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The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is an intelligence agency and combat support agency of the United States Department of Defense, specializing in defense and military intelligence.
A component of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Intelligence Community (IC), DIA informs national civilian and defense policymakers about the military intentions and capabilities of foreign governments and non-state actors. It also provides intelligence assistance, integration and coordination across uniformed military service intelligence components, which remain structurally separate from DIA. The agency's role encompasses the collection and analysis of military-related foreign political, economic, industrial, geographic, and medical and health intelligence. DIA produces approximately one-quarter of all intelligence content that goes into the President's Daily Brief.
DIA's intelligence operations extend beyond the zones of combat, and approximately half of its employees serve overseas at hundreds of locations and in U.S. embassies in 140 countries. The agency specializes in the collection and analysis of human-source intelligence (HUMINT), both overt and clandestine, while also handling U.S. military-diplomatic relations abroad. DIA concurrently serves as the national manager for the highly technical measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) and as the Defense Department manager for counterintelligence programs. The agency has no law enforcement authority, contrary to occasional portrayals in American popular culture.
DIA is a national-level intelligence organization that does not belong to a single military element or within the traditional chain of command, instead answering to the Secretary of Defense directly through the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. Three-quarters of the agency's 17,000 employees are career civilians who are experts in various fields of defense and military interest or application; and although no military background is required, 48% of agency employees have some past military service. DIA has a tradition of marking unclassified deaths of its employees on the organization's Memorial Wall.
Established in 1961 under President John F. Kennedy by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, DIA was involved in U.S. intelligence efforts throughout the Cold War and rapidly expanded, both in size and scope, after the September 11 attacks. Because of the sensitive nature of its work, the spy organization has been embroiled in numerous controversies, including those related to its intelligence-gathering activities, to its role in torture, as well as to attempts to expand its activities on U.S. soil.
Overview
The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. He or she is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence. The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command, which is headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska. Additionally, he or she chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community.
DIA is headquartered in Washington, D.C., on Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling with major operational activities at the Pentagon and at each Unified Combatant Command, as well as in more than a hundred U.S. embassies around the world, where it deploys alongside other government partners (e.g., the CIA) and also operates the U.S. Defense Attache Offices. Additionally, the agency has staff deployed at the Col. James N. Rowe Building at Rivanna Station in Charlottesville, Virginia, National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI) in Fort Detrick, Maryland, Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) in Huntsville, Alabama, Russell-Knox Building on Marine Corps Base Quantico, National Center for Credibility Assessment at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and Defense Intelligence Support Center (DISC) in Reston, Virginia. DIA also recently completed the renovation of Intelligence Community Campus-Bethesda in Maryland, which serves as the new location of the National Intelligence University as well as a facility for DIA and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
Less known than its civilian equivalent or its cryptologic counterpart, DIA and its personnel have at times been portrayed in works of American popular culture. As with other U.S. foreign intelligence organizations, the agency's role has occasionally been confused with those of law enforcement agencies. DIA's parent organization, the Department of Defense, features in fiction and media much more prominently due to the public's greater awareness of its existence and the general association of military organizations with warfare, rather than spycraft.
Comparison to other intelligence community members
CIA
DIA and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) are distinct organizations with different functions. DIA focuses on national level defense-military topics, while CIA is concentrated on broader, more general intelligence needs of the President and Cabinet. Additionally, due to DIA's designation as a combat support agency, it has special responsibilities in meeting intelligence requirements specifically for the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Combatant Commanders, both in peace and at war. Although there are misconceptions in the media and public about the DIA–CIA rivalry, the two agencies have a mutually beneficial relationship and division of labor. According to a former senior U.S official who worked with both agencies, "the CIA doesn't want to be looking for surface-to-air missiles in Libya" while it is also tasked with evaluating the Syrian opposition. CIA and DIA Operations Officers all go through the same type of clandestine training at an interagency Defense installation under CIA administration, best known in popular culture by its CIA nickname "The Farm".
DIA and the military services
DIA is not a collective of all U.S. military intelligence units and the work it performs is not in lieu of that falling under intelligence components of individual services. Unlike the Russian GRU, which encompasses equivalents of nearly all joint U.S. military intelligence operations, DIA assists and coordinates the activities of individual service-level intelligence units (i.e. 25 AF, INSCOM, etc.), but they nevertheless remain separate entities. As a general rule, DIA handles national-level, long-term and strategic intelligence needs, whereas service-level intelligence components handle tactical, short-term goals pertinent to their respective services. DIA does, however, lead coordination efforts with the military intelligence units and with the national DOD intelligence services (NSA, NGA, NRO) in its role as chair of the Military Intelligence Board and through the co-located Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance.
Organization
DIA is organized into four directorates and five regional centers
Directorate for Operations:
Defense Clandestine Service (DCS): DCS conducts clandestine espionage activities around the world and is the executive agent for human intelligence operations throughout the Department of Defense. Staffed by civilian and military personnel, the DCS is a consolidation of the former Defense Human Intelligence Service and works in conjunction with the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Operations, among other national HUMINT entities. It globally deploys teams of case officers, interrogation experts, field analysts, linguists, technical specialists, and special operations forces.
Defense Attache System (DAS): DAS represents the United States in defense and military-diplomatic relations with foreign governments worldwide. It also manages and conducts overt human intelligence collection activities. Defense Attaches serve from Defense Attache Offices (DAO) co-located at more than a hundred United States Embassies in foreign nations, represent the Secretary of Defense in diplomatic relations with foreign governments and militaries, and coordinate military activities with partner nations.
Defense Cover Office (DCO): DCO is a DIA component responsible for executing cover programs for agency's intelligence officers, as well as those for the entire Department of Defense.
Directorate for Analysis: The Directorate of Analysis manages the all-source analysis elements of DIA, and is responsible for developing and deploying analytic tradecraft throughout the Defense Intelligence Enterprise. Analysts analyze and disseminate finalized intelligence products, focusing on national, strategic and operational-level military issues that may arise from worldwide political, economic, medical, natural or other related processes. Analysts contribute to the President's Daily Brief and the National Intelligence Estimates. Analysts serve DIA in all of the agency's facilities and DIA has the most forward deployed analysts in the Intelligence Community.
Directorate for Science and Technology: The Directorate for Science and Technology manages DIA's technical assets and personnel. These assets gather and analyze Measurement and Signature Intelligence, which is a technical intelligence discipline that serves to detect, track, identify or describe the signatures (distinctive characteristics) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic intelligence, nuclear intelligence, and chemical and biological intelligence. DIA is designated the national manager for MASINT collection within the United States Intelligence Community, coordinating all MASINT gathering across agencies. DIA is also the national manager of the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), the central Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) processing network for the United States, and Stone Ghost, a network for US and partner nations.
Directorate for Mission Services: The Directorate for Mission Services provides administrative, technical, and programmatic support to the agency's domestic and global operations and analytic efforts. This includes providing counterintelligence to the agency as well as serving as the counterintelligence executive agent for the Department of Defense.
Centers: DIA is divided into five regional centers and two functional center which manage the agency's efforts in these areas of responsibility. These centers are the Americas and Transnational Threats Center, the Indo-Pacific Regional Center, the Europe/Eurasia Regional Center, the Middle East/Africa Regional Center, the China Mission Group, the Defense Resources and Infrastructure Center, and the Defense Combating Terrorism Center. DIA also manages Community-wide centers such as the National Center for Medical Intelligence, the Missile and Space Intelligence Center, the National Media Exploitation Center, and the Underground Facilities Analysis Center (UFAC).
Further, DIA is responsible for administering the JIOCEUR and various Joint Intelligence Centers which serve and are co-located with each of the Unified Combatant Commands. Additionally, DIA manages the Directorate for Intelligence, Joint Staff (J2) which advises and supports the Joint Chiefs of Staff with foreign military intelligence for defense policy and war planning.
DIA also manages the National Intelligence University (NIU) on behalf of the Intelligence Community. NIU and the John T. Hughes Library is housed at the Intelligence Community campus in Bethesda, Maryland and has several branch campuses at RAF Molesworth, MacDill Air Force Base, and Marine Corps Base Quantico as well as academic programs at the NSA and NGA.
DIA Police
The DIA has its own police force (established in 1963), made up of federal officers who protect DIA people and property. DIA Police provide law enforcement and police services, emergency response and physical security at DIA campuses.
DIA Police have 170 sworn, uniformed officers that protect and police the six DIA sites (Headquarters, Reston, Charlottesville, DIA Logistics Operation Center, National Center for Medical Intelligence and Missile and Space Intelligence Center).
DIA Police has 26 Special Agents that carry out security investigations.
Training
DIA Police Officers are trained at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center for three months before being certified.
Authority
DIA Police operate under the U.S. Marshal's Office Special Deputation and jurisdictional and functional authority within the District of Columbia under a cooperative agreement with the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.
Rank structure and organization
DIA Police have the following rank structure:
Officer
Special Agent (investigations)
Sergeant
Captain
DIA Police have K9, HAZMAT, SRT and also support DIA field operations.
Employment requirements and polygraph
Due to the sensitive nature of DIA's work, all of its personnel, including interns and contractors, are subject to the same security standards and must obtain a Top Secret clearance with Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) access. Collateral Top Secret clearances granted by the DoD are not sufficient to grant access to DIA's SCI information. Additionally, the SCI access granted by other intelligence agencies, such as CIA or NSA, do not transfer to DIA and vice versa.
In addition to the rigorous background investigations, psychological and drug screening, as well as security interviews, DIA requires that its applicants pass the agency polygraph. In fact, DIA exercises operational control over the National Center for Credibility Assessment (NCCA), which establishes polygraphing standards and trains polygraphers for placement across the entire intelligence community. In 2008, the agency started expanding its polygraph program in an attempt to screen 5,700 prospective and current employees every year. This was a several fold increase from 2002 when, according to information provided to Congress, DIA conducted 1,345 polygraphs. According to the unclassified DIA document cited in the news report, since the mid-2000s the agency started hiring contract polygraphers in addition to the permanent DIA polygraphers and added 13 polygraphing studios to those the spy organization already operated. This expanded polygraph screening at DIA continued notwithstanding documented technical problems discovered in the Lafayette computerized polygraph system used by the agency; the organization allegedly refused to change the flawed Lafayette polygraph but declined to comment as to the reasoning.
Unlike the CIA and NSA polygraphs, DIA polygraphs are only of Counterintelligence Scope (CI), rather than Full Scope (FS) (also known as Expanded Scope Screening or ESS), which is ostensibly more intrusive as far as one's personal life is concerned. DIA administered only a handful of FS polygraphs and only for those personnel who were to be detailed to the CIA. Additionally, DIA conducted a handful of FS polygraphs on its personnel remaining overseas in excess of 6.5 years, although this practice appeared to be outside the scope of DIA's authorization at the time.
Like with other intelligence agencies, failing to pass the DIA polygraph is a virtual guarantee that an applicant will be judged unsuitable for agency employment. In fact, according to a report published by the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense of Intelligence, while the usually more stringent NSA is willing to give its applicants several shots at passing the polygraph, DIA tends to give one or at most two opportunities to clear the test, after which the employment offer is rescinded. The same report recommended that DIA seek permanent authority to conduct more intrusive Expanded Scope Screenings due to their supposed usefulness in eliciting admissions from applicants.
Similarly to other intelligence agencies, employees are required to take periodic polygraph examinations throughout their careers. However, no unfavorable administrative actions will be taken against them based solely on their results.
Budget and personnel
DIA's budget and exact personnel numbers are classified. Classified Information is not willingly revealed to the public or with anyone that has does not have a need-to-know verified. The agency does reveal that currently, it has approximately 17,000 employees, two-thirds of whom are civilians and approximately 50% of whom work at more than 141 overseas locations. In 1994, it was revealed that DIA requested approximately $4 billion in funding for the period of 1996–2001 ($6.3 billion inflation adjusted), averaging $666 million per year ($1.05 billion inflation adjusted). The agency, however, has nearly doubled in size since then and also assumed additional responsibilities from various intelligence elements from across the Department of Defense, CIA and wider intelligence community. In 2006, at the height of Donald Rumsfeld's push to further expand the scope of military intelligence beyond tactical considerations, DIA was estimated to receive up to $3 billion annually.
According to classified documents leaked by Edward Snowden and published by The Washington Post in 2013, the National Intelligence Program (NIP) component of the overall US intelligence budget contained approximately $4.4 billion/year for the General Defense Intelligence Program (GDIP), which is managed by DIA, even as it is not exclusively for the agency's use. The numbers exclude the Military Intelligence Component (MIP) of the overall US intelligence budget, which by itself has averaged more than $20 billion per year in the past decade.
Notable cases of espionage
DIA is one of a few U.S. federal organizations, such as the CIA and FBI, that rely on human espionage to collect information. For this reason, the agency has been involved in numerous espionage events over the course of decades.
Spying for DIA
Victor Kaliadin () – a CEO of a Russian company "Elers Electron", who in 2001 was sentenced to 14 years in prison for selling a ring run by a DIA agent technical information on Arena, the Russian active protection system for tanks. He died of his fourth heart attack in 2004.
Igor Sutyagin – Russian arms control and nuclear weapons specialist convicted in 2004 of spying for DIA. Released in 2010 in exchange for Russian spies arrested in the U.S. during the break-up of the Illegals Program. Denies any involvement in spying.
Edmond Pope – A retired intelligence officer-turned-"businessman", sentenced by a Russian court in 2000 to 20 years for buying up and smuggling classified military equipment out of the country as scrap metal. He was soon pardoned by newly elected Vladimir Putin but continues to assert that the Russian authorities used him as a scapegoat for their broken system. In the same interview with Larry King, however, he spoke of a plot by unspecified people in the U.S., as part of which Pope was being slowly poisoned in the Lefortovo Prison, with the hopes that he would eventually have to be transferred to a hospital, abducted on his way and smuggled out of the country; he claims that his representatives stopped the plot.
Jerzy Strawa – a Polish engineer and an employee of the Ministry of Foreign Trade executed in 1968 at Mokotów Prison for passing industrial and defense information to DIA agents while on official trips in Austria and West Germany.
Natan Sharansky – a former high ranking Israeli politician and Soviet dissident who, during his life in Russia, was sentenced to 13 years of prison with hard labor for spying for DIA. The prosecution alleged that he gave a DIA agent in journalist's disguise—Robert Toth—a list of people who had access to military and other secrets. Sharansky was released in 1986 following a spy exchange that took place on the Glienicke Bridge between the USSR and the Western allies. In 2006, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Charles Dennis McKee – a DIA officer who, along with CIA's Matthew Gannon, died as a result of the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing. The incident produced numerous conspiracy theories that the flight was bombed because the officers were aware of illicit U.S. intelligence drug activities or that the case was related to them trying to secure the release of American hostages in Lebanon. He is notably absent from DIA's memorial wall (below)
Spying against DIA
Ana Belén Montes – a senior DIA analyst arrested in 2001 for spying for the G2 of Cuba and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Prosecutors alleged that she started spying in the mid-1980s, around the same time when CIA's Aldrich Ames started his interaction with the KGB.
Ronald Montaperto – a senior DIA intelligence analyst who pled guilty in 2006 for giving classified information to China's MSS. Montaperto claimed that he was tricked and served only three months in jail due to letters of support from other pro-China intelligence analysts, pejoratively known as the "Red Team", who "harshly [criticize] anyone who raises questions about the threat posed by Beijing's communist regime." One of such supporters, Lonnie Henley, was initially reprimanded by the ODNI for his support of Montaperto but was later promoted to acting national intelligence officer for East Asia.
Waldo H. Dubberstein – a senior DIA intelligence officer for the Middle East and an associate of CIA arms smuggler Edwin P. Wilson who was indicted in 1983 for selling DIA secrets to Libya. The day after being charged, he was found dead in what was ruled a suicide.
Controversies
Alleged torture with drugs, gay porn, and loud music
In 2003, the Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld's "Working Group" on interrogations requested that DIA come up with prisoner interrogation techniques for the group's consideration. According to the 2008 US Senate Armed Services Committee report on the treatment of detainees in U.S. custody, DIA began drawing up the list of techniques with the help of its civilian employee, a former Guantanamo Interrogation Control Element (ICE) Chief David Becker. Becker claimed that the Working Group members were particularly interested in aggressive methods and that he "was encouraged to talk about techniques that
inflict pain."
It is unknown to what extent the agency's recommendations were used or for how long, but according to the same Senate report, the list drawn up by DIA included the use of "drugs such as sodium pentothal and Demerol," humiliation via female interrogators and sleep deprivation. Becker claimed that he recommended the use of drugs due to rumors that another intelligence agency, the name of which was redacted in the Senate report, had successfully used them in the past. According to the analysis of the Office of Defense Inspector General, DIA's cited justification for the use of drugs was to "[relax] detainee to cooperative state" and that mind-altering substances were not used.
Some of the more lurid revelations of DIA's alleged harsh interrogations came from FBI officers, who conducted their own screenings of detainees in Guantanamo along with other agencies. According to one account, the interrogators of what was then DIA's Defense Humint Service (referenced in FBI correspondence as DHS), forced subjects to watch gay porn, draped them with the Israeli flag, and interrogated them in rooms lit by strobe lights for 16–18 hours, all the while telling prisoners that they were from FBI.
The real FBI operatives were concerned that DIA's harsh methods and impersonation of FBI agents would complicate the FBI's ability to do its job properly, saying "The next time a real Agent tries to talk to that guy, you can imagine the result." A subsequent military inquiry countered FBI's allegations by saying that the prisoner treatment was degrading but not inhumane, without addressing the allegation of DIA staff regularly impersonating FBI officers—usually a felony offense.
Similar activities transpired at the hands of DIA operatives in Bagram, where as recently as 2010 the organization ran the so-called "Black Jail". According to a report published by The Atlantic, the jail was manned by DIA's DCHC staff, who were accused of beating and sexually humiliating high-value targets held at the site. The detention center outlived the black sites run by the Central Intelligence Agency, with DIA allegedly continuing to use "restricted" interrogation methods in the facility under a secret authorization. It is unclear what happened to the secret facility after the 2013 transfer of the base to Afghan authorities following several postponements.
DIA's harsh interrogation methods at times paled in comparison to those of some U.S. special operations forces. In 2004, interrogations by Joint Special Operations Command's high-value targets special operations task forces (including Task Force 6-26) were so heavy-handed and physical with the detainees that two DIA officials complained, as a result of which they were threatened and put under surveillance by abusive military interrogators. The two DIA officials managed to share their accounts of abuse with the agency leadership, prompting DIA Director Lowell Jacoby to write a memo on this topic to the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence.
Skinny Puppy controversy
In 2014, Canadian electronic music group Skinny Puppy sent the Defense Intelligence Agency a symbolic bill of $666,000, after finding out that the agency had used their music in Guantanamo during "enhanced interrogation" (deemed torture by some) sessions. Their music was originally heard at GTMO by a guard, who happened to be a fan of Skinny Puppy and could not understand how his favorite music was being used in such a manner: "[Skinny Puppy's] songs are characterized by ... lyrics that call out corporate wrongdoing. The songs I heard at GTMO were heavily distorted, almost to the point of inaudibility. Even so, I would never have imagined that Skinny Puppy's music would, or could, be used for enhanced interrogation". The officer conducting interrogation sessions allegedly stating that the Canadian group's songs—which are "characterized by relentless drumbeats, panicked, convulsive riffs, synth samples"—were very effective for "enhanced interrogation."
Attempts to expand domestic activities
Since mid-2000s, DIA has come under scrutiny for requesting new powers "to covertly approach and cultivate 'U.S. persons' and even recruit them as informants" without disclosing they are doing so on behalf of the U.S. government. George Peirce, DIA's general counsel, told The Washington Post that his agency is "not asking for the moon" and that DIA officers "only want to assess their [individual U.S. citizens'] suitability as a source, person to person", while protecting the ID and security of the agency operatives. The provision allowing DIA to covertly approach U.S. citizens was reportedly removed from the bill at the request of Senator Ron Wyden. It is unclear if the agency has received any additional powers since but it is known that until at least 2005 and possibly later, DIA's "personnel stationed in major U.S. cities [have been] ... monitoring the movements and activities—through high-tech equipment—of individuals and vehicles"; this occurred parallel to the NSA's warrantless surveillance that was of similarly dubious legality.
In 2008, with the consolidation of the new Defense Counterintelligence and Human Intelligence Center (DCHC), DIA secured an additional authority to conduct "offensive counterintelligence", which entails conducting clandestine operations, domestically and abroad, "to thwart what the opposition is trying to do to us and to learn more about what they're trying to get from us." While the agency remained vague about the exact meaning of offensive counterintelligence, experts opined that it "could include planting a mole in a foreign intelligence service, passing disinformation to mislead the other side, or even disrupting enemy information systems", suggesting strong overlap between CI and traditional HUMINT operations.
According to the agency, Americans spying for a foreign intelligence service would not be covered under this mechanism and that DIA would coordinate in such cases with the FBI which, unlike any DIA components at the time, is designated a law enforcement agency. The media showed particular interest in the domestic aspect of DIA's counterintelligence efforts due to the fact that agency's newly created DCHC had absorbed the former Counterintelligence Field Activity, which had become infamous for storing data on American peace activists in the controversial TALON database that was eventually shut down.
9/11 and Able Danger
Anthony Shaffer, a former DIA officer, has claimed that DIA was aware of and failed to adequately act against one of the organizers of the September 11 attacks prior to the event, in what became known as the Able Danger controversy. Shaffer's claims were rejected and later his security clearance was revoked, with the Pentagon denying any wrongdoing. Later Shaffer published his book Operation Dark Heart but, upon complaints from DIA and NSA that it included national security information, the Defense Department went as far as to buy and destroy the initial 10,000 copies of the book, causing the Streisand effect.
German Neo-Nazi murders
In 2011, the German government uncovered a far-right terrorist group named National Socialist Underground, which had been linked to a series of murders, including the murder of a police officer. A report by Stern claimed German BfV and DIA officers had witnessed the murder of a policewoman during their surveillance of the "Sauerland" group—an Islamist organization that planned attacks on U.S. military installations in Germany—but that neither of the agencies reported it, thus enabling subsequent violent acts by the same criminal entities. The magazine cited an unverified DIA report that confirmed the agency's officers were at the site of the incident. The authenticity of the alleged DIA observation protocol, on which Stern based its report, was swiftly denied by the BfV, while DIA refused to comment. An unnamed U.S. "insider expert" for intelligence matters told Der Spiegel he deemed it unlikely that DIA could be involved in that type of operation.
History
From World War II until the creation of DIA in 1961, the three Military Departments collected, produced and distributed their intelligence for individual use. This turned out to be duplicative, costly, and ineffective as each department provided their own, often conflicting estimates to the Secretary of Defense and other Federal agencies. While the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 aimed to correct these deficiencies, the intelligence responsibilities remained unclear, the coordination was poor and the results fell short of national reliability and focus. As a result of this poor organization, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed the Joint Study Group in 1960 to find better ways for organizing the nation's military intelligence activities.
Acting on the recommendations of the Joint Study Group, Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara advised the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) of his decision to establish the DIA in February 1961. He ordered them to develop a plan that would integrate all the military intelligence of the DoD, a move that met strong resistance from the service intelligence units, whose commanders viewed DIA as undesirable encroachment on their turf. Despite this resistance, during the spring and summer of 1961, as Cold War tensions flared over the Berlin Wall, Air Force Lieutenant General Joseph Carroll took the lead in planning and organizing this new agency. The JCS published Directive 5105.21, "Defense Intelligence Agency" on August 1, and DIA began operations with a handful of employees in borrowed office space on October 1, 1961.
DIA originally reported to the Secretary through the JCS. The new agency's mission was the continuous task of collecting, processing, evaluating, analyzing, integrating, producing, and disseminating military intelligence for DoD and related national stakeholders. Other objectives included more efficiently allocating scarce intelligence resources, more effectively managing all DoD intelligence activities, and eliminating redundancies in facilities, organizations, and tasks.
DIA begins operation
Following DIA's establishment, the Services reluctantly transferred intelligence functions and resources to it on a time-phased basis to avoid rapidly degrading the overall effectiveness of defense intelligence. A year after its formation, in October 1962, the agency faced its first major intelligence test during the superpower Cuban Missile Crisis confrontation that developed after Soviet missiles were discovered at bases in Cuba by Air Force spy planes.
In late 1962, DIA established the Defense Intelligence School (now the National Intelligence University), and on January 1, 1963, it activated a new Production Center. Several Service elements were merged to form this production facility, which occupied the "A" and "B" Buildings at Arlington Hall Station, Virginia.
The agency also added an Automated Data Processing (ADP) Center on February 19, a Dissemination Center on March 31, and a Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate on April 30, 1963. DIA assumed the staff support functions of the J-2, Joint Staff, on July 1, 1963. Two years later, on July 1, 1965, DIA accepted responsibility for the Defense Attaché System—the last function the Services transferred to DIA.
During the 1960s, DIA analysts focused on China's detonation of an atomic bomb and the launching of its Cultural Revolution; increasing unrest among African and South Asian nations; fighting in Cyprus and Kashmir; and the missile gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In the late 1960s, crises that tested intelligence responsiveness included: the Tet Offensive in Vietnam; the Six-Day War between Egypt and Israel; continuing troubles in Africa, particularly Nigeria; North Korea's seizure of the ; and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Years of transition
The early 1970s were transitional years as the agency shifted its focus from consolidating its functions to establishing itself as a credible producer of national-level intelligence. This proved difficult at first since sweeping manpower decrements between 1968 and 1975 had reduced agency manpower by 31 percent and precipitated mission reductions and a broad organizational restructuring. Challenges facing DIA at this time included the rise of Ostpolitik in Germany; the emergence of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the Middle East; and the U.S. incursion into Cambodia from South Vietnam.
The agency's reputation grew considerably by the mid-1970s, as decision makers increasingly recognized the value of its products. Agency analysts in 1972 concentrated on Lebanon, President Richard Nixon's visit to China, the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, the formation of Sri Lanka, and the prisoners of war being held in Southeast Asia. Subsequent challenges involved: détente; the development of arms control agreements; the Paris peace talks (Vietnam); the Yom Kippur War; and global energy concerns.
Intense Congressional review during 1975–76 created turbulence within the Intelligence Community. The Murphy and Rockefeller Commission investigations of charges of intelligence abuse ultimately led to an Executive Order that modified many Intelligence Community functions. At the same time, with U.S. involvement in Vietnam ending, defense intelligence faced a significant decline in resources. During this period, DIA conducted numerous studies on ways of improving its intelligence products. Despite these and other Community-wide efforts to improve intelligence support, the loss of resources during the 1970s limited the Community's ability to collect and produce timely intelligence and ultimately contributed to intelligence shortcomings in Iran, Afghanistan, and other strategic areas.
Special DIA task forces were set up to monitor crises such as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the overthrow of Iranian monarchy, and the taking of American hostages from the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979. Also, of serious concern were the Vietnamese takeover in Phnom Penh, the China–Vietnam border war, the overthrow of Idi Amin in Uganda, the north–south Yemen dispute, troubles in Pakistan, border clashes between Libya and Egypt, the Sandinista takeover in Nicaragua, and the Soviet movement of combat troops to Cuba during the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II.
Following the promulgation in 1979 of Executive Order 12036, which restructured the Intelligence Community and better outlined DIA's national and departmental responsibilities, the agency was reorganized around five major directorates: production, operations, resources, external affairs, and J-2 support.
1980s
By the 1980s, DIA had transformed into a fully integrated national-level intelligence agency. Its 1981 flagship publication Soviet Military Power, the most comprehensive overview of Soviet military strength and capabilities at the time, was met with wide acclaim; SMP continued to be produced by DIA as a serialized publication roughly over the next decade. In 1983, in order to research the flow of technology to the Soviet Union, the Reagan Administration created Project Socrates within the agency. Over the following years Project Socrates's scope broadened to include monitoring of foreign advanced technology as a whole. Project Socrates ended in 1990 with Michael Sekora, the project's director, leaving in protest when the Bush Administration reduced funding.
In 1984, the Clandestine Services organization, designated STAR WATCHER, was created under DIA with the mission of conducting intelligence collection on perceived areas of conflict and against potential adversaries in developing countries. A critical objective was to create a Joint Services career path for case officers, since individual Services were inconsistent in their support of clandestine operations, and case officers were routinely sacrificed during reductions in force. Ultimately, the organization was created to balance CIA's espionage operations which primarily targeted Soviet KGB/GRU officers, but ignored and were dismissive of Third World targets in areas of potential military conflict.
Although there were previous attempts to establish such a DoD level espionage organization, there was no authorization document by which it could be established. This changed when Gregory Davis, a military intelligence officer, defined and established a clandestine services program under the U.S. Southern Command's "Plan Green". The program was then authorized by JCS Chairman John Vessey, and sanctioned by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence ("SSCI"), with the sponsorship of Senator Jesse Helms (R-NC) and Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ). The Goldwater–Nichols DoD Reorganization Act was crafted partly to force military officers to serve in a Joint Services assignment in order to qualify for flag rank—ensuring the future of case officers from each Service. The clandestine organization within DIA grew and flourished, and was cited by the SSCI for its intelligence achievements. Personnel selection and training were rigorous, and the case officers were notable for their advanced educations, area knowledge, and multilingual capabilities. The program was partially gutted under President Bill Clinton as he foresaw no conflict which would justify its existence, but, it was resurrected under President George W. Bush.
Designated a combat support agency under the Goldwater–Nichols Act, DIA moved to increase cooperation with the Unified & Specified Commands and to begin developing a body of joint intelligence doctrine. Intelligence support to U.S. allies in the Middle East intensified as the Iran–Iraq War spilled into the Persian Gulf. DIA provided significant intelligence support to Operation Earnest Will while closely monitoring incidents such as the Iraqi rocket attack on the , the destruction of Iranian oil platforms, and Iranian attacks on Kuwaiti oil tankers. The "Toyota War" between Libya and Chad and the turmoil in Haiti added to DIA's heavy production workload, as did unrest in other parts of Latin America, Somalia, Ethiopia, Burma, Pakistan, and the Philippines.
Post–Cold War transformation
With the end of the Cold War, defense intelligence began a period of reevaluation following the fall of the Soviet system in many Eastern European countries, the reunification of Germany, and ongoing economic reforms in the region. In response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, DIA set up an extensive, 24-hour, crisis management cell designed to tailor national-level intelligence support to the coalition forces assembled to expel Iraq from Kuwait. By the time Operation Desert Storm began, some 2,000 agency personnel were involved in the intelligence support effort. Most of them associated in some way with the national-level Joint Intelligence Center (JIC), which DIA established at The Pentagon to integrate the intelligence being produced throughout the Community. DIA sent more than 100 employees into the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations to provide intelligence support.
The Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC), and the Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC), associated with the Army for over 20 and 50 years respectively, became part of DIA in January 1992. This was part of the continuing effort to consolidate intelligence production and make it more efficient.
On September 11, 2001, seven DIA employees lost their lives along with 118 other victims at the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 piloted by five Al-Qaeda hijackers plowed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks. The death of seven employees at once was the largest combined loss in DIA's history. On September 11, 2009, DIA dedicated a memorial to the seven employees lost in the terrorist attacks on the Pentagon. The memorial is located in the garden at the Defense Intelligence Agency Analysis Center in Washington, D.C.
Since the September 11 attacks, DIA has been active in nuclear proliferation intelligence collection and analysis with particular interests in North Korea and Iran as well as counter-terrorism. DIA was also involved with the intelligence build-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and was a subject in the Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq. After the invasion, DIA led the Iraq Survey Group to find the alleged Weapons of Mass Destruction. The agency has conflicted with the CIA in collection and analysis on the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and has often represented the Pentagon in the CIA–DoD intelligence rivalry due to DIA's own Clandestine HUMINT collection.
In 2012, DIA announced an expansion of clandestine collection efforts. The newly consolidated Defense Clandestine Service (DCS) would absorb the Defense HUMINT Service and expand DIA's overseas espionage apparatus to complement the work of corresponding elements at CIA. DCS would focus on military intelligence concerns—issues that the CIA has been unable to manage due to lack of personnel, expertise or time—and would initially deal with Islamist militia groups in Africa, weapons transfers between North Korea and Iran, and Chinese military modernization. The DCS works in conjunction with CIA's Directorate of Operations and the Joint Special Operations Command in overseas operations.
In October 2015, the Pentagon said that DIA appointed a British Royal Air Force officer as its first deputy director in charge of improving integration between U.S. intelligence units and spy agencies of other English-speaking countries in the Five Eyes alliance. This was the first time that a foreign national was appointed to a senior position at a U.S. intelligence agency.
Today, corporations carry out a large amount of DIA's workload. In fiscal year 2020 alone, such activity included work in DIA's Science & Technology Directorate, National Media Exploitation Center, and Missile & Space Intelligence Center. Corporations also worked on technology transfer analysis and assessments at DIA's Charlottesville branch, planned and analyzed DIA's workforce, carried out technical support, and conducted polygraph examinations and background investigations.
Memorial wall
A memorial wall at the DIA headquarters is dedicated to those agency employees who lost their lives in the line of their intelligence work and whose deaths are not classified. The wall was first dedicated on December 14, 1988, by Director Leonard Perroots. It "commemorates the profound individual sacrifices made on behalf of the United States by DIA members and acts as a reminder of the selflessness, dedication, and courage required to confront national challenges..."
DIA also maintains a memorial in the headquarters courtyard dedicated to personnel lost in the attacks of 9/11 on the Pentagon. Additionally, the agency maintains the Torch Bearers Wall at its Headquarters. The Torch Bearers award is the highest honor bestowed to former DIA employees and recognizes their exceptional contributions to the agency's mission.
In popular culture
The Brave is an American military action drama TV series that depicts the missions of an elite covert operations team of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), similar to that of the DIA's Defense Clandestine Service.
Gemini Man is a 2019 American science fiction action thriller film directed by Ang Lee about a black ops sniper working for the DIA.
Adam Brody played DIA prisoner Benjamin "the Tank" Danz in the 2005 film, Mr. & Mrs. Smith.
Denzel Washington portrays former DIA operative turned vigilante Robert McCall in the film version of The Equalizer (2014) and its two sequels.
Seal
The flaming torch and its gold color represent knowledge, i.e., intelligence, and the dark background represents the unknown—"the area of the truth" still sought by the worldwide mission of the agency. The two red atomic ellipses symbolize the scientific and technical aspects of intelligence today and of the future. The 13 stars and the wreath are adopted from the Department of Defense seal and mean glory and peace, respectively, which the DoD secures as part of its work.
Badge
See also
Central Intelligence Agency
National Security Agency
Director of National Intelligence
GRU
Coast Guard Intelligence Center
Defense Attaché System
JFCC ISR (US Strategic Command)
Marine Corps Intelligence Activity
Missile and Space Intelligence Center
National Intelligence University
Office of Naval Intelligence
Strategic Support Branch
G-2 (intelligence)
UK Defence Intelligence
Defence Intelligence Organisation (Australia)
References
External links
Government agencies established in 1961
Military intelligence agencies
United States Department of Defense agencies
United States intelligence agencies
Intelligence analysis agencies |
Tekapo Ridge () is a crescent-shaped chain of low peaks, 3 nautical miles (6 km) long, in Kyle Hills, Ross Island. The ridge descends SW-NE from Scanniello Peak (c.2200 m) to Parawera Cone (c.1300 m). Named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Tekapo, a New Zealand locality where Antarctic training takes place.
Ridges of Ross Island |
Carmen Proctor Hill (October 1, 1895 – January 1, 1990), born in Royalton, Minnesota, was a pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1915–16, 1918–19 and 1926–29), New York Giants (1922) and St. Louis Cardinals (1929–30).
He helped the Giants win the 1922 World Series, the Pirates win the 1927 National League Pennant and the Cardinals win the 1930 NL Pennant.
Hill finished 23rd in voting for the 1927 National League MVP for having a 22–11 win–loss record, 43 Games, 31 games started, 22 complete games, 2 shutouts, 7 games finished, 3 saves, innings pitched, 260 hits allowed, 100 earned runs, 80 walks, 95 strikeouts, and a 3.24 ERA.
In 10 seasons he had a 49–33 win–loss record, 147 games, 85 games started, 47 complete games, 5 shutouts, 34 games finished, 8 saves, 787 innings pitched, 769 hits allowed, 301 earned runs allowed, 38 home runs allowed, 267 walks, 264 strikeouts, and a 3.44 ERA. In addition, Hill won 202 minor league games over 14 seasons with 7 teams.
Hill was a screwball pitcher.
Hill died in Indianapolis, Indiana at the age of 94.
Sources
References
External links
Rare Interview with Carmen Hill from 1985 by Baseball Historian Norman Macht.
1895 births
1990 deaths
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Giants (NL) players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Baseball players from Minnesota
Major League Baseball pitchers
Youngstown Steelmen players
Rochester Hustlers players
Birmingham Barons players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Indianapolis Indians players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Rochester Red Wings players
Columbus Red Birds players
Screwball pitchers
People from Royalton, Minnesota
Warren Bingoes players |
Milefortlet 17 (Dubmill Point) was a Milefortlet of the Roman Cumbrian Coast defences. These milefortlets and intervening stone watchtowers extended from the western end of Hadrian's Wall, along the Cumbrian coast and were linked by a wooden palisade. They were contemporary with defensive structures on Hadrian's Wall. There is little to see except a slight depression in the ground, but Milefortlet 17 has been located and surveyed.
Description
Milefortlet 17 is situated at Dubmill Point, southwest of the village of Mawbray in the civil parish of Holme St Cuthbert. All that remains to be seen on the ground is a slight depression defining the ditch on the east and south sides.
The fortlet was thought to have been lost to coastal erosion, but was located on aerial photographs in 1977. Limited excavations were conducted in 1983, although the only finds were some pottery and nails. A geophysical survey was carried out in 1994 which showed the precise position of the milefortlet, surrounded on three sides by a ditch, with the fourth west side now being overlaid by the modern road.
Associated Towers
Each milefortlet had two associated towers, similar in construction to the turrets built along Hadrian's Wall. These towers were positioned approximately one-third and two-thirds of a Roman mile to the west of the Milefortlet, and would probably have been manned by part of the nearest Milefortlet's garrison. The towers associated with Milefortlet 17 are known as Tower 17A () and Tower 17B (). The locations of both towers are uncertain, and their positions have been estimated by measurement to adjoining Roman frontier works. It is possible that coastal erosion has destroyed one or both sites.
References
External links
Milecastles of Hadrian's Wall
Roman sites in Cumbria
Holme St Cuthbert |
ReQuest Dance Crew (also known as ReQuest) are an all-female hip-hop dance crew from Auckland, New Zealand. ReQuest was formed in 2007, with originally five members. They are based out of The Palace Dance Studio in Penrose and are one of six crews alongside The Royal Family (MegaCrew), Kingsmen (Adult), Sorority (Varsity), Duchesses (Varsity) and Bubblegum (Junior).
Competitions
In 2009, ReQuest competed for the first time at the HHI World Hip Hop Dance Championships in Las Vegas, winning first place in the Varsity Crews division. The following year ReQuest moved into the Adult Crews division where they again placed first, ahead of American crew Poreotics who had won season 5 of America's Best Dance Crew earlier that year. In 2011 they won second place at the World Championships, behind Plague from the United Kingdom. Within the larger The Royal Family megacrew, they have won three gold medals (2011, 2012, 2013) and one silver medal (2015) and 2016 Royal Family Varsity bronze medal at the World Hip Hop Dance Championships in the Megacrew division.
Outside of the World Championships, ReQuest placed first at the 2009 World Supremacy Battlegrounds (Varsity division) in Melbourne, and were crowned the champions of the 2012 Body Rock Dance Competition in San Diego.
Television and live shows
In 2011, ReQuest successfully auditioned for season 6 of America's Best Dance Crew. They were the second international dance crew to be featured on the American show (after Blueprint Cru from Montreal, Canada in 2010), and the first crew from outside North America. ReQuest was eliminated in Week 4 of the competition.
In 2012, group leader Parris Goebel was hired as a choreographer for Jennifer Lopez's Dance Again World Tour. ReQuest also performed with Lopez on the season 11 finale of American Idol, and featured in the music video for her single, "Goin' In". As a result of a meeting with international casting director Jamie King, who was working with Jennifer Lopez at the time, six members of ReQuest were contracted for Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson: One, based in Las Vegas. Goebel herself was also contracted to serve as one of the choreographers for the show. Goebel was featured during season 15 of the US version of Dancing with the Stars, performing on stage with several dancers from ReQuest and Royal Family. Parris also goes on tour called "Skulls and Crowns" with some lucky dancers from The Palace.
In 2015, ReQuest were involved in an On-Demand television series on Māori Television called The Palace, which gave insights into the training and daily lives of the dancers at The Palace Dance Studios. In November that year, several dancers from ReQuest appeared onstage at the 2015 American Music Awards during Jennifer Lopez's opening medley performance. The following month, dancers from ReQuest and the Royal Family appeared at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards, dancing on-stage for K-pop acts CL, 2NE1 and Big Bang.
ReQuest dance crew were a part of Parri$ Goebel's music videos "Friday" and "Nasty." They later went on to perform at her live show in Las Vegas, August 2016.
Members of ReQuest dance crew also appeared on stage with Rihanna at the Video Music Awards of 2016 for one out of three stage performances.
Music videos
Lead choreographer Parris Goebel also appeared in Big Bang's music video "Bang Bang Bang", which she also choreographed with fellow Royal Family choreographer Kiel Tutin.
References
External links
The Palace Dance Studio website
New Zealand dance music groups
New Zealand hip hop groups
America's Best Dance Crew contestants |
Alexandre Charles Sixte "Alex" Jany (5 January 1929 – 18 July 2001) was a French freestyle swimmer and water polo player. As a swimmer, he competed in 100–400 m events at the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Olympics, alongside his sister Ginette Jany-Sendral, and he won bronze medals in the 4 × 200 m relay in 1948 and 1952. In 1948 he placed fifth-sixth in the individual 100 m and 400 m events; he won those events at the 1947 and 1950 European championships, setting world records in both in 1947. At the 1960 Olympics he competed only in water polo and placed ninth. In 1977 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
He won the 1946 ASA British 'Open' National Championship 100 metres freestyle title.
