace work with a legally qualified clerk of court who gives advice on law and procedure. Justices of the peace handle minor criminal matters.
History
The head of the judiciary in Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session whose office dates back to 1532 with the creation of the College of Justice. Scotland's judiciary was historically a mixture of feudal, local, and national judicial offices. The first national, royal, justices were the justiciars established in the 12th century; with there being either two or 3 appointed. The justiciars and their deputes would go on circuit to hear the most serious of cases that could not be heard by the local feudal or sheriff courts, in a comparable (but not identical) manner to Assizes in England. In the Middle Ages, many Scots were subject to the local feudal lords, with only treason reserved to the royal courts. These feudal jurisdictions, called heritable jurisdictions, were abolished in 1747 by the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746.
The sheriff courts developed in the Middle Ages as royal courts to challenge the authority of the local feudal courts, though the office of sheriff became itself a heritable jurisdiction with a legally qualified sheriff-depute the effective judge. The jurisdiction of the sheriffs was re-organised into twelve sheriffdoms following the passage of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1870 The number of sheriffdoms was reduced to six in 1975, with only minor changes to the territorial extent of each sheriffdom since then.
Locally administered courts continued until the replacement of the district courts by justice of the peace courts in 2008, and now all Scottish courts are administered centrally, with all judges, except the Lord Lyon and the justices of the peace, appointed on the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. Due to the volume of business, some legally qualified stipendiary magistrates sat in Glasgow, when following the Court Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 the office of stipendiary magistrate was abolished, and several stipendiary magistrates became summary sheriffs.
Today, the Scottish judiciary are divided into the Senior Judges, the Senators of the College of Justice, the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court, the Lord Lyon, the Sheriffs Principal, the Appeal Sheriffs, Sheriffs, Part-time Sheriffs, Summary Sheriffs, Part-Time Summary Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and Tribunal Judges.
Judicial officer holders
Lord President of the Court of Session
The Lord President of the Court of Session is the head of the country's judiciary and the presiding judge of the College of Justice (which comprises the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary.) The current Lord President is Lord Carloway, who was appointed in December 2015 having previously served as Lord Justice Clerk When presiding over criminal cases in the High Court of Justiciary the Lord President is known as the Lord Justice-General, an office that can be traced back to the ancient justiciars. In 1830, the Court of Session Act 1830 united the offices of Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General, with the person appointed as Lord President assuming the office of Lord Justice General ex officio.
The Lord President presides over the 1st Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session, and will often hear appeals that raise significant or important points of law.
The Lord President was made head of a unified judiciary as a result of the passage of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 by the Scottish Parliament. In his role as Head of the Judiciary he is supported by the Judicial Office for Scotland, and the Lord President chairs the corporate board of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. The Judicial Office is administered by an executive director of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. The Lord President, and the wider judiciary, is advised on matters relating to the administration of justice by the Judicial Council for Scotland, which is a non-statutory body established in 2007. There had been plans for a statutory judges' council but these plans were abandoned in favour of a non-statutory council convened by the Lord President.
Lord Justice Clerk
The Lord Justice Clerk is the second most senior judge in Scotland, after the Lord President of the Court of Session. The Lord Justice Clerk presides over the 2nd Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session. The current Lord Justice Clerk is Lady Dorrian, who was appointed to the position on 13 April 2016.
The office of Lord Justice Clerk can be traced back to the clerk of court to King's Court, later the Justiciary Court, which was normally the responsibility of the Justiciar. The Justiciar normally appointed several deputes to assist in the administration of justice, and to preside in his absence. The clerk was legally qualified and advised the Justiciar and his deputes on the law, as they were generally noblemen without any legal education or experience as practising lawyers. This clerk prepared all the indictments and was keeper of the records. Eventually the influence of the clerk increased until the clerk gained both a vote in the court, and a seat on the bench as the Justice-Clerk. When the High Court of Justiciary was established in its modern form by the Courts Act 1672, the position of the Lord Justice Clerk was given a statutory basis. The Lord Justice-General was president of the Court, and the Justice-Clerk vice-president. During the period when the office of Lord Justice-General was held by noblemen the Lord Justice-Clerk was virtual head of the Justiciary Court.
Senators of the College of Justice
The Senators of the College of Justice are judges of the College of Justice and sit in either the Court of Session (where they are known as Lords of Council and Session) or the High Court of Justiciary (where they are known as Lords Commissioners of Justiciary.) The Chairman of the Scottish Land Court ranks as a Senator but is always referred to by his judicial office. Whilst the High Court and Court of Session historically maintained separate judiciary, these are now one and the same, and the term, Senator, is almost ordinarily used in referring to the judges of these courts. When a Senator sits as judge in the Outer House of the Court of Session they are referred to as a Lord Ordinary.
Ten senators will sit in the Inner House of the Court of Session, where they will hear appeals against decisions made by the Outer House, the Sheriff Appeal Court, or judgments made by a sheriff principal. The remaining senators will sit as judges of the Outer House. Additional duties include a senator being appointed as President of Scottish Tribunals, or Chairman of the Scottish Law Commission.
To be eligible for appointment as a senator a person must have served at least 5 years as sheriff or sheriff principal, been an advocate for 5 years, a solicitor with 5 years rights of audience before the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary, or been a Writer to the Signet for 10 years (having passed the exam in civil law at least 2 years before application.)
Under the Treason Act 1708 it is treason to kill any of the Senators of the College of Justice when they are sitting in judgment and in exercise of their office.
Chairman of the Scottish Land Court
The chairman of the Scottish Land Court, who is also appointed as president of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland, has the same rank and tenure as a senator of the College of Justice, but does not number as a member of the College of Justice. The office of chairman was created with the founding of the Scottish Land Court in 1991 by the Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911 which has a responsibility for hearing cases relating to agricultural tenancies and crofting. The chairman is supported by a deputy chairman who holds the office of sheriff. The chairman is legally qualified, and must satisfy the same eligibility criteria as a senator: that is, they must have served at least 5 years as sheriff or sheriff principal, been an advocate for 5 years, a solicitor with 5 years rights of audience before the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary, or been a Writer to the Signet for 10 years (having passed the exam in civil law at least 2 years before application.)
When founded, the Scottish Land Court, and its judiciary, were a separate administration to the Court of Session, High Court of Justiciary and sheriff courts. The enactment of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 sought to create a unified judiciary for Scotland, and so The Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 (Scottish Land Court) Order 2017 transferred responsibility for the administration of the court to the Scottish Courts and Tribunal Service, and made the chairman and deputy chairman part of the unified Scottish judiciary under the Lord President.
The current chairman of the Scottish Land Court is Lord Minginish who was appointed by the monarch on 1 October 2014, having previously served as deputy chairman. His nomination by First Minister Alex Salmond was made following a recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. At the same time he was also appointed by the Scottish Ministers as president of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland.
Sheriffs principal
The sheriffs principal are responsible for the efficiency of administration of the courts within their sheriffdom (both the sheriff courts and the justice of the peace courts), and since 1975 there have been 6 sherrifdoms in Scotland. Sheriffs principal chair the Local Criminal Justice Boards, which bring together the local procurator fiscal, Police Scotland and Community Justice Authority, and Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. The sheriffs principal also serve ex officio as Commissioners of the Northern Lighthouse Board.
To be eligible for appointment as a sheriff principal a person must be legally qualified as either an advocate or solicitor for at least 10 years.
Sheriffs principal will preside over fatal accident inquiries brought
under the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016 with significant public interest.
