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Time Out is a global magazine published by Time Out Group. Time Out started as a London-only publication in 1968 and has expanded its editorial recommendations to 333 cities in 59 countries worldwide. In 2012, the London edition became a free publication, with a weekly readership of over 307,000. Time Outs global market presence includes partnerships with Nokia and mobile apps for iOS and Android operating systems. It was the recipient of the International Consumer Magazine of the Year award in both 2010 and 2011 and the renamed International Consumer Media Brand of the Year in 2013 and 2014. History Time Out was first published in 1968 as a London listings magazine by Tony Elliott, who used his birthday money to produce a one-sheet pamphlet, with Bob Harris as co-editor. The first product was titled Where It's At, before being inspired by Dave Brubeck's album Time Out. Time Out began as an alternative magazine alongside other members of the underground press in the UK, but by 1980 it had abandoned its original collective decision-making structure and its commitment to equal pay for all its workers, leading to a strike and the foundation of a competing magazine, City Limits, by former staffers. By now its former radicalism has all but vanished. As one example of its early editorial stance, in 1976, London's Time Out published the names of 60 purported CIA agents stationed in England. Early issues had a print run of around 5,000 and would evolve to a weekly circulation of 110,000 as it shed its radical roots. The flavour of the magazine was almost wholly the responsibility of its designer, Pearce Marchbank: Marchbank was invited by Tony Elliott to join the embryonic Time Out in 1971. Turning it into a weekly, he produced its classic logo, [and] established its strong identity and its editorial structure—all still used worldwide to this day. He also conceived and designed the first of the Time Out guide books. ... He continued to design for Time Out for many years. Each week, his powerful, witty Time Out covers became an essential part of London life. Elliott launched Time Out New York (TONY), his North American magazine debut, in 1995. The magazine hired young and upcoming talent to provide cultural reviews for young New Yorkers at the time. The success of TONY led to the introduction of Time Out New York Kids, a quarterly magazine aimed at families. The expansion continued with Elliott licensing the Time Out brand worldwide spreading the magazine to roughly 40 cities including Istanbul, Dubai, Beijing, Hong Kong and Lisbon. Additional Time Out products included travel magazines, city guides, and books. In 2010, Time Out became the official publisher of travel guides and tourist books for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Time Outs need to expand to digital platforms led to Elliott, sole owner of the group until November 2010, to sell half of Time Out London and 66 per cent of TONY to private equity group Oakley Capital, valuing the company at £20 million. The group, founded by Peter Dubens, was owned by Tony Elliott and Oakley Capital until 2016, the agreement provided capital for investment to expand the brand. Time Out has subsequently launched websites for an additional 33 cities including Delhi, Washington D.C., Boston, Manchester and Bristol. when it was listed on London's AIM stock exchange. In June 2016, Time Out Group underwent an IPO and is listed on London's AIM stock exchange trading under the ticker symbol 'TMO'. The London edition of Time Out became a free magazine in September 2012. Time Outs London magazine was hand-distributed at central London stations, and received its first official ABC Certificate for October 2012 showing distribution of over 305,000 copies per week, which was the largest distribution in the history of the brand. This strategy increased revenue by 80 per cent with continued upsurge. Time Out has also invited a number of guest columnists to write for the magazine. The columnist as of 2014 was Giles Coren. In April 2015, the New York edition also moved to the free-distribution model to increase the reader base and grow brand awareness. This transition doubled circulation by increasing its web audience, estimated to be around 3.5 million unique visitors a month. Time Out increased its weekly magazine circulation to over 305,000 copies, complementing millions of digital users of Time Out New York. Time Out New York is now available free every other Wednesday in vending boxes and newsstands across New York City. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Time Out ceased producing paper copies of the magazine and switched to an online-only model. Temporarily rebranding as Time In, the publication also refocused its editorial content towards virtual events for people staying at home during the lockdown. In April 2022, it was announced that the print edition of London Time Out would finally cease after 54 years, with its last print run distributed on 23 June 2022. The magazine would continue to be published online. Additional ventures In addition to magazines and travel books and websites, Time Out launched Time Out Market, a food and cultural market experience based wholly on editorial creation, starting with the Time Out Market Lisboa in Lisbon, Portugal. New Time Out Markets opened in Miami, New York, Chicago, Boston and Montreal in 2019; and in 2021 in Dubai. New locations are set to open in the future. References External links of Time Out (global homepage) "Time Out to cut about 40 staff in UK and US" 1968 establishments in the United Kingdom Lifestyle magazines published in the United Kingdom Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom Cultural magazines published in the United Kingdom Entertainment magazines published in the United Kingdom Magazines published in London Magazines established in 1968 City guides Free magazines
Juniper Hill is a hamlet in the civil parish of Cottisford in Oxfordshire, England, south of Brackley in neighbouring Northamptonshire. Juniper Hill was named after the common juniper, Juniperus communis, which originally grew in the area. In 1754, there were only two cottages in the area, but on the 1841 census there are 16 households in the village, and by 1901 25. The local inn, established about 1860, was the Fox. Flora Thompson was born in Juniper Hill in 1876. She fictionalised the hamlet as Lark Rise in her Lark Rise to Candleford trilogy. References Further reading Hamlets in Oxfordshire
My Dead Girlfriend is an original English-language manga written and illustrated by Eric Wight, published by Tokyopop. The first volume "A Tryst Of Fate" came out Valentines Day 2007. It has received positive reviews from the likes of Joss Whedon, Jeph Loeb and Meg Cabot. Volumes Wight, Eric. My Dead Girlfriend, volume 1. Tokyopop. 6 February 2007. Characters The Bleaks The Bleak bloodline has an abnormal legacy, its extremely odd deaths. Phineas "Finney" Bleak The protagonist of the story and one of the four breathing Bleaks (besides Mookie), he was very depressed during the last three months before the first novel started because of a recent supposed breakup. He had been "seriously debating the pros and cons of breathing" because he thought it didn't matter, seeing as he knew that the final fate of all was death. At school, he is one of the few not in a social circle. He is singled out because he is the only "normal" person in the school. He's a loner. April, May, and June Bleak Conjoined triplets who are Finney's older sisters, known to him as the Trouble Trifecta. They are the other three living Bleaks besides Finney (not including Mookie). Lester Bleak and his wife Finney and the triplets' parents, they died by being electrocuted in the tunnel of love. The mom has yet to be named. Cornelius Bleak A pirate captain who was shot, stabbed, flambéed, and devoured by a great white shark before finally dying. He originally foresaw his death in a series of premonitions, but pushed his luck by giving up his seafaring life...after one last voyage. Alas his crew (rather sick of him) mutinied and in the process of trying to end his life with a gunshot (rather than be thrown overboard...where he'd surely be consumed)...ignited their barrels of gunpowder...with fatal explosive results. This current cruise being their final one...for the entire onboard occupants period. Archibald Bleak A zookeeper who was killed by two tons of manure while washing the backside of a constipated elephant. It was undetermined which killed him: being crushed or suffocated. Orville Bleak A self-proclaimed inventor who tried to cross the Atlantic in a lawn chair suspended by 837 inflated balloons. He miscalculated the amount of helium in each of the balloons, disappeared into the sky, and was never seen again. Margaret Bleak A magician's assistant who was sawed in half after her jealous illusionist husband discovered she was performing her "sleight of hand" with a rival magician. Mookie Bleak The family pet, who happens to be a gargoyle. He behaves like a puppy but looks more like crossbreed between canine and demonic creature, still Finney and his sisters can look past the fearsome beast and see the cute animal within. He's got plenty to say with expression and pantomime. Mephisto Prep Social circles are listed below. The Deadbeats At the top of the evolutionary ladder, the Deadbeats rule the school with a heavy dose of scare tactics and humiliation. It has four members. Drake Rippinngton- a vampire who is the leader of Deadbeats and thus, the student dictator of the school. Karl Steinman- a Frankenstein-like monster who is the enforcer of the Deadbeats. Also see Stanley. Hank Palmer- A werewolf gangster complete with gold chain necklace with dollar sign attached. Floyd Gillman- A Creature from the Black Lagoon who only makes gurgles when he talks. The Glindas These witches push potions like amphetamines. Want to be thin? Need to ace a test? Feel like parting with your soul? The Glindas are one-stop shopping. They are led by Salamander Mugwort. The Aberzombies Undead kids who take non-conformity to such an extreme that they must conform to each other or be harshly ridiculed. (Reference to Emos, one of the many pop culture references hidden throughout the book.) The Lab Monkeys Mad scientists who each could build a flux capacitor before their seventh birthday. The Invertebrates These spineless blobs will do anything because of peer pressure. The Foreign Exchange Kids from another planet, not another country. Stanley A mummy of an unknown social circle who usually is at the receiving ends of Karl's bullying. Vice Principal Blackheart A no-nonsense devil, she is blonde-haired, fair-skinned, and has two white horns growing out of her head. Jenny Wraith Object of desire for Finney, they met at a fun fair and instantly connected, with it being love at first sight for Jenny. Unfortunately, soon after they parted; jealous Death saw fit to throw a metaphorical spanner into the works vis-a-vis their relationship via Jenny accidentally falling down a rabbit hole and presumably dying, thus finding herself to be non-corporeal. Knowing how he (Finney) despised ghosts due to his troublesome spirit relatives, she has only recently revealed to him her current situation. She now resides at Mephisto Middle School and struggles to overcome the obstacles of being dead and how they affect her blossoming romance with Finney. References External links TOKYOPOP's online manga My Dead Girlfriend page TOKYOPOP's My Dead Girlfriend page Eric Wight's website mydeadgirlfriend.net Horror comics Humor comics Romance comics Tokyopop titles 2007 comics debuts Original English-language manga
Rebecca Tyson Northen (August 24, 1910 – April 30, 2004) was an American author, educator, and conservationist known for her work on orchids. She was recognized for popularizing orchids through her books and articles on their culture and has been referred to as the "Julia Child of Orchids". Northen made contributions to orchid conservation, including the establishment of the Lankester Garden in Costa Rica. She authored several books and articles on orchid culture, including Home Orchid Growing, which was first published in 1950. Early life Rebecca Tyson Northen was born on August 24, 1910, in Detroit, Michigan. She received her bachelor's degree from Wayne State University in 1935, and her master's degree in Zoology from Mount Holyoke College in 1937. In 1937, she married Henry Theodore Northen and they had three children together. Career Northen had a lifelong interest in orchids, which began with the gift of a flask of tiny orchid seedlings. Despite the lack of information and resources on growing orchids at home, she persisted and eventually found ways to successfully cultivate them. In the late 1940s, she co-authored articles on orchid culture with her husband Henry in the Journal of the American Orchid Society. She was also known as the 'orchid lady' in letters to the editor of the Denver Post, providing tips on orchid culture. Due to the demand for information on growing orchids at home, she wrote and published a book titled Home Orchid Growing in 1950, which provided guidance on orchid biology and their cultivation. Rebecca Northen was a horticulturist and author who specialized in the study of orchids. She was active in the orchid community, giving presentations at international societies and publishing research in journals and co-authoring books with Henry. In 1976, Rebecca Northen published Orchids as House Plants, a book aimed at providing guidance for growing orchids at home. She also wrote about miniature orchids, and published papers in the Journal of the American Orchid Society for beginner orchid growers. Northen received recognition for her work in the field, including the American Orchid Society's Gold Medal of Achievement in 1979 and the Certificate of Meritorious Achievement in Orchid Education in 1999. Some orchids have been named in her honor including Clowesia Rebecca Northen, Trichoceros muralis 'Rebecca Northen', and Laelia anceps Rebecca T. Northen, and her work has been featured in exhibitions at Smithsonian Gardens and the U.S. Botanic Garden. Conservation Northen studied orchids in their natural habitats by visiting different locations around the world. She also participated in efforts to establish the Lankester garden in Costa Rica, through writing articles and raising funds. References Writers from Michigan 1910 births 2004 deaths Wayne State University Mount Holyoke College 21st-century American women
Il finto astrologo is an intermezzo by composer Niccolò Piccinni. The opera uses an Italian-language libretto by Carlo Goldoni. The work premiered at the Teatro Valle in Rome on 7 February 1765 with a cast that included the famous castrato Venanzio Rauzzini as Clarice. Il finto astrologo is derived from Il mondo della luna, a libretto originally set to music by Baldassare Galuppi in 1750, with several modifications. The work of Piccinni has only two acts and is written for a reduced cast of four singers (Ecclittico, Buonafede, Clarice and Lisetta). The first performance in modern times was produced in Fermo in 1988. The finale of the first act (that describes the imaginary travel of Buonafede to the Moon), has been described as "a typical opera buffa jewel". See also List of operas by Niccolò Piccinni References 1765 operas Italian-language operas Operas Operas by Niccolò Piccinni Operas based on works by Carlo Goldoni Libretti by Carlo Goldoni
Aristomenes () was an actor of the Attic old comedy, who lived in the 2nd century during the reign of – and was a freed-man of – the Roman emperor Hadrian, who used to call him "Attic Partridge" (Ἀττικοπέρδιξ). He was a native of Athens, and is also mentioned as the author of a work "On the Priesthood" (πρὸς τὰς ἱερουργίας), the third book of which is quoted by Athenaeus. He is perhaps the same Aristomenes as the one mentioned by the Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes. References 2nd-century Athenians Ancient Greek actors Writers of lost works Ancient Greek slaves and freedmen
Ring armour (ring mail) is an assumed type of personal armour constructed as series of metallic rings sewn to a fabric or leather foundation. No actual examples of this type of armour are known from collections or archaeological excavations in Europe. It is sometimes called ringmail or ring mail. In the Victorian era the term "mail" was used fancifully for any form of metallic body armour. Modern historians reserve the term "mail" for armour formed of an interlinked mesh of metal rings. The Bayeux Tapestry has been misinterpreted as depicting several different types of armour. It is generally acknowledged today that virtually all the armour on the tapestry is standard mail armour and not "ring mail", "trellised mail" or "mascled mail" or any other Victorian misinterpretation. Theoretical construction Ring armour was believed to be a leather or textile item of clothing (a jacket, or trousers) with a large number of metal rings sewn or tied directly into the foundation garment. Unlike mail armour, the rings are not physically interlocked with each other. Schiessjoppe (eyelet doublet) It has been claimed that the garment called eyelet doublet is not a form of ring armour, but an undergarment intended to be used under actual armour. The eyelets are intended as ventilation holes. It was known as a Schiessjoppe in Germany. However, Sir John Smythe, in 1591, recommended that, "Archers should weare either Ilet holed doublets that will resist the thrust of a sword or a dagger and covered with some trim and gallant kinde of coloured cloth to the liking of the captain ... or else Iackes of maile quilted upon fustian." It is clear from this that Smythe's "eyelet holed doublet" was not intended to be worn with mail but as a standalone armour, but this quote from the book titled "The Armourer and His Craft" By Charles John Ffoulkes brings into doubt whether the eyelet doublet was related to ring armour at all. Notes References Philippe Contamine : La Guerre au moyen âge (War in the Middle Ages), Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1980. Claude Blair, European Armour, London: Batsford. 1958. Medieval armour Body armor
```java package com.amazonaws.serverless.proxy.spring.slowapp; import org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import java.time.Instant; @SpringBootApplication(exclude = { org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.reactive.ReactiveUserDetailsServiceAutoConfiguration.class, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.reactive.ReactiveSecurityAutoConfiguration.class, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceAutoConfiguration.class, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration.class }) public class SlowTestApplication { @Component public static class SlowDownInit implements InitializingBean { public static final int INIT_SLEEP_TIME_MS = 13_000; @Override public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception { Thread.sleep(INIT_SLEEP_TIME_MS); } } } ```
The FA Cup 1953–54 is the 73rd season of the world's oldest football knockout competition; The Football Association Challenge Cup, or FA Cup for short. The large number of clubs entering the tournament from lower down the English football league system meant that the competition started with a number of preliminary and qualifying rounds. The 30 victorious teams from the fourth round qualifying progressed to the first round proper. Preliminary round Ties Replays 1st qualifying round Ties Replays 2nd replays 3rd replay 2nd qualifying round Ties Replays 3rd qualifying round Ties Replays 4th qualifying round The teams that given byes to this round are Bishop Auckland, Yeovil Town, Leytonstone, Gainsborough Trinity, Stockton, Witton Albion, Weymouth, North Shields, Rhyl, Hereford United, Scarborough, Wigan Athletic, Nelson, Tonbridge, Blyth Spartans, Wellington Town, Buxton, Folkestone, Bath City, Llanelli, Peterborough United, Finchley, Great Yarmouth Town and Grays Athletic. Ties Replays 1953–54 FA Cup See 1953–54 FA Cup for details of the rounds from the first round proper onwards. External links Football Club History Database: FA Cup 1953–54 FA Cup Past Results Qualifying FA Cup qualifying rounds
Congregation of Christian Retreat is the name of two Roman Catholic religious institutes, one of priests and one of nuns. Communities Priests France: Les Fontenelles, Chusclan, Abundance Switzerland: Montbarry Belgium England Scotland Ireland Sisters France: Les Fontenelles Benin: Kandi, Banikoara References Catholic orders and societies
The 13th congressional district of Missouri was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in Missouri from 1873 to 1953. List of members representing the district References Election Statistics 1920-present Clerk of the House of Representatives Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Former congressional districts of the United States 13 Constituencies established in 1873 1873 establishments in Missouri Constituencies disestablished in 1933 1933 disestablishments in Missouri Constituencies established in 1935 1935 establishments in Missouri Constituencies disestablished in 1953 1953 disestablishments in Missouri
Maria Brontë (, commonly ; 23 April 1814 – 6 May 1825) was the eldest daughter of Patrick Brontë and Maria Brontë, née Branwell. She was the elder sister of Elizabeth Brontë, the writers Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Brontë, and of the painter and poet Branwell. She was born in Hartshead, Yorkshire, and died at the age of 11. Early life and education At the age of six, Maria was characterised as "grave, thoughtful, and quiet, to a degree far beyond her years". After their mother's death in 1821, Maria and her sisters became withdrawn, preferring to only be in each other's company. Maria often read the many newspapers brought home by their father and relayed their contents to her younger sisters. Maria was said to have been a precocious child; asked at the age of 10 "what...the best mode of spending time [was]" by her father, she answered, "by laying it out in preparation for a happy eternity." Patrick later said that he could speak with Maria on any popular or current topics as freely and amply as with an adult, mournfully recalling her "powerfully intellectual mind". A printer from Thornton, West Yorkshire, where the family had moved in 1815, noted that Patrick once entrusted the reviewing of one of his galley proofs to Maria. Charlotte would later describe her older sister as being rather serious and silent, and Elizabeth Gaskell, Charlotte's friend and, later, biographer, described Maria as "delicate, unusually clever and thoughtful for her age, gentle, and untidy". In 1820, her father moved the family to Haworth. In 1823, 9-year-old Maria and 8-year-old Elizabeth were sent to Crofton Hall, a fashionable Yorkshire boarding school. The fees, however, proved to be too high for Patrick, who also had three younger daughters in need of a good education. So, in July 1824, Maria and Elizabeth joined Cowan Bridge School, a newly opened boarding school for daughters of the clergy in Lancashire, with Charlotte and Emily following two months later. The food provided by the school was generally poorly cooked and unhealthy, and the cook was reported to be "careless, dirty, and wasteful". Both Maria and Elizabeth had just recovered from measles and whooping cough, and, despite being hungry, they often could not eat. In the school register, Maria is summarily described as such: Maria Brontë, aged 10 ... reads tolerably. Writes pretty well. Ciphers a little. Works badly. Very little of geography or history. Has made some progress in reading French, but knows nothing of the language grammatically. Ms. Andrews, a teacher at Cowan Bridge, described Maria as "a girl of fine imagination and extra-ordinary talents". School records show that, as Maria, Charlotte, and Emily were being trained to become governesses, Patrick paid an extra £3 for each girl for them to be taught French, music and drawing. Death In spring 1825, a typhoid epidemic swept through the school, causing the departure of almost a sixth of the students between February and June. By the winter of 1824, Maria's health was rapidly deteriorating and, after she was diagnosed with tuberculosis in February 1825, she was swiftly returned home. She lived at the parsonage in Haworth for three months, alongside her father, brother Branwell, and youngest sister Anne, who had not yet been sent to school, until she eventually succumbed to her illness on May 6, shortly after her 11th birthday. Meanwhile, Elizabeth, whose health had also been declining, was likewise diagnosed with tuberculosis. She, too, was removed from school, arriving in Haworth three weeks after Maria's death. Elizabeth would die only two weeks later. In the wake of their sisters' deaths, Charlotte and Emily were withdrawn from Cowan Bridge, and never sent back to school; Anne, for one, was never sent to school in the first place after the tragedy, being educated at home, mostly by her father and aunt. Patrick would later connect Maria's death to a higher meaning, writing that "she exhibited during her illness many symptoms of a heart under divine influence." Influence According to Elizabeth Gaskell, Maria served as the inspiration for Helen Burns, Jane's pious and stoical friend, whom she meets in a girl's boarding school, in Charlotte's acclaimed debut novel, Jane Eyre. In 1849, Charlotte, writing to her publisher's reader, admitted that Maria's "prematurely developed and remarkable intellect, as well as the mildness, wisdom and fortitude of her character... left an indelible impression". The harsh living conditions the sisters faced at Cowan Bridge, though not necessarily falling below the standard of the time, are also known to have inspired another character in Jane Eyre: Miss Scatcherd, the cruel and strict teacher who constantly berates and punishes Helen, is modelled after a teacher at Cowan Bridge who subjected Charlotte's "gentle patient dying sister [Maria]" to "worrying and cruelty". Eventually, after much suffering and much like Maria, Helen dies of tuberculosis in Jane's arms. References External links 1813 births 1825 deaths 19th-century English people 19th-century English women Maria People from Haworth Child deaths 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Tuberculosis deaths in England
Touchpaper or touch-paper is a slow-burning paper fuse treated with solution of potassium nitrate (or "saltpetre") used for lighting flammable or explosive devices such as fireworks. Touchpaper may also refer to: Touchpaper Television, part of RDF Media Group and producer of UK programmes such as Single-Handed and Sold, Julian Fellowes Investigates: A Most Mysterious Murder and Murderland Touchpaper, a novel by Peter Tennant Touchpaper, a 1984 album by English singer-songwriter Claire Hamill
Joe Glow, the Firefly is a 1941 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. The short was released on March 8, 1941. Plot A firefly enters a tent where a man is sleeping. The firefly slips and slides all over the man's face and then investigates the food in the tent. Having looked everything over, the firefly shouts a single word into the man's ear. See also List of American films of 1941 References External links 1941 animated films 1941 films Looney Tunes shorts Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films Short films directed by Chuck Jones Animated films about insects Films scored by Carl Stalling American black-and-white films 1940s Warner Bros. animated short films 1940s English-language films
The Nlakaʼpamux or Nlakapamuk ( ; ), also previously known as the Thompson, Thompson River Salish, Thompson Salish, Thompson River Indians or Thompson River people, and historically as the Klackarpun, Haukamaugh, Knife Indians, and Couteau Indians, are an Indigenous First Nations people of the Interior Salish language group in southern British Columbia. Their traditional territory includes parts of the North Cascades region of Washington. Other names Frontier-era histories and maps transliterate the name Nlakaʼpamux as Hakamaugh or Klackarpun; they were also known as the Kootomin, or Couteau (Knife). or Knife Indians. In the dialect of the Thompson language used by the Ashcroft Indian Band, the variant Nlʼakapxm is used. The Nlakaʼpamux of the Nicola Valley, who are all in the Nicola Tribal Association reserves refer to themselves as Scwʼexmx and speak a different dialect of the Thompson language. Together with the Spaxomin people, a branch of the Okanagan people (Syilx) who live in the upper Nicola valley and also belong to the Nicola Tribal Association, they are collectively known as the Nicola people, or Nicolas. Ethnobotany Blueberries (Vaccinium myrtilloides) are traditionally used by them in pies. They have used the leaves of sedge (Carex) as brushes for cleaning and also as forage for their livestock. Religion The Nlakaʼpamux were the object of both Anglican and Roman Catholic missionary efforts in the nineteenth century, resulting in the vast majority belonging to one of the two denominations by the beginning of the twentieth century. Governments The Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council despite its name does not include all Nlakaʼpamux people, but is one of two main tribal bodies within the region, the other being the Nicola Tribal Association. The Lytton First Nation or Lytton Band, focussed on the town of the same name, which is named Camchin or Kumsheen in the Nlakaʼpamux language and is one of the largest Nlakaʼpamux communities, does not belong to any of the three tribal associations. While the Upper Nicola Band is affiliated with the Scwʼexmx Tribal Council it is a Syilx community and part of the Okanagan Nation Alliance it is not Nlakaʼpamux and has a different traditional territory than the other Nlakaʼpamux Bands. None of the Nlakaʼpamux governments are in the British Columbia Treaty Commission process at present. Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council Boothroyd Indian Band Boston Bar Indian Band Oregon Jack Creek Indian Band Spuzzum Indian Band Lytton Indian Band Skuppah Indian Band Scwʼexmx Tribal Council (Originally Nicola Tribal Association or NTA) Shackan Indian Band (Original NTA) Nooaitch Indian Band (Original NTA) Upper Nicola Band (Original NTA)(A member of the Okanagan Nation Alliance) Coldwater Indian Band (Original NTA) Lower Nicola Indian Band (Affiliated) Unaffiliated Ashcroft Indian Band Kanaka Bar Indian Band Siska Indian Band Cook's Ferry Indian Band Nicomen Indian Band (Former member of the Fraser Canyon Indian Administration) Language The Nlakaʼpamux speak an Interior Salishan language named , usually transliterated as Nlakaʼpamuxtsn and known in English as the Thompson language. The Scwʼexmx of the Nicola Valley speak a dialect also called Scwʼexmx. Notable people Tara Beagan, writer and actress G. A. Grisenthwaite, writer Kevin Loring, writer Terese Marie Mailhot, writer Sharon McIvor, activist Ilona Verley, drag queen and make-up artist Annie York, writer See also Scwʼexmx Sxeʼxnʼx Notes Bibliography Thompson River Salish Dictionary Compiled by Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson They Write Their Dreams on the Rock Forever: Rock Writings in the Stein River Valley of British Columbia (with Chris Arnett and Richard Daly Spuzzum: Fraser Canyon Histories, with Andrea LaForet Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, Derek Hayes, Cavendish Books, Vancouver (1999) ISBN The Resettlement of British Columbia: Essays on Colonialism & Geographical Change, University of British Columbia Press; New Ed edition (January 1997) ISBN NLakaʼpamux Language CD by Barbara Joe(2005){Editor/Producer/Technical: Dr. Shawn E. Swakum D.D} Shackan Stories by Jim Toodlican(2006){Editor/Producer/Technical: Shawn E. Swakum D.D} Interior Salish Native American history of Washington (state)
Alkaline hydrolysis, in organic chemistry, usually refers to types of nucleophilic substitution reactions in which the attacking nucleophile is a hydroxide ion. Example In the alkaline hydrolysis of esters and amides the hydroxide ion nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon in a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. This mechanism is supported by isotope labeling experiments. For example, when ethyl propionate with an oxygen-18 labeled ethoxy group is treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the oxygen-18 is completely absent from the sodium propionate product and is found exclusively in the ethanol formed. Uses The reaction is often used to turn solid organic matter into a liquid form for easier disposal. Drain cleaners take advantage of this method to dissolve hair and fat in pipes. The reaction is also used to dispose of human and other animal remains as an alternative to traditional burial or cremation. See also Acid hydrolysis Enzymatic hydrolysis Saponification References Chemical reactions Acid–base chemistry
Akadémiai Kiadó () is the publishing house of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. It is one of Hungary's most important publishers of scientific books and journals. Its majority-owner is the Amsterdam-based publishing conglomerate Wolters Kluwer, while the Hungarian Academy of Sciences holds a minority share. It was founded in 1828 and is based in Budapest. It publishes monographs and journals. The branch that publishes journals is AKJournals. Encyclopedias Biology Encyclopedia (1975–1987) (1989–1990) Academic Encyclopedia Series (2007–)—Volumes: Environment (2007) Psychology (2008) World Religions (2009) Journals References External links Home page AKJournals REAL-J —digitized journals at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Companies based in Budapest Publishing companies of Hungary Publishing companies established in 1828 Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Byron Drury (3 October 1870 – 12 October 1897) was a Jamaican cricketer. He played in three first-class matches for the Jamaican cricket team in 1896/97. See also List of Jamaican representative cricketers References External links 1870 births 1897 deaths Jamaican cricketers Jamaica cricketers Cricketers from Lucknow British people in colonial India British expatriates in British Jamaica