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
References
External links
1929 births
2001 deaths
Sportspeople from Toulouse
Olympic swimmers for France
Swimmers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for France
World record setters in swimming
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
French male freestyle swimmers
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for France
Swimmers at the 1951 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
Olympic water polo players for France
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics |
Alina Ivanova (, born August 3, 1995) is a Belarusian female acrobatic gymnast. With partners Iryna Maiseyenka and Yuliya Ardziakova, Ivanova competed in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Belarusian acrobatic gymnasts
Female acrobatic gymnasts
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Belarusian women |
Besmira Morina (born 24 June 1987) is a retired Kosovan footballer who played as a midfielder and has appeared for the Kosovo women's national team.
Career
Morina has been capped for the Kosovo national team, appearing for the team during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying cycle.
See also
List of Kosovo women's international footballers
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Kosovan women's footballers
Kosovo women's international footballers
Women's association football midfielders |
The Vermont Mr. Basketball honor recognizes the top high school basketball player in the state of Vermont. The award is presented annually by the Burlington Free Press, since 1991.
Award winners
Schools with multiple winners
References
Mr. and Miss Basketball awards
High school sports in Vermont
Awards established in 1991
1991 establishments in Vermont
Lists of people from Vermont
Mr. Basketball |
Petrobius maritimus, the shore bristletail or sea bristletail, is a species of Archaeognatha found on rocky shores from the Mediterranean Sea to the North Sea .
Individuals may grow up to 15 mm and are grey in colour, with long bristly antennae and a triple forked tail .
They are very resistant to low temperatures, and remains active even if the temperature drops below 0 degrees C.
References
Archaeognatha
Insects of Europe
Insects described in 1809 |
Neu Boltenhagen is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
References
Vorpommern-Greifswald |
The Central District of Qaleh Ganj County () is in Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Qaleh Ganj.
At the National Census in 2006, its population was 45,367 in 9,538 households. The following census in 2011 counted 49,904 people in 12,434 households. At the latest census in 2016, the district had 50,955 inhabitants in 14,002 households.
References
Qaleh Ganj County
Districts of Kerman Province
Populated places in Kerman Province
Populated places in Qaleh Ganj County |
Notonomus truncatus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Sloane in 1916.
References
Notonomus
Beetles described in 1916 |
The 2019 ATP Challenger China International – Nanchang was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Nanchang, China between 22 and 28 April 2019.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings are as of 15 April 2019.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Cui Jie
Gao Xin
He Yecong
Sun Fajing
Te Rigele
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates:
Ben Patael
Vishnu Vardhan
The following players received entry into the singles main draw using their ITF World Tennis Ranking:
Bai Yan
Teymuraz Gabashvili
Jacob Grills
Rio Noguchi
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Luca Margaroli
Wu Hao
Champions
Singles
Andrej Martin def. Jordan Thompson 6–4, 1–6, 6–3.
Doubles
Sander Arends / Tristan-Samuel Weissborn def. Alex Bolt / Akira Santillan 6–2, 6–4.
References
2019 ATP Challenger Tour
2019
2019 in Chinese tennis
April 2019 sports events in China |
MIGS may refer to:
The Luton Town MIGs, a football firm following English side Luton Town
The Montreal International Games Summit
Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies
Miguel Cabrera
Metal-induced gap states
Mastercard Internet Gateway Service, a module for paying by Credit Card over the Internet
Aircraft manufactured by the Russian company Mikoyan |
Mark Anthony Bradley (born January 29, 1982) is a former American football wide receiver and punt returner who played five seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oklahoma.
Bradley also played for the Kansas City Chiefs, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and New Orleans Saints. Bradley's father, Danny Bradley, played for the Los Angeles Rams and Detroit Lions. His mother Deborah Perry raised him in Pine Bluff, Arkansas.
Professional career
Pre-draft
Chicago Bears
Due to a season-ending injury against the Detroit Lions, Bradley was a small part of the Bears 2005 offense, starting only eight games, and recording just 18 receptions for 230 yards.
Following an injury to Bernard Berrian during week nine of the 2006 season, Bradley became a productive asset for the Bears’ offense. While filling in for Berrian in the following weeks, Bradley caught two touchdown passes for 202 yards. He scored a 75-yard touchdown during the season finale in a 26-7 loss to the Green Bay Packers.
Bradley was released by the Bears on September 23, 2008 after the team signed cornerback Marcus Hamilton.
Kansas City Chiefs
Bradley was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs on October 1, 2008. He threw the first touchdown pass of his career to quarterback Tyler Thigpen, on a wide-receiver reverse trick play, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
Bradley was released by the team on December 22, 2009 after the team re-signed wide receiver Quinten Lawrence.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Bradley was claimed off waivers by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 23, 2009.
Bradley was released by the Buccaneers on June 16, 2010 to make room for sixth-round draft pick Brent Bowden. He failed to appear in a single game for the Buccaneers.
New Orleans Saints
Bradley signed with the New Orleans Saints on August 6, 2010. The Saints released Bradley on August 24.
References
1982 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions football players
Chicago Bears players
Kansas City Chiefs players
New Orleans Saints players
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Players of American football from Pine Bluff, Arkansas |
Parliamentary elections were held in the Federated States of Micronesia on 6 March 2001. As there were no political parties, all 18 candidates ran as independents. Four candidates were elected unopposed.
Electoral system
At the time of the election, Congress consisted of 14 members, of which 10 were elected for two-year terms and four elected for four-year terms. The 2001 elections were for the ten two-year seats.
Results
Elected members
References
Elections in the Federated States of Micronesia
Micronesia
Parliamentary election
Non-partisan elections
March 2001 events in Oceania |
The Castilian Left (, IzCa) is a leftist nationalist political movement active in the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile-La Mancha, Castile and Leon and Community of Madrid. It strives to advocate for the national recognition of Castile, and in some cases, its independence. Other current political parties include Tierra Comunera, Castilian Party, and Ahora Castilla.
History
Castilian Left and the other parties are categorized as part of a major political movement known as Castilian nationalism. It defends the traditions and values from the rebels of the Castilian War of the Communities, so they call themselves "comuneros". As a group of Castilian nationalists, they also seek to unify the other Spanish Autonomous Communities of Cantabria, Castile y Leon, Castile-La Mancha, La Rioja, and Madrid. Izquierda Castellana constituted a definitive movement in Madrid by the year 2002, as a section of Izquierda Comunera, which also included the organizations Unidad Popular Castellana, YESCA (formerly known as Juventudes Castellanas Revolucionarias), Mujeres Castellanas and the Círculo Castellano de Toledo. The Communist Party of the Castilian People (a section of the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain in the autonomous region of Castilla y León) joined on as part of Izquierda Castellana, but later left the organization. Izquierda Castellana also supports various nationalist movements around the world, such as those in the Basque Country, Palestine or Ireland, emphasizing a democratic perspective and the sovereignty of the working class.
Ideology
The goal of Izquierda Castellana is the attainment of what they call a united Castile, overcoming the current division of the Castilian "nation" between five autonomous regions (Cantabria, Castile and León, Madrid, La Rioja and Castile-La Mancha) and a comarca (Requena-Utiel in the Valencian Community). It emphasizes socialism, sovereignty and republicanism, principles it reaffirms each year on April 23, in a special ceremony in the municipality of Villalar de los Comuneros. This day is celebrated by Castilian nationalist organizations such as Izquierda Castellana and Tierra Comunera as the National Day of Castile, but officially it is the festivity of the autonomous region of Castile and León.
Tierra Comunera
A Castilian nationalist political party that seeks the defense of the rights and freedoms of the Castilian people, the constant exercise of their decision-making capacity, the progressive transformation of their society in order to achieve freedom and the preservation of their historical heritage, as the most valuable legacy to pass on to future generations. It currently does not assume a social, economic, and cultural role that defines Castile. It holds great value towards many aspects of the human nature, which includes cultural and environmental ideals, its production of raw materials of high quality, and most importantly, the existence of a political power at the service of its citizens, should allow the Castilian people build a society more prosperous and developed, that satisfaction appropriate to the needs of the people. As an organization that is fully committed to unify the Castilians amongst themselves and the rest of Spain, Tierra Comunera is responsible for multiple organized experiences that are developed by the people giving them continuity and gathering the best thing of all of them to plan a way that incorporates the illusion of all the persons and sectors that believe for a possible and united Castile.
Yesca
A Castilian youth organization that specialized in combat action that creates struggles by the Revolutionary Youth of their land: Castilla. Yesca arose from the militant representation that during the decade of the 90s and the early years of the new millennium that was carried out by the Revolutionary Youth Castilian. It was not simply a change of name but the natural evolution of the project after years of struggles and experiences of another step in the construction of a real Spanish organization qualified to give answers to the problems that they suffer as young. Yesca is committed to bring together people that want to real changes in society, fighting from the framework of the construction of Castile between everyone. It is something that traditionally ignite the spark; the symbolic name presents to us as what we aspire to be and a catalytic tool of ideas and actions that will lead us to kindle the flame of the social revolution, gender and national they need.
Villalar de los Comuneros
For the last three decades, tens of thousands of Castilian attend "Villarlar of the Comuneros" on April 23 to celebrate the day of Castile. The Battle of Villalar was a battle in the Revolt of the Comuneros fought near the town of Villalar in Valladolid province, Spain. The royalist supporters of King Charles I won a crushing victory over the comuneros rebels. Three of the most important rebel leaders were captured, Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo, and Francisco Maldonado. They were executed the next day, effectively ending armed resistance to Charles I. The Battle of Villalar represents an important historical event in Castile because it marked the end of autocratic Spanish monarchy.
References
External links
Izquierda Castellana
Izquierda Comunera
Political parties in Castile and León
Political parties in Castilla–La Mancha
Political parties in the Community of Madrid
Socialist parties in Spain
Left-wing nationalist parties |
Events from the year 1513 in art.
Events
Albrecht Altdorfer appointed to the service of Maximilian I in Innsbruck, where he receives several commissions from the imperial court
Works
Fra Bartolomeo – SS Peter and Paul (Pinacoteca Vaticana)
Cima da Conegliano : Saints Roch, Anthony Abbot and Lucy (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Albrecht Dürer – Knight, Death and the Devil (engraving)
Leonardo da Vinci – Old Man with Water Studies (drawing)
Quentin Matsys – approximate dates
Madonna and Child with the Lamb
A Portrait of an Elderly Man
The Ugly Duchess
Palma Vecchio - Assumption of the Virgin (Gallerie dell'Accademia)
Births
Pierre Reymond, French enamelist (died 1584)
Approximate date – Pirro Ligorio, Italian architect and painter (died 1583)
Deaths
Michel Colombe, French sculptor (born 1430)
Pieter van Coninxloo, Early Netherlandish painter (born 1460)
Bastiano Mainardi, Italian painter (born 1466)
Agnolo di Domenico del Mazziere - Italian painter and draughtsman of Renaissance art (born 1466)
Pinturicchio, Italian painter of the Renaissance (born 1454)
Francesco Rosselli, Italian miniature painter, engraver of maps and old master prints (born 1445)
Years of the 16th century in art |
Major-General Baptist Barton Crozier, (17 July 1878 – 18 July 1957) was a British Army officer.
Military career
Crozier was commissioned into the Royal Artillery on 22 December 1898 and saw action during the Second Boer War and then the First World War. He fought at Givenchy on the Western Front for which he was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. He then saw action in Italy for which he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.
He went on to be Commander, Royal Artillery for Eastern Command in February 1929 and General Officer Commanding 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in October 1934 before retiring in December 1938.
References
1878 births
1957 deaths
British Army major generals
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War |
Erhardt Kapp (born June 16, 1959 in Romania) is a retired Romanian-American soccer defender and current business owner and soccer coach. He was also a member of the 1984 U.S. Olympic soccer team and U.S. national team.
Career
Kapp as a youth played for the New York-based Kolping Soccer Club and Blau-Weiss Gottschee. Kapp attended the University of Connecticut from 1977 to 1980, where he played on the men’s soccer team and became one of the most decorated players ever at UConn under Joe Morrone. He was named a first team All American in 1981. He was also a second-team All American in 1980 and earned honorable mention in 1978.
The New York Cosmos under head coach Hennes Weisweiler of the North American Soccer League (NASL) selected Kapp with the fourth pick in the first round of the 1981 NASL College Draft. He played with the Cosmos and was a teammate of players Franz Beckenbauer, Carlos Alberto, Giorgio Chinaglia, Vladislav Bogicevic and Johan Neeskens until the end of the 1983. They were Soccer Bowl finalists in 1981 and won the championship in 1982. Besides competing in the North American Soccer League, the Cosmos traveled all over the world playing against world-class teams in Asia, South America, Central America, Africa and Europe. On November 16, 1983, the Cosmos released Kapp and several other teammates because of salary constraints and downsizing of the club. In December 1983, Kapp signed with the Pittsburgh Spirit of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). After the Spirit folded, he moved to the Los Angeles Lazers in 1986 along with former Cosmos and Olympic teammate David Brcic and remained with the team through 1990.
Kapp also was a member of the U.S. Olympic soccer team at the 1984 Summer Olympics, where he started all three games under coach Alkis Panagoulias. The 3–0 win over Costa Rica was attended by 78,265 fans in Palo Alto, California. The U.S. went 1-1-1, beating Costa Rica 3-0, losing 1-0 to Italy, and tying Egypt 1–1. They failed to make it to the second round despite playing with professional players.
Kapp also earned five caps with the U.S. national team between 1983 and 1985. The national team did not play many games during that period. His first cap came in the only U.S. game in 1983, a 2–0 win over Haiti. Kapp came on for Alan Merrick. He then played three games in 1984, scoring in a 4-0 blowout of the Netherlands Antilles. His last cap came on May 15, 1985, in a victory over Trinidad and Tobago. The U.S. national team did not qualify for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico.
He owns a soccer retail store in Mamaroneck, New York. He also coaches and runs summer soccer camps in Westchester, New York.
Kapp's son, Alex Kapp was also a soccer player.
References
External links
UConn Record Book
Blau-Weiss Gottschee Website
NASL/MISL stats
1959 births
Living people
People from Arad County
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
American people of German-Romanian descent
Blau-Weiss Gottschee players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles Lazers players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
New York Cosmos (1970–1985) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
Olympic soccer players for the United States
Pittsburgh Spirit players
Romanian emigrants to the United States
UConn Huskies men's soccer players
United States men's international soccer players
All-American college men's soccer players
Men's association football defenders |
Marvin Earl "Pete" Center (April 22, 1912 – August 8, 2004) was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who appeared in 77 Major League games over all or part of four seasons (1942–1943; 1945–1946) for the Cleveland Indians. A native of Hazel Green, Kentucky, the , Center attended Morehead State University.
Center's pitching career began in 1934 in the St. Louis Cardinals' farm system. After spending two seasons in Class D baseball, he was out of the professional ranks in 1936, then spent 1937 as a position player before resuming his mound career in 1938 in the Class B Southeastern League. Acquired by the Indians the following year, Center rose to A ball, then the top level of minor league baseball, before making his debut with Cleveland on September 11, . In relief of Jim Bagby, Jr., Center allowed seven hits, four bases on balls and six earned runs in 3 innings pitched as the Indians bowed to the Boston Red Sox, 15–2, at League Park.
He spent the full campaign with Cleveland, appearing in 24 games, all but one as a relief pitcher, then served in the United States Army Air Forces during the 1944 campaign. Center then returned to the Indians for the season. That year he worked in 31 games, eight as a starting pitcher, and won six of nine decisions, with two complete games and one save. His MLB career wound down in , with 21 appearances, all in relief, for Cleveland.
Altogether, Center allowed 154 hits and 70 bases on balls in 160 innings pitched in the majors, with 50 strikeouts and three saves. He finished with seven wins and seven losses in 14 decisions and posted a 4.10 career earned run average.
References
External links
1912 births
2004 deaths
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Americus Cardinals players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Baseball players from Kentucky
Cleveland Indians players
Greensburg Trojans players
Greensburg Red Wings players
Jackson Senators players
Knoxville Smokies players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Morehead State Eagles baseball players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Wilkes-Barre Barons (baseball) players
People from Wolfe County, Kentucky |
Othos is one of the ten towns on the island of Karpathos, Greece. At an elevation of 508 metres, Othos is the highest town in Karpathos. It is twelve kilometres outside . It is built on the southern slopes of Mount Meloura, which is in the southern part of Lastos, at an altitude of 514 meters [2]. It is the most mountainous village of the island and one of the most mountainous in the prefecture of Dodecanese, its houses are built with traditional architecture and overlook the east coast of Karpathos and the Aegean. The Town of Othos includes Othos Village and the nearby settlements of Stes and Kallenes. In 2011, the Town of Othos recorded a census population of 281 residents, making it the sixth-largest town on the island.
Othos Village is frequented daily by bus from Pigadia. It has two bars and a small folklore museum.
References
Populated places in Karpathos (regional unit)
Karpathos |
The is the major Scouting organization of Japan. Starting with boys only, the organization was known as Boy Scouts of Japan from 1922 to 1971, and as Boy Scouts of Nippon from 1971 to 1995, when it became coeducational in all sections, leading to neutral naming. Scouting activity decreased radically during World War II but slowly recovered; membership at the end of May 2017 was 99,779.
History
Early years
Scouting was introduced to Japan in the autumn of 1909 by ambassador Akizuki Satsuo and Japanese teacher Hōjō Tokiyuki, who had visited England in 1908. A Japanese text based on Scouting for Boys was published as early as 1910, and a few sporadic troops sprang up, without any cohesion and without a proper grasp of the principles and aims of Scouting.
In 1911, General Maresuke Nogi went to England in attendance on Prince Yorihito Higashifushimi for the coronation of King George V. The general, also known as the "Defender of Port Arthur" was introduced to General Robert Baden-Powell, the "Defender of Mafeking".
The Scout troop in Yokohama welcomed Baden-Powell during his visit on 2 April 1912. The troop consisted primarily of British boys, but, from the beginning, also included a small number of American, Danish, and Norwegian boys and was led by a British Scouter, merchant Clarence Griffin. The 1st Yokohama, as it was called, had its first meeting on October 16, 1911, and was registered as a British Troop Abroad. The Troop charter and a Scoutmaster Warrant for Clarence Griffin were issued by Baden-Powell. With this registration only those with British nationality were able to "officially" join the troop, although this rule seems to have been loosely enforced. The Scout Association of Japan recognizes Clarence Griffin as Japan's first Scoutmaster and the "1st Yokohama", now the International Boy Scouts, Troop 1, as Japan's first recognized Boy Scout troop with a marker placed on his grave in the Yokohama Foreign General Cemetery. In 1918, at the urging of missionary Bro. Joseph Janning, the Group registration was changed to "international" and boys of all nationalities were officially allowed to join the troop. In 1923 this Group became the first directly registered Group of the newly formed Boy Scout International Bureau (now World Scout Bureau).
The Troop remains active in Yokohama as the International Boy Scouts, Troop 1.
During his short 1912 visit to Japan Baden-Powell did, however, see something of the Kenjinsha, an old time youth movement. During this period homegrown Japanese troops began to develop and existed alongside expatriate troops in Yokohama, Kobe and Osaka. Hiroshi Koshiba started a Tokyo-based group in 1913. At the time of the coronation of the Taishō Emperor in 1915, Scouts were organized in Tokyo, Shizuoka, Kyoto and Hokkaido.
In 1920 three delegates, Toyomatsu Shimoda, Hiroshi Koshiba, and Richard Suzuki, attended the 1st World Scout Jamboree at Olympia, London. Shimoda and Koshiba were both adults and, when they met Richard Suzuki aboard ship and learned he was a Scout, they invited him to join. Richard was the son of a Japanese father and a British mother and was traveling to England for study. Richard was a member of the Yokohama international troop and, being the only Scout aged delegate, Richard carried the Japanese placard in the "Procession of the Nations" during the opening ceremonies.
In 1920 Crown Prince, later Emperor, Hirohito also visited Great Britain, experienced Scouting first hand and expressed the hope that Scouting would develop fully in Japan and join the world movement. The Nippon Kenjidan, forerunner of the "Boy Scouts of Japan" was founded in 1921, when Shimoda began a national group that was restructured and merged with other groups in April 1922. The organization was reformed as the Boy Scouts of Japan in April 1922 by Count Futara Yoshinori and Viscount Mishima Michiharu. Japan was admitted as a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement later in 1922.
The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake brought the work of the Scouts of Tokyo and Kobe to the notice of the general public. Count Gotō Shimpei, a doctor and a statesman, was made the first Chief Scout of Japan and tasked with the rebuilding. As Minister of Railways, Count Gotō travelled around the country, and was able to promote Scouting in his spare time. In 1924, Japan fielded a full contingent of 25 to the 2nd World Scout Jamboree in Denmark under Rear Admiral Count Sano Tsuneha, during which Count Sano attended a Wood Badge course at Gilwell Park. Count Sano returned to Japan and created Japan's own training course, called Jisshu-jo, for both Cub and Scout leaders, which is still used to this day, after completion of two preliminary courses, Koshu-kai and Kenshu-kai.
Count Futara Yoshinori was the first Japanese member of the World Scout Committee of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1931 until 1939.
In February 1937, Isamu Takeshita was appointed head of the Boy Scouts of Japan, the Sea Scouts, and the YMCA, as part of the general militarization of Japanese sports and athletics taking place at that time.
Japanese military authorities did not consistently encourage the Scouting movement in occupied territories. Where local conditions were favorable, authorities would permit local Scouting or introduce Japanese-style Scouting, or Shōnendan, and sometimes even made this compulsory. On the other hand, where conditions were not favorable, and anti-Japanese sentiments were likely to be nurtured through Scouting, the authorities would prohibit it entirely.
World War II and aftermath
Scouting in Japan suffered almost complete eclipse in World War II, and took time to recover. Occupation authorities had blacklisted the ex-military officers, disregarding age or sympathies. This held Count Sano and others back from their sincere desire to restore Boy Scouts of Japan to its former correct basis. Gradually, military supervision was relaxed and the original group began to take over, with beneficial results.
The occupation period was difficult on Scouting, just as it was on Japanese daily life. The participant patch (usually embroidered or woven) for the first National Scout Rally was printed on paper, because of the financial situation of that time. Period pieces of Scouting memorabilia from that time are rare and highly prized. Japan was re-admitted as a full member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1950, remarkable and unique in the history of nations in which Scouting has been interrupted. Within ten years of World War II, Scout membership had grown to 80,000. In 1957, the first Wood Badge course by that name was held in Japan. In 1959, Japan held the Second Nippon Jamboree, shortly after the conclusion of the 10th World Scout Jamboree in the Philippines.
Modern period
In 1961, Viscount Michiharu Mishima was awarded the Bronze Wolf, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting. Other recipients from Japan include Hidesaburō Kurushima, chairman of the national board and international commissioner, in 1967, Taizō Ishizaka in 1971, Saburō Matsukata in 1972, Shintarō Negishi in 1975, Akira Watanabe in 1977, Yorihiro Matsudaira in 1981, August S. Narumi in 1984, Ichirō Terao in 1985, and Yoritake Matsudaira in 2012.
In 1971, BSJ hosted three major World Scouting events, the 13th World Scout Jamboree and the 1st World Scout Forum in Shizuoka, and the 23rd World Scout Conference in Tokyo.
After the 13th World Scout Jamboree in 1971, there was discussion about the national association's name. The word "Japan" is not Japanese, rather based on a southern Chinese dialect, which Marco Polo heard as "Zippang", eventually becoming "Japan" in English. The Japanese corrected the association's name to match their own language, as "Boy Scouts of Nippon" in 1971.
Since 1974, SAJ has every year invited some 45 Scouts from Scout associations in the Asia-Pacific Region to take part in major international events such as Jamborees, Ventures, Agoonorees and Rover Scouting events.
In 1995, Japanese Scouting became coeducational and, after that point, to use "Boy Scout" would strictly be incorrect. Further it was decided that the proper national name "Nippon" was not well known worldwide. Japanese Scouting once again changed its national association's name in English to the "Scout Association of Japan" (SAJ). However, there is contradiction in the original charter, that Boy Scouts of Japan (or Nippon) is still used in the writing of the Japanese language Scout Constitution. Therefore, it was decided that the official name is to be in the Japanese language, and the English expression is for the convenience and benefit of overseas Scouts to connect with Japanese Scouting.
SAJ celebrated its 75th Anniversary of founding of the National Scout Association in 1997 and hosted the second Asia-Pacific Regional Top Leaders' Summit Conference in Gotemba and Tokyo.
Scouting in Japan has grown steadily and established an eminent place for itself in social education for young people. The aim of the Scout Association of Japan is to help young people become responsible humanitarian citizens, who can appreciate and practice loyalty, courage and self-respect in an international perspective. With the support of volunteer leaders, the Scout movement in Japan provides fun-filled, challenging programs, with an emphasis on developing each young person's character, health, abilities and sense of service to others.
The Scout Association of Japan is a non-political, voluntary movement, with open subscription. The geographic structure of Japanese Scouting is the council, generally conforming to prefecture boundaries. Japanese Scouting also exists abroad, in communities with large native Japanese populations, such as Amsterdam (Netherlands) and Singapore.
In recent years, SAJ held several international events, which include the sixth Nippon Agoonoree in Ehime in August 1999, the 5th Nippon Venture in Ōita in August 2000, the National Rover Moot 2001 in Aichi in August 2001, and the 23rd Asia-Pacific/13th Nippon Jamboree in Osaka in August 2002.
Japanese Scouts are actively involved in international understanding and cooperation programs, such as the ORT twinning project by Rovers with the Bangladesh Scouts, and nationwide fundraising activities for refugees in UNHCR camps.
The 23rd World Scout Jamboree took place at Kirara Beach, Yamaguchi, in 2015. The theme was "和 Wa: A Spirit of Unity".
Chief Scouts
1st Shimoda Toyomatsu, 1924–1929
2nd Gotō Shinpei, 1935–1936
3rd Isamu Takeshita, 1937–1945
4th Mishima Michiharu, 1951–1965
5th Hidesaburō Kurushima, 1966–1970
6th Saburō Matsukata, 1971–1973
7th Akira Watanabe, 1974–2003
8th Shōichi Saba, 2003 – April 1, 2006
9th Tsunao Hashimoto, April 1, 2006 – March 31, 2010
10th Takayasu Okushima, April 1, 2010 – present
Scouting program and ideals
The Scout Motto is , translating as "Be Prepared" in Japanese.
The Scout emblem incorporates the sacred mirror Yata no Kagami, which represents wisdom and honesty.
The Japanese Scout uniform consists of a brown vest, brown pants with light blue pockets, and light blue cap for Beaver Scouts; a blue shirt, pants, and cap for Cub Scouts; khaki with green line edge shirt and pants, and a green beret for Boy Scouts; and a khaki shirt and pants, and green beret for Venture, Rover, and adult Scouts. Prior to the 23rd World Scout Jamboree, the SAJ introduced new uniforms and phased in new insignia for all sections. Standardized council insignia were introduced for the first time in 2015. The new council badges are 4.8 cm x 11 cm, smaller than the standard US version.
The program sections are:
Beaver Scouts (), age 6 to 8
Cub Scouts (), age 8 to 11
Boy Scouts (), age 11 to 14
Venture Scouts (), age 14 to 20
Rover Scouts (), age 18 to 24
Scout Promise and Oath
In the Scout Association of Japan, Beaver Scouts and Cub Scouts use the term "Promise" (). Scouts above are use the term "Oath" (). However, in the official English website of the Scout Association of Japan, these are all called "Promise".
Scout Law
Ranks
The ranks are:
Tenderfoot (Sho-kyū )
2nd Class (Ni-kyū )
1st Class (Ikkyū )
Chrysanthemum (Kiku )
The highest rank of the Boy Scouts is the . "Kiku" is the Japanese word for chrysanthemum.
The highest rank of the Venture Scouts is the . It is named after Mount Fuji.
Councils
The SAJ operates and maintains 48 councils, each corresponding to prefectural borders and a National Council for top-level staff and employees.
Decline in membership
Per SAJ records, membership dropped from 332,000 in 1983 to 115,000 in 2016.
Total membership at the end of March 2012 was 143,272.
By the end of March 2015, membership was 105,676
SAJ statistical data as of May, 2017 is 99,779, a loss of 9,749 from 2016, the first time to drop below 100,000 since the 1960s.
Awards for Japanese Scouters
The highest award, suspended from a white ribbon with two red stripes
The second-highest award, suspended from a white ribbon with two green stripes
The third-highest award, suspended from a white ribbon with two yellow stripes
Notable Scouts
Ryutaro Hashimoto, the 82nd and 83rd Prime Minister of Japan
Yukio Hattori, the fifth president of the Hattori Nutrition College, commentator on the Japanese cooking competition program Iron Chef
Soichi Noguchi, Japanese astronaut
Makoto Raiku, manga artist (Zatch Bell!)
Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese video game designer
International Scouting
The Scout Association of Japan hosted the 13th World Scout Jamboree on the Asagiri Plateau, Shizuoka Prefecture, in 1971, and the nearly simultaneous 23rd World Scout Conference. Since then, it has hosted numerous other international activities, including the Asia Pacific Top Leaders Summit in 1997, the Asia-Pacific Multi-Purpose Workshop in 2000, and the 23rd Asia-Pacific/13th Nippon Jamboree in 2002.
Japan also hosted the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in 2015 in Yamaguchi.
An exchange program between the Scout Association of Japan and the Boy Scouts of America was started in 1998, at the suggestion of then-Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto in a 1996 meeting with U.S. President Bill Clinton.
See also
Kurushima Takehiko
Koshiba Hiroshi
Hōjō Tokiyuki
Isamu Takeshita
Girl Scouts of Japan
Baden-Powell Scouts Association-Japan
World Buddhist Scout Brotherhood
Boy Scouts of Manchukuo
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website of Scout Association of Japan
Official website of Scout Association of Japan
Scouting in Japan
World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations
Youth organizations established in 1913
1913 establishments in Japan |
Year 236 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caudinus and Varus (or, less frequently, year 518 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 236 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Asia Minor
Antiochus Hierax, supported by his mother Laodice I, allies himself with the Galatians (Celts) and two other states that are traditional foes of the Seleucid kingdom. With the aid of these forces, he inflicts a crushing defeat on his older brother Seleucus II's army at Ancyra in Anatolia. Seleucus leaves the country beyond the Taurus Mountains to his brother and the other powers of the peninsula.
Egypt
Eratosthenes is appointed by King Ptolemy III Euergetes as head and third librarian of the Alexandrian library.
China
King Ying Zheng of the State of Qin begins a series of campaigns against the State of Zhao that will end with Zhao's conquest in 228 BC. The Qin generals Huan Yi and Wang Jian seize nine cities in the Yecheng region.
Sri Lanka
Buddhism is introduced to Sri Lanka by Mahinda, a monk acting on behalf of the late Ashoka.
Births
Scipio Africanus, Roman general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic (approximate date) (d. 183 BC)
Deaths
References |
The Mark Twain Zephyr was an early diesel four-unit articulated zephyr train that was similar to the Pioneer Zephyr in style. The train was built by the Budd Company and was powered by a diesel engine produced by the Winton Engine Company. The train was named after the renowned author Mark Twain because it was scheduled to provide service from St. Louis, Missouri to Burlington, Iowa via Hannibal, Missouri, his hometown. The train's exterior structure used stainless steel, and had a "shovel nose" front.
The power car, number 9903, was named Injun Joe. The three trailer cars received other names of Mark Twain characters, Becky Thatcher, Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn. The train was christened on October 25, 1935, in Hannibal by Nina Clemens Gabilowitsch (1910-1966), the granddaughter and ultimately last descendant of its namesake. The ceremony was broadcast coast to coast on CBS radio. Two days later, it entered revenue service.
CB&Q ownership
The Mark Twain Zephyr was operated by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad between October 1935 and April 1958.
While the Mark Twain Zephyr's "home route" was considered the railroad line between Burlington, Iowa and St. Louis, Missouri via Hannibal, Missouri, the train only spent just a little more than half of its 22.5-year life operating on that route. The equipment was frequently used on other CB&Q routes, most notably: Chicago to Denver, Colorado (1936); Chicago to St. Paul, Minnesota (a few weeks in 1936); St. Louis to Kansas City, Missouri (various extended periods between 1937 and 1942); Dallas to Houston (a few months in 1938); and Galesburg, Illinois to St. Joseph, Missouri (1953-1957).
The Mark Twain Zephyr made newspaper headlines following two accidents which occurred during the summer and autumn of 1948. On Saturday, July 31, 1948, the train derailed at the railroad bridge over Devils Creek about four miles west of Viele, Iowa. Only two passengers sustained minor injuries. On Wednesday, October 17, 1948, the train set was again damaged after hitting a loaded sand truck at Spring Grove, Iowa. No passengers, nor the truck driver, were hurt.
In the early 1950s, the Mark Twain Zephyr had two separate incidents involving Mississippi River barges while operating on the CB&Q's 'K-Line', which parallels the busy shipping waterway in Iowa. The first (and most serious) event occurred on Thursday, November 16, 1950. According to news reports, an empty oil barge belonging to the W.C. Harms Company went up on shore north of Keokuk, Iowa, and over the track. 'Injun Joe' and 'Becky Thatcher' derailed as a result of striking the barge. There was only one minor injury, and the 19 passengers on board continued to Burlington via a Keokuk City bus. Rail traffic had to be rerouted via the Carthage branch until the two units could be re-railed. The first wrecker sent from Galesburg was too light for the task and a second wrecker had to be sent. Less than one year later, on Sunday, August 19, 1951, newspaper reports indicate that a barge also was washed ashore and over the tracks of the K-Line near the exact same spot in Keokuk. Luckily, the engineer was able to slow down in time and the Mark Twain Zephyr did not end up striking it. There was, however, a delay for workers to clear the tracks.
In many ways, the articulated design of the Mark Twain Zephyr, which was done to make the train more aerodynamic, became its own downfall. Due to the fixed design, the CB&Q could not add additional cars to the train set during peak travel periods. Crews often had to set up folding chairs in the baggage car for overflow seating, especially during holiday weekends and the even the weekly southbound run into St. Louis on Sunday evenings. The Mark Twain Zephyr saw its last day of operation on April 27, 1958. It was replaced by other diesel trains that could have coaches added or subtracted due to demand.
Previous private ownership
After being retired by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) in April 1958, the Mark Twain Zephyr was put into storage at a locomotive shop in West Burlington, Iowa.
In June 1960, the Mark Twain Zephyr was purchased by Charles "Frank" Dashner of Glenwood, Iowa. Dashner's original plan was to sell the train to Cuba, however rising tensions over Communism and the Cuban Missile Crisis quickly put an end to that opportunity. Dashner then wanted to develop the Mark Twain Zephyr into a rail-themed restaurant and motel, which would have been located at the then newly built Interstate 29 and U.S. Highway 34 intersection. Before Dashner could make the final payment on the Mark Twain Zephyr, he died on February 24, 1961, at the age of 51. The Mark Twain Zephyr had not been moved, pending final payment, remaining at the CB&Q Shops in West Burlington, Iowa. Dashner's widow and then two teenage children had no interest in continuing to own the train. Thus, ownership reverted to the CB&Q, who put it up for sale again.
In June 1962, the Mark Twain Zephyr was purchased by Ernie A. Hayes of Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Hayes owned an insurance company and was a community activist promoting tourism to Mount Pleasant and Southeast Iowa. Hayes was also the creator and developer of the Avenue of the Saints, a highway linking the Twin Cities and St. Louis. The train was moved to Mount Pleasant in September 1962, where it was kept at the Old Thresher's Reunion site in McMillan Park. Hayes encouraged the Midwest Central Railroad, which was part of Old Thersher's Reunion, to construct a standard gauge loop track so that the Mark Twain Zephyr could be put into service as a regional tourist attraction.
In December 1968, Hayes donated the Mark Twain Zephyr outright to the Old Thresher's Reunion and Midwest Central Railroad in hopes of spurring interest. The train continued to be parked at their McMillan Park property in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, for the next 11 years. The Board of Directors of Old Thresher's Reunion and the Midwest Central Railroad were often at odds as to whether it was worth the money to build the track needed for the Mark Twain Zephyr to operate and to pay for its restoration. Some officials felt it would be worth it; others felt their organization's limited funds should be spent on old steam tractors instead. In the end, the Mark Twain Zephyr suffered significant damage from vandalism during the 1970s while in Mount Pleasant and was never restored or operated. During the winter of 1978–1979, Lennis Moore, the then-new CEO of Old Thresher's Reunion and the Midwest Central Railroad convinced the Board to begin looking for buyers for the Mark Twain Zephyr.
In Spring 1979, the train was purchased by Alexander Barket Sr., a prominent Kansas City bank president and real estate promoter specializing in the rehabilitation of commercial buildings. Earlier, Barket had purchased and refurbished more than two dozen passenger cars from the original CB&Q Denver Zephyr and Texas Zephyr, however sold them off to a railroad in Saudi Arabia in 1976 to pay off mounting legal bills. Barket Sr. planned to restore the Mark Twain Zephyr and possibly turn it into a tourist railroad that would carry passengers through nearby Swope Park in Kansas City. In June 1979, while the train cars were being moved from Mount Pleasant, Iowa to a siding on the southwest side of Kansas City, Barket Sr. died unexpectedly.
After Barket Sr.'s untimely death in 1979, ownership of his estate - including the fate of the Mark Twain Zephyr train set - ended up becoming a complicated tangle of lawsuits involving his various companies, creditors, family members, and others. Ownership finally ended up with Westgate Bancshares, Inc., which was headed up by Ken A. Wilson. A 1983 appraisal reported the Mark Twain Zephyr was worth $600,000 "as-is", but had the potential of being worth $6,000,000, if fully restored. The bank and its various brokers struggled for several years to find potential buyers. Wilson confirmed that recording artist Neil Young almost purchased the train during this time period; his intentions were to restore it and use it as a touring vehicle for himself and his band. However, the deal fell through when Young realized the logistics of dealing with freight railroads for every move.
Dave Simpson, who was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in 1970, became the seventh private owner of the Mark Twain Zephyr in 1983. However, little work was done by Simpson on the train. During this period, the Mark Twain Zephyr remained parked on an industrial siding on the southeast side of Kansas City.
In September 1987, the train set was purchased by a trio of Chicago-area businessmen (Dan Krupske, John C. Lowe, and Ronald Lorenzini), who formed Mark Twain Zephyr, Inc. Almost immediately after purchasing the cars, they moved them to the Mid America Car Corporation, a business on the north side of Kansas City that had its own railroad yard and refurbished railroad cars. Krupske, Lowe, and Lorenzini had hopes of teaming with Coors, who they anticipated would pick up the majority of the restoration costs in exchange for the rights to lease the train for a period of time. The marketing campaign would promote "Silver Bullet" Beer.
In 1988, discussion between Coors and Mark Twain Zephyr, Inc. ended without an agreement. Krupske, Lowe, and Lorenzini decided to re-locate the train closer to where they lived. Between October 1988 and May 1997, the Mark Twain Zephyr was stored on various sidings at the Joliet Army Ammunition Plant. During this period, Mark Twain Zephyr, Inc. was in talks with various other potential partners. Ideas included constriction of a Twain-themed amusement part in Bettendorf, Iowa, a dinner train from Chicago to the Quad Cities, or a stationary restaurant and hotel in Downers Grove or DeKalb, Illinois.
In 1997, the federal government began redevelopment of the Joliet Army Ammunition Plant into the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie. Plans included removing all railroad sidings on the property, including the ones where the Mark Twain Zephyr had been parked for the previous decade. Krupske, Lowe, and Lorenzini then made a partnership deal with the Relco Locomotive Shops in Minooka, Illinois to store the train. It remained on this property from May 1997 to January 2008. Relco and Mark Twain Zephyr, Inc. could not find additional investors or capital to restore the train. Besides the original Winton engine and trucks/wheels being removed, not much work occurred on the Mark Twain Zephyr.
In late 2007, Relco decided to begin a complete shut down of its Minooka Plant. This forced Mark Twain Zephyr, Inc. to find another home for the train. In January 2008, the Mark Twain Zephyr was moved down to Gateway Rail Services in Madison, Illinois, in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area. Gateway Rail Services has two shop buildings and a dedicated staff to refurbish old passenger railroad cars. Management was interested in potentially getting the contract to do the rebuild of the Mark Twain Zephyr, a deal that would have worth millions of dollars. Unfortunately, not much was done to improve the train during the 12 years it remained at Gateway Rail Services. The Mark Twain Zephyr had basically become an empty stainless steel shell sitting along a fence on the property.
Current ownership and operations
The Wisconsin Great Northern Railroad, a family-owned and operated company, located in Trego, Wisconsin, purchased the Mark Twain Zephyr from Mark Twain Zephyr, Inc. on February 19, 2020. The sale was officially closed on June 30, 2020. The Wisconsin Great Northern's owners, Greg and Mardell Vreeland, made their purchase public on July 27, 2020, through exclusive news articles in TRAINS Magazine and the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel.
The four cars of the Mark Twain Zephyr and the spare car of the Pioneer Zephyr were shipped from Madison, Illinois to Trego, Wisconsin by semi-truck (Over the Top Contractors) between August 1, 2020, and September 4, 2020. A full-time crew of electricians, carpenters, and other skilled craftspeople employed by the Wisconsin Great Northern Railroad are working on a complete overhaul of the Mark Twain Zephyr at this time. Once restored, the Wisconsin Great Northern Railroad plans to operate the Mark Twain Zephyr on its main railroad line between Trego and Springbrook, Wisconsin.
References
External links
Gateway Rail Services
Google Maps satellite view of the train set's current location (April 2010)
Flickr gallery showing the state of the train in 1983
A webpage tracking the restoration process
Passenger trains of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Articulated passenger trains
Railway services introduced in 1935
Budd multiple units
Diesel multiple units of the United States
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy locomotives |
Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage () is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama directed by Vikram Bhatt, starring Hrithik Roshan and Ameesha Patel. Upon release, it was a critical disaster, receiving overwhelmingly negative reviews. Notably, this is the second and final time the lead pair has worked together after their debut film Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000).
Plot
Sapna is the only daughter of a wealthy underworld Don, Pratap Dholakia. She lives in terror of her father and brother Raman's tyranny, violence, and dangerous gang associations. Due to their numerous enemies, they have kept Sapna confined at home all her life with only her sister-in-law, Nisha, for company and comfort. Highly sheltered, naïve, and lonely, Sapna longs to break free.