Sheriff officers are appointed by the sheriffs principal upon petition and the sheriff principal will investigate, and inspect, fitness for office under Part V of the Debtors (Scotland) Act 1987 and Section 8 of Act of Sederunt (Messengers-at-Arms and Sheriff Officers Rules) 1988.
Appeal sheriffs
Appeal sheriffs sit in the Sheriff Appeal Court and hear appeals against summary criminal proceedings, and some civil proceedings, from both the sheriff courts and justice of the peace courts. All sheriffs principal are automatically ex officio appeal sheriffs. They usually sit in a bench of 2 or 3 judges. Appeal sheriffs also hear appeals in civil cases that previously went to the sheriff principal. Decisions of the Sheriff Appeal Court may only be appealed to the High Court of Justiciary with the permission of the High Court.
To be eligible for appointment as an appeal sheriff a person must have served at least 5 years as a sheriff.
Sheriffs
Sheriffs deal with the majority of civil and criminal court cases in Scotland, with the power to preside in solemn proceedings with a jury of 15 for indictable offences and sitting alone in summary proceedings for summary offences. The maximum sentencing power of sheriff in summary proceedings is 12 months imprisonment, or a fine of up to £10,000. In solemn proceedings the maximum sentence is 5 years imprisonment, or an unlimited fine.
The sheriff has exclusive jurisdiction for all civil claims under £100,000, with shared jurisdiction over all other civil proceedings with the Court of Session. There is no upper limit to the size of case handled by a sheriff, with almost all family actions taking place in the sheriff court.
Sheriffs also preside over fatal accident inquiries which are convened to examine the circumstances around sudden or suspicious deaths, including those who die in the course of employment, in custody, or in secure accommodation.
A sheriff must be legally qualified, and been qualified as an advocate or solicitor for at least 10 years.
The office of sheriff (historically, sheriff-substitute or sheriff depute) evolved as a legally qualified person appointed by the hereditary sheriff principal (historically, sheriff). The hereditary office was abolished by the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746. The offices were officially renamed by section 4 of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971.
Summary sheriffs
Summary sheriffs hear civil cases brought under Simple Procedure and criminal cases brought under summary proceedings. Their sentencing powers are identical to a sheriff sitting in summary proceedings.
To be eligible for appointment as a summary sheriff a person must be legally qualified as either an advocate or solicitor for at least 10 years.
The office of summary sheriff was established by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014.
Justices of the Peace
The justices of the peace primary role is to preside over summary criminal trials for driving offences (including careless driving, speeding, tachograph offences, and driving without a license), less serious assaults, breach of the peace, theft and other less serious common law offences. The maximum sentencing power of a justice of the peace is 60 days imprisonment, or a fine up to £2,500, or both, and the ability to disqualify drivers. Justices of the peace are lay people (not legally qualified), and are advised by a lawyer who acts as legal adviser or clerk of court.
The office of justice of the peace in Scotland can be traced back to 1609, when they were introduced by the Parliament of Scotland under James VI and I, as an alternative source of judicial authority to the sheriffs. The sheriffs at this time were a heritable jurisdiction, which presented a perceived challenge to royal authority. Justices of the peace in Scotland have always had a limited jurisdiction and limited prestige: constantly overshadowed by the sheriff.
Justices of the peace did, historically, have administrative functions such as regulating wages and contracts of servants and labourers, the maintenance of bridges, recruitment of militia, and special tax assessments. The office went into decline in the 19th century, and was revived by the establishment of the district courts in 1975. The current system of justice of the peace courts was established in 2007 by the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007.
Judicial independence
Judicial independence from the government, legislature and public prosecutor in Scotland in guaranteed in statute by the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 which places a duty on the Scottish Ministers, the First Minister of Scotland, the Lord Advocate, and Members of the Scottish Parliament to uphold judicial independence and bars influences of the judiciary through special access. Judges swear a judicial oath which affirms their personal commitment to independence:
The Scottish Government began consulting on how to ensure judicial independence in 2006 and the consultation resulted in the Lord President being recognised as the head of the Scottish judiciary, the transfer of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service to judicial control, and the statutory basis for the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland.
The Lord President, Lord Justice Clerk, Senators of the College of Justice, Chairman of the Scottish Land Court, Sheriffs Principal, Sheriffs and Summary Sheriffs all hold office until retirement or until removal from office due to being unfit. They can only be removed from office for being unfit following a report from an independent tribunal, and subject to the oversight of the Scottish Parliament.
Judicial independence is also secured through a prohibition on permanent judges (no matter what office) from undertaking paid employment, and on restrictions as to the work that part-time or temporary judges can undertake. Generally, part-time and temporary judges will be practising advocates or solicitors, but they are prohibited from employment with the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service or the Government Legal Service for Scotland. Permanent judges are also barred from having any involvement with political parties or organisations.
Judges may also not be sued or prosecuted for the work they carry out as a judge.
Judicial independence was attested as early at 1599 when Lord President Seton addressed the King and said, "but this is a matter of law, in which we are sworn to justice according to our conscience and the statutes of the realm."
Judicial appointment
Eligibility
To be eligible for appointment as a sheriff principal, sheriff, or summary sheriff (whether permanent, temporary, or part-time) a person must be legally qualified as either an advocate or solicitor for at least 10 years. To be eligible for appointment as a senator a person must have served at least 5 years as sheriff or sheriff principal, been an advocate for 5 years, a solicitor with 5 years rights of audience before the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary, or been a Writer to the Signet for 10 years (having passed the exam in civil law at least 2 years before application.)
Some sheriffs with five or more years’ service as a sheriff, are eligible to be appointed as Appeal Sheriffs to sit in the Sheriff Appeal Court.
Judicial Appointments Board
Appointments to all offices of the judiciary, except for Lord Lyon and justices of the peace, are made by the First Minister of Scotland on the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. The statutory basis for making recommendations was established by the Scottish Parliament through Sections 9 to 27 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 (as amended by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014). The 2008 Act established the requirements for making appointments of permanent, temporary and part-time judges.
The appointment of sheriffs principal (permanent and temporary), sheriffs and summary sheriffs (permanent and part-time) is regulated by the Judiciaty and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 and the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, which replaced the previous rules established by the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971.
Justice of the peace advisory committees
Justices of the peace are appointed by the First Minister on the recommendation of Justice of Peace Advisory Committees, which are established for each sheriffdom. Each sheriff principal is responsible for appointing members to the advisory committee for his or her sheriffdom, with each committee having at least 3 lay members, and no more than one sheriff.
Lord Advocate
Historically appointments were made on the advice of the Lord Advocate, which in 1999 raised questions of judicial independence from the executive.
A conviction was overturned by the High Court of Justiciary Appeal Court on the grounds that a temporary sheriff was not independent in terms of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights as he was appointed by the Lord Advocate for 1 year, and could be dismissed at will. Given that the Lord Advocate is also the chief public prosecutor for Scotland this meant the sheriff could be concerned about making a judgment that could see them removed from office. The Bail, Judicial Appointments etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 abolished the office of temporary sheriff and replaced it with part-time sheriffs who were appointed for a period of 5 years, and they cannot not be dismissed unless they are found unfit for duty by an independent tribunal.
The role of the Lord Advocate in judicial appointments was removed by the establishment of the Judicial Appointments Board in 2002, and was abolished in statue by the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008.
Tenure
The Lord President, Lord Justice Clerk, Senators of the College of Justice, and all permanent sheriffs principal, sheriffs and summary sheriffs, hold office until compulsory retirement unless they are removed from office for inability, neglect of duty, or misbehaviour.