Warren Edward Spahn (April 23, 1921 – November 24, 2003) was an American professional baseball pitcher who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). A left-handed pitcher, Spahn played in 1942 and then from 1946 until 1965, most notably for the Boston Braves, who became the Milwaukee Braves after the team moved west before the season. His baseball career was interrupted by his military service in the United States Army during World War II. With 363 career wins, Spahn holds the major league record for a left-handed pitcher, and has the most by a pitcher who played his entire career in the post-1920 live-ball era. He was a 17-time All-Star who won 20 games or more in 13 seasons, including a 23–7 win–loss record when he was age 42. Spahn won the 1957 Cy Young Award and was a three-time runner-up during the period when only one award was given for both leagues. At the time of his retirement in 1965, Spahn held the Major League record for career strikeouts by a left-handed pitcher. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 1973 with 82.89% of the vote. The Warren Spahn Award, given annually to the major leagues' best left-handed pitcher, is named in his honor. Regarded as a "thinking man's" pitcher who liked to outwit batters, Spahn once described his approach on the mound: "Hitting is timing. Pitching is upsetting timing." Early life Spahn was born and raised in Buffalo, New York, to Edward and Mabel Spahn, the fifth of six children and the first of two sons. He was named after President Warren G. Harding and his father. He attended Buffalo Bisons baseball games with his father and initially wanted to be a first baseman. However, when Spahn began to attend South Park High School, the first baseman position was already taken. Reluctantly, he took up pitching and led his high school team to two city championships, going undefeated his last two seasons, and throwing a no-hitter his senior year. Baseball career Spahn's major league career began in 1942 with the Braves organization and he spent all but one year with that franchise, first in Boston and then in Milwaukee. He finished his career in 1965 with the New York Mets and the San Francisco Giants. With 363 wins, Spahn is the sixth most winning pitcher in history, trailing only Cy Young (511), Walter Johnson (417), Grover Cleveland Alexander (373), Christy Mathewson (373), and Pud Galvin (364) on MLB's all-time list. He led the league in wins eight times (1949–50, 1953, 1957–1961, each season with 20+ wins) and won at least 20 games an additional five times (1947, 1951, 1954, 1956, 1963). Spahn also threw two no-hitters, in 1960 and 1961, at ages 39 and 40. He won 3 ERA titles (1947, 1953, and 1961), and four strikeout crowns (1949–1952). Spahn also appeared in 14 All-Star Games, the most of any pitcher in the 20th century. He won the NL Player of the Month Award in August 1960 (6–0, 2.30 ERA, 32 SO) and August 1961 (6–0, 1.00 ERA, 26 SO). Spahn acquired the nickname "Hooks", not so much because of his pitching, but due to the prominent shape of his nose. He had once been hit in the face by a thrown ball that he was not expecting, and his broken nose settled into a hook-like shape. In Spahn's final season, during his stint with the Mets, Yogi Berra came out of retirement briefly and caught 4 games, one of them with Spahn pitching. Yogi later told reporters, "I don't think we're the oldest battery, but we're certainly the ugliest." Spahn was known for a very high leg kick in his delivery. Photo sequences show that this high kick served a specific purpose. As a left-hander, Spahn was able not only to watch any runner on first base, but also to avoid telegraphing whether he was delivering to the plate or to first base, thereby forcing the runner to stay close to the bag. As his fastball waned, Spahn adapted, and relied more on location, changing speeds and a good screwball. He led or shared the lead in the NL in wins in 1957–1961 (age 36–40). Spahn was also a good hitter, hitting at least one home run in 17 straight seasons, and finishing with an NL career record for pitchers, with 35 home runs. Wes Ferrell, who spent most of his time in the American League, holds the overall record for pitchers, with 37. Spahn posted a .194 batting average (363-for-1872) with 141 runs, 57 doubles, 6 triples, 94 bases on balls and 189 RBI. He also drove in 10 or more runs nine times, with a career-high 18 in 1951. In 1958 he batted a strong .333 (36-for-108). In eight World Series games, he batted .200 (4-for-20) with 4 RBI and 1 walk. Minor Leagues and brief call-up First signed by the Boston Braves, he reported to the Class-D Bradford Bees of the PONY League — later known as the NY-Penn League — after graduating high school. Spahn made his professional debut on July 6 at MacArthur Park (Dwyer Stadium) in Batavia, New York. Spahn took the loss against the Batavia Clippers pitching out of the bullpen where he walked two batters and struck out none. He finished the season with a 5–4 record and 2.73 ERA. In 1941, Spahn broke out and won 19 games against 6 losses with a 1.83 ERA while pitching for the Class-B Evansville Bees of the Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League. Spahn reached the major leagues in 1942 at the age of 20. He clashed with Braves manager Casey Stengel, who sent him back to the minors after Spahn refused to throw at Brooklyn Dodgers batter Pee Wee Reese in an exhibition game. Spahn had pitched in only 4 games, allowing 15 runs (10 earned) in 15.2 innings. Stengel later said that it was the worst managing mistake he had ever made: "I said "no guts" to a kid who went on to become a war hero and one of the greatest lefthanded pitchers you ever saw. You can't say I don't miss 'em when I miss 'em". The 1942 Braves finished next to last, and Stengel was fired the following year. Spahn was reunited with his first manager 23 years later, for the even more woeful last-place New York Mets, and — referring to Stengel's success with the 1949–60 New York Yankees — later quipped, "I'm probably the only guy who played for Casey before and after he was a genius." Spahn finished the 1942 season with a 17–12 record for the Hartford Bees of the Class-A Eastern League. World War II Along with many other major leaguers, Spahn chose to enlist in the United States Army, after finishing the 1942 season in the minors. He served with distinction, and was awarded a Purple Heart and a Bronze Star. He saw action in the Battle of the Bulge and at the Ludendorff Bridge as a combat engineer, and was awarded a battlefield commission. Spahn returned to the major leagues in 1946 at the age of 25, having missed three full seasons. Had he played, it is possible that Spahn would have finished his career behind only Walter Johnson and Cy Young in all-time wins. Spahn was unsure of the war's impact on his career: Boston / Milwaukee Braves In 1947, Spahn led the National League in ERA (2.33), shutouts (7), and innings pitched () while posting a 21–10 record. It was the first of his thirteen 20-win seasons. Spahn also won two more ERA titles, in 1953 and 1961. On June 11, 1950, Spahn and pitcher Bob Rush of the Cubs each stole a base against each other; no opposing pitchers again stole a base in the same game until May 3, 2004, when Jason Marquis and Greg Maddux repeated the feat. In 1951, Spahn allowed the first career hit to Willie Mays, a home run. Mays had begun his career 0-for-12, and Spahn responded to reporters after the game, citing the distance between home plate and the pitcher's mound of , "Gentlemen, for the first 60 feet, that was a hell of a pitch." Spahn joked a long time later, "I'll never forgive myself. We might have gotten rid of Willie forever if I'd only struck him out." (In 1962, another Hall of Famer hit his first career home run off Spahn: Sandy Koufax, who only hit one other.) According to former Cardinals player Solly Hemus, Spahn, along with teammate Lew Burdette, periodically used anti-Semitic slurs while on the mound. "Pray for rain" Spahn's teammate Johnny Sain was the ace of the pennant-winning 1948 Braves staff, with a win–loss record of 24–15. Spahn went 15–12 while, contrary to legend, teammates Bill Voiselle (13–13), and Vern Bickford (11–5) also pitched well. In honor of the pitching duo, Boston Post sports editor Gerald V. Hern wrote this poem which the popular media eventually condensed to "Spahn and Sain and Pray for Rain": First we'll use Spahn then we'll use Sain Then an off day followed by rain Back will come Spahn followed by Sain And followed we hope by two days of rain. The poem was inspired by the performance of Spahn and Sain during the Braves' 1948 pennant drive. The team swept a Labor Day doubleheader, with Spahn throwing a complete 14-inning win in the opener, and Sain pitching a shutout in the second game. Following two off days, it did rain. Spahn won the next day, and Sain won the day after that. Three days later, Spahn won again. Sain won the next day. After one more off day, the two pitchers were brought back, and won another doubleheader. The two pitchers had gone 8–0 in 12 days' time. Other sayings have been derived from "Spahn and Sain and pray for rain." For example, some referred to the 1993 San Francisco Giants' imbalanced rotation as "Burkett and Swift and pray for snow drift." In 1957, Spahn was the ace of the champion Milwaukee Braves. He pitched on two other Braves pennant winners, in 1948 and 1958. Spahn led the NL in strikeouts for four consecutive seasons, from 1949 to 1952 (tied with Don Newcombe in 1951), which includes a single-game high of 18 strikeouts in a 15-inning appearance on June 14, 1952. During the 1957 World Series, Sal Maglie of the Yankees, ineligible to pitch in the series because he was acquired too late in the season, watched the games with Robert Creamer of Sports Illustrated and made assessments of the players. When Spahn was pitching, Maglie observed that batters had to try to hit balls to the opposite field against Spahn, as he was more likely to get them out if they tried to pull the ball. On July 2, 1963, facing the San Francisco Giants, the 42-year-old Spahn became locked into a storied pitchers' duel with 25-year-old Juan Marichal. The score was still 0–0 after more than four hours when Willie Mays hit a game-winning solo home run off Spahn with one out in the bottom of the 16th inning. Marichal's manager, Alvin Dark, visited the mound in the 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th, and 14th innings, and was talked out of removing Marichal each time. During the 14th-inning visit, Marichal told Dark, "Do you see that man pitching for the other side? Do you know that man is 42 years old? I'm only 25. If that man is on the mound, nobody is going to take me out of here." Marichal ended up throwing 227 pitches in the complete game 1–0 win, while Spahn threw 201 in the loss, allowing nine hits and one walk. Spahn threw his first no-hitter against the Philadelphia Phillies on September 16, 1960, when he was 39. He pitched his second no-hitter the following year on April 28, 1961, against the Giants. By the last two seasons of his career, Spahn was the oldest active player in baseball. He lost this distinction for a single day: September 25, 1965, when 58-year-old Satchel Paige pitched three innings. Spahn's seemingly ageless ability caused Stan Musial to quip, "[Spahn] will never get into the Hall of Fame. He won't stop pitching." Final season Following the 1964 season, after 25 years with the franchise, Spahn was sold by the Braves to the New York Mets. Braves manager Bobby Bragan predicted, "Spahnie won't win six games with the Mets." Spahn took on the dual role of pitcher and pitching coach. Spahn won four and lost 12 at which point the Mets put Spahn on waivers. He was put on waivers on July 15, 1965, and released on July 22, 1965. He signed with the San Francisco Giants, with whom he appeared in his final major league game on October 1, 1965, at the age of 44. With the Mets and Giants combined, he won seven games for the season — his last in the major leagues. Career statistics In a 22-season major league career, Spahn posted a 363–245 win–loss record with 2,583 strikeouts and a 3.09 ERA in 5,243.2 innings pitched, including 63 shutouts and 382 complete games. His 2,583 career strikeouts were the most by a left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball history until he was later on surpassed by Mickey Lolich in . His 363 career win total ranks sixth overall in major league history; it is also the most by a pitcher who played his entire career in the post-1920 live-ball era. Spahn still holds the major league record for most career wins by a left-handed pitcher. His 63 career shutouts is the highest total in the live-ball era and sixth highest overall. Later life Spahn managed the Tulsa Oilers for five seasons, winning 372 games from 1967 to 1971. His 1968 club won the Pacific Coast League championship. He also coached for the Mexico City Tigers, and pitched a handful of games there. He was a pitching coach with the Cleveland Indians, in the minor leagues for the California Angels, and for six years, with Japan's Hiroshima Toyo Carp. For many years he owned and ran the large Diamond Star Ranch south of Hartshorne, Oklahoma before retiring to live near a golf course in Broken Arrow with his wife LoRene (nee Southard) with whom he had one child, a son named Gregory (1948-2022). Death Spahn died of natural causes at his home in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. He is interred in the Elmwood Cemetery in Hartshorne. After his death, a street was named after him in Buffalo, New York that connects Abbott Road with Seneca Street, through Cazenovia Park, in the heart of South Buffalo. The street is near South Park High School, Spahn's alma mater. Honors Spahn's number 21 was retired by the Braves in 1965, soon after his retirement. He was selected for the all-time All-Star baseball team by Sports Illustrated magazine in 1991, as the left-handed pitcher. The other selections were: outfielders Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, and Willie Mays; shortstop Cal Ripken, third baseman Mike Schmidt, second baseman Jackie Robinson, first baseman Lou Gehrig, catcher Mickey Cochrane, right-handed pitcher Christy Mathewson, relief pitcher Dennis Eckersley, and manager Casey Stengel. Spahn was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1973 and became a charter member of both the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985, and the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame in 1991. In 1999, Spahn was inducted into the Braves Hall of Fame. Also in 1999, he was ranked number 21 by The Sporting News on their list of "Baseball's 100 Greatest Players", and was also named one of the 30 players on the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. A few months before his death, Spahn attended the unveiling of a statue outside Atlanta's Turner Field. When the Braves vacated Turner Field to move into their current home of Truist Park, the statue was moved, and now stands outside that ballpark. The statue depicts Spahn in the middle of one of his leg kicks. The statue was created by Shan Gray, who has sculpted numerous other statues of athletes which stand in Oklahoma, including two others of Spahn. One resides at the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame located at the Oklahoma City Bricktown Ballpark and the other is located in Hartshorne, Oklahoma at the Hartshorne Event Center. On April 4, 2009, the facilities of Broken Arrow Youth Baseball, in Spahn's longtime home of Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, were dedicated in his honor. In their Naked Gun films, producers Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker sometimes included joke credits. The trio, who were Milwaukee-area natives, included Spahn in the closing credits once, with the disclaimer, "He's not in the film, but he's still our all-time favorite left-hand pitcher." Spahn also made his acting debut with a cameo appearance as a German soldier in a 1963 episode (S2E8 "Glow Against the Sky") of the television series Combat! In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored Spahn as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Army during World War II. See also Major League Baseball titles leaders List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders List of Major League Baseball career shutout leaders List of Major League Baseball no-hitters List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers References Further reading External links 1921 births 2003 deaths Baseball coaches from New York (state) Baseball coaches from Oklahoma Baseball players from Buffalo, New York Baseball players from Oklahoma Boston Braves players Bradford Bees players Cleveland Indians coaches Cy Young Award winners Evansville Bees players Hartford Bees players Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball pitching coaches Major League Baseball players with retired numbers Mexican League baseball pitchers Milwaukee Braves players Minor league baseball managers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League All-Stars National League ERA champions National League strikeout champions National League wins champions New York Mets coaches New York Mets players People from Broken Arrow, Oklahoma Sportspeople from Tulsa County, Oklahoma People from Hartshorne, Oklahoma San Francisco Giants players Tigres del México players American expatriate baseball players in Mexico Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players United States Army officers United States Army personnel of World War II
The 20th Circuito di Pescara was a Formula One motor race, held on 15 August 1951, at the Pescara Circuit in Abruzzo, Italy. José Froilán González in a Ferrari 375 won and set fastest lap. Louis Rosier and Philippe Étancelin were second and third in their Talbot-Lago T26Cs. Alberto Ascari in another Ferrari 375 started from pole position but retired on the first lap; he took over teammate Luigi Villoresi's car but retired that car also. Results References Pescara Grand Prix Auto races in Italy Pescara Grand Prix
El Hadi Fayçal Ouadah (born September 24, 1983 in Blida, Algeria) is an Algerian football player who is currently playing as a goalkeeper for AS Khroub in the Algerian Ligue 2. Career statistics Club References External links 1983 births Living people People from Blida Algerian men's footballers USM Blida players USM Annaba players MC Saïda players Men's association football goalkeepers 21st-century Algerian people
Reignac may refer to: Reignac, Charente, France Reignac, Gironde, France
Luis Miguel Pineda Madrid (born August 3, 1988 in Montería, Córdoba) is a Colombian weightlifter. Pineda represented Colombia at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed for the men's lightweight category (69 kg), along with his teammate Edwin Mosquera. Pineda placed thirteenth in this event, as he successfully lifted 132 kg in the single-motion snatch, and hoisted 167 kg in the two-part, shoulder-to-overhead clean and jerk, for a total of 299 kg. He won the silver medal at the 2008 Pan American Weightlifting Championships. Major results References External links NBC Olympics Profile Colombian male weightlifters 1988 births Living people Olympic weightlifters for Colombia Weightlifters at the 2008 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Antioquia Department Pan American Weightlifting Championships medalists 21st-century Colombian people
The Brunswick City School District is a school district in Medina County, Ohio. It includes the following Brunswick, Ohio schools: Brunswick High School Applewood Elementary School Crestview Elementary School Hickory Ridge Elementary School Huntington Elementary School Kidder Elementary School Memorial Elementary School Towslee Elementary School Brunswick Middle school Towslee Elementary School will close next school year. External links Brunswick City Schools official website Education in Medina County, Ohio School districts in Ohio
Yekkeh Soud-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Yekkeh So‘ūd-e Soflá; also known as Yekkeh So‘ūd-e Pā’īn) is a village in Jargalan Rural District of Jargalan District, Raz and Jargalan County, North Khorasan province, Iran, and serves as capital of the district. At the 2006 National Census, its population was 2,388 in 544 households, when it was in the former Raz and Jargalan District of Bojnord County. The following census in 2011 counted 2,732 people in 643 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 2,852 people in 718 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Raz and Jargalan County. It was the largest village in its rural district. References Populated places in North Khorasan Province
Julian Edward Wruck (born 6 July 1991) is an Australian discus thrower and Olympic athlete. His personal best to date is 68.16m which places him as the Number 2 athlete on the All Time List of Australian discus throwers. Biography Wruck was born in Brisbane, Queensland, on 6 July 1991, to Paul Anthony Wruck, a former high school teacher, and Mary Lou Watkins, a current high school teachers. He attended Our Lady of the Rosary Primary school from preschool to Year 3, followed by Nudgee Junior College until Year 7. In 2004, Wruck began his five years of high school at St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace. Always passionate about sport, Wruck represented his school in rugby, basketball, rowing, and athletics. He attended the Kenmore Little Athletics Club from the age of seven and broke numerous junior shot put records. A shattered tibia during a school basketball game at 15 years of age steered Wruck permanently away from team sports and into the individual athletic throwing events of discus and shot put. He attended Texas Tech University in Lubbock Texas for two years (mid 2009 – mid 2011). He graduated from UCLA on a sporting scholarship and completed a degree in Philosophy while training and throwing in the Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12) and NCAA Championships. Achievements Wruck first realized his potential as a discus thrower at the age of 15 when he won the 2007 Australian National All Schools Track and Field Championships with a throw of 58.40m. The following year he was selected to compete in the Commonwealth Youth Games in Pune India where he beat second place-getter England by more than five metres and set a new Australian and Commonwealth Youth record (1.75 kg) with a throw of 60.88m. He concluded 2008 by winning the Pacific Schools Games 17 Years Discus by throwing the 1.5 kg discus 60.43m. This was his launching pad for a U.S. Collegiate scholarship to Texas Tech where the Chancellor, Sen. Robert Duncan, of the University remarked upon his small stature. In 2010, Wruck won bronze at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Moncton, Canada. He was then selected to compete in the Commonwealth Games in Delhi and made the finals despite being Australia’s youngest male Athletics competitor at 19 years and 89 days. He also claimed the Australian U20 Discus record. In his 2011 sophomore year, Wruck won the prestigious NCAA Division 1 Men’s Discus title with a throw of 61.81m. At a meet in Geelong in December 2011, Wruck threw a personal best of 65.78m, 2.3 metres further than his previous PB, which was also a new Queensland record and an Olympic A qualifier. It was at that time the furthest distance thrown by an Australian male discus thrower on Australian soil. Returning to Melbourne for the Olympic selection trials in March 2012, Wruck threw 61.54m in difficult conditions to win the competition, defeating reigning champion Benn Harradine (60.51m), and securing his place on the Australian Olympic team to compete in London that year. Of the 41 competitors in the Men’s Discus at the Olympics, Wruck was third youngest at just 21 years of age. His preparation for the games was greatly hampered by a serious bout of Glandular Fever (Infectious Mononucleosis) which stripped 30 kg from his frame and left him severely weakened. He finished 28th overall. Wruck’s most successful year came in 2013, where in the US College Division 1 system he claimed John Godina’s UCLA and Pac-12 Records, and Hannes Hopley’s all time NCAA record. A big highlight was "...his performance at the exhibition Claremont Throws meet the week prior, where he uncorked the best throw ever by a collegian with a 223-7 (68.16m) mark, and won his second NCAA discus title. He finished the season not only undefeated but nearly untouchable in eight collegiate events in 2013, registering the top 27 throws by any collegian in 2013." Finally, after being nominated for the Bowerman Award for the best male Track and Field Athlete of the Year in the US Collegiate system, Wruck was selected as a finalist (final 3) and was voted number one in the Bowerman Fan Vote. In Australia, he claimed his first Open Australian Discus Title with a World Championship A Qualifying distance over 66m, gaining an automatic qualification to the World Athletics Championships in Moscow. At the 2013 IAAF World Athletics Championships Wruck finished in 11th position. In 2013, Julian Wruck ranked 4th on the IAAF world list of Men's Discus Throwers. He competed at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Julian Edward Wruck's personal best is 68.16m (223′ 7″) which places him as the Number 2 athlete on the All Time List of Australian discus throwers (as of 2015). References 1991 births Australian male discus throwers Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games Living people World Athletics Championships athletes for Australia Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia Athletes from Brisbane Olympic athletes for Australia
FlexNet Publisher (formerly known as FLEXlm) is a software license manager from Flexera Software which implements license management and is intended to be used in corporate environments to provide floating licenses to multiple end users of computer software. Computer software can be licensed in a variety of ways. A license to use a piece of software may be associated with a specific machine (node-locked), permitting it to only run on that machine (node in a network); alternatively, a company may buy a pool of floating licenses and these licenses may be allocated dynamically to machines, a license being checked-out when a user begins using the software on any given machine and checked-in when the user finishes using the software. In this way, for example, a company might buy a pool of 50 licenses but support a user community of hundreds of occasional users of the software (so long as no more than 50 users ever want to use the software simultaneously). History FLEXlm was originally a joint development by GLOBEtrotter Software and Highland Software in 1988. Highland's rights to the FLEXlm product were acquired by GLOBEtrotter in 1994; Highland continued as a reseller of 3rd party software. GLOBEtrotter was then acquired by Macrovision in 2000. Combining features from the Safecast protection system and FLEXlm, FlexNet featured product activation and executable wrapping, supporting floating licensing and node locked licensing models. Macrovision subsequently renamed FLEXlm to FLEXnet Publisher. The original FLEXlm development team moved on to develop the Reprise License Manager (RLM) at Reprise Software in 2006. On 1 April 2008 Macrovision's Software Business Unit, which included FLEXnet Publisher, was sold to the private equity company Thoma Cressey Bravo and subsequently relaunched as Acresso Software. It was a cash transaction valued at approximately $200 million. In October 2009 Acresso Software announced its name change to Flexera Software and FLEXnet Publisher was changed to FlexNet Publisher. A July 2011 announcement said that Teachers' Private Capital, the private investment department of the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, had agreed to acquire a majority stake in Flexera Software from Thoma Bravo, LLC, a private equity firm. The product is currently marketed by Flexera Software as FlexNet Publisher. Issues with bootloaders Due to the way the digital rights management (DRM) works in FlexNet Publisher, FlexNet affects bootloaders; this makes FlexNet Publisher incompatible with drives encrypted with TrueCrypt and renders Linux-based systems unable to boot. The TrueCrypt developers also state that "the issue is caused by inappropriate design of the third-party activation software." Other license management software IBM LUM LM-X License Manager Open iT OpenLM Reprise License Manager (RLM) Wibu-Systems Windows Genuine Advantage References External links System administration Software licenses Copy protection
Eulimella kobelti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. References External links To World Register of Marine Species kobelti Gastropods described in 1912
Alitya (Alice Dorothy) Wallara Rigney , née Richards, (27 November 1942 – 13 May 2017) was an Australian Aboriginal scholar. She was a Kaurna elder and part of the team that revived the Kaurna language. Life Rigney was born on the Aboriginal Mission at Point Pearce. When she completed primary school, her teacher arranged for her to attend Unley High School in Adelaide as the local high schools would not accept Aboriginal children. She returned to Point Pearce following her schooling and training as a nurse, married and raised her family there. She worked at the local kindergarten, then as a School Support Officer at Maitland Area School. She was eventually registered as a teacher, but for Point Pearce only. She then went to Adelaide and was the only Aboriginal student of 400 at the de Lissa Institute, before 1980 Adelaide Kindergarten Teachers College, renamed for Lillian Daphne de Lissa and now part of the University of South Australia. Once she graduated, she was a teacher at a primary school in the western suburbs of Adelaide. She became the first Aboriginal bureaucrat in the South Australian Department of Education. In the 1980s, she agitated for the creation of what became the Kura Yerlo Aboriginal Centre in Largs Bay and the Kaurna Plains School in Elizabeth. She became the first female Aboriginal principal of a primary school in Australia when she took up the post of principal at Kaurna Plains. Rigney was awarded a Public Service Medal in 1991. She was awarded an honorary Ph.D. by the University of South Australia in 1998 in recognition of her pioneering contribution to Aboriginal education. In 2000 she was appointed a panel member of the S.A. Guardship Board. Rigney died in Adelaide on 13 May 2017, a day after her husband Lester was buried on their birth country at Point Pearce. Their three children all have roles in education: Lester-Irabinna Rigney is a Professor of Education at UniSA, Eileen Wanganeen is a teacher and education leader and Tracey Ritchie is a principal Aboriginal consultant at the Department of Education and Child Development. She was posthumously made an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours. References 1942 births 2017 deaths Australian schoolteachers Australian headmistresses Officers of the Order of Australia Recipients of the Public Service Medal (Australia) Kaurna Narungga Indigenous Australian education People from South Australia
The River City Stakes is a Grade III American thoroughbred horse race for horses age three and older over a distance of one and one eighth miles on the turf held annually in November at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. The event offers a purse of $100,000. History The name of the event is after a nickname for the city of Louisville where river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico provided the early settlement of Louisville as it grew as a portage site. The event was inaugurated on 30 October 1978, opening day of Churchill Downs Fall meeting as the River City Handicap as a six furlong dirt race and was won by Inca Roca who won his fifth race from fourteen starts in a time of 1:10. The event was run over six furlongs until 1981 and then increased to 1 mile. In 1987 the event was scheduled on the turf over a distance of miles. The following year the distance of the event increased to miles but it was moved off the turf and onto the main track due to inclement weather. The American Graded Stakes Committee classified the event as Grade III in 1996 and was won by the 2/1 favourite Same Old Wish. Same Old Wish would win the event again the following year as a seven-year-old. The event was run as a handicap prior to 2019. The race was not run from 2020 to 2021. Records Speed record: miles: 1:47.90 – Dr. Kashnikow (CAN) (2001) 1 mile (dirt): 1:36.20 - Taylor's Special (1986) Margins: 7 lengths – Go With the Times (1979) Most wins: 2 – Same Old Wish (1996, 1997) 2 – Dr. Kashnikow (CAN) (2001, 2002) 2 – Mr. Misunderstood (2018, 2019) Most wins by an owner: 2 – Friendship Stable (1996, 1997) 2 – Erdenheim Farm (2001, 2002) 2 – Flurry Racing Stables (2018, 2019) Most wins by a jockey: 6 – Pat Day (1982, 1984, 1986, 1991, 1999, 2000) Most wins by a trainer: 2 – Joseph M. Bollero (1979, 1982) 2 – William C. Thomas (1980, 1988) 2 – William I. Mott (1986, 1987) 2 – W. Elliott Walden (1994, 2000) 2 – Robert Barbara (1996, 1997) 2 – Neil J. Howard (1999, 2005) 2 – John R. S. Fisher (2001, 2002) 2 – Brad H. Cox (2018, 2019) Winners Legend: See also List of American and Canadian Graded races References External links Churchill Downs Media Guide - $175,000 River City (Grade III) Graded stakes races in the United States Grade 3 stakes races in the United States Turf races in the United States Churchill Downs horse races Recurring sporting events established in 1978 1978 establishments in Kentucky Horse races in Kentucky
2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OAS3 gene. This gene encodes an enzyme included in the 2', 5' oligoadenylate synthase family. This enzyme is induced by interferons and catalyzes the 2', 5' oligomers of ATP. These oligomers activate latent RNase L, leading to degradation of both viral and endogenous RNA. This enzyme family plays a significant role in the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis in response to viral infection. References Further reading External links
Czech Film Critics' Awards () are annual awards that recognize accomplishments in filmmaking and television. Awards were established in 2010 as alternative to Czech Lion Awards. Awards are organised by Association of Czech Film Critics. Categories Best film Best documentary Best director Best screenplay Best actress Best actor Best audiovisual work Best television title Innology Award – Discovery of the Year Best film winners References Czech film awards Awards established in 2010 2010 establishments in the Czech Republic
Philadelphia Episcopal Cathedral, located at 38th and Ludlow Streets in West Philadelphia, is the cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania. Formerly known as the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Saviour, it was built in 1855, renovated in 1898, and rebuilt in the year 1906, after an April 16, 1902 fire. In 1992 it became the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Recent history A highly-controversial renovation of the interior was undertaken, 2000–2002, under then-cathedral dean Richard Giles, author of Re-Pitching the Tent: Re-Ordering the Church Building for Worship and Mission. The pews, altar, and other church furniture were removed and sold. Chairs and modern lighting fixtures replaced the traditional fixtures. The stone walls were stuccoed over and whitewashed. The baptismal font was joined by an immersion pool for adults. These actions divided the congregation and were severely criticized in the press. In 2012, facing a $3.5 million bill to renovate its bell tower, current cathedral dean Judith Sullivan petitioned the Philadelphia Historical Commission for permission to demolish its parish house and rectory, both NRHP-certified buildings. They would be replaced with a 25-story apartment building wedged between the cathedral and Chestnut Street. The demolition was approved. See also List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States List of cathedrals in the United States References External links Cathedral website Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Churches completed in 1855 19th-century Episcopal church buildings Episcopal churches in Pennsylvania Churches in Philadelphia Tourist attractions in Philadelphia University City, Philadelphia Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia Episcopal cathedrals in Pennsylvania Cathedrals in Philadelphia