One night Sapna attends her childhood friend's wedding without Pratap's permission, and on the drive home is attacked by Pratap's rival gang. Rohit, a local college student, witnesses the attack and protects Sapna. They immediately fall for each other, but before they can introduce themselves she is rescued by Pratap's men. Livid, Pratap forbids Sapna from ever leaving the house again.
The next morning, Rohit obtains Sapna's name from a newspaper article about the incident. He and his friends manage to enter her home as a musical band, performing for the Navaratri dance celebrations. Sparks fly between him and Sapna over the nine nights of Navaratri and they start meeting secretly. Although Raman is suspicious, Rohit charms Pratap and earns his trust when Sapna explains that he was the man who had saved her on the night of the gang attack. Rohit sneaks Sapna out for excursions around town and takes her home to meet his parents, who receive her lovingly. Nisha discovers their relationship, warning Sapna of Pratap's cruelty and what he and Raman would do to Rohit if they found out. In the meantime, Pratap, thinking that Sapna would be safest abroad, arranges for her to marry the son of a wealthy friend in London. He announces their engagement on the last night of Navaratri in front of all guests, shocking both Sapna and Rohit.
Devastated, Sapna ends her relationship with Rohit in order to protect him from her father and brother. Nisha then secretly visits Rohit at his college to return jewelry he had given Sapna, explaining that Sapna loves him so much that she is willing to enter a loveless marriage to keep him safe. Undeterred, on the night of Sapna's engagement party, Rohit whisks her away to his hostel, reasoning that it would be the last place Pratap would search for her. With the help of his friends (and, soon, all the boys in the college), Sapna is disguised as a male student and settles in happily, tasting freedom for the first time. Meanwhile, Pratap assumes that Sapna has been abducted by his rival, Kania Pathan, and Raman executes a violent search for her, mercilessly attacking Kania Pathan's men and territory. When this proves futile, Pratap has his telephone bill checked and notices frequent calls to and from an unfamiliar phone number, soon identifying it as Rohit's.
Raman and his men arrive at Rohit's hostel, intending to retrieve Sapna by force. In defense, a hundred of Rohit's peers arrive carrying sticks and bats, showing solidarity with Rohit and Sapna. Before a fight can ensue, Pratap appears and publicly berates Raman for coming to the hostel without his permission. He earnestly displays fatherly concern, declaring his approval of Rohit and Sapna's relationship and convincing Sapna to return home with him to prepare for her wedding to Rohit.
Bursting with joy, Sapna arrives back home and tells Nisha of her father's acceptance. Dismayed, Nisha reveals that Pratap deceived Sapna to avoid creating a scene at the hostel, and that her father's pride is more valuable to him than Sapna's happiness. Sapna pleads with Pratap, who furiously informs her that she is to fly to London that very night. Under the guise of peace, Pratap summons Rohit to his factory, revealing his true intentions. When Rohit refuses to give up Sapna, Pratap orders Raman and his men to kill Rohit. They brutally beat Rohit and toss him in a gully, thinking that he is dead. Sapna overhears Pratap speaking of Rohit's death and overdoses on pills, intending to kill herself. She leaves a suicide note in her room and, before leaving for the airport, informs her father that he has crushed her so much that she wishes to go to be with her (long deceased) mother. After Sapna leaves, Nisha finds her suicide note and throws it at Pratap, screaming at him for selfishly causing his own daughter to commit suicide.
As Raman and his men escort Sapna to the airport, Rohit appears, bloodied and enraged. With renewed strength, he fights them off just as Sapna starts coughing up blood, succumbing to her overdose. He professes his love for her and takes her to a hospital, where she is stabilized. The film concludes with Pratap, emotional and humbled, silently hugging Rohit for saving Sapna's life again and giving the couple his blessing.
Cast
Hrithik Roshan as Rohit Malhotra
Ameesha Patel as Sapna Dholakia
Kiran Kumar as Pratap Dholakia, Sapna's father
Mukesh Tiwari as Raman Dholakia, Sapna's older brother
Nishigandha Wad as Nisha Dholakia, Raman's wife
Alok Nath as Rohit's father
Madhuri Sanjeev as Rohit's mother
Shahbaz Khan as Kania Pathan, special appearance as Pratap's gang rival
Prithvi Zutshi as Hasu Patel
Ali Asgar as Madhu, Rohit's friend
Hemant Pandey as Nayansukh, Rohit's roommate
Music
Music was provided by Rajesh Roshan. Lyrics were provided by Dev Kohli and Ibrahim Ashq.
Track listing
References
External links
2000s Hindi-language films
2002 films
2002 romantic drama films
Films directed by Vikram Bhatt
Indian romantic drama films
Films scored by Rajesh Roshan
2002 drama films
Hindi-language romance films |
The 12th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a nine months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, predominantly in the Defenses of Washington, from October 1862 to July 1863. It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.
History
The 12th Vermont Infantry, a nine months regiment, raised as a result of President Lincoln's call on August 4, 1862, for additional troops due to the disastrous results of the Peninsula Campaign.
It was composed of volunteers from ten volunteer militia companies as follows:
West Windsor Guards, Co. A
Woodstock Light Infantry, Co. B
Howard Guard of Burlington, Co. C
July 14th, 1863 has Company G under the command of Ebenzer J. Ornisbill (spelling ?)
Tunbridge Light Infantry, Co. D
Ransom Guards of St. Albans, Co. E
New England Guard of Northfield, Co. F
Allen Grays of Brandon, Co. G
Bradford Guards, Co. H
Saxton's River Light Infantry of Rockingham, Co. I
Rutland Light Guard, Co. K
Colonel Asa P. Blunt, previously of the 3rd and 6th Vermont regiments, was selected to command the regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Roswell Farnham and Major Levi G. Kingsley had held commissions in the 1st Vermont Infantry, along with a total of 65 officers and men.
The regiment went into camp at Brattleboro on September 25, 1862, and was mustered into United States service on October 4. It left Vermont on October 7, and arrived in Washington, D.C., on October 10, and went into camp on East Capital Hill. On October 30 it became part of the 2nd Vermont Brigade, which also included the 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th Vermont Infantry regiments.
Colonel Blunt, as ranking colonel, commanded the brigade until the arrival of Brigadier General Edwin H. Stoughton, on December 7.
Stoughton was not popular with the officers and men of the brigade, so when he was captured by Confederate partisan John S. Mosby on March 9, 1863, few mourned his loss. Colonel Blunt assumed command of the brigade again, turning it over to the new brigade commander, Brigadier General George J. Stannard, on April 20, who led the brigade until the Battle of Gettysburg.
The regiment marched to Munson's Hill on October 30, and Hunting Creek the next day, where it stayed until December 12, in 'Camp Vermont.' It was engaged in picket duty near Fairfax Courthouse from December 12 to January 20, 1863, participating in a repulse of J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry on December 29. The regiment was stationed at Wolf Run Shoals from January 20 to May 1, performed railroad guard duty at Warrenton Junction until May 7, and camped near Rappahannock Station until May 18. From then until June 1, it camped near Bristoe and Catlett's Station. For the majority of June, it was at Union Mills.
On June 25, the brigade was assigned as the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, and ordered to form the rear guard of the Army of the Potomac as it marched north after Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The 12th marched with the brigade from Wolf Run Shoals on June 25, crossed the Potomac river on June 27, at Edward's Ferry, and moved north through Frederick City and Creagerstown, Maryland. It was drawing near Gettysburg on July 1, when the 12th and 15th regiments were detached to guard the corps trains.
The regiment accompanied the corps trains to Rock Creek Church, near the battlefield, and two companies of the 12th went forward to protect ammunition trains on the Taneytown road.
After the battle, the regiment moved south to Westminster, Maryland, then served as guards for a train of 2,500 Confederate prisoners who were taken to Baltimore, Maryland. Departing Baltimore, the regiment traveled to Brattleboro, Vermont, where it arrived on July 9. It was mustered out on July 14, 1863.
Dozens of newly discharged members of the regiment enlisted again, predominantly in the regiments of the 1st Vermont Brigade, and the 17th Vermont Infantry.
Final Statement
See also
Vermont in the Civil War
References
Benedict, G. G., Vermont in the Civil War. A History of the part taken by the Vermont Soldiers And Sailors in the War For The Union, 1861-5. Burlington, VT.: The Free Press Association, 1888, ii:402-405.
Dyer, Frederick Henry, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. New York: T. Yoseloff, 1908. 3 vol.
Peck, Theodore S., compiler, Revised Roster of Vermont Volunteers and lists of Vermonters Who Served in the Army and Navy of the United States During the War of the Rebellion, 1861-66. Montpelier, VT.: Press of the Watchman Publishing Co., 1892, pp. 456–457.
Further reading
Coffin, Howard, Full Duty: Vermonters in the Civil War. Woodstock, VT.: Countryman Press, 1995.
-----. Nine Months to Gettysburg. The Vermonters Who Broke Pickett's Charge. Woodstock, VT.: Countryman Press, 1997.
Palmer, Edwin F., The Second Brigade: or, Camp Life, By a Volunteer, Montpelier: E. P. Walton, 1864.
External links
Vermont in the Civil War
Vermont National Guard Library and Museum
Vermont Military Records Project, Vermont Public Records Division
Units and formations of the Union Army from Vermont
2nd Vermont Brigade
1862 establishments in Vermont |
Marcel Renaud (27 May 1926 – 5 December 2016) was a French sprint and slalom canoeist who competed in the 1940s and the 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won a silver medal in the C-2 10000 m event at Melbourne in 1956. Renaud also won a bronze medal in the K-4 1000 m at the 1954 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships at Mâcon. In canoe slalom, he won a gold medal in the C-1 team event at the 1949 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Geneva.
Renaud's uncle Marcel finished fourth in the 4000 m team pursuit cycling event at Paris in 1924. Both of his sons would win Olympic canoeing medals of their own. His oldest son, Eric, won a bronze in the C-2 1000 m event at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles while his youngest son, Philippe, won a bronze in the C-2 500 m at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.
References
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Canadian Pairs 1000 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 481–2.
1926 births
2016 deaths
Canoeists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
French male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for France
Olympic silver medalists for France
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships |
Pal-Kal () was a construction method for concrete ceilings, invented by engineer Eli Ron in the late 1970s (Israel Patent No. 104,101).
The Pal-Kal method offered an easier, faster, and cheaper solution for casting ceilings compared to traditional reinforced concrete slabs. However, certain applications of this method were proven to be extremely dangerous, and the use of non-standard Pal-Kal ceilings was the main cause of the collapse of the Versailles wedding hall disaster.
Construction method
The basic principle of the Pal-Kal method involved using galvanized steel boxes inside the concrete, replacing the steel rods intended for reinforcement against bending and the upper reinforcement rods. The shape of the concrete poured between the steel boxes was similar to that obtained in a regular ribbed ceiling. In some Pal-Kal ceilings, there was also a thin layer of concrete underneath. The galvanized boxes were placed with the opening facing downwards and with spaces between them. The concrete was poured between and above the boxes. The boxes created air spaces within the ceiling while providing sufficient static thickness. The galvanized steel acted as formwork and also served as reinforcement against bending. In some non-standard Pal-Kal ceilings, the boxes replaced the reinforcement stirrups designed to prevent shearing.
Various versions of the Pal-Kal construction were developed over time, with different combinations of galvanized boxes and different concrete sections, with or without additional steel reinforcement:
Pal-Kal ceiling in a T-section with standard reinforcement stirrups and horizontal reinforcement in its bottom thin layer of concrete.
Pal-Kal ceiling in an I-section with standard reinforcement stirrups.
Pal-Kal ceiling in an I-section without reinforcement stirrups.
Pal-Kal ceiling in an I-section with non-compliant reinforcement stirrups.
Versions 1 and 2 included reinforcement stirrups that provided shear resistance, and such ceilings were considered standard. Versions 3 and 4, without reinforcement stirrups, were non-standard and even hazardous.
Construction process of Pal-Kal ceilings began with the pouring of a very thin layer of non-structural concrete with minimal reinforcement. The role of this concrete was not structural. Above or into this initial concrete layer, the galvanized boxes were inserted in the shape of the letter 'ח' (Chet in Hebrew). Then, additional concrete was poured above the boxes to create the final rigid ceiling. The galvanized steel's function was to ensure better adhesion between it and the concrete.
Problems
Lack of shear resistance: The galvanized boxes could not withstand shear forces as designed reinforcement stirrups would. The attachment of the boxes to the initial thin concrete layer was weak and imprecise. In a later version of Pal-Kal, additional shear reinforcement in the form of a ladder was added, but it was not adequately anchored to provide its intended constructive role.
Carrying capacity of the lower concrete layer, with its thickness of about 5–6 cm, was compromised once the boxes were inserted.
The quality of galvanized steel used in Pal-Kal was much inferior compared to standard steel used for reinforcement in concrete.
Corrosion issues: The air spaces created within the ceiling allowed for the accumulation of water, leading to corrosion without visible signs.
Construction of Pal-Kal ceilings involved multi-stage pouring with significant time gaps between them. If the second pouring was delayed by even a few hours, the initially poured concrete would set partially, creating a weak point in the concrete (whose strength could not be measured).
Pal-Kal ceilings did not allow early detection of problems like cracks and corrosion.
Versailles wedding hall disaster
In 2001, a Pal-Kal ceiling collapsed while guests were dancing on it at the Versailles wedding hall in Jerusalem, resulting in the death of 23 people. The collapse was caused by multiple factors, including the non-standard construction of the ceiling. Shortly before the disaster, a wall supporting the ceiling on the second floor was removed, allowing the ceiling to start sinking. During the wedding, additional weight was added when people were dancing, leading to the sudden collapse of the structure.
Following the disaster, legal actions were taken against those responsible. The hall owners were found guilty of manslaughter and received two and a half years of imprisonment. Eli Ron, the engineer who invented the Pal-Kal method, and three other engineers were also found guilty of manslaughter. The engineers received a sentence of 22 months, while Eli Ron was sentenced to four years in prison.
Safety certification
Pal-Kal structures deemed unsafe are forbidden for use and are often demolished. To prevent unnecessary demolitions, safety tests can be conducted on the structure. A Pal-Kal structure that passes this test is as safe as buildings constructed using traditional methods. Nowadays, most municipalities require annual safety checks to detect potential problems in Pal-Kal structures. However, some engineers argue that a single safety test is sufficient and annual checks are unnecessary.
Additional buildings
Following the Versailles disaster, other buildings constructed using the Pal-Kal method were inspected, and some of them were closed for use until repairs were completed. In certain buildings, the cost of these repairs reached millions of shekels.
See also
Architecture of Israel
References
Construction
Construction standards |
Gadore is a town and union council of Bela Tehsil, Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is located at 26°10'50N 66°19'55E with an altitude of 52 metres (173 feet).
References
Union councils of Lasbela District
Populated places in Lasbela District |
Björn Christian Edström (born March 18, 1976 in Gävle, Sweden) is a Swedish-born American professional rally co-driver. He started competing as a co-driver in 1997, from 2006 to 2016 alongside Travis Pastrana.
Rally America National Championship Series
2006 season
2006 was Edstrom's first year with Subaru, and his first full year with driver Travis Pastrana, with the introduction of the new Subaru Rally Team USA. Edstrom and Pastrana became 2006 Rally America National Series Champions. Christian was awarded the Grant Whitaker Cup as the top co-driver in the Rally America Series.
Results
2007 season
In 2007, Christian ran the full National Championship Series with Subaru Rally Team USA. He was awarded the Grant Whitaker Cup for the second time.
Results
2008 season
In 2008, Christian took a sabbatical, competing in only one rally.
Results
2009 season
In 2009, Christian returned to Subaru Rally Team USA and ran the full National Championship Series with Travis Pastrana. He won the Grant Whitaker Cup for the third time.
Results
2010 season
In 2010, Christian and Travis Pastrana finished the season third overall.
Results
2016 season
After a six year sabbatical, Edström and Pastrana competed in three events.
Results
Production World Rally Championship
2007 season
In addition to efforts in the United States, Edstrom and Pastrana teamed up with driver Takuma Kamada to form Subaru Rally Team International while the team contested the Production World Rally Championship, a series that runs concurrent with the WRC. They competed in the 21º Corona Rally México, Rally Argentina, and Wales Rally GB rounds of the championship.
Results
2008 season
Not long after a deer caused terminal damage to Edstrom and Pastrana's Subaru in the Sno*Drift Rally in Atlanta, MI, Edstrom announced a sabbatical to concentrate on his career and family. Former McRae co-driver Derek Ringer teamed with Pastrana for the remainder of the season.
External links
Official Site for Christian Edstrom
Subaru Rally Team USA
"Nerd Powered": X Games 12 Interview with Christian. By Brian Kamenetzky
Profile on Rallybase
1976 births
Living people
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Swedish rally co-drivers
X Games athletes
Sportspeople from Gävle
World Rally Championship co-drivers |
The Peniel Missionary Society was an interdenominational holiness missionary organisation that was started in Los Angeles, California in 1895 by Theodore Pollock Ferguson (1853–1920) and Manie Payne Ferguson (1850–1932) as an outgrowth of their Peniel Mission. It was merged with the World Gospel Mission in 1957.
History of the Peniel Missionary Society
In addition to the expansion of the Peniel Mission in the United States of America, and its overseas territories: Alaska and Hawaii, eventually Peniel Missions were established overseas in Africa, Bolivia (1911); China (1909); Egypt, Guatemala, India, Mexico, and the Philippines. A separate organisation, The Peniel Missionary Society, under the control of Manie and Theodore Ferguson, was formed in 1895. The objective of the organisation was: "Mission work, as God shall lead, and as means shall be provided." (Dennis). The Mission operated on the faith mission model, with workers unsalaried, and guaranteed no financial support. Despite this, by 1911, the Peniel Missionary Society was operating in the following fields: India, North Africa (Egypt), Mexico, Central America (Guatemala), South America (Argentine Republic, and Bolivia), West Indies (Puerto Rico), Alaska, and Hawaii. (Dennis)
Egypt (1895-1957)
In August 1894, Miss Ella Shaw, who had helped establish the Peniel Mission at 308 Grant Avenue in San Francisco, California on 11 November 1893, and while a mission worker at the San Diego, California Peniel Mission, advised Mrs Ferguson that she and Miss Anna (Annie) Vansant were burdened to start a Peniel Mission in Port Said, Egypt. They testified: "We must go to the most wicked port in the world." (Traschel Africa 107)
On 20 October 1895, the first anniversary of the opening of the Peniel Hall in Los Angeles, Shaw and Vansant departed for Egypt, arriving there on 24 November 1895, to commence the first foreign branch of the Peniel Mission. (Love Slave, 232–233) Initially, they held religious services on British gunboats and coal ships waiting to go through the Suez Canal. "Prayer and persistence, aided by the Holy Spirit, brought bright converts." (Traschel, Africa, 107) Shaw left Egypt in early 1897 due to ill health. She later started the Peniel Mission in New York city, and eventually (as Mrs Melody) became the secretary-treasurer of the Peniel Missionary Society.
Among the activities of the Peniel missionaries in Egypt was teaching at the American School in Port Said. Vansant, seeing that there was no Protestant church nor any school for girls in Port Said, opened a small school later that year in her apartment, and even took in three children to live with her. In the evenings she taught an English Bible class for young men. Five months after the departure of Shaw, Mary Lyons and Miss M. Watson, arrived in Port Said. Vansant, who soon contracted tuberculosis and departed for the U.S., but died before reaching New York. In 1901, Lyons established the Bethel Orphanage Faith Mission in Port Said, with Vansant's mother, Mrs Marian A. Vansant, of Los Angeles, serving as the American Secretary of that mission. It was established to "bring the Mohammedans to a saving knowledge of Christ, and to save the children from a life of vice and sin, training them, with God's help, to be missionaries and Bible-women among their own people, and giving them a thorough Arabic and English education."(Dennis)
In 1897, Mrs Mary Richardson arrived in Port Said and began the construction of "a beautiful and commodious school building" near the beach on Kitchener Road (now Sharia 23 July) for the Peniel American School. (Traschel, 108–109). Later Miss Sarah Longhurst, an American pensioner, arrived as a missionary at age 58. She mastered Arabic and translated hymns for an Arabic hymn book. She was assisted by Mrs Jennie Ussher (who served 1921–1943), a former secretary for General William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army. After their deaths, both were buried in Port Said.
About 1930 increased enrolments due to the school having "the highest scholastic reputation in the city" (Traschel 109) resulted in King Fuad I of Egypt underwriting the expense of a new wing (named The King's Wing) of six additional classrooms. In 1931, Charlotte Warren and Edna Schendel arrived to teach at the Peniel school. After a year, Schendel returned to the U.S. because of lung troubles and died a few years later. Warren opened the first kindergarten in all of lower Egypt, with 150 children enrolled. Ill health compelled her to return to the U.S. at the end of one term of service. (Traschel, 109–110)
In 1935, Edward J. Higgins (November 26, 1864 – December 14, 1947), the recently retired third General of The Salvation Army (1929–1934), held revival meetings in the courtyard behind the Peniel School. As a result, there was formed the Salvation Army Sailors' Home, and the Salvation Army work in Alexandria, Egypt.
Before Longhurst died, Miss Christine Spurlin (later Christine Spurlin Schneider), an alumna of Bethany-Peniel Nazarene College (now Southern Nazarene University), an American school teacher, arrived in 1939 to begin her missionary service. She started weekly women's meetings. Converts attended the mission church (which was the first Protestant church in the city), which was located next to the Peniel School. Three smaller preaching points were established in Port Said, and another church was located in nearby Port Fouad, which was pastored by Pastor Massoud, who was educated by the Peniel Mission. At its peak in 1946, there were 600 female students at the Peniel American School. (Traschel 115) In 1949 Miss Ethyl Young began her missionary service at Peniel. Through the encouragement of Spurlin and Young, Rev. Samuel Doctorian (1930-2016), became a Peniel missionary to Lebanon.
New government schools and changed legislation reduced the enrolment of the school dramatically and created severe financial stress by 1956. During the Suez Crisis of November 1956, the school was closed until 5 January 1957. By then, there were only 240 girls enrolled. (Traschel 120–121) In 1957, responsibility for the Egyptian mission was assumed by the National Holiness Missionary Society, currently known as the World Gospel Mission. By 1965, Miss Laura Spurlin had leadership of the Mission in Port Said.(Directory of U.A.R. Personages 1965)
India (1896)
In June 1896 funds were donated to start the Peniel Mission in India. On 20 October 1896, the second anniversary of the opening of Peniel Hall, Mrs Anna M. Leach (who had helped pioneer the Mission at Grant Avenue in San Francisco in November 1893 and the one in Juneau, Alaska in June 1895) and Miss Rhodabaugh were commissioned to be the pioneer missionaries to India. They arrived in Bombay (now Mumbai)in December 1896. Leach died on 23 April 1899, the first Peniel missionary to die on a foreign mission field. By 1902 Peniel missionaries were running an orphanage for 20 girls at Jalgaon borrowing facilities from the Christian and Missionary Alliance. (CMA Report 1902, 133)
In 1909 Mrs Caroline P. Wallace and Miss Carrie A. Tennant of the Peniel Mission went to India to work with the Hindu Marriage Reform League (organised December 1909), an organization that opposed the practice of child brides and sought to raise the legal marriage age from 12 to 16.
Eventually the Dharangaon Mission Station was established in Dharangaon, East Khandesh, India for 30 years before being given to the Scandinavian Alliance Mission (now The Evangelical Alliance Mission (TEAM)). This included a Girls' School and Orphanage. "This big work proved to be too much for them. The Home Superintendent of the Peniel Mission, Mrs. Ferguson of Los Angeles, requested that the SAM take over."(Grauer 182)
Mexico
By 1900 there was a Peniel Mission located in Progreso, Yucatán in Mexico.(Knight, n.52)
Philippines
By 1902 there were two Peniel missionaries in Zamboanga (province) on the island of Mindanao in the recently acquired American territory of the Philippine Islands. There was also a Peniel Mission in Davao also on Mindanao. A chapel was constructed and medical ministry provided.
China (1909)
In 1909 Rev. Albert Kato Reiton (born 7 February 1882 in Baldwin, Wisconsin) and his first wife, Edna Greer Reiton (married 15 November 1909; died January 1912), established the South China Peniel Holiness Mission (later incorporated in 1951 as the China Peniel Missionary Society 中華便以利會) in Hong Kong in December 1909. Initially they moved to Macau to learn Cantonese. They then assisted in an orphanage in Shiu Hing (now Zhaoqing) on the shores of the Xijiang River (West River), but Edna's deteriorating health forced them to plan to return to the US for medical treatment. En route home, Edna died in January 1912 in Kobe, Japan of small pox.
Reiton married Rose Etta Femmer (died 25 July 1957 in Hong Kong) in Portland, Oregon on 20 January 1913 and they returned to Hong Kong on 4 March 1913. They served at the orphanage in Shiu Hing, before moving to Shatau (now Sha Tau Kok) to work as evangelists. On 22 November 1914 they opened the Yaumati Peniel Mission on Shanghai Street in Kowloon, Hong Kong. Soon this hall was too small to accommodate the crowds and the Mission was relocated to a former ginger factory. In 1928 the Reitons opened their first Bible Training School with Miss Alta Myers as head of the school. Initially twelve men and women enrolled. In 1930 another church was opened on Cheung Chau island 12 kilometres southwest of Hong Kong.
The Mission had ministries in Koonchung in Guangdong province, as well as in Kowloon, Shamshuipo, and Yaumati in the British Crown Colony of Hong Kong.
Among those baptised by Reiton was famous Chinese evangelist John Sung (29 September 1901 – 18 August 1944):John Sung, the "Billy Graham of China", was asked to baptize at Peniel Mission Church in Hong Kong. "But I have never been baptized by immersion myself." Therefore, on his request, missionary Rev. Reiton baptized him first, and he in turn baptized 21 women and 12 men! (Encyclopedia of 15,000 Illustrations)
From 1939, the Reiton's daughter, Helen Elizabeth Reiton (born 12 June 1916 in Hong Kong; died 14 December 2005) and her husband, Robert (Bob) Bruce Hammond (born 1 March 1914 in Hong Kong; died 2 September 2002), whom she married on 16 June 1939 in Pasadena, California, returned to Hong Kong in November 1939 to assist the Reitons as missionaries. After the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong in 1942, the Peniel missionaries hid for 46 days, before being interned at the Stanley Internment Camp on Hong Kong island for six months before being repatriated back to the USA on 29 June 1942 - initially aboard the Asama Maru to Lourenço Marques, Portuguese East Africa (now Maputo, Mozambique). On 22 July 1942 they were transferred to the Swedish ship, "MS Gripsholm (1925)" for the final leg to New York.(Hammond)
After completing his education at the Pasadena College of the Church of the Nazarene in 1945, Bob Hammond started a missionary radio programme in June 1945 on KGER, a Christian radio station in Long Beach, California to raise funds for the ministry in China and throughout Asia. As many as 50,000 people listened on a regular basis. This programme continued for 46 years.
V.O.C.A. and other Asian Nations (1946)
After World War 2, the missionaries returned. They organised themselves as the Voice of China (later Voice of China and Asia - V.O.C.A.) Missionary Society, an interdenominational missionary agency based in Pasadena, California.
This agency is the international coordinating agency for the Peniel missions and churches in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, South Korea (1951), and the Philippines. The mission is involved in evangelism, church planting, relief work, orphanages, leprosaria, Sunday School, the Peniel Theological College and Seminary (based in Busan, South Korea, and Peniel High School of the Arts (also located in Busan). Its mission magazine is the Voice of China and Asia Flashlight.
South America (1906-1920)
The Peniel Mission (Sociedad Peniel Hall) work in South America began as the result of the conversion of an Italian entrepreneur named Antonio Chiriotto (1830–1911), originally from Turin, Italy. After several years in Argentina and Peru, Chiriotto immigrated to Los Angeles, California, where he became wealthy, and was converted to the Christian faith. After he had been in California for about ten years, a colporteur tried to sell him a Bible. Antonio denied him repeatedly. He did not want to have anything to do with the Bible. However, the tireless colporteur persisted in visiting him, and one day after a conversation that went on for several hours, Antonio burst into tears. He bought a Bible and began to go to the meetings at a little church called "Peniel." There he found his Savior. After some years, probably about 1906, Chiriotto felt that the Lord was calling him to begin a missionary work in Argentina, where he had first gone after emigrating from Italy.
Argentina (1906)
In 1906 Chiriotto went to Argentina. In Buenos Aires, he established an evangelical work, paying for all the expenses personally. Out of gratitude to the church where he had first met the Lord, he called the new church "Peniel Mission." However, under the Argentine laws at that time, it was impossible to develop the mission that was started there.
Bolivia (1911-1920)
Chiriotto, despite health problems, travelled to Bolivia in 1911 to establish a Peniel Mission. Upon his arrival in La Paz, he saw the Aymara indigenous people as poor, exploited, ignorant, and forgotten. He had compassion on them and proposed taking education and salvation to them." The altitude and the cold climate of La Paz were not kind to him, and he fell ill and died in November 1911. However, before his death, Antonio wrote his last will and testament, leaving the sum of $30,000 to the "Peniel Society" that was composed of three men. They made sure Antonio Chiriotto's money was used for the purchase of a farm with the objective of obtaining the conversion and the education of the Indians.
The Huatajata (later spelled Guatajata) Farm (soon renamed Peniel Hall), located on the northeast shore of Lake Titicaca, about 105 km northwest of La Paz, was bought, With the land came 48 heads of families and 275 serfs. Here it was possible to meet the desires and wishes of Antonio Chiriotto, to give the indigenous people education and a possible Christian experience. The farm itself, a 1,000-acre former hacienda on which vegetables and grain were cultivated and sheep herding was practiced, possessed great agricultural potential. At the time in which the Huatajata farm was acquired, the Indians were the burden-bearers—the human pack-animals of priests, politicians, and property-owners—who, in Bolivia, enjoyed few rights and social privileges. It was exclusively an Aymara community.
Initially the Bolivian government provided $2,000 annually to support the Mission in this endeavour. The directors of Peniel Hall Farm (two Methodist missionaries and a Baptist missionary) administrated the property for short periods, because it was difficult to operate the farm on Christian principles. Samuel Inman indicates that the reasons for the difficulties of this Mission included maladministration by missionaries, loss of Government support and sponsorship, inadequate financing, and leadership disagreements. This work, so auspiciously begun a few years ago, has encountered all kinds of difficulties. The trustees seem not to have managed their responsibilities very well; difficulties have come up between them and the directors ; the Government has become dissatisfied with the small amount of educational work done and has withdrawn its support. Most money was wasted in buying a motor-boat, which proved to be unusable ; the funds destined for school work are being paid out in interest for a large amount of land, much of which is not usable. The directors have been changed several times, and at present they are "looking for an other member.I have not found a sadder situation than this one in all South America. It gives point to the fact that unquestionably the best way to do a permanent work in these countries is to organize it under a strong mission Board which has a permanent constituency, and has developed a policy of management that assures permanency and a business-like expenditure of funds. (Inman 80-81)
In light of these difficulties, on October 1, 1920, the Canadian Baptist Mission assumed complete responsibility for the administration of the property, and the last Peniel Mission outpost in South America was closed. In 1927 William Abel, a Native American, converted by the Oregon Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers), who had served as a missionary in the Philippines, was appointed to serve under the Peniel Mission in Bolivia, but died after a few months of small pox. (Williams 259–260)
Demise of the Peniel Missionary Society (1949)
In 1949 the Peniel Mission became a part of the present-day World Gospel Mission (Pounds 2).
Sources and further reading
General
Cary, William Walter. Story of the National Holiness Missionary Society. Chicago, Illinois: National Holiness Missionary Society, 1940.
Carroll, Henry King. The Religious Forces of the United States Enumerated, Classified, and Described. C. Scribner's Sons, 1912. Page 470 Enumerates the statistics for the Peniel Mission at 703 members in 1910.
Case, Jay R. "And Ever the Twain Shall Meet: The Holiness Missionary Movement and the Birth of World Pentecostalism, 1870–1920." Religion and American Culture 16: 2 (Summer 2006):125–160. "Case moves the study of Holiness/Pentecostal origins to a new level of sophistication by framing the story within a global process, paying special heed to notions of modernization and resistance to modernization. The article makes clear that Pentecostalism did not start in the United States but came here as part of an international movement."
Clark, Elmer Talmage. The Small Sects in America: Their Historical, Theological, and Psychological Background. Revised Edition. Nashville: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1949. See pages 79–80 for discussion of the Peniel Mission and TP and Manie P Ferguson.
Cox, Mabel Holmes. The Lady Pioneer: Pioneer Missionary Work in Alaska and the Northwest. Roseburg, Oregon: n.p., 1968. Autobiography of Peniel Mission missionary who served at several different sites. Includes photographs, including ones of Mr. and Mrs. T. P. Ferguson, founders of the Peniel Mission.
Darling, Olive M., compiler. Converts of Peniel Missions. n.p., n.d.
Dennis, James S. and Charles H. Fahs, eds. World Atlas of Christian Missions: Containing a Directory of Missionary Societies, a Classified Summary of Statistics, an Index of Mission Stations, and Maps Showing the Location of Mission Stations Throughout the World. Rev. ed. New York: Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 1911. Online edition: Gives details of Peniel Missionary Society.
Edwards, Fred E. The Role of the Faith Mission: A Brazilian Case Study. Pasadena, California: William Carey Library, 1971.
Ferguson, Manie Payne. Echoes From Beulah. Los Angeles: T. P. & M. P. Ferguson, 1913. Musical Score. 268 pp.
Ferguson, Manie Payne. "Peniel Missionary Work" in Faith Tonic: 1 and 2 Combined; being a series of articles by different writers, exemplifying God's dealings with those who trust Him, 3-35. Compiled by Leander Lycurgus Pickett. Louisville. Kentucky: Pentecostal Publishing Company, c.1920s. 102 pp.
Ferguson, Manie Payne. T.P. Ferguson: The Love Slave of Jesus Christ and His People and Founder of Peniel Missions (c.1920). 240 pages. Includes 39 poems by Ferguson, a photo of T.P. Ferguson (page 17), biography of the life of T.P. Ferguson, notes from T.P. Ferguson's diary for 1881-1882 (pages 95–103), Bible readings and notes by T.P. Ferguson (pages 107–219), Peniel Missionary Work (pages 220–238), and an update of "Peniel Missionary Work" (page 239).
Goddard, Burton L., ed. Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Missions; the Agencies. Camden, New Jersey: Thomas Nelson, 1967. See page 526 for article on "Peniel Missions, Inc."
Hittson, Paul A. History of Peniel Missions. Homeland, California: Paul A. Hittson, 1975.
Jones, Charles Edwin. A Guide to the Study of the Holiness Movement . Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1974.
Jones, Charles Edwin. Perfectionist Persuasion: The Holiness Movement and American Methodism, 1867-1936. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1974. Section on the Peniel Mission: 243–244.
Jones, Charles Edwin. The Wesleyan Holiness Movement: A Comprehensive Guide. Volume One: Parts I-III. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2005. See pages 734-735 for article on the Peniel Missions.
Lewis, James R., editor. The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. 2nd ed. Prometheus Books, 2001. See page 561 for encyclopedic article about the Peniel Missions and the Fergusons.
Melody, Ella Shaw. Songs of Grace: A Book of Poems. Peniel Herald Publishing Company, 1941. Mrs Melody was (as Ella Shaw) the pioneer Peniel missionary to both Port Said, Egypt and New York city, and later the secretary-treasurer of the Peniel Missionary Society in Los Angeles.
Melton, J. Gordon, editor. The Encyclopedia of American Religions: Vol. 1. Tarrytown, New York: Triumph Books, 1991. Chapter: Holiness Family; section: 19th Century Holiness; pg. 214 for article regarding the Peniel Missions and the Fergusons.
Morgan, Wilma. Glimpses of Four Continents: Being an Account of the Travels of Richard Cope Morgan. Morgan & Scott, 1911. See page 74 for reference to the Fergusons, GB Studd and the Peniel Mission.
Pickett, Leander Lycurgus, comp. Faith Tonic: 1 and 2 Combined; being a series of articles by different writers, exemplifying God's dealings with those who trust Him. Louisville. Kentucky: Pentecostal Publishing Company, c.1920s. 102 pp. Includes article entitled: "Peniel Missionary Work" by Manie Payne Ferguson, pp. 3–35.
Piepkorn, Arthur Carl. Profiles in Belief: The Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada. Harper Collins, 1978. See page 7 for Bresee's involvement in the Peniel Mission.
Pounds, Michael E. "The Beginning Days." Peniel Herald, Number 5, 1986. Concerns the Peniel Missions and the work of T. P. and Manie Ferguson. Reference to Haldor Lillenas.
St. John, Burton, ed. Foreign Missions Year Book of North America 1920. Foreign Missions Conference of North America Committee of reference and counsel, 1919. See pages 202 and 268 regarding the Peniel Missionary Society.
"The Fifth Annual Report of the Christian & Missionary Alliance". Presented at the meeting of the Board, 1902.
Williams, Walter R. and J. C. Brown, The Rich Heritage of Quakerism. 3rd ed. Epilogue and edited by Paul Anderson. Newberg, Oregon: Barclay Press, 2006. Pages 258-259 outlines the involvement of Oregon Quaker William Abel in the Peniel Mission in Bolivia from 1927.
Egypt
Collins, Robert O. and Peter Duignan. Americans in Africa: A Preliminary Guide to American Missionary Archives and Library Manuscript Collections on Africa. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University, 1963. See page 28 regarding Peniel Missionary work in Africa, especially Egypt.
Janes, Don Carlos. A Trip Abroad: An Account of a Journey to the Earthly Canaan and the Land of the Ancient Pharaohs To Which Are Appended A Brief Consideration of the Geography and History of Palestine, and a Chapter on Churches of Christ in Great Britain. 1905. Reprint: Dodo Press, 2007. On-line version: References Peniel Mission in Port Said: "The Peniel Mission is conducted by two American ladies."
Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History of the Expansion of Christianity. Volume 6: The Great Century: North Africa and Asia: 1800 to 1914. Harper Brothers, 1944. Page 27 summarises ministry of both the Peniel American Mission and the Bethel Orphanage in Port Said, Egypt.
Longhurst, Sarah. Reminiscences of My Life in Egypt: During Thirty-one Years of Missionary Work, with Addresses Given to the Egyptian people. Ottawa, Canada : Holiness Movement Book and Pub. House, n.d. Longhurst served as a Peniel missionary in Port Said, Egypt.
Prayer Union for Egypt and Arabia, Asia Minor and Turkey, Syria and Palestine. Blessed be Egypt: A Challenge to Faith for the Mohammedan World. Nile Mission Press, 1903. Page 31 for origins of Peniel Mission in Port Said, Egypt.
Trachsel, Laura. Kindled Fires in Africa. Marion, Indiana: World Gospel Mission, 1960. See pages 107-121 for description of the origins and development of the Peniel Mission in Egypt.
Watson, Charles Roger. Egypt and the Christian Crusade. Young People's Missionary Movement, 1907. Page 204 references both the Peniel American Mission and the Bethel Orphanage in Port Said, Egypt: "In Port Said, we find the Peniel American Mission and the Bethel Orphanage, both doing work among children. There are a number of homes and hostels...". Page 275 gives statistics.
India
Fuller, Henry. A Californian Circling the Globe: Illustrated from Photographs. Los Angeles, California: Nazarene, 1904. See pages 264 and 301 for references to the ministry of the Peniel Mission in India, where they were training boys and girls in 1902.
Grauer, Otto Christopher. Fifty Wonderful Years Missionary Service in Foreign Lands: Scandinavian Alliance Mission 1890 - JUBILEE - 1940. Scandinavian Alliance Mission, 1940. See Pages 178 and 182. References the Dharangaon Mission Station operated by the Peniel Missionary Society in Dharangaon, East Khandesh, India for 30 years before being given to the Scandinavian Alliance Mission (now The Evangelical Alliance Mission (TEAM)). This included a Girls' School and Orphanage. "This big work proved to be too much for them. The Home Superintendent of the Peniel Mission, Mrs. Ferguson of Los Angeles, requested that the SAM take over."(182)
Ray, Benoy Gopal. Religious Movements in Modern Bengal. Santineketan, India: Visva-Bharati, 1965. See page 211 for Peniel work.
Mexico
Knight, Alan. "Mexican Peonage: What Was It and Why Was It?" Journal of Latin American Studies 18:1 (May 1986):41-74. See reference to the Fred J. Smith and the Peniel Mission in Progreso, Yucatán, Mexico.
Philippines
Stanley, Peter W. Reappraising an Empire: New Perspectives on Philippine-American History. Harvard University Asia Center, 1984. Page 144 refers to the Peniel Mission as a small holiness group operating in Zamboanga, Mindanao.
China
Boynton, Charles Luther and Charles Dozier Boynton. 1936 Handbook of the Christian Movement in China Under Protestant Auspices. National Christian Council of China. Kwang Hsueh Publishing, 1936. See page 329 for the South China Peniel Holiness Mission.
Hammond, Helen. Bondservants: Missionaries' Experiences During the Siege of Hong Kong and History of V.O.C.A. Peniel Missions. 10th ed. Pasadena, California: Voice of China & Asia, 1978.
Hammond, Robert Bruce. Bondservants of the Lord: Our Experiences During the Siege of Hong Kong, Internment in Stanley Prison Concentration Camp, the Establishment of Voice of China and Asia Missionary Work. 9th ed. Pasadena, California: Voice of China and Asia Missionary Society, 1963.
Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History of Christian Missions in China. Macmillan. 1929. Indicates on page 600 that the South China Peniel Holiness Mission began in 1910.
Luzzatto, Rola and Joseph Walker, eds. Hong Kong Who's Who: An Almanac of Personalities and Their Comprehensive Histories 1970-1973. See page 393 for reference to Rev Albert Kato Reito, the founder of the China Peniel Missionary Society.
Lyall, Leslie T. John Sung: Flame for God in the Far East. China Inland Mission, 1954. See pages 90–96 for the account of Sung's evangelistic campaign at the Peniel Mission church in Hong Kong. Includes account of Rev Reiton baptised Sung (95).
Rees, Seth Cook and Paul S. Rees. The Wings of the Morning: A Record of Recent Travel. (Also known as Here and There in Many Lands). Greensboro, North Carolina: Winfred R. Cox, 1926. Online edition: See page 46 for an account of Rees' visit to the Peniel Mission in Hong Kong and fellowship with the Reitons. Rees was a prominent leader in the American Holiness Movement.