College of Justice
The Lord President, Lord Justice Clerk, and Senators (including the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court) are subject to a retirement age of 75. The judges of the College of Justice and the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court can only be removed from office should the Scottish Parliament resolve that the First Minister makes a recommendation to Her Majesty the Queen. Such a recommendation can only be made after a tribunal has been convened to investigate the matter and reported on the need for removal from office. The tribunal is convened on the request of the Lord President, or in other circumstances that the First Minister sees fit. However, the First Minister must consult the Lord President (for all other judges) and the Lord Justice Clerk (when the Lord President is under investigation.)
Sheriffs principal and sheriffs
Historically sheriffs were said, after seven years, to hold their office Ad vitam aut culpam (for life or until fault) meaning that they could only be only removed from office for "gross misbehaviour or neglect of duty". Ad vitam aut culpam was enacted by Section 29 of the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746, however this was modified by the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971 which allowed for the Lord President and Lord Justice Clerk to investigate the fitness for office of any sheriff principal or sheriff, and by Section 2 of the Judicial Pension Act 1959 which enforced compulsory retirement at the age of 75. This was subsequently modified to the age of 70 by Section 26 of the Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993.
Fitness for office of sheriffs principal, sheriffs, and summary sheriffs (and their part-time equivalents) is decided by an ad-hoc tribunal constituted by the First Minister at the request of the Lord President, and such a tribunal will make a report. The power to convene this tribunal is granted by Section 21 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014. The First Minister must present the report to the Scottish Parliament and, should the report find that the judge unfit to hold office by "reason of inability, neglect of duty or misbehaviour" then the First Minister may dismiss the judge. If the judge is a permanent sheriff principal, sheriff, or summary sheriff then the First Minister must make an order subject to negative procedure.
Part-time and temporary judges
Part-time and temporary judges, and Justices of the Peace, hold office for a period of 5 years, and may be reappointed provided they have not resigned, been dismissed, or reached the compulsory retirement age.
Justices of the peace are subject to a procedure regulated by Section 71 of the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007, and are dismissed from office by order of the Lord President. A tribunal must be convened, and the tribunal is chaired by the Sheriff Principal of the sheriffdom in which the justice of the peace is a judge. The process for regulating these tribunals and the process of investigation is regulated by acts of sederunt. Once removed from office a justice of the peace cannot be reappointed.
Judicial administration
Judicial Office for Scotland
The Lord President is supported by the Judicial Office for Scotland which was established on 1 April 2010 as a result of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008, and the Lord President chairs the corporate board of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. The Judicial Office is administered by an executive director of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service.
Judicial Council for Scotland
The Lord President and the wider judiciary are advised on matters relating to the administration of justice by the Judicial Council for Scotland, which is a non-statutory body established in 2007. There had been plans for a statutory judges' council but these plans were abandoned in favour of a non-statutory council convened by the Lord President.
Judicial Institute for Scotland
The Lord President has delegated this responsibility to the Judicial Institute for Scotland, as the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 makes the Lord President responsible for the welfare, training, and guidance of all judicial office holders in Scotland. The Lord President is President of the Judicial Institute. The Judicial Institute was established on 2 September 2013 after Lord Gill, Lord President at the time, signed the Governance Framework for the Judicial Institute; the governance of the institute is the responsibility of an advisory council as the statutory duty for training resides with the Lord President alone. The Lord President also appoints a chairman and vice-chairman of the advisory council, with a director appointed to undertake operational responsibility for the Judicial Institute.
Formal judicial training started in Scotland in 1997 with the establishment of the Judicial Studies Committee, which initially dealt with training for the Court of Session, High Court of Justiciary, and sheriff courts. In 2007 it took on responsibility for the training of justices of peace.
Justices' Training and Appraisal Committees
Each sheriffdom has a Justices' Training Committee and a Justices' Appraisal Committee as required by the Justices of the Peace (Scotland) Order 2007. The training committee is responsible for organising the training required for new and existing justices, and the appraisal committee is responsible for appraising the performance of justices. Should a justice fail in their appraisal in the appraisal committee has the authority to recommend remedial action. The training for justices of the peace is determined by the Lord President, and is laid out in the Justices of the Peace (Training and Appraisal) Order 2016.
Complaints
Complaints about the conduct of all judicial officer holders in Scotland are made to the Lord President through the Judicial Office for Scotland. The Judicial Office does not consider complaints about judicial decisions which are dealt with through appeals. Such complaints can relate to the conduct of the judge within and outwith the court.
The process for making complaints is regulated by the Complaints About the Judiciary (Scotland) Rules 2017 which were made by the Lord President under section 28 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008. The rules require a disciplinary judge to be appointed by the Lord President, to supervise the operation of the rules, and the Judicial Office to handle the complaint. Allegations of criminal conduct are outwith the scope of the complaints process.
Should the investigation find against the judicial officer holder the Lord President has the power to give formal advice, a formal warning, or a reprimand.
The Judicial Complaints Reviewer is a Scottish public ombudsman, established by section 30 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008. Her role is to review how complaints have been handled by the Judicial Office for Scotland, and to ensure that they have been dealt with in accordance with the rules. She cannot the review the outcome of the investigation, overturn a decision, or initiate redress. Where she finds a fault in the process she passes a referral to the Lord President who then makes decision.
The current Judicial Complaints Reviewer, Ian Gordon, OBE, QPM, was appointed on 1 September 2017. The previous Judicial Complaints Reviewer was Gillian Thompson, who began her tenure on 1 September 2014 until succeeded by the current reviewer.
Addressing judges
How to address, either by writing or in person, a judge in Scotland depends on which office they hold, and if they are a Peer of the Realm or not.
Senior Judges
The Lord President and Lord Justice Clerk are always made Privy Counsellors, and are given a judicial title in addition to any peerage they may already hold. Their judicial title will begin Lord or Lady, but is not a peerage. In Court the Lord President, Lord Carloway, is addressed as my Lord, and the Lord Justice Clerk, Lady Dorrian, is addressed as my Lady.
Senators of the College of Justice
Senators of the College of Justice are given a judicial title with the courtesy title of Lord or Lady, but this should be distinguished from a peerage. Some Senators are also made Privy Counsellors. In court they are addressed as either my Lord or my Lady.
Sheriffs Principal and Sheriffs
Sheriffs and sheriffs principal are always given a judicial title, and are always addressed by their judicial title. In court they are addressed as either my Lord or my Lady.
Justices of the Peace
Justices of the Peace are not afforded a judicial title and will be addressed in correspondence by whatever personal or professional title they otherwise hold. In court they will be addressed as Your Honour.
Historical judicial offices
There are several judicial offices which are no longer extant in Scotland, with their powers having either been subsumed into other offices, their jurisdiction abolished, or their office having fallen into abeyance.
Lord Chancellor of Scotland
The Lord Chancellor of Scotland was the first statutory President of the Court of Session when it was established in 1532 by the Parliament of Scotland. The Lord President of the Court of Session presided in the Lord Chancellor's absence, and when the Lord Chancellor was present sat as a Lord of Session.
Extraordinary Lords of Session
Extraordinary Lords of Session were members of the Court of Session who were appointed as lay members, and were not required to have any legal education or experience of the law. In 1532 the number of Extraordinary Lords was fixed at 4. The power to appoint them lay with monarch of Scotland, and later the monarch of the United Kingdom. The practice of appointing Extraordinary Lords ceased in 1721, and the office of Extraordinary Lord was abolished by the Section 2 of the Court of Session Act 1723. Section 1 of the same restated that Ordinary Lords of Session should be legally qualified.