The Battle of Wattignies (15–16 October 1793) saw a French army commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan attack a Coalition army directed by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After two days of combat Jourdan's troops compelled the Habsburg covering force led by François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt to withdraw. The War of the First Coalition victory allowed the French to raise the siege of Maubeuge. At a time when failed generals were often executed or imprisoned, Jourdan had to endure interference from Lazare Carnot from the Committee of Public Safety. The village, renamed Wattignies-la-Victoire in honor of the important success, is located southeast of Maubeuge. Coburg's main army encircled 25,000 French soldiers in Maubeuge while about 22,000 Austrians under Clerfayt were formed in a semi-circle, covering the southern approaches to the fortress. On the first day, 45,000 French soldiers mounted a clumsy attack which was easily repulsed, except near the village of Wattignies. On the second day, Jourdan concentrated half his army at Wattignies and after a tough fight, forced Coburg to concede defeat. Though the Coalition army was better trained than the French, its units were spread out too thinly and the different nationalities failed to cooperate. Soon the Coalition army went into winter quarters, finishing a campaign that started with great promise and ended in disappointment. Carnot rewrote history so that he and the political representatives got most of the credit for the triumph; Jourdan was dismissed in January 1794. Background In the summer of 1793, the 18,000-strong Coalition army punched a gap in the line of French fortresses along the frontier with the Austrian Netherlands, with the siege of Condé concluding on 12 July and the siege of Valenciennes on 27 July. In the Battle of Caesar's Camp, the Coalition army under Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld hustled the French Army of the North out of a position near Cambrai on 7 August. At this moment, the Coalition allies unwisely split their forces. Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany headed west toward Dunkirk with 37,000 British, Austrians, Hanoverians and Hessians. From 6–8 September, the Army of the North under Jean Nicolas Houchard defeated the Dunkirk covering force in the Battle of Hondschoote, compelling the Duke of York to give up the siege of Dunkirk. This was followed by the Battle of Menin on 13 September, in which the French routed a Dutch corps under Prince William of Orange. The Dutch suffered 3,000 casualties and lost 40 field pieces in the disaster. Two days later, an Austrian corps led by Johann Peter Beaulieu routed the French and recaptured Menen (Menin). Coburg's main army concluded the siege of Le Quesnoy on 13 September, taking 4,000 French troops prisoner. Two French columns attempted to raise the siege but failed, one of the columns being nearly wiped out by Coalition cavalry in the Battle of Avesnes-le-Sec. Though Coburg might have easily seized Cambrai and Bouchain, which had been stripped of their garrisons to form the relief columns, the Coalition commander chose to move against Maubeuge instead. For these defeats, Houchard was arrested on 23 September and incarcerated in a common prison. Denounced as a coward and a traitor by the Revolutionary Tribunal, he was executed by guillotine on 16 November. His predecessor in command of the Army of the North, Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine had been guillotined on 27 August 1793. Jean-Baptiste Jourdan had been wounded at Hondschoote and was named to lead the Army of the Ardennes on 9 September. He was appointed provisional commander in chief of the Army of the North on 22 September. When Jourdan protested that he lacked the experience to command the 104,000-man army, the representatives on mission notified him that refusal would result in his arrest. The new commander found that he must respond to the Coalition's move against Maubeuge. Coburg's army began the siege of Maubeuge on 30 September. Operations French deployment On 1 October 1793, Jourdan's large army was distributed across a broad front in four great masses, starting at the North Sea and running southeast. Joseph Souham at Dunkirk commanded 8,852 infantry in 17 battalions and 430 cavalry in one regiment and André Gigaux at Hondschoote had 7,269 infantry in 15 battalions. Near Cassel, Dominique Vandamme led 8,984 foot soldiers in 19 battalions and 325 horsemen in one regiment, while Charles François Filon led 3,705 foot soldiers in nine battalions. At Bailleul there were 4,166 infantry in 10 battalions. The second mass started at Armentières, where there were 9,644 foot in 19 battalions and 1,338 horse in four regiments. At the Camp of Madelaine near Lille, Antoine Anne Lecourt de Berú directed 13,564 infantry in 28 battalions and 817 Chasseurs à Cheval, in three regiments. Pierre Guillaume Gratien at Mons-en-Pévèle led 3,521 infantry in nine battalions. The third mass was located at the Camp of Gavrelle between Douai and Arras. Commanded by Jourdan, the force included the Flankers of the Right with 6,048 foot in 15 battalions and 1,602 horse in five regiments and the Flankers of the Left with 6,821 infantry in 14 battalions and 1,323 cavalry in three regiments. The Advance Guard consisted of 4,821 foot in eight battalions and 1,901 horse in five regiments; the Center Division was made up of 4,077 infantry in six battalions and 428 cavalry in two regiments, with two battalions of 732 men guarding the wagon train. Jacques Ferrand commanded the fourth mass, which was in the Maubeuge entrenched camp. Second-in-command was Jean Nestor de Chancel. The fortress garrison under Étienne Gudin counted 2,173 soldiers. Pierre Arnould Meyer's right brigade numbered 6,992 men including the 7th and 12th Dragoons, Joseph-Antoine Colomb's center brigade had 6,802 men and Jacques Desjardin's left brigade consisted of 8,140 men including the 1st Hussars; altogether Ferrand commanded 24,107 soldiers. Blockade of Maubeuge At dawn on 29 September, a column under François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt crossed the Sambre at Berlaimont, southwest of Maubeuge. To the northeast, Franz Vincenz von Hoditz's column crossed the river near Pont-sur-Sambre and a third column led by Wenzel Joseph von Colloredo crossed the Sambre at Hautmont. In a series of skirmishes, the three Austrian columns pressed east, finally driving Desjardin's troops into the Maubeuge entrenched camp, with losses of 150 men and two cannons. To the east of Maubeuge, Austrians under Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour crossed the Sambre near Marpent and Jeumont. A column under Alexander Friedrich von Seckendorf crossed near Merbes-le-Château farther east. These forces forced Meyer's troops in disorder back within Maubeuge, which was isolated. Coburg split his forces into a 26,000-man Siege Army directed by the Prince of Orange and an Army of Observation. The Siege Army consisted of 14,000 Austrians under Colloredo south of the Sambre and 12,000 Dutch under Orange north of the river. Colloredo's force included 16 battalions, 10 companies and eight squadrons. The Army of Observation totaled 25,550 infantry and 12,150 cavalry, distributed in three main divisions. Franz Xaver von Wenckheim commanded 7,250 foot and 4,200 horse, west of the Sambre in the Forêt de Mormal. Hoditz directed 9,300 foot and 3,750 horse on the east of Maubeuge and Clerfayt led 9,000 foot and 4,200 horse on the south side of Maubeuge. Clerfayt divided his corps into three groups under Count Heinrich von Bellegarde, Joseph Binder von Degenschild and Ludwig von Terzi. The Coalition forces began constructing extensive siege works around Maubeuge. On the first day, the French garrison sortied against the Cense de Château but were repulsed after stiff fighting. Maubeuge was supplied for a normal garrison but far too many soldiers were trapped there. On 10 October, Ferrand had to put the troops on half-rations, while hundreds of sick and dying soldiers crowded the hospitals. On 13 October, the French enjoyed initial success in a sortie against the Bois du Tilleul, but troops sent out to help mistakenly fired on their own friends and the French were compelled to retreat. The Coalition established batteries of 20 24-pound cannons against the town. After the Coalition army opened its bombardment on the night of 14 October, the morale of the garrison sank. When some soldiers complained to Chancel that they were hungry and tired he replied, "Listen young men, it takes a lot of work and privation in order to gain the honor to fight and die for your country." Representative Jean-Baptiste Drouet tried to cut his way out of Maubeuge with some dragoons but was captured. Denounced for abandoning the place, Drouet claimed his escape would have raised the spirits of the garrison. French reaction Leaving 10,000 soldiers in the Camp of Gavrelle to support Bouchain and Cambrai, Jourdan immediately moved to the relief of Maubeuge with the remaining 20,000 men. He also called in 12,000 reinforcements from the Camp de Madelaine and 10,000 more from farther north. Without waiting for the troops from the north, Jourdan assembled a division under Jacques Fromentin. Leaving the camp on 3 October, it arrived at Guise on the 6th. That same day Antoine Balland's division left the Camp of Gavrelle and reached Guise on 9 October. Berú promptly sent Gratien's brigade and other units from Lille and Mons-en-Pévèle, this body of 11,701 soldiers was assigned to Florent Joseph Duquesnoy. Left wing commander Jean-Baptiste Davaine sent 9,012 troops under Martin Jean Carrion de Loscondes which arrived at Guise on 10 October. The Committee of Public Safety placed the Army of Ardennes under Jourdan's control on 2 October. The army's commander Ferrand was immured in Maubeuge and orders were sent for one detachment to operate from Philippeville. A motley force of 4,263 men was assembled under Pierre Raphaël Paillot de Beauregard and reached Fourmies on 11 October. The next day, several units from the north joined Beauregard's division. Jourdan's army shifted east from Guise to Avesnes-sur-Helpe between 11 and 13 October. On 14 October, Jourdan and Committee of Public Safety member Lazare Carnot reconnoitered the Coalition front south of Maubeuge. The numerical strength of the army was 37,906 infantry and 6,370 cavalry for a grand total of 44,276, with the troops distributed as follows. Fromentin's division numbered 7,357 men including 1,495 cavalry. Carrion's division, now under Étienne Jean-François Cordellier-Delanoüe, counted 6,866 troops including 668 horsemen. Balland's division consisted of 13,294 soldiers, of which 1,440 were cavalry. Duquesnoy's division had 10,906 men including 1,960 mounted troops. Beauregard's division comprised 5,853 troops of which 837 were horsemen. Historian Ramsay Weston Phipps remarked that Beauregard's men were "bad troops under a bad General". Battle 15 October The Austrian covering force was entrenched and though Clerfayt was in nominal command, Coburg was on the scene and in control of the battle. Coburg was so certain of success that he was supposed to have said that if he were defeated, he would become a sans-culotte. This story made the rounds in the French army and made its soldiers eager to make the Coalition commander wear trousers. On the morning of 15 October, Bellegarde held the Coalition right flank with about 5,000 troops in three battalions of foot and 16 squadrons of horse. The extreme right touched the Sambre at Berlaimont. Clerfayt defended the center with 9,200 soldiers, deployed along a west-to-east line of villages. Supported by division commanders were Franz Joseph, Count Kinsky and Joseph Karl von Lilien, Clerfayt controlled five battalions of grenadiers, five battalions of regulars, battalion of Croats, four infantry companies and 12 cavalry squadrons. Terzi was posted on the left flank at Wattignies with 4,000 men in three battalions of foot and 12 squadrons of horse. The extreme left at Obrechies was defended by Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak and 2,100 soldiers. Far to the east at Beaumont, Johann Andreas Benjowsky commanded 4,000 troops organized as three battalions and 12 squadrons. From right to left the French divisions were Beauregard at Solre-le-Château, Duquesnoy on the main road from Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Balland in reserve at Avesnelles, Cordellier at La Capelle and Fromentin at Dompierre-sur-Helpe. Duquesnoy and Beauregard moved to attack Wattignies, while Fromentin advanced against the Austrian right flank. Jourdan enjoyed a two-to-one superiority and the Coalition generals had to be anxious about the 20,000 French soldiers at Maubeuge. On the right, Beauregard's men left Solre-le-Château at 7:00 am. Near Obrechies, four squadrons of Austrian cavalry charged them and drove them off, with the loss of three field guns. Duquesnoy's division departed Flaumont at 6:00 am and marched through Beugnies, Dimont and Dimechaux. Supported by a plentiful artillery, the French infantry drove two Austrian battalions out of Wattignies, but as the French poured out of the other side of the village they were met by an infantry-cavalry counterattack. Duquesnoy's soldiers abandoned Wattignies and retreated to Dimechaux and Dimont. On the far left, Cordellier's division advanced on Leval and Monceau-Saint-Waast while farther east, Fromentin's division attacked toward Saint-Remy-Chaussée and Saint-Aubin. Bellegarde's cannons opened fire in mid-morning, starting a mutual bombardment. The French infantry crossed a ravine and grappled for possession of Saint-Aubin village with a Croatian infantry battalion. In the afternoon Bellegarde launched a counterattack led by Austrian regular infantry, while two regiments of cavalry swept down on the French left flank. The Austrians captured eight French cannon and caused the French to flee to the safety of the ravine. In the center, Clerfayt deployed five grenadier battalions in the villages of Dourlers, Mont-Dourlers, Floursies and along the Monceau Road. This east–west sunken road was located on a reverse slope, just south of Dourlers. The French Royalists and some Croatians guarded the forest to the east, while the Croatian battalion fought to the west at Saint-Aubin. The remaining battalions of Austrian regular foot and all the horse occupied a ridge behind the line of villages. Jourdan, Carnot and Representative Ernest Dominique François Joseph Duquesnoy accompanied Balland's division in the center. The army commander planned to wait for the attacks of his two wings to make significant progress before launching the attack of Balland's division. In mid-morning, the division filed out of the woods in front of Dourlers and opened fire with its artillery. Seeing the initial success of the two wings, Carnot wanted the attack to be started at once. Jourdan wanted more ground to be gained on the flanks but the politician would not be denied. Finally, Jourdan put himself at the head of Balland's division and ordered the assault. As the French soldiers came over the crest of the ridge in front on the sunken road, they came under murderous fire from the crack Austrian grenadiers. Despite heroic attempts to get light artillery forward, cannons were dismounted and gunners and horses were shot down. In the thick of the bullets, Jourdan bravely urged his troops on but an Austrian force appeared from the direction of Saint-Aubin, threatening the French left flank. At nightfall the representatives authorized a retreat after Balland's division had lost between 1,200 and 1,500 casualties. 16 October During the night, French deserters wrongly reported to the Austrians that Jourdan was reinforced to 100,000 men. Believing he was going to be attacked again, Coburg reinforced his covering force by five battalions of about 3,750 men and rearranged his defenses. On the left, Terzi had 5,250 foot soldiers in seven regular battalions and 2,100 cavalry in 14 squadrons. The center under Clerfayt counted 6,650 foot and 1,800 horse. This force was made up of five grenadier battalions, two regular battalions, of a battalion of Croats, four companies and six squadrons of French Royalists and six squadrons of cuirassiers. Bellegarde's right wing was composed of 4,500 infantry in seven regular battalions and 2,100 light cavalry in 14 squadrons. Altogether, the covering force numbered about 16,400 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. According to Carnot, he argued that Wattignies on the Austrian left was the key to the position but that Jourdan wanted to attack the Austrian right. Phipps believed that Carnot's account was nonsense and that the course of the battle was typical of Jourdan's tactics. Jourdan's account only stated that he gave the order to attack Wattignies. Fromentin on the left was instructed not to mount a serious attack. Cordellier was ordered to act under Fromentin's orders and also reinforce Balland with three battalions and a cavalry regiment. Balland was directed to place nine battalions plus two cavalry regiments at Jourdan's disposal. The rest of Balland's division was to form line of battle and use its light troops to probe the enemy positions. The divisions of Beauregard and Duquesnoy numbered 16,000 soldiers, to these, Jourdan's special force added about 6,000 men. On 16 October, Fromentin's two divisions on the left flank and Balland's division in the center skirmished all day. Bellegarde and Clerfayt held the bulk of their strength in their main positions. Jourdan mounted the main French assault against the height of Wattignies in three columns from Dimont, Dimechaux and Choisies. The main attack was also supported by additional artillery. When an early morning fog lifted in mid-morning, the French artillery opened a barrage on Wattignies. Duquesnoy's division formed the two right columns while Jourdan's detachment made up the left column. After being driven back twice by heavy fire, the French columns forced their way into Wattignies in the early afternoon. A counterattack from the northwest briefly pushed back the French, who were rallied by Jourdan. More French troops came up and defeated the Austrian attack. Duquesnoy sent Gratien's brigade forward but it was caught by Austrian cavalry in the open and thrown back. By this time, the French had dragged a battery up to the Wattignies heights to support the infantry. Under pressure from infantry and artillery, Terzi's division recoiled to the north. On the right of Duquesnoy, Beauregard's division attacked Obrechies, which was defended by Hadik with two battalions of regulars and eight squadrons of cavalry. As the French began breaking into the village, Hadik launched attacks from three directions at once, routing Beauregard's men. The French abandoned five cannon and fled back to Solrinnes. According to one observer, they did not stop until they reached Solre-le-Château. Boussu Far to the east, a column of French conscripts under Jacob Job Élie, set out from Philippeville toward Beaumont. In the early hours of 16 October, they were attacked by Coalition troops and fled. Élie managed to rally his soldiers and arrange them in two lines near Boussu-lez-Walcourt. At dawn when the Austrians attacked again, the second line fired a volley into the backs of the first line and all the infantry took to their heels. Louis Henri Loison capably covered the retreat with the French cavalry, saving the foot soldiers from being cut to pieces. As it was, Élie lost 400 men and 12 artillery pieces, while only 138 casualties were suffered by Benjowsky's division. Results Prepared for a long battle, Jourdan reinforced Duquesnoy's division at Wattignies and ordered it to entrench. The Duke of York arrived from the northwest with 3,500 men to reinforce Coburg. The Austrian commander-in-chief had plenty of soldiers but the Prince of Orange denied a request to send any of his soldiers to the south side of the Sambre. Fearful of a sortie by the large garrison of Maubeuge, Coburg lifted the siege and retreated across the river at Hautmont and Buissière. Chancel recommended an attack on the retreating army but Ferrand declined to intervene. The Maubeuge garrison made a weak sortie on 15 October but remained inert the next day. On 17 October, the garrison sent out a column to the south to meet with Jourdan, instead of to the north after the retreating Coalition forces. The Coalition reported losses of 365 killed, 1,753 wounded and 369 captured or missing, a total of 2,487 casualties. French losses were estimated at 3,000. Another authority numbered French losses as 5,000 killed, wounded and missing. The Austrians sustained 2,500 killed and wounded while an additional 500 men were captured. A third source also gave casualty figures of 5,000 French and 3,000 Austrians and added that the French lost 27 artillery pieces. A fourth source estimated losses as 3,000 on each side. For the poor performance of the Maubeuge garrison, Chancel was blamed, arrested, convicted and guillotined. For the rout of his brigade, Gratien was arrested but eventually acquitted. Claude Lecourbe distinguished himself in the attack on Wattignies on 16 October. Édouard Mortier was wounded at Dourlers on 15 October. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte fought in Balland's division and Michel Ney was probably in Fromentin's division. Aftermath Jourdan did not follow up his victory; after adding the Maubeuge garrison, he had about 60,000 French soldiers, opposed by 65,000 well-entrenched Coalition troops on the north bank of the Sambre, from Solesmes on the west to Thuin on the east. Though there was time for more operations, Coburg moved his army into winter quarters. While Jourdan was with the right wing of the Army of the North, the operations of the left wing under Davaine failed. Davaine was tried and executed at the same time as Chancel. In Paris, Carnot demanded an advance on Charleroi and Jourdan tried to comply but found that the Coalition held all the river crossings and heavy rain had ruined the roads. After threatening to resign on 4 November, the army commander was recalled to Paris to speak with the Committee of Public Safety. This was the usual prelude to arrest and execution but Jourdan was allowed to return to the army and put his soldiers in winter quarters. After reinforcing the Army of the West and the Army of the Moselle each with 10,000 men, time was wasted in denouncing generals Duquesnoy, Meyer and Gudin. On 10 January 1794, Jourdan was accused of not protecting the frontier and summoned again to Paris. He was passionately defended by Representative Duquesnoy before the Committee of Public Safety and only dismissed from the army. Commentary The Carnot version of history is evident in the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) account: Jourdan wished to renew the left attack, but Carnot, the engineer, considered the Wattignies plateau the key of the position and his opinion prevailed. In the night the nearly equal partition of force, which was largely responsible for the failure, was modified, and the strength of the attack massed opposite Wattignies. Historian Michael Glover presented Carnot as a meddler and wrote of the politically powerful Committee of Public Safety member, Carnot's talents as 'the organizer of victory' are beyond dispute, but his tactical skills were minimal, a defect he concealed by a careful rewriting of history. To drive away a poorly led covering force of 20,000 with the 45,000 available to the Army of the North should have posed no great problem, but the business was sadly bungled. Carnot insisted that there should be a double encircling movement, a favorite maneuver of his, combined with a frontal attack, thus carefully dispersing the French numerical superiority. Carnot believed that General Duquesnoy was capable but recognized that Balland and Fromentin were not very good generals and had no use at all for Cordellier. Phipps pointed out that none of Jourdan's division commanders fought under Napoleon. Jourdan later noted that Coburg erred by placing the Army of Observation too close to Maubeuge. He asserted that if Coburg had defended Avesnes-sur-Helpe, the relief army would have been in difficulty. He thought that Benjowsky's force should have been posted at Obrechies. A British observer, Harry Calvert credited the powerful French artillery for the victory. Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron, a French Royalist who emigrated to the Russian Empire attributed the Coalition failure to the Dunkirk expedition that split the army, the retreat from Maubeuge, chronic slowness and the "disastrous system of forming a cordon, which causes one to be weak everywhere". Phipps summed up the failure of the Coalition with a cricket analogy. The Allies totally failed to see that the best way to defend the length of the frontier was to concentrate and to crush Jourdan, and although they were well informed about his collecting troops at Guise, they allowed him to bring up slowly superior forces against one link of their long chain, as if their posts were so many players, each bound to defend his own wicket. Footnotes References External links 1793 in France Conflicts in 1793 History of Nord (French department) Battles of the War of the First Coalition Battles in Hauts-de-France Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe Battles involving the Dutch Republic
An AIRMET, or Airmen's Meteorological Information, is a concise description of weather phenomena that are occurring or may occur (forecast) along an air route that may affect aircraft safety. Compared to SIGMETs, AIRMETs cover less severe weather: moderate turbulence and icing, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or more, or widespread restricted visibility. Types AIRMETs are broadcast on the ATIS at ATC facilities, and are referred to as Weather Advisories. AIRMETs are valid for six hours. NOTE: The definition has changed and no longer says "light aircraft"; AIRMETs are intended for all aircraft. There are three types of AIRMET, all identified by a phonetic letter: S (Sierra), T (Tango), and Z (Zulu). Chapter 7. Safety of Flight AIRMET SIERRA (Mountain obscuration or IFR) ceilings less than 1000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles affecting over 50% of the area at one time; extensive mountain obscuration AIRMET TANGO (Turbulence) moderate turbulence, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or greater, and/or non convective low−level wind shear. AIRMET ZULU (Icing) Moderate icing and provides freezing level heights. For an authority to issue an AIRMET, applicable conditions must be widespread. "Widespread" means that the applicable area covers at least 3000 square miles. Because conditions across the forecast period can move across the area, it is possible that only a small portion of the area is affected at any time. AIRMETs are routinely issued for six-hour periods beginning at 0145Z during Daylight Saving Time and at 0245Z during Standard Time. AIRMETS are also amended as necessary due to changing weather conditions or issuance/cancellation of a SIGMET. Dissemination And Structure Most AIRMET dissemination is done graphically now, but computer systems use a text-based AIRMET, which is identical in structure to a SIGMET, with the only difference being that the "SIGMET" identifier in the First Line is replaced by the three type identifiers listed above. See also SIGMET PIREP References External links Graphical representation of AIRMETs can be found at: AWC - Aviation Weather Center. Select the G-AIRMET checkbox for "Graphical AIRMET". Aviation meteorology Weather warnings and advisories Aviation publications
This is a list of beaches in Albania, listed geographically by coastline. Adriatic coast Albania's Adriatic coastline lies mainly on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea, emerging from the Buna River estuary, where the designated boundary line with Montenegro is drawn and stretching all the way down toward the Karaburun Peninsula, where Gjuhëza Cape is its westernmost point. Numerous rivers flowing into the Adriatic Sea form bays, lagoons and inlets. The sand and silt they bring are deposited in areas of reduced flow, which form the sides of the bays, with narrow swales. The depositional coastline is characterized by a low elevation on a slightly uneven relief, with the presence of sandy beaches and lagoons aligned primarily in a North-South orientation. Some areas of the coast are highlighted by sand dunes covered in Mediterranean vegetation. The coastal section of the Western Lowlands is continually expanding through land reclamation, while other areas of the coast experience erosive deterioration, as is the case in Patok, the Seman estuary and Lalzi bay. The Bay of Vlorë features high and rocky cliffs, particularly around the Karaburun Peninsula. The total length of the coastline is approximately , of which consist primarily of white sandy beaches and the rest of various landforms of the sea coast. The most popular beaches by number of visitors include Durrës, Golem, Lalzi Bay, Shëngjin, Velipojë, Divjakë, Spille, etc. Shkodër Velipojë Vilun Baks-Rrjoll Lezhë Kunë Shëngjin Rana e hedhun Talë Patok Durrës Gjiri i Lalzit: Shën Pjetër, Hamallaj, Rrushkull Kepi i Bishtit të Pallës Kallm Currila Durrës Beach: Teuta, Iliria Pishat e buta: Plepat Shkëmbi i Kavajës Kavajë Golem Mali i Robit Qerret Karpen (Kepi i Bishtit të Barbaut) Carinë (Gjiri i Forsilukut) Kalaja e Turrës (Kepi i Lagjit) Plazhi i Gjeneralit Spille (Guri i lëmuar) Greth Vilë Bashtovë Lushnje Divjakë Fier Ndërnenas Seman Darëzezë e re Pishë Poro Ionian coast The Ionian coast extends from Gjuhëza Cape to the Bay of Ftelie in a Northwest-Southeast orientation. The coastline is characterized by rugged, eroded tectonic formations with towering cliffs, numerous capes, and a combination of small horseshoe-shaped bays and sandy beaches. Some notable bays along the coast include Ftelie, Butrint, Saranda, Kakome, Borsh, Porto Palermo, Spile, Jal and Bristan (Arushë). The main peninsulas are Ksamil, Qefali and Karaburun. The coastline stands out for its high abrasive intensity, primarily due to the deep sea and the absence of river discharges. Waves can surge to heights exceeding 4 meters, colliding against the rocky shores. Vlorë Plazhi i vjetër Plazhi i ri Uji i ftohtë Karaburun (Shën Vasil) Gjiri i Shën Janit Gjiri i Shën Andreut Gjiri i Nexhajve Gjiri i Llovizit Gjiri i Gramës Gjiri i Dafinës Gjiri i Ariut (Brisanit) Plazhi i Admiralit (Gjiri i Japrakut - Sazan) Zhiron Jonufër Zvërnec Radhimë Orikum Himarë Perivol (Gjilek) Shkambo Jaliksar Gjipe Livadh (Fshati Himarë) Spile Potam Strevijë Llaman Filikur Skalomë (Qeparo) Jal (Vuno) Dhërmi Dhraleo (Palasë) Sarandë Lukovë Borsh Kakome Krorëz Piqeras (Bunec) Lapardha Plazhi i Shpellës Plazhi i Sarandës (Limion, Pllaka, Plazhi i ri, Plazhi i Çentralit) Pasqyrat Ksamil Manastiri Pulëbardha Tre Ishujt Rilindja Kështjella Pema e thatë Ohrid lake Pogradec Beach lies on the shores of Lake Ohrid, in the eastern municipality of Pogradec. It was formed due to the lake's surface reduction caused by tectonic subsidence, leading to the discovery of sandy deposits brought by the stream flowing through Pogradec and other streams entering the lake. At a length of , the beach extends from the city pier to the eastern end of Tushemisht and is divided into two sections: 1) the City beach, which stretches along the "1 Maji" promenade and features fine to medium sand; 2) Tushemisht and Drilon beaches, known for their more abrasive sand, which form part of the Drilon-Tushemisht Waterscape Park, covered in lush vegetation and characterized by springs that gracefully flow into the lake. See also List of beaches Albanian Riviera Important Bird Areas in Albania References Albania Beaches Beaches
Geminius Chrestus was a Roman eques who flourished during the earlier part of the third century AD. He was appointed to a series of military and civilian imperial offices, including praefectus or governor of Roman Egypt, and praetorian prefect. Crestus is attested as governor of Egypt from August 219 to perhaps as late as 221; his successor, Lucius Domitius Honoratus is first attested in office in June 222. His primary concern as governor of Egypt was to safeguard the harvest and delivery of grain to the populace of Rome, but surviving letters from his administration show his responsibilities extended further. One letter relates to the registration of a boat by one Aurelius Ptolemaeus on behalf of his young son. Following the death of the emperor Elagabalus (February 222), Chrestus was nominated or confirmed praetorian prefect along with Julius Flavianus by Elagabalus' successor, Alexander Severus. Both men were military experts, but Alexander decided to appoint the jurist Ulpian as their supervisor; as Ulpian had no military skills the choice aroused some resentment among the Praetorian Guard. According to Zosimus, Mamea learned of an attempt to overthrow Ulpian and had the attackers put to death, while Ulpian himself, according to Cassius Dio, had Flavian and Crestus put to death in late 222. Julius Paulus was appointed as Ulpian's colleague. References 2nd-century Romans 3rd-century Romans 3rd-century Roman governors of Egypt Roman governors of Egypt Praetorian prefects