Bolivia
Copplestone, J. Tremayne. History of Methodist Missions. Volume 4: Twentieth-century Perspectives: The Methodist Episcopal Church, 1896-1939. United Methodist Church, 1973. Discusses Peniel Hall Farm in Bolivia (1046–1050), and the involvement of Methodist James H. Wenberg with difficulties with the Peniel Hall board from 1913 to 1920 (246-250).
Escobar, Samuel E. Changing Tides: Latin America and World Mission Today. The American Society of Missiology Series 32. Maryknoll: Orbis, 2002. Extensive summary of the Huatajata hacienda reforms at Peniel Hall Farm in Bolivia and their significance in agrarian reform and Christian missions in Bolivia.
Goytia, Rodriguez Jaime, ed. Principios De La Obra Bautista En Bolivia. Cochabamba: Imprenta Offset, 1985; "Principios de la Obra Evangélica en Bolivia: Antonio Chiriotto," El Centinela Boliviano (February 1955) 6–7.
Hamilton, Keith E. Church Growth in the High Andes. Lucknow, India: Lucknow Publishing House, 1962. Page 58 discusses Peniel Hall Farm (Guatajata hacienda) as "the most noteworthy piece of mission work in Bolivia."
Inman, Samuel Guy. "Report of a Visit to Mexico, Cuba and South America, March–October, 1917." Printed for Private Circulation. New York: Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, 1918. Online Edition: Inman was the executive secretary of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America. See pages 80–81 for overview of Peniel Hall Farm in Bolivia, and reasons for dissolution of this Mission: maladministration by missionaries, loss of Government support and sponsorship, inadequate financing, and leadership disagreements.
Commission on World Mission and Evangelism of the World Council of Churches. International Review of Mission (1944): 67 references Peniel Hall Farm in Bolivia.
Justice, C. Anderson. An Evangelical Saga: Baptists and their Precursors in Latin America. Xulon Press, 2005. English translation of sections from Historia de los Bautistas Tomo III by Justo Anderson (El Paso, Texas: Casa Bautista de Publicaciones, 1990). Pages 305-332 discuss Baptists origins in Bolivia, and includes origins of Peniel Missions in Argentina and Bolivia.
Keller, Frank L. "Finca Ingavi: A Medieval Survival on the Bolivian Altiplano". Economic Geography 26: 1 (January 1950):37-50. Refers to Peniel Hall Farm in Bolivia.
Nacho L., Arturo. "Agrarian Reform in Huatajata: The Peniel Hall Experience", pages 55–74 in Bridging Cultures and Hemispheres: The Legacy of Archibald Reekie and Canadian Baptists in Bolivia. Edited by William H. Brackney. Macon, Georgia: Smyth & Helwys, 1997. Online edition: See especially pages 57–60 for the origins of Peniel Mission work in Argentina and Bolivia, and page 67 for a photograph of Peniel Hall Farm at Huatajata, from Lake Titicaca.
Congo
Stonelake, Alfred R. Congo: Past and Present. World Dominion Press, 1937. Page 152 suggests the Peniel Missionary Society presence in the Congo by 1937.
Periodicals
Peniel Herald. Official organ of the Peniel Mission. Vol. 59, No. 1 & 2 (Jan.-Feb. 1957)
Archival Material
"Papers of Charles Henry Troutman, Jr. Collection III". Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton, Illinois. The IVCF-USA folders are letters and reports from other Christian organizations about evangelism and mission activities around the world. For example, Folder 5-34 has letters and critiques of the Peniel movement.
"Records of the Peniel Missions, 1917". Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut.
References
Christian missionary societies |
Jinan Xingzhou Football Club () is a Chinese professional football club based in Jinan, Shandong, that competes in China League One, the second tier of Chinese football. Jinan Xingzhou plays its home matches at the Shandong Provincial Stadium, located within Shizhong District.
History
The club was originally founded in 2013 as an amateur football club named Jinan Phebe 88 F.C. They went through various name changes throughout the years while taking part in local amateur competitions until finally renaming themselves as Jinan Xingzhou F.C. in 2017. They participated in Chinese Champions League in 2021 and was promoted to China League Two. In 2022, the club won China League Two and was promoted to China League One.
Name history
2013 Jinan Phebe 88 F.C. 济南菲芘88
2014–2015 Jinan Icolog F.C. 济南艾可洛奇
2015–2016 Shandong Vatage F.C. 山东万致
2017– Jinan Xingzhou F.C. 济南兴洲
Players
Current squad
Honours
League
China League Two
Champions: 2022
References
External links
Soccerway
Association football clubs established in 2013
Sport in Shandong
2013 establishments in China |
Return of Crystal Karma (often abbreviated to R.O.C.K.) is a studio album by former Deep Purple, Black Sabbath and Trapeze vocalist/bassist Glenn Hughes. The album was released 19 of June 2000 on SPV and Nippon records.
History
Return of Crystal Karma is Hughes’ seventh solo studio album, his sixth since 1992. The album has a similar bass driven funk sound to 1999’s The Way It Is, although R.O.C.K. has a slightly more serious tone.
R.O.C.K. was performed by a set band throughout the album, unlike many of Hughes’ previous albums which had featured multiple musicians and guests. Regular guitarist JJ Marsh makes his third appearance on a Glenn Hughes album and co-wrote many of the tracks. The rest of the band is made up of keyboardist Hans Zermüehlen, Hughes’ regular drummer of the period Gary Ferguson and Lol Tolhurst (former member of The Cure) who contributed some electronica parts.
"Gone" was written by Hughes and Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath for their abandoned 1996 album project. At the point of R.O.C.K.’s release Hughes’ considered it unlikely that those sessions would be released due to their prolific bootlegging. However, Iommi decided to release the songs from the sessions (along with "Gone") in 2004 as The 1996 DEP Sessions.
The instrumental track Owed to J is named in reference to the instrumental Owed to G, which featured on the Deep Purple album Come Taste the Band. The "J" in Hughes' track is a reference to Jeff Beck, and the song is very much influenced by the guitarist. The "G" in the Deep Purple song stands for Gershwin.
Hughes decided to give himself the moniker ‘Funk Man’ in the writing credits for the songs. This is the only occasion where he has referred to himself as such.
The Japanese version of the album contained a bonus track entitled The World Is Broken. There is also a more common double CD version which includes ‘Live in South America’, which was recorded in São Paulo on November 25, 1999. The live disc includes two songs from The Way It Is, two from the Hughes/Thrall album, a Trapeze track and No Stranger to Love, which was taken from the 1986 Black Sabbath album Seventh Star.
A video was shot for the song Days of Avalon and was released on VHS on Hughes’ Pink Cloud Records label, it is no longer available.
Track listing
"The State I'm In" – 4:58 (Hughes, Marsh)
"Midnight Meditated" – 4:27 (Hughes, Marsh)
"It's Alright" – 4:31 (Hughes, Marsh)
"Switch the Mojo" – 4:33 (Hughes, Marsh)
"Gone" – 5:51 (Hughes, Iommi)
"The Other Side of Me" – 3:50 (Hughes, Zermüehlen)
"Angela" – 5:57 (Hughes, Zermüehlen)
"Owed to J" – 5:58 (Ferguson, Hughes, Marsh, Zermuehlen)
"This Life" – 4:52 (Hughes, Zermüehlen)
"Days of Avalon" – 5:58 (Hughes, Marsh)
Japan bonus track
"The World Is Broken" – 4:54 (Hughes, Zermüehlen)
Live in South America (bonus CD)
"You Kill Me" – 4:38 (Hughes, Sales)
"Neverafter" – 6:46 (Hughes, Marsh)
"First Step of Love" – 6:12 (Hughes, Thrall)
"No Stranger to Love" – 8:06 (Hughes, Iommi)
"Coast to Coast" – 10:23 (Hughes)
"Your Love is Alright" – 9:40 (Galley, Holland, Hughes)
Personnel
Glenn Hughes – Vocals, Bass
JJ Marsh – Guitars
Gary Ferguson – Drums on R.O.C.K.
Hans Zermuehlen – Keyboards
Lol Tolhurst – Electronica on R.O.C.K.
Bob Harsen – Drums on Live In South America
Michael Scott - Engineered and Mixed
References
External links
Return of Crystal Karma entry at glennhughes.com
Glenn Hughes albums
2000 albums |
James Patrick Christopher (born June 3, 1988) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the California Golden Bears and was a two-time first-team all-conference selection in the Pac-10 (now known as the Pac-12). He briefly played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Utah Jazz.
High school career
Christopher was born in Artesia, California. He attended Mayfair High School in Lakewood, California, his freshman through junior years. He averaged 19.8 points per game as a junior in 2004–05, helping his team to a 19–10 record.
For his senior year, Christopher moved to Dominguez High School in Compton, California, where he averaged 21 points, 9 rebounds and 3 assists per game, earning first-team All-CIF honors for the 2005–06 season. He was rated the No. 44 overall recruit and No. 6 player in the state of California by Rivals.com and was considered the No. 17 shooting guard in the country by Scout.com.
College career
After graduating high school, Christopher attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he averaged 15.6 points, 5.4 rebounds and 2 assists as a senior for the Golden Bears. He was named first-team All-Pac-10 after both his junior and senior seasons and finished his Cal career ranked third in Golden Bear history in scoring with 1,700 points and fourth in three-pointers made with 164.
Professional career
After going undrafted in the 2010 NBA draft, Christopher played for the Detroit Pistons in the NBA Summer League. He later moved to Turkey for the 2010–11 season to play for Antalya BB. In 28 games, he averaged 15.9 points, 4.4 rebounds, 1.7 assists and 1.3 steals per game.
In December 2011, Christopher signed with Cholet Basket of the French LNB Pro A. In 26 games during the 2011–12 season, he averaged 12.8 points and 2.4 rebounds per game.
In July 2012, Christopher joined the Sacramento Kings for the NBA Summer League, but did not play. He later returned to Turkey for the 2012–13 season to play for Beşiktaş. He averaged 11.0 points, 2.8 rebounds, 1.1 assists in 26 Turkish League games and 8.4 points, 2.3 rebounds and 1.0 assists in 24 EuroLeague games.
On September 27, 2013, Christopher signed with the Chicago Bulls. He was waived by Bulls on October 2 and joined the Iowa Energy of the NBA D-League on November 1, 2013. In 52 games during the 2013–14 season, he averaged 14.8 points, 4.0 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game. He was named to the NBA D-League All-Defensive Second Team.
On September 25, 2014, Christopher signed with the Memphis Grizzlies. He was waived by Grizzlies on October 25 and was reacquired by the Iowa Energy on October 31, 2014. On December 10, 2014, he signed with the Utah Jazz. On January 6, 2015, he was waived by the Jazz after sustaining a knee injury. He appeared in four games (starting one) while averaging 1.5 points and 1.5 rebounds in 7.3 minutes per game.
On September 14, 2015, Christopher re-signed with the Memphis Grizzlies, only to be waived by the team on September 23. On October 31, 2015, he was reacquired by the Iowa Energy. He was deactivated by the Energy on November 11, then reactivated on February 16, 2016. In 20 games to finish the 2015–16 season, he averaged 15.3 points, 2.7 rebounds and 2.5 assists per game.
In July 2016, Christopher played for the NBA D-League Select Team in the NBA Summer League.
On September 11, 2016, Christopher signed with Eisbären Bremerhaven of the German Basketball Bundesliga. However, after failing to pass the physicals due to a knee problem, the team voided his contract on September 22, 2016.
Personal life
Christopher is the son of Patricia and Laron Christopher. He is the brother of current Utah Jazz forward Josh Christopher. He is the godbrother of former NBA player Tayshaun Prince.
In 2019, Christopher founded Sloan and Bennett, a luxury menswear brand named after the cross streets of his childhood home in Compton, California.
Career statistics
NBA
Source
Regular season
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Utah
| 4 || 0 || 7.3 || .250 || .000 || – || 1.5 || .0 || .3 || .0 || 1.5
References
External links
California Golden Bears bio
Profile at Eurobasket.com
TBLStat.net Profile
DraftExpress.com Profile
1988 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi players
Basketball players from Compton, California
Beşiktaş men's basketball players
California Golden Bears men's basketball players
Cholet Basket players
Iowa Energy players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Utah Jazz players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people |
KLVL (1480 AM) is a terrestrial radio station, paired with an FM relay translator. KLVL is licensed to Pasadena, serving the Greater Houston area. K235CS (94.9 FM; Channel 235) is licensed to Houston, serving northwest Houston, Cypress-Fairbanks, and Jersey Village. The facility and translator are both under ownership of SIGA Broadcasting. The station is currently airing Spanish Christian programming under the imaging of "Radio Vision".
KLVL was originally nicknamed "La Voz Latina" or "The Latin Voice" as the original Spanish language facility in Houston.
KLVL's Texas sister stations with SIGA Broadcasting include KTMR (1130 AM, Converse), KGBC (1540 AM, Galveston), KAML (990 AM, Kenedy-Karnes City), KHFX (1140 AM, Cleburne), and KFJZ (870 AM, Fort Worth)
Translator
History
Felix Morales's "La Voz Latina" is Born
KLVL was founded in 1946 by the family of Felix Hessbrook Morales (1907-1988), an entrepreneur, radio personality, and civic leader. He previously hosted his own radio show at a San Antonio station and was poised to own a radio station, but the FCC soon ruled that radio stations could not sublet time to outside purchasers. Prior to that, Morales applied for an application in 1942, however, due to World War II, it was delayed until 1946 and the permit was not granted until four years later. Within Houston and the Texas Gulf Coast, it was the first Spanish language radio station that provided educational programs, music, and news. KLVL sponsored fundraising and job seeking programs.
KLVL then officially went on the air on May 5, 1950, to celebrate both Cinco de Mayo and his wife, Angeline Vera Morales' birthday. During the first few years of broadcasting, it was a daytimer station, but the permit was eventually extended to authorize a 24/7 broadcasting operation. In 1954, after flooding devastated the Rio Grande Valley, the station started a campaign to obtain clothing and necessity goods for the flood victims.
End of an Era; Siga Broadcasting Purchases "La Voz"
Felix Morales passed on in 1988, leaving KLVL to his wife Angeline in whole. For the next decade, KLVL would carry on as "The Latin Voice" in honor of Morales' legacy in Houston's Hispanic radio community. KLVL was family owned and operated by the Morales family until 1997 when they sold the station to Gabriel Arango's Siga Broadcasting of Houston, after the death of Angeline Morales.
On September 4, 2017, KLVL dropped South Asian formatted "Hum Tum Radio" and began simulcasting 1520 KYND/KQQB. On September 11, 2017, Synergy Broadcasting discontinued the lease of KYND/KQQB, leaving KLVL to air the programming on its own.
On November 13, 2017, Synergy Broadcasting programming ceased airing across KLVL and an in house Oldies/Motown format was implemented, returning a fulltime Oldies/Classic Hits format to Houston for the first time in several years.
References
External links
KLVL website
1950 establishments in Texas
Asian-American culture in Houston
Indian-American culture in Texas
Pakistani-American culture in Texas
Radio stations established in 1950
LVL
South Asian American culture |
John Henry Downes (18 October 1870 in Glasgow – 1 January 1943 in Hunters Quay) was a Scottish sailor who competed for the Royal Clyde Yacht Club at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
He was mate of the Scottish boat Hera, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class.
References
External links
1870 births
1943 deaths
Sportspeople from Glasgow
Olympic sailors for Great Britain
British male sailors (sport)
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in sailing
Sailors at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 12 Metre
Scottish Olympic medallists
Scottish male sailors (sport)
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics |
On 19 October 2008, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) activists attacked North Indian candidates appearing for the All India Railway Recruitment Board entrance exam for the Western region in Mumbai, India. The attacks invoked a quick reaction from Bihar members of the Union Government in Delhi, notably the Union Railways Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav and his cabinet colleague, Ram Vilas Paswan. The Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar spoke to his Maharashtra counterpart Vilasrao Deshmukh and urged him to provide protection to the migrants from Bihar. Lalu called for the MNS to be shut down and called Raj Thackeray, its leader, a "mental case."
Pawan Mahto, a resident of Bara-Khurd village in Nalanda district, Bihar died after being assaulted by MNS activists. However, railway police claimed, based on the CCTV footage, that Pawan had died due to an accident at Andheri station after slipping at a platform.
On 20 October 2008, Thackeray was arrested in Ratnagiri after Mumbai police had received a non-bailable warrant issued by a Jamshedpur court against the MNS chief.
Incident
MNS (Maharashtra Navnirman Sena) and Shiv Sena activists attacked 13 railway board examination centres in suburban Mumbai to protest against "inadequate representation" of locals of Maharashtra in the above said exams. As per MNS, locals i.e. Maharashtrians should be given priority over others as the railway posts were vacant in Maharashtra. The applications received from most of the locals of Maharashtra were rejected and if the same were accepted they were not provided with hall tickets. Moreover, the applications received from locals residing in Bihar were accepted and issued Hall Tickets to sit in the exam hall. Irked by such irresponsible behaviour of Railways, MNS workers entered the examination halls and vacated all the people of bihar and stopped them from giving the exams.
Violence
Raj's arrest ignited violence by his supporters in large parts of the city forcing it to shut down. Irate supporters went on the rampage torching public transport and telling office goers to return home. Many shops and commercial establishments, especially those run or managed by non-Maharashtrians, chose not to open at all to avoid trouble. Raj, whose MNS workers Sunday attacked non-Maharashtrians appearing for the railway board examination, was brought from Ratnagiri, about 250 km from here, to be produced at the Bandra court, where he was summoned for.
There was mayhem outside the court premises with large crowds gathering around restively and camera crews waiting to capture the trouble.[ In some places, buses, taxis and autorickshaws were set on fire, in others areas public transport just stayed off the roads. The office of the state Congress spokesperson Sanjay Nirupam was also vandalised.]
A North Indian shopkeeper was killed in Bhandup, Mumbai after he refused to shut down his shop when MNS activists protesting Raj's arrest forced him to do so. Four persons were killed and another seriously injured in a village near Kalyan. Deputy commissioner of police (rural) Sanjay Shintre said two North Indians, a member of the Agri community and an MNS worker were killed in a clash between the two communities in Pisavali, 10 km from Kalyan. Earlier, curfew had been imposed in the entire Kalyan area. The situation in Kalyan worsened in the evening as Raj was driven there to a police station lock-up where he was to spend the night before being presented in a court on 22 October. Five outdoor broadcast vans belonging to media houses were damaged by MNS supporters. A cameraman from ETV was injured and had to be admitted to a private hospital. One Kalyan-Dombivli municipal transport bus was set on fire while five bikes were reduced to ashes. Transport services across Kalyan were paralysed. A jewellery shop was also ransacked by MNS supporters. In all one hundred and twenty-five cases of arson, rioting and stonepelting were registered across the state, including in Pune and Marathwada, by early evening, and 2,085 people were arrested, state director general of police A N Roy said.
As news about the arrest spread, there was violence in other parts of Maharashtra too. Sporadic incidents of stone pelting at municipal and private buses were reported in the reat of Maharashtra following the arrest of MNS chief Raj Thackeray in Ratnagiri. In Kothrud area, some alleged MNS activists damaged a company's bus that was taking its employees to workplace. Few Pune Municipal Transport (PMT) buses were stoned by MNS activists, police said. Meanwhile, police have picked up around 100 MNS activists, including some corporators as a preventive measure. In Nashik, MNS activists set ablaze a truck near PWD minister Chhagan Bhujbal's farm and also damaged another truck at Vilholi-Phata area, police said. Incidents of stone pelting on MSRTC buses and other vehicles were reported in some areas, they said, adding vehicular traffic on the busy Mumbai-Agra-national highway was disrupted following the protest. Police rounded up 70 MNS activists in Nashik incidents and security was tightened in the city. In Solapur, incidents of stone pelting on state transport buses were also reported. In Nagpur MNS party leaders claimed to have damaged several MSRTC buses.
Protests
Shivananda Tiwari, Rajya Sabha MP and JD-U national general secretary, blaming the Bihar state government for the reactionary violence in Bihar by the agitated youths and said,"This reaction is out of frustration and is totally spontaneous. People are very angry at the treatment meted out to the state youths in Maharashtra.". Various cases were filed in Bihar and Jharkhand against Raj Thackeray for assaulting the students. A murder case was also filed by Jagdish Prasad, father of Pawan Kumar, who was allegedly killed by MNS activists in Mumbai. Mumbai police, however, claimed it to be a case of accident. Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar announced a compensation of Rs to Pawan's family. Bihar state Congress chief, Anil Kumar Sharma, has demanded enactment of an Act by Parliament for closing opportunities to any political party or organisation that indulge in obscurantism and raise such narrow, chauvinistic issues based on caste, religion and regionalism to capture power.
Bihar
Angry students in various parts of Bihar damaged railway property and disrupted train traffic, as protests continued against assaults on north Indians by MNS activists in Mumbai. The police said the protesters targeted Patna, Jehanabad, Barh, Khusrupur, Sasaram and Purnia railway stations in the morning. The protesting students reportedly set afire two AC bogies of an express train at Barh railway station. They ransacked Jehanabad, Barh, Purnia and Sasaram railway stations. According to the railway police, at least 10 students were detained in the morning and extra security was deployed to control the situation.
Noted Physician Dr Diwakar Tejaswi observed a day-long fast in Patna to protest against repeated violence by the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) leader Raj Thackeray and his goons against the north Indians.
Various student organisations gave a call for Bihar shutdown on 25 Oct 2008 to protest attacks on north Indian candidates by Maharashtra Navnirnam Sena activists during a Railway recruitment examination in Mumbai.
During the anti-MNS agitation a group of 63 tourists, of which many were Marathis, were on a tour of sacred Buddhist sites. The tourists found themselves stranded on the outskirts of Patna as riots broke out. The Marathis in the group were forced to hide their identity for fear of attacks. The group avoided speaking in Marathi, and woman wore saris in the north Indian rather than the Marathi style. For security, the group had to escorted by 25 policeman to the station. The tourists reached Nagpur safely.
Uttar Pradesh
A group of 25 people pelted stones on the Maharashtra Bhawan in Khalasi Line, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Constructed in 1928, the building is owned by the lone trust run by Marathis in Kanpur. Over the years, it has served as an important venue for prominent festivals, including Ganesh Utsav and Krishna Janmastami.
Delhi
A group of 20 youths, from Bihar, attacked Maharashtra Sadan in the capital on 3 November. The Rashtrawadi Sena has claimed responsibility for the attack. They ransacked the reception of the building and raised slogans against Raj Thackeray.
Jharkhand
After the October 2008 anti-Bihari attacks in Maharashtra, members of the Bharatiya Bhojpuri Sangh (BBS) vandalised the official residence of Tata Motors, Jamshedpur plant head S.B. Borwankar, a Maharashtrian. Armed with lathis and hockey sticks, more than 100 BBS members trooped to Borwankar's Nildih Road bungalow around 3.30pm. Shouting anti-MNS slogans, they smashed windowpanes and broke flowerpots. BBS president Anand Bihari Dubey called the attack on Borwankar's residence unfortunate, and said that he knew BBS members were angry after the attack in Maharashtra on Biharis, but did not expect a reaction. Fear of further violence gripped the 4,000-odd Maharashtrian settlers living in and around the city.
Political reactions
Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh admitted that his government was responsible for failure in preventing the attacks by MNS on north Indian candidates at Railways examination centres and ordered a probe into the incident, which will also enquire into why the job advertisements where not given in Marathi newspapers. "What has happened is not good. Such incidents take place because of loopholes in the law. One can't hold only the Home Ministry responsible for it, it is (entire) government's responsibility. Such incidents are affecting the image of the state and I have instructed the DGP to take stern action," Deshmukh said. However, powerful Congress leader Narayan Rane, wrote a piece in the 23 October 2008 issue of 'Prahar', in a city newspaper he owns, pleading that Marathis should get their legitimate share in the central government sector. The Times of India noted, the essay indicates that Rane continues to have a soft spot for MNS chief Raj Thackeray – the two were close friends when Rane was in the Sena. Stating that the Marathis were getting a raw deal in central government jobs such as income tax and the railways, Rane said it was perplexing that of 54,000, only 54 Marathis were summoned for the railway recruitment exams. The railways must give Marathis their legitimate share in employment, Rane said.
Political parties condemned the attack by MNS activists on north Indian candidates who had come to appear in railway board exam in the city. "Strict action should be taken on MNS activists for the attack," said Bihari origin Congress leader Sanjay Nirupam. Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh said his government will not tolerate Raj Thackeray's party. NCP spokesperson Gurunath Kulkarni also demanded harsh action against the activists. "I condemned the attack by MNS activists. They are not doing any good for Marathi people but spoiling the name of Maharashtra," Kulkarni said.
Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar demanded action against the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena activists and full security to students. Nitish Kumar requested Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh intervention. Kumar directed the additional director general of police to contact senior police officials in Maharashtra and compile a report on Sunday's incident and asked the home commissioner to hold talks with the Maharashtra home secretary to seek protection for people from Bihar.
Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar demanded action against the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena activists and full security to students. Nitish Kumar requested Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh intervention. Kumar directed the additional director general of police to contact senior police officials in Maharashtra and compile a report on Sunday's incident and asked the home commissioner to hold talks with the Maharashtra home secretary to seek protection for people from Bihar. He said: "I expect the Maharashtra government to act tough and protect our students."
Others have also chimed in saying:
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was responsible for the entrenchment of Shiv Sena and its chief Bal Thackeray as well as Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) and its chief Raj Thackeray in the affairs of Maharashtra, even as they believed in and practised narrow politics based on caste, religion, regionalism and chauvinistic ambitions. BJP entered into an opportunistic alliance with Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray and also helped in paving the way for the rule of this party on Maharashtra." Anil Kumar Sharma, Bihar state Congress chief
"The Congress party has a mastery in creating 'bhasmasurs' (self destructing demons). Earlier they created Bhindranwale in Punjab, which killed a Congress Prime Minister. Even this Raj Thackeray is ultimately going to damage Congress" Shivananda Tiwari, Rajya Sabha MP and JD-U national general secretary
"The Congress is Raj Thackeray's event management company and it is trying to project Raj's arrest as an event instead of making any serious effort to check the violent campaign of MNS against north Indians. There is match-fixing between Raj and the Maharashtra government. The state government deliberately books him under small sections and he gets bail." Shahnawaz Hussain, BJP MP
Similar attack
In 2003, the Shiv Sena alleged that of the 500 Maharashtrian candidates, only ten of them successful in the Railways exams. 90 per cent of the successful candidates were alleged to be from Bihar. Activists from the Shiv Sena ransacked a railway recruitment office in protest against non-Marathi's being among the 650,000 candidates set to compete for 2,200 railway jobs in the state. Eventually, after attacks on Biharis heading towards Mumbai for exams, the central government delayed the exams.
See also
2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra
Anti-Bihari sentiment
Rahul Raj encounter
References
Further reading
2008 in India
History of Mumbai (1947–present)
Violence in India
Racism in India
Regionalism in India
2000s in Mumbai
Anti-Bihari sentiment
2008 crimes in India
October 2008 events in India |
Miss World 1979, the 29th edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 15 November 1979 at the Royal Albert Hall in London, UK. The winner was Gina Swainson from Bermuda. She was crowned by Miss World 1978, Silvana Suarez of Argentina. First runner-up was Carolyn Seaward representing the United Kingdom and second runner-up was Debbie Campbell from Jamaica. Swainson was a first runner-up in Miss Universe 1979 represented Bermuda and Carolyn Seaward was a second runner-up in same pageant represented England.
Live television coverage of the contest was largely abandoned by the BBC as a result of a trade union dispute typical of the era in Britain, when sound engineers refused to work, and the BBC decided shortly beforehand that it could not show live pictures without a commentary. The parade of the contestants in their national costumes and each of the entrants in their evening wear had been recorded the night before, so this was televised, followed later in the evening with the crowning of the winner with mute pictures narrated by Ray Moore. A unscheduled repeat of Futtocks End was televised to bridge the two segments. For later overseas transmission, a commentary was added to the silent pictures of the entire event, but the interviews with the final 7 contestants were never shown.
Results
Placements
Contestants
Notes
Debuts
Returns
Last competed in 1973:
Last competed in 1976:
Last competed in 1977:
References
External links
Pageantopolis – Miss World 1979
Miss World
1979 in London
1979 beauty pageants
Beauty pageants in England
Events at the Royal Albert Hall
November 1979 events in the United Kingdom |
Robert Crawford may refer to:
Politicians
Robert Crawford (died 1706), MP and Governor of Sheerness
Robert Wigram Crawford (1813–1889), British East India merchant, Governor of the Bank of England and Liberal Party MP, 1857–1874
Robert Crawford (Canadian politician) (1834–1897), member of the 1st Council of the Northwest Territories for Qu'Appelle from 1886–1888
Robert Fitzgerald Crawford (died 1895), British general, father of Robert Copland-Crawford
Robert Crawford (Antrim politician) (1847–1946), Ulster Unionist Party Member of the Northern Ireland Parliament (MP) for Antrim then Mid Antrim
Bob Crawford (Florida politician) (born 1948), Florida Commissioner of Agriculture
Robert Stewart Crawford (1913–2002), British diplomat
Sportspeople
Robert Copland-Crawford (1852–1894), played for Scotland in the first international football match (son of Gen. Robert Crawford)
Robert Crawford (Cambridge University cricketer) (1869–1917), English cricketer
Robert Crawford (footballer) (1886–c. 1950), Liverpool footballer
Bob Crawford (athlete) (1899–1970), American long-distance runner
Bobby Crawford (footballer) (1901–1965), Scottish footballer
Bob Crawford (ice hockey, born 1959), Canadian ice hockey player
Bobby Crawford (ice hockey) (born 1960), American ice hockey player
Robbie Crawford (footballer, born 1993), Scottish footballer for Charleston Battery
Robbie Crawford (footballer, born 1994), Scottish footballer for Livingston
Writers
Robert Crawford (Australian poet) (1868–1930), Australian poet
Robert Crawford, pen-name of Hugh C. Rae (1935–2014), Scottish novelist and thriller writer
Robert Crawford (Scottish poet) (born 1959), Scottish poet, scholar and critic
Other people
Robert Crawford Johnson (1882–1937), English inventor of the cube teapot
Robert H. Crawford (died 1942), American founder of Acme Markets
Robert Walter Crawford (1891–1981), American Army general
Robert MacArthur Crawford (1899–1961), composer who wrote the U.S. Air Force song
Robert Wilson Crawford (1906–1995), American parks and recreation professional
Robert Crawford (composer) (1925–2012), Scottish classical composer, who worked with Ilona Kabos
Robert Hugh Crawford (died 1930), horse judge and businessman in South Australia
Robert Crawford (psychiatrist) (1941–2021), New Zealand psychiatrist
Robert L. Crawford Jr. (born 1944), American television actor and film producer
Robert Crawford (historian) (born 1945), director of the Imperial War Museum |
Greg Andrusak (born November 14, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player.
Andrusak played 43 games in the National Hockey League for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Toronto Maple Leafs. He scored a goal and scored seven points.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honors
Transactions
On June 11, 1988 the Pittsburgh Penguins selected Greg Andrusak in the fifth-round (#88 overall) of the 1988 NHL draft.
On July 9, 1999 the Toronto Maple Leafs signed unrestricted free agent Greg Andrusak.
On August 14, 2000 the San Jose Sharks signed unrestricted free agent Greg Andrusak.
On January 5, 2002 the HC Lugano (Swiss) signed free agent Greg Andrusak.
External links
1969 births
Living people
Berlin Capitals players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Wolves (IHL) players
Cleveland Lumberjacks players
Detroit Vipers players
ECH Chur players
Eisbären Berlin players
Hamburg Freezers players
Genève-Servette HC players
HC Lugano players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Kelowna Spartans players
Kentucky Thoroughblades players
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey players
Minnesota Moose players
Muskegon Fury players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks
Sportspeople from Cranbrook, British Columbia
Toronto Maple Leafs players |
Fergal Stapleton (born 1961 in Ireland) is an artist living and working in London.
Stapleton studied at Middlesex Polytechnic (now Middlesex University) and graduated from the MA Programme at Goldsmiths College, London in 1993.
Between 1994 and 1997 he collaborated on a number of works with Turner Prize nominee Rebecca Warren. He is represented by Carl Freedman Gallery.
Stuart Morgan (art critic) on Stapleton's 1993 show "His manner of entertaining us…the worst thing I have ever done."
(frieze (magazine), No. 10, May 1993): 'The logic of dandyism as a mode of conceptual art assumes a view of the dandy not as engaged in a foppish, decadent pursuit but as an attempt to get over class distinction by creating one's own aristocracy, doing what aristocrats do but doing it better, secure in the knowledge that their order and the natural superiority it implies is on a false premise.’
Stapleton has been an occasional lecturer on the MA Fine Art programmes at Goldsmiths College, University of London, Birmingham Institute of Art & Design, Birmingham City University, and the Slade School of Fine Art. He has also contributed to the art review section of TimeOut magazine (Nos. 1418 & 1421–1425).
Stapleton is additionally the author of a novel titled After the Death of the Goat God (Key Principles in History 2)
Solo exhibitions (selected)
Lo Ceremonial (Carl Freedman Gallery, 2016)
2moro (Carl Freedman Gallery, 2014)
dOr (Carl Freedman Gallery, 2010)
If one good deed in all my life I did, I do repent it from my very soul (V22, London 2009)
Art Show (in V22 Presents:The Wharf Rd Project 2008)
And a Door Opened (Carl Freedman Gallery, 2007)
Stapleton Grey (Carl Freedman Gallery, London, 2006)
I Shall Arrive Soon (Carl Freedman Gallery, London, 2003)
Collaborations (selected)
The Unadorned Hardcore World of the Anabolic Mutant in Stir (with Rebecca Warren, The Showroom, London 1997)
Group exhibitions (selected)
Take a little walk to the edge of town and cross the tracks (Coombs Contemporary at Watson, Farley, Williams, London 2018)
A Darkness More Than Night (QUAD Gallery, Derby 2012)
The Shape We're In (Zabludowicz Collection, 176 Prince of Wales Rd, London 2011)
Newspeak: British Art Now (Saatchi Gallery, Duke of York's HQ, London 2010))
Newspeak: British Art Now (The State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg 2009)
Curations
The Real, (in V22 Presents:The Sculpture Show, The Biscuit Factory, London, 2009)
References
External links
Home is where the art is, The Guardian
Jonathan Jones, The Guardian
Andrew Bonacina, Frieze magazine
Rachel Withers, Artforum
Future Greats, Artreview
In the Studio, Time Out
Stapleton on Marc Camille Chaimowicz, Frieze magazine
JJ Charlesworth, Artreview
Seated Man, Frieze
1961 births
Living people
British artists
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
British contemporary artists
Irish contemporary artists
Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom |
Agios Ilias ( meaning Saint Elias) is a village on the island of Lefkada, Greece that is part of the municipal unit of Apollonioi.
Population
External links
Agios Ilias on GTP Travel Pages (in English and Greek)
See also
List of settlements in the Lefkada regional unit
References
Populated places in Lefkada (regional unit) |
Helmenzen is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.
References
Altenkirchen (district) |
Choenyi Tsering (; ; born 15 May 1986) is a Chinese actress and singer of Tibetan descent. Choenyi Tsering was best known for her roles as Princess Aliya on Love Yunge from the Desert (2013) and Zhang Lihua/ Zhu Gui'er on Heroes in Sui and Tang Dynasties (2013) and also starred in a number of films, including Zhanian Instrument (1999), Women Who Know How to Flirt Are the Luckiest (2013), Zhong Kui: Snow Girl and the Dark Crystal (2014), and Soul on a String (2017).
Early life and education
Choenyi Tsering was born in Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, on 15 May 1986. She aspired to act from an early age. She graduated from Tibet University.
Acting career
At the age of 13, Choenyi Tsering appeared in an advertisement for a Tibetan medicine. It was her first ever advertising campaign as a model.
Choenyi Tsering made her film debut in Zhanian Instrument (1999), playing Gesang. The film was produced and distributed by CCTV-6.
In 2002, she attended the Tourism Ambassador of Tibet trials and won the Champions. In the fellowing year, she got the first place in the "Fifty-six Golden Flower Beauty Pageant of National Minorities" contest.
After playing minor roles in various films and television series, Choenyi Tsering received her first leading female role in a series called Changpiao Zhuangge (2008).
In 2009, she won the top place in Come on! Oriental angel (), a Talent Show program aired on Dragon Television.
In 2010, Choenyi Tsering became the Penghu Islands Tourist Image Propaganda Ambassador. That same year, she appeared uncredited in the biographical historical television series Huang Yanpei as a journalist.
Choenyi Tsering's first major film role was in Wuye Paimen (2011). It was released on 26 August 2011.
In 2013, she had key supporting role as Princess Aliya in Love Yunge from the Desert. She was praised for her role. The series was produced by Yu Zheng and stars Angelababy, Du Chun, Lu Yi, Chen Xiao and Yang Rong. That same year, she was cast as Zhang Lihua/ Zhu Gui'er in Heroes in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was produced by Zhejiang Yongle Film & TV Production. The series is an adaptation based on Chu Renhuo's historical novel Sui Tang Yanyi. She had a minor role as Jia Jia in Pang Ho-Cheung's Women Who Know How to Flirt Are the Luckiest, a romance film starring Huang Xiaoming, Zhou Xun, Sonia Sui and Evonne Xie.
In 2014, Choenyi Tsering appeared as Du Juan in the shenmo television series New Mad Monk. It is a sequel to The Legend of Crazy Monk. The television series earned critical acclaim. She got a small role as a Western beauty in the fantasy action adventure film Zhong Kui: Snow Girl and the Dark Crystal. The film is directed by Peter Pau and Zhang Tianyu and stars Chen Kun, Li Bingbing, Winston Chao, Yang Zishan, Bao Bei'er, and Jike Junyi.
In 2016, she had a cameo appearance in Ice Fantasy, adapted from Guo Jingming's bestselling novel of the same title. It is directed by Ju Jue Liang, and stars Feng Shaofeng, Victoria Song, Ma Tianyu, and Zhang Meng. The series was broadcast in July 2016 on Hunan Satellite Television. At the end of that same year, she sung a song with Tashi Dhondup on the CCTV New Year's Gala.
In 2017, Choenyi Tsering co-starred with Kimba and Siano Dudiom Zahi in Soul on a String as the Qiong, a Tibetan shepherdess. It is based on the short stories Tibet: Soul on a String () and On the Road to Lhasa () by Tashi Dawa. The film premiered at the 19th Shanghai International Film Festival on 15 June 2016, and opened in China on 18 August 2017.
Filmography
Film
TV series
Drama
Singles
References
External links
Choenyi Tsering Douban
Choenyi Tsering Mtime
1986 births
People from Ngari Prefecture
Living people
21st-century Tibetan women singers
Tibetan actresses
Tibet University alumni
Chinese film actresses
Chinese television actresses
21st-century Chinese actresses
21st-century Chinese women singers |
Meşəşambul () is a village and municipality in the Balakan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 3,438. The municipality consists of the villages of Meşəşambul and Qazbölük.
Notable natives
Ramazan Chirinqov — National Hero of Azerbaijan.
Murad Bazarov — 2010 Youth Olympic Games winner.
References
Populated places in Balakan District |
The Golfodulcean poison frog or Golfodulcean poison-arrow frog (Phyllobates vittatus) is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae endemic to Costa Rica.
Poison
Like all members of the genus Phyllobates, Golfodulcean poison frogs have highly potent neurotoxic alkaloid poisons in their skin. While it is only the fourth-most toxic of the genus, the Golfodulcean poison frog is still a highly toxic animal. Its poison causes severe pain, followed by tonic-clonic seizures and paralysis if a large enough dose of the toxin is administered. The frog, for protection, advertises its toxin with its multi-coloured body. Because it is of comparatively large size for a poison dart frog, the Golfodulcean poison frog can store a large amount of poison in its skin. Captive examples lack the toxin, which suggests they do not manufacture the poison themselves, but instead acquire it from a species of insect or other small invertebrate on which they feed.
Scientists have not determined the batrachotoxin source for any species of the genus Phyllobates, although toxic birds from New Guinea likely get batrachotoxin from a small beetle of the family Melyridae.
Description
P. vittatus is a fairly large poison frog, reaching a length of 3.5 cm in adulthood, with females typically being larger than males. They are more smooth-bodied than other species of the genus, having almost perfectly sloping backs. Unlike the related P. bicolor and P. terribilis, their shoulder blades are usually not visible beneath their skin, giving the frogs the appearance of being overweight. The frog's color is black, but it may appear to glitter due to chemical pigments in the skin. Its legs are mottled blue, and the sides often have a marble pattern of blue or green. One of the most distinctive features of P. vittatus are the two stripes running down its back for which it was named. These stripes are usually fire orange, but they may also be golden, yellow, or green, and extend from just above the cloaca to the end of the frog's nose.
Habitats
Its natural habitats are primary lowland moist and wet forests at elevations of above sea level. It is diurnal and terrestrial species associated with streams. Eggs are usually laid on leaves above the ground. The hatching tadpoles are transported by males to forest streams where they complete the larval development.
As pets
Golfodulcean poison frogs are communal animals, and have recently become available in the pet trade. They can be kept in a vivarium measuring about 100x60x60 cm, to grant the frogs both space to move around on the ground and space to climb. A clean, mossy substrate should be provided and, optionally, a carpet of leaves. However, care must be taken to ensure that the leaves are completely unblemished, as many parasitic fungi are lethal to amphibians. Phyllobates frogs climb by sticking to leaves with their adhesive toe pads, in a similar manner to geckos, and the climbing space must be smooth and vertical. Phyllobates frogs are more than capable of climbing out of unsecured vivaria, so their vivaria must be completely sealed.
References
Phyllobates
Endemic fauna of Costa Rica
Amphibians of Costa Rica
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Amphibians described in 1893
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Isthmian–Pacific moist forests |
Founded in 1996, Advance Financial is a fintech company based in Nashville, Tennessee. Advance Financial provides lending decisions on cash loans and other financial services. It employs over 1100 employees and in 2019 was named to the Inc.com 5000 list of the fastest-growing private companies in the country for the eighth year in a row.