Barons of Exchequer
The Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1707 established the Court of Exchequer in Scotland, with Barons of Exchequer who acted in both a judicial capacity, dealing with revenue cases, debts to the crown, seizure of smuggled goods and prosecutions for illicit brewing and distilling, and in an administrative capacity, mainly auditing accounts. The president of the Exchequer Court was known as the Chief Baron of Exchequer, and the initial president was the Lord High Treasurer. The 1707 Act limited the numbers of Barons to five. A separate Exchequer Court was abolished by the Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1856, and all of its powers were transferred to the Court of Session. With its abolishment no further Barons of Exchequer were appointed.
Stipendiary magistrates
Stipendiary magistrates, magistrates in receipt of a stipend, were the most junior judges in the Scottish judiciary, until the passage of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014. As of 2014 there were only 4.9 full-time equivalent posts and the only court they sit in was the Justice of the Peace Court in Glasgow. The Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, passed by the Scottish Parliament, abolished the post with the creation of the new post of summary sheriff.
See also
Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560
Senior Judiciary (Vacancies and Incapacity) (Scotland) Act 2006
Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747
References
External links
Official website
National Records of Scotland -Exchequer Records This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Open Government Licence v2.0. © Crown copyright.
Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service |
The Basilica of Begoña (or Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Begoña in Spanish) is a basilica in Bilbao, in Spain, dedicated to the patron saint of Biscay, the Virgin Begoña.
The current parish priest is Jesús Francisco de Garitaonandia.
History
The basilica started life in the 16th century, designed by Sancho Martínez de Arego. It has three naves, to which the addition of vaults was completed in the 17th century in construction work that took a century, having started in 1511. During the time of this work, the Gothic style began to show Renaissance influence, and the arched mid-16th century main entrance reflects the transitional style of the Spanish architect Gil de Hontañón. The remainder of the building remains purely Gothic in style.
During the 19th century, the basilica was damaged as a result of it forming part of Bilbao's city wall. The Carlist General Tomás de Zumalacárregui was fatally injured near the basilica. The current tower and part of the exterior were designed by José María Basterra and built between 1902 and 1907.
On 16 August 1942, an incident between Falangists and Carlists resulted in several grenades exploding near the church. Accounts differ on number of injuries and whether any were killed, but the incident highlighted dangerous rifts between Spanish nationalist factions and prompted a restructuring of Franco's government. Six Falangists were convicted in the incident. One of them, Juan José Domínguez, was controversially sentenced to death and executed by firing squad.
Work was carried out to correct the damage, however, and from September 1993 to June 1994, extensive cleaning and restoration work was carried out on the stone and the clock face and bells were repaired. The clock tower houses 24 bells, with the heaviest weighing a tonne, and were built in Sumiswald, Switzerland. The history of the clock tower dates back to 1922, and currently, seven different melodies can be produced.
La Salve and the basilica
The "La Salve" (Spanish for "salute" or "Hail Mary") quarter of Bilbao is so named because it is the first point where sailors returning up the river Nervión, which passes through the city, were able to see the basilica's steeple. As a result, they would start to pray to the Virgin Begoña here, thanking her for having looked after them during their time at sea.
Festivities and celebrations
The major festivals take place every 15 August (Assumption of Mary), and 11 October, the saint day of Begoña. Midnight mass is celebrated on these occasions, with pilgrimages taking place as locals and visitors go to worship.
According to the basilica's website, many sailors still remember the significance of the building, with "Virgen de Begoña" or "Begoña" being popular names among fleets.
The basilica is open to the public from Monday to Friday, 9:30am to 1:30pm and 4:30pm to 8:30pm.
See also
List of carillons
References
External links
Basilica website (best viewed in Spanish or Basque)
Begona
Buildings and structures in Bilbao
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
Churches in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Tourist attractions in Bilbao
Roman Catholic shrines in Spain |
Maklibè Kouloum (born 5 October 1987) is a Togolese international footballer who plays for Dynamic Togolais as a midfielder.
Career
Kouloum has played for Kakadlé Défalé, ASKO Kara and Dynamic Togolais.
He made his international debut in 2016, and was named in the squad for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations.
References
1987 births
Living people
Togolese men's footballers
Togo men's international footballers
ASKO Kara players
Dynamic Togolais players
Men's association football midfielders
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
21st-century Togolese people |
Total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) is a buffer solution which increases the ionic strength of a solution to a relatively high level. This is important for potentiometric measurements, including ion selective electrodes, because they measure the activity of the analyte rather than its concentration. TISAB essentially masks minor changes made in the ionic strength of the solution and hence increases the accuracy of the reading.
Theory
TISAB is very commonly applied to fluoride ion analysis such as in fluoride ion selective electrodes.
There are four main constituents to TISAB, namely CDTA (cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetate), sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and acetic acid (ethanoic acid), which are all dissolved in deionised water. Hence, TISAB has a density ~1.0 kg/L, though this can vary to 1.18 kg/L. Each constituent plays an important role in controlling the ionic strength and pH of the analyte solution, which may otherwise cause error and inaccuracy.
The activity of a substance in solution depends on the product of its concentration and the activity coefficient in that solution. The activity coefficient depends on the ionic strength of the solution in which the potentiometric measurements are made. This can be calculated for dilute solutions using the Debye–Hückel equation; for more concentrated solutions other approximations must be used. In most cases, the analyst's goal is simply to make sure that the activity coefficient is constant across a set of solutions, with the assumption that no significant ion pairing exists in the solutions.
Example: An ion-selective electrode might be calibrated using dilute solutions of the analyte in distilled water. If this calibration is used to calculate the concentration of the analyte in sea water (high ionic strength), significant error is introduced by the difference between the activity of the analyte in the dilute solutions and the concentrated sample. This can be avoided by adding a small amount of ionic-strength buffer to the standards, so that the activity coefficients match more closely.
Adding a TISAB buffer to increase the ionic strength of the solution helps to "fix" the ionic strength at a stable level, making a linear correlation between the logarithm of the concentration of analyte and the measured voltage. By also adding the TISAB buffer to the samples from which the potentiometric equipment are calibrated, the linear correlation can be used to calculate the concentration of analyte in the solution.
where is measured voltage, is the gas constant, the temperature measured in kelvins, is the Faraday constant and the charge of the analyte. is the concentration of analyte.
TISAB buffers often include chelators which bind ions that could otherwise interfere with the analyte.
References
Analytical chemistry |
Langsam may refer to:
Langsam, a German tempo marking for slow music
Marcel Langsam (1891–1979), Luxembourgian gymnast
Walter C. Langsam (1916–1985), American academic
Langsam (train), the name of a passenger train in Indonesia
See also
Freck Langsam, a 2010 German film |
Gresovščak (, in older sources Greserščak, ) is a small dispersed settlement in the Slovene Hills () in the Municipality of Ljutomer in northeastern Slovenia. The area traditionally belonged to the Styria region and is now included in the Mura Statistical Region.
There is a small Neo-Gothic chapel-shrine in the settlement. It was built in last quarter of the 19th century.
References
External links
Gresovščak on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Ljutomer |
Pstrążna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lyski, within Rybnik County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately west of Rybnik and west of the regional capital Katowice.
References
Villages in Rybnik County |
Numa Edward Hartog (20 May 1846 – 19 June 1871) was a Jewish British mathematician who attracted attention in 1869 for graduating from Cambridge University as Senior Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman but as a Jew had not been admitted to a fellowship. Hartog's case led to the passage of the Universities Tests Act of 1871, which removed religious barriers to holding fellowships at Oxford and Cambridge.
Biography
Hartog was born in London on 20 May 1846 to Alfonse Hartog and Marion Moss. He was the elder brother of Cécile, Héléna, Marcus, and Philip Hartog, and the cousin of Henri Bergson.