The following is a list of fictional United States presidents, K through M. K President David Arnold Dieter "Dad" Kampferhaufe President in: Death of a Politician by Richard Condon (1978 novel) Former World War Two general Vice president was Walter Bodmor Slurrie. Party: Republican President Charles Foster Kane President in: Back in the USSA by Eugene Byrne and Kim Newman. Kane is Theodore Roosevelt's running mate in 1912. They are elected over Republican incumbent William Howard Taft and Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson. However, on December 19, 1912, Roosevelt is assassinated at the Union Stockyards in Chicago, Illinois by Annie Oakley when personally breaking a labor strike with the help of the Rough Riders. With this being less than three months before the inauguration, Kane is inaugurated as the 28th president on March 4, 1913 as a result. He brings the US into World War I after the RMS Titanic sinks on October 9, 1914. Reelected in 1916 over Taft and Wilson (who is assassinated in February 1917, possibly by Kane's agents). Kane's policies cause great unrest and he is overthrown and executed by a communist revolution. Serves as the analog to Russian Tzar Nicholas II. Party: Progressive President Florentyna Kane President in: The Prodigal Daughter and Shall We Tell the President? Kane (née Rosnovski) becomes the first woman president after her predecessor dies of a heart attack while jogging. Party: Democratic President Rufus Kane President in: The Life of Mary Marlin (1930s radio show) Asks Iowa Senator Mary Marlin to marry him President Kang President in: "Treehouse of Horror VII" (The Simpsons) Kang is elected president in 1996 after he and his companion Kodos capture and impersonate presidential candidates Bill Clinton and Bob Dole. After accidentally ejecting both the real Clinton and Dole into deep space while trying to rescue them, Homer exposes the two aliens to the world. However, Kang and Kodos declare that the two-party system means that the people still have to vote for one of them, scoffing at one bystander's suggestion of voting for a third-party candidate instead (much to Ross Perot's chagrin). Shortly after his election, Kang enslaves humanity (or at least the population of the United States) and orders the construction of a death ray to be aimed at a planet that "nobody's ever heard of". Played by: Harry Shearer (voice) Party: Republican. President Roberto Katze President in: Toaru Majutsu no Index by Kazuma Kamachi He is the third Hispanic President. Party: Unknown President Ed Kealty President in: The Teeth of the Tiger by Tom Clancy Ed Kealty took over the presidency after President Robby Jackson was assassinated. Kealty previously failed to secure the presidency when he tried to say he never officially resigned after the events of Debt of Honor's final pages. Party: Democratic President Elizabeth Keane President-elect, later President in: Homeland First female to be elected president, replacing President Morse. Native of Lake Placid and former junior senator from New York. Divorced from Aaron Keane, an anthropologist. Votes in favor of the Iraq War, but later develops anti-war sentiments after her son Andrew Keane dies there. Runs for president in 2016 against Ralph Warner, who later becomes her vice president. Evacuated to a safehouse after a terrorist attack in Midtown Manhattan takes place near her transition offices, but later returns against the advice of the Secret Service. Survives two assassination attempts orchestrated by rogue elements of the US government, the United States Army and the United States Intelligence Community. She is subjected to a smear campaign intended to discredit her before her inauguration or to force her resignation, with rogue intelligence officers and conservative talk-show host Brett O'Keefe spreading misinformation via bots that Andrew Keane died while deserting (instead of trying to save his wounded comrades). As a result of the attempts on her life, Keane becomes the first president to be inaugurated behind closed doors. She later develops severe paranoia as a result of the attempts on her life, which culminates in her administration extending the PATRIOT Act and using the new provisions to carry out a mass arrest of government and intelligence officials she suspected conspired against her, detaining many without probable cause. This move causes her administration to be investigated by Arizona Senator Sam Paley, who desires to appoint a special prosecutor with regard to her actions. She personally advocates that General Jamie McClendon, one of the main conspirators in her assassination attempt, should be given the death penalty during his court martial, and is infuriated upon hearing he is only given life imprisonment. Keane orders O'Keefe's arrest, but he flees, continuing to broadcast his talk show whilst on the run. The manhunt ends in O'Keefe's arrest following a deadly shootout between the FBI and a family of anti-Keane O'Keefe fans in backwoods Virginia. Her administration is later targeted by information warfare masterminded by the Russian government and the GRU in an attempt to trigger a constitutional crisis and to discredit and remove her from office. This campaign implicates her White House Chief of Staff David Wellington in the death of General McClendon, and leverages the Paley investigation by feeding him false information, and by manipulating Carrie Mathison, aggrieved by Keane's actions against the Intelligence Community, into presenting a fabricated link between Wellington and McClendon's death. Machinations by Paley and Warner result in them attempting to get the Cabinet of the United States to invoke the 25th Amendment to remove Keane from office, arguing that her poor management shows she is unable to discharge the duties of the office. Keane attempts to circumvent this by firing certain members of the cabinet, but the Supreme Court of the United States rules that the method she employed to fire them was unlawful, and that they can remain. The 25th Amendment is officially invoked: Keane is removed and Warner takes over. She is reinstated after testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee by Russian agent Simone Martin absolves Keane of any wrongdoing, and fully reveals the extent of the Russian interference in her administration. However, knowing that her reputation has been tainted in the public eye and that the American people need a leader they can trust to save American democracy, she resigns in favor of Warner. Secret Service codename: Big Apple Political Party: Implied to be Democratic Played by: Elizabeth Marvel President Matthew Keating President in: The Presidents Daughter by Bill Clinton and James Patterson A former Navy SEAL who was medically discharged after surviving a helicopter crash in Afghanistan that shattered his hip. After leaving the service, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Texas's 7th district, where he served on the House Financial Services Committee. Became the running mate to Senator Martin Lovering on his presidential campaign, which divided the Party. Became the president after President Lovering's death of an aortic aneurysm. Served less than a full term; became the first president in American history to be defeated in the primary by his own vice president, Pamela Barnes. Married to Professor (Dr.) Samantha Keating, an archaeologist by trade; together, they have a daughter, Melanie R. "Mel" Keating, who was a teenager during her father's Presidential term. Inherited from President Lovering his Chief of Staff Jack Lyon, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Horace McCoy, National Security Advisor Sandra Powell, and Secretary of Defense Pridham Collum; later nominated and appointed, among others, retired Army Brigadier General Sarah Palumbo the Deputy National Security Advisor for the National Security Council, Lisa Blair as the Director of the FBI, and Kimberly Bouchard as Secretary of the Air Force. After the completion of his term, retired to New Hampshire where he is assisted by his Chief of Staff Madeline Perry and the Special Agent-in-Charge of his Secret Service detail David Stahl. Plans to run against incumbent President Pamela Barnes in the next Presidential Primary Election. President John Keeler 45th President in: 24 Played by: Geoffrey Pierson 2005–2006 Keeler is elected after President David Palmer withdrew from the race. As part of a day of unprecedented terrorist strikes, Air Force One is shot down, critically injuring Keeler and killing dozens of others including the president's son, Kevin; Vice President Charles Logan becomes acting president. His fate is never revealed, though Logan becomes president (no longer acting) 18 months later, likely indicating that Keeler died from his injuries. Previously served as a United States senator from Minnesota, Minnesota Secretary of State, and in the U.S. Army Reserve Party: Republican Buried at Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis, Minnesota. President Tim Kegan President in: Winter Kills, book by Richard Condon and film Assassinated president who is never fully seen during one flashback scene in movie. President Keith President in: "A Sound of Thunder" by Ray Bradbury Recently elected at story's opening. President Kellogg President in Man of the Year Incumbent Democrat up for reelection Due to faulty electronic voting equipment, it is believed that he lost the election to Independent candidate and former news satirist Tom Dobbs. However, after Dobbs reveals the flaws with the voting equipment, an attempted cover-up and his desire to return to satire, Kellogg is reelected in a special do-over election. President Joshua Francis Kellogg President in: Joshua Son of None, by Nancy Freedman Cloned from tissue taken from an unnamed President (strongly implied to be John F. Kennedy) shortly after his 1963 assassination, and deliberately raised so as to mimic President Kennedy's early life, in hopes of "re-creating" the original through similar formative experiences. Assassinated immediately after inauguration Cells taken from his body in order to make yet another clone. President Robert Kempers President in: Quarantine (2000) President when terrorists unleash a genetically modified virus Gives the order to shoot down a passenger jet loaded with potentially sick children after it violates quarantine, but then rescinds it moments before the strike. President Kendrick President in: Secret Justice by James W. Huston President Francis Xavier Kennedy President in: Mario Puzo's The Fourth K Nephew of John F. Kennedy who served one term in the Senate. His first act as president is to donate his $40 million fortune to relieve the national debt. During his administration, the Pope is executed, his daughter kidnapped, and a bomb detonated in Manhattan. In retaliation, President Kennedy destroys the capital city of Dach in the fictional Arabian country of Sherbin. Kennedy is later reelected after an assassination attempt. President Kennedy is assassinated on Inauguration Day by a member of the same terrorist group that killed the Pope. President Edward Moore Kennedy In original version of Jeffrey Archer's Shall We Tell the President, elected as president and targeted for assassination (see note on Florentyna Kane) President Clark Kent President in: Action Comics Annual #3 (1991) Pete Ross is running for President with Kent as his campaign manager. When an assassination attempt results in Ross' injury and reveals Kent's secret identity, Ross insists Superman take his place as the Democratic nominee. President Kent is responsible for a series of satellites broadcasting solar power to Earth. He also worked towards multilateral disarmament, and the coalition of all superhero teams into the World Peace League. This future was observed by the time traveller Waverider, but negated soon afterwards. Party: Democratic President Raine Kent President in: Rejoice, A Knife to the heart by Steven Erikson Kent serves his term when an alien intervention delegation is trying to save Earth from human destruction by ripping humanity away from its free will through artificial intelligence Portrayed as loud, brash, and aggressive President Rose Sweeney Keogh President in: The Very First Lady by Steve Dunleavy Wife of the 1984 Republican nominee, Boston newspaper publisher Sean Keogh, she replaces him as the nominee when he is incapacitated. Suffers from dissociative identity disorder. Party: Republican President Kerlog President in: The Black President 87th president in 2228 President Larry Kerr President in Pine Gap While he is attending a APEC conference in Sittwe, Myanmar, the Pine Gap satellite surveillance base in Northern Territory, Australia detects a missile in range, so he has to be evacuated later, an audio tape of him viciously insulting the Australian Prime Minister Phillip Burke is leaked, damaging U.S.-Australian relations he has to face an active military conflict in the South China Sea after the chinese army shot down a US fighter jet played by Rob McPherson President Daniel Ki President in American War (novel) Championed the Sustainable Future Act, outlawing fossil fuels. Assassinated in December 2073 in Jackson, Mississippi by a secessionist suicide bomber disguised as a pregnant woman. The last president prior to, and whose assassination was the catalyst for, the outbreak of the Second American Civil War (2074–2095). President Donald Kilbourne President in: Larry Burkett's The Illuminati Discredited for mishandling of west-coast earthquake/tsunami disaster. Withdrew candidacy. Party: Democratic President Kerry Francis Kilcannon President in: Richard North Patterson's novels Protect and Defend and Balance of Power, candidate in No Safe Place. Kilcannon is a New Jersey Democrat. Elected in 2000 at age 42 after defeating incumbent Vice-President Dick Mason. Appointed Caroline Masters as the first female Chief Justice. Kilcannon was a two-term senator and succeeded his older brother James, who was assassinated while running for president in 1988. Party: Democratic President Tom Kimball President in: Captain America Played by: Ronny Cox Vietnam War hero. A year into his first term, he pushes for aggressive new pro-environmental legislation that angers the military-industrial complex, who hold a secret conference in Italy led by the Red Skull. The President is kidnapped and held at the Red Skull's Italian castle, but is saved by Captain America, Kimball's childhood hero. Eventually, Kimball's environmental pact is passed. President Paul Kincaid President in: Hostages Married to First Lady Mary Kincaid. Raped a news reporter when he was campaigning for congress in 1978. Later attempted to have his resulting illegitimate daughter, Nina, killed, to hide the rape story. Suffers from a minor heart condition, with planned surgery at the start of the series. Becomes target for assassination by multiple people with different agendas throughout the series. Rogue FBI agent Duncan Carlisle wants him killed so his bone marrow can be harvested and used in an experimental cancer treatment to save his wife; the president's illegitimate daughter. To kill him, Carlisle attempts to blackmail the president's surgeon, Dr. Ellen Sanders, into sabotaging the operation. Colonel Thomas Blair, the corrupt Director of the National Security Agency, also wants the president killed, because he refuses to support a new mass surveillance program. Survives an assassination attempt during a visit to New York to address the United Nations. Survives the surgery performed on him by Dr. Sanders, but she removes a sample of bone marrow in the process so that Nina can be saved. Details of the rape, attempted cover-up and attempted murder are revealed to the First Lady by Carlisle and Sanders, who subsequently informs her husband that she intends to go public with them. Portrayed by James Naughton President Roderick Kinnison In First Lensman, Volume Two of the Lensman series by E.E. Smith, protagonists Roderick Kinnison (a member of the Galactic Patrol) wins election as President of North America on the "Cosmocratic Party" ticket against the corrupt Witherspoon, who ran on the "Nationalist Party" ticket. North America still uses the electoral college system. The president has a five-year term. The novel takes place several hundred years in the future after Earth has recovered from the late 20th-century World War III. President Zachary King President in Kingdom Come by Elliot S. Magin Two term President President Robert Kinsey President in: Stargate SG-1 TV-series A senator from Indiana, Kinsey was vice president under President Henry Hayes. Kinsey became president in two separate alternate timelines. He is tied to a group called the Trust, a cabal of international businessmen who are trying to obtain alien technologies for commercial purposes, largely by using Kinsey's power and influence. At the end of Season 7, President Hayes forces him into retirement. Played by: Ronny Cox President Thomas Adam "Tom" Kirkman President in: Designated Survivor Born on December 9, 1967 in Port Washington, New York. Served in the Peace Corps. Attended Cornell University, and worked as an urban planner, architect, and college professor until his appointment to the Richmond Administration. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development during the first term of President Robert Richmond. Chosen as the designated survivor during a State of the Union address. Asked to resign by White House Chief of Staff Charlie Langdon due to disagreements regarding housing policy, but was offered the position of Ambassador to the International Civil Aviation Organization as incentive to leave the administration. Ascends to the presidency after a bombing of the United States Capitol during the State of the Union address kills Richmond and the rest of the presidential line of succession, along with most of Congress and multiple members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Has James Royce, the governor of Michigan, arrested for treason after he conspires with the Michigan State Police and Michigan Army National Guard to undermine Kirkman's authority and commit civil rights violations towards the Muslim population of Dearborn in wake of the Capitol Bombing. Temporarily suspends all immigration into the United States under pressure from the majority of state governors in exchange for emergency elections to be permitted to form a new Congress. Nominates Congressman Peter MacLeish, the only survivor of the Capitol Bombing, to become his vice president. MacLeish subsequently conspires to have Kirkman assassinated at his swearing in ceremony, in which Kirkman was non-fatally shot in the chest, and recovered after brief heart surgery. MacLeish is later killed by his own wife to avoid being captured by the FBI, and Kirkman spends the next several months without a vice president, until he appoints Mayor of the District of Columbia Ellenor Darby, who impresses him with her response to a blackout in the capital caused by a cyber attack, as a replacement. Married to Alex Kirkman, an attorney with the EEOC. She is killed in a traffic collision in season 2, sending Kirkman into a depression that inhibits his leadership, which leads to his Cabinet considering the invocation of the 25th Amendment to remove him from office, until he manages to prove before a committee hearing that he is still fit for service. Orders military strikes on the fictional Middle Eastern nation of Kunami when he believes them responsible for a dirty bomb attack on a D.C. subway station. He eventually ceases hostilities after learning that the attack was actually carried out by rebel forces seeking to trick America into overthrowing the Kunami emir, but by the time this happens a group of Navy SEALs uncovers an illegal stash of chemical weapons, which Kirkman uses as leverage to force the emir to step down anyway. Eventually runs for a full term in office and ultimately wins reelection Commissions the rebuilding of the U.S. Capitol Building Has two children, Penny and Leo Kirkman. Secret Service codename: Phoenix. Political party: Independent (but served in a Democratic administration). Played by: Kiefer Sutherland President Benjamin Knight President in The Lucky Ones by Doris Mortman Party: Democratic President Leslie Knope Possible President in: Parks and Recreation Former two-term Governor of Indiana Married to Congressman/Possible PresidentBen Wyatt Party: Democratic Serie co-creator Michael Schur has stated it was meant to be ambiguous whether it was Leslie or Ben who is President in the last episode President George W. Knox President in: GURPS Alternate Earths Elected in 1980 as the first African-American president. President in a world where the Confederate States of America survived the Civil War Party: Republican President Orrin Knox President in: The Promise of Joy by Allen Drury Early in his presidency, a limited nuclear war breaks out between the U.S.S.R. and the People's Republic of China. President Knox mediates the conflict. President Henry Kolladner President in: Moonfall by Jack McDevitt The nation's second African-American president. He dies because the helicopter where he was traveling was struck by lightning. Elected president in 2020. Party: Democratic President David Kovic President in: movie Dave Stand-in for the ailing real President William Harrison Mitchell. President Jerome Nestorius Kraab President in the satire He is Coming! He is Coming! by Hugh Warden Runs as a Third Party candidate. At first not taken seriously since he has no money and is not backed by any party. Starts attracting crowds who are mesmerised by his voice, though later not remembering what he said. On the day before the elections holds a mega rally in the Kansas countryside, attended by more than ten million people. Gets more than 80% of the popular vote and the whole of the Electoral College. On the eve of his inauguration, several pastors accuse the President-Elect of being The Anti-Christ. In his inauguration speech Kraab confirms that he is indeed such, and orders all churches, synagogues, mosques and temples to direct their prayers to him instead of God. 78 Christian denominations and 51 other faiths gather in New York to defy the President's "Blasphemous Edict". Suddenly President Kraab appears and turns his hypnotic gaze on them - and all the assembled clergy fall to their knees and abjectly worship and adore him. After seven years in power - without further elections - Krabb is informed that the Second Coming has happened and Jesus Christ has appeared at an obscure town in Wyoming. Kraab orders a ten-megaton nuclear device shot to destroy Jesus. However, with a flick of hand Jesus turns the missile around. It explodes near Air Force One, vaporizing the Presidential Plane with Krabb and his aides, bur leaving intact the green countryside below. Jesus invites the American and international media to a press conference. With more than 3000 TV cameras trained on him, he says "Sorry to disappoint you, folks, but I am not Jesus. I am just a school teacher from Kalamazoo, and I have been selected to stand in for Jesus in order to rid the world of that charlatan. By the way, he was not the true Anti-Christ, either. The real one will be much worse. So, you will have to excuse me, ladies and gentlemen - the school vacation is over, so I must get back and prepare for tomorrow's history lesson." President Russell P. Kramer President in My Fellow Americans Born in Ohio, Kramer was a congressman and a senator who loses reelection as president; according to Kramer, eighty million people voted against him. Famous for line "Our dreams are like our children." Later ran again for office as an independent with former President Matt Douglas. Played by: Jack Lemmon Party: Independent, formerly Republican President Douglas (Doug) Krassner President in The Backup Asset (2015), The Ghost Pattern (2015), and Operation Sunset (2014) novels by Leslie Wolfe Party: Republican He succeeds President John Mason during Cold War II. President Hayward Kretz President in: The Senator (1968) and The President (1970) by Drew Pearson L President Charles W. La Follette President in: Settling Accounts: Return Engagement through Settling Accounts: In at the Death in the Southern Victory Series by Harry Turtledove. Vice President from 1937 who is sworn in as president in 1942 after incumbent Al Smith is killed in a Confederate bombing raid on the U.S. capital of Philadelphia during the Second Great War. Despite leading the United States to victory in the Second Great War and dissolving the Confederacy, he loses the 1944 election to Democratic candidate Thomas E. Dewey and his running mate Harry S. Truman, as most of the electorate blames the Socialists for the outbreak of the war due to Smith's policy of appeasement towards Confederate President Jake Featherston. Turtledove himself mentioned that Charles W. La Follette is the fictionalized son of real life Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette and is based on his son Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette. Political party: Socialist President Aaron Lake President in: The Brethren An obscure, strongly pro-defense expenditure congressman from Arizona, Lake is selected by Teddy Maynard, the director of the CIA, who prepares an elaborate scheme to control the United States presidential election. Maynard is worried about an emerging strongman who is about to take over Russia that also plans to restart the Cold War. To prepare the US for that confrontation, Lake, prompted by Maynard, declares a surprise candidature on a single issue: he vows to double defense spending. Maynard acquires enormous campaign donations from defense industries for Lake, completely controls his campaign, and colludes in the bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Cairo to highlight Lake's message. A hitch develops when Lake's secret gay inclinations make him vulnerable to blackmail, but the CIA defuses the threat by resorting to murder. Lake wins after the CIA orchestrates a nuclear crisis on the eve of the elections to make Lake seem "a messiah". Lake is completely controlled by Maynard, who even selects for him a suitable First Lady and instructs Lake on when he should impregnate her. Party: Republican President Gordon James Landers President in: A More Perfect Union by Robert Stapp (1970 novel) Former Governor of Illinois Elected in 1976 In an alternate timeline where Lincoln did not oppose the Secession of the Southern States, Landers sends State Department Agent Cordell Vance to assassinate the Confederate President to prevent the C.S.A. from starting a nuclear war. President Hank Landry President in: episode "The Road Not Taken" (Stargate SG-1) Landry is the president in an alternate universe, who reveals the existence of the Stargate to the world and is forced to declare martial law and cancel all elections. Played by: Beau Bridges President Elizabeth Lanford President in: Independence Day: Resurgence Vice President of the United States under Lucas Jacobs (2004–2012) Elected in 2012 as the first female President Encounters another alien invasion in 2016, and is killed by them with the entirety of the United States presidential line of succession at Cheyenne Mountain Complex Succeeded by Joshua Adams, commanding general of Earth Space Defense Played by: Sela Ward President Booker T. Langford President in: Down to a Sunless Sea First African-American president who has to consider whether or not to let five Southern majority African-American states secede from the United States. Presides over a U.S. devastated by collapse of the dollar, near end of American domestic oil production, and the severe curtailment of oil imports to the United States Calls for peace and time to prove that the United States did not produce the nuclear weapons Israel used to attack Syria, Jordan, and Egypt, after Tel Aviv's water supply is contaminated with BW agents. Either killed or out of contact during the surprise Sino-Soviet nuclear attack on America and replaced by James McCracken, acting president, who, from an undisclosed location (probably a bunker, Raven's Rock, Mount Weather, or the like) launches retaliatory strikes against the USSR and mainland China. President Teddy Langford President in: The Man with the President's Mind by Ted Allbeury (1977 novel) Has to deal with a completely unprecedented Cold War threat: Andrei Levin, a Moscow psychiatrist, has the American president's mind, down to the last psychological detail. He can tell the Soviet rulers with complete accuracy what Langford is thinking and how he would react in every situation. President Langley President in: "Bookworm, Run" by Vernor Vinge (1965 short story; anthologized in The Complete Stories of Vernor Vinge, 2001) Acting President Sally Langston President in: Scandal Party: Republican (Tea Party) The vice president and former primary challenger to Fitzgerald Thomas Grant III, she assumed office under the Twenty-fifth Amendment after an assassination attempt on Grant leaves him in critical condition. Her acting presidency ended after receiving a letter ending invocation; Grant's signature on the letter was forged by First Lady Melody Grant, as he is still comatose. Langston's attempt to refute the authenticity of the letter was undermined by Grant's sudden arrival back at the White House in good health. She attempted to run for president in 2012 as an Independent whilst still serving as Grant's vice president, a course of action not taken since the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. Despite having strong anti-abortion views, Langston was encouraged by her campaign manager to adopt a softer, vaguer stance on the subject. While it seemed that she would win the election in the last days of campaigning, Grant ultimately defeated her due to public sympathy following the death of his son, Fitzgerald Thomas Grant IV (which was orchestrated by the secret CIA black-ops group, B6-13). Following her election defeat, she became the host of the conservative talk show The Liberty Report, boasting that she had more influence over the American electorate than she ever did as vice president. She was married to Daniel Langston whom she murdered after he had an affair with James Novak (the husband of White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene) and threatened to come out of the closet. She also has a daughter who had an abortion at age fourteen, a fact that had been used to blackmail her into supporting Grant when he risked impeachment due to an affair he had with aide Amanda Tanner. Played by Kate Burton President (Helen) Lasker President in: Contact by Carl Sagan (1985 novel) A two-term (1993–2001) female president who deals with the ramifications of alien contact. In the film adaptation, she is replaced by Bill Clinton, from authentic and slightly "doctored" archive footage of press conferences, meetings and TV appearances edited in such a way as to present fictional events. President Owen Lassiter President in: The West Wing Mentioned only in one episode, Lassiter was a native of California, has a presidential library, was married and is deceased. In his Oval Office, President Lassiter had jars of sand and soil from land wherever American soldiers died. In the twilight of his life, he wrote an essay titled "The Need for an American Empire" to President Bartlet calling for opposition of Islamic fundamentalism. Party: Republican President Paul James Latimer President in: Panorama Mundial (1984 WIPR-TV futurist documentary) Elected 1996 or 2000 Admits Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands into the United States as the 52nd state in 2002 President Jason Law President in: Rubicon One by Dennis Jones (1980s novel). Orders U.S. Naval Aircraft to intercept an Israeli Air Force strike to prevent World War III President Joe Lawton President in: Grand Theft Auto IV President Leary President in: Call of Duty: Black Ops III Is President during a Third Cold War President Lenny Leonard President in: "The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace" (The Simpsons) Former Springfield Nuclear Power Plant employee President Howard Lewis President in: Salt Is in attendance of the funeral of Vice President Maxwell Oates in St. Bartholomew's when Russian President Medveyev is almost assassinated by Evelyn Salt, a supposed Russian sleeper agent. The assassination attempt severely damages United States-Russian relations, with members of the Russian government threatening to attack assets belonging to the United States abroad. After a Russian sleeper agent disguised as a NATO attaché from the Czech Republic carries out a suicide bombing in the White House, Lewis is evacuated to the Presidential Emergency Operations Center by members of the United States Secret Service, along with his staff and several other members of the intelligence community. In the bunker, he is attacked by another Russian sleeper agent, Ted Winters/Nikolai Tarkovsky, the current CIA Russian Section Chief, who guns down his security and senior staff and is able to hijack the United States nuclear arsenal via the nuclear football. Played by: Hunt Block President Liedermann President in: The Stone Dogs Dies in office in 1991 Party: Republican. President Limbaugh President in: Infinite Jest Limbaugh is referred to as "recently assassinated." President Lindberg President in: The Fifth Element President of the United Federated Territories In the year 2263, Earth is threatened with destruction by the Ultimate Evil. After foolishly ordering a battleship to fire on the Evil (which destroyed the ship with all hands on board), Lindberg orders Major Korben Dallas to find the five elements that would destroy the Evil (which he was able to do seconds before Earth would have been destroyed). Played by: Tom 'Tiny' Lister Jr. President Manfred Link President in: First Family Served as mayor, congressmen, and senator from Minnesota before being elected president after the accidental deaths of his opponents. Played by: Bob Newhart President Abraham Linkidd President in: Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew Former president of the United Species of America; a goat. Memorialized in Earth-C's version of Washington DC in the Linkidd Memorial. President Walter Nathaniel Livingston President in: Arc Light From New York Serves term during the Russian invasion of China. When Russia plans to use tactical nuclear weapons to end the war, the Russians inform the U.S. to prevent an accident nuclear exchange. Is impeached for warning the Chinese which invites a strike against the U.S., and not gaining a commitment from the Russian for the removal of their nuclear weapons. Removed from office, and replaced with Vice President Paul Steven Constanzo Party: Democratic President Bradford Gregory Lockridge President in: Power Play by Timothy J. Culver, a pseudonym for Donald E. Westlake (1971 novel) Was a congressman, and later senator from Pennsylvania. Was president in the mid-1960s; serves one term and is not reelected. Goes insane; his attempt to defect to China is stopped by his family. President Bedford Forrest Lockwood President in: The Better Angels (1979) and Shelley's Heart (1995) by Charles McCarry Was from Kentucky, and served from 1993–1997 (The Better Angels) and 2001–2005 (Shelley's Heart). Defeats President Franklin Douglass Mallory and runs against him four years later. Impeached for his ordering the assassination of King Ibn Awad, an Arab monarch who is about to hand over two nuclear weapons to the terrorist group Eye of Gaza. Resigns after learning his chief of staff, Julian Hubbard, has his intelligence agent half brother Horace manipulate the computer returns giving Lockwood the election. Party: Democratic President John Lockwood President in: Wrong Is Right Played by: George Grizzard President Charles Logan 46th President in: 24 Played by: Gregory Itzin 2006–2007 Served as vice president until Cabinet unanimously invoked the 25th Amendment after President Keeler is hospitalized following an attack on Air Force One. Eighteen months after being sworn in, he is still President (Keeler's fate is unknown) and signs a strategic defense treaty with the Russian president. Logan views this as the crowning achievement of his time in office, though the day is marred by the assassination of former president David Palmer and the threat of European terrorists releasing nerve gas on U.S. soil. He reinstates former CTU agent Jack Bauer to active duty after Bauer exposes Logan's chief of staff Walt Cummings' involvement in both. It is later revealed that Logan is one of the principal instigators of the day's events. After Bauer exposes his role in the conspiracy, he is arrested by his Secret Service and quietly forced to resign from office in order to prevent the country from suffering from his actions. He is later stabbed by his ex-wife, Martha Logan. He clinically dies, but is revived and survives the attack. He later advises President Allison Taylor and attempts suicide, but survives with substantial brain damage. Previously served as a United States Senator from California, Lieutenant Governor of California, and a Member of the California State Assembly Party: Republican President Eugene Lorio President in: Jack & Bobby Played by: Paul Sorvino His son died while serving in the War of the Americas. Elected as a Democrat in 2036, he says in a 2049 interview (as part of a documentary in the series' flash-forward) that he knew, going into the final debate of the 2040 campaign, that he would lose to either Republican candidate Dennis Morganthal or independent candidate Robert McCallister. Party: Democratic President Furbish Lousewart President in: Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy Author of Unsafe Wherever You Go Anti-technological Luddite Accidentally started World War III after mass arrests of suspected radicals Party: People's Ecology Party President Alexander "Lex" Joseph Luthor President in: the DC Universe Impeached for the use of the illegal supersteroid Venom, the theft and use of an Apokyliptian Battle Suit, and the attempted murder of Superman and Batman. Succeeded by Vice President Pete Ross Party: Tomorrow Party President Jordan Lyman President in: Seven Days in May Lyman is unpopular and controversial due to Republican opposition to a controversial arms control treaty with the Soviet Union, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff meticulously plan a coup d'état against him. Lyman, depicted as rather mediocre and uncertain of himself, grows in the course of the book to exhibit the leadership needed for the crisis, and manages not only to foil the coup but also neatly defuse the crisis without leaving a traumatic imprint. Played by: Fredric March Party: Democratic President Lyman President in: Nothing but the Truth Survives an assassination attempt and orders a retaliatory strike against Venezuela Played by: Scott Williamson President Jeffrey Lynch President in: Shadowrun 42nd U.S. President Served two consecutive terms: 1993–1997 and 1997–2001 Defeated by Martin Hunt in the 2000 election. M President Timothy Garde Macauley President in: From the Files of the Time Rangers Called "The Once and Future President" Macauley is the favorite of various Greek gods, especially Apollo, who are secretly active in the modern U.S. In Apollo's view, Macauley must become president in order to avoid the destruction of humankind, and the god gets him elected twice. President Hairy Ass Macgee President in: Dilbert (S02E17) Is elected by popular vote via Internet. Falls from Air Force One at an altitude of 30,000 feet over a garbage truck and does not suffer any injuries. Acting President Natalie Maccabee President in: Agent X Played by: Sharon Stone President John Mackenzie