Associations
Advance Financial is a member of several trade organizations including Community Financial Services Association of America, Financial Service Centers of America where the founders, Mike & Tina Hodges serve on the board of directors and Online Lenders Alliance.
References
American companies established in 1996
Financial services companies established in 1996
Financial services companies of the United States
Companies based in Nashville, Tennessee
1996 establishments in the United States
1996 establishments in Tennessee
Companies established in 1996 |
Bent Vejlby (20 March 1924 – 31 August 2020) was a Danish film actor and school teacher. He appeared in 40 films between 1952 and 1973. He was born in Vejlby, Denmark.
Filmography
Kærlighedsdoktoren (1952)
Mig og min familie (1957)
Tag til marked i Fjordby (1957)
Styrmand Karlsen (1958)
Vi er allesammen tossede (1959)
Kvindelist og kærlighed (1960)
Sømand i knibe (1960)
Reptilicus (1961)
Gøngehøvdingen (1961)
Soldaterkammerater på sjov (1962)
Dronningens vagtmester (1963)
Støv for alle pengene (1963)
Majorens oppasser (1964)
Slottet (1964)
Når enden er go' (1964)
Mord for åbent tæppe (1964)
Flådens friske fyre (1965)
Een pige og 39 sømænd (1965)
Næsbygårds arving (1965)
Nu stiger den (1966)
Min søsters børn (1966)
Slap af, Frede! (1966)
I stykker (1966)
Det er ikke appelsiner, det er heste (1967)
Onkel Joakims hemmelighed (1967)
Mig og min lillebror (1967)
Det var en lørdag aften (1968)
Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste (1968)
Mig og min lillebror og storsmuglerne (1968)
Romulus den store (1969)
Helle for Lykke (1969)
Pigen fra Egborg (1969)
Mazurka på sengekanten (1970)
Premiere (1970)
Til lykke Hansen (1971)
Sejle op ad åen (1972)
Man sku være noget ved musikken (1972)
På vej til Hilda (1972)
Olsen-bandens store kup (1972)
Gips (1973)
References
External links
1924 births
2020 deaths
Danish male film actors
Actors from Aarhus |
Abraham de Jesús "Abramo" Conyedo Ruano (born 7 October 1993) is a Cuban-born freestyle wrestler representing Italy. He is a bronze medalist at the World Wrestling Championships and the European Wrestling Championships. He represented Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, winning a bronze medal in the men's freestyle 97kg event.
Career
In 2018, he won one of the bronze medals in the men's 97 kg event at the World Wrestling Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. In 2020, he won one of the bronze medals in the 97 kg event at the European Wrestling Championships held in Rome, Italy.
In March 2021, he competed at the European Qualification Tournament in Budapest, Hungary, qualifying for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. A month later, he competed in the 97 kg event at the 2021 European Wrestling Championships in Warsaw, Poland where he was eliminated in his first match.
In 2022, he lost his bronze medal match in the 125 kg event at the European Wrestling Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. He won the silver medal in the 125 kg event at the 2022 Mediterranean Games held in Oran, Algeria.
Achievements
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Santa Clara, Cuba
Italian male sport wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
European Wrestling Championships medalists
World Wrestling Championships medalists
Italian people of Cuban descent
Olympic wrestlers for Italy
Wrestlers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in wrestling
Competitors at the 2022 Mediterranean Games
21st-century Italian people |
The U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM), a major subordinate command of the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), is located at Fort Gregg-Adams. Under the CASCOM command is the Sustainment Center of Excellence (SCoE).
Mission
CASCOM provides Training and Leader Development, and develops concepts, doctrine, organizations, lifelong learning, and materiel solutions, to provide Sustainment in support of a campaign quality Army with joint and expeditionary capabilities.
CASCOM is responsible for training more than 180,000 students annually through 541 courses taught by the Ordnance, Quartermaster and Transportation schools, Soldier Support Institute and Army Logistics University.
The establishment of the Sustainment Center of Excellence under CASCOM does not eliminate the duties and responsibilities of CASCOM Headquarters. CASCOM is a major subordinate element of the Training and Doctrine Command which trains and educates Soldiers and Civilians, develop and integrates capabilities, concepts and doctrine, and executes functional proponency to enable the Army's Sustainment Warfighting Function.
History
Combat Service Support Group (CSSG) and Personnel and Logistics Support Group (PALSG) 1962-1973
The U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM) at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia, had its origins in a 1950 Project VISTA study, which, among other recommendations, proposed that the Army set up a separate and independent command to formulate and test new concepts. With the establishment of the Combat Developments Group (CDG) within the Headquarters of the Office of the Chief of Army Field Forces in 1952, the Army began to evaluate the effects of scientific developments on Army doctrine, and also began evaluating development requirements for new weapons. Ten years later, in 1962, the Army activated the 4-star U.S. Army Combat Development Command (CDC) at Fort Belvoir, Virginia with responsibilities for integrating the Army's research and development functions. Additionally, two subordinate organizations were created within the CDC; the Combat Service Support Group (CSSG) at Fort Lee, Virginia, and the Combined Arms Support Group at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. For the first time, the Army began to integrate the development of tactics, doctrine, and organization with the materiel designed to support them; all part of the effort to functionalize the structure of the support services.
In further support of this reform, separate branch agencies were organized for each of the technical services (Quartermaster, Ordnance, Transportation, Adjutant General, Chaplain, Civil Affairs, Medical Service, and Military Police) and operated as tenants at bases where their respective schools were located. Each one had responsibility for combat development and doctrine for their respective branch. Additionally, within each branch school, separate departments of combat development and doctrinal expertise existed. The Judge Advocate General and Finance Schools were added in 1964, while Civil Affairs was transferred to the Combat Arms Group.
In a 1966 reorganization, the CSSG at Fort Lee assumed responsibility for developing all support elements for the Army in the field. Five CSSG directorates were combined into three: Personnel and Administration; Program and Budget; and Doctrine, Organization, Materiel and Evaluation. The Finance and Adjutant General agencies remained collocated at Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN, with their respective schools and they combined to form the Personnel and Administrative Services Agency, while the Quartermaster and Ordnance Agencies were re-designated the Supply and Maintenance Agencies, respectively. In 1969, the MP agency was transferred to the Combat Support Group. CSSG became the Personnel and Logistics Systems Group (PALSG) in 1971, with few essential changes.
The Logistics Center (LOGC) 1973-1990
With the creation of the 4-star U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) -- a new major Army command -- in March 1973, the 4-star Combat Developments Command was disestablished and its subordinate organizations were reorganized. Within TRADOC, three lower level, 2-star major subordinate integrating centers were created: the Logistics Center (which replaced the PALSG at Fort Lee), the Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, and the Administrative Center at Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN. Materiel development became a cooperative effort with TRADOC as primary combat developer and the Army Materiel Command as the primary materiel developer.
The Logistics Center assumed responsibility for the development, testing, integration, and dissemination for logistics concepts, doctrine and systems, the design of management systems, the control of management characteristics as they affected logistical support, the organization of logistics units, the career development of logistics personnel, and the conduct of exercises and command post exercises. Training exercises, such as the Logistics Exercise (LOGEX) would continue to be a major activity at the LOGC over the next two decades. Additionally, in 1975, TRADOC instructed the Logistics Center to establish a mission capability in force restructuring, the importance of which has continued to the present.
In 1983, TRADOC designated the LOGC commander as the TRADOC Deputy Commanding General for Logistics, with the upgrading of the billet to a 3-star rank. With this increased authority, Lieutenant General Robert Bergquist set out to enhance the position of Combat Service Support with TRADOC by promoting the concept of multifunctionalism. This concept became a key part of the new doctrine developed by TRADOC, known as AirLand Battle, and multifunctionalism became an enduring concept of Army sustainment. LOGC began the process by creating Forward Support Battalions which ended the ad hoc practice of assigning forward area support coordinators (FASCOS) to brigade combat teams. The success of this initiative led to the subsequent redesign of logistics support commands and units at the division and echelons-above-division level.
In the early and mid-1980s, the technical service chiefs were 'brought back' in the interest of improved branch direction and 'esprit de corps' within each of the branches. With this re-establishment, each of the chiefs (ex. Quartermaster General, Chief of Ordnance, Chief of Transportation) became the commander of their respective schools and the lead proponent for their branch within the Army. Initially, subordinate to TRADOC, by the early-mid 1990s, these branch chiefs/school commandants would fall under the authority of LOGC and, subsequently, the Combined Arms Support Command.
Command Arms Support Command (CASCOM) 1990-Present
The Combined Arms Support Command was established on 2 October 1990, when the U.S. Army Logistics Center (LOGC) at Fort Lee, Virginia merged with the U.S. Army Soldier Support Center at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. From 1973 to 1990 the U.S. Army Logistics Center was responsible for the development of logistics concepts and doctrine, the design of management systems, the control of management characteristics as they affected logistical support, the organization of logistics units, the career development of logistics personnel, and the conduct of logistics exercises and command post exercises.
On 10 October 1994, CASCOM was reorganized. The combat developments, doctrinal concepts, evaluation and standardization, and training developments functions at the Quartermaster, Ordnance and Transportation branch schools were centralized at CASCOM headquarters at Fort Lee, Virginia. The school brigades at these branch schools were now focused on branch-specific instruction.
In 2005, CASCOM underwent a realignment of the headquarters staff to meet new logistical requirements. Functions relating to training development came under the newly created Deputy Commander for Training. Materiel, force design and doctrine were consolidated under the Deputy Commander for Futures.
The 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC) recommended the creation a Combat Service Support Center (consolidation of the Ordnance, Quartermaster, Transportation Centers and Schools) at Fort Lee. Under this BRAC the Transportation Center and School moves from Fort Eustis, Virginia, the Ordnance Center and School from Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, and the Missile and Munitions Center from Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
As a result of this BRAC action CASCOM Headquarters has taken on the additional role for providing oversight for the "Sustainment Center of Excellence". Under BRAC a new headquarters building was constructed as well as major construction projects in support of bringing the Ordnance and Transportation Schools to Fort Lee. As part of the creation of the SCoE, the Army Logistics Management College (ALMC) has become the Army Logistics University (ALU) where professional development training takes place for logistics officers, warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and civilians.
Subordinate commands
U.S. Army Ordnance Corps and School
U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps and School
U.S. Army Transportation Corps and School
U.S. Army Soldier Support Institute
United States Army Adjutant General School
United States Army Financial Management School
U.S. Army Sustainment University
Commanders
1BG Jesse R. Cross, the Quartermaster General, was asked to wear two hats during the three-month gap between the departure of MG James E. Chambers and arrival of MG James L. Hodge.
2BG Douglas M. McBride, the Quartermaster General, was asked to wear two hats during the one-month gap between the departure of MG Paul C. Hurley, Jr. and arrival of MG Rodney Fogg.
Supporting sustainment units
To provide a central location for Sustainment unit focused information on training, doctrine, lessons learned and force structure CASCOM has created the Sustainment Unit One Stop portal.
Insignia
Shoulder Sleeve Insignia. Description: On a white lozenge shape wide and high, edged with a scarlet border, a quatrefoil of four blue discs each edged with a dark blue ring surmounted at center with one of the like, overall a four-pointed white star.
Symbolism: The five major elements of logistics (maintenance, supply, transportation, facilities and services) are represented by the discs. The four-pointed star alludes to the points of the compass, symbolizing global logistics application. Blue represents constancy and devotion; red stands for combat and courage. White stands for integrity and, with blue and red, represents the United States.
Background: The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 13 June 1991.
Distinctive Unit Insignia. Description: A gold color metal and enamel device high overall, on a white disc bordered by a gold ring, a stylized blue five-pointed star overlaid at the tips by the gold ring between, at top, a gold corona of six rays, and below a red scroll inscribed "SUPPORT STARTS HERE" in gold letters.
Symbolism: The star represents new unit bringing together diverse elements, combining their functions and activities under one authority. It also represents the United States of America. The ring stands for unity and cooperation, the corona denotes achievement and future growth. Blue represents constancy and devotion; red stands for combat and courage. White stands for integrity and, with blue and red, represents the United States. Gold signifies excellence.
Background: The distinctive unit insignia was approved 15 March 1991.
Flag
The flag for the Combined Arms Support Command and Fort Lee is National flag blue with yellow fringe. The shoulder sleeve insignia is centered on the flag (TIOH drawing 5-1-307).
References
External links
Combined Arms Support Command
CASCOM News
Military logistics of the United States
Army Combined Arms Support Command
Army Combined Arms Support Command
1990 establishments in the United States |
Miz or the Miz may refer to:
Miz (singer) (Mizuki Watanabe, born 1981), Japanese singer and actress
The Miz, ring name of Mike Mizanin (born 1980), an American professional wrestler
The Miz, nickname of Steve Mizerak (1944–2006), an American professional pool player
Ms., usually pronounced ("Miz"), an English-language honorific for women regardless of marital status
Miz Cracker (born 1984), American drag queen
See also
MS (disambiguation)
Mrs. (disambiguation)
Miss (disambiguation)
MIS (disambiguation)
Mistress (disambiguation)
Missus (disambiguation)
Les Misérables (musical), colloquially known as Les Miz |
Art Kaufman is an American college football coach. He was the defensive coordinator for the California Golden Bears. He had been employed as the defensive coordinator for the North Carolina Tar Heels and the Texas Tech Red Raiders.
Career
Kaufman graduated from the University of Arkansas at Monticello, playing at the linebacker position for the Boll Weevils. During his playing career, he was named an All-American twice. After graduating in 1980, he served as a graduate assistant for Delta State University. In 1983, he received his first full-time coaching position as outside linebackers coach for Northwestern State. He held the position until 1987, when he was promoted to defensive coordinator in addition to his linebacker coaching duties.
In 1988, Kaufman accepted a position as outside linebackers and defensive ends coach at Ole Miss. During his tenure as linebacker/defensive ends coach, the Rebels made appearances in the 1989 Liberty Bowl and the 1991 Gator Bowl. Kaufman remained at Ole Miss for several seasons, before becoming the defensive coordinator and linebacker coach for the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs for the 1992–1994 seasons.
In 1995, he returned to Ole Miss as the new defensive coordinator under then first-time head coach Tommy Tuberville. Kaufman remained at the position for two years after Tuberville's departure to Auburn. From 1997 to 2000, under his tenure, Ole Miss appeared in four straight bowl games: the 1997 Motor City Bowl, the 1998 Independence Bowl, the 1999 Independence Bowl, and the 2000 Music City Bowl. Additionally, in 1999 Kaufman's defense ranked fourth nationally in rushing defense.
For the 2001 and 2002 seasons, Kaufman was the defensive coordinator and linebackers coach for Arkansas Tech. He coached the 2003–04 seasons as linebackers coach for the East Carolina Pirates, and spent the 2005–07 seasons as the linebackers coach at Middle Tennessee.
He then coached the 2008 season as the defensive line and special teams coach for Southern Miss, before accepting a position once again as linebackers coach for the North Carolina Tar Heels. Kaufman was promoted to defensive coordinator of the Tar Heels by interim head coach Everett Withers, filling the spot Withers had vacated upon the firing of head coach Butch Davis. In the 2009 season, Kaufman was named to the list of finalists for the Broyles Award given to the top assistant in college football.
Texas Tech
On January 10, 2012, Kaufman was announced as the new defensive coordinator for the Texas Tech Red Raiders and former employer Tommy Tuberville, replacing Chad Glasgow. He is the fourth defensive coordinator in four years for Texas Tech, and the first with three years or more of experience at the position since Greg McMackin in 2000.
Kaufman inherited a Red Raider defense ranked 114 out of 120 in total defense, and last in the country in rushing defense. In the opening game of the 2012 season against the Northwestern State Demons, Kaufman's defense set a school record of only 84 yards allowed. After the third game versus the New Mexico Lobos, the Red Raiders were 2nd in total defense in the country. Following a bye the week of September 22, the Red Raiders rose to number 1 in total defense. The Red Raiders maintained their number 1 ranking after a Week 5 defeat of their first Big 12 conference opponent, the Iowa State Cyclones. Kaufman's defense held the Cyclones to 189 yards of total offense. Following this performance, Kaufman was named by the Fort Worth Star-Telegram as the frontrunner for the Broyles Award.
After a loss at home to the 14th ranked Oklahoma Sooners and an upset victory over 5th ranked West Virginia Mountaineers, Kaufman's defense ranked 4th in total yards allowed. In the upset victory over West Virginia, the Red Raiders held Heisman Trophy-frontrunner Geno Smith to 275 yards, a passing efficiency rating of 100.71, and one touchdown pass. The win marked the most lopsided victory over a top-5 opponent in school history, and marked the debut of the Red Raiders in the BCS rankings at number 17. Kaufman was again praised for the performance of the defense, with Bruce Feldman of CBS Sports also naming him as the frontrunner for the Broyles Award.
Cincinnati
Following head coach Tommy Tuberville's departure to Cincinnati, Kaufman remained a member of the Texas Tech staff through the 2012 Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas. Following the game, it was announced on January 4, 2013, that Kaufman would be following Tuberville to Cincinnati to accept the defensive coordinator position.
Personal life
He was born in Dermott, Arkansas, and has three daughters.
References
Living people
American football linebackers
Arkansas–Monticello Boll Weevils football players
Arkansas Tech Wonder Boys football coaches
California Golden Bears football coaches
Cincinnati Bearcats football coaches
East Carolina Pirates football coaches
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football coaches
North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches
Northwestern State Demons football coaches
Ole Miss Rebels football coaches
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football coaches
Texas Tech Red Raiders football coaches
People from Dermott, Arkansas
Players of American football from Arkansas
1957 births |
Ośno (Oschen}}) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kwidzyn, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately east of Kwidzyn and south of the regional capital Gdańsk.
References
Villages in Kwidzyn County |
James Shipstone & Sons was a brewery in New Basford, Nottingham, England, that opened in 1852 and closed in 1991.
History
The company produced the Shipstones brand of beer, known locally as Shippo's.
The company was founded by James Shipstone in 1852 at the Star Brewery in the New Basford area of Nottingham. A red illuminated star at the top of the brewery's tower could be seen for miles around.
In 1922, it absorbed both the Beeston Brewery Company and William Hooley Limited.
By 1939, the company owned 550 licensed premises, thirty diesel lorries for long distance delivery work and fifty horses for local delivery work.
The brewery remained an independent family business until 1978 when the company was purchased by Greenall's of Warrington which also purchased a number of other breweries from neighbouring towns and cities. Greenall's introduced minor changes to the production of the various Shipstones beers and increased the marketing of the company. In 1987, Shipstones became the main shirt sponsor of Nottingham Forest F.C., an arrangement which continued until 1994.
In 1990, Greenall's announced that they were ending all beer production and becoming a retailer only company. Production at Shipstones Brewery ended in early 1991 after 139 years. The Shipstones brand continued to be produced for some years afterwards at breweries in Burton upon Trent.
Today the company offices have been taken over, while some housing and retail units have been constructed on other parts of the site. The landmark Victorian building, constructed in 1900 with later extension, remains standing and has been earmarked for conversion into offices.
In November 2013, a 1921 portrait by Noel Denholm Davis of Sir Thomas Shipstone, of the family who owned the brewery, was auctioned by Biddle and Webb of Birmingham. It was purchased by a Nottingham art collector, Ash Gangotra, who offered it on long-term loan to a planned Shipstone's heritage centre.
References
Companies established in 1852
Companies disestablished in 1991
Defunct breweries of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in Nottingham
1852 establishments in England
Food and drink companies established in 1852 |
Mnemiopsis leidyi, the warty comb jelly or sea walnut, is a species of tentaculate ctenophore (comb jelly). It is native to western Atlantic coastal waters, but has become established as an invasive species in European and western Asian regions. Three species have been named in the genus Mnemiopsis, but they are now believed to be different ecological forms of a single species M. leidyi by most zoologists.
Description and ecology
Mnemiopsis have an oval-shaped and transparent lobed body, with four rows of ciliated combs that run along the body vertically and glow blue-green when disturbed. They have several feeding tentacles. Unlike cnidarians, Mnemiopsis does not sting. Their body comprises 97% water. They have a maximum body length of roughly and a diameter of .
It is euryoecious, tolerating a wide range of salinity (2 to 38 psu), temperature (), and water quality.
Mnemiopsis is a carnivore that consumes zooplankton including crustaceans, other comb jellies, and eggs and larvae of fish. Many of its predators are vertebrates, including birds and fish. Others are members of gelatinous zooplankton such as Beroe ctenophores and various Scyphozoa (jellyfish).
The comb jelly has the capacity for self-fertilization, as they are hermaphroditic. They have gonads that contain the ovary and spermatophore bunches in their gastrodermis. It carries 150 eggs along each meridional canal. Eggs and sperm are released into the water column where fertilization takes place. The spawning commences at late evening or at 1:00 or 2:00 a.m. The spawning eggs develop a thick outer layer within a minute of encountering seawater. As many as 10,000 eggs are produced from large specimens in areas with abundant prey. Egg production can start when the animals reach about 15 mm in length. Egg production increases with ctenophore size, and it is unclear when senescence occurs.
It has a transient anus, which means that it appears only during defecation. There is no permanent connection between the gut and the rear of the body. Instead, as waste accumulates, part of the gut starts to balloon out until it touches the outer layer, or epidermis. The gut then fuses with the epidermis, forming an anal opening. Once excretion is complete, the process is reversed and the anus vanishes. The animals defecate at regular intervals: once an hour in the 5-centimetre-long adults, and once every 10 minutes or so in the larvae.
The species moves so slowly that it is referred to as "sea walnut".
As an invasive species
1980s – Black Sea
Mnemiopsis leidyi was introduced in the Black Sea in the 1980s, where only one species of comb jelly, the small sea gooseberry Pleurobrachia pileus occurred until then. The most likely cause of its introduction is accidentally by merchant ships' ballast water. The first Black Sea record was in 1982.
By 1989, the Black Sea population had reached the highest level, with some 400 specimens per m3 of water (>10 animals/cubic foot) in optimal conditions. Afterwards, due to depletion of foodstocks resulting in lower carrying capacity, the population dropped somewhat.
In the Black Sea, M. leidyi eats eggs and larvae of pelagic fish. It caused a dramatic drop in fish populations, notably the commercially important anchovy Engraulis encrasicholus (known locally as hamsi, hamsiya, hamsa, etc.), by competing for the same food sources and eating the young and eggs. Biological control was tried with Beroe ovata, another comb jelly, with some degree of success; it appears as if a fairly stable predator-prey dynamic has been reached.
1999 – Caspian Sea
In 1999 the species was introduced in the Caspian Sea via the Unified Deep Water System of European Russia. The establishment of this population led to a 60% reduction in the number of sprat, which in turn led to a reduction in the population of sturgeon and seals.
[[File:Mnemiopsis.svg|thumb| Worldwide distribution of Mnemiopsis leidyi. Native range in red, colonized areas in pink]]
2006 – North and Baltic Seas
Since then, the species has apparently spread throughout the Mediterranean basin and the northwestern Atlantic. In 2006, it was first recorded in the North Sea, and since October 17, 2006 in the western Baltic Sea, namely the Kiel Fjord and The Belts. Up to 100 animals per cubic metre were counted in the Baltic, whereas the population density in the North Sea was at a much lower 4 animals/m3 at most.
One year later, the Baltic population of M. leidyi was found to have spread east to the Gotland Basin and the Bay of Puck. The impact of the species on the already heavily stressed Baltic ecosystem is unknown. The species overwinters in the deep waters where the temperature does not drop below ; the fact that the Baltic is heavily stratified, with the waters above and below the halocline mixing little, is believed to aid its survival.
Apart from the widespread P. pileus, three comb jelly species occasionally drift into the Baltic from the North Sea but do not seem to be present as a stable population of significant size: Bolinopsis infundibulum, Beroe cucumis and Beroe gracilis. The second species might potentially be used for biological control.
The route of dispersal of M. leidyi to the North Sea/Baltic region is unknown. It might have occurred naturally by drifting individuals, or with ballast water of ships, either from its natural range or from the Black Sea, via the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. At least technically possible given the species' euryhaline habits is an alternative route of dispersal through continental Europe, being carried with ballast water in ships travelling from the Black Sea to the Rhine Estuary via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. The latter route is known to be the point of entry into continental Europe for numerous invasive freshwater neozoons from the Ponto-Caspian region, such as the zebra mussel, the quagga mussel, the amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Chelicorophium curvispinum, and the polychaete Hypania invalida.
Genomics
Both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Mnemiopsis leidyi have been sequenced, providing insight into the evolutionary position of Ctenophora (comb jellies).
In the original 2013 paper reporting the nuclear genome sequence, phylogenetic analysis of the presence and absence of genes, introns, and amino acid alignments suggested that the comb jelly is the sister lineage to the rest of all animals. However, a 2015 study applied different methodologies and found support for Porifera as the sister group to all other animals, and confirmed findings from the original study that amino acid alignments gave mixed support for this hypothesis. The position of Ctenophora and Porifera is currently being actively debated.
Its mitochondrion shows several interesting features. It is 10 kilobases in length making it the smallest animal mitochondrial DNA sequence known to date. It has lost at least 25 genes, including MT-ATP6 and all the tRNA genes. The atp6 gene has been relocated to the nuclear genome and has acquired introns and a mitochondrial targeting presequence. All tRNA genes have been genuinely lost along with nuclear-encoded mitochondrial aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. The mitochondrial rRNA molecules possess little similarity with their homologs in other organisms and have highly reduced secondary structures.
The genome of Mnemiopsis leidyi appears to lack recognizable microRNAs, as well as the nuclear proteins Drosha and Pasha, which are critical to canonical microRNA biogenesis. It is the only animal thus far reported to be missing Drosha. MicroRNAs play a vital role in the regulation of gene expression in all non-ctenophore animals investigated thus far except for Trichoplax adhaerens, one of three known members of the phylum Placozoa.
In Mnemiopsis leidyi'', NOS is present both in adult tissues and differentially expressed in later embryonic stages suggesting the involvement of NO in developmental mechanisms. Ctenophores also possess soluble guanylyl cyclases as potential NO receptors with weak but differential expression across tissues. Combined, these data indicate that the canonical NO-cGMP signaling pathways existed in the common ancestor of animals and could be involved in the control of morphogenesis, cilia activities, feeding and different behaviors.
References
External links
Mnemiopsis Genome Project Portal at the National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH
Research group Limnology at Ghent University, Belgium
Ctenophores from the São Sebastião Channel
Monotypic ctenophore genera
Bolinopsidae
Fauna of the Atlantic Ocean
Taxa named by Louis Agassiz |
```javascript
/**
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* limitations under the license.
*/
'use strict';
/**
* Handles the interruption and starting of button state-change timers. This is used by the stateMap
* to coordinate timing of fuzzy cursor events. Timers are stored in the timerMap by position keys
*/
var timers = module.exports = {};
var timerMap = {};
/**
* Stops a timer and deletes it from the map
*/
timers.interrupt = function interrupt(position) {
var key = require('./stateMap').keyFromPosition(position);
if (timerMap.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
window.clearTimeout(timerMap[key]);
delete timerMap[key];
}
}
/**
* Adds a state-change timer to the map at a given position, and removes the previous one if it exists
*/
timers.add = function add(position, state, delayMs) {
timers.interrupt(position);
var stateMap = require('./stateMap');
timerMap[stateMap.keyFromPosition(position)] = setTimeout(function(pos, state) {
return function() {
stateMap.set(pos, state);
delete timerMap[stateMap.keyFromPosition(pos)];
};
}(position, state), delayMs);
}
``` |
```yaml
---
# vars file for two
``` |
The 1980–81 Israel State Cup (, Gvia HaMedina) was the 42nd season of Israel's nationwide football cup competition and the 27th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence.
The competition was won by Bnei Yehuda who have beaten Hapoel Tel Aviv 4–3 in penalty shoot-out, after 2–2 in the final.
Format Changes
Starting with this edition, if a match is drawn, a replay is to be played, drawn replays are to be settled with extra time and penalty shootouts. This does not include the final and the semi-final, which are still to be settled without replays.
Results
Fifth Round
Sixth Round
Seventh Round
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
References
100 Years of Football 1906-2006, Elisha Shohat (Israel), 2006, p. 250
5 upsets in the Football State Cup Davar, 25.1.1981, Historical Jewish Press
Kiryat Gat - Lod 4:2; Sderot - Beitar Tel Aviv 0:0 Davar, 22.2.1981, Historical Jewish Press
Upset in the State Cup: Maccabi Be'er Sheva (Liga Bet) eliminated Kiryat Shmona Davar, 4.3.1981, Historical Jewish Press
Bnei Hatzor from Liga Bet upset Givat Olga Davar, 5.3.1981, Historical Jewish Press
Cup (Pages 2-5) Hadshot HaSport, 15.3.1981, archive.football.co.il
Cup (Page 7) Hadshot HaSport, 18.3.1981, archive.football.co.il
Israel State Cup
State Cup
Israel State Cup seasons |
Cumberland Basin (or Cumberland Market Basin) was a canal basin near to Euston railway station in London, England and a part of the Regent's Canal. It was originally known as Jew's Harp Basin in the 1880s, after a nearby public house.
The basin's excavation was authorised in 1813 to serve Cumberland Market and then-industrial "New Road" and in 1941-1942 was filled back in chiefly using rubble from the London Blitz of those years and the previous year.
Cumberland Arm
The Cumberland Arm (or Cumberland Market Branch) was a long stretch of canal that connected Cumberland Basin to the Regent's Canal (which passes through the present site of the car park for London Zoo). The Cumberland Turn junction with the Regent's Canal is still visible with the short stub-end of the arm remaining housing the Feng Shang Floating Restaurant.
In the 1880s, American writer Ellis Martin was touring the London canals, but chose not to enter the basin as an 1850s report described it as "no better than a stagnant putrid ditch", and noted that cholera had spread amongst nearby neighbourhoods and boat-dwellers.
The basin and associated works were authorised in 1813 to serve Cumberland Market and New Road (now Euston Road), and closed in 1942.
The basin was dammed off in August 1938, and during the Blitz, the arm was used to supply water to fire pumps attending fires through the West End. By 1941, the arm and basin had been filled in with rubble from demolished buildings.
Historical remains
Starting after World War I, sections of the area around the Cumberland Market were used by the Crown Estate to develop housing for war veterans. Eventually the land right beside the Cumberland Basin was included in these allotments for the Cumberland Market Estate. Some street lamps associated with the basin remain on Gloucester Gate Bridge above the Main Line of the Regent's Canal just west of Cumberland Turn.
References
Cumberland Arm
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
London docks
Canal basins in England and Wales |
Saint Sebastian is a c.1625 oil on canvas painting of Saint Sebastian by Guido Reni. It was previously in the private collection of the Dukes of Hamilton, from which it was sold to its present owner, Auckland Art Gallery in New Zealand.
Reni painted the subject several times - this example is closest to the others now in Bologna, Madrid, Paris and Puerto Rico, with a pose drawn from Michelangelo's Rebellious Slave, although it also has differences to them - the left hand is shown, the loincloth is smaller and some figures have been added to the landscape background.
An almost identical copy, worked on by Reni himself from 1620 to 1639 but left unfinished, is now in the Dulwich Picture Gallery in London. The copy has slightly different colouring and is much larger, at 1.7 by 1.31 m.
References
Paintings by Guido Reni
Reni
1625 paintings |
The 184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD) of the United States Army accomplishes the explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) support activity. The EOD battalion operates under United States Army Forces Command (52nd Ordnance Group (EOD)) command and control with several companies (EOD) strategically located within each control area. Installations and MACOMs do not have a direct area support EOD responsibility.
Organization
Six Ordnance Units (5 Ordnance Companies and 1 Ordnance Battalion) EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal).
Fort Campbell, Kentucky
-49th Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)
-717th Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)
-723rd Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)
-744th Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)
-Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD), 184th Ordnance Battalion EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)
Fort Benning, Georgia
-789th Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)
Lineage
Constituted 18 October 1927 in the Regular Army as the 6th Motor Repair Battalion
Redesignated 1 May 1936 as the 53d Quartermaster Regiment (less 1st Battalion)
Activated on 10 February 1941 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 3d Battalion, 53d Quartermaster Regiment at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Converted and redesignated 18 August 1942 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 3d Battalion, 53d Ordnance Heavy Maintenance Regiment
Reorganized and redesignated 7 October 1942 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 184th Ordnance Heavy Maintenance Battalion
Redesignated 31 May 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 184th Ordnance Battalion
Inactivated 11 March 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 June 1954 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma
Reorganized and redesignated 12 August 1965 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 184th Ordnance Battalion
Inactivated 2 April 1972 at Fort Lewis, Washington
Activated 16 June 1998 at Fort Gillem, Georgia as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD)
Moved to Fort Campbell, Kentucky in late 2008 to early 2009 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD)
Honors
Campaign participation credit
World War II
Normandy
Northern France
Rhineland
Ardennes-Alsace
Central Europe
Vietnam
Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive, Phase II
Counteroffensive, Phase III
Tet Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive, Phase IV
Counteroffensive, Phase V
Counteroffensive, Phase VI
Tet 69/Counteroffensive
Summer-Fall 1969
Winter-Spring 1970
Sanctuary Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive, Phase VII
Consolidation I
Consolidation II
Cease-Fire
Decorations
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for VIETNAM 1967–1968
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for VIETNAM 1968–1969
External links
184TH Ordnance Battalion (EOD) Lineage and Honors at the United States Army Center of Military History
053
Military units and formations established in 1998 |
A bioptome is a small pincer-shaped cutting/grasping instrument used in medicine for taking endomyocardial biopsy specimens of the heart muscle following heart transplantation in rejection monitoring and for diagnosing some diseases of the heart.
Technique
It is flexible and usually operated under the guidance of fluoroscopy or echocardiography.
History
Since 1962, many modifications to the device and techniques in its use have been made.
References
Surgical instruments |
José Miguel Vivanco Inostroza (born January 3, 1961) is a Chilean human rights lawyer, and the former executive director of the Americas Division of Human Rights Watch. He is now an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations.
Biography
Vivanco graduated as a lawyer from the University of Chile and later studied for a master's degree in law from Harvard. After graduating from his master's degree, he worked at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States (OAS), first as a legal advisor and then as a lawyer. In 1990 he founded the Center for Justice and International Law (Cejil), a non-governmental organization that presents complaints about the region to international human rights organizations.
In 1994 Vivanco began serving as executive director of the Americas Division of Human Rights Watch. He has also been an adjunct professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center, American University Washington College of Law, and the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University.
References
Living people
1961 births
University of Chile alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Georgetown University Law Center faculty |
The flag of Magdalena is the official flag of the department of Magdalena, Colombia. It consists of six horizontal stripes of red and blue; the red stands for the blood spilled by the patriots throughout its history in the pursuit of freedom, and the blue represents the waters that surround it. Red and blue also represent integrity and firmness of the Magdaleniense's soul. There are 30 stars on the flag that form the star itself.
The colors are also used in the logo and uniform of the Unión Magdalena, the department's association football team, and appear in the coat of arms of Magdalena as well.
See also
Coat of arms of the Department of Magdalena
References
Flag
Flags of the departments of Colombia |
Runaway Love may refer to:
Runaway Love (EP), an EP by En Vogue
"Runaway Love" (En Vogue song), the title song
"Runaway Love" (Firefall song)
"Runaway Love" (Ludacris song)
"Runaway Love" (Linda Clifford (song)
"Runaway Love", a song by Justin Bieber
"Runaway Love", a song by Alice Gold |
Marinobacter koreensis is a Gram-negative, straight-rod-shaped, aerobic and moderately halophilic bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from sea sand from Pohang in Korea.
References
Further reading
External links
Type strain of Marinobacter koreensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Alteromonadales
Bacteria described in 2006
Halophiles |
In near field communications the NFC Forum Signature Record Type Definition (RTD) is a security protocol used to protect the integrity and authenticity of NDEF (NFC Data Exchange Format) Messages. The Signature RTD is an open interoperable specification modeled after Code signing where the trust of signed messages is tied to digital certificates.
Signing NDEF records prevents malicious use of NFC tags (containing a protected NDEF record). For example, smartphone users tapping NFC tags containing URLs. Without some level of integrity protection an adversary could launch a phishing attack. Signing the NDEF record protects the integrity of the contents and allows the user to identify the signer if they wish. Signing certificates are obtained from third party Certificate Authorities and are governed by the NFC Forum Signature RTD Certificate Policy.
How it works
The NDEF signing process
Referring to the diagrams. An author obtains a signing certificate from a valid certificate authority. The author's private key is used to sign the Data Record (text, URI, or whatever you like). The signature and author's certificate comprise the signature record. The Data Record and Signature Record are concatenated to produce the Signed NDEF Message that can be written to a standard NFC tag with sufficient memory (typically on the order of 300 to 500 bytes). The NDEF record remains in the clear (not encrypted) so any NFC tag reader will be able to read the signed data even if they cannot verify it.
The NDEF Verification Process
Referring to the diagram. Upon reading the Signed NDEF Message, the Signature on the Data Record is first cryptographically verified using the author's public key (extracted from the Author's Certificate). Once verified, the Author's Certificate can be verified using the NFC Root Certificate. If both verifications are valid then one can trust the NDEF record and perform the desired operation.
Supported certificate formats
The Signature RTD 2.0 supports two certificate formats. One being X.509 certificate format and the other the Machine to Machine (M2M) Certificate format. The M2M Certificate format is a subset of X.509 designed for limited memory typically found on NFC tags. The author's certificate can optionally be replaced with a URI reference to that certificate or Certificate Chain so that messages can be cryptographically verified. The URI certificate reference designed to save memory for NFC tags.
Supported cryptographic algorithms
The Signature RTD 2.0 uses industry standard digital signature algorithms. The following algorithms are supported:
On the security of the Signature RTD
The Signature RTD 2.0's primary purpose is the protect the integrity and authenticity of NDEF records. Thus, NFC tag contents using the Signature RTD 2.0 is protected. The security of the system is tied to a certificate authority and the associated Certificate Chain. The NFC Forum Signature RTD Certificate Policy defines the policies under which certificate authorities can operate in the context of NFC. Root certificates are carried in verification devices and are not contained in the signature record. This separation is important for the security of the system just as web browser certificates are separated from web server certificates in TLS.
References
Cryptographic protocols |
The Chickasaw darter (Etheostoma cervus) is a small species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the Forked Deer River system in western Tennessee, where it is an inhabitant of smaller streams. This species can reach a length of .
References
Etheostoma
Fish described in 2003 |
```sqlpl
-- NOTE: database = currentDatabase() is not mandatory
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 0);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 1);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 2);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 3);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 4);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 5);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 6);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 7);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 8);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 9);
SELECT count() > 0 FROM (SELECT * FROM system.columns LIMIT 10);
``` |
Ahli United Bank of Kuwait (AUBK) is a traditional bank founded in 1971, providing retail, private and corporate banking services with headquarters in Safat, Kuwait City.
Timeline:
1941 - founded as the Imperial Bank of Persia, the first bank in Kuwait and affiliated to the British bank with a concession from the ruler Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
1971 - concession ended, the bank was 100% Kuwaiti and name was changed to the Bank of Kuwait and Middle East (BKME)
2002 - AUB Group became a major shareholder
2010 - conversion to Islamic banking.
In 2016 AUBK was selected as the second safest Islamic bank in Kuwait.
See also
List of banks in Kuwait
List of banks in Asia
References
External links
Homepage
Banks of Kuwait
Banks established in 1971
Companies based in Kuwait City
Kuwaiti companies established in 1971
Companies listed on the Boursa Kuwait |
Monkey Forest may refer to:
Ubud Monkey Forest, Bali, Indonesia
Trentham Monkey Forest, Staffordshire, England |
Dinotrema is a genus of wasps in the family Braconidae. Species are amongst the largest parasitoid wasps in the tribe Alysiini (Alysiinae). There are approximately 350 species described around worldwide.
Economic significance
Generally, Dinotrema species are parasitoids of the larvae of Diptera predominantly from families Anthomyiidae, Phoridae and Platypezidae, groups considered as pests.
Distribution
Dinotrema comprises a large number of species described from Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanic, Oriental and Palaearctic (mainly from Western Europe) regions.
Identification
This genus has tridentate and small mandibles, with paraclypeal fovea short, not reaching ventral edge of eyes. Vein cuqu1 (2-SR) present and sclerotized and nervulus (cu-a) postfurcal. It is differentiated from the genus Aspilota by the short size of the paraclypeal fovea far separated from the inner margin of the eye. Moreover, this genus can be differentiated from the genus Synaldis Foerster, 1862 by the presence of the vein cuqu1 (2-SR) and Adelphenaldis Fischer, 2003 by the short size of the paraclypeal fovea and the presence of the vein cuqu1 (2-SR).
References
Braconidae genera |
Marián Hossa (; born 12 January 1979) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey right winger. Hossa was drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the first round, 12th overall, of the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. After spending his first seven NHL seasons with the Senators, he played for the Atlanta Thrashers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Detroit Red Wings, and Chicago Blackhawks. Over the course of his career, he made five NHL All-Star Game appearances and played in three consecutive Stanley Cup Finals with three different teams, finally winning the Stanley Cup in 2009–10 with Chicago. He won two additional Stanley Cup championships with Chicago during the 2012–13 and 2014–15 seasons. Hossa's playing career ended prematurely in 2017, when he announced he was suffering from a progressive skin disorder. His contract was traded to the Arizona Coyotes in 2018 and he formally retired in 2022. Hossa accumulated 525 goals and 609 assists for 1,134 points in 1,309 regular-season games over his 19-year NHL career. He was the 44th player in NHL history to score 500 goals, and the 80th player to score 1,000 points. He was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2020.
Playing career
As a youth, Hossa played in the 1993 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Bratislava.
Ottawa Senators (1998–2004)
Hossa was drafted in the first round, 12th overall, by the Ottawa Senators in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft from Dukla Trenčín of the Slovak Extraliga. Shortly thereafter, he was selected fifth overall in the 1997 Canadian Hockey League (CHL) Import Draft by the Portland Winterhawks of the Western Hockey League (WHL), acquiring his major junior rights in the event that he did not immediately stick with the Senators in the NHL.