In his earlier academic career, he attended University College School in London, and then University College London. At Cambridge, he attended Trinity College. He was a trailblazing figure in overcoming religious obstacles to academic achievement in the UK. For example, when his B.A. was awarded, the words In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti were omitted. However, he was unable to accept a fellowship due to being unable to subscribe to the required test on account of his religion.
Within weeks, Solicitor-General John Coleridge of the Gladstone government introduced legislation to rectify the situation. The House of Lords twice rejected bills passed by the House of Commons before finally accepting the Universities Tests Act of 1871; Hartog's testimony before the Lords helped secure its passage.
He was a member of the Council of Jews' College and an Honorary Secretary of the Society of Hebrew Literature.
Hartog died of smallpox at the age of only 25.
Notes
External links
Senior Wranglers
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Alumni of University College London
People educated at University College School
British people of French descent
British Jews
Deaths from smallpox
1846 births
1871 deaths |
Four of the Apocalypse () is a 1975 Italian Spaghetti Western film directed by Lucio Fulci and starring Fabio Testi, Tomas Milian, Lynne Frederick and Michael J. Pollard.
Plot
Set in the year 1873, professional gambler Stubby Preston arrives in the Wild West town of Salt Flats, Utah with plans to work the local casino but is arrested by the sheriff the moment he steps off the stagecoach. What Stubby doesn't know is that a group of locals have planned a vigilante attack on the casino that night, which the sheriff plans to turn a blind eye to. The only criminals to survive are those who were in the jail when it happened: Stubby, a pregnant prostitute named Bunny, a disturbed but gentle black man named Bud, and an alcoholic named Clem.
In the morning the sheriff sees the four safely out of the town and gives them a wagon and horses in exchange for Stubby's $1000 stake. The four set out together, and Stubby suggests they head for Sun City, 200 miles South. Along the way, they meet up with a group of Quaker immigrants, whose patriarch mistakes the pregnant Bunny as Stubby's wife. Stubby and Bunny play along, then continue the ruse during the rest of their journey. The Quakers go their own way, and shortly after, the four witness a violent bandit raid on some unfortunate settlers.
Bunny's birthday happens, and the four stop by a river. Bud catches a fish, a cake is fashioned from the sand, and Stubby offers up some canteened water as a toast. The toast is interrupted by gunshots, and the spit cooking the fish is neatly destroyed. Demonstrating his accuracy with a gun, a wanderer named Chaco invites himself to their group. Stubby is immediately suspicious, but for a while things go well. Three gunmen approach and Chaco saves the group from them, but the gunmen turn out to be lawmen and Chaco tortures the surviving deputy. Despite this, the group accepts the peyote buttons Chaco gives them one night by the campfire. Stubby chews some, but spits out most, retaining his senses when Chaco uses the promise of whiskey to persuade Clem to tie them up...starting with Stubby. Stubby resists But is thwarted by Chaco, who binds Stubby and Bud together, and Bunny to a tree. Chaco rapes Bunny, taunts Stubby, then tells Clem to “be quick about it” if he wants to rape Bunny also and go with Chaco. Clem realizes what he did and tries to stop Chaco, who shoots Clem in the leg and leaves them all for dead. Clem manages to free Stubby, who frees the others, then Bud builds a stretcher for Clem, and the four set out again.
Chaco and his cohorts pick up and follow their trail. Chaco is about to discover them when his friends call out that they spotted a caravan of ‘bible-folk’ they can get supplies from, and the bandits set of after them. Stubby and the others later come across the remains of the caravan and the immigrants they met earlier. Chaco killed them all, and Stubby vows a second time to kill Chaco.
Caught in a rainstorm, the four take shelter in a ghost town where they remove the bullet from Clem's leg. Clem later dies from infection. This sends the already fragile minded Bud into a mad and confused state. Stubby and Bunny admit love to each other and have sex. Later Bud returns with meat he managed to find which they all cook and eat. Bud shows the extent of his madness by insisting that the residents of the ghost town have been coming out to meet him every night. When Stubby discovers the meat came from the corpse of Clem, Stubby and Bunny decide to leave Bud to his friends the ghosts as there is nothing they can do for him.
On the road, the two run into an old pastor friend of Stubby's shortly before Bunny goes into pained labor. Rushing to a snowy, mountaintop mining town populated entirely by men, the local chauvinistic townsmen are disturbed that a woman is giving birth in their home, but as they discuss it become fascinated and excited that their town would give new life instead of just taking it. Bunny dies in childbirth which leaves Stubby in shock. The townsmen, now enraptured with the child, gather round and take care him and insist that the pastor perform a baptism. Needing a name, the most enthusiastic townsman names the child Lucky. This awakens Stubby from his shock and he gratefully grants guardianship of Lucky to the townsmen.
Now alone, Stubby heads out and to seek revenge on Chaco. He spots the wagon the sheriff of Salt Flats had ‘sold’ him, and finds his shaving gear still in it. Chaco and his two friends are holding up in a barn. Stubby quickly kills two of the bandits and taunts and tortures a wounded Chaco, who taunts back by holding up the dead evangelist's cross and reminding him of Bunny's rape. Stubby shoots Chaco dead without another word, and heads off into the horizon after welcoming a stray dog to join him.
Cast
Fabio Testi as Stubby Preston
Lynne Frederick as Emanuelle 'Bunny' O'Neill
Michael J. Pollard as Clem
Harry Baird as Butt/Buck/Bud Wilson
Tomas Milian as Chaco
Donal O'Brien as Sheriff of Salt Flat
Adolfo Lastretti as Reverend Sullivan
Bruno Corazzari as Lemmy
Production
Four of the Apocalypse was the first collaboration between director Lucio Fulci and cinematographer Sergio Salvati. The film was one of Salvati's first assignments as a director of photography. Salvati would work again with Fulci on several films ranging from Dracula in the Provinces, Zombi 2 and The House by the Cemetery.
Release
Four of the Apocalypse was released on 12 August 1975 in Italy. The film did not meet expectations financially on its release.
Critical reception
From retrospective reviews, AllMovie stated that the film "could very well be the Italian splatter-master's most personal, poignant, and compelling film – not to mention one of the most original spaghetti Westerns ever filmed." In his biography on Fulci, Troy Howarth described Four of the Apocalypse as "without a doubt one of Fulci's finest films", one that "fulfills signs of poetry and lyricism hinted at in earlier works" with "consistently gorgeous" imagery.
Footnotes
References
External links
1975 films
Films directed by Lucio Fulci
Films based on short fiction
1975 Western (genre) films
Spaghetti Western films
Films about cannibalism
Films about rape
Films shot in Almería
Films scored by Fabio Frizzi
1970s Italian films |
Sören Bartol (born 4 September 1974) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who has been serving as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry for Housing, Urban Development and Building in the coalition government of Chancellor Olaf Scholz since 2021. He has been a member of the German Parliament since 2002.
Political career
Bartol has been a member of the German Bundestag since the 2002 federal election, representing the electoral district of Marburg.
In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections, Bartol was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on transport, building and infrastructure, led by Peter Ramsauer and Florian Pronold.
From 2013 until 2021, Bartol served as deputy chairman of the SPD parliamentary group under the leadership of successive chairpersons Thomas Oppermann (2013–2017), Andrea Nahles (2017–2019) and Rolf Mützenich (2019–2021). In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, he again led the working group on transport and infrastructure, this time alongside Thomas Strobl and Alexander Dobrindt.