President in: First Daughter Played by: Michael Keaton President Pauline Mackenzie President in: Salvation Comes from an observant Jewish family Serves term during a crisis involving a large asteroid, codenamed "Samson", heading towards Earth. Is revealed that the previous administration masterminded the Atlas Program, which involved the weaponization of asteroids to be used as weapons against enemies of the United States. Suffers from a stroke while giving a televised address to the nation about the impending crisis before she can say anything about the actual asteroid. The nation is told she had passed away, and Vice President Monroe Bennett assumes the presidency under the 25th Amendment. Later revealed that her illness and stroke were orchestrated by Bennett, who had slowly been poisoning her with mercury through her asthma inhaler Later revealed to be alive and recovering in secret, having been rescued by United States Secret Service agents loyal to her, who feared what those loyal to Bennett would do if they discovered she survived. The agents divert her upon arrival at George Washington University Hospital, where they convince her personal physician to tell the public she had died. Her family's Judaism, which forbids any desecration of a corpse, is used as the justification for her being buried without an autopsy being performed. Later works with Secretary of Defense Harris Edwards to have Bennett captured and detained beneath the White House, allowing her to approach the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Cabinet in The Pentagon to request she be reinstated. After hearing of Monroe's treachery, they take her side. During a press conference where she announces the attempted coup d'etat, the Emergency Alert System takes over the broadcast before she can announce the impending asteroid collision. It is revealed that the missiles have been hijacked by hacker group RE/SYST, causing Mackenzie to not take immediate retaliatory action against the Russian government. Nominates billionaire aerospace scientist Darius Tanz to serve as her vice president after Bennett's arrest, believing his lack of political history and good rapport with the public will help her administration. Has her presidency challenged again when Bennett emerges from hiding after escaping custody and takes his case to the Supreme Court of the United States, arguing he is still lawfully president and his removal from office was illegal and unconstitutional. When the court is about to vote in Mackenzie's favour, he orchestrates a bombing of the building which seriously injures the Chief Justice, whose swing vote in the decision had yet to be announced. After the Supreme Court bombing, the capital falls into chaos as infighting between United States Armed Forces factions loyal to Bennett and others to Mackenzie battle one another to take control. US Army and Secret Service officers loyal to Bennett are able to lock down and infiltrate the White House, capturing and detaining a defiant Mackenzie in the Oval Office. As Bennett is about to address the nation, video footage of the now conscious Chief Justice is broadcast on all networks and cell phones, in which he confirms his vote in Mackenzie's favour, shifting the decision to 5–4 and rendering her the legal president. After a brief standoff, the soldiers accompanying Bennett realize they have been deceived and reaffirm their allegiance to Mackenzie. Despite re-securing her presidency for a second time, she is shot and killed by a remote controlled sniper rifle while leaving a "Unity Rally" held to celebrate the supposed return to normalcy for her administration. She is buried in Arlington National Cemetery in a highly televised funeral. Tanz assumes the presidency under the 25th Amendment after her death. Played by: Tovah Feldshuh President Alfred MacAlister President in: Red Dead Redemption 2. Presumably elected president in 1896 Does not appear physically in game, but is seen on the game's physical map and on the Prominent Americans Cigarette Card Set Approves the finalized demarcation lines for the states of Ambarino, Lemoyne, New Austin, New Hanover, and West Elizabeth. Assassinated in 1901 and is replaced by Vice President Thaddeus Waxman. Based on William McKinley. Acting President Peter MacLeish President in: Designated Survivor (S01E11) Serves as acting president after President Kirkman invokes the 25th Amendment prior to undergoing surgery. Mostly focuses his efforts on weakening the country (such as not taking steps to stabilize the economy) as part of the overall conspiracy, and attempts to cover up his connection to said conspiracy by giving a shoot-to-kill order on the man who attempted to assassinate Kirkman, overriding his advisors' orders to take the man alive. Relieved of his emergency duties once Kirkman successfully recovers from surgery. Shortly thereafter, Kirkman arranges an FBI sting to expose MacLeish's involvement in the conspiracy. While this was successful, his wife shoots him before he could be arrested and interrogated before shooting herself. President Kenneth Kemble MacMann President in: No Way to Treat A First Lady Dies after First Lady Elizabeth Tyler MacMann confronts him over his affairs President Henry Talbot MacNeil President in: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea MacNeil is elected in 1972 and reelected in 1976. Played by: Ford Rainey President George MacPherson President in: "What Shall it Profit?" by Robert Kleine (short story) Elected in 1940 Party: National Revival (third party created by himself) A genius inventor, invents atomic weapons, but would only disclose his invention if elected president. He gets elected, and provides the U.S. Army with the weapons he invented. The U.S. defeats all other countries in the world in a single year, and MacPherson becomes President of Earth. MacPherson takes over the world in an effort to impress Claire, whom he fell in love with when he was 15 and the only woman he ever loved or will love. When he offers her a chance to become First Lady of Earth, Claire still prefers to marry Allen, the man which she had loved since her teen years and a criminal lawyer in the small Idaho town where all three of them came from. Considers suicide on the night of Claire and Allen's marriage, MacPherson concludes unhappily that he must continue the work he began and consolidate the World State. President James MacPherson President in: The Last Jihad, The Last Days, The Ezekiel Option, The Copper Scroll, and Dead Heat Serves from 2009 to 2016 Was CEO of a successful investment firm called the Joshua Fund and Governor of Colorado Treasury Secretary Stuart Morris Iverson attempts and fails to assassinate him Party: Republican President Bill Magnus President in: The Bourne Ascendancy Is in the midst of brokering a historic peace treaty between Israelis and Palestinians, which the terrorist El Ghadan is trying to prevent Jason Bourne is coerced by the terrorists to kill the president or his friend Soraya Moore and her daughter will die President Franklin Douglass Mallory President in: The Better Angels and Shelley's Heart by Charles McCarry, and Wrong is Right (film). Born in New York, he was a senator from Massachusetts who defeated an unpopular liberal president, and was defeated narrowly four years later by Bedford Forrest Lockwood. Sends a crewed mission to Ganymede, starts a fusion energy program, attempts to bring Western Canada into the U.S., and appoints five Supreme Court Justices. Married to his wife Marilyn for thirty years until her death during his first year as president. His lover and chief aide after his wife's death is Susan Grant, who is murdered when his political enemies find out she is pregnant with his child. Wins reelection against Lockwood after a disputed election that was nearly stolen from him by agents of the intelligence services controlled by the White House Chief of Staff's brother. Played by: Leslie Nielsen in Wrong is Right. President Tiffany Malloy President in: Unhappily Ever After Former U.S. Senator from California. Played by: Nikki Cox President Malone President in: For Us, The Living Serves from 1945 to 1950 Was a senator. President Man President in: Invader Zim The leader of the US who hails from President Land, President Man deals with important issues such as Moofy the girly ranger getting stuck in Zim's lawn and the return of Santa. His decisions have been known to be influenced by offerings of chocolate-covered ninja star cookies. He is quick to give up all of his power to Santa upon his return. His appearance, voice, and mannerisms appear to be a parody of George W. Bush, who was the real-life president at the time of the show's airing. Played by: Jeffrey Jones President Mandy President in: Underfist: Halloween Bash In Grim & Evil'''s world, she is the tenth president, after George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Abraham Lincoln, Grim and Morg, and Billy. She turns her house in Endsville into the new White House. In the Underfist: Easter Beatdown artwork, she replaces George Washington on the one dollar bill. President Manheim President in: Pet Shop of Horrors Was President during the Second World War. He dies in office. President Adair T. Manning President in: Behind Enemy Lines 2: Axis of Evil Deals with a crisis in North Korea Somewhat reluctant to use massive force against North Korea Vietnam veteran who served with the US Army Rangers President Richard Manning President in: The Imagemaker (1985 film) A fake recording of his corruption is used by a political insider to advance his career. President Manning President in: The Book of Fate Someone attempts to assassinate him, but one of his aides is killed and another has his face disfigured. President Julia Mansfield President in: Hail To The Chief Played by: Patty Duke President Bradford March President in: The Power by Colin Forbes (novel) Former Senator of a southern state President Vincent Margolin President in: Deep Six, Cyclops, Treasure, Dragon, and Sahara Originally the vice president, Margolin becomes president in August 1989 at the end of Deep Six following the abduction and brainwashing of his predecessor by a Korean criminal organization being paid by (but not loyal to) the Soviet Union, and remains in office until 1996. Former Senator from Montana President Olivia Marsdin President in: Supergirl Played by: Lynda Carter Earth-38 president in 2016; she believes in tolerance for aliens from other planets, and signs a bill giving them amnesty and a path to citizenship. She is secretly an alien of the Durlan species. Due to her birth on another planet (and thus, outside of the United States), she is ineligible to serve as president, due to the restrictions in the natural-born-citizen clause and resigns. Party: Democratic President James Marshall President in: Air Force One Promotes an interventionist line on foreign policy and a strong stance against terrorism (met with political opposition from Speaker of the House Franklin Danforth, in the novel). Personally responsible for retaking Air Force One after the plane is hijacked by Kazakh terrorists. First-term President, up for reelection later on in the year that the film is set in. In the third year of his presidency (novel). Two-term former Governor of Iowa (in the novel). The film also states that his first campaign was for the U.S. House. Graduated from University of Iowa in the early 1970s (novel) Played by: Harrison Ford Party: Republican (novel). President Kevin Martindale President in: Shadows of Steele by Dale Brown Continues as president in other Brown novels Former two-term vice president Former Secretary of Defense Former U.S. Senator from Texas Defeated for reelection by Thomas Thorne of Virginia Reelected four years later (during Plan of Attack). Becomes the only president since Grover Cleveland to hold two nonconsecutive terms. Martindale has female running mates in both elections Party: Republican President Elias Martinez President in: The Event First African-American and Cuban American president. Born to a Cuban mother and African American father in Miami, Florida Attended Yale University Selects Raymond Jarvis, a Republican as his vice president, creating the first bi-partisan administration in recent history. Is informed anonymously of the detention of 97 slow-aging, humanoid extraterrestrials in Alaska, who were captured in 1945. Despite protest from various members of his cabinet, he eventually comes to an agreement with their leader to have them released and given asylum. Poisoned in an assassination attempt by Jarvis, who associates with a militant group of the extraterrestrials who were not captured, and have since assimilated into American society. Martinez survives and has Jarvis removed from office. Married to Christina Martinez, who is later revealed to be one of the extraterrestrials who was not captured in the 1945. Party: Democrat Played by: Blair Underwood President Richard Martinez President in: Cory in the House Played by: John D'Aquino Has a daughter, Sophie Martinez President John Mason President in: Devil's Move by Leslie Wolfe (2014 novel) President Master President in: "The End of Time" (Doctor Who) Becomes president after copying his genetic signature into the body of Barack Obama, but his tenure only lasts for a few hours before the procedure is reversed by Rassilon. Played by: John Simm President Ted Matthews President in: My Fellow Americans Matthews becomes president after President William Haney resigns. He is later arrested. Played by: John Heard Party: Republican President William "Bill" Matthews President in: The Devil's AlternativePresident Max President in: Sam & Max A hyperkinetic rabbit-like creature that becomes president by defeating the animated statue of Abe Lincoln. Manages to keep the presidency despite many allegations of war crimes and selling the United States to Canada. President Robert Maxwell President in: Seven Days Played by: Holmes Osborne President Alexander Mays President in: Vanished! by James Ponti In the primary elections, he ran against popular senator Pete Caldwell from California and won. In the general election, he defeated Tom Prescott, the governor of Michigan. Daughter Lucy Mays is central to the novel, as she is suspected of being involved in middle school pranks. President Robert "Bobby" McCallister President in: Jack & Bobby Born in Hart, Missouri, McCallister was a minister and later a congressman and governor of Missouri before being elected the 51st president in 2040. During his administration much of Chicago is destroyed by a nuclear bomb. Party: Independent, after losing the Republican nomination President Charles McBride President in: Scimitar SL-2 by Patrick Robinson Interested only in his domestic agenda and ignores evidence of a terrorist plot that threatens to cause a massive tidal wave. Born in Vermont Party: Democratic President Andrew McAlister President in: Shadowrun Elected in 2028, serves from 2029 to 2037 Defeats three-term incumbent William Jarman (POTUS #46) 47th US President Also the last U.S. president; becomes the first president of the combined United Canadian American States (UCAS) in 2030. The former Prime Minister of Canada (Harold Frazier) becomes the first vice president of the UCAS. Defeated by Martin Vincenzo (Technocrat party) in the 2036 election. President Leslie Harrison McCloud President in: Kisses for My President First female president who resigns due to pregnancy. Played by: Polly Bergen President Elizabeth McCord President in: Madam Secretary Former Secretary of State and former CIA analyst. First woman to hold the powers of president when she served as acting president. She is also the first woman elected President of the United States. Assumes the powers of the presidency briefly when contact is lost with Air Force One carrying President Dalton and the Speaker of the House, the vice president is undergoing emergency surgery, and the president pro tempore of the Senate is senile after a series of strokes and believes that the president is still Ronald Reagan. She uses her presidential powers to issue a pardon for Erica James. McCord relinquishes the power when Air Force One touches down again. Elected to the presidency in the 2020 presidential election. 46th President of the United States since January 20, 2021 Her vice president is former Arizona senator Carlos Morejon, a Republican. She is an Independent, and the third Independent to be elected president, after President Washington, and her immediate predecessor, President Dalton. Is the third president to serve as or hold the powers of the president two non-consecutive times, after Presidents Grover Cleveland and George H. W. Bush, due to her brief time as acting president. Played by: Téa Leoni President Harvey McCullen President in: Resistance 2 34th President of the United States President from 1951 to 1953. Former Vice President of the United States. Succeeds President Noah Grace after Grace's assassination for his betrayal of humanity to the Chimera in the Chimeran War, and restores democratic rule of law to the United States with the end of Grace's totalitarian regime. Leads the United States during the Chimeran invasion of 1953. McCullen is killed along with his entire cabinet by the Chimera in Denver, Colorado, on May 28, 1953, during the country's final fall to the alien onslaught. Succeeded by General Douglas MacArthur Party: Republican President John McIntyre President in: Quantum: Deadly Matter by Patrick Illinger McIntyre is a former war journalist for the Denver Post, who was saved by the soldier Kenton Williams in Khafji when the city was attacked by Saddam Hussein's troops in the 1991 invasion of Kuwait. As president he, together with Chancellor of Germany Gisela Theisen, recruits the book's protagonist, Nicola Caneddu to investigate the potential threat of a new superweapon based on neutrinos. After the weapon, which was built by Lakshmi Rajamattanoree to make her country the new super-power in the world, is destroyed, he plans to invest billions into new particle physic research, to use it more for the interests of his own country. President Thomas Kyle McKenna President in: World War III Played by: Rock Hudson President George McKenna President in: X-Men 2 Is attacked by a brainwashed Nightcrawler, who is nearly killed by the President's Secret Service guards. McKenna is deceived by Colonel William Stryker, the mastermind of Nightcrawler's attack, into ordering a raid on the Xavier Mansion as part of a larger scheme to wipe out mutants. Nearly orders a nationwide crackdown on mutants until the X-Men provide him with evidence of Stryker's crimes Played by: Cotter Smith President James W. McNaughton President in: "Executive Clemency" by Gardner Dozois and Jack Haldeman Issues the "One Life" ultimatum Launches strikes on Mexico and Panama at the request of the Indonesian government. World War III follows. Survives crash of Air Force One in northeast US, and is rescued and taken to Northview, Vermont, where he resides after the dissolution of the US. President McNeil President in: Futurama Organizes military resistance to an Omicronian invasion when he believes that a diplomatic solution would involve handing himself over. Killed by Lrr of the Planet Omicron Persei 8 in 3000. President Philip Riley Mead President in: Deus Ex Extremely unpopular president, said in a newspaper article to have a 35% approval rating, and is mentioned to have survived a coup attempt. Governor of Florida circa 2027. President Dan Melrose President in: The Lottery Vice president who became president when Thomas Westwood is assassinated. Played by: Steven Culp President Jeryd Mencken President in: SuccessionPlayed by: Justin Kirk Party: Republican President William Menen President in: Dagger by William Mason Target of a complex assassination plot developed by the Soviets and led by his chief of staff and vice president President John Merwin President in: The Best Man The governor of a western state, he attends the party convention whose winner would almost certainly become the next President of the United States. He receives the nomination when former Secretary of State William Russell throws his support behind him in order to prevent Senator Joe Cantwell from receiving it. President Selina Meyer 45th and 47th President of the United States in Veep (Season 3–5, 7) Born Selina Catherine Eaton. Married, and later divorced Andrew Meyer, the father of her daughter, Catherine. Former Senator from Maryland who loses in her party's presidential primary to Stuart Hughes, and then becomes Hughes' running mate and eventual vice president. She was initially sidelined within the Hughes administration, forced to abandon many of her initiatives including Senate filibuster reform and a Clean Jobs Bill at the behest of the president. She gained more influence after successfully campaigning during the 2014 midterm elections and ends up announcing her candidacy for president in 2016 after Hughes decides not to run again due to a spy scandal that threatened impeachment. She adopts the campaign slogan "Continuity with Change". After Hughes resigns to care for his mentally ill wife, Meyer is inaugurated as the first female president, and appoints Senator Andrew Doyle as her vice president. During her eight-month-long tenure, she proposed to introduce a far-reaching subsidized childcare program via the Families First Bill (also known as the Mommy Meyer Bill), funded through the scrapping of an outdated nuclear defense system costing $50,000,000,000. However, Congressional opposition due to the potential jobs losses this would incur, an accidental pledge to increase nuclear defense spending by $10,000,000,000 made during Meyer's inaugural State of the Union address after President Hughes' speech had been loaded onto a teleprompter by mistake, and public hostility to the bill led the White House to secretly lobby against it so that Meyer could win the upcoming election. During a congressional inquiry launched by Representative Moyes (who received the same information package from lobbyists Amy Brookheimer and Dan Egan and White House staffers Jonah Ryan and Richard Splett), Leigh Patterson, a former White House aide scapegoated for a Medileaks scandal, alleged that the 2016 Meyer campaign used confidential information for targeted campaigning aimed at bereaved parents, which Richard Splett accidentally confirmed. Communications Director Bill Ericsson was scapegoated for both the data breach and the use of lobbyists against the Families First Bill. She narrowly wins her party's nomination and selects Senator Tom James as her running mate to replace Doyle (albeit after Governor Danny Chung of Minnesota declined, former Defense Secretary George Maddox proved himself to be a poor choice, and Meyer refused to nominate a female running mate), who on occasion eclipsed Meyer due to his folksy personality. Meyer ties with Bill O'Brien when they both receive 269 electoral college votes in the 2016 residential election. A recount in Nevada not only maintained the Electoral College tie but lost Meyer her lead in the popular vote following the discovery of uncounted military absentee ballots in Washoe County stolen by a disgruntled postal worker over Meyer's closure of several post offices. Whilst lobbying House Representatives for their support in the upcoming vote, it is revealed that Tom James was lobbying several to abstain in order to allow him to become president via the Senate vote. When privately questioned by Meyer, James said that he was motivated by Meyer's recent acts of incompetence; after a brief shouting match, Meyer and James have sex. After Meyer unwittingly posts a tweet insulting O'Brien, she blames this faux pas on Chinese hackers, and subsequently imposes punitive sanctions. At a secret meeting at Camp David, President Lu Chi-Jung of China proposes to liberalise the governance of Tibet, establishing a system similar to that in Hong Kong, in exchange for the lifting of sanctions. Meyer experiences another tie when the United States House of Representatives fails to reach a majority verdict on selecting who should become president. With the delegations for Missouri, Pennsylvania and Vermont abstaining, Meyer loses to O'Brien 22–25, but with O'Brien being one state's vote shy of winning. Meyer decided to let O'Brien win the House vote, preferring to run against him in four years rather than allow James to serve as president for upwards of twelve years, although by this point Congressman Ryan had already cast New Hampshire's vote for Meyer. After the tie in the House, the Senate votes to appoint a vice president from the two presidential nominees' running mates (James and Montez) as per the 20th Amendment, prior to which Meyer privately agreed to serve as James's Vice President. The vote also results in a tie, which is broken by incumbent Vice President Andrew Doyle in his capacity as President of the Senate. Doyle selects Laura Montez, O'Brien's running mate and a member of the opposing party, as revenge against Meyer for backtracking on her offer to make him Secretary of State if she won the election. As the office of president is vacant due to the tied House vote, and House Speaker Jim Marwood announces that a second vote to determine the president will not be cast, Montez immediately ascends to the presidency and replaces Meyer. Post presidency, Meyer sets up the Meyer Fund, takes part in election monitoring on behalf of the United Nations in the Republic of Georgia (during which both candidates attempt to bribe her), and enters into a relationship with Qatari ambassador Mohammed Al Jaffar. However, shortly after the publication of Meyer's biography First Woman: A Woman First, Leon West publishes Mike McLintock's diary after he accidentally left it at the offices of The Washington Post. Despite numerous damning revelations, when the public is informed of Meyer's actions during her presidency that helped free Tibet from China, her popularity soars and gives her the confidence to run again in the 2020 presidential election. Initially running on the slogan "New Selina Now", she abandoned it in favour of "Man Up" after berating popular progressive US Senator from New York Kemi Talbot during a primary debate. Meyer is presented with a lower ranking award from the Nobel Foundation for her actions in freeing Tibet, but during her time in Oslo a warrant for her arrest is issued by the International Criminal Court due to accusations of her administration committing war crimes by violating Pakistan airspace and using a drone to kill innocent civilians at a terrorist's wedding. She is able to escape back to the United States with help from the Finnish embassy and the President of Georgia, using Catherine and Marjorie's wedding as a distraction. Whilst Meyer's popularity rose after news of the drone strike became public, it dipped again when it was revealed that one of its casualties was an elephant. She is able to narrowly secure her party's nomination for president during the 2020 National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, but she is forced to alienate and dismiss her entire former team, ruin the lives of her former friends and competitors and accept Jonah Ryan (who ran for the nomination on a populist, nativist platform) as her running mate. This was so that Meyer would avoid either nominating Talbot as her running mate or serving as Talbot's running mate herself. Meyer defeats Montez and serves a single four-year term as president, which is achieved through election interference in collusion with China in exchange for the unchallenged re-annexation of Tibet; Montez, running against Meyer, would otherwise have been guaranteed re-election despite her own poor approval ratings, according to Chinese polling data. Meyer is the second president since Grover Cleveland to serve two non-consecutive terms. Meyer's only full term was notable for the successful permanent overturning of same-sex marriage, resulting in a permanent rift with Catherine and her wife Marjorie (formerly part of Meyer's Secret Service detail), and the impeachment of Jonah Ryan (which Meyer may have encouraged behind the scenes). Dies in 2045 of natural causes, reported as having died somewhere between the ages of 75 and 77 due to her constantly lying about her age. After resting in state at the United States Capitol, she is interred at her presidential library at Smith College, Massachusetts. Upon being interred in the crypt, coverage of her funeral is immediately pushed out of the news cycle by the death of Tom Hanks at the age of 88. Played by: Julia Louis-Dreyfus President Jeffrey Michener President in: The Last Ship Native of Evanston, Illinois. The former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under Barack Obama, he is in charge of establishing a safe zone in Doak Campbell Stadium in Tallahassee, Florida during the initial outbreak of the Red Flu. However, he organizes for his son to be transported to the stadium from an infected location in Ann Arbor, Michigan, causing a mass outbreak of the virus in the southern United States. His son and wife later die, and he is forced to kill his daughters to spare their suffering after they become infected with the Red Flu. Naturally immune to the Red Flu, he is taken in and brainwashed into becoming a puppet of Sean Ramsay, leader of the quasi-fascist Immunes, who plan to murder all survivors who are not naturally immune. He was later rescued from the Immunes by United States Navy sailors from the USS Nathan James, and as the only surviving member of the presidential line of succession assumes the role of president after his rescue. Attempts to commit suicide due to the guilt of mercy killing his family, but later recovers and supports the USS Nathan James in their mission to spread the cure and defeat the Immunes. Declares St. Louis the new capital of the United States after he is officially sworn in as president in the season 2 finale and establishes the Old St. Louis Courthouse as the new White House. His policies during the post-plague reconstruction of the United States, which include the rationing of food, the restriction on cash withdrawals from banks, and restriction of land ownership rights, are criticized by regional leaders across the country. Apparently commits suicide after AMT reporter Jacob Barnes reveals his complicity in the Doak Campbell Stadium outbreak and is succeeded by Vice President Howard Oliver. His "suicide" is later revealed to be an assassination, carried out by Secret Service agents loyal to Chief of Staff Allison Shaw and the regional leaders, who seek to disband the United States federal government. Their aim is to bring Oliver to power; as he still had surviving family and friends, he could be easier blackmailed into becoming a puppet for their cause. Played by: Mark Moses President Wyatt Midkiff President in: Tom Clancy's Op-Center: Into the Fire by Dick Couch and George Galdorisi President Hunnis Millbank President in: Virtual Light African-American female president, elected for two terms. Her public relations campaign was managed by Harwood Levine. President Phil Stacy Miller President in: The Last Man on Earth Played by: Boris Kodjoe President Phil Tandy Miller President in: The Last Man on Earth The only two people known to be left on Earth decide to vote for Tandy Miller; succeeded by Phil Stacy Miller after second vote. Since the office of the presidency effectively no longer exists in the post-apocalyptic world, Tandy Miller only invokes the fact that he is president when he wants to win an argument or make a speech. Briefly lives in the White House and is in possession of the original U.S. Constitution document. Played by: Will Forte President Richard Mills President in: Prison Break A progressive president well into his second term. He apparently chooses Caroline Reynolds as his vice president because she was a woman. However, he later tells her he will not support her in her own bid to seek nomination because he feels her ambition outweighs her integrity. She arranges his assassination soon after by having him poisoned, and is immediately sworn in as president. Played by: Daniel J. Travanti President Mimeo President in: Putney Swope Played by: Pepi Hermine President William Harrison "Bill" Mitchell/Dave Kovic President and presidential decoy in: DaveSuffers a massive stroke during a sexual liaison with his secretary. His Chief of Staff Bob Alexander engineers a plot to seize power, using Kovic to masquerade as Mitchell, discrediting Vice President Gary Nance and succeeding as Vice President. Kovic fires Alexander, who reveals the First Liberty scandal which he masterminded, naming Mitchell and Nance as the ringleaders. Kovic confesses Mitchell's involvement in the scandal to a joint session of Congress, then presents evidence that disgraces Alexander and proves Nance's innocence, then feigns a second stroke to escape the public eye. Mitchell dies months after his stroke, is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, and is succeeded by Nance. Both played by: Kevin Kline President Horace C. Mitchell President in: Saturday's Heroes Played by: Charles Trowbridge Presidents Harris Moffatt I, II and III Presidents in: Vilcabamba Harris Moffatt I tries to oppose the invasion of Earth by the alien Krolp, as part of which he merges the U.S. with Canada and becomes its prime minister. With the Krolp proving to be overwhelmingly strong, Moffatt I flees Washington, D.C. and remains president and prime minister of a rump U.S-Canada. His son, Harris Moffatt II, negotiates a peace treaty with North American Krolp Governor Flargar that allows the rump U.S-Canada to exist for the next fifty years. He is killed by a drunken renegade Krolp. The grandson, Harris Moffatt III, is faced with a demand from the Krolp to conduct strip mining for silver and a small amount of gold miles below the surface of northeastern Utah, which would most likely render the rump U.S. and Canada uninhabitable. He embarks on a failed rebellion that the Krolp crush in three days, dissolving the rump U.S. and embarking on their strip mining anyway. Moffatt III and his wife Jessica attempt to flee to rump Canada after the uprising is crushed. However, 20 minutes later, they are captured and forced into exile in the Krolp's North American capital of St. Louis. President Monahan President in Superintelligence First female US president Played by: Jean Smart Acting President Henry Moncas Acting president in: Jem by Frederik Pohl (1979 film). Speaker of the House when the president and vice president are killed in a 21st-century nuclear war. President Richard Monckton President in: The Company Monckton is a roman à clef representation of Richard M. Nixon. Former senator from Illinois Party: Republican Played by: Jason Robards President Maxwell Monroe President in: Under Siege Played by: Hal Holbrook President Laura Priscilla Montez President in Veep (Season 6 onward) Second female president after Selina Meyer Born Laura Priscilla Cunningham just outside Cleveland, Ohio. Former United States senator from New Mexico. Married to Alejandro Montez, and by taking his surname falsely attempts to present herself as Hispanic to further her political career. Chosen by Senator Bill O'Brien of Arizona as his running mate in the 2016 Presidential Election. After a tie in the electoral college during the election, and a subsequent tie in the House of Representatives vote to determine who becomes president out of the two presidential nominees (Meyer and O'Brien), Montez is elected Vice President by the Senate in a tight vote and effectively becomes President after the House refuses to hold another vote. Is awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize after the freeing of Tibet earlier that year, though Meyer is the one who negotiated Tibet's independence. During her presidency she presides over a damaging government shutdown instigated by Congressman for New Hampshire Jonah Ryan and his caucus, the Jeffersons, after they vote against a bill to raise the debt ceiling due to