After seven games in the NHL, the Senators assigned Hossa to junior, where he tallied 45 goals and 40 assists for 85 points in 53 games with the Winterhawks in 1997–98, earning him the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as WHL rookie of the year, as well as CHL and WHL West First Team All-Star honors. He led the Winterhawks to a President's Cup as WHL champions en route to the 1998 Memorial Cup championship. Late in the third period of a tied championship game against the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s Guelph Storm, Hossa collided with Guelph forward Ryan Davis and suffered a serious knee injury, forcing him out of the game. The Winterhawks went on to clinch the championship in overtime and Hossa returned to the ice on a chair as his teammates pushed him around with the Memorial Cup to celebrate the victory. With seven points in four tournament games, Hossa was named to the Memorial Cup All-Star team, along with teammate Andrej Podkonický.
The injury kept Hossa from joining the Senators for his rookie season in 1998–99 until December. Despite missing two months, Hossa managed 15 goals and 15 assists for 30 points in 60 games to earn NHL All-Rookie honours and finish second to the Colorado Avalanche's Chris Drury in Calder Memorial Trophy voting for rookie of the year.
The following year, in 1999–2000, Hossa improved to 29 goals and 56 points. However, late in the season, on 11 March 2000, he was responsible for an on-ice accident in which he high-sticked Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman Bryan Berard on the follow-through of an attempted shot. The resulting one-inch laceration nearly forced doctors to remove the eye and nearly ended Berard's playing career. Deeply regretful and concerned, Hossa went to visit Berard in hospital the next day to offer an apology to which Berard absolved him of any responsibility.
Hossa recorded 32 goals and 75 points in 2000–01, finishing second in team scoring behind Alexei Yashin and earning his first NHL All-Star Game appearance in Denver. In the subsequent off-season, his rookie contract expired and Hossa became a restricted free agent. Unable to come to terms before training camp for the 2001–02 season, Hossa sat out the first two weeks before signing a three-year, $8.5 million contract on 26 September 2001. Despite Hossa's lucrative new contract, his production would dip to 66 points in the first year of the deal.
Hossa would regain form in 2002–03 with a career-high 45 goals and a team-leading 80 points, while competing in the 2003 NHL All-Star Game in Sunrise, Florida. He then led the Senators to a long playoff run where they were ultimately eliminated in seven games by the eventual Stanley Cup-champion New Jersey Devils in the Eastern Conference Finals. Hossa led the Senators with 16 points in 18 post-season games. The following season, he led the Senators in scoring for the second consecutive season with a personal best 82 points, then added four points in seven games in the playoffs as the Senators were eliminated by the Maple Leafs in the first round.
Due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Hossa spent the 2004–05 season playing in Europe. Beginning the season in Slovakia, he joined Mora IK of the Swedish Elitserien to play with his younger brother Marcel after 19 games with former club Dukla Trenčín. After 32 points in 24 games with Mora IK, Hossa returned to Dukla Trenčín, where he completed the season for a total of 42 points in 22 games with the team.
Atlanta Thrashers (2005–2008)
With NHL play set to resume the following season in 2005–06 and Hossa's previous contract expired, he signed a three-year, $18-million deal with the Senators. However, the contract only precipitated a deal that sent him that same day to the Atlanta Thrashers along with defenseman Greg de Vries for all star forward Dany Heatley, who had requested a trade following the death of teammate Dan Snyder in a car crash for which Heatley was ruled responsible. Hossa joined star winger Ilya Kovalchuk and scored 39 goals and 53 assists for 92 points, surpassing his previous personal best by ten points, in his first season with the Thrashers.
In the 2006–07 season, Hossa made franchise history as the first Thrasher to score 100 points in one season, finishing with 43 goals and 57 assists; along with a plus/minus rating of +18. He was named to his third All-Star Game in Dallas where he notched four assists. In the final game of the regular season, Hossa recorded two assists against the Tampa Bay Lightning to achieve the 100-point mark, which still stands as the franchise's single-season points record. The season also marked the first division title and post-season appearance for the Thrashers, clinching the Southeast Division title for the third playoff seed. Hossa, however, only managed one point in four games as the Thrashers were eliminated in the first round by the New York Rangers.
Pittsburgh Penguins (2008)
In the last year of his contract with the Thrashers in 2007–08, the team and Hossa could not agree on an extension, Hossa was acquired by the Pittsburgh Penguins at the trade deadline on 26 February 2008, along with Pascal Dupuis, in exchange for Colby Armstrong, Erik Christensen, prospect Angelo Esposito and the Penguins' first-round pick in 2008 (Daultan Leveille). In his Penguins debut two days later, Hossa injured his medial collateral ligament (MCL) in a knee-on-knee collision with Glen Murray of the Boston Bruins. Hossa missed the next six contests before rejoining the team for the conclusion of the regular season, playing on a line with Dupuis and Sidney Crosby. Hossa completed the regular season with 66 points in 72 games split between the Thrashers and Penguins. He had also appeared in his fourth All-Star Game while still with the Thrashers as the host-city.
Complementing an already high-powered offence led by Evgeni Malkin and Crosby, Hossa proved to be a vital cog in the Penguins' run to the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals. He scored his first playoff overtime goal in Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals, his second of the contest, against Henrik Lundqvist to clinch the series, putting the Penguins into the Conference Finals against the Philadelphia Flyers. Eliminating the Flyers in five games, Hossa and the Penguins met the Detroit Red Wings in the Final. After scoring the opening goal in game five to help stave off elimination in a triple-overtime victory, Hossa scored his team-leading 12th and final post-season goal in the sixth and deciding game to pull the Penguins within one goal. However, the Penguins were ultimately defeated by the Red Wings 3–2. Hossa nearly forced overtime with the tying goal, but was stopped by goaltender Chris Osgood in the final seconds of the game. He finished third in playoff scoring with 26 points, behind Conn Smythe Trophy-winner Henrik Zetterberg of the Red Wings and linemate Sidney Crosby. Hossa's performance helped shed a reputation for post-season underachievement, as indicated by previous playoff dry spells with the Senators and Thrashers.
Detroit Red Wings (2008–09)
Despite a reported five-year contract offer worth $7 million annually from the Penguins in attempts to retain his services, on 1 July 2008, Hossa signed a one-year deal with the Detroit Red Wings worth $7.45 million. Hossa had also reportedly turned down a multi-year offer from the Edmonton Oilers worth at least $9 million per season. Hossa explained that he opted for the shorter-term contract in hopes of a better opportunity to win a Stanley Cup with the Red Wings. With Red Wings' veteran forward Kirk Maltby already wearing Hossa's number 18, Hossa switched to 81 with Detroit. Hossa notched his first goal as a Red Wing on 18 October, an overtime winner against the New York Rangers, which also marked the 300th goal of his career. Hossa scored a goal in his return to Pittsburgh with the Red Wings on 8 February, where he was heavily booed by the Pittsburgh fans.
After missing two games due to a neck injury late in the season, Hossa was taken off the ice in a stretcher after falling head first into the boards following a check from St. Louis Blues defenceman Roman Polák on 3 March 2009. Escaping serious injury after having laid motionless on the ice for several minutes, it was revealed that in addition to minor neck complications, Hossa also suffered a bruised knee and was listed as day-to-day. Despite the injury, Hossa returned to finish the season with a team-leading 40 goals for his third career 40-goal season.
Late in the regular season, on 23 March 2009, Hossa was quoted as saying he would like to sign a long-term contract with the Red Wings for the upcoming season. He also stated he is willing to take less money to continue to play for Detroit, saying, "I know if I go somewhere else, I could have more, but I'm willing to take less to stay here. Hopefully things work out." Hossa's comments came just several months after the Red Wings signed forward Henrik Zetterberg to a 12-year contract extension.
As the Red Wings attempted to defend their 2008 Stanley Cup championship, Hossa met his former team, the Pittsburgh Penguins, as the two clubs met for the second straight year in the Final. The prospect of Hossa losing to the team he left in order to secure a Stanley Cup championship received considerable media attention. Prior to eliminating the Chicago Blackhawks in the Western Conference Finals, Hossa admitted meeting the Penguins in the finals "would definitely be very interesting." Ultimately, Hossa did, in fact, lose to his former team, falling by a 2–1 score in the seventh game. Immediately following the game, Hossa was asked whether he regretted his decision to leave the Penguins, to which he replied, "Regret? I don't regret it. It could be different circumstances if I sign in Pittsburgh, they probably couldn't sign some other players and they'd be a different team." Hossa finished the 2009 playoffs with six goals and nine assists for a total of 15 points over 23 games.
Chicago Blackhawks (2009–2017)
On 1 July 2009, Hossa signed a 12-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks worth $62.8 million. The contract was front-loaded with $59.3 million due in the first eight years for an average cap hit of $5.2 million per season. It was also the most lucrative deal in team history until defenceman Duncan Keith signed a 13-year, $72 million contract several months later in December 2009. The signing of Hossa by the Blackhawks coincided with the departure of the team's leading scorer and MVP from the previous season, Martin Havlát, to the Minnesota Wild that same day. Shortly after signing Hossa, the team disclosed that the veteran forward was still rehabilitating a shoulder injury he sustained during the previous post-season. The injury required Hossa to undergo surgery, and caused him to miss the first eight weeks of the season. Hossa wore the no. 81 uniform for the Blackhawks, becoming the first and only player in the franchise's history to do so.
Hossa's contract negotiations became the subject of controversy in early August. On 31 July, the Ottawa Sun originally reported that the NHL launched an investigation on Hossa's long-term deal. Because the contract is front-loaded and expires by the time Hossa is 42, it was speculated whether retirement before expiry of the contract was part of the Blackhawks' negotiations. Such an agreement would be considered by the NHL to be a circumvention of the salary cap and the NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), which would be subject to fines or the loss of draft picks. Even though the NHL did not fine or punish the Blackhawks, they later introduced a new rule preventing teams from front-loading contracts as lucratively as the Blackhawks did with Hossa.
Hossa made his debut for the Blackhawks on 25 November 2009, against the San Jose Sharks, scoring twice, including a short-handed goal in the second period of the game.
During the Blackhawks' first playoff series in 2010, Hossa received a five-minute major penalty for boarding Nashville Predators defenceman Dan Hamhuis. With 13.6 seconds left in regulation, Hossa's teammate Patrick Kane tied the game. In the ensuing overtime, Hossa scored the game-winning goal shortly after exiting the penalty box. Since Hamhuis was not injured, the NHL did not fine or suspend Hossa. On 23 May 2010, the Chicago Blackhawks swept the San Jose Sharks to earn a trip to the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals, sending Hossa to the Final for the third-straight year with his third different team, a first in the NHL. Fans and the media had dubbed Hossa's inability to win the Stanley Cup while going to the finals the "Hossa Curse" or the "Hossa Hex." According to Hossa's agent, Ritch Winter, Hossa's third consecutive year in the Stanley Cup Finals was no coincidence, with Winter stating that they had used a mathematical model to determine the teams most likely to get at least 100 points in the 2009–10 regular season. On 9 June 2010, Hossa finally lifted his first Stanley Cup. Chicago captain Jonathan Toews handed the Cup to Hossa first during the team pass-around. Hossa was the first player in NHL history to go to the Finals in three consecutive seasons with three different teams, a feat that would subsequently be repeated by Corey Perry.
In 2011–12, Hossa was picked eighth overall by Team Chara in the second annual All-Star Fantasy Draft for the 2012 All-Star Game. In the game, Hossa scored one goal and two assists in a 12–9 win against Team Alfredsson. On 20 March 2012, Hossa scored his 900th NHL career point (417 goals and 483 assists) in his 970th game played via a goal scored against the Columbus Blue Jackets. In the first period of Game 3 of the opening round of the 2012 Western Conference Quarterfinals, he was taken off the ice on a stretcher and briefly hospitalized after being hit by the Phoenix Coyotes's Raffi Torres. Torres was suspended 25 games by the NHL for the hit, though it was later reduced to 21 games after an NHL Players' Association (NHLPA) appeal.
Hossa recovered in time for the start of the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season. He recorded 17 goals and 14 assists in the 48-game season, finishing third on the team with 31 points. During the season, he also played in his 1,000th career game on 3 March 2013, en route to a 2–1 win over Detroit. Hossa then scored seven goals and nine assists for 16 points in the 2013 playoffs as the Blackhawks eventually defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup in the Finals. Hossa's trip to the Finals marked his fourth appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals in the past six seasons.
On 30 October 2014, shortly into the 2014–15 season, Hossa scored his 1,000th career point with a goal against the Ottawa Senators, becoming the 80th player in NHL history to reach the milestone. On 15 June 2015, Hossa and the Blackhawks won the Cup for the third time in six seasons after Chicago's Game 6 victory over the Tampa Bay Lightning in the Finals.
Hossa approached off-season training differently prior to the 2016–17 season. He performed more cardio-intensive workouts to improve his stamina and conditioning. On 18 October 2016, Hossa scored his 500th career NHL goal, which came in a 7–4 Blackhawks win over the visiting Philadelphia Flyers. Hossa became the second NHL player born in Slovakia to score that many (Stan Mikita), and the fifth player to score his 500th with the Blackhawks; Bobby Hull; Michel Goulet; Peter Bondra. Hossa rebounded in 2016 by scoring 26 goals and 19 assists.
Retirement
Before the start of 2017–18 season, the Blackhawks revealed that Hossa was suffering from a progressive skin disorder called eczema and would miss the entire 2017–18 season while undergoing treatment. The Blackhawks officially placed Hossa on long-term injured reserve on 4 October 2017. In May 2018, Hossa announced he could no longer play professional hockey due to complications from his skin disorder. Hossa states that if it was not for his condition, he thinks that he could have still played a few more years.
The Chicago Blackhawks traded Hossa's contract, along with forward Vinnie Hinostroza, defenseman Jordan Oesterle, and third-round draft pick in the 2019 NHL Draft to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for Marcus Kruger, MacKenzie Entwistle, Jordan Maletta, Andrew Campbell, and fifth-round draft pick in the 2019 NHL Draft.
On 24 June 2020, Hossa was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He is the third Slovak-born player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame following Stan Mikita and Peter Šťastný. Hossa was only the second player to go to the Hall of Fame while still under contract, joining Chris Pronger, who was injured and under contract by Arizona when he was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2015.
Hossa expressed interest in returning to the Blackhawks organization after his contract expires. When asked about the reunion during a 2019 interview, he commented, "I would love to, so we’ll see what happen after my contract is done, but definitely there’s lots of love for me for Chicago and great people I got a chance to work with. So definitely that would be something I would look forward to and we're gonna have a good talk and we'll see what's gonna happen."
Hossa signed a ceremonial one-day contract on 7 April 2022 to officially retire as a Blackhawk. The Blackhawks retired Hossa's no. 81 on 20 November 2022.
Hossa played in one final fundraiser game with many of his former teammates and friends including, Daniel Alfredsson, Zdeno Chára, Jonathan Toews, and Nicklas Lidström, on 18 August 2023 in Trenčín.
International play
Early in his career, Hossa represented Slovakia in two World Junior Championships, in 1997 and 1998. Also appearing in his first World Championships in 1997, tallying two points as an 18-year-old, Hossa has made seven appearances in the tournament throughout his career. Despite personal World Championship best seven-point performances in 1999, 2004, 2005 and 2006, Hossa has remained medal-less with the Slovak men's team.
Hossa made his Olympics debut at the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, tallying six points in only two games for Slovakia. In the subsequent 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Hossa accumulated ten points in six games, but Slovakia was kept from the podium. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, Hossa scored the game-tying goal in the third period against Russia during the preliminary round. In the bronze medal game, Hossa scored a goal and an assist while versing Finland. Slovakia lost to Finland 3–5, and ended up placing 4th overall in the Olympics.
Hossa also competed for Slovakia at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey, held prior to the NHL lockout, but managed just one goal in four games. During the 2004-05 NHL lockout, Hossa played for Mora IK, a professional ice hockey team in Sweden.
Hossa also played for Slovakia in the 2014 Winter Olympics at Sochi. Though Slovakia lost all four games, Hossa ended up scoring two goals and an assist.
In 2016 it was announced that Hossa would play for Team Europe at the World Cup of Hockey.
Personal life
Hossa was born in Stará Ľubovňa, Czechoslovakia, to František Hossa, who was a professional hockey player, and Mária Hossová, a clothing designer. Hossa's brother who is two years younger than him, Marcel Hossa, was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens 16th overall in the first round in the 2000 NHL draft. Following in his footsteps playing for both of Marián's previous junior teams, Dukla Trenčín and the Portland Winter Hawks. Both of the Hossas have played together for Mora IK of the Elitserien during the 2004–05 NHL lockout and on the Slovak national team in the World Championships and Winter Olympics. Coincidentally, they were both dealt by their NHL teams on the day of the 2007–08 trade deadline — Marián from Atlanta to Pittsburgh and Marcel from the New York Rangers to the Phoenix Coyotes. The younger Hossa is no longer playing professional hockey. His last season was in 2017–18, where he played with HK Dukla Trencin. Hossa also grew up with Marián Gáborík and Zdeno Chára in Trenčín, and remained close friends with them through his NHL career. Trenčín honored the trio by naming three streets after each skater in 2015. Marián's father was head coach of the Slovak national team and coached his sons in several tournaments.
In July 2010, Hossa married his long-time girlfriend in his hometown Trenčín, Slovakia. They have three daughters.
Hossa also owns his own company called Hoss Corp located in Trenčín, Slovakia. His company includes a non-profit organization, a sports complex, and apartment complexes that are coming soon. Hoss Heros, which is the non-profit organization, assembles charities and aims to improve the community especially in young athletes. The Hoss Sports Center offers a wide variety of activities where families could come to enjoy their day. This complex includes a 9-hole golf course, tennis courts, and a beach area where beach volleyball and team building events are held. The apartments that are currently being planned out are going to draw more people into the city. It will have its own area code as well.
Hossa's autobiography, Marián Hossa: My Journey from Trencín to the Hall of Fame, was released in November 2022.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards
WHL and CHL
NHL
See also
Notable families in the NHL
Slovaks in the NHL
List of NHL players with 500 goals
References
External links
1979 births
Atlanta Thrashers players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
HK Dukla Trenčín players
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Mora IK players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Olympic ice hockey players for Slovakia
Ottawa Senators draft picks
Ottawa Senators players
People from Stará Ľubovňa
Ice hockey people from the Prešov Region
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Portland Winterhawks players
Slovak ice hockey right wingers
Stanley Cup champions
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden |
Note: Reference cited below, FAS130, remains the most current accounting literature in the United States on this topic.
In 1997 the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement on Financial Accounting Standards No. 130 entitled "Reporting Comprehensive Income". This statement required all income statement items to be reported either as a regular item in the income statement or a special item as other comprehensive income. It is commonly referred to as FAS130. The International Accounting Standards Board issued the International Accounting Standard 1 with a slightly different terminology but an conceptually identical meaning.
Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income (IAS 1: "Total Comprehensive Income") is the total non-owner change in equity for a reporting period. This change encompasses all changes in equity other than transactions from owners and distributions to owners. Most of these changes appear in the income statement. A few special types of gains and losses are not shown in the income statement but as special items in shareholder equity section of the balance sheet.
Since these comprehensive income items are not closed to retained earnings each period they accumulate as shareholder equity items and thus are entitled "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income" and is sometimes referred to as "AOCI".
Accumulated other comprehensive income is a subsection in equity where "other comprehensive income" is accumulated (summed or "aggregated").
The balance of AOCI is presented in the Equity section of the Balance Sheet as is the Retained Earnings balance, which aggregates past and current Earnings, and past and current Dividends.
Other comprehensive income
Other comprehensive income is the difference between net income as in the income statement (profit or loss Account) and comprehensive income, and represents the certain gains and losses of the enterprise not recognized in the P&L Account. It is commonly referred to as "OCI" although the word comprehensive has no meaning as can be seen from the definitory equation. OCI when translated into another language and back into English means "other income" only.
In practice, it comprises the following items:
Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities [IAS 39/ "FAS 115" – "Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt Securities"]
Gains and losses on derivatives held as cash flow hedges (only for effective portions) [IAS 39/ "FAS 133" – "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities"]
Gains and losses resulting from translating the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries (from foreign currency to the presentation currency) [IAS 21/ "FAS 52" – "Foreign Currency Translation"],
Actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit plans recognized (Minimum pension liability adjustments) [IAS 19/ "FAS 158" – "Employers' Accounting For Defined Benefit Pension And Other Postretirement Plans"]
Changes in the revaluation surplus [IAS 16 and IAS 38].
While the AOCI balance is presented in Equity section of the balance sheet, the annual accounting entries, as flows, are presented sometimes in a Statement of Comprehensive Income. This statement expands the traditional income statement beyond earnings to include OCI in order to present comprehensive income.
Under the revised IAS 1, all non-owner changes in equity (comprehensive income) must be presented either in one Statement of comprehensive income or in two statements (a separate income statement and a statement of comprehensive income).
Reclassification to profit or loss (P&L)
Flows presented initially in OCI sometimes are reclassified into Earnings (Profit or Loss) when certain conditions are met. For the five types of OCI described above, the triggers for reclassification are presented in the accounting standard that gives rise to the OCI flow.
Alterations to definition of OCI
In the United States further alterations to this OCI definition occur when a new standard (including a revision of a previously issued accounting standard) identifies an item that can be measured, should be measured in the financial statements, represents a "flow" variable rather than a stock, or snapshot, variable, and does not represent a flow variable that should be presented in the Income Statement as a component of Earnings. The flow variable that is both measurable and should be recognized is then added to the list above of items that a reporting entity would include in AOCI.
In the third quarter of 2008 the United States Securities and Exchange Commission received several proposals to allow the recognition in AOCI of certain fair value changes on financial instruments. This proposal was initially well received by representatives of the banking community who felt that Earnings recognition of these fair value changes during the concurrent "credit meltdown of 2008" would be inappropriate. The effect of this proposal, on balance, would be to remove sizeable losses from Earnings and thus Retained Earnings of banks, and assist them in preserving their regulatory capital. The regulatory capital of banks in the US and generally worldwide includes contributed equity capital and retained earnings but excludes AOCI, even though it is reported as a component of the Equity section of the Balance Sheet.
The FASB released an Accounting Standards Update on January 5, 2016 that changes items reported in OCI. Previously, equity securities could be classified as available for sale, and unrecognized gains and losses on these securities appeared in OCI. However, per this update, there is no longer an available for sale classification for equity securities if the fair value of these securities can be readily determined. Changes in the fair value of equity investments in unconsolidated entities flow through earnings for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017.
See also
Balance sheet
Comprehensive income
Hedge accounting
Reserve (accounting)
Statement of comprehensive income
References
Accounting in the United States |
Prosipho turrita is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.
Description
Distribution
References
Buccinidae
Gastropods described in 1984 |
The 1996 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives on November 5, 1996, to elect members to serve in the 105th United States Congress. They coincided with the re-election of President Bill Clinton. Democrats won the popular vote by almost 60,000 votes (0.07%) and gained a net of two seats from the Republicans, but the Republicans retained an overall majority of seats in the House for the first time since 1928.
Although the Republicans lost 3 seats, 1 of them included an independent who would caucus with them and switch to the Republicans. This resulted in a 227 Republican majority to the Democrats' 208 minority which also included an Independent caucusing with them. A total of 12 freshman Republicans who were elected in the 1994 Republican Revolution were defeated in the election. The election was the second time in the 20th century, after the 1952 elections, in which Republicans won a House majority without winning a majority of votes, a situation that occurred again in 2012.
Although, in terms of the total vote this result remains one of the closest in U.S. history. This remains the last election in which Republicans won a majority of seats in the New Jersey delegation, and was also the first election since Reconstruction in which Republicans won a majority of seats in Mississippi's delegation.
Special elections
Results summary
Source: Election Statistics – Office of the Clerk
Retiring incumbents
50 incumbents retired: 29 Democrats and 21 Republicans, giving the Republicans a net gain of 6 seats from the Democrats.
Democrats
Democratic hold
: Blanche Lincoln
: Ray Thornton
: Anthony Beilenson
: Pat Schroeder
: Pete Peterson
: Sam Gibbons
: Harry Johnston
: Cardiss Collins
: Andrew Jacobs Jr.
: Gerry Studds
: Robert Torricelli, to run for U.S. Senator
: Charlie Rose
: Jack Reed, to run for U.S. Senator
: Harold Ford Sr.
: Jim Chapman, to run for U.S. Senator
: Charlie Wilson
: Kika de la Garza
: Ronald D. Coleman
: Lewis F. Payne Jr.
Republican gain
: Glen Browder, to run for U.S. Senator
: Tom Bevill
: Dick Durbin, to run for U.S. Senator
: Cleo Fields
: Sonny Montgomery
: Pat Williams
: William K. Brewster
: Tim Johnson, to run for U.S. Senator
: John Bryant, to run for U.S. Senator
: Pete Geren
Republicans
Republican hold
: Tim Hutchinson, to run for U.S. Senator
: Carlos Moorhead
: Wayne Allard, to run for U.S. Senator
: John Myers
: Pat Roberts, to run for U.S. Senator
: Sam Brownback, to run for U.S. Senator
: Jan Meyers
: Mel Hancock
: Barbara Vucanovich
: Bill Zeliff, to run for Governor
: Dick Zimmer, to run for U.S. Senator
: Wes Cooley
: Bill Clinger
: Robert Smith Walker
: Jimmy Quillen
: Jack Fields
: Enid Greene
Democratic gain
: Jim Ross Lightfoot, to run for U.S. Senator
: Jimmy Hayes, to run for U.S. Senator
: Steve Gunderson
: Toby Roth
Incumbents defeated
In primary elections
Democrats
: Barbara-Rose Collins lost to Carolyn Kilpatrick, who later won the general election
Republicans
: Greg Laughlin lost to Ron Paul, who later won the general election
In the general elections
21 seats switched parties in the November elections, giving the Democrats a net gain of 15 seats from the Republicans.
Democrats who lost to Republicans
: Mike Ward lost to Anne Northup
: Harold Volkmer lost to Kenny Hulshof
: Bill Orton lost to Chris Cannon
Republicans who lost to Democrats
: William P. Baker lost to Ellen Tauscher
: Andrea Seastrand lost to Walter Capps
: Bob Dornan lost to Loretta Sanchez
: Gary Franks lost to James H. Maloney
: Michael Patrick Flanagan lost to Rod Blagojevich
: James B. Longley Jr. lost to Tom Allen
: Peter I. Blute lost to Jim McGovern
: Peter G. Torkildsen lost to John F. Tierney
: Dick Chrysler lost to Debbie Stabenow
: William J. Martini lost to Bill Pascrell
: Dan Frisa lost to Carolyn McCarthy
: David Funderburk lost to Bob Etheridge
: Fred Heineman lost to David Price in a rematch of the 1994 election.
: Frank Cremeans lost to Ted Strickland
: Martin Hoke lost to Dennis Kucinich
: Jim Bunn lost to Darlene Hooley
: Steve Stockman lost to Nick Lampson
: Randy Tate lost to Adam Smith
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
With Republican Chip Pickering flipping the Democratic-held 3rd district, the Republican Party gained a majority in the state's U.S. House delegation for the first time since Reconstruction. This would not occur again until 2010.
Missouri
Jo Ann Emerson was elected as a Republican in a special to serve the remaining months of the term and was elected as an Independent caucusing with Republicans due to Missouri state law. She later switched to the Republican Party a few days after the start of the new Congress.
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
, these were the last elections in which the Republican Party won a majority of congressional districts from Washington.
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
See also
104th United States Congress
105th United States Congress
Notes
References |
Dicerandra odoratissima, commonly known as the rose balm, is a species of Dicerandra native to the Southeastern Coastal Plain, with a geographic range that extends from eastern Georgia to southern South Carolina. Kral (1982) originally suggested that this species was so distinct from the remaining members of the genus that it should be placed in a separate section or a distinct genus. Today, D. odoratissima and its close relative D. radfordiana are members of the Lecontea clade.
References
odoratissima
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
The Miller–O'Donnell House was a historic residence in Mobile, Alabama. The two-story house was built in 1837 in the Gulf Coast Cottage style. It featured a masonry brick ground floor with a wood-frame main floor above. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 19, 1982, but has since been destroyed.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
Houses in Mobile, Alabama
Houses completed in 1837
Gulf Coast cottage architecture in Alabama
Demolished buildings and structures in Alabama
Demolished but still listed on the National Register of Historic Places |
Lavinho Thomas Pinto (23 October 1929 – 15 February 2020) was an Indian sprinter. He won two gold medals in the first Asian Games held in New Delhi in 1951 for the 100 and 200 metre sprints. He also competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics. Pinto later immigrated to the United States, settling in Chicago. He died there in 2020 at the age of 90.
Competition record
References
External links
1929 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Nairobi
Indian male sprinters
Olympic athletes for India
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1951 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for India
Asian Games silver medalists for India
Medalists at the 1951 Asian Games |
A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic is an Arabic–English dictionary compiled by Hans Wehr and edited by J Milton Cowan.
First published in 1961 by Otto Harrassowitz in Wiesbaden, Germany, it was an enlarged and revised English version of Wehr's German Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart ("Arabic dictionary for the contemporary written language") (1952) and its Supplement (1959). The Arabic-German dictionary was completed in 1945, but not published until 1952. Writing in the 1960s, a critic commented, "Of all the dictionaries of modern written Arabic, the work [in question] ... is the best." It remains the most widely used Arabic-English dictionary.
The work is compiled on descriptive principles: only words and expressions that are attested in context are included. "It was chiefly based on combing modern works of Arabic literature for lexical items, rather than culling them from medieval Arabic dictionaries, which was what Lane had done in the nineteenth century".
Hans Wehr was a member of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party and argued that the Nazi government should ally with the Arabs against England and France. The Arabic-German dictionary project was funded by the Nazi government, which intended to use it to translate Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf into Arabic. Despite this, at least one Jewish scholar, Hedwig Klein, contributed to the dictionary.
Besides English speakers, the dictionary is also very popular among Arabic language learners in Japan.
Collation
The dictionary arranges its entries according to the traditional Arabic root order. Foreign words are listed in straight alphabetical order by the letters of the word. Arabicized loanwords, if they can clearly fit under some root, are entered both ways, often with the root entry giving reference to the alphabetical listing.
Under a given root, lexical data are, whenever they exist, arranged in the following sequence:
the perfect of the basic stem (stem I)
vowels of the imperfect of stem I
maṣādir (verbal nouns) of stem I
finite derived stem verb forms, indicated by Roman numerals
Nominal forms then follow according to their length (including those verbal nouns and participles which merit separate listings). This ordering means that forms derived from the same verb stem (i.e. closely related finite verb forms, verbal nouns, and participles) are not always grouped together (as is done in some other Arabic dictionaries). The dictionary does not usually give concrete example forms of finite derived stem verbs, so that the user must refer to the introduction in order to know the pattern associated with each of the stem numbers ("II" through "X") and reconstruct such verb forms based solely on the stem number and the abstract consonantal root.
Transcription and orthography
Transcriptions (for specific details, see Hans Wehr transliteration) are provided for the past tense of the basic verb form, for the vowel of the imperfect tense, and for all nouns and particles, but they are not provided for verb forms of the derived stems, except for any irregular forms, the rare XI to XV stems, and the quadriliteral roots. The morphology of the derived stems II-X is regular and is given in Wehr's "Introduction". Other parts of speech such as nouns are fully given transcriptions.
Foreign words are transliterated according to pronunciation, for which Arab students at the University of Münster were consulted. This means that the sounds , , , , , , , and , which are used in Modern Standard Arabic pronunciation among well-educated and careful speakers, but cannot be easily represented in standard Arabic script (even with full vowel diacritics), can be unambiguously indicated. Examples would be مانجو mangō 'mango fruit/tree' and كوري kōrī 'Korean'.
As for the Arabic orthography used, word-initial glottal stops or hamza (i.e. the vs. vs. distinction) are not written either in the Arabic of the entries or in the transliteration. For example, (transliterated akala, "to eat", from the root ʼ k l), which has an initial hamzat al-qaṭʽ, and (ibn "son", from the root b-n), which does not have an initial hamzat al-qaṭʽ, are both written without a hamza represented in either the Arabic or the transliteration. In transliteration systems such as DIN 31635, the first would be transliterated as ʼakala, with an apostrophe representing hamza, and the second as ibn, without an apostrophe. Hamzas in the middle and end of words, however, are written, as in maʼkal "food".
Word-final yā’ (-y or -ī) and alif maqṣūra (-ā) are not distinguished in the Arabic: they are both written as , without dots (an Egyptian custom). They are, however, distinguished in the transliteration: for example, ("to double") and ("bending") are both written as , but the first is transliterated as ṯanā and the second as ṯany.
Editions
Shortly after the publication of the first German version in 1952, the Committee on Language Programs of the American Council of Learned Societies recognized its excellence and sought to publish an English version. The publication of the English edition was financed by the American Council of Learned Societies, the Arabian-American Oil Company, and Cornell University.
The English version of the Wehr dictionary is commonly available in two editions. The so-called 3rd edition was printed by Otto Harrassowitz in Wiesbaden, Hesse, in 1961 (reprinted in 1966, 1971) under the title A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: Arabic–English, as well as by Spoken Language Services, Inc. of Ithaca, New York, in 1976, under the somewhat different title Arabic–English Dictionary: The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Edited by J M. Cowan. Librairie du Liban in Lebanon has printed it since 1980, and it is widely available in the Middle East ().
The 4th edition (pictured above), which is considerably amended and enlarged (1301 pages compared to 1110 in the 3rd edition), was published in 1979. Harrassowitz published an improved English translation of the 4th edition of the Arabic-German dictionary with over 13,000 additional entries, approx. 26,000 words with approx. 20 words per page. It was published in 1994 by Spoken Language Services, Inc. of Ithaca, New York, and is usually available in the United States as a compact "student" paperback (). In 2019, a two-volume version also started being offered.
The 5th edition available in German, published by Harrassowitz's publishing house in 1985, also in the city of Wiesbaden, under the title Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart: Arabisch–Deutsch, unter Mitwirkung von Lorenz Kropfitsch neu bearbeitet und erweitert (). It has 1452 pages of dictionary entries.
The 6th edition in German was published by Harrassowitz in December 2020, which was significantly expanded and comprehensively edited by Lorenz Kropfitsch. This edition was created that only has the basic set of lexemes in common with the previous edition. The Arabist and lexicographer Dr. Lorenz Kropfitsch, who taught Arabic at the FTSK Germersheim for decades, passed away on January 5, 2020 at the age of 73.
See also
Classical Arabic
List of Arabic language academies
Arabic phonology
Romanization of Arabic
Help:IPA/Arabic
Varieties of Arabic
Notes
References
Irwin, Robert (2006). For Lust of Knowing. London: Allen Lane.
Sa'id, Majed F. (1962). "Review of A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic by Hans Wehr, J Milton Cowan". Language 38 (3): 328-330. (Available online through JSTOR)
Wehr, Hans (1976). "Introduction", in Hans Wehr & J M. Cowan Arabic–English Dictionary, pp. vii–xv. Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Language Services.
Haywood, John. Reviewed Work: A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English) by Hans Wehr, J. Milton Cowan, Die Welt Des Islams, vol. 20, no. 3/4, 1980, pp. 246–248.
1961 non-fiction books
Arabic dictionaries
English bilingual dictionaries
Translation dictionaries
Harrassowitz Verlag books |
Kelloholm is a village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It has a primary school, a public house and several shops. Kelloholm lies next to Kirkconnel and the two have begun to merge. Kelloholm was originally constructed to serve the many mines in the area, all of which have now closed.
History
Kelloholm gets its name from the Kello Water and the village began to appear in the early 20th century.
Governance
Kelloholm is part of the Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale (UK Parliament constituency) and is represented by the Conservative Party MP David Mundell.
Transport
The A76 road runs through the area. Kelloholm is served by bus routes 221 and 246.
The area is served by Kirkconnel railway station on the Glasgow South Western Line.
Notable people
David Wells, astrologer and spiritual medium.
References
Villages in Dumfries and Galloway |
The Trichogrammatidae are a family of tiny wasps in the Chalcidoidea that include some of the smallest of all insects, with most species having adults less than 1 mm in length, with species of Megaphragma having an adult body length less than 300 μm. The over 840 species are placed in about 80 genera; their distribution is worldwide. Trichogrammatids parasitize the eggs of many different orders of insects. As such, they are among the more important biological control agents known, attacking many pest insects (especially Lepidoptera).
They are not strong fliers and are generally moved through the air by the prevailing winds. Their fore wings are typically somewhat stubby and paddle-shaped, with a long fringe of hinged setae around the outer margin to increase the surface area during the downstroke. Males of some species are wingless, and mate with their sisters inside the host egg in which they are born, dying without ever leaving the host egg.
Trichogrammatidae have unique nervous systems resulting from the necessity to conserve space. They have one of the smallest nervous systems, with one particularly diminutive species, Megaphragma mymaripenne, containing as few as 7,400 neurons. They are also the first (and only) known animals which have functioning neurons without nuclei.
The neurons develop during pupation with functional nuclei and manufacture enough proteins to last through the short lifespans of the adults. Before emerging as an adult, the nuclei are destroyed, allowing the wasp to conserve space by making the neurons smaller. Even without nuclei (which contain the DNA, essential for manufacturing proteins to repair damage in living cells), the neurons can survive because the proteins manufactured as a pupa are sufficient.
Their fossil record extends back to the Eocene aged Baltic amber.
Genera
Adelogramma
Adryas
Aphelinoidea
Apseudogramma
Asynacta
Australufens
Bloodiella
Brachista
Brachistagrapha
Brachygrammatella
Brachyia
Brachyufens
Burksiella
Centrobiopsis
Ceratogramma
Chaetogramma
Chaetostricha
Chaetostrichella
Densufens
Doirania
Emeria
Enneagmus
Epoligosita
Epoligosita
Eteroligosita
Eutrichogramma
Haeckeliania
Hayatia
Hispidophila
Hydrophylita
Ittys
Ittysella
Japania
Kyuwia
Lathromeris
Lathromeroidea
Lathromeromyia
Megaphragma
Microcaetiscus
Mirufens
Monorthochaeta
Neobrachista
Neobrachistella
Neocentrobia
Neocentrobiella
Neolathromera
Nicolavespa
Oligosita
Oligositoides
Ophioneurus
Pachamama
Paracentrobia
Paraittys
Paratrichogramma
Paruscanoidea
Pintoa
Poropoea
Prestwichia
Probrachista
Prochaetostricha
Prosoligosita
Prouscana
Pseudobrachysticha
Pseudogrammina
Pseudoligosita
Pseudomirufens
Pseuduscana
Pterandrophysalis
Pteranomalogramma
Pterygogramma
Sinepalpigramma
Soikiella
Szelenyia
Thanatogramma
Thoreauia
Trichogramma
Trichogrammatella
Trichogrammatoidea
Trichogrammatomyia
Tumidiclava
Tumidifemur
Ufens
Ufensia
Urogramma
Uscana
Uscanella
Uscanoidea
Uscanopsis
Viggianiella
Xenufens
Xenufensia
Xiphogramma
Zaga
Zagella
Zelogramma
References
Doutt, R.L. & Viggiani, G. 1968. The classification of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Proceedings Calif. Acad. Sci. 35:477-586.
Matheson, R. & Crosby, C.R. 1912. Aquatic Hymenoptera in America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 5:65-71.
Nagarkatti, S. & Nagaraja, H. 1977. Biosystematics of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species. Annual Review of Entomology 22:157-176.
External links
Universal Chalicidoid Database
UC Riverside Trichogrammatidae page
Apocrita families
Insects used as insect pest control agents
Biological pest control wasps |
Dimethocaine, also known as DMC or larocaine, is a compound with a stimulatory effect. This effect resembles that of cocaine, although dimethocaine appears to be less potent. Just like cocaine, dimethocaine is addictive due to its stimulation of the reward pathway in the brain. However, dimethocaine is a legal cocaine replacement in some countries and is even listed by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) under the category “synthetic cocaine derivatives”. The structure of dimethocaine, being a 4-aminobenzoic acid ester, resembles that of procaine. It is found as a white powder at room temperature.
When a product sold online in the UK in June 2010, advertised as dimethocaine was tested, it was found to be a mixture of caffeine and lidocaine, and the lack of any dopaminergic stimulant ingredient in such mixes may explain the limited recreational effects reported by many users. Other samples tested have however been shown to contain genuine dimethocaine, and one branded "bath salt" product containing primarily dimethocaine as the active ingredient, was noted to have been particularly subject to abuse by intravenous drug users in Ireland.
History
Dimethocaine was originally synthesized by the Hoffmann-La Roche company in 1930. It was sold under the market name larocaine. During the 1930s dimethocaine gained popularity in the US as a local anesthetic. Just like cocaine and procaine, it was used during surgery, primarily in dentistry, ophthalmology and otolaryngology. However, in the 1940s, it was removed from the market because of its psychoactive effects and risk of addiction. Nowadays dimethocaine is abused for these psychoactive effects. It is sold as a cocaine surrogate to circumvent legislation issues.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Dimethocaine and structurally related local anesthetics such as cocaine and procaine inhibit the uptake of dopamine (DA) by blocking dopamine transporters (DAT). The dopamine transporter controls the dynamics of the neurotransmitter dopamine. This neurotransmitter controls many functions including movement, cognition and mood. Drugs such as cocaine and dimethocaine induce dopamine overflow by inhibiting dopamine transporters and thus creating a euphoric effect. In addition to inhibiting dopamine uptake, dimethocaine was also shown to inhibit the binding of CFT, a different dopamine uptake inhibitor. These inhibitory properties are responsible for the stimulatory effects of dimethocaine on the central nervous system. Both in vivo and in vitro measurements of dopamine transporter activity showed that dimethocaine is a potent and efficacious dopaminergic reuptake inhibitor (also called a dopamine indirect agonist). These effects were mainly observed in the nucleus accumbens, a region in the basal forebrain. Comparison of the pharmacological potencies of different local anesthetics revealed the following potency order:
cocaine > dimethocaine > tetracaine > procaine > chloroprocaine
Furthermore, the administration of dimethocaine has been shown to lead to antinociceptive responses at nontoxic doses in mice. These responses are suggested to be at least partially caused by the effects of dimethocaine on the central nervous system. A memory impairing effect observed in mice after administration of dimethocaine has been proposed to be a result of a non-anesthetic mechanism of action.
Pharmacokinetics
When inhaled, dimethocaine starts working in 10–30 minutes, with highest effects at 60–120 minutes and until 4–6 hours there is a period of action with the ‘after-effects’. The after effects include fatigue and slight mental impairment.