Bartol is a member of the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with the States of Central America, the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with the States of South America – which is in charge of maintaining inter-parliamentary relations with Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela – and the German-Brazilian Parliamentary Friendship Group.
Other activities
Corporate boards
KfW, ex-officio Member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (since 2018)
INOSOFT AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (-2013)
Non-profit organizations
Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Member of the Political Advisory Board (since 2020)
Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck School Foundation, Member of the Board (since 2005)
Gegen Vergessen – Für Demokratie, Member
Federal Foundation of Baukultur, Member of the Board of Trustees (2009-2012)
Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Post and Railway (BNetzA), Member of the Rail Infrastructure Advisory Council (2009-2014)
German United Services Trade Union (ver.di), Member
References
External links
Bundestag biography
1974 births
Living people
Politicians from Hamburg
German Protestants
University of Marburg alumni
Members of the Bundestag for Hesse
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany |
Farmington Historic District is the town center of Farmington, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The area roughly corresponds to the section of Grand River Avenue and Shiawassee Avenue from Warner Street to junction of Grand River and Shiawassee.
History
In 1823, Arthur Power, a devout Quaker originally from Farmington, New York, purchased a number of tracts of land in this area. He moved to Michigan in 1824 with his family, and a number of other Quaker families followed suit. By 1826, the location of the village of Farmington was firmly established along Shiawassee Trail, and the settlement boasted at least three churches, a school, two taverns, and several other merchants. There were also several dairies and cheese factories, a small foundry, and at least four lumber and grist mills. A number of residences - some still extant - were constructed in the "Old City" area of Farmington. By the mid 1840s, the village center shifted from Shiawassee Trail to Grand River.
The village grew rapidly from about 1850 to 1890, with the original Quaker influence gradually diminishing as new settlers moved in. The surrounding agricultural industry was the dominant economic driver for the area. A disastrous fire struck in 1872, destroying many businesses in the commercial district. After 1890, Farmington continued to grow as technology and transportation evolved, but even by 1950 the population was only 2300. By 1960, with the exodus from Detroit, that number had grown to over 7000, and reached 12000 by the mid-1970s.
Description
The Farmington Historic District is triangular in shape, and consists primarily of residential buildings, with the remainder mostly commercial in nature. Some structures date back to the 1840s, with a great may farm houses and modest Greek Revival structures.
The district includes some significant buildings in Farmington:
Governor Fred M. Warner House, a symmetric, block shaped house with a low hipped roof topped by a cupola, built in 1867.
The Masonic Lodge (formerly Township Hall), a two-story building with towers, corbels, arched doorways and a mansard roof in patterned slate, completed in 1876.
Farmington Civic Theatre
Gallery
References
External links
Farmington Historical Commission
Buildings and structures in Farmington, Michigan
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Oakland County, Michigan
Geography of Oakland County, Michigan |
The Telangana Legislative Assembly election was held in Telangana on 7 December 2018 to constitute the second Legislative Assembly since the formation of the state in 2014. The incumbent Telangana Rashtra Samithi, Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Telangana Jana Samithi, and Telugu Desam Party were the main contestants in the election.
The four opposition parties in the state, INC, TJS, TTDP and CPI announced the formation of a 'Maha Kootami' (Grand Alliance), to defeat the ruling TRS in the elections. However, the Maha Kootami could not win a majority; the TRS won and formed the government once again
Background
K. Chandrashekar Rao went for early elections in 2018, when he resigned 6 September 2018, nine months before the completion of his term.
Since no other party had a majority, the house was dissolved by the governor and general elections were announced.
This election led to the alliance of Telangana Telugu Desam (TTDP) and Indian National Congress (INC), Communist Party of India (CPI) once arch rivals, coming together as part of Praja or Maha Kutami for the first time.
Electoral process changes (E.C.I)
Election Commission of India announced that Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) machines will be used in all 32,574 polling stations in the assembly elections in Telangana. According to the final electoral rolls published on 12 October 2018, Telangana has 2,80,64,680 voters, which is less than 2,81,65,885 voters in 2014 Telangana assembly elections. There were around 2,600+ transgenders in the voters list.
Schedule
The date of the election was 7 December 2018 and the result were to be out on 11 December 2018.
Alliance
Others
Results
Results by party for Telangana State
Results by district
Results by constituency
See also
2018 elections in India
List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly
References
2018
Telangana
2010s in Telangana |
The annual Explorations in Afro-Cuban Dance & Drum workshops were founded by Howie Kaufman and are hosted by the Humboldt State University Office of Extended Education in Arcata, California. The classes focus on Afro-Cuban folkloric song, dance, and percussion and brings together some of the world's top AfroCuban folkloric dancers and drummers.
The politics of Cubans teaching at Humboldt State University
Despite the United States embargo against Cuba, a slight relaxation allowed the Afro-Cuban folkloric group Los Muñequitos de Matanzas to tour the United States in 1992. The 1992 Muñequitos tour also established the small California college town of Arcata as a preferable venue for touring Cuban groups. Los Muñequitos performed, and gave dance and drum classes in Arcata in 1992, 1994, and 1998. Beginning in 1996, Humboldt State University invited touring Cuban folkloric masters to teach at their Explorations workshop. Eventually, the University obtained visas for Cuban teachers, and brought them directly from the island to the workshop.
Workshops
Each year the Humboldt State campus hosts the largest assemblage of Afro-Cuban folkloric dance and drum masters in the United States. Song instruction includes the Lucumí and Iyesá (Santería), Arará, Palo, and rumba traditions. Styles of dance include Santería, Arará, Palo (religion), and rumba, in both the Havana and Matanzas styles, as well as "Haitiano" genres, and salsa (dance). Percussion instruction includes batá drums (three levels), conga drums, quinto, shekere, and cajón. Some instruction in Cuban popular styles (salsa music, timba, Latin jazz, etc.) of congas, bongos, timbales, drumset are also offered.
Grupo Exploración
In the summer of 2000, Explorations faculty members Miguel Bernal, Juan Brown, Michael Spiro, Harold Muniz, and "Chichito" Cepeda recorded a CD of instrumental experimental folklore. With no singing, the melody of the tuned drums provide the thematic focus of the music. The results were released as the CD Drum Jam (Descarga al tambor) on Bembe Records (2026-2).
Rumbones
Although not an official part of the course, there are informal rumbones ('rumba parties') nearly every night. These are typically held off-campus, at various homes in the community. Shortly after the 2009 beach party began, local neighbors called the police, complaining about the drumming. Since then, the Tuesday night rumbones have occurred a few miles south, at Mad River Beach. The new location is not near any residences, and therefore, does not violate Arcata's famous "Bongo Ordinance."
References
External links
Explorations in Afro-Cuban Dance and Drum(Humboldt State University Office of Extended Education)
Afro-Cuban culture
California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt
Dance education in the United States
Dance in California |
The 1986 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their sixth and final season under head coach Al Groh, the Demon Deacons compiled a 5–6 record and finished in a three-way tie for last place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Schedule
Team leaders
References
Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football |
Pumpkin Center is located in White Cloud Township, Nodaway County, Missouri, at an elevation of 1,020 feet, approximately 10 miles south of the Nodaway County seat of Maryville on US Route 71.
This is not to be confused with the Pumpkin Center located in Grant Township, Dallas County, Missouri, which is near the intersection of Missouri Route 64 and Missouri Route 73 off Pumpkin Center Drive about 7 miles north-northeast of Buffalo, Missouri, the Dallas County seat.