Ryan not being invited to the unveiling of Meyer's presidential portrait; after Ryan attempts to hold out for the abolition of daylight saving time, he loses the leadership of the Jeffersons, who reform as the Libertonians and agree to a deal with Montez to end the shutdown. Following the death of Supreme Court Justice Tenny, Montez appoints former President Stuart Hughes to fill the vacancy, following avid press speculation that Meyer would be appointed. After Mike McLintock's lost diary is leaked, it is revealed that Montez falsely took credit for freeing Tibet from the People's Republic of China from Meyer. This gives Meyer the confidence to run for President in 2020, despite the leak also revealing some damning revelations from her first tenure as President. She loses to Meyer in the 2020 presidential election as a result of Chinese election interference in collusion with the Meyer campaign in exchange for the unchallenged re-annexation of Tibet, as secret Chinese polling data revealed that Meyer's nomination would have effectively guaranteed Montez's re-election otherwise, despite Montez's poor approval ratings. She is later seen attending Meyers's funeral in 2045 at her presidential library in Smith College, Massachusetts. It is implied that she had undergone extensive cosmetic plastic surgery. Claimed to be the first elected female President of the United States, as Meyer became president following the resignation of her predecessor, Stuart Hughes. She is the first person to be elected President despite not running for the position. Played by: Andrea Savage President Judson Moon President in: The Kid Who Became President Prevents the South American nation of Cantania from invading neighboring Boraguay, one of the world's biggest oil producers. Youngest president in U.S. history at age thirteen. Serves from 2001 to 2002, before resigning in favor of Vice President June Syers, who becomes the first African-American and female president. Party affiliation: Lemonade (fictional party) President William Alan Moore President in: Big Game Born on June 30, 1951, in California. Survives an assassination attempt prior to the events of the film, which leaves his lead Secret Service bodyguard with bullet shrapnel lodged near his heart. Faces criticism from both parties, who refer to him as a "Lame Duck President". Is evacuated from Air Force One before it is shot down over Finland en route to a pre-G8 summit in Helsinki. Moore is later hunted by his traitorous lead Secret Service agent and freelance terrorists through the Finnish wilderness. Aided by a 13-year-old hunter named Oskari who discovers the crashed escape pod. It is later revealed that the shooting down of Air Force One and his attempted murder is orchestrated by the vice president and members of the CIA to inspire a new War on Terror. Played by: Samuel L. Jackson President Mordecai President in: 2010: Odyssey Two Only mentioned in passing by Heywood Floyd President Morgan the Fifth (no first name given) President in: The Scarlet Plague by Jack London Appointed President of the United States by the Board of Magnates in 2012, democracy having long before been replaced by an oligarchy of the richest. In 2013 the plague causes the total breakdown of civilization including the end of his presidency. President Arthur Morgan President in: The Broker He is said to be the most unpopular president in American history, having almost started World War Three. In his reelection campaign, Morgan loses every state and D.C. except Alaska for a count of 535–3. President Edward Morgan President in: The Amendment A radical pro-choice activist kidnaps First Lady Mary Morgan in exchange for funds to allow those wishing abortions to travel to Sweden. President Morland President in: The Agency Appoints Thomas Gates head of the CIA Has the CIA watch his step-brother President Arthur Morose President in: By Dawn's Early Light Is elected president in 1996. Miraculously survives the destruction of Washington, D.C., after domestic terrorists impersonating Russian radicals detonate a small nuclear device. Is thought to be dead along with most of his cabinet and the vice president. The Secretary of the Interior, on his way back from a trip to Baton Rouge, declares himself as the acting president. The president attempts to contact the Secretary of the Interior after the S.O.S. approves the launch of a nuclear missile to Moscow. Morose is found hours later by a military convoy and cancels the attack on Russia, narrowly avoiding a nuclear war. Played by Martin Landau in movie. Party: Democratic President William Brent Morrow President in: V: The East Coast, a novel based on the mini-series. Former B-17 Pilot during World War II Welcomes alien visitors, but is taken "into protective custody" by them when martial law is declared in response to stated terrorist attacks. Resists brainwashing and is rescued by the Resistance. President Morse President in: Homeland First sitting president in the show to be named and shown on screen An outgoing president, he is to be replaced by the recently elected President-Elect Elizabeth Keane. After a terrorist attack takes place in Midtown Manhattan, he urges both Congress and Keane to reintroduce certain provisions in the Patriot Act in order to better combat self radicalization of American Muslims. Played by: Alan Dale. President Eldridge Mosely President in: Winter Kills by Richard Condon Is vice president when President Tim Kegan was assassinated President Cornelius Moss Former president in Designated Survivor. In office some time before Thomas Kirkman and Robert Richmond. Serves a single term, then takes leave from politics after the death of his wife, First Lady Elaine Moss. As a private citizen, he helps negotiate the release of 15 American aid workers kidnapped by a warlord in the African nation of Naruba. Later accepts position of Secretary of State in the Kirkman administration. In Season 2, he becomes a suspect in the murder of British MP Charlotte Thorne, with whom he was having an affair. While he is exonerated, he reveals that the emotional turmoil of ending the affair has caused him to revert to old addictions. He subsequently resigns his Cabinet post, though Kirkman states that he's free to return at any time. Returned to his post at some unspecified point later in the same season. However, when it is learned that he's been running political back channels without the president's knowledge, an enraged Kirkman dismisses him from the Cabinet. Kirkman and Moss seemingly mend fences when he is brought in to salvage failing negotiations between the fictional nations of East and West Hon Chu (stand-ins for North and South Korea). However, it is then discovered that Moss has been leaking classified information to the press in order to hold the Kirkman administration accountable for its mistakes. Kirkman once again dismisses Moss, and promises to open a criminal investigation into his activities. Justifying his actions as protecting America from Kirkman's inexperienced leadership, Moss announces his intention to run for president again. Loses the 2020 presidential election to Kirkman. Political party: Republican Played by: Geoff Pierson President Thomas D. Moss President in: Mars and Beyond Played by: Ed Asner President William Mueller President in The People's Choice by Jeff Greenfield Loses reelection to MacArthur Foyle Party: Democrat President Merkin Muffley President in: Dr. Strangelove During his administration the Soviet Doomsday Device detonates, destroying most life on Earth. See Merkin Played by: Peter Sellers President Ed Murphy President in: The Price of Freedom (1980s role-playing game) Cuts back on defense spending in his first years in office. Surrenders to the Soviet Union when they demonstrate a working anti-ballistic missile system. Remains in office as part of a "caretaker" government. President Kyle Murrel President in: "The Stork Factor" by Zach Hughes Officially known as "Brother Kyle Murrel, President of the Republic by the Grace of God". He is the president of a theocratic USA. President Sam Myers President in: Vox'' by Christina Dalcher. Leader of a theocratic USA in a dystopic future, where women are not allowed to speak more than 100 words per day. Is portrayed as a mere puppet of Reverend Carl Corbin, the leader of a deeply religious, Christian movement that has taken over the country. His brother Bobby Myers, his closest adviser, suffers brain damage after a ski accident, requiring the protagonist, neuroscientist Jean McClellan, to help the government find a cure. References Lists of fictional presidents of the United States
Fiskales Ad-Hok is the second album of the band Chilean Fiskales Ad-Hok, and their first release on a major label. After opening for The Ramones in Santiago in 1992, there were many offers from record companies to record an album. Fiskales Ad-Hok signed with "La Batuta Records", releasing this effort as a one-off. Track listing "Piedad" "Cristianos" "La Ranchera" "Hambre del Corazón" "Madre Patria" "Libertad Vigilada" "Santiago" "Tonto" "Ron Silver" "Para Mamá" "Almorzando Entre Muertos" "Papapa" "El Cóndor" "Borracho" Personnel Álvaro España – vocals Viper – guitar Micky – drums Roly Urzua – bass 1993 albums Fiskales Ad-Hok albums
KRSX may refer to: KRSX (FM), a radio station (95.9 FM) licensed to serve Goldendale, Washington, United States KLXB, a radio station (105.1 FM) licensed to serve North Shore, California, United States, which held the call sign KRSX-FM from 2003 to 2014 KVTR, a radio station (1590 AM) licensed to serve Victorville, California, which held the call sign KRSX from 2003 to 2013
Kyllian Villeminot (born 20 May 1998) is a French handball player for Montpellier Handball. Achievements EHF Champions League Winner: 2018 Individual awards MVP at the 2016 Youth European Championship MVP at the 2017 Youth World Championship All-Star Team as best Centre back at the 2018 Junior European Championship All-Star Team as best Centre back at the 2019 Junior World Championship References External links Kyllian Villeminot at European Handball Federation Kyllian Villeminot at Ligue nationale de handball French male handball players 1998 births Living people Montpellier Handball players
Blue Frontier is the debut studio album by American country music trio The Remingtons, a vocal group composed of former Bread vocalist Jimmy Griffin, as well as former Cymarron members Richard Mainegra and Rick Yancey. Released in January 1992 on BNA Entertainment, the album produced three singles on the Billboard country singles charts between late 1991 and mid-1992. In order of release, these were "A Long Time Ago" at No. 10, "I Could Love You (With My Eyes Closed)" at No. 33, and "Two-Timin' Me" at No. 18. Critical reception Roch Parisien of Allmusic rated the album 3 out of 5 stars, saying that "There's nothing here that will move mountains, but for fans of the Chris Hillman/Desert Rose Band school of harmony-rich country pop, Blue Frontier is for you." Entertainment Weekly reviewer Alanna Nash rated the album "C−", writing that "despite their gorgeous vocal blend, the Remingtons have surprisingly little to say... aside from 'Two-Timin’ Me,' a pleasant enough piece of lightweight R&B, and 'A Long Time Ago,' the saga of a sadder-but-wiser lad who opted for fame and fortune over true love, the Remingtons seem content simply to skate on the surface of romantic emotion, perfecting a sugary brand of bubble-gum country." Track listing Personnel Compiled from Blue Frontier liner notes. The Remingtons Jimmy Griffin - lead vocals (track 3, 7, 8); background vocals (all other tracks); high-strung guitar (track 1); acoustic guitar (track 4, 5, 8, 9, 10) Richard Mainegra - lead vocals (tracks 2, 4, 5, 6), background vocals (all other tracks); acoustic guitar (track 1, 3, 7, 9, 10); acoustic guitar solo (track 3, 4, 9, 10) Rick Yancey - lead vocals (track 1, 9, 10); background vocals (all other tracks); acoustic guitar (track 5); acoustic guitar solo (track 8) Additional musicians Larry Byrom - electric guitar (all tracks except 1) Paul Franklin - pedal steel guitar (track 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10), Pedabro (track 2) Bill C. Graham - fiddle (track 4) Rob Hajacos - fiddle (track 2, 4, 9, 10) John L. Hug - acoustic guitar (track 3, 4, 5, 6, 9) Bernie Leadon - acoustic guitar (all tracks), mandolin (track 2, 10), banjo (track 2, 6), tiple (track 2) Larry Michael Lee - percussion (track 1) Josh Leo - 12-string guitar (track 1), high-strung guitar (track 2, 6, 7), electric guitar (track 5, 10), Leslie guitar (track 8) Vince Melamed - organ (track 5, 6, 7, 8) Michael Rhodes - bass guitar (track 3, 4, 5, 6, 9) Harry Stinson - drums (track 3, 4, 5, 6, 9) Billy Thomas - drums (track 1, 2, 7, 8, 10) Biff Watson - high-strung guitar (track 1, 8, 10), acoustic guitar (track 2, 7), celesta (track 7) Glenn Worf - bass guitar (track 1, 2, 7, 8, 10) Technical Joe Bogan - recording Jeff Giedt - recording Larry Michael Lee - production Josh Leo - production Steve Marcantonio - recording, mixing Denny Purcell - mastering Chart performance References 1992 debut albums Albums produced by Josh Leo BNA Records albums The Remingtons albums
Gel Sefid (, also Romanized as Gel Sefīd and Gel Safīd; also known as Gala Safīd and Qala Safid) is a village in Badr Rural District, in the Central District of Ravansar County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,530, in 353 families. References Populated places in Ravansar County
Jamal at the Penthouse is an album by jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal, recorded live at Nola's Penthouse Studio in New York and released by Argo Records in 1959. This album, unlike other Ahmad Jamal albums, features his trio with a 15-piece string section led by conductor Joe Kennedy. Content Jamal at the Penthouse breaks away Jamal from his usual trio setting to an orchestra setting, with his trio still present. Scott Yanow from Allmusic gave the album a three stars out of five rating, saying: "This LP was a change of pace for pianist Ahmad Jamal, whose trio (with bassist Israel Crosby and drummer Vernel Fournier) is joined by a 15-piece string section arranged and conducted by Joe Kennedy. The interpretations are generally pretty, but with enough variety to hold one's interest." Track listing "Comme Ci, Comme Ça" (Bruno Coquatrix, Pierre Dudan, Alex Kramer, Joan Whitney Kramer) – 2:12 "Ivy" (Hoagy Carmichael) – 3:59 "Never Never Land" (Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Jule Styne) – 3:09 "Tangerine" (Victor Schertzinger, Johnny Mercer) – 2:43 "Ahmad's Blues" (Ahmad Jamal) – 4:22 "Seleritius" (Ahmad Jamal) – 3:02 "I Like to Recognize the Tune" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 1:43 "I'm Alone With You" (Bud Estes) – 3:11 "Sophisticated Gentleman" (Joe Kennedy) – 4:13 Personnel Ahmad Jamal – piano Israel Crosby – bass Vernel Fournier – drums Joe Kennedy – conductor, arranger References 1959 albums Ahmad Jamal albums Argo Records albums
Melvin B. "Mel" Bassi (November 14, 1926 – May 2, 2007) was an American lawyer, public official, and banker in Washington County, Pennsylvania. Early life and family Bassi was born on November 14, 1926, to an Italian family in Charleroi, Pennsylvania; his mother Clara was an Italian translator for travel agency and his father Bruno worked in a local mill. He graduated from Charleroi High School in 1944, where he had played football, basketball, and baseball. He later married his high school sweetheart, Lillian, with whom he had four children. After graduation from high school, he joined the United States Navy and became a signalman during World War II. During a typhoon that grounded the destroyer on which he was a shipman, he and his crewmates became stranded on Japanese-occupied Okinawa. They avoided capture and were later rescued. He later served on the USS Pawnee, where he coincidentally served with a cousin from Charleroi. Education After returning from the service, he became the first member of his family to attend college, studying economics at Washington & Jefferson College. There, he was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity and played baseball for four years. He played football alongside "Deacon" Dan Towler and Chuck Heberling, for a year before an injury forced him from the game. Following graduation in 1949, he was offered a job with a Fortune 500 company on the condition that he anglicize his name to drop the "i." Bassi refused and enrolled in the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. Career Legal career After being admitted to the bar, he opened his own firm on the main street of Charleroi, building the firm to 14 attorneys. His firm, Bassi & Associates, later included his sons Brad and Keith. The firm has developed into the present-day Bassi, McCune & Vreeland, P.C. in Charleroi and Washington. He also served as solicitor of Washington County from 1981 through 1995. He spent 45 years as solicitor for the Charleroi School District. He was also chair of the Washington County Redevelopment Authority from 1956 to 1970. All told, he practiced law for more than 50 years and was known as a "lawyer's lawyer." Political service In 1994, he was named Washington County Commissioner to fill the term of Frank Mascara, who was elected to United States House of Representatives, agreeing not to run for re-election. He served until 1995. A Democrat, he was succeeded by Republican Diana Irey, who he mentored after she won the election to succeed him. Charleroi Federal Savings Bank In 1958, he became a director of the Charleroi Federal Savings Bank, attaining the position of president of the bank in 1963. In 2000, he stepped aside to be chairman of the board of directors. During his tenure, the bank went from a single branch to a regional bank with 8 offices and $400 million in assets. Personal life He died of a heart attack on May 2, 2007, at Jefferson Regional Medical Center in Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania. He was buried on May 7, 2007 at Monongahela Cemetery. He was a youth baseball coach for 18 years and a regional football referee for decades. He worked as a football referee for high school and college games, turning down an offer to be a referee for professional football. In 1973, he was named to the Washington & Jefferson College Board of Trustees. He had a fascination with the American Civil War, visiting historical sites in Tennessee just days before his death. Legacy and recognition During the 1980s, he was a key figure in raising $1.5 million for the Mon Valley YMCA. In 1998, he received Washington & Jefferson College's Entrepreneur of the Year award. In 2005, he was named to the Washington & Jefferson College Athletic Hall of Fame and received the Robert M. Murphy Award. In 2006, he received the Washington County Chamber of Commerce Exceptional Community Commitment Award. Upon his passing, the Mon Valley Regional Chamber of Commerce began the Melvin B. Bassi Memorial Golf Tournament in his honor, with the proceeds going to Leadership Washington County. During the 2007 Commencement for Washington & Jefferson College, President Tori Haring-Smith dedicated a large portion of her speech to the graduating class to Bassi's legacy. References 1926 births 2007 deaths People from Charleroi, Pennsylvania Players of American football from Washington County, Pennsylvania American bankers College football officials 20th-century American politicians Pennsylvania lawyers University of Pittsburgh School of Law alumni Washington & Jefferson College trustees Washington & Jefferson Presidents baseball players Washington & Jefferson Presidents football players United States Navy personnel of World War II United States Navy sailors 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century American academics Washington County Commissioners (Pennsylvania)
Barzabad (, also Romanized as Barzābād) is a village in Tudeshk Rural District, Kuhpayeh District, Isfahan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 12 families. References Populated places in Isfahan County
I'll Be Gone in the Dark: One Woman's Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer is a true crime book by the American writer Michelle McNamara about the investigation of the Golden State Killer. The book was released on February 27, 2018, nearly two years after McNamara's death and two months before an arrest would be made in the case. The book's title is a reference to a direct quote spoken by the Golden State Killer to one of his victims: "You'll be silent forever, and I'll be gone in the dark." Development After becoming interested in the crimes of what was then known as the "East Area Rapist" (among other names) McNamara wrote a 2013 Los Angeles magazine article about the serial killer, and ultimately signed a book deal with HarperCollins to write about the case. McNamara is credited with coining the moniker Golden State Killer to refer to the criminal who had previously been referred to by various other names including the East Area Rapist, Original Night Stalker, Visalia Ransacker, East Bay Rapist, and Diamond Knot Killer. McNamara's coining of the Golden State Killer moniker is credited with heightening awareness of the then-unidentified serial killer who operated throughout California in the early 1970s to mid-1980s. McNamara died in her sleep on April 21, 2016, at the age of 46 due to an accidental prescription drug overdose in conjunction with atherosclerosis. It was later disclosed she suffered with opioid addiction. Her book was about two-thirds completed at her death. The book was completed after McNamara's death by crime writer Paul Haynes, investigative journalist Bill Jensen, and McNamara's widower, comedian Patton Oswalt. Jensen later explained that while McNamara had completed numerous chapters for the book they were not in any particular order in her computer files; consequently he, Haynes, and Oswalt mainly focused on sequencing her material and filling in gaps from her voluminous notes and copies of police documents. The book McNamara's debut was released on February 27, 2018, and reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller list for non-fiction. The book remained on the list for 15 weeks. I'll Be Gone in the Dark contains an introduction by the American writer Gillian Flynn and an afterword by Oswalt. Impact On April 25, 2018, the Sacramento Sheriff announced the April 24 arrest of a suspect in the Golden State Killer case: 72-year-old Joseph James DeAngelo (born November 8, 1945). DeAngelo, a former police officer in Auburn and Exeter, California, was arrested and charged with six counts of first-degree murder. Authorities in Sacramento, Orange, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties prepared charges against DeAngelo for all 12 of the murders in the Golden State Killer case. The sheriff credited McNamara's dedication to the Golden State Killer case for raising publicity, but added that her work did not directly generate any critical tips or information that led to DeAngelo's arrest. The book and McNamara's work on the case are frequently discussed in the true crime podcast My Favorite Murder, which boasts a large fan base of true crime aficionados. The debut episode of the show, "Episode 1: My Firstest Murder," featured the case as well as a discussion of McNamara's work. Prior to the arrest, "Episode 115: I'll Be Gone in the Dark at Skylight Books" featured Oswalt and Jensen discussing the book and their roles in finishing the project following McNamara's death. In that episode Oswalt discussed McNamara's writing process, including making "era-appropriate playlists to help her get into a proper mindset". Oswalt described the finishing of the book as a bittersweet experience: "It's another part of her that's kind of gone. In a very sick way, not having the book done—and us working on it—meant she was still here." Jensen appeared on the My Favorite Murder episode "Golden State Serial Killer Caught", on April 26, 2018, immediately after the arrest was made, and discussed the case and his work on the book following McNamara's death. The episode "Surprise! It's Paul Holes" also featured Jensen and Holes discussing the case and the impact of McNamara's work. In 2019, following their involvement in the Golden State Killer case and McNamara's work, Jensen and Holes began a podcast called Jensen & Holes: The Murder Squad where they discuss "unsolved murders, unidentified remains, and missing persons cases" with contributions from their listeners". The show is produced with the Exactly Right podcast network, which was created by My Favorite Murder hosts Georgia Hardstark and Karen Kilgariff. Adaptation In April 2018, HBO announced they had purchased the rights for I'll Be Gone in the Dark and were developing it into a documentary series. Filming for the series began April 24, 2018, directed in part by Academy Award-nominee and Emmy-winner Liz Garbus. The documentary premiered June 28, 2020. See also 2018 in literature References 2018 non-fiction books Books about California Books published posthumously Non-fiction books about murders in the United States Non-fiction books about serial killers Joseph James DeAngelo Debut books HarperCollins books Non-fiction books adapted into television shows
Electoral district of Syndal was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. Members Election results References Former electoral districts of Victoria (state) 1967 establishments in Australia 1992 disestablishments in Australia Constituencies established in 1967 Constituencies disestablished in 1992
Parc-d’Anxtot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. Geography A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some northeast of Le Havre, on the D80 road. The A29 autoroute crosses the commune's southern border. Population Places of interest The church of St. Blaise, dating from the sixteenth century. See also Communes of the Seine-Maritime department References Communes of Seine-Maritime
Latschur, at , is the highest mountain of the Latschur Group in the Gailtal Alps range, in the Austrian state of Carinthia. Geography The Latschur group stretches south and east of the Drava valley, from Weissensee lake to the river bend at Sachsenburg and the Goldeck peak near Spittal an der Drau. It is the geological continuation of the Kreuzeck group in the Hohe Tauern range north of the Drava, made up of crystalline primary rocks unlike the neighbouring ranges of the Southern Limestone Alps. Mt. Latschur itself is a very prominent peak and a large, rounded grass mountain fairly easy to climb, although it can get crowded in the summer due to its popularity with hikers. The densely forested environment is home to endangered animal species like the griffon vulture and even brown bears have been sighted. Ski touring is a popular pastime during the winter. References External links Mountains of the Alps Mountains of Carinthia (state)
Coysh is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: John Coysh (fl. 17th century), English actor Sarah Coysh (c. 1742–1801), British heiress
Ian James Dudson is an English industrialist, chief executive and later non-executive chairman of the ceramics company Dudson in Stoke-on-Trent. He has served as Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire since 2012. Life Dudson is a descendant of Richard Dudson, who founded the ceramics company Dudson in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, in 1800. He graduated in General Science at the University of Dundee, and studied Ceramic Technology at North Staffordshire Polytechnic (now the University of Staffordshire). He joined Dudson in 1973, and from 1988 was chief executive. More recently he has held the position of non-executive chairman. He was appointed CBE in 2002, for services to the ceramic industry. He became a Deputy Lieutenant of Staffordshire in 2001, and from 2012 has served as Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire. He was High Sheriff of Staffordshire for 2010–2011. He was Pro-Chancellor of Keele University and Chair of Council from 2005 to 2012. Dudson was appointed in 2013 Commander of the Order of St John, in recognition of his contribution towards "strengthening the spirit of mankind", and in 2017 became a Knight of the Order of St John. In 2014 he was made Honorary Doctor of the University of Staffordshire. He is Chair of the Trustees of the Dudson Centre, a community resource centre in Stoke-on-Trent for voluntary organisations. References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) People from Stoke-on-Trent Alumni of Staffordshire University Lord-Lieutenants of Staffordshire People associated with Keele University Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Knights of the Order of St John High Sheriffs of Staffordshire
The unknown years of Jesus (also called his silent years, lost years, or missing years) generally refers to the period of Jesus's life between his childhood and the beginning of his ministry, a period not described in the New Testament. The "lost years of Jesus" concept is usually encountered in esoteric literature (where it at times also refers to his possible post-crucifixion activities) but is not commonly used in scholarly literature since it is assumed that Jesus was probably working as a carpenter in Galilee, at least some of the time with Joseph, from the age of 12 to 29. In the 19th and 20th centuries theories began to emerge that between the ages of 12 and 29 Jesus had visited India and Nepal for Spiritual enlightenment inspiring from Hinduism, or had studied with the Essenes in the Judaean Desert. Modern mainstream Christian scholarship has generally rejected these theories and holds that nothing is known about this time period in the life of Jesus. The use of the "lost years" in the "swoon hypothesis", suggests that Jesus survived his crucifixion and continued his life, instead of what was stated in the New Testament that he ascended into Heaven with two angels. This, and the related view that he avoided crucifixion altogether, has given rise to several speculations about what happened to him in the supposed remaining years of his life, but these are not accepted by mainstream scholars either. The 18 unknown years New Testament gap Following the accounts of Jesus' young life, there is a gap of about 18 years in his story in the New Testament. Other than the statement that after he was 12 years old (Luke 2:42) Jesus "advanced in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and men" (Luke 2:52), the New Testament has no other details regarding the gap. Christian tradition suggests that Jesus simply lived in Galilee during that period. Modern scholarship holds that there is little historical information to determine what happened during those years. The ages of 12 and 29, the approximate ages at either end of the unknown years, have some significance in Judaism of the Second Temple period: 13 is the age of the bar mitzvah, the age of secular maturity, and 30 the age of readiness for the priesthood, although Jesus was not of the tribe of Levi. Christians have generally taken the statement in Mark 6:3 referring to Jesus as "Is not this the carpenter...?" () as an indication that before the age of 30 Jesus had been working as a carpenter. The tone of the passage leading to the question "Is not this the carpenter?" suggests familiarity with Jesus in the area, reinforcing that he had been generally seen as a carpenter in the gospel account before the start of his ministry. Matthew 13:55 poses the question as "Is not this the carpenter's son?" suggesting that the profession tektōn had been a family business and Jesus was engaged in it before starting his preaching and ministry in the gospel accounts. Background of Galilee and Judea The historical record of the large number of workmen employed in the rebuilding of Sepphoris has led Batey (1984) and others to suggest that when Jesus was in his teens and twenties carpenters would have found more employment at Sepphoris rather than at the small town of Nazareth. Aside from secular employment some attempts have been made to reconstruct the theological and rabbinical circumstances of the "unknown years", e.g., soon after the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls novelist Edmund Wilson (1955) suggested Jesus may have studied with the Essenes, followed by the Unitarian Charles F. Potter (1958) and others. Other writers have taken the view that the predominance of Pharisees in Judea during that period, and Jesus' own later recorded interaction with the Pharisees, makes a Pharisee background more likely, as in the recorded case of another Galilean, Josephus studied with all three groups: Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes. Other sources The New Testament apocrypha and early Christian pseudepigrapha preserve various pious legends filling the "gaps" in Christ's youth. Charlesworth (2008) explains this as due to the canonical Gospels having left "a narrative vacuum" that many have attempted to fill. Jesus' childhood is described in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, and the Syriac Infancy Gospel, among other sources. Claims of young Jesus in Britain During the late 12th century, Joseph of Arimathea became connected with Arthurian legend, appearing in them as the first keeper of the Holy Grail. This idea first appears in Robert de Boron's , in which Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus and sends it with his followers to Britain. This theme is elaborated upon in Boron's sequels and in subsequent Arthurian works penned by others. Some Arthurian legends hold that Jesus travelled to Britain as a boy, lived at Priddy in the Mendips, and built the first wattle cabin at Glastonbury. William Blake's early 19th-century poem "And did those feet in ancient time" was inspired by the story of Jesus travelling to Britain. In some versions, Joseph was supposedly a tin merchant and took Jesus under his care when his mother Mary was widowed. Gordon Strachan wrote Jesus the Master Builder: Druid Mysteries and the Dawn of Christianity (1998), which was the basis of the documentary titled And Did Those Feet (2009). Strachan believed Jesus may have travelled to Britain to study with the Druids. Claims of young Jesus in India and/or Tibet Nicolas Notovich, 1887 In 1887, Russian war correspondent Nicolas Notovitch claimed that while at the Hemis Monastery in Ladakh, he had learned of a document called the "Life of Saint Issa, Best of the Sons of Men" – Isa being the Arabic name of Jesus in Islam. Notovitch's story, with a translated text of the "Life of Saint Issa", was published in French in 1894 as La vie inconnue de Jesus Christ (Unknown Life of Jesus Christ). According to the scrolls, Jesus abandoned Jerusalem at the age of 13 and set out towards Sindh, “intending to improve and perfect himself in the divine understanding and to studying the laws of the great Buddha”. He crossed Punjab and reached Puri Jagannath where he studied the Vedas under Brahmin priests. He spent six years in Puri and Rajgirh, near Nalanda, the ancient seat of Hindu learning. Then he went to the Himalayas, and spent time in Tibetan monasteries, studying Buddhism, and through Persia, returned to Jerusalem at the age of 29. Notovitch's writings were immediately controversial and Max Müller stated that either the monks at the monastery had deceived Notovitch (or played a joke on him), or he had fabricated the evidence. Müller then wrote to the monastery at Hemis and the head lama replied that there had been no Western visitor at the monastery in the past fifteen years and there were no documents related to Notovitch's story. J. Archibald Douglas then visited Hemis monastery and interviewed the head lama who stated that Notovitch had never been there. Indologist Leopold von Schroeder called Notovitch's story a "big fat lie". Wilhelm Schneemelcher states that Notovich's accounts were soon exposed as fabrications, and that to date no one has even had a glimpse at the manuscripts Notovitch claims to have had. Notovich responded to claims to defend himself. But once his story had been re-examined by historians – some even questioning his existence – it is claimed that Notovitch confessed to having fabricated the evidence. Bart D. Ehrman states that "Today there is not a single recognized scholar on the planet who has any doubts about the matter. The entire story was invented by Notovitch, who earned a good deal of money and a substantial amount of notoriety for his hoax". However, others deny that Notovich ever accepted the accusations against him – that his account was a forgery, etc. Although he was not impressed with his story, Sir Francis Younghusband recalls meeting Nicolas Notovitch near Skardu, not long before Notovitch had visited Hemis monastery. In 1922, Swami Abhedananda, the president of the Vedanta Society of New York between 1897 and 1921 and the author of several books, went to the Himalayas on foot and reached Tibet, where he studied Buddhist philosophy and Tibetan Buddhism. He went to the Hemis Monastery, and allegedly found the manuscript translated by Notovitch, which was a Tibetan translation of the original scrolls written in Pali. The lama said that it was a copy and that the original was in a monastery at Marbour near Lhasa. After Abhedananda's death in 1939, one of his disciples inquired about the documents at the Hemis monastery, but was told that they had disappeared. Levi H. Dowling, 1908 In 1908, Levi H. Dowling published the Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ which he claimed was channeled to him from the "Akashic Records" as the true story of the life of Jesus, including "the 'lost' eighteen years silent in the New Testament." The narrative follows the young Jesus across India, Tibet, Persia, Assyria, Greece and Egypt. Dowling's work was later used by Holger Kersten who combined it with elements derived from other sources such as the Ahmadiyya beliefs. Nicholas Roerich, 1925 In 1925, Nicholas Roerich recorded his travels through Ladakh in India. This portion of his journal was published in 1933 as part of Altai Himalaya. He recounts legends of Issa shared with him by the Ladakhi people and lamas, including that Issa (Jesus) traveled from Palestine to India with merchants and taught the people. An extended section of this text parallels sections of Notovitch's book, and Roerich comments on the remarkable similarity of the accounts of the Ladakhis to these passages, despite the Ladakhis having no knowledge of Notovitch's book. He also recounts that the stories of others on his travel refer to various manuscripts and legends regarding Jesus (Issa) and that he personally visited the "abbot" of Hemis. Rejection by modern mainstream New Testament scholarship Modern mainstream Christian scholarship has generally rejected any travels by Jesus to India, Tibet or surrounding areas as without historical basis: Robert Van Voorst states that modern scholarship has "almost unanimously agreed" that claims of the travels of Jesus to Tibet, Kashmir or rest of India contain "nothing of value". Marcus Borg states that the suggestions that an adult Jesus traveled to Egypt or India and came into contact with Buddhism are "without historical foundation". John Dominic Crossan states that none of the theories presented about the travels of Jesus to fill the gap between his early life and the start of his ministry have been supported by modern scholarship. Leslie Houlden states that although modern parallels between the teachings of Jesus and Buddha have been drawn, these comparisons emerged after missionary contacts in the 19th century and there is no historically reliable evidence of contacts between Buddhism and Jesus. Paula Fredriksen states that no serious scholarly work places Jesus outside the backdrop of 1st century Palestinian Judaism. Other claims Japan Some people in Japan have believed that Jesus visited them during the lost years and possibly survived the crucifixion to remain in Japan for the rest of his life. The legend exists in a village named Shingō, Aomori. Artistic and literary renditions In 1996, the documentary Mysteries of the Bible presented an overview of the theories related to the travels of Jesus to India and interviewed a number of scholars on the subject. Edward T. Martin's book King of Travelers: Jesus' Lost Years in India (2008) was used as the basis for Paul Davids' film Jesus in India (2008) shown on the Sundance Channel. The book and film cover Martin's search for Notovitch's claimed "Life of Issa." The book Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal, by Christopher Moore, is a fictional comedy which tells the story of Jesus's adolescence and his travels to India and China from the point of view of Jesus's best friend Biff. See also Basilideans Gospel of Barnabas Gospel of Basilides Gospel of James Life of Jesus in the New Testament The Life and Teachings of Jesus in The Urantia Book References Further reading Fida Hassnain. Search For The Historical Jesus. Down-to-Earth Books, 2006. Tricia McCannon. Jesus: The Explosive Story of the 30 Lost Years and the Ancient Mystery Religions. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc., 2010. . Charles Potter. Lost Years of Jesus Revealed., Fawcett, 1985. Elizabeth Clare Prophet. The Lost Years of Jesus' Life: Documentary Evidence of Jesus's 17-Year Journey to the East. Gardiner, Mont.: Summit University Press, 1987. . Paramahansa Yogananda. "The Unknown Years of Jesus—Sojourn in India." Discourse 5 in The Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You: A Revelatory Commentary on the Original Teachings of Jesus. 2 vol. Los Angeles, CA: Self-Realization Fellowship, 2004. Travel Sanga Was Jesus In India: The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ.", https://www.travelsanga.com/post/was-jesus-in-india-the-unknown-life-of-jesus-christ Jesus Denial of the crucifixion of Jesus
The Yaguala River () is a river in Honduras. See also List of rivers of Honduras References Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. CIA map: :Image:Honduras rel 1985.jpg UN map: :Image:Un-honduras.png Google Maps Rivers of Honduras
Buxtehuder SV is a German sports club based in Buxtehude, Lower Saxony. The club is best known for its women's handball team, currently competing in the Handball-Bundesliga Frauen and 2022-23 Women's EHF European League, but also has departments for many other sports, including association football, athletics, swimming, boxing, gymnastics, and volleyball. Honours Handball-Bundesliga Frauen: Silver (3): 2003, 2012, 2015 Bronze (6): 2001, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2018, 2022 DHB-Pokal: Winner (2): 2015, 2017 EHF Challenge Cup: Winners (1): 2010 Finalist (1): 2002 Crest, colours, supporters Kits Squad Current squad Squad for the 2023-24 season. Goalkeepers 12 Marie Andresen 16 Lea Rühter Wingers LW 19 Cara Reiche 28 Teresa von Prittwitz RW 5 Maj Nielsen PV 10 Maxi Mühlner 29 Cara Hartstock Back players LB 2 Liv Süchting (c) 17 Charlotte Kähr 33 Mia Lakenmacher 77 Magda Kašpárková CB 14 Maja Schönefeld 23 Kalia Klomp 25 Sinah Hagen RB 11 Isabelle Dölle 13 Mailee Winterberg 27 Mie Rakstad Staff members Head Coach: Dirk Leun Assistant Coach: Adrian Fuladjusch Goalkeeping Coach: Debbie Klijn Transfers Transfers for the 2023-24 season. Joining Leaving Notable players Camilla Andersen Heike Axmann Andrea Bölk Emily Bölk Isabell Klein Debbie Klijn Christine Lindemann Stefanie Melbeck Suzanne Petersen Melanie Schliecker Heike Schmidt Michelle Goos Friederike Gubernatis Jasmina Janković Willemijn Karsten Diane Lamein Ulrika Toft Hansen References External links Multi-sport clubs in Germany Handball clubs in Germany Football clubs in Germany Football clubs in Lower Saxony 1862 establishments in Germany Women's handball clubs Women's handball in Germany Sport in Lower Saxony Stade (district)
George Hamilton-Gordon, 6th Earl of Aberdeen (10 December 1841 – 27 January 1870), styled Lord Haddo from 1860 to 1864, was a Scottish peer and sailor. Hamilton-Gordon settled for a time in Richmond, Maine, where he took jobs cutting ice and clerking at a store (where it is reported he lost his temper at being fired and told his employer that he "could buy and sell him many times over" before storming out). As a sailor, he often shipped out of Richmond, and at one time captained a small ship called the Walton (or Waltham). His profession was not entirely a mystery to his family at home, as he wrote letters to his mother and brother on occasion. Travelling from Boston to Melbourne on the Hera in 1870, Lord Aberdeen was washed overboard during a violent storm and drowned. It was reported he was swept away when attempting to take down the boom sail, which he could have ordered another man to do. His younger brother had been killed in a rifle accident two years earlier, so Aberdeen was succeeded by his next younger brother, John. References External links Scottish sailors People lost at sea Nobility from Edinburgh Deaths by drowning 06 03 George 1841 births 1870 deaths People from Richmond, Maine
Plants Angiosperms Dinosaurs Plesiosaurs New taxa See also References
```php <?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace Nuwave\Lighthouse\Schema\Directives; use Illuminate\Support\Collection; use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Execution\Arguments\ArgumentSet; use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Schema\Values\FieldValue; use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Contracts\ArgDirective; use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Contracts\ArgDirectiveForArray; use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Contracts\Directive; use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Contracts\FieldMiddleware; use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Utils; abstract class ArgTraversalDirective extends BaseDirective implements FieldMiddleware { public function handleField(FieldValue $fieldValue): void { $fieldValue->addArgumentSetTransformer(fn (ArgumentSet $argumentSet): ArgumentSet => $this->transformRecursively($argumentSet)); } protected function transformRecursively(ArgumentSet $argumentSet): ArgumentSet { foreach ($argumentSet->arguments as $argument) { $directivesForArray = $argument->directives->filter( Utils::instanceofMatcher(ArgDirectiveForArray::class), ); $argument->value = $this->transform($argument->value, $directivesForArray); $directivesForArgument = $argument->directives->filter( Utils::instanceofMatcher(ArgDirective::class), ); $argument->value = Utils::mapEach( function ($value) use ($directivesForArgument) { if ($value instanceof ArgumentSet) { $value = $this->transform($value, $directivesForArgument); return $this->transformRecursively($value); } return $this->transform($value, $directivesForArgument); }, $argument->value, ); } return $argumentSet; } /** * @param mixed $value The client given value * @param \Illuminate\Support\Collection<int, \Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Contracts\Directive> $directivesForArgument * * @return mixed The transformed value / protected function transform(mixed $value, Collection $directivesForArgument): mixed { foreach ($directivesForArgument as $directive) { $value = $this->applyDirective($directive, $value); } return $value; } /* * @param mixed $value The client given value * * @return mixed The transformed value */ abstract protected function applyDirective(Directive $directive, mixed $value): mixed; } ```
Tunisian culture is a product of more than three thousand years of history and an important multi-ethnic influx. Ancient Tunisia was a major civilization crossing through history; different cultures, civilizations and multiple successive dynasties contributed to the culture of the country over centuries with varying degrees of influence. Among these cultures were the Carthaginian – their native civilization, Roman (Roman Africans), Vandal, Jewish, Christian, Arab, Islamic, Turkish, and French, in addition to native Amazigh. This unique mixture of cultures made Tunisia, with its strategic geographical location in the Mediterranean, the core of several civilizations of Mare Nostrum. The history of Tunisia reveals this rich past where different successive Mediterranean cultures had a strong presence. After the Carthaginian Republic, the Roman Empire came and left a lasting effect on the land with various monuments and cities such the El-Jem Amphitheater and the archaeological site of the ancient city of Carthage, which is classified as a World Heritage Site, one of seven found in Tunisia. After a few centuries of the presence of Christianity, represented by the Church of Africa, the Arab Islamic conquest transformed the whole country and founded a new city called Al-Qayrawan, a renowned center for religious and intellectual pursuits. With the annexation of Tunisia by the Ottoman Empire, the center of power shifted from Tunis to Istanbul. This shift in power allowed the local government of the new Ottoman Province to gain more independence, which was maintained until the institution of the French Protectorate (which was later seen as occupation). The protectorate introduced elements of French culture. The important elements of Tunisian culture are diverse and represent a unique, mixed heritage. This heritage can be experienced first-hand in museums such as the Bardo, city architecture such as Sidi Bou Said or the medina of Tunis, cuisine such as French cheeses and croissants, music reflecting Ottoman influences, and other areas of Tunisian culture. Cultural diversity The Encyclopédie 360 describes Tunisia as a country that "did not develop truly original art" but is "strongly marked by various influences and is engrained with monuments which illustrate the various stages of its history ". In his thesis study on Cultural Policy in Tunisia, Rafik Said has mused that, "this relatively small area has produced estates, overlapping of cultures, and a confrontation of morals and doctrines throughout its history. Janice Rhodes Deledalle has referred to Tunisia as "cosmopolitan" and has said that "Tunisia cannot be considered in the category of as other colonies", because of the diversity of cultures embedded in Tunisia's heritage throughout the ages. Tunisia's cultural life dates to prehistoric times, as illustrated by dolmens near Bou Salem and rock carvings of the Tunisian Sahara. The Hermaïon of El Guettar, discovered near the city of El Guettar in the south, is the oldest extant religious display discovered. The dawning era of Tunisian cultural history was shaped by Carthaginian influences including Phoenician, Greek. There is much evidence of Phoenician and western artwork and glass work found in Punic tombs, notably in masks which the Phoenician used to drive out evil spirits or demons of death with their decorations, such as the lotus motifs found on many objects or in the artistic design buildings. The paintings and sculptures of the lids of sarcophagi from the necropolis of Carthage and El Alia, the architecture of the mausoleum of Dougga are characterized by the combined influence of Greece and Egypt. In addition, we find a trace of Hellenic influences overlapping Roman and Punic culture. In sculpture found in Tunisia, there has been a distinct, almost symbolic evolution towards a style which is a representative, idealized perfection of a body, state, etc. Greek pottery is also emulated, and it is a fact that potters from Greece were employed to produce objects in Carthage. The works of Roman Tunisia do not differ greatly from those of Europe. Among those handed down to us are Thuburbo Majus, Gigthis, the amphitheater of El Jem, the capital of Dougga, the Baths of Antoninus at Carthage and the Triumphal Arch of Caracalla. Subsequently, when Christianity was founded in Carthage, numerous monuments were erected. The Church in Africa, having been illustrated with famous martyrs such as St. Cyprian of Carthage or bishops as Saint Augustin d'Hippone, grew quickly in prestige. Many Christian monuments are erected including the catacombs of Sousse or the Makthar baptistery. Basilicas in multiple aisles, like St. Cyprian, were built based on the Syrian influences. However, the Church suffered persecution under a long reign of the Vandals who confiscated some of its properties. The arrival of the Byzantines lead to the disappearance of the latter and the restoration of a dense network of Orthodox bishops. During this period, many hills were crowned with Byzantine fortifications, such as in Kélibia. With the Arab conquest, specifically during the reign of the dynasty Aghlabids, Kairouan became a renowned intellectual center, attracting many scholars. It played an important role in translation and research, particularly in the dissemination of medical science knowledge. In mathematics, contributions to computational algorithms were also made in Kairouan. The Arabs then erected buildings specific to Islamic architecture. While some retain a Byzantine essence, such as Three Doors Mosque in Kairouan (built in the ninth century) or ribat Sousse, many of the ancient columns are purely Arab such as the great Zitouna Mosque of Tunis (ninth century), the Great Mosque of Mahdia and the Great Mosque of Kairouan. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, poets, scholars, historians increased in number in Tunisia. Zitouna Mosque, in the medina of Tunis housed the first Islamic university, and replaced Kairouan as an active center of intellectuals that included doctors and scholars, such as Ibn Zaïtoun, Ibn Al Abhar, Ibn Al Gafsi and Ibn Arafa. Thanks to scholars like Ibn Khaldun and writers such as Aboul-Qacem Echebbi, Tunisia for centuries became a major cultural center in the Arab-Muslim world and Mediterranean. During the Turkish conquest in the sixteenth century, mosques, such as that of Sidi Mahrez Mosque in Tunis were erected in a manner to those in Constantinople, although the Zaouias generally retain their north African style in Kairouan. The French protectorate in turn left its mark on local architecture by adding a new urban style that can be found in the construction of a new city plan juxtaposed against the old medina of Tunis. Heavily influenced by Paris, with the Avenue Bourguiba, the style is known as "Rococo Tunisian ". The Tunisian revolution brought about important changes to the intersection of art and politics in post-2011 Tunisia. Nation The most spoken language is Tunisian Arabic. Other languages include French and Berber. Mediterranean Lingua Franca and Sened are languages that are not spoken anymore. National identity is strong and Tunisian efforts to create a national culture have proved stronger than in the nineteenth century. National culture and heritage is constantly referred to with reference to the country's modern history, in particular, the fight against the French protectorate and the construction of the modern state that followed from the 1950s. This is celebrated through national holidays, in the names of streets recalling historical figures or key dates or the subject of films or documentaries. With the start of the rule of President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali on November 7, 1987, the official reference to the figure 7 and the theme of "Change" contributes to the perpetuation of that tradition. Flag The national flag of Tunisia is predominantly red and consists of a white circle in the middle containing a red crescent around a five-pointed star. The Bey of Tunis Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud decided to create the flag after the Battle of Navarino on October 20, 1827, which was adopted in 1831 or 1835. It remained the country's official flag during its time as a French protectorate, and was confirmed as the national flag of the Republic of Tunisia with the signing of the Constitution of Tunisia on June 1, 1959. It was not until June 30, 1999 that its proportions and design were clearly specified in law. The crescent and star recalls the Ottoman flag and is therefore an indication of Tunisia's history as a part of the Ottoman Empire. It differs from the Turkish flag, however, in the color of the crescent and the position of the star and circle. The crescent is white on the Turkish flag, but red on the Tunisian flag. On the Turkish flag, the star is off-centered, while on the Tunisian flag, the star and circle is located in the center of the flag. Coat of arms As for the national coat of arms, they are officially adopted in 1861 and include revised versions on June 21, 1956 and May 30, 1963. The top has a Carthaginian galley sailing on the sea while the lower part is divided vertically and on the right depicts a black lion seizing a silver scimitar. A banner bears the national motto: "Liberty, Order, Justice". Jasmine Imported by the Andalusians in the sixteenth century, jasmine has become the national flower of Tunisia. The gathering takes place at dawn and then, upon nightfall, when young boys collect small bouquets, and later sell them to passersby on the street or to motorists stopped at intersections. Furthermore, jasmine is the subject of a specific sign language. A man who wears jasmine on his left ear indicates that he is single and in addition, offering white jasmine is seen as a proof of love while on the contrary, offering odorless winter jasmine is a sign of insolence. Hamsa The hamsa (, also romanized khamsa), is a palm-shaped amulet popular in Tunisia and more generally in the Maghreb and commonly used in jewelry and wall hangings. Depicting the open right hand, an image recognized and used as a sign of protection in many times throughout history, the hamsa is believed to provide defense against the evil eye. It has been theorized that its origins lie in Carthage (modern-day Tunisia) and may have been associated with the Goddess Tanit. Sign of Tanit The sign of Tanit is an anthropomorph symbol present on many archaeological remains of the Ancient Carthage Civilization. Both the symbol and the name of the goddess Tanit, are still frequently used within Tunisian culture such as with the tradition of Omek Tannou or the grand film prize of the Tanit d'or. Some scholars also relate the name of the capital Tunis and by extant the one of the modern country and its people to the Carthaginian goddess Tanith ('Tanit or Tanut), as many ancient cities were named after patron deities. Religion The Tunisian Constitution provides freedom of thoughts and beliefs, as well as the free exercise of religion, as long as it does not affect public order. The government generally respects this right but do not allow the establishment of political parties based on religion. Muslim religious holidays such as Eid el-Adha, Eid el-Fitr or Mouled are considered national holidays. The government also recognizes the sanctity of religious holidays for non-Muslims, particularly those of the monotheistic religions. Islam is the main official religion of Tunisia with a rate of around 99% of the population. 99% of Tunisians are Sunni Muslims of the Maliki rite, the rest being attached to the Hanafi school of thought. There is also a small community of Muslim Sufis but there are no statistics regarding its size. The country is also dotted with small white mausoleums scattered in rural and urban areas and called marabouts. These tombs of saints, often male, are usually housed in places such as caves, hills, springs or points on the coast. Through meditation, these characters were supposed to heal the sick and blind. Their graves are still key to the relationship between the human and the divine in the context of festivals bringing together members of a particular community (a village, or extended family or tribe). Today, some Tunisians continue to pray and to ask them for favors. In the 1970s, an Islamist movement, based on close adherence to the Koran and other sacred texts, opposed to some unorthodox practices developed and reached its climax with the formation of a political movement, the Ennahda (Renaissance) in the 1980s. Most of their leaders were arrested or exiled during the 1990s. Roman Catholics, Jews, Greek Orthodox, and Protestants are some others. These religious groups are promised their rights of practicing their religion by Tunisian government. The country is characterized by its tolerance and openness to other cultures. For instance, the teaching of Islam is compulsory in public schools but the program of religious studies at the secondary level also includes the history of Judaism and Christianity. The Tunisians also retain some native beliefs of Berber origin such as the evil eye. A number of practices, such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits. Languages Tunisia is homogeneous in terms of language, since nearly all of the population masters French and Arabic (the state Official language) and speaks Tunisian Arabic which is the mother-tongue of almost all Tunisians. Tunisian Arabic is actually a dialect – or more accurately a set of dialects, for which there is no official body of standards. It is established on a berber and punic substratum, influenced by the languages of the people that lived or administered the region, during the course of history, including: Arabic, Turkish, Italian, Spanish and French. Tunisian Arabic is not understood by most Arab speaking countries as it does derive from a mixture of a few languages. Tunisian is spoken mostly in the context of a daily dialogue between Tunisians and within the family. The chelha, meanwhile, is spoken by less than 1% of the population, mainly in the semi-Berber villages of the south, including Chenini, Douiret, Matmata, Tamezrett, etc., and in some villages of the island of Djerba, mainly Guellala/Iquallalen, Ajim, Sedouikech / Azdyuch and Ouirsighen / At Ursighen. During the French protectorate in Tunisia, the French introduced many institutions, especially in education. These became a strong vehicle for dissemination of the French language, which quickly became a marker of social advancement and openness to more modern and liberal values. From independence, the country gradually became Arabized even if the administration, justice and education had long been bilingual, while the knowledge of European languages had been enhanced by exposure of Tunisia to the continent through television. Visas were introduced by the French minister Charles Pasqua in 1986 for population movements between Tunisia and France. Beginning in October 1999, commercial establishments were forced to give twice the space for Arabic characters as Latin characters. At the same time, the administration of Tunisia was forced to communicate only in Arabic, although only the departments of Defense and Justice and the legislature are actually fully Arabized. Like many other documents produced by the administration, the Official Journal of the Republic of Tunisia, which enacts laws and decrees, is written in Arabic but is translated in French, although this version has no legal value and can not be considered official. In this context, the use of French seemed to be on the decline despite the increased number of graduates of the educational system, which leads to the fact that much of French remains an important social indicator. Since it is widely practiced in the business, the medical world and cultural world, we can even consider that it has gentrified. Kindergarten and the first three grades of school are taught entirely in Arabic; thereafter, the second cycle of primary and secondary education is half Arabic and half French. English was also taught from the age of 15 from 1970, from the age of 10 from 1994, from the age of 14 from 1997, and from the age of 12 in 2000. Education Development of education There was, until the nineteenth century, no modern state education in Tunisia. There was actually a score of European schools run by religious institutions while traditional learning was taught in the Zaytuna mosque and the kouttab, particularly the religious sciences studied from commentaries on the Qur'an and Sunnah. The first educational institution of modern Tunisia was the Sadiki College, founded in 1875 by the Grand Vizier Pasha Kheireddine, followed by the Khaldounia School in 1896. In 1956, after independence, began a policy of education reform that was characterized by the unity, the nationalization and the Arabization of the education system. In this context, Habib Bourguiba said in 1958: "Living on the margins of institutions and harassing the protectorate system for recognition of our rights, I told myself that if the government passed into our hands, we'd address primarily the problem of education." This "problem" was so vast that the state gave priority to national education and culture from then on. This is one reason why the Tunisian government specifically created a body dedicated to culture, then called "Ministry of Cultural Affairs and Information". The second reason was the need to separate culture and education, the latter no longer the only means of transmitting culture. The third reason was the responsibility to the nation. In 1966, as part of increasing political literacy of the workforce, the Institute of Adult Education became responsible for making some 150,000 people literate in a period of five years. It conducted these activities mainly in the productive sectors – agricultural cooperatives, factories, mines and large companies – but also in the craft centres, army, prisons and youth centres. The lessons of this institute include, in addition to reading, writing and arithmetic lessons, geography, history, civics, law, and social and religious education. There are also opportunities provided to take additional courses of vocational training. The length of the main course is two years with five sessions of one hour and a half per day, a total of 450 hours, culminating with a certificate of social education. A third year bilingual course was created in 1968 for those wishing to continue their studies. Some 1,090 people attended this course during the 1968–1969 school year, resulting in the institute being awarded the Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Prize during the third International Day of Literacy, on September 8, 1969, "for decisive contribution to the launch and implementation of a national adult literacy in which is developed, tested and has implemented an effective methodology for literacy and education ". On December 31, 1966, there were 21 public libraries for children and independent public libraries for adults, the former run by women. Mobile teachers and librarians were employed to ensure the promotion of culture in rural areas, and some 52 centers of literature were established with the purpose of loaning books for home study. This measure was aimed at increasing the development of reading habits into the customs of the Tunisian people. Educational system The non-compulsory preschool education, which is for children 3 to 6 years of age, is provided in kindergartens. Basic education is compulsory and free, from 6 to 16 years, and is divided into two cycles: primary school for the first six years, followed by college for another three years. This course is sanctioned by a diploma of graduation from basic education to enable graduates to access secondary education (always free) taught in high schools for four years after the 1995 reform. Students are then directed to a second cycle of three years with five subjects (letters, science, technology, computer science and economics and management) and sanctioned by the BA for access to higher education. Tunisia has twelve universities – five in Tunis, one in Sousse, one in Sfax, one at Kairouan, one in Gabès, one in Gafsa, one in Monastir and one in Jendouba – but it also has 178 other institutions, including 24 colleges for Technology Studies (ISET) and six higher institutes of teacher training (ISFM). There are two secondary schools in Tunisia run by the French government: the Lycée Pierre Mendes-France and the Lycée Gustave Flaubert. These apply methods and programs similar to those in France. There is also the American Cooperative School of Tunis, the International School of Carthage, the British International School of Tunis and the Tunis International School. New updates to the educational curriculum have been implemented during the last 20 years, so that it is now qualified to be an international system. 