Metabolism
The exact metabolic pathways of dimethocaine have not been researched, but the different metabolites have been examined in Wistar rats. After administration of dimethocaine, different metabolites have been found and identified in their urine. Due to these metabolites, different metabolic pathways could have been postulated. The main phase I reactions are ester hydrolysis, deethylation, hydroxylation of the aromatic system, or a combination of these three. The main phase II reactions are N-acetylation, glucuronidation and a combination of both. Different cytochrome P450 isozymes are involved in the initial steps of human metabolism. The N-acetylation is catalyzed by the NAT2 isozyme.
Efficacy and side effects
Just like cocaine, dimethocaine inhibits the uptake of dopamine in the brain by interfering with the dopamine transporters. The potency of these drugs is linked to their affinity for the dopamine transporters, and their potency to inhibit dopamine uptake.
In studies with rhesus monkeys the affinity of dimethocaine for dopamine transporters is smaller than that of cocaine, whereas dimethocaine's potency to inhibit dopamine uptake is similar. This means that more of dimethocaine is needed to reach a similar response. The peak effects occurred within 10 to 20 minutes after the injection and decreased to baseline levels within an hour.
Dimethocaine is often abused as a legal substitute for cocaine. The drug is administered intravenously or nasally, because ingestion would lead to rapid hydrolyzation. Its positive effects are euphoria, stimulation, increased talkativeness and mood lift. However, because the drug acts similar as cocaine, it has comparable negative side effects. These side effects include: tachycardia, difficulty with breathing, pain on the chest, vasoconstriction, insomnia, paranoia and anxiety. Dimethocaine probably poses larger health issues than cocaine. This is due to the fact that more dimethocaine must be administered to produce the same euphoric feeling, resulting in larger risk for the negative effects.
Toxicity
Humans
Cocaine and other local anesthetics are known to produce cardiotoxicity by blocking sodium channels. However, no reports have been published of these same effects of cardiotoxicity associated with dimethocaine. There has been little research about toxicity of dimethocaine in humans, and therefore the exact lethal or pharmacological doses are unknown.
Animals
For mice, the dose at which acute toxicity occurs for intravenous administration is 40 mg/kg and for subcutaneous injection (injection in the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis) this is 380 mg/kg. The lethal dose of dimethocaine for a mouse is 0.3 g per kilogram body weight.
An abdominal constriction test was performed in mice, using doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of dimethocaine which were administered subcutaneously. This test showed induced dose-dependent antinociceptive responses, which are processes that block detection of a painful or injurious stimulus by sensory neurons.
Impairment of memory processes was found to be a toxic effect in the elevated plus-maze test in mice.
Legal status
Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying Dimethocaine as a hazardous substance, on September 25, 2019.
See also
3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane
Nitracaine
List of cocaine analogues
References
Stimulants
Local anesthetics
4-Aminobenzoate esters
Anilines
Designer drugs
Diethylamino compounds |
Parietin is the predominant cortical pigment of lichens in the genus Caloplaca, a secondary product of the lichen Xanthoria parietina, and a pigment found in the roots of curled dock (Rumex crispus). It has an orange-yellow color and absorbs blue light.
It is also known as physcion.
It has also been shown to protect lichens against UV-B light, at high altitudes in alpine regions. The UV-B light stimulates production of parietin and the parietin protects the lichens from damage. Lichens in arctic regions such as Svalbard retain this capability though they do not encounter damaging levels of UV-B, a capability that could help protect the lichens in case of ozone layer thinning.
It has also shown anti-fungal activity against barley powdery mildew and cucumber powdery mildew, more efficiently in the latter case than treatments with fenarimol and polyoxin B.
It reacts with KOH to form a deep, reddish-magenta compound.
Effect on human cancer cells
Also found in rhubarb, the orange compound appears to have potential to suppress 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, or 6PGD. 6PGD is the third enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, or PPP, an oxidative process fueling growth in a still-relatively-unknown way. But it appears that arresting the chemical machinery at its third step could be promising for oncology. The parietin, identified from an FDA database of 2,000 known suppressors of 6PGD, killed half the human leukemia cells over two days in the laboratory. The pigment also slowed the growth of other human cancer cells in mouse models, according to the study. A more-potent derivative of the parietin called S3 may even cut the growth of lung cancer cells implanted in mice by two-thirds, over the course of 11 days. The compound also appears to be non-toxic to healthy cells.
References
Caloplaca coralloides chemistry
Anthraquinone dyes
Antifungals
Dihydroxyanthraquinones
Phenol ethers
Lichen products |
Bernard Henry may refer to:
Bernard Henry (American football) (born 1960), American former football wide receiver
Bernard Henry (scientist) (1965–2007), British materials scientist |
Sima Samar (; born 3 February 1957) is an Afghan woman and human rights advocate, activist and medical doctor within national and international forums, who served as Minister of Women's Affairs of Afghanistan from December 2001 to 2003. She is the former Chairperson of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) and, from 2005 to 2009, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Sudan. In 2012, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "her longstanding and courageous dedication to human rights, especially the rights of women, in one of the most complex and dangerous regions in the world."
Early life and education
Samar was born on 3 February 1957 in Jaghori, in the Ghazni Province of Afghanistan. She belongs to the ethnic Hazara. She obtained her degree in medicine in February 1982 at Kabul University. She practiced medicine at a government hospital in Kabul, but after a few months was forced to flee for her safety to her native Jaghori, where she provided medical treatment to patients throughout the remote areas of central Afghanistan. She is currently the head of the human rights commission in Afghanistan.
Career
In 1984, the government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan arrested her husband, and Samar and her young son fled to neighboring Pakistan. She then worked as a doctor at the refugee branch of the Mission Hospital. Distressed by the total lack of healthcare facilities for Afghan refugee women, she established in 1989 the Shuhada Organization and Shuhada Clinic in Quetta, Pakistan. The Shuhada Organization was dedicated to the provision of health care to Afghan women and girls, training of medical staff and education. In the following years, further branches of the clinic/hospital were opened throughout Afghanistan.
Political career
After living as a refugee for over a decade, Samar returned to Afghanistan in 2002 to assume a cabinet post in the Afghan Transitional Administration led by Hamid Karzai. In the interim government, she served as Deputy President and then as Minister for Women's Affairs. She was the 6th woman to become Cabinet Minister in Afghanistan, the first Minister for Women's Affairs since Shafiqa Ziaie in the 1970s, and the first woman to become minister since 1992.
She was forced into resignation from her post after she was threatened with death and harassed for questioning conservative Islamic laws, especially sharia law, during an interview in Canada with a Persian-language newspaper. During the 2003 Loya Jirga, several religious conservatives took out an advertisement in a local newspaper calling Samar the Salman Rushdie of Afghanistan.
Samar headed the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) from 2002 - 2019. She also established Gawharshad Institute of Higher Education in 2010, which has attracted more than 1200 students in a very short amount of its activities. In 2019, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres appointed Samar as one of eight members of the High-Level Panel on Internal Displacement under the leadership of Federica Mogherini and Donald Kaberuka.
Samar publicly refuses to accept that women must be kept in purdah (secluded from the public) and speaks out against the practice of wearing the burqa (head-to-foot wrap), which was enforced first by the fundamentalist mujahideen and then by the Taliban. She also has drawn attention to the fact that many women in Afghanistan suffer from osteomalacia, a softening of the bones, due to an inadequate diet. Wearing the burqa reduces exposure to sunlight and aggravates the situation for women suffering from osteomalacia.
Recognition
Samar is one of the four main subjects in Sally Armstrong's 2004 documentary Daughters of Afghanistan. In the documentary, Sima Samar's work as the Minister of Women's Affairs and her subsequent fall from power is shown.
Samar has received numerous international awards for her work on human rights and democracy, including:
1994 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership;
1995 Global Leader for Tomorrow from the World Economic Forum in Switzerland;
The 1998 100 Heroines Award in the United States;
The Paul Grunninger Human Rights Award, Paul Grunninger Foundation, Switzerland March 2001;
The Voices of Courage Award, Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, New York, June 2001;
The John Humphrey Freedom Award, Rights & Democracy, Canada 2001;
Ms. magazine, Women of the Year on behalf of Afghan Women, USA December 2001;
Women of the Month, Toronto, Canada, December 2001;
Best Social Worker Award, Mailo Trust Foundation, Quetta, Pakistan March 2001;
International Human Rights Award, International Human Rights Law Group, Washington, DC April 2002;
Freedom Award, Women's Association for Freedom and Democracy, Barcelona July 2002;
Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, New York October 2002;
The Perdita Huston Human Rights Award 2003;
Profile in Courage Award 2004; and
Peace Prize of the City of Ieper (Ypres) Belgium, 2008
Asia Democracy and Human Rights Award, December 2008
Honorary Officer of the Order of Canada, 2009
Geuzenpenning, 2011
Right Livelihood Award, 2012
Mother Teresa Awards for Social Justice in November 2012.
Honorary Doctorate from Salem State University in May 2013
2013 Allard Prize for International Integrity, Finalist award of CDN$25,000
Notes
External links
Ms. magazine "A Voice for the Voiceless" Winter 2007 conversation with Sima Samar and Ms. executive editor Katherine Spillar.
The New England Journal of Medicine "Despite the Odds -- Providing Health Care to Afghan Women" Vol. 351, No. 11 (2004).
Other Afghan Human Rights Activists'''
Qadria Yazdanparast Afghan Human Rights Activist and Law Professor Yazdanparast on Wiki
1957 births
Living people
Afghan physicians
Afghan women physicians
Officers of the Order of Canada
United Nations special rapporteurs
Afghan democracy activists
Afghan human rights activists
Afghan expatriates in Pakistan
People from Quetta
Kabul University alumni
Women's ministers of Afghanistan
Women government ministers of Afghanistan
21st-century Afghan women politicians
21st-century Afghan politicians
Hazara politicians
Politicians of Ghazni Province
Afghan officials of the United Nations
Afghan women's rights activists |
The G7 Teams or G7 Federation was an association of professional esports teams. It was originally formed by seven teams in 2006: 4Kings, fnatic, Made in Brazil, mousesports, Ninjas in Pyjamas, SK Gaming and Team 3D. At its dissolution, the organization was made up of six members. The organization aimed to promote the interest of the community and players to tournament organizers, sponsors, and other professional gaming institutions. The G7 teams had active presence in the advisory boards for both the World Series of Video Games and KODE5, and has relations with other tournament organizations, including the Cyberathlete Professional League, along with its players committee, and the Electronic Sports World Cup. The G7 teams also recognized in Zonerank as the official world esports rankings. In 2010, after a contract dispute between fnatic and SK Gaming, the organization dissolved.
Members
Founding members
4Kings
fnatic
Made in Brazil
mousesports
Ninjas in Pyjamas
SK Gaming
Team 3D
Later members
fnatic
Made in Brazil
mousesports
SK Gaming
Evil Geniuses (joined in September 2008)
compLexity (ruled out in February 2008 due to joining the CGS, re-joined in early 2009)
Ninjas in Pyjamas (dissolved in late 2007)
Team 3D (ruled out in February 2008 due to joining the CGS)
4Kings (ruled out due in September 2008 to inactivity)
PGS Gaming (ruled out due in September 2008 to inactivity)
wNv Teamwork (ruled out in February 2009)
MeetYourMakers (removed in March 2009)
Meetings
G7 met once in 2007 from January 19 to 27 in Cologne, Germany. They planned on meeting annually. Among the subjects discussed were the selection of official games and change of league regulations. At the event, it was also announced that the group would expand further and take in their first Asian team, wNv. The goal was to further enhance the connection with Asian esport clubs and push forward the influence of world esport.
References
External links
The G7 Official Site
Interview at GotFrag after the announcement of G7
Video game organizations
Defunct and inactive esports teams
Sports organizations established in 2007
Organizations disestablished in 2010 |
Franklin Pierce Lake, also known as Jackman Reservoir, is a reservoir located in Hillsborough County in southern New Hampshire, United States, in the towns of Hillsborough and Antrim. It is named for Franklin Pierce, the 14th president of the United States, who was born in Hillsborough. The lake impounds the North Branch of the Contoocook River and lies within the Merrimack River watershed.
The lake is classified as a warmwater fishery, with observed species including rainbow trout, brown trout, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, chain pickerel, horned pout, white perch, northern pike, bluegill, and black crappie.
See also
List of lakes in New Hampshire
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 203: Stone Arch Bridges
References
External links
Map of the lake and its access points via NH.gov
Lakes of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Reservoirs in New Hampshire |
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1970.
Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was Dan-Air Flight 1903, a De Havilland Comet which crashed in mountainous terrain near Barcelona, Spain on 3 July, killing all 112 people on board.
Events
January
January 1
Nord-Aviation, Sud-Aviation, and SEREB merge to form SNIAS (the future Aérospatiale).
A Cruzeiro do Sul Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle VI-R (registration PP-PDZ) is hijacked by six passengers during a flight from Montevideo, Uruguay, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with 33 people on board. The hijackers demand that it fly them to Cuba. Over the next two days, the airliner makes stops at Lima, Peru, and Panama City, Panama, before finally arriving at Havana, Cuba, on 3 January.
January 4 – Fascinated with the kind of communism practiced in Albania under its leader Enver Hoxha, 18-year-old Mariano Ventura Rodriguez pulls out a toy pistol aboard an Iberia Convair CV-240 ten minutes before it lands at Zaragoza, Spain, after a domestic flight from Madrid. He demands to be flown to Albania. When the airliner lands at Zaragoza, Spanish soldiers armed with submachine guns surround it. During negotiations between Rodriguez and the police, the local police chief tells him that he will be "shot at dawn" if anything happens to any of the plane's passengers or crew, prompting Rodriguez to surrender peacefully soon afterward.
January 6 – Anton Funjek, a 41-year-old Yugoslav man on probation for threatening President Richard Nixon, pulls out a knife and grabs a stewardess aboard Delta Air Lines Flight 274, a Douglas DC-9 with 65 people aboard flying from Orlando to Jacksonville, Florida, and demands to be flown to Switzerland. The captain makes a deliberately hard landing at Jacksonville International Airport to throw Funjek off balance, and three passengers overpower him when he stumbles.
January 7 – A hijacker aboard Iberia Flight 032, a Convair CV-440-62 (registration EC-ATG) on a domestic flight from Madrid to Zaragoza, Spain, demands to be flown to Albania. The hijacker surrenders after the airliner lands at Zaragoza Airport.
January 8 – To protest an Israeli military operation that resulted in the capture of several Lebanese nationals, Christian Bellon, armed with two handguns and a rifle, hijacks Trans World Airlines Flight 802, a Boeing 707 with 20 people on board flying from Paris to Rome, and demands to be flown to Damascus, Syria, spraying the airliner's instrument panel with gunfire to emphasize how serious he is. After the airliner lands in Rome to refuel, Bellon changes his mind and demands that the plane fly him to Beirut, Lebanon, instead. When the airliner lands at Beirut International Airport, Bellon surrenders to Lebanese police, who slap him across the face several times.
January 9 – A hijacker takes control of a Rutas Aéreas Panameñas SA (RAPSA) Douglas C-47 Skytrain making a domestic flight in Panama from David to Bocas del Toro, demanding to be flown to Cuba. Security forces storm the plane at David and arrest the hijacker. There is one fatality during the hijacking.
January 12 – A Hellenic Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain crashes in Greece's Cithaeron mountain range. Press reports variously state that 25 people were on board and all died, 27 were on board and four survived, or 30 were on board and four survived. It is the third-deadliest aviation accident in Greek history at the time.
January 13 – Polynesian Airlines Flight 208B, a Douglas C-47B-45DK Skytrain (registration 5W-FAC), encounters wind shear one minute after takeoff from Faleolo Airport in Apia, Western Samoa. Its nose pitches up, and it stalls, crashes into the Pacific Ocean, and explodes, killing all 32 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in the history of Western Samoa (now Samoa).
January 14 – A Faucett Perú Douglas RC-54V Skymaster (registration OB-R-776) crashes into Pozo Chuño Mountain in Peru's Contumazá District, killing all 28 people on board.
January 22 – Pan American World Airways begins the worlds first wide-body airliner service, introducing the first Boeing 747 into service on the New York-London route.
January 24 – A man accompanied by two women and a baby hijacks an ALM Antillean Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship 500 (registration PJ-FRM) flying from Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic to Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles with 31 people aboard. He demands that he and his companions be flown to Cuba. The pilot first lands in Haiti in the hope of refueling there but is unable to refuel. He then proceeds to Santiago de Cuba in Cuba.
January 25 – A Convair CV-240-2 (registration XC-DOK) operated by the Mexican Comisión Federal de Electricidad (Federal Electricity Commission) and carrying journalists covering the Mexican presidential campaign on a flight from Mexico City crashes into La Vega hill while on approach to El Tajín National Airport in Tihuatlán, Mexico, killing 19 of the 20 people on board.
January 28 – After its crew prematurely initiates their descent to a landing at Batagay Airport in Batagay in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, an Aeroflot Antonov An-24B (registration CCCP-47701) crashes into the rocky slope of a mountain northeast of Batagay at an altitude of . All 34 people on board die in the crash.
January 29 – Aeroflot Flight 145, a Tupolev Tu-124V (registration CCCP-45083) on approach to Kilpyavr air base in Murmansk in the Soviet Union strikes the side of a hill from the air base and slides down its slope before coming to rest. Of the 38 people on board, five die on impact and six more freeze to death while awaiting rescue.
January 31 – The Soviet aerospace engineer Mikhail Mil, founder of the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant dies, aged 61.
February
The last flight of an active U.S. Navy antisubmarine Lockheed P-2 Neptune takes place, with Rear Admiral Tom Davies at the controls. The P-2 had been in active U.S. Navy service since March 1947, and Davies had set a world distance record in the Neptune Truculent Turtle in September 1946.
Vickers-Armstrongs ceases production of the Vickers VC10 after manufacturing 54 of the aircraft.
February 4
Descending in poor visibility, TAROM Flight RO35, an Antonov An-24B (registration YR-AMT) with 21 people on board, strikes trees in Romania's Vlădeasa Mountains, crashes on a mountain slope, and breaks up. All six crew members and seven of the passengers die instantly, and six more passengers die before rescuers arrive, leaving only one survivor.
Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 707, an Avro 748-105 Srs. 1, encounters severe turbulence and crashes near Loma Alta in Chaco Province, Argentina, killing all 37 people on board.
February 6
During its descent to a landing at Samarkand Airport at Samarkand in the Soviet Union's Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, an Aeroflot Ilyusin Il-18V (registration CCCP-75798) crashes into a mountain northeast of the airport at an altitude of , killing 92 of the 106 people on board.
Two men, each armed with a handgun, hijack a LAN Chile Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle during a domestic flight in Chile from Puerto Montt to Santiago with 47 people on board. After the airliner lands at Pudahuel International Airport in Santiago, the hijackers release seven adults and five children and order the plane to be refueled. Two policemen disguised as mechanics then board the airliner and overpower the hijackers, killing one of them.
February 12 – After suffering engine failure, a Líneas Aéreas La Urraca Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain crashes near Puerto López, Colombia. Thirteen of the 14 people on board die on impact; the only person recovered alive from the crash site later dies of his injuries.
February 15
Hugh Dowding, the commander of Royal Air Force Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain, dies at the age of 87.
A Dominicana de Aviación McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 crashes into the Caribbean Sea two minutes after takeoff from Las Américas International Airport in Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic following engine failure, killing all 102 people on board. World lightweight boxing champion Carlos Cruz and his wife and two children, as well as 12 members of the Puerto Rican national women's volleyball team, are among the dead. The Puerto Rican salsa orchestra El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico had planned to board the flight, but chooses not to after one of its members has a bad feeling about the flight and convinces the others not to take it.
February 16 – Flying with his wife, 10-year-old daughter, and eight-year-old son aboard Eastern Airlines Flight 1 – a Boeing 727 flying from Newark, New Jersey to Miami, Florida, with 104 people on board – Daniel Lopez jumps up with a flaming "Molotov cocktail" and a pistol equipped with a crude bayonet when the airliner is 80 miles south of Wilmington, North Carolina, shouts "Viva Cuba!" and demands to be flown to Havana, Cuba. The flight crew agrees to fly him there as long as he extinguishes his Molotov cocktail. Lopez and his family disembark at Havana, and the airliner returns to the United States after about five hours on the ground in Havana. An investigation reveals that Eastern Airlines did not screen any of the passengers boarding the flight.
February 17–18 – United States Air Force Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses attack Laos.
February 21 – A bomb explodes in the cargo compartment of Swissair Flight 330, a Convair CV-990, nine minutes after takeoff from Zurich International Airport in Zürich, Switzerland. The flight crew attempts to return to Zürich, but have difficulty seeing their instruments because of smoke in the cockpit; the aircraft finally suffers an electrical failure and crashes near Lucerne, Switzerland, killing all 47 people on board. Responsibility for the bombing is never determined.
February 24 – The Royal Navy recommissions the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal after a £UK 30 million refit of the ship.
February 25 – Trans World Airlines inaugurates scheduled nonstop Boeing 747 service between Los Angeles, California, and New York City, thus becoming the first airline to offer domestic Boeing 747 service in the United States.
February 27
Hawker Siddeley begins buying back surplus Hawker Hunters from the Royal Air Force to remanufacture for new customers.
The British light aircraft manufacturer Beagle Aircraft goes into voluntary liquidation.
March
The United States confirms that SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles are deployed in Laos.
March 6
British European Airways (BE) opens its charter service, BEA Airtours.
A Handley Page Jetstream suffers engine failure on approach to Samedan Airport outside St. Moritz, Switzerland, and crashes short of the runway, killing all 11 people on board.
March 10 – A young husband and wife, Eckhard and Christel Wehage, hijack an Interflug Antonov An-24 with 15 other passengers on board during a domestic flight in East Germany from East Berlin to Leipzig, demanding to be flown to Hanover, West Germany. The pilot claims not to have enough fuel to reach Hanover, so the Wehages agree to land at Tempelhof Airport in West Berlin. When the plane lands at Schönefeld Airport in East Berlin instead, the Wehages commit suicide.
March 11
Four passengers hijack an Avianca Boeing 727-59 (registration HK-1337) with 78 people on board 20 minutes after takeoff from Bogotá, Colombia, for a domestic flight to Baranquilla, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The airliner refuels at Baranquilla before proceeding to Havana, Cuba.
Flying under the name "R. Evans" and accompanied by his wife and their four young daughters, 36-year-old Clemmie Stubbs hijacks United Airlines Flight 361 – a Boeing 727 flying from Cleveland, Ohio, to West Palm Beach, Florida – as it passes over Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and forces it fly to Cuba, where he believes his family will prosper and flourish under the communist regime of Fidel Castro. Imprisoned in Cuba, he will be killed in a prison escape attempt in 1973, and his family will return to the United States in 1974.
March 12 – A hijacker commandeers Varig Flight 921, a Boeing 707-345C (registration PP-VJX) during a flight from Santiago, Chile, to London and forces it to fly to Cuba.
March 14 – A Paraense Transportes Aéreos Fairchild FH-227B (registration PP-BUF) on approach to Val de Cans International Airport in Belém, Brazil, crashes into Guajara Bay short of the runway, killing 38 of the 40 people on board.
March 16 – A United States Navy Lockheed EC-121K Warning Star attempting to land at Da Nang Air Base in Da Nang, South Vietnam, with its No. 3 engine feathered stalls, crashes, cartwheels into a United States Air Force hangar area, and breaks into three pieces, with its cockpit and fuselage forward of the wing sliding into a revetment wall and burning, its center section landing upside down in a street and burning, and its tail section landing on a softball field. Of the 28 men on board, 23 die, four suffer grave injuries, and one walks away from the tail section unharmed.
March 17 – Unable to pay his fare aboard Eastern Air Lines Flight 1340 – a Douglas DC-9-31 (registration N8925E) with 73 people on board operating a shuttle service from Newark, New Jersey, to Boston, Massachusetts – John DiVivo pulls out .38-caliber revolver and orders the pilot to "just fly east until we run out of gas." After about 15 minutes, the captain convinces DiVivo that the airliner will crash into the Atlantic Ocean soon if it does not refuel. Although DiVivo approves a refueling stop, he shoots both pilots when they start to turn the plane. A struggle ensues in the cockpit, during which the mortally wounded copilot knocks the revolver from DiVivo's hand and the captain, despite serious wounds in both arms, picks it up and shoots DiVivo in the chest. The captain then lands the DC-9 at Logan International Airport in Boston, where DiVivo is arrested. The copilot is the first pilot killed in a U.S. hijacking. DiVivo hangs himself in his jail cell on October 31.
March 24 – Two hijackers commandeer an Aerolineas Argentinas de Havilland DH-106 Comet 4 (registration LV-AHN) with 62 people on board during a domestic flight in Argentina from Córdoba to San Miguel de Tucumán, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The airliner stops at Santiago, Chile – where the hijackers allow 14 people to disembark – and at Lima, Peru, before arriving at Havana, Cuba.
March 28 – A United States Navy F-4J Phantom II fighter of Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) shoots down a North Vietnamese MiG-21 fighter. It is the only American air-to-air kill in the Vietnam War between September 1968 and January 1971.
March 30 – A Royal Malaysian Air Force de Havilland Canada DHC-4A Caribou crashes into Malaysia's Cowie Bay, killing all 10 people on board.
March 31 – In what becomes known in Japan as the Yodogo Hijacking, nine members of the Japanese Communist League-Red Army Faction, a predecessor of the Japanese Red Army, hijack a Boeing 727-89 operating as Japan Airlines Flight 351 with 129 other people on board on a flight from Tokyo to Fukuoka, Japan. They release their hostages during stops at Fukuoka and at Seoul, South Korea, before proceeding to Pyongyang, North Korea, where they surrender to North Korean authorities who grant them political asylum. The future Roman Catholic archbishop and cardinal Stephen Fumio Hamao is a passenger on the plane, and one of the hijackers is Moriaki Wakabayashi, a bass guitar player who was an early member of the avant-garde rock band Les Rallizes Denudes.
April
When three Haitian Coast Guard ships rebel against President François Duvalier and shell the presidential palace at Port-au-Prince, loyal Haitian Air Force pilots whose bombs had been confiscated out of fear that they also might rebel instead use 55-gallon drums of gasoline (petrol) to attack the ships. They score no hits.
April 1
Aeroflot Flight 661, an Antonov An-24B (registration CCCP-47751) on a domestic flight in the Soviet Union from Novosibirsk to Krasnoyarsk, collides with a Hydrometeorological Research Center of the USSR radiosonde weather balloon over Novosibirsk Oblast about southeast of Toguchin at an altitude of . The collision detaches the nose section of the An-24B, and the aircraft enters a steep descent and begins to disintegrate at an altitude of , some of its pieces catching fire before landing on farm land. All 45 people on board die.
A Royal Air Maroc Sud Aviation Caravelle III on approach to Nouasseur Airport in Casablanca, Morocco, crashes near Berrechid. Its fuselage breaks in two, and 61 of the 82 people on board die.
April 2 – Royal Air Inter, a subsidiary of Royal Air Maroc, is formed to fly domestic routes in Morocco using Fokker F27 Friendships, begins flight operations.
April 4 – After the crew of Aeroflot Flight 2903, an Ilyushin Il-14P (registration CCCP-52002), notices that they are low on approach in poor visibility to Zaporozhye Airport at Zaporozhye in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and initiates a go-around at an altitude of , the airliner's right wing strikes the ground during a turn and the plane crashes, killing seven of the 35 people on board.
April 10
A United States Air Force Lockheed C-130A Hercules suffers a double engine failure and attempts to ditch in the Pacific Ocean off Okinawa, killing all 11 people on board.
An Aerocosta Colombia Curtiss C-46D-10-CU Commando cargo plane with of carcasses and a crew of four on board disappears over the Caribbean Sea during a flight from Santa Marta, Colombia, to Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe.
April 14 – An Ecuatoriana Douglas C-54D-1-DC Skymaster cargo plane (registration HC-AON) crashes immediately after takeoff from Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida, for a flight to Quito, Ecuador, killing its two-man crew.
April 18 – Two Soviet Navy Tupolev Tu-20 (NATO reporting name "BEAR D") reconnaissance/missile-targeting aircraft land at José Martí International Airport outside Havana, Cuba, the first time that any variant of the BEAR has landed outside the Soviet Bloc. The visit begins periodic flights by BEAR D and Tupolev Tu-142 (NATO reporting name "BEAR F") aircraft between the Soviet Union and Cuba that continue until the Soviet Unions collapse two decades later.
April 21 – An explosion in a lavatory blows the tail off of a Philippine Air Lines Hawker Siddeley HS 748-209 Srs. 2 (registration PI-C1022) as it cruises at over Cabanatuan on Luzon in the Philippines. The airliner crashes, killing all 36 people on board.
April 22 – Twenty-six-year-old Ira David "Orrie" Meeks and his 17-year-old girlfriend hire pilot Boyce Stradley to take them on a sightseeing flight in a Cessna 172 over Gastonia, North Carolina, during which Meeks pulls a gun on Stradley and orders him to fly them to Cuba so that Meeks can "get away from racism in the United States." During the 11-hour trip to Havana, Cuba, the plane makes refueling stops at Rock Hill, South Carolina, Jacksonville, Florida (where Meeks requests but is denied a bottle of Scotch whisky), and Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Upon arrival in Cuba, Meeks and his girlfriend are arrested, and Stradley flies back to a hero's welcome in Gastonia.
April 23 – At Pellston, Michigan, a hijacker takes control of North Central Airlines Flight 945, a Douglas DC-9 with four people aboard scheduled to fly to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, and demands to be flown to Detroit, Michigan. The hijacker is overpowered.
April 24 – The United States begins Operation Patio, involving air strikes up to inside Cambodia.
April 25
An Italian Air Force Fairchild C-119G Flying Boxcar suffers an engine failure during its initial climb from Rivolto Air Force Base in Codroipo, Italy, and crashes, killing 17 of the 19 people on board.
A hijacker commandeers a VASP Boeing 737-2A1 (registration PP-SMC) during a domestic flight in Brazil from Brasilia to Manaus and forces it to fly to Guyana and then on to Cuba.
April 26 – Lufthansa begins wide-body airliner service with a Boeing 747 flight.
May
President Richard M. Nixons administration announces that recent American attacks on North Vietnam, primarily targeting communications and air defense facilities, are the Vietnam Wars largest since 1968.
May 1
B-52 Stratofortress strikes and helicopter assaults against North Vietnamese forces are part of the first day of the American and South Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. The last U.S. Army helicopter will not leave Cambodia until June 29.
Two hijackers commandeer a British West Indian Airways Boeing 727 during a flight from Kingston, Jamaica, to Grand Cayman Island in the Cayman Islands, demanding to be flown to Cuba and Algeria.
May 2 – After several unsuccessful attempts to land at Princess Juliana International Airport on St. Maarten in the Netherlands Antilles due to poor weather, ALM Antillean Airlines Flight 980, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33F, runs out of fuel and ditches in the Caribbean Sea, killing 23 of the 63 people on board and injuring 37 of the 40 survivors.
May 9
U.S. Navy attack helicopters are the first American aircraft to reach Phnom Penh during the American and South Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.
American labor union leader and president of the United Auto Workers Walter Reuther and architect Oscar Stonorov die when their Gates Learjet 23 (registration N434J) strikes trees in poor visibility and crashes short of the runway on final approach to Pellston Regional Airport in Pellston, Michigan. Also killed are Reuther's wife, his bodyguard, and the plane's pilot and copilot.
May 12 – Seven hijackers commandeer an ALM Antillean Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship during a flight from Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic to Curaçao and force it to fly them to Cuba.
May 14
A man without a ticket boards an Ansett Australia Douglas DC-9-31 at Kingsford Smith Airport in Sydney, Australia, as it prepares for a domestic flight to Brisbane, brandishes a revolver, and demands that the airliner fly him out of Sydney. After talking to a clergyman, he surrenders; his revolver turns out to be a toy gun.
A hijacker seizes control of a VASP Boeing 737-200 during a domestic flight in Brazil from Brasilia to Manaus and demands to be flown to Cuba. Instead the airliner diverts first to Guyana and then to Curaçao.
May 15 – Royal Air Maroc places its first Boeing aircraft, a Boeing 727-200, in revenue service.
May 18 – National Airlines ends a 108-day strike by offering ground crews a 33% pay increase.
May 20 – The Tupolev Tu-144 becomes the first commercial transport to reach Mach 2.
May 21
Four passengers hijack an Avianca Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain (registration HK-121) during a domestic flight in Colombia from Yopal to Sogamoso with 26 people on board and demand that it fly them to Cuba. The airliner lands at Barrancabermeja and Barranquilla, Colombia, before proceeding to Santiago de Cuba in Cuba. Not permitted to land there, it diverts to Kingston, Jamaica.
U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 and the Airport and Airway Revenue Act. The acts are meant to fill funding gaps in the U.S. airport and airway system, which had become inadequate due to the rapid growth of aviation, with new aviation-related excise taxes, including a tax on aviation fuels, a tax placed on tickets sold to passengers on domestic and international flights, a tax on waybills, and a new tax on aircraft registration. The new taxes are expected to provide US$11,000,000,000 to the Airport and Airway Trust Fund in order to pay for airport development, as well as "acquiring, establishing, and improving air navigational facilities."
May 24 – A hijacker commandeers a Mexicana Boeing 727 during a domestic flight in Mexico from Mérida to Mexico City with 79 people on board, and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba.
May 25
A hijacker commandeers American Airlines Flight 206, a Boeing 727 flying from Chicago, Illinois, to New York City with 74 people on board, and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba.
Over Georgia, a woman accompanied by a child hijacks Delta Air Lines Flight 199, a Convair CV-880 with 102 people on board flying from Atlanta, Georgia, to Miami, Florida, and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba.
May 26
Operation Menu, the 14-month-long covert American bombing campaign by B-52 Stratofortresses against North Vietnamese Army sanctuaries in Cambodia, comes to an end. The B-52s have flown 3,800 sorties and dropped 108,823 tons (98,723,578 kg) of munitions during the campaign.
The Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 exceeds Mach 2 in level flight, the first commercial aircraft to do so.
May 29 – Plagued with maintenance problems and with its aircraft grounded since a fatal accident on March 14, the Brazilian airline Paraense Transportes Aéreos goes out of business. It had operated since March 1952.
May 30 – Seven hijackers commandeer an Avianca Hawker Siddeley HS 748-245 Series 2A (registration HK-1408) during a domestic flight in Colombia from Bogotá to Bucaramanga with 42 people on board and demand that it fly them to Cuba. The airliner stops at Barranquilla, Colombia, to refuel before proceeding to Havana, Cuba.
June
Laos's Royal Lao Air Force receives its first Douglas AC-47 Spooky fixed-wing gunships, transferred to it from the United States Air Force under the U.S. Military Assistance Program.
June 4 – Angry over the refusal of the United States Supreme Court to hear his case in a dispute with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service which had begun in 1963, Arthur Gates Barkley walks into the cockpit of Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 486 – a Boeing 727 flying from Phoenix, Arizona, to Washington National Airport in Arlingtnn, Virginia – armed with a .22-caliber pistol, a straight razor, and a can of gasoline (petrol), and threatens to set the plane and its passengers on fire if $100 million is not taken from the Supreme Court's budget and given to him, the first time that an American airline hijacker has demanded a ransom. He forces the airliner to land at Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia, where TWA gives him $100,750 in the hope that he will accept the smaller amount. Enraged at the small amount, Barkley orders the plane to take off and sends a message of complaint addressed directly to President Richard Nixon. During the next two hours, while the plane circles the airport, Barkley makes numerous suicidal threats, and TWA turns the matter over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which talks Barkley into returning to the airport to collect the rest of his ransom. When the plane lands, Barkley finds the runway lined with 100 sacks supposedly containing $1 million each but actually containing scraps of paper, and an FBI sniper shoots out the plane's landing gear. A panicked passenger opens an emergency exit, and the rest of the passengers follow him out of the plane while FBI agents storm it, engage in a gun battle with Barkley in which Barkley and the copilot are wounded, ad arrest Barkley.
June 5 – A hijacker forces a LOT Polish Airlines Antonov An-24 making a domestic flight in Poland from Szczecin to Gdańsk with 24 people on board to divert to Kastrup Airport outside Copenhagen, Denmark, and demands political asylum. Security forces storm the airliner and arrest the hijacker.
June 6 – The commander of the U.S. Air Forces Military Airlift Command, General Jack J. Catton, accepts the first operational Lockheed C-5 Galaxy into service. The C-5 is the largest airplane in the world at the time.
June 8 – Nine hijackers commandeer a CSA Czech Airlines Ilyushin Il-14 making a domestic flight in Czechoslovakia from Karlovy Vary to Prague and force it top fly them to Nuremberg, West Germany.
June 9 – Two armed passengers attempt to hijack a LOT Polish Airlines airliner making a domestic flight in Poland from Katowice to Warsaw and divert it to Vienna, Austria, but they are overpowered and the flight continues to Warsaw.
June 15 – The Soviet MVD arrests a group of 12 Soviet "refuseniks" at Smolny Airport outside of Leningrad before they can board a 12-seater Aeroflot Antonov An-2 for a flight to Priozersk. Pretending to be a wedding party, they had purchased all 12 tickets available for the flight and intended to hijack the plane as a means of escaping to the West.
June 16 – National Airlines becomes the third American airline to offer transatlantic service, inaugurating daily nonstop round-trip service between Miami, Florida, and London, England.
June 21 – Three hijackers commandeer an Iran Air Boeing 727 making a domestic flight in Iran from Tehran to Abadan with 94 people on board and force it to fly to Baghdad, Iraq.
June 22 – A hijacker forces Pan American World Airways Flight 119, a Boeing 707 flying from Beirut, Lebanon, to Rome, Italy, with 143 people on board, to divert to Cairo, Egypt.
June 26
Continental Airlines becomes the second airline (after Trans World Airlines) to offer Boeing 747 service on domestic routes in the United States.
Two passengers hijack an Avianca Boeing 737-159 (registration HK-1403) on a domestic flight in Colombia from Cúcuta to Bogotá with 92 people on board and demand to be flown to Cuba. The airliner makes refueling stops at Bogotá and Barranquilla, Colombia, before proceeding to Havana, Cuba.
July
July 1
Melbourne, Australia, opens its new international airport.
Trans World Airlines becomes the first airline to offer a no-smoking section aboard every aircraft in its fleet.
A hijacker forces National Airlines Flight 28, a Douglas DC-8 flying from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Miami, Florida, with 39 people on board, to divert to Havana, Cuba.
At Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, four hijackers take control of a Cruzeiro do Sul Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle VIN (registration PP-PDX) with 31 people on board preparing to depart for a domestic flight to São Paulo and demand the release of prisoners and to be flown to Cuba. Security forces storm the airliner and arrest the hijackers.
July 3
A Dan-Air de Havilland DH 106 Comet Series 4 crashes on the slopes of the Montseny Range near Arbúcies, Catalonia in northern Spain, killing all 112 people on board.
The Canadian Armed Forces decommission Canadas last aircraft carrier, , at Halifax, Nova Scotia.
July 4 – A hijacker commandeers a Cruzeiro do Sul NAMC YS-11A-202 (registration PP-CTJ) during a domestic flight in Brazil from Belém to Macapá and forces it to fly to Cayenne in French Guiana, Georgetown in Guyana, Trinidad, Antigua, and Jamaica.
July 5 – While landing, Air Canada Flight 621, a Douglas DC-8-63, hits the runway at Toronto International Airport in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with such force that its number four engine and pylon break off the right wing. The pilot manages to lift off again for a go around, but a series of explosions in the right wing break off the number three engine and pylon and then destroy most of the wing before the pilot can make a second landing attempt. The plane crashes in Brampton, Ontario, killing all 109 people on board.
July 12 – A hijacker seizes control of a Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 707 during a flight from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to Beirut, Lebanon, and forces it to fly to Damascus, Syria.
July 17 – Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport commences passenger screening to help prevent hijackings, the first airport to do so.
July 18 – A Soviet Air Force Antonov An-22 (NATO reporting name "Cock") disappears over the North Atlantic Ocean during a flight from Reykjavik, Iceland, to Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, with the loss of all 23 people aboard.
July 22
George Hardin, a 20-year-old United States Army private who no longer wishes to fight in the Vietnam War, puts a knife to the throat of the pilot of an Air Vietnam Douglas DC-4 during a domestic flight in South Vietnam from Pleiku to Saigon and demands to be flown to Hong Kong. The pilot insists on a refueling stop at Saigon, where South Vietnamese police surround the airliner. Hardin releases all the passengers, keeping the pilot and flight engineer as hostages, but the flight engineer jumps out of a hatch onto the tarmac and escapes. After two hours of negotiations, Hardin surrenders. In August, he will escape from custody and attempt to hijack a United States Air Force C-141 Starlifter.
Six Palestinian commandos hijack Olympic Airways Flight 255, a Boeing 727, during a flight from Beirut, Lebanon, to Athens, Greece, demanding the immediate release of seven Arab terrorists from Greek prisons and threatening to blow up the plane if their demands are not met. The airliner lands at Athens, where its passengers are released, then flies to Cairo, Egypt.
West Germany and the United Kingdom sign an agreement to develop the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft as the Panavia Panther. It later will emerge as the Panavia Tornado.
July 25 – After an Aeronaves de México Douglas DC-9-15 (registration XA-SOE) with 31 people on board takes off from Acapulco, Mexico, for a domestic flight to Mexico City, six armed members of the "Comando Unido Revolucionario Dominicana" (Dominican Revolutionary United Command) hijack it. After the airliner refuels at Mexico City, they force it to fly to Havana, Cuba.
July 28 – A hijacker commandeers an Aerolineas Argentinas Boeing 737-287 (registration LV-JMX) with 49 people on board making a domestic flight in Argentina from Salta to Buenos Aires, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The plane lands at Córdoba, Argentina, where the hijacker surrenders.
July 30 – The Egyptian Air Force loses five MiG fighters and their pilots in a single day of combat with the Israeli Air Force.
July 31 – American champion bull rider George Paul is killed when the Beechcraft Twin Bonanza he is piloting crashes into a mountain slope near Kemmerer, Wyoming.