No information appears on the origins of the name; however, “Pumpkin Center” as a town name was widely publicized by one Cal Stewart, who was a popular spoken-word recording artist in the late 1890s and early 1900s. He frequently played the character of a gullible individual by the name of Uncle Josh Weathersby who hailed from the fictional town of "Pumpkin Center" or "Punkin Center". The recordings described life in Pumpkin Center, as well as the character's collisions with modernity in New York City. Perhaps as a result, there are at least 31 communities in the U.S. named Pumpkin Center scattered across 16 states, including Alabama (3), Arizona (2), California (2), Florida, Georgia, Indiana (2), Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri (2), Mississippi, North Carolina (3), Oklahoma (4), South Dakota, Tennessee (3) and Virginia (2).
References
Unincorporated communities in Nodaway County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
Ghazi Salar Masud or Ghazi Miyan (1014 – 1034 CE) was a semi-legendary Muslim figure from India. By the 12th century, he had become reputed as a warrior, and his tomb (dargah) at Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, India, had become a place of pilgrimage.
The main source of information about him is the chivalric romance Mirat-i-Masudi ("Mirror of Masud"), a Persian-language hagiography written by Abdur Rahman Chishti in the 1620s. According to this biography, he was a nephew of the Ghaznavid invader Mahmud, and accompanied his uncle in the conquest of India during the early 11th century. However, the Ghaznavid chronicles do not mention him, and other claims in Mirat-i-Masudi are also of doubtful historicity.
Mirat-i-Masudi legend
The Mirat-i-Masudi narrates the legend of Salar Masud as follows:
Early life
In 1011 CE, the Muslims of Jalgaon, whose rights were being infringed upon by the local Hindu rulers, appealed Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni for help. Mahmud agreed to help them on the condition that they would mention his name in the Friday sermons (Khutbah), which would signify their acknowledgment of his suzerainty. Mahmud's general Salar Sahu defeated the Hindu rulers of Ajmer and surrounding regions. As a reward, Mahmud married his sister to Salar Sahu; Masud was the result of this marriage. Masud was born on 10 February 1014 CE, in Ajmer.
Military career
Even as a child, Masud was a capable military leader and participated in his uncle Mahmud's campaigns. In fact, it was Masud who persuaded Mahmud to demolish the famous idol at the Hindu temple of Somnath, against the advice of Vizier Khwaja Hasan Maimandi.
Driven by martial and religious fervour, Masud asked the Ghaznavid emperor to be allowed to march to India and spread his empire and Islam there. At the age of 16, he invaded India, crossing the Indus river. He conquered Multan, and in the 18th month of his campaign, he arrived near Delhi. With help of a reinforcement from Ghazni, he conquered Delhi and remained there for 6 months. He then conquered Meerut after some resistance. Next, he proceeded to Kannauj, whose ruler received him as friend.
Masud established his headquarters at Satrikh, and dispatched separate forces to capture Bahraich, Gopamau and Benares. The local rulers, including the Raja of Bahraich, formed an alliance against his army. His father Salar Sahu then arrived at Bahraich and defeated the enemies. His father Salar Sahu died at Satrikh on 4 October 1032. Masud continued his expeditions.
Death
The Hindu chiefs of Bahraich were not completely subjugated, so Masud himself arrived in Bahraich in 1033 CE. There he saw the ruins of a Hindu temple of the Sun God, near a sacred reservoir. He repeatedly expressed his desire to construct a mosque at the site "in order to neutralize the evil spell of the material sun with the power of the spiritual sun of Islam." He wished to destroy the shrine and reside there.
Masud inflicted defeat after defeat on his Hindu kings at Bahraich, until the arrival of a ruler named Suhaldev. He was defeated and mortally wounded in a battle against Suhaldev on 15 June 1034. While dying, he asked his followers to bury him on the banks of the sacred reservoir. He was buried where the image of the sun used to be present. As he was killed in a battle, he came to be known as a Ghazi (a religious warrior).
Other legends
According to one legend, not attested by Mirat-i-Masudi, Masud cured one Zuhra (or Zohra) Bibi of blindness. Zuhra Bibi, who came from a noble family of Rudauli, married him. But before this marriage could be consummated, Masud was killed. Zuhra Bibi was also buried in Bahraich after her death. Later, a stone from her burial-vault was taken to Rudauli, where a cenotaph was built in her memory. In Rudauli, an annual fair called Zohra-Mela, attracted Hindus and Muslims of lower castes. During this festival, the pilgrims used to bring offerings called "Zuhra's dowry" to the cenotaph. Zuhra Bibi was also commemorated in a ritual during the Bahraich urs, which involved dressing two boys as Masud and Zuhra Bibi respectively.
Legacy
Delhi Sultanate period
The contemporary 11th century Ghaznavid chronicles do not mention Masud at all. However, he had become a well-known figure in Delhi Sultanate by the 12th century, when the pilgrimage to his tomb in Bahraich appears to have started, during the Ghurid rule. In 1250, the Delhi Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud constructed an architectural complex around the tomb, during his stay in Bahraich. The 13th century poet Amir Khusro appears to mention Masud's tomb (dargah) in a 1290 CE letter. According to this letter, the "fragrant tomb of martyred commander" at Bahraich spread the "perfume of odorous wood" throughout Hindustan. In 1341, the Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq and the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta visited the Bahraich dargah. Ibn Battuta narrates the legends of the saints, and also provides some information about his cult, including the ritual veneration of his banner and spear.
The earliest source that connects Masud to the Ghaznavids is Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi (1357), written nearly three hundred years later. Barani mentions Masud as one of the heroes of Mahmud's campaigns in India. The text was composed during the reign of the Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq, who considered himself to be a spiritual disciple of Masud. In 1353, the ruler of Lakhnauti (Bengal) invaded Bahraich, purportedly because he believed that a visit to Masud's dargah could cure him of vitiligo. In response, Firuz Shah Tughluq invaded Bengal. He also visited the Bahraich dargah in 1372. According to the Sultan's court historian Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, Masud appeared in the Sultan's dream, and asked him to prepare for the day of the Last Judgment, and to propagate Islam by adopting a tougher policy against the non-Muslims. The next day, Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq got his head shaved like a Sufi neophyte, and started spending his nights in prayers. Not all Sultans of Delhi held Masud in same reverence: in 1490, Sultan Sikandar Lodi banned the urs (death anniversary) at the dargah, because of the "unseemliness of the rites being performed there".
In the 16th century, the Indo-Afghan soldier Dattu Sarvani claimed to have seen Masud in his dream.
Mughal period
The earliest source that mentions Masud as a relative of Mahmud is Mughal court historian Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari (16th century). The text states, "Salar Masud... was connected by blood with Mahmud Ghazni... sold his life bravely in battle and left an imperishable name." According to Abul Fazl, the cult of Masud was very popular: his dargah attracted pilgrims from remote districts. These pilgrims carried offerings and multi-coloured flags to the dargah, and encamped at the Mughal capital Agra on their way to Bahraich. Abul Fazl further states that in 1561 CE, the Mughal emperor Akbar himself walked among these pilgrims, disguised as an ordinary merchant visiting the urs celebrations at the dargah. In 1571 CE, Akbar made a grant for the Bahraich shrine.
The 17th century Persian language text Mirat-i-Masudi, written by the Sufi scholar Abdur Rahman Chishti, is the most comprehensive biography of Masud. The text is a historical romance, and the biography has a "gossipy feel". The author claims that Masud appeared in his dreams, and describes Masud's various achievements and miracles. He states that his work is based on an "Old History" written by one Mulla Mahmud Ghazanavi. The author further claims that the 11th century Masud was a disciple of the 12th century Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti: the later historians have completely rejected this clear anachronism. According to Muzaffar Alam, Abdur Rahman Chishti's objective was to glorify the Chishtiya branch of Sufisim, as a counter to the rising influence of the Naqshbandi branch at the Mughal court.