August
August 2 – The first hijacking of a Boeing 747 takes place when 27-year old Puerto Rican nationalist Rodolfo Rivera Rios passes through a metal detector that Pan American World Airways personnel are not monitoring and boards Pan American Flight 299, a Boeing 747-121 (registration N736PA) flying from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to San Juan, Puerto Rico, with 379 people on board. During the flight, he pulls out a .32-caliber pistol, a switchblade, and a bottle he claims contains nitroglycerine, demanding to be flown to Havana, Cuba. Awakened at dawn by the airliner circling Havana at an altitude of while awaiting air traffic control instructions, President of Cuba Fidel Castro rushes to the airport to inspect the 747 – which at the time was still a novelty – but he declines an invitation to come aboard the plane, saying he does not want to "disturb the passengers." Imprisoned in Cuba until 1977, Rios returns to the United States in 1978 and is imprisoned for life.
August 3 – A 28-year-old male passenger aboard Pan American World Airways Flight 742, a Boeing 727 flying from Munich, West Germany, to West Berlin with 125 people on board, pulls out a gun and demands to be flown to Hungary. The airliner continues to West Berlin and lands at Berlin Tempelhof Airport, where police arrest the hijacker.
August 6 – Three minutes after takeoff from Rawalpindi, Pakistan, for a domestic flight to Lahore, a Pakistan International Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship (registration AP-ALM) crashes in a thunderstorm, killing all 30 people on board.
August 7
A hijacker commandeers a LOT Polish Airlines Antonov An-24 during a domestic flight in Poland from Szczecin to Katowice and demands to be flown to West Germany. The airliner diverts to East Berlin, East Germany.
After over three years of fighting, a ceasefire brings the War of Attrition between Egypt and Israel to a close.
August 8 – Three hijackers take control of a CSA Czech Airlines Ilyushin Il-14 during a domestic flight in Czechoslovakia from Prague to Bratislava and force it to fly to Vienna, Austria.
August 9 – LANSA Flight 502, a Lockheed L-188A Electra, crashes shortly after takeoff from Quispiquilla Airport near Cusco, Peru, killing 99 of the 100 people on board and two people on the ground. It is the deadliest air accident in Peruvian history at the time.
August 11 – George Hardin, a 20-year-old United States Army private who no longer wishes to fight in the Vietnam War and a fugitive since August 9, when he had escaped from custody in South Vietnam after being arrested in July at Saigon for hijacking an Air Vietnam airliner, boards a United States Air Force C-141 Starlifter at Bien Hoa Air Base in South Vietnam armed with an M16 rifle and orders the plane's six crewmen to fly him to Da Nang, South Vietnam. Several of the plane's crewmen overpower Hardin, his M16 firing 16 rounds into the C-141's bulkhead before they subdue him.
August 12 – China Airlines Flight 206, a NAMC YS-11, crashes into a bamboo grove on the top of Yuan Mountain in fog during a severe thunderstorm while on approach to land at Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei, Taiwan, killing 14 of the 31 people on board.
August 19
Brandishing a toy pistol, 24-year-old Sachio Inagaki, suicidal over breaking up with his girlfriend, takes control of an All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 during a domestic flight in Japan from Nagoya to Sapporo, planning to exchange the passengers for a rifle and then to use it commit a spectacular public suicide. The airliner diverts to the Japan Air Self-Defense Force′s Hamamatsu Air Base, where 72 Japanese military security personnel surround it. After two hours of negotiations, a pregnant passenger feigns labor pains, and when Inagaki opens a door to let her off the plane, a police officer rushes aboard and overpowers and arrests him.
Five hijackers force a LOT Polish Airlines Ilyushin Il-14 making a domestic flight in Poland from Gdańsk to Warsaw to fly them to Bornholm, Denmark.
Three men armed with a handgun and hand grenades hijack Trans Caribbean Airways Flight 401, a Douglas DC-8 with 154 people on board flying from Newark, New Jersey, to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and force it to fly to Havana, Cuba. After five hours on the ground in Havana, the DC-8 flies to Miami, Florida.
August 20 – On an unauthorized absence from the United States Marine Corps and saying he faced racist insults while undergoing Marine Corps training, 20-year-old Gregory Graves claims to have several sticks of dynamite in what is actually his empty briefcase aboard Delta Air Lines Flight 435 – a Douglas DC-9 with 82 people on board flying from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia – and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba, where he believes he will find racial harmony. He will be imprisoned under harsh conditions in Cuba, not finally leaving the island until 1975.
August 24
Two U.S. Air Force Sikorsky HH-53C Sea Stallion helicopters complete a nine-day, seven-stop flight of from Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, to Da Nang, South Vietnam. The trip has included the first transpacific flight by helicopters, a 1,700-mile (2,738-km) non-stop segment on August 22 from Shemya Island in the Aleutian Islands to Misawa Air Base, Japan, with in-flight refuelling by HC-130 Hercules tanker aircraft.
Wearing his United States Army uniform aboard Trans World Airlines Flight 134 – a Boeing 727 with 86 people on board flying from Chicago, Illinois, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – 27-year-old Vietnam War veteran Robert Labadie enters the cockpit while the plane is passing over Fort Wayne, Indiana, and orders the pilot to fly him to Cuba, saying that he will signal an accomplice to detonate a bomb if the flight crew does not comply. He never says another word for the rest of the flight, and is arrested by Cuban authorities upon arrival in Havana. On September 24, Cuba will permit U.S. officials to escort Labadie from Havana back to the United States, the first time that a U.S. aircraft hijacker in Cuba is extradited in such a manner.
August 26 – Three hijackers demand that a LOT Polish Airlines Antonov An-24 departing Katowice for Warsaw, Poland, take them to Austria.
August 29 – An Indian Airlines Fokker F-27 Friendship 400 (registration VT-DWT) strikes a hill and crashes just after takeoff from Silchar Airport in Silchar, India, killing all 39 people on board.
August 31 – Three passengers armed with handguns and a Molotov cocktail hijack an Air Algérie Convair CV-640 during a domestic flight in Algeria from Annaba to Algiers and demand to be flown to Albania. The airliner first lands at Cagliari on Sardinia, where the hijackers release 11 passengers. The plane then stops at Brindisi, Italy, before proceeding to Albania. After Albanian authorities refuse to let it land, the airliner diverts to Dubrovnik in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, where the hijackers are arrested.
September
The Bellanca Sales Company acquires the assets of the Champion Aircraft Company, creating the Bellanca Aircraft Corporation.
September 2 – Shortly after climbing to an altitude of , Aeroflot Flight 3630, a Tupolev Tu-124 (registration CCCP-45012) crashes near Dnepropetrovsk in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, killing all 37 people on board.
September 3
Descending to land at Leninabad in the Soviet Union's Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, an Aeroflot Yakovlev Yak-40 (registration CCCP-87690) crashes at an altitude of into the side of Mount Airy-Tash, northeast of Leninabad, killing all 21 people on board. At the time, it is the deadliest accident in history involving a Yak-40 and the deadliest aviation accident in the history of Tajikistan.
Air France places the first orders for the Airbus A300
September 6
Members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijack three airliners bound for New York City. The hijackings of Trans World Airlines Flight 741 – a Boeing 707 flying from Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany, with 155 people on board including Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner – and Swissair Flight 100 – a Douglas DC-8 with 155 passengers on board flying from Zurich-Kloten Airport in Switzerland – proceed without injury to anyone, and the airliners are flown to Dawson's Field, an abandoned former Royal Air Force airstrip in a remote desert area of Jordan near Zarka. The hijacking of El Al Flight 219, a Boeing 707 with 158 people on board, fails when hijacker Patrick Argüello is shot and killed after injuring one crew member and his partner Leila Khaled is subdued and turned over to British authorities in London; two other PFLP members prevented from boarding El Al Flight 219 instead hijack Pan American World Airways Flight 93, a Boeing 747 flying from Brussels, Belgium, and Amsterdam, the Netherlands, with 153 people on board, which they force to fly to Beirut, Lebanon, and then on to Cairo, Egypt.
Flying the Catbird, a radio-controlled model airplane of his own design, Maynard L. Hill sets a new world record recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale for gain in altitude by a radio-controlled airplane. Launched by hand from the Naval Weapons Laboratory airfield at Dahlgren, Virginia, Catbird climbs for 43 minutes and reaches an altitude of before returning to earth in a 20-minute dive and landing from its launch point.
September 8 – While a Trans International Airlines Douglas DC-8 (registration N8963T) taxis at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City for a ferry flight to Washington Dulles International Airport in Fairfax County, Virginia, with eight flight attendants and three cockpit crew members on board, a foreign object becomes wedged between the right elevator and horizontal stabilizer, blown there by backwash from the aircraft preceding it on the taxiway. The problem is not detected, and the aircraft crashes upon takeoff, killing all 11 people on board; it is Trans International's only fatal accident. The accident prompts the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration to institute new minimum distances between aircraft in line-up for take-off.
September 9 – To pressure British authorities into releasing Leila Khaled, a PFLP sympathizer hijacks BOAC Flight 775, a Vickers VC10 flying from Bahrain to Beirut with 114 people on board, and forces it to land at Dawson's Field in Jordan.
September 10 – Three hijackers seize control of n Egyptian airliner scheduled to fly from Beirut, Lebanon, to Cairo, Egypt, but are subdued.
September 11 – U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the immediate deployment of armed federal agents aboard U.S. commercial aircraft to combat hijackings.
September 12
After removing all hostages from them, PFLP members use explosives to destroy the four empty airliners at Dawson's Creek and Cairo hijacked on September 6 and 9. By September 30, all hostages from the four planes will be recovered unharmed.
A hijacker commandeers an Egyptian airliner scheduled to fly from Tripoli, Libya, to Cairo, Egypt, but is subdued.
September 14
Six hijackers aboard a TAROM BAC One-Eleven flying from Bucharest, Romania, to Prague, Czechoslovakia, with 89 people on board force it to divert to Munich, West Germany.
Over Salinas, California, Donald Irwin, armed with a starting pistol, hijacks Trans World Airlines Flight 15, a Boeing 707 flying from Los Angeles to San Francisco, California, with 63 people on board, demanding to be flown to North Korea. The pilot convinces him that the airliner needs to stop at San Francisco to refuel. After the plane lands at San Francisco International Airport, Irwin releases 35 passengers. Brink's security guard Robert DeNisco, aboard the airliner as a passenger to protect a shipment of cash the plane is carrying, then draws a .38-caliber handgun and shoots Irwin in the stomach. The wounded Irwin is arrested.
September 16 – Armed with a gun and a dagger, a passenger hijacks a United Arab Airlines Antonov An-24 during a domestic flight in Egypt from Luxor to Cairo and demands to be flown to Saudi Arabia. A security guard aboard the plane overpowers him.
September 19 – Shortly after Allegheny Airlines Flight 730 – a Boeing 727 with 98 people on board – takes off from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for a flight to Boston, Massachusetts, 19-year-old Richard Witt, puts a gun to the throat of a stewardess and demands to be flown to Cairo, Egypt, claiming he has a homemade bomb and a bottle of nitroglycerine and saying he is a Marxist who hates Jews and wants to help Palestinian guerrillas fight them. The airliner lands at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where Witt releases its 90 passengers – among them professional wrestler Charlie "Professor Toru Tanaka" Kalani Jr. – and the flight crew talks him out of going to Cairo because the plane lacks the range and flight charts needed to get there. Witt decides he wants to go to Havana, Cuba, instead. During the one-hour stop in Philadelphia, police smuggle a gun to the flight crew, but they decline to use it for fear that Witt will shoot the stewardess or detonate his bomb. The plane takes off and flies to Havana, where Witt disembarks and is imprisoned by Cuban authorities. The airliner then flies to Miami, Florida. Witt will return to the United States in 1978.
September 22 – A hijacker aboard Eastern Airlines Flight 945 – a Douglas DC-8 flying from Boston, Massachusetts, to San Juan, Puerto Rico – demands that the airliner fly to Cuba, but the plane lands at San Juan.
October
In its Supplementary Statement on Defence Policy, the new British Conservative government only partially reverses the preceding Labour governments plans to phase out all Royal Navy aircraft carriers by the end of 1971, instead rescheduling the decommissioning of for 1972 and of for the late 1970s, with the Royal Navy to have no large, fixed-wing aircraft carriers after Ark Royal{{}}s retirement.
Trans European Airways is founded. It will begin operations during 1971.
October 2
Shortly after takeoff from Sung Shan Airport in Taipei, Taiwan, a United States Air Force Lockheed C-130E Hercules crashes near a hill southwest of Taipei, killing all 43 people on board. Its wreckage is not discovered until October 8.
National Airlines begins the first Boeing 747 service to or from Miami, Florida, offering flights between Miami and New York City
A Golden Eagle Aviation Martin 4-0-4 carrying the stating players, coaches, and boosters of the Wichita State University football team crashes on a mountain west of Silver Plume, Colorado, killing 31 of the 40 people on board.
October 4 – American stock car racing driver Curtis Turner is one of two people killed when the Aero Commander 500 he is piloting crashes near Mahaffey, Pennsylvania.
October 10 – Three hijackers aboard an Iran Air Boeing 727 on a domestic flight in Iran from Tehran to Abadan with 52 people on board force it to land at Baghdad International Airport in Baghdad, Iraq, where they threaten to blow up the airliner unless 21 political prisoners are released. They eventually surrender.
October 15 – The first successful aircraft hijacking in the Soviet Union takes place, when the Lithuanian nationalist Pranas Brazinskas and his son Algirdas seize Aeroflot Flight 244, an Antonov An-24, over the Soviet Union after a shoot-out on board with guards in which flight attendant Nadezhda Kurchenko is killed while trying to block them from entering the cockpit and several other crew members are wounded. The hijackers force the plane to fly to Trabzon, Turkey, where they surrender to Turkish authorities. The Soviet government later will present Kurchenko with the Order of the Red Banner posthumously.
October 19 – Hindustan Aeronautics completes its first licence-built MiG-21
October 21
An explosion in the lavatory blows the tail off of Philippine Airlines Flight 215, a Hawker Siddeley HS 748-209 Series 2, while it is flying over the Philippine Islands at during a flight from Cauayan, Isabela, to Manila; the aircraft crashes, killing all 40 people on board. A bomb is suspected.
Seven hijackers commandeer a LACSA Curtiss C-46 Commando during a domestic flight in Costa Rica from Puerto Limón to San José and force it fly them to San Andrés, Cuba.
October 25 – National Airlines expands Boeing 747 service at Miami, introducing flights to Los Angeles, California.
October 27 – Two hijackers commandeer an Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-14 during a domestic flight in the Soviet Union from Kerch to Sevastopol and force it fly them to Sinop, Turkey.
October 28 – The U.S. Air Force completes Operation Fig Hill, an airlift begun on September 27 to bring medical personnel, equipment, and supplies to Jordan in the aftermath of combat between the countrys armed forces and the Palestine Liberation Organization. During the airlift, transport aircraft have delivered 200 medical personnel, two field hospitals, and 186 short tons (169 metric tons) of supplies, equipment, vehicles, tents, and food.
November
The Israeli Air Force has lost 20 fighters in combat with Egyptian forces since June thanks to the Egyptian deployment of S-125 Neva/Pechora (NATO reporting name "SA-3 Goa") surface-to-air missiles and MiG-21J (NATO reporting name "Fishbed") fighters.
November 1
Trans World Airlines introduces "Business Class Ambassador Service" featuring "twin-seat" accommodations on transcontinental flights in the United States, marketing the new service as "a whole new way to fly."
Three hijackers commandeer United Airlines Flight 598, a Boeing 727 flying from San Diego to Los Angeles, California, with 71 people on board, and demand to be flown to Cuba. The airliner stops at Tijuana, Mexico, before proceeding to Cuba.
November 9 – Nine hijackers take control of a Douglas DC-3 airliner flying from Dubai in the Trucial States to Bandar Abbas, Iran, demanding to be flown to Iraq. The airliner stops at Doha, Qatar, before proceeding to Baghdad, Iraq.
November 10 – A hijacker commandeers a Saudi Arabian Airlines Douglas DC-3 flying from Amman, Jordan, to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and forces it to divert to Damascus, Syria.
November 11 – The British government agrees to fund development of the Rolls-Royce RB211 turbofan, rescuing the project from Rolls-Royce's bankruptcy.
November 12–13 (overnight) – The 1970 Bhola cyclone strikes East Pakistan, submerging the airports at Chittagong and Cox's Bazar under of water for several hours.
November 13
A husband and wife carrying 3 liters (3.2 U.S. quarts; 2.6 Imperial quarts) of gasoline (petrol) and 5 liters (5.3 U.S. quarts; 4.4 Imperial quarts) of kerosene hijack an Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-14M 20 minutes after takeoff from Kaunas for a domestic flight in the Soviet Union to Palanga with 42 people on board. They pour the gasoline and kerosene on the floor of the cabin and cockpit and threaten to ignite it if the airliner does not fly them to Gotland, Sweden. The flight crew overpowers them and the airliner lands safely at Palanga.
A hijacker commandeers Eastern Airlines Flight 257, a Douglas DC-9 departing from Raleigh–Durham International Airport in North Carolina with 81 people on board, and demands that it fly him to Cuba. The airliner stops at Jacksonville, Florida, before proceeding to Cuba.
November 14 – Southern Airways Flight 932, a Douglas DC-9, crashes near Ceredo, West Virginia, killing all 75 on board. Among the dead are 37 members of the Marshall University football team, eight of its coaches, 25 team boosters, and the crew of five.
November 21
In Operation Ivory Coast, the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Army assault the North Vietnamese prison camp at Son Tay, North Vietnam, to free prisoners-of-war thought to be there, supported by 59 U.S. Navy and 57 U.S. Air Force aircraft, 28 of them directly assigned to the immediate assault area. No prisoners are found at the camp, but the attackers kill 42 North Vietnamese guards in exchange for two Americans injured and one HH-3E Jolly Green helicopter deliberately crash-landed in the prison courtyard and left behind. Large air raids are conducted over the night of November 20–21 to divert North Vietnamese attention from the assault, including the largest U.S. Navy night aircraft carrier operation of the Vietnam War; one U.S. Air Force F-105 Thunderchief is shot down during these raids, but its crew ejects safely.
American aircraft begin the first major bombing campaign over North Vietnam since 1968, as 300 aircraft attack the Mu Gia and Ban Gari passes.
November 27
Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores lunges at Pope Paul VI with a dagger at Manila International Airport outside of Manila in the Philippines shortly after the Pope disembarks from a chartered Douglas DC-8. The Pope suffers minor injuries.
During a flight over South Vietnam from Tan Son Nhut Air Base to Nha Trang Air Base in poor visibility, a United States Air Force C-123K Provider strikes trees on a ridge at an elevation of and crashes, killing all 79 people on board. Its wreckage is not found until December 6.
Capitol Airways Flight 3/26, a Douglas DC-8-63-CF (registration N4909C) chartered by the U.S. Air Force's Military Airlift Command, fails to become airborne while attempting to take off from Anchorage International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska, because of a failure of all main landing gear wheels to rotate. It overruns the runway, strikes a wooden barrier, an Instrument Landing System structure, and a deep drainage ditch, and catches fire, killing 47 of the 229 people on board.
November 29 – Carrying troops, a U.S. Air Force C-123K Provider descending in thick cloud on approach to Cam Ranh Airport in South Vietnam strikes high ground at an altitude of and crashes into the jungle, killing 42 of the 44 people on board.
December
December 5 – The Venezuelan Air Force moves its headquarters to Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda Air Base in Caracas, Venezuela.
December 7 – During a flight from Tel Aviv, Israel, to Bucharest, Romania, a TAROM BAC One-Eleven 424EU attempts to divert to Constanta, Romania. On approach to Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport outside of Constanta in thickening fog, the airliner flies into the ground short of the runway, killing 19 of the 27 people on board.
December 10 – A hijacker attempts to take control of a CSA Czech Airlines airliner during a domestic flight in Czechoslovakia from Bratislava to Brno, but is subdued.
December 15 – Soviet aircraft designer Artem Mikoyan dies, aged 65.
December 16
U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules and C-141 Starlifter transports complete an airlift begun November 18 to bring relief supplies and equipment to East Pakistan after the devastating 1970 Bhola cyclone. The aircraft have delivered a total of 140 short tons (127 metric tons) of supplies and equipment, some of them making flights of almost .
The Hague Hijacking Convention, formally the "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft," is adopted by the International Conference on Air Law at The Hague in the Netherlands. It requires signatory countries to prohibit and punish the hijacking of civilian aircraft in situations in which an aircraft takes off or lands in a place different from its country of registration. It also establishes the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, which holds that a party to the convention must prosecute an aircraft hijacker if no other state requests his or her extradition for prosecution of the same crime. It will go into effect on October 14, 1971.
December 19
Forty minutes after a Soviet Air Force Antonov An-22 (NATO reporting name "Cock") (registration CCCP-09305) takes off from Dacca, East Pakistan, one of its propellers disintegrates at an altitude of . Its crew initiates an emergency descent and attempts an emergency landing at Panagarh Airport in Panagarh, India, but cannot get the landing gear or flaps down. After flying down the runway for at an altitude of , the An-22 banks right, its right wing strikes the ground, and it crashes, breaks up, and catches fire. All 17 people on board die.
As Continental Airlines Flight 144 – a Douglas DC-9 with 30 people on board making a flight from Denver, Colorado, to Wichita, Kansas – is flying somewhere between Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Wichita, passenger Calos Denis passes a note to a stewardess indicating that he has a gun and wants to be flown to Cuba. When the captain asks if the passengers can disembark during a refueling stop at Tulsa, Denis agrees. After the other 26 passengers disembark at Tulsa International Airport, the crew sneaks off the plane while Denis uses the lavatory. Tulsa police then board the airliner, find Denis hiding in the lavatory, and arrest him. He turns out to be unarmed.
December 21 – A hijacker commandeers Prinair Flight 157, a de Havilland DH.114 Heron with 21 people on board, during a flight in Puerto Rico from San Juan to Ponce and demands to be flown to Mexico. He is overpowered.
December 30 – The Grumman YF-14A, prototype of the F-14 Tomcat, is destroyed in a crash during its second flight due to hydraulic failure. Its two-man crew ejects and parachutes safely.
December 31
After the pilot of a chartered Rousseau Aviation Nord 262E carrying the Air Liquide football (soccer) team from Algiers, Algeria, to Menorca in Spain's Balearic Islands for a New Year's Day match sends out a distress call about from Algiers, the aircraft disappears over the Mediterranean Sea with the loss of all 30 people on board.
With pre-tax losses of $130 million, the year ends as the worst ever for U.S. airlines.
First flights
Cessna 340
January
January 17 Sukhoi T-6-2IG (prototype of Sukhoi Su-24 'Fencer')
February
February 19 - Canadair CL-84 Dynavert CX8401March
13 March - Martin Marietta X-24A first powered flight following launch from a Boeing B-52
May
Spencer S-12 Air Car
May 20 - Civil Aviation Department Revathi Mark 2 VT-SAH May 28 - Boeing Vertol Model 347
May 28 - Meridionali/Agusta EMA 124 I-EMAFJune
June 10 – Cessna Turbo Star 402
June 12 - Beechcraft Model 16 N9716QJuly
July 2 - Saab SK37 Viggen
July 16 - Aérospatiale Corvette F-WRSN July 18 - Aeritalia G.222
August
August 1 - Beck-Mahoney Sorceress
August 20 - Sikorsky S-67 Blackhawk
August 21 - American Aviation AA-5 Traveler
August 22 - Aermacchi MB-326K
August 29 - McDonnell Douglas DC-10 N10DCSeptember
September 3 - Mace-Trefethen R-2
September 11 - Britten-Norman Trislander G-ATWUNovember
November 8 - Pöschel Equator
November 12 - Nihon XC-1
November 14 - Aerosport Rail N43344 November 16 - Lockheed L-1011 N1011December
December 1 - Dassault Falcon 10
December 20 or 21 – Grumman YF-14A, prototype of the F-14 Tomcat
Entered service
American Champion Decathlon
Antonov An-26 ("Curl")
Beck-Mahoney Sorceress
Nanchang Q-5 with Chinese People's Liberation Army
Sukhoi Su-17 (NATO reporting name "Fitter-C") with the Soviet Air Forces
January
January 22 – Boeing 747 with Pan American World Airways and Transworld Airlines
June
June 6 – Lockheed C-5 Galaxy with the U.S. Air Force Military Airlift Command
September
Beechcraft King Air Model C90
October
October 2 – Bell UH-1N Iroquois "Twin Huey" with the United States Air Forces Special Operations Center at Hurlburt Field, Florida
Retired from service
January 31 – Convair B-58 Hustler leaves service in the United States Air Force
References
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd., 1971.
Aviation by year |
Mykola Shytyuk (; 30 November 1953 – 1 September 2018) was a Ukrainian academician, historian, doctor of historical sciences. Since 2008 he was a director of the Institute of history and law of the Mykolaiv University.
Shytnyuk was born on 30 November 1953 in the village Lysa Hora, Lysa Hora Raion (today Pervomaisk Raion) in a family of construction engineer and teacher of geography. After graduating a rural school in Lysa Hora, Shytyuk enrolled in pedagogic uchilishche (junior college) in Novyi Buh, where he graduated in 1972 with a diploma of teacher of early grades. After that throughout most of the 1970s he worked in several schools of Mykolaiv Oblast with a small break when he served his military obligation in Belorussian Military District.
After being demobilized, in 1975 Shytyuk also enrolled in the history faculty of the Kyiv University.
On 1 September 2018 the scientist and researcher of Holodomor was found dead in an apartment in Mykolaiv with a knife in his back.
References
External links
Mykola Shytyuk at the Odesa University website.
1953 births
2018 deaths
People from Mykolaiv Oblast
Academic staff of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
20th-century Ukrainian historians
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Historical faculty alumni
Ukrainian murder victims
People murdered in Ukraine
Holodomor
Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
21st-century Ukrainian historians |
Snorri (; ) is a masculine given name. People with the name include:
Snorri Þorbrandsson, a character in the Icelandic Eyrbyggja saga
Snorri Goði or Snorri Þorgrímsson (963–1031), a prominent chieftain in Western Iceland, featured in a number of Icelandic sagas
Snorri Thorfinnsson (1004-1090), son of the explorer Þorfinnr Karlsefni and Guðríðr Eiríksdóttir
Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241), an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician
Snorri Hjartarson (1906–1986), an Icelandic poet and winner of the Nordic Council's Literature Prize
Snorri Hergill Kristjánsson (born 1974), an Icelandic stand-up comedian based in London
Snorri Snorrason (born 1977), an Icelandic singer who rose to popularity after winning the Icelandic version of Pop Idol
Snorri Guðjónsson (born 1981), an Icelandic handball player
Icelandic masculine given names
Masculine given names |
Isoprene, or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common volatile organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)−CH=CH2. In its pure form it is a colorless volatile liquid. It is produced by many plants and animals (including humans) and its polymers are the main component of natural rubber. C. G. Williams named the compound in 1860 after obtaining it from the pyrolysis of natural rubber; he correctly deduced the empirical formula C5H8.
Natural occurrences
Isoprene is produced and emitted by many species of trees (major producers are oaks, poplars, eucalyptus, and some legumes). Yearly production of isoprene emissions by vegetation is around 600 million metric tons, half from tropical broadleaf trees and the remainder primarily from shrubs. This is about equivalent to methane emissions and accounts for around one-third of all hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere. In deciduous forests, isoprene makes up approximately 80% of hydrocarbon emissions. While their input is small compared to trees, microscopic and macroscopic algae also produce isoprene.
Plants
Isoprene is made through the methyl-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway (MEP pathway, also called the non-mevalonate pathway) in the chloroplasts of plants. One of the two end-products of MEP pathway, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), is cleaved by the enzyme isoprene synthase to form isoprene and diphosphate. Therefore, inhibitors that block the MEP pathway, such as fosmidomycin, also block isoprene formation. Isoprene emission increases dramatically with temperature and maximizes at around 40 °C. This has led to the hypothesis that isoprene may protect plants against heat stress (thermotolerance hypothesis, see below). Emission of isoprene is also observed in some bacteria and this is thought to come from non-enzymatic degradations from DMAPP. Global emission of isoprene by plants is estimated at 350 million tons per year.
Regulation
Isoprene emission in plants is controlled both by the availability of the substrate (DMAPP) and by enzyme (isoprene synthase) activity. In particular, light, CO2 and O2 dependencies of isoprene emission are controlled by substrate availability, whereas temperature dependency of isoprene emission is regulated both by substrate level and enzyme activity.
Other organisms
Isoprene is the most abundant hydrocarbon measurable in the breath of humans. The estimated production rate of isoprene in the human body is 0.15 µmol/(kg·h), equivalent to approximately 17 mg/day for a person weighing 70 kg. Isoprene is common in low concentrations in many foods. Many species of soil and marine bacteria, such as Actinomycetota, are capable of degrading isoprene and using it as a fuel source.
Biological roles
Isoprene emission appears to be a mechanism that trees use to combat abiotic stresses. In particular, isoprene has been shown to protect against moderate heat stress (around 40 °C). It may also protect plants against large fluctuations in leaf temperature. Isoprene is incorporated into and helps stabilize cell membranes in response to heat stress.
Isoprene also confers resistance to reactive oxygen species. The amount of isoprene released from isoprene-emitting vegetation depends on leaf mass, leaf area, light (particularly photosynthetic photon flux density, or PPFD) and leaf temperature. Thus, during the night, little isoprene is emitted from tree leaves, whereas daytime emissions are expected to be substantial during hot and sunny days, up to 25 μg/(g dry-leaf-weight)/hour in many oak species.
Isoprenoids
The isoprene skeleton can be found in naturally occurring compounds called terpenes (also known as isoprenoids), but these compounds do not arise from isoprene itself. Instead, the precursor to isoprene units in biological systems is dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and its isomer isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). The plural 'isoprenes' is sometimes used to refer to terpenes in general.
Examples of isoprenoids include carotene, phytol, retinol (vitamin A), tocopherol (vitamin E), dolichols, and squalene. Heme A has an isoprenoid tail, and lanosterol, the sterol precursor in animals, is derived from squalene and hence from isoprene. The functional isoprene units in biological systems are dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and its isomer isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which are used in the biosynthesis of naturally occurring isoprenoids such as carotenoids, quinones, lanosterol derivatives (e.g. steroids) and the prenyl chains of certain compounds (e.g. phytol chain of chlorophyll). Isoprenes are used in the cell membrane monolayer of many Archaea, filling the space between the diglycerol tetraether head groups. This is thought to add structural resistance to harsh environments in which many Archaea are found.
Similarly, natural rubber is composed of linear polyisoprene chains of very high molecular weight and other natural molecules.
Impact on aerosols
After release, isoprene is converted into various species, such as aldehydes, hydroperoxides, organic nitrates, and epoxides by short-lived free radicals (like the hydroxyl radical) and to a lesser extent by ozone. These new species can dissolve into water droplets and contribute to aerosol and haze formation. Secondary organic aerosols formed from this pathway are a current topic of research and may have atmospheric impacts.
While most experts acknowledge that isoprene emission affects aerosol formation, whether isoprene increases or decreases aerosol formation is debated. A second major effect of isoprene on the atmosphere is that in the presence of nitric oxides (NOx) it contributes to the formation of tropospheric (lower atmosphere) ozone, which is one of the leading air pollutants in many countries. Isoprene itself is not normally regarded as a pollutant, as it is a natural plant product. Formation of tropospheric ozone is only possible in presence of high levels of NOx, which comes almost exclusively from industrial activities. Isoprene can have the opposite effect and quench ozone formation under low levels of NOx.
As an example the Blue Ridge Mountains are noted for having a bluish color when seen from a distance. Trees put the "blue" in Blue Ridge, from the isoprene released into the atmosphere. This contributes to the characteristic haze on the mountains and their distinctive color.
Industrial production
Isoprene is most readily available industrially as a byproduct of the thermal cracking of petroleum naphtha or oil, as a side product in the production of ethylene. About 800,000 metric tons are produced annually. About 95% of isoprene production is used to produce cis-1,4-polyisoprene—a synthetic version of natural rubber.
Natural rubber consists mainly of poly-cis-isoprene with a molecular mass of 100,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol. Typically natural rubber contains a few percent of other materials, such as proteins, fatty acids, resins, and inorganic materials. Some natural rubber sources, called gutta percha, are composed of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, a structural isomer that has similar, but not identical, properties.
See also
Natural rubber
Neoprene
References
Further reading
External links
Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program
Science News article describing how isoprene released by plants is converted to light-scattering aerosols
Alkadienes
Hemiterpenes
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Monomers
Conjugated dienes |
Push (also rendered PUSH) is an American primetime soap opera that aired on ABC. The series was about a group of young Olympic hopefuls in training at California Southern University. It aired two episodes in April 1998 before being pulled from the air due to low ratings; a third episode aired on August 6, 1998. It was cancelled after 3 episodes, leaving 5 unaired, two of which, the fourth and fifth episodes, were originally planned to air.
The show is produced by Starboard Home Productions in association with Great Guns Films and Stu Segall Productions, and was distributed by Perry Pictures.
Cast
Adam Trese as Victor Yates, the gymnastics team coach whose career was ended by a mishap in the 1996 Olympics
Eddie Mills as Scott Trysfan, a freshman swimming star
Jason Behr as Dempsey Easton, the former top track and field runner until Milo joined the team
Maureen Flannigan as Erin Galway, a swimmer with a rich father
Laurie Fortier as Cara Bradford, a gymnast training for the 2000 Olympics
Scott Gurney as Tyler Mifflin, a struggling freshman gymnast
Jaime Pressly as Nikki Lang, an assistant coach of the gymnastics team
Audrey Wasilewski as Gwen Sheridan, a pharmacology major who doesn't compete in any sports
Jacobi Wynne as Milo Reynolds, a freshman and the best track and field runner on the team
Episodes
Reception
Push was not well-received critically. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly gave the show a grade of C−, lamenting that "Push is not the musky melodrama I’d hoped for", adding that "Push is already a candidate to be pulled [from the air]." Tom Jicha of the Sun-Sentinel concluded that "Push manages a feat of Olympian proportions. It makes sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll boring." Terry Kelleher of People gave Push a D+ grade, and dismissed the show by saying it was "...nothing more than jock soap opera with a music-video look."
References
External links
Push fan site
1998 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American primetime television soap operas
American sports television series
Television shows set in California |
In basketball, a free throw is an unopposed attempt to score points from behind the free throw line. The EuroLeague's free throw percentage leader is the player with the highest free throw percentage in a given season.
To qualify as a leader for the free throw percentage, a player must play in at least 60 percent of the total number of possible games.
Nando de Colo and Šarūnas Jasikevičius are the only players in league history to lead the league in free throw percentage multiple occasions.
Free throw Percentage leaders
FIBA Euroleague Era (1996–2000)
Euroleague Era (2000–Present)
Notes
References
EuroLeague statistics |
L S Raheja School of Architecture is an Architecture Institute in Bandra east, Mumbai. established in the year 1953.
L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, one of the top Architecture college in Mumbai that offer courses in Architecture and Interior Design which include: Undergraduate degree in Architecture (B.Arch), Postgraduate degree in Architecture (M.Arch in Landscape), Undergraduate degree in Interior Design (B.Voc. in Interior Design), and Government Diploma in Interior Design at Top Architecture College.
The college library is a knowledge haven which enriches teaching, learning and research experience for the students and staff. It is well stocked with more than 6000 books, 350 e-books, several design magazines and E- journal subscription on varied subjects like Design, Graphics, Construction, Interiors, Landscape, Architectural Theories and several others.
The current location of the Institute is at bandra east is self owned and the construction of the building was completed in the year 2005 when the institute was finally shifted there.
Programme
It offers 5 Year Bachelor in Architecture programme, affiliated to the University of Mumbai. Annual intake is 80.
Aaakaar is the annual festival of L S Raheja School of Architecture.
Faculty
Ar. Arvind Khanolkar, Design Chair
Ar. Mandar Parab, Principal
Ar. Arun Fizardo, Associate Professor
Ar. Mridula Pillai, Assistant Professor
Ar. Anuj Gudekar, Assistant Professor
Ar. Meghana Ghate, Associate Professor
Ar. Rohan Patil, Assistant Professor
Performance in NASA
L S Raheja School of architecture has participated in the National Association of Students of Architecture. The college was amongst the founder members of NASA and was participating in the competition from the date of its inception. the college was barred from NASA for a short period and from its re joining the competition in year 2008–09, the college has won the Le Corbusier Trophy in 2011–12, 2012–13 and for the third time in 2013-14 making it a hat trick.
The trophy in 2013-14 was shared with Academy of Architecture, Mumbai.
References
External links
L s Raheja School Of Architecture
Architecture schools in India
Universities and colleges in Mumbai
Universities and colleges established in 1953
1953 establishments in Bombay State |
The SuperDisk LS-120 is a high-speed, high-capacity alternative to the 90 mm (3.5 in), 1.44 MB floppy disk. The SuperDisk hardware was created by 3M's storage products group Imation in 1997, with manufacturing chiefly by Matsushita.
The SuperDisk had little success in North America; with Compaq, Gateway and Dell being three of only a few OEMs who supported it. It was more successful in Asia and Australia, where the second-generation SuperDisk LS-240 drive and disk was released. SuperDisk worldwide ceased manufacturing in 2003.
History
The design of the SuperDisk system came from an early 1990s project at Iomega. It is one of the last examples of floptical technology, where lasers are used to guide a magnetic head which is much smaller than those used in traditional floppy disk drives. Iomega orphaned the project around the time they decided to release the Zip drive in 1994. The idea eventually ended up at 3M, where the concept was refined and the design was licensed to established floppy drive makers Matsushita and Mitsubishi. Other companies involved in the development of SuperDisk include Compaq and OR Technology.
Matsushita continued development of the technology and released the LS-240. It has double the capacity of the LS-120 and the added feature of being able to format regular floppy disks to 32 MB capacity. However, this higher density comes at a price – the entire disk must be rewritten any time a change is made, much like early CD-RW media.
A SuperDisk drive was used in two Panasonic digital cameras, the PV-SD4090 and PV-SD5000, which allowed them to use both SuperDisk (LS120) and 3.5" floppy disks as the memory media.
Technical information
The SuperDisk's format was designed to supersede the floppy disk with its higher-capacity media that imitated the ubiquitous format with its own 120 MB (and later 240 MB) disk storage while the SuperDisk drive itself was backwards compatible with 1.44 MB and 720 KB floppy formats (MFM). Superdisk drives read and write faster to these sorts of disks than conventional 1.44 MB or 720 KB floppy drives.
The newer LS-240 drives also have the ability to read and write regular 1.44 MB floppies at much higher densities in a format called "FD32MB". Described in the help file for the SuperWriter32 application included with the driver package, the increase of capacity for FD32MB is achieved through the use of shingled magnetic recording (SMR) to reduce track pitch to 18.8μm from the standard 187.5μm allowing 777 tracks per side. This is combined with linear recording density improvements enabling 36-53 sectors per track through partial-response maximum-likelihood and zone bit recording.
The true capacity of these "SD120MB" drives is 120.375 MiB aka 126.22 MB (FAT16B with logical geometry 963/8/32 CHS × 512 bytes). The "SD240MB" drives have a capacity of 229.25 MiB aka 240.39 MB (FAT16B with logical geometry 262/32/56 CHS × 512 bytes). 1.44 MB HD floppies formatted to 32 MB as "FD32MB" (FAT16B with logical geometry 1024/2/32 CHS × 512 bytes) in the LS-240 show a dummy FAT12 file system (with logical geometries 160/2/9 or 80/2/18) when inserted into a normal floppy drive.
SuperDisk drives have been sold in parallel port, USB, ATAPI and SCSI variants. All drives can read and write 1.44 MB and 720 KiB MFM floppies, as used on PCs, Apple Macintoshes (High Density format only, see below), and many workstations. 2.88 MB floppy formats are not supported.
Imation also released a version of the SuperDisk with "Secured Encryption Technology", which uses Blowfish with a 64-bit key to encrypt the contents.
Criticism and obsolescence
Macintosh users found trouble making SuperDisk drives work with the GCR 800 KB or 400 KB diskettes used by older Macintoshes. These disks could be used in a SuperDisk drive only if formatted to PC 720 KB MFM format. Note that almost no other USB floppy drives supported Mac GCR floppies.
The biggest hurdle standing in the way of success was that Iomega's Zip drive had been out for three years when SuperDisk had been released. Zip had enough popularity to leave the public mostly uninterested in SuperDisk, despite its superior design and its compatibility with the standard floppy disk.
By 2000, the entire removable magnetic disk category was finally obsoleted by the falling prices of CD-R and CD-RW drives, and later on solid-state (USB flash drives or USB keydrives). Over the next few years, SuperDisk was quietly discontinued, even in areas where it was popular. Today, disks are very hard to find.
Under Windows XP, a USB SuperDisk drive will appear as a 3.5" floppy disk drive, receiving either the drive letter A: (if there is no floppy in the machine) or B: (if there already is one). This enables use by software that expects a floppy drive when 1.44 MB or 720 KB disks are inserted. 120 MB and 240 MB disks are also accessed via A: or B:.
Practicality
The USB models were quite popular for debugging and installing servers that did not have a CD drive available. They could both store massive numbers of drivers for installation purposes as well as be used to run live operating systems, such as ReactOS, which amounts to 150 MB.
See also
Caleb UHD144
Floptical
Sony HiFD
IBM Extended Density Format, technically unrelated special format for traditional HD floppy controllers, also providing a mini file system containing a README file similar to the LS-240's FD32M format.
Zip drive
References
Floppy disk drives |
Beki İkala Erikli (born Beki Çukran, 1968 – December 15, 2016) was a Turkish Jewish author of self-help books. She was shot to death in Istanbul on December 16, 2016.
References
2016 deaths
Writers from Istanbul
Self-help writers
Turkish Jews
1968 births
21st-century Turkish women writers
20th-century Turkish women writers
20th-century Turkish writers
Jewish women writers
Deaths by firearm in Turkey |
The 1976 Greenlandic Men's Handball Championship (also known as the or ) was the third edition of the Greenlandic Men's Handball Championship. It was held in Nuuk. It was won by GSS who defeated B-67 in the final.
Venues
The championship was played at the Godthåbhallen in Nuuk.
Modus
The six teams were split into two groups. And they played a round robin.
The third placed teams played a fifth place game, the second best the small final and the group winners the final.
Results
Group stage
Group I
Group II
Championship
5th Place Game
Small Final
Final
Final ranking
References
1975
Handball - Men |
Subsets and Splits
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