In 1765, Akbar's grant was renewed by Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh. His successor Asaf-ud-Daula visited the Bahraich shrine several times. Mirza Muhammad Qateel's Haft Tamasha (1811–12) and Cazim Ali's Barah Masa (1812) describe the ceremonies held to commemorate Masud. The Haft Tamasha mentions that an annual ceremony was held in Rudauli to mark Masud's death on the night of his wedding. A replica of Masud's nuptial bed was made and brought out for ceremonial viewing. The Barah Masa provides a description of the Bahraich shrine, and the ceremony held there. However, neither of these texts describe his life.
Gradually, Masud came to be known as a warrior-saint among the Muslims, who revered him as "Ghazi Miyan". Over time, the pilgrimage to his dargah increased so much that the site was not able to accommodate all the pilgrims. Consequently, his shrines were erected in other towns of the Awadh region, including Salargarh (named in his honour), Faizabad, Satrikh and Rudauli. The mazar of his father Salar Sahu (called "Birdha Baba" by Hindus) in Satrikh also became a pilgrimage site. Several tombs of people purported to be his fellow fighters were also erected; most of these tombs are fabricated. These tombs include the mazar of Makhdum Azizuddin (or Lal Pir) in Kannauj, the grave of the kotwal Miyan Rajab in Kannauj, and the mausoleum of Burhanuddin in Tambaur. People claimed to have seen ghosts of Miyan Rajab as a headless horseman. Some people in Faizabad claimed to have seen the whole army of Masud in form of ghosts.
Masud's followers also venerated him as a saint who miraculously cured leprosy. The most prominent among his followers were Meo Muslims (Mewatis), who are said to have been converted to Islam by him. Although the Naqshbandis, Wahhabis and some Islamic reformers criticized his cult, his popularity did not decline in the 18th century. The Punjabi Sufi poet Waris Shah named him among the five most venerated Sufi Pirs (saints).
British period
In the 19th century, the British administrators were bewildered at the Hindu veneration of Masud. William Henry Sleeman, the British Resident in Awadh, remarked:
Russian orientalist Anna Suvorova notes that the rituals of the Masud's cult show some indigenous Hindu influence. The local Hindus revered Masud as "Bade Miyan" (Revered Boy), "Bale Pir" (Boy Saint), "Hathile Pir" (Obstinate Saint), "Pir Bahlim" and "Gajan Dulha".
Independent India
In the 2000s, the majority of the visitors to the annual fair held at Masud's dargah were Hindus. According to the local legends glorifying Salar Masud, his killer Suhaldev was a cruel king who oppressed his subjects. However, the Hindu organizations have attempted to portray Suahldev as a Hindu icon who fought against a Muslim invader. In these narratives, Masud is portrayed as a cruel ruler who ravaged Hindu women.
According to local Hindus, Chittora near modern Bahraich is the place where he died in a battle. Hindu nationalist organizations have characterized Suhaldev as a saviour of Hindus against the Muslim invader Masud (popularly known as "Ghazi Mian"). They have constructed a temple dedicated to Suhaldev in Chittora.
See also
Gazi Pir
Legend of Suheldev: The King Who Saved India
References
Bibliography
External links
Mirat-i-Masudi, English translation in The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
Ghaznavid Empire
Medieval India |
The 1891 season was the eighth season of regional competitive association football in Australia. The were two league competitions and two cup competitions fielded by Northern District British Football Association (Northern NSW) and the South British Football Soccer Association (New South Wales).
League competitions
Cup competitions
(Note: figures in parentheses display the club's competition record as winners/runners-up.)
See also
Soccer in Australia
References
Seasons in Australian soccer
1891 in Australian sport
Australian soccer by year
Australian soccer |
Jim Willis (13 September 1891 – 14 September 1980) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
Jim Willis's profile at Blueseum
1891 births
1980 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Carlton Football Club players
Brunswick Football Club players |
Lukoil Racing team is the leading Russian motorsport organization; its operations including management, driver training and support, engineering expertise and a quality technical environment, which enables continuous development, building, testing and race preparation.
Russian competitions
The team was created in 1997 to participate in the Russian Formula 3 and Tourism-1600 championships. With a European level of organisation and sponsorship from the Lukoil oil company, the team became the main force in the Russian autosport arena. Unfortunately though both series have now ended. Lukoil Racing won 5 of 6 team titles in Russian F3 and 6 of 7 team titles in Supertourism in the seasons it participated in.
In 2003 Lukoil Racing created a junior team for Formula RUS. The team won the title three years in a row, but at the end of 2005 season decided to leave series.
Lukoil Racing easily won drivers and team titles of the Finnish Formula 3 Championship in 2003. In Touring Car racing the team chose to compete in the Honda Civic Cup where it won both titles 3 years in row. Lukoil went back with ArtLine in the Russian Formula 1600 in 2004 and won 3 team titles in a row, but only one drivers title in 2004.
From 2008 Lukoil decide to concentrate only on the RTСC Touring-Light class. The team received Ford Russia manufacturer support and won both the drivers and team titles 4 years in a row. At the end of 2011, the Touring-Light cars were sold. Lukoil Racing went to the RTCC Touring class with manufacturer support of Lada Sport.
WTCC
2009-2011
In 2009 Lukoil's driver Aleksey Dudukalo started to participate in the SEAT León Eurocup with the Sunred team. The year after the Eurocup was folded and Lukoil decided to support Dudukalo and Sunred in the 2011 WTCC season.
2012
On 18 January Lukoil announced that it had decided to participate in the 2012 WTCC season, running its own team with Gabriele Tarquini and Aleksey Dudukalo as drivers. Tarquini won 1 race and finished 4th in the championship. The team won the Yokohama Teams' Trophy.
2013
In 2013 Lukoil Racing became a manufacturer team supported by Lada Sport. The first seat was taken by Lada's driver James Thompson. Dudukalo was replaced with Mikhail Kozlovskiy after a crash during Round 1 qualification.
Sponsorship
Formula 3000
At the end of 1998 Lukoil Racing decided to participate in the International Formula 3000 Championship with its own team, including current Russian F3 drivers Alberto Pedemonte and Viktor Maslov. But Lukoil was late with 1999 season participation request and bought Christian Horner's Arden International team. The team was renamed to Lukoil Arden Racing and also started to participate in the Italian Formula 3000 series. After scoring no points in 1999 season the team was renamed to Arden Team Russia with Lukoil logotypes being replaced by the inscription РОССИЯ (Russia). In mid-2001 Arden was sold back to Horner.
Drivers support program
In 2003 Lukoil Racing decided to create a Drivers support program to promote Russian drivers on the international racing arena. It's Lukoil's arm of the Red Bull Junior Team.
The Program started with Mikhail Aleshin in the Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup and other young drivers in Formula RUS. Lukoil Racing had its own team in Formula Renault 2000 but later it was just a sponsor for other teams. Sometimes Lukoil drivers were also part of Red Bull Junior Team (Aleshin, Kvyat). From 2006 Lukoil started to support Ukrainian, Finnish and Swedish drivers and later started to support not only young drivers but more experienced drivers.
References
External links
Auto racing teams in Russia
Auto racing teams established in 1997
1997 establishments in Russia
World Touring Car Championship teams
Formula Renault Eurocup teams
Italian Formula 3 teams |
Karniszyn-Parcele is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bieżuń, within Żuromin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Bieżuń, south of Żuromin, and north-west of Warsaw.
References
Karniszyn-Parcele |
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