80% of Tunisians hold some kind of degree, almost 66% holding a bachelor's. The penetration rate of education among Tunisian is 87%. Attendance remains strong despite high tuition fees (from 1.400 to 1.800 dinars per year in the cycle). Originally intended to educate the children of expatriates and a Francophile elite, they now attract a majority of Tunisians (over 60% of the 3,000 students today); the Tunisian bourgeoisie, in particular, are attracted by the multicultural courses and the possibility of pursuing higher studies in France. As a result, the Paris Dauphine University is considering opening an office in Tunisia in 2009 to accommodate 1,000 students. Vocational training is provided by a group of public operators which include the Tunisian Agency for Vocational Training, which provides instructional supervision of all public and private operators. The diplomas issued after an initial training are given at three levels: the certificate of vocational aptitude (CAP) which is a course lasting a minimum of one year after basic education, certification as professional engineer (construction) which is a course lasting a minimum of one year after the first cycle of secondary education after obtaining a CPC, and a higher technical certificate (BTP) from a course lasting a minimum of two years after the baccalaureate or after obtaining the construction certificate. In 2001, 19.9% of the Tunisian national budget was spent on education. In 2005, the literacy rate was 76.2%, and the enrollment of children 12 to 17 years was 66% among both boys and girls. Access to higher education is 27% of the age group it concerns. Museums The Bardo National Museum is one of the largest institutions of its kind in the Mediterranean, consisting of archaeological treasures from over several millennia by many cultures. The museum officially opened on May 7, 1888, and offers one of the finest and largest collections of mosaics of ancient Rome. The Archaeological Museum of Sousse, founded in 1951, has the second largest collection of mosaics after the Bardo. The Oceanographic Museum of Salammbo, with its 11 rooms, is the main Tunisian museum dedicated to the sea. The National Museum of Islamic Art in Tunisia has several collections of pottery, pieces of Korans and calligraphy dating from when Raqqada occupied the Aghlabids capital, from the 9th century. In the 1970s, a program was implemented in cooperation with UNESCO. It provides four types of museum: museums synthesis, regional museums, local museums and specialized museums. The Bardo Museum is a good example of museum synthesis since this type of museum is expected to house objects from all periods of the history of Tunisia without taking into account the origin of these. The existence of these museums is justified by the fact that they illustrate the evolution of artistic creation over the civilizations. Regional museums are limited to chief towns and governorates, specializing in the history of each region. As for local museums, they are part of a policy of decentralization of culture to participate through museum education of the masses by encouraigng more and more people to visit the museums. Some local museums exist in Makthar, Utica, Carthage and Monastir. Finally, specialized museums themselves can be divided into two other categories of museums: the museums dedicated to a historical period and museums specializing in a given subject. In the first category, there is already the Dar Hussein museum, entirely devoted to the medieval Tunisia. In the second category, two projects were selected: the mosaic museum and a Paleo-Christian museum. The mosaic museum is fully justified by the richness of Tunisia in art museums and provides an evolution both thematically and chronologically on the subject. As for the Paleo-Christian Museum, it is now located in Carthage. Other specialized museums are also considered as museums of culture and science museums. These are used to trace the history and evolution of technology. Arts Most of the country's older art came from the influences of China, Spain, Persia and the Near East forming the style known as Arabesque. Tunisian artists are known for their mosaics and pottery. Their mosaics use a variety of colors in repetitive patterns to adorn walls and floors by depicting a story or person. Mosaics are often used in architecture by implementing the use of geometric shapes and accenting with gold. Though, the displays of some artwork can be seen on buildings and architecture, one could find many sources of art in one place in the Bardo Museum in Tunis. Music Tunisian music is the result of a cultural mix. According to Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Tunisian music has also been influenced by old Andalusian songs injected with Turkish, Persian and Greek influences. He believes that the Tunisian music has undergone three phases of outside influences: the first from the East and whose center was in Mecca and Medina, the second coming from Muslim Spain which was the center of Andalusia and the last coming from the Ottoman Empire and whose center was Istanbul. The legacy of its three phases are illustrated respectively in the creation of Tunisian traditional music, the Malouf the introduction of the Nuba in Tunisian music, and finally the use of forms such as Turkish, Samai and Bashraf. Also influenced by Western culture, it is relatively diversified. Of major note in Tunisian classical music is the Malouf. Deriving from the reign of the Aghlabids in the 15th century, it is a particular type of Arab-Andalusian music. In urban areas it uses stringed instruments (fiddle, oud and Kanun) and percussion (darbuka) while in rural areas, it may also be accompanied by instruments like the mezoued, gasba and the zurna. At the beginning of the twentieth century, musical activity was dominated by the liturgical repertoire associated with different religious brotherhoods and secular repertoire which consisted of instrumental pieces and songs in different Andalusian forms and styles of origins, essentially borrowing characteristics of musical language. In 1930 The Rachidia was founded well known thanks to artists from the Jewish community. The founding in 1934 of a musical school help revive Arab Andalusian music largely to a social and cultural revival led by the elite of the time who became aware of the risks of loss of the musical heritage and which they believed threatened the foundations of Tunisian national identity. The institution did not take long to assemble an elite group of musicians and poets and scholars. The creation of Radio Tunis in 1938 allowed musicians are greater opportunity to disseminate their works. The 1960s and 1970s witnessed the emergence of composers and performers working mostly in the orchestra of the Tunisian Radio and Television. Song using melodies and popular rhythms experienced a significant rise. From the 1980s, the music scene saw the emergence of a generation of musicians, composers and performers of Arab and Western musical training who believed that Tunisian music needed new song writing techniques. The emergence of new patterns of racial and improvised music since the late 1990s changed the musical landscape of Tunisia. At the same time, the majority of the population is attracted by the music of Arab origin (Egyptian, Lebanese or Syrian). Popular western music has also had major success with the emergence of many groups and festivals, including rock music, hip hop, reggae and jazz. Among the major Tunisian contemporary artists include Hedi Habbouba, Saber Rebaï, Dhafer Youssef, Belgacem Bouguenna, Sonia M'barek and Latifa. Other notable musicians include Salah El Mahdi, Anouar Brahem, Zied Gharsa and Lotfi Bouchnak. Cinema Tunisian cinema is today recognized as one of the most liberal, inventive, and prize-winning cinemas of the Arab world. Beginning in the 1990s, Tunisia became an attractive place for filming, and numerous successful companies have emerged serving the foreign film industry. Cinema has been present in Tunisia since its first world appearance. Starting from 1896, the Lumière brothers were showing animated films in the streets of Tunis. In 1919, the first feature-length movie produced on the African continent, Les Cinq gentlemen maudits (The Five Accursed Gentlemen), was filmed in Tunisia. In 1924, Zohra directed a medium-length film called Ain Al-Ghazal (The Girl from Carthage), making him one of the first native filmmakers on the African continent. In 1966, the first feature Tunisian film, Al-Fajr (The Dawn), was directed and produced by Omar Khlifi; it was 95 minutes long, shot on 35 mm film. Tunisia also hosts the Carthage Film Festival which has been taking place since 1966. The festival, which gives priority to films from Arab and African countries, is the oldest film festival on the African continent and the Arab World. In 1927, the first Tunisian film distribution company, Tunis-Film, started its activities. After independence, movies were exclusively produced by SATPEC (Société Anonyme Tunisienne de Production et d'Expansion Cinématographique), which controlled cinema and filming productions in the country at the time. Nevertheless, during the 1980s, private production companies and studios emerged and wanted to make Tunisia the Mediterranean Hollywood. The producer Tarak Ben Ammar, a nephew of Wasila Bourguiba, succeeded in attracting some big production companies to shoot in his studios in Monastir. Major foreign movies were filmed in Tunisia, including Roman Polanski's Pirates and Franco Zeffirelli's Jesus of Nazareth. After visiting Tunisia, George Lucas was seduced by the natural beauty and authentic old architecture of some southern Tunisian towns, where he decided to film the important Tatooine scenes of Star Wars, as well as Indiana Jones. Moreover, Anthony Minghella filmed the nine Academy Awards winner The English Patient in a southwestern oasis of the country. Domestic Tunisian productions were rare. The few movies which were produced since 1967 tried to reflect the new social dynamics, development, identity research and modernity shock. Some of them achieved relative success outside Tunisia, including La Goulette (Halq El-Wadi, 1996). Directed by Ferid Boughedir, La Goulette showed a flashback of typical community life in the eponymous small suburb, during a period when Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together in tolerance and peace. Boughedir's Halfaouine: Child of the Terraces (Asfour Stah, 1990) is possibly the biggest popular success in the history of Tunisian cinema; it showed the life of a child from the Halfouine suburb of Tunis in the 1960s, and his quest to understand relationships, the world of women and how to be a man. In earlier films, including Man of Ashes (Rih Essedd, 1986), director and writer Nouri Bouzid depicts controversial issues in Tunisian society, addressing social issues like prostitution, pedophilia and inter-faith relations between Tunisian Muslims and Tunisian Jews. In the 1991 film Bezness, he explores the country's emerging sexual tourism trade. The Ambassadors (As-Soufraa, 1975), directed by Naceur Ktari, portrayed the life of immigrant Maghrebins in France and their struggle against racism. The film won the Golden Tanit for the best picture in the Carthage Film Festival in 1976 and the special jury award from the Locarno International Film Festival in the same year, and was classified in the Un Certain Regard category during the 1978 Cannes Film Festival. The first feature film ever to be directed by a woman in the Arab World was The Silences of Palace (Samt Al-Qusur, 1994). The director, Moufida Tlatli, won several international jury awards for her work. The movie shows the daily life in an aristocratic palace in Tunis through the eyes of a young woman. In 2007, several films were produced and grabbed public attention, such as Nouri Bouzid's Making Of and Nejib Belkadi's VHS Kahloucha. Theatre The Tunisian theater was mostly developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during the French protectorate. Theaters grew up, such as the French Theater, Politeama Rossini, Arena, Theater Tunisia, the Gringa, Paradiso, etc. Some wooden theaters have since been destroyed by fire, while others have simply changed their function; only one is still in use as a theater, the Municipal Theater of Tunis. In over a century of existence, the theater has hosted big names of the Tunisian and international theatrical scene, such as Sarah Bernhardt, Pauline Carton, Gérard Philipe and Jean Marais. On November 7, 1962, the Tunisian president Habib Bourguiba (whose brother, Mohamed Bourguiba, was a playwright), devoted his speech to theater, which he considers "a powerful means of disseminating culture and a most effective means of popular education". From this date, November 7 is regarded as the Tunisian National Day of drama. In 1970, under the leadership of the actor Aly Ben Ayed, Caligula by Albert Camus was translated into Arabic, to great popular success. Other works written by Habib Boularès, such as Murad III or The Time of Buraq, retained the themes of bloody violence. Increasingly, more and more shows are restricted for the benefit of a more sophisticated audience. The New Theater of Tunis grew up with Mohamed Driss as one of the most prolific authors. In 1988, Driss was appointed head of the Tunisian National Theater (TNT), and took charge of renovating a neglected theatre, Le Paris, located in the heart of Tunis. He acquired a stage, employed a team of modern architects to rebuild it, and renamed it the "Fourth Art". Opened in 1996, it alternates between cycles of TNT theater and ballet, circus and song. Each cultural season lasts from October 1 to June 30; the theatre has hosted more than 80 theatrical performances. In addition to the activities in Tunis other large cities had professional theater groups, most notably Sfax, which boasted of a modern theater venue built post World War II. Many hit plays were produced by the theater group of Sfax in the 1960s and 1970s featuring one of their leading actors at the time, Habib Laroussi, who also played in many national and international TV movies and TV series. Two of the hit plays of the 1960s were "Rabeh Zmim El Houma" (Rabeh the neighborhood leader) directed by Jamil El Joudi and starred by Habib Laroussi, and "Hares El Mahattah" (The train station attendant) directed by Jamil El Joudi and starred by Mohieddin and Habib Laroussi. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Laroussi collaborated heavily with Jamil El Joudi and the prominent Sfaxien playwright Ameur Tounsi, who discovered and mentored Laroussi in the early 1950s. Tounsi wrote several hit plays that were broadcast by radio Sfax, such as "Intikam El Zaman" (revenge of time)starred by Laroussi and other actors from the Sfax theater community. El Teatro is the first private theatre in Tunisia. Founded in 1987 by Taoufik Jebali, in a wing of the hotel El Mechtel Tunis, El Teatro consists of the main hall of representatives with some 200 seats, an annex called the Carré d'Art, and a gallery called Free Area. El Teatro is directed by Zeineb Farhat. Throughout the year, El Teatro offers theater, dance performances, jazz concerts, galas of Arabic music, art exhibitions and poetry readings. Dance Dancing in Tunisia is characterized by the multitude of forms it takes and contexts in which it appears, including circumcisions, weddings, festivals, concerts, and football games. Tunisian dance resembles Egyptian dance, and is distinguished mainly by its dynamic, which is faster with more staccato, and its multitude of forms, each region having its own "style". It is therefore difficult to speak of a Tunisian dance, especially since the Egyptian influence appears to have long proven itself in major cities. The variety of dances performed by the Tunisians probably reflects the migration flows that have traversed the country throughout the centuries. The early Phoenicians brought with them their songs and dances, whose traces can still be seen in Tunisian dance; on the other hand, the Roman occupation had little influence on Tunisian dance, especially compared to its significant architectural legacy. The arrival of the Banu Hilal in the eleventh century completed the implementation of the Arab Maghreb in Tunisia, introducing the traditions, music and dance of the nomads of Upper Egypt. Religious dances were influenced by Sufism, but by the end of the 15th century they were increasingly subject to the influence of Andalusian dance and urban music. The time at which Oriental dance arrived in Tunisia is disputed: it is generally believed to have arrived at a later date with the Ottomans, but some experts in the history of North African art have said it was brought to Tunisia by the first Turkish corsairs in the sixteenth century, and others claim that it originated even earlier, founded by the early Phoenicians during the era of matriarchy in Mesopotamia. Characteristic features of oriental dance as performed in Tunisia include the rhythmic movements of the pelvis, movement highlighted by the elevation of the arms to horizontal, and feet moving in rhythm and transferring weight onto the right or left leg. The dance reflects a social phenomenon born in the working classes of Tunisian cities. The male dance is typically accompanied by love songs which evoke libertine seduction, attraction and the carnal pleasures of life; it has long been performed in cafes backed by music, typically the darbuka and mezoued. Since the 1970s, however, the dance has declined in cafes and is more often displayed at festivals, circumcision ceremonies, and weddings in big cities. The Nuba, more rooted in popular practice, is linked to the dancers, and to a lesser extent the Kerkennah Djerba. Some experts say that the associated dress is of Greek origin. The dance, which is structured into several scenes, is often accompanied by acrobatic games involving jars of water. The most common religious dance is probably the Stambali, which originated as a ritual dance to glorify Sidi Saad, a devout Sudanese Muslim who arrived in Tunisia with his followers in the sixteenth century. Today his shrine is located in the Mornag region. However, in the aftermath of independence, the authorities have banned the ritual and closed many of the sanctuaries. While followers still continue their rituals at home, the dance has subsequently been adopted by the Jews and lost its connection to its Islamic origins. The National Troupe Folk Art Center and the National Dance of Ariana continue practice the traditional Tunisian dances. The national archives notably suffer from a lack of documents related to these dances, as well as to folk arts more broadly. Painting Because of the Muslim prohibition on reproducing the human image, the ruling dynasties of Tunisia stifled pictorial art for centuries; painters therefore often turned to calligraphy. Painting as a Tunisian art form was not reborn until the French protectorate. Although at the beginning of the twentieth century galleries were reserved for European painters, native Tunisian artists such as Moses Levy and Yahia Turki were able to obtain permission to present their work. The birth of a Tunisian contemporary style of painting is strongly linked to the School of Tunis. Established in 1949 by a group of Tunisian artists headed by Pierre Boucherle and including Yahia Turki, Abdelaziz Gorgi, Moses Levy, Ammar Farhat and Jules Lellouche, it aimed to incorporate native themes and reject the influence of Orientalist colonial painting, bringing together French and Tunisian Muslims, Christians and Jews. Some members of the school have turned to the Arab-Muslim sources for inspiration, such as miniature Islamic architecture. The school includes both Expressionist painters such as Amara Debbache, Jellal Ben Abdallah and Ali Ben Salem, and abstract artists such as Edgar Naccache, Nello Levy and Hedi Turki. After independence in 1956, the art movement in Tunisia was propelled by the dynamics of nation building and by artists serving the state. A Ministry of Culture was established, under the leadership of ministers such as Habib Boularès who saw art and education and power. Artists such as Hatem El Mekki and Zoubeir Turki gained international recognition and influenced a new generation of young painters. Sadok Gmech drew his inspiration from national wealth, while Moncef Ben Amor turned to fantasy. Youssef Rekik revived the technique of painting on glass and founded Nja Mahdaoui calligraphy with its mystical dimension. In the 1970s, a new wave of artists appeared, who were less homogeneous in their academic formation. Many of them had received an artistic education almost exclusively provided by Tunisian professors at the Tunis Institute of Fine Arts or at the National School of Architecture and Urbanism; such artists included Ali Zenaidi, Abdelmajid Ben Messaoud, Fethi Ben Zakour, Adel Megdiche, Noureddine El Hani, Raouf Gara, Brahim Azzabi, Mohamed Njeh, and Habib Bida. Many European painters have also been influenced by Tunisia; the most famous of these being the Franco-Russian Alexander Roubtzoff, often regarded as the "painter of Tunisia". He arrived in Tunis in 1914 through a grant from the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, and subsequently settled permanently in Tunisia, producing some 3,000 paintings representing aspects of Tunisia before his death in 1949. Paul Klee and August Macke also visited Tunisia in 1914 and left a lasting impression. Macke is noted for his series of watercolors in the cubist style, while Klee is noted for his advocation of light and colors to illustrate the Tunisian landscape. There are currently fifty art galleries housing exhibitions of Tunisian and international artists. These include Gallery Yahia in Tunis and the Carthage Essaadi gallery. Literature Tunisian literature exists in two forms: Arabic and French. Arabic literature dates back to the seventh century with the arrival of Arab civilization in the region. It is more significant in both volume and literary quality than French literature, introduced during the French protectorate from 1881. Tunisian literary figures include Douagi Ali, who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems and folk songs and nearly 15 plays; Khraief Bashir, an Arabic novelist who published many notable books in the 1930s, causing a scandal because the dialogues were written in Tunisian dialect; and others such as Moncef Ghachem, Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad and Mahmoud Messaadi. Tunisian poetry is characterized by nonconformity and innovation, such as that seen in the works of Aboul-Qacem Echebbi, while French Tunisian literature is most notable for its critical approach. Contrary to the pessimism of Albert Memmi, who predicted that Tunisian literature was sentenced to die young, many Tunisian writers have been successful traveling abroad, including Abdelwahab Meddeb, Bakri Tahar, Mustapha Tlili, Hele Beji and Mellah Fawzi. Their writing focuses on themes of wandering, exile and heartbreak. The national bibliography lists 1249 non-school books published in 2002 in Tunisia, with 885 titles in Arabic. In 2006 this figure had increased to 1,500; in 2007, to 1,700. Nearly a third of these are children's books. Publishing At the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, there was a close relationship between the bourgeois elite and business associations and the Khaldounia Alumni College Sadiki printing press. The French protectorate controlled the press, and affected the publication and dissemination of newspapers at a local level. After the First World War, Tunisian gradually moved into a better position, and during the inter-war years Arabic publishing began to flourish. Before Tunisian independence was proclaimed in 1956, the publication of Tunisian literature was provided by the booksellers, printers and a few publishing houses run by the private French press; subsequently, the state commanded the creation of a major new publishing structure, with the aim of establishing a modern national culture as part of its general culture and education targets. Thus, the state produced over 70% of the books between 1956 and 1987, leaving private publishing little opportunity to evolve. It was not until the early 1990s that the state abandoned its role in centralising publishing. Private publishing companies quickly sprang up in reaction; the editorial production between 1987 and 1996 amounted to 6,068 titles. Most of Tunisia's present book production comes from the private sector, with over a hundred publishers in operation. The budget devoted to literature by the Ministry of Culture in 2003 exceeded three million Tunisian dinars for the purchase of Tunisian and foreign books and periodicals. 2003 was proclaimed "National Book Year" in Tunisia, and celebrated with fairs, exhibitions, meetings for reflection and debate, and writing contests. Media Tunisian television has long been controlled by the Establishment of the Broadcasting Authority Tunisia (ERTT) and its predecessor, the Tunisian Radio and Television, founded in 1957. On November 7, 2006, President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali announced the demerger of the business, which became effective on August 31, 2007. Until then, ERTT managed all public television stations (Télévision Tunisienne 1 and Télévision Tunisienne 2, which had replaced the defunct RTT 2), four national radio stations (Radio Tunis, Tunisia Radio Culture, Youth and Radio RTCI), and five regional (Sfax, Monastir, Gafsa, Le Kef and Tataouine). Most programs are in Arabic, with a minority in French. Since 2003, a growth in private sector broadcasting is underway, including the creation of Radio Mosaique FM, Jawhara FM, Zaytuna FM, Hannibal TV, and Nessma TV. In 2007, some 245 newspapers and magazines (compared to only 91 in 1987) are 90% owned by private groups and independents. The Tunisian political parties have the right to publish their own newspapers, but those of the opposition parties (such as Al Mawkif or Mouwatinoun) have very limited editions. Freedom of the press is guaranteed by the constitution, but almost all newspapers following the government line report uncritically on the activities of the president, government and the Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (in power) through the Agence Tunis Afrique Presse. Festivals Hundreds of international festivals, national, regional or local punctuate the calendar year. Music and theatrical festivals dominate the national cultural scene. Several festivals take place annually in summer: the Carthage International Festival in July, the International Festival of Arts of Mahr from late July to early August, and the International Festival of Hammamet in July and August. The Carthage Film Festival is held in October and November of every other year, alternating with the Carthage Theatre Festival. It was created in 1966 by the Tunisian Minister of Culture to showcase films from the Maghreb, Africa and the Middle East. In order to be eligible for the competition, a film must have a director of African or Middle Eastern nationality, and have been produced at least two years before entry. The grand prize is the Tanit d'or, or "Golden Tanit," named for the lunar goddess of ancient Carthage; the award is in the shape of her symbol, a trapezium surmounted by a horizontal line and a circle. The International Festival of the Sahara, celebrated annually at the end of December, honors the cultural traditions associated with the Tunisian desert. This attracts many tourists and musicians from all around the world, as well as horsemen who flaunt their saddles and local fabrics and skills. There are also a number of musical festivals; some honor traditional Tunisian music, while others, including the Tabarka Jazz Festival, focus on other genres. In the city of Sousse, the Carnival of Awussu is an annual festive and cultural event that unfolds each 24th of July. It's a parade of symbolic chariots, fanfares and folk groups from Tunisia and elsewhere which takes place near the beach of Boujaafar, at the eve of the beginning of 'Awussu (The word designating the heat wave of the month of August according to the Berber calendar). Originally it was a Pagan feast (Neptunalia) celebrating the god of the seas, Neptune in the Roman province of Africa, and might even go back to Phoenician times : the appellation Awussu is a possible deformation of Oceanus. Omek Tannou is an ancient Tunisian rainmaking festival which was inherited from Punic and Berber traditions involving invocations of the goddess Tanit. It features the ritual use of the sculpted head of a woman (somewhat resembling the head of a girl's doll), which is carried in procession between the houses of a village during periods of drought by children singing the refrain (transliteration: amk ṭangu ya nsaʾ tlbt rbi ʿalshta'a, "Amek tango, o women, ask God to rain". This song varies according to the region because the term shta designates rain only in certain urban areas. Each housewife then pours a little water on the statuette, invoking rain. Architecture Islamic architecture and Roman architecture are expressed in various facets in Tunisia. Through many buildings, Kairouan forms the epicenter of an architectural movement expressing the relationship between buildings and spirituality with the ornamental decoration of religious buildings in the holy city. In Djerba, the architecture such as the fortress of Kef reflects the military and spiritual destiny of a Sufi influence in the region. The influential role of the various dynasties that ruled the country, particularly in building cities and princes of Raqqada Mahdia, illuminates the role of the geopolitical context in the architectural history of the country. Thus, many original fortresses that protected the coast from Byzantine invasions evolved into cities, like Monastir, Sousse or Lamta. The medina of Tunis, is World Heritage Site of UNESCO, and is a typical example of Islamic architecture. However, in the areas between the ports of Bizerte and Ghar El Melh, settlements founded by the Moors fleeing Andalusia were reconquered by Catholic sovereigns and has more of a Christian influence. Given the cosmopolitan nature of cities in Tunisia, they have retained a diversity and juxtaposition of styles. Many buildings were designed by many different architects, artisans and entrepreneurs during the French protectorate. Among the most famous architects of that time were Victor Valensi, Guy Raphael, Henri Saladin, Joss Ellenon and Jean-Emile Resplandy. Five distinct architectural and decorative styles are particularly popular: those of the eclectic style (neo-classical, baroque, etc..) Between 1881 and 1900 and then again until 1920 the style was neo-Mauresque, between 1925 and 1940 it was in the Art Deco style and then the modernist style between 1943 and 1947. In the south, the oasis of Gafsa, Tozeur and Nefta, and ksours and cave dwellings of Matmata are characterized by their response to the hostile environment arising from the heat and dryness of the desert or semi-desert. Traditions Crafts Tunisia is also known for its many craft products and many of the regions of Tunisia have different specialities and trades. Tunisian pottery is mainly influenced by Guellala, a city behind the creation of other pottery centers on the coast of Tunisia, including Tunis, Nabeul, Moknine, etc. Yellow, green or brown enamel is the trademark of Nabeul for example. Shaping, baking and decoration of pottery however, remain primitive. The ironwork in Tunisia dates back to the Andalusian era when the studded ornamental wrought iron doors become a characteristic. Blue is the tradition with the window shutters, intended to beautify the homes and preserve the privacy of residents and ward off evil spirits. The grids recall the lattices of the Arab-Andalusian tradition, and carved wood panels, which enabled women to watch the street without being seen. At the beginning of the twentieth century, each region and often even each village had its own costume. Today, traditional dress is mostly reserved for only weddings and other national or native ceremonies. On a national level, the jebba has become traditional dress, a wide coat covering the whole body, which differs depending on the quality of its fabric, its colors and its trimmings. The men's slippers are usually the natural color of the leather, while women's are generally of embroidered silk, cotton, gold and silver with floral patterns. Although the workshops in each city and some villages produce textiles typical of the region such as Gabes, the quantity sold is low compared to centers such as Kairouan which is still the national center of carpet production. The kilim, an embroidered rug is a legacy of Ottoman rule in Tunisia. Finally, Tunisia has a rich tradition of mosaics dating back to ancient times. Punic mosaics were found at sites around Kerkouane or Byrsa hill at Carthage dating to Roman times, a mosacis with pictorial representation, combined with high quality marble, has been found, especially on the site of Chemtou. Traditional clothing Masculine clothing In rural areas, the jebba is considered a ceremonial garment. White in summer and grey in winter, it is a sleeveless tunic that a man wears over a shirt, vest and baggy trousers (called seroual). On ordinary days, the men merely wear simple trousers and shirts, or/and a woollen tunic of a slimmer fit than the jebba and fitted with long sleeves. In winter, they wear a heavy wool cloak which is often hooded, or in the north a kachabiya, which differs from the latter by its brown and white stripes. In urban areas, the ceremonial dress consists of a linen shirt with collar and long sleeves. The seroual is adorned at the bottom of the legs with decorative pockets. A wide belt, cut from the same material keeps the seroual in shape. A jebba, a wool and silk full dress is worn in winter. The shoes, leather slippers, leave the heel exposed. Finally, the headdress is a chechia, a red felt hat which is sometimes adorned with a tassel of black thread. For a casual ceremony, during leisure hours, often just a jebba is worn. Feminine clothing Women's clothing is much more diverse than that of men. In the towns, the vast majority of young women have adopted the European style but women of a certain age, even in urban areas, often wrap a sefseri, white veil of silk or fine wool that covers the head with a blouse and baggy pants. These figures of women wearing sefseri is engrained in the traditional culture of Tunisia as much as the blue and white houses of Sidi Bou Said. In rural areas, women still wear brightly colored dresses, often in the Berber style and made of blue or red cotton, representing their region or their village. The fabric is opened on the side and is held at the waist with a belt and at the shoulders by two clasps. Women of all ages typically wear a massive amount of jewelry with the clothing and it is common to see women with tens, even hundreds of gold sovereigns, necklaces and other trimmings around their necks and from the sides of the headdress. The festive ceremonial costumes differ somewhat across regions. In the Sahel, the centerpiece of the ceremonial dress is a dress draped in wool or cotton, drawn to a bodice embroidered with silk and silver, a velvet jacket decorated with gold, lace pants and a silk belt. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the brides of the wealthy aristocracy of Tunis often wore a Kaftan cut in velvet, brocade or silk and richly embroidered with gold and enriched with precious stones. Nowadays, some marrying in Sousse and Hammamet still wear a kaftan with elbow-length sleeves, an open front, and varying in length from the knee to the mid calf. The richness and originality of the costumes are typically based less on the cut or the fabric as they are on woven patterns or embroidery. Wearing the hijab is not widespread in Tunisia although the country has seen a relative increase since the early 2000s. Indeed, the state prohibited it in schools and in the government offices. Among other cultural and artistic traditions of women's adornment, jewellery of the Berber cultures made of silver, beads and other applications was a common trait of Berber/Amazigh identities especially on the island of Djerba up to the mid-20th century. Oral traditions Until the beginning of the twentieth century, Tunisia was characterized by the existence of a popular culture of oral narratives and puppet shows (marionettes). The narrator, known under the terms of Rawi, or fdaoui meddah was highly respected and appreciated by both the Islamic elite and by the popular classes. Often itinerant, traveling from city to city on foot, they used a bendir, flute and some dolls as an accompaniment. The performance would often include the technique of imitating various characters in the context of Halqa, when two or three other narrators are involved and invite the public to participate. Other forms of narrative are the stories told by the cyclic meddah, the character of boussadia and Stambali shows, both of which are linked to communities from sub-Saharan Africa. The narratives are institutionalized into different types: Nadira, the Hikaye, the Qissa and Khurafi. The Nadira (story), as well as recitations of the Koran was considered the oral genre par excellence by the Tunisian elite and working classes. It consists of cycles, relating a vast repertoire of stories based on vulgar but intelligent and witty character named Jha. Other narrators specialize in Hikaye or Hikayat, a Tunisian term to describe the epic sagas that recall the history of Tunisian towns and villages, particularly from the eleventh century. The latter emphasize the female characters, in which the character of Zazi represents the archetype of Tunisian women, and are a fundamental part of oral tradition as they include elements of local Arab epics. As for the Qissa, it can be defined in terms of classical Koranic stories. Didactic in nature, it is considered part of Arab-Islamic religious literature Finally, the Khurafi is the most imaginative and popular oral tradition of Tunisia. Functioning as a kind of collective memory, it results from an interaction between the narrators and the public. The puppet called karakouz, has been present in North Africa from the fourteenth century, and the Teatro dei Pupi (originating in Sicily), enjoyed popularity until the early twentieth century. The performances took place during the month of Ramadan in Halfaouine, a district of Tunis. Karakouz was once played in Turkish until the beginning of the nineteenth century before moving to the Tunisian dialect. The main characters are lively and include officials, a smoker of hashish, the French Madama, Salbi, Nina and ethnic Albanians amongst others. This type of show relies heavily on double entendres, puns, satire, black comedy and caricature. Among the themes addressed are superstition, sexuality or women. The Teatro dei Pupi, executed in Tunisian dialect, account for its three main characters: Nina the Jew, Nekula the Maltese and Ismail Pasha, a valiant warrior who fought against the Christian kings. Gender roles Gradually after independence, gender roles and behavioral norms views start to change in Tunisian culture with the development of gender equality inside the society. In 1957 the Code of Personal Status (CSP) came into force, which gives women a new status, unprecedented in the Arab-Muslim world. This code establishes in particular the principle of equality between man and woman in terms of citizenship, forbade polygamy, allows women to divorce, established the minimum age for marriage at 15 for women and 18 for men and requires the consent of both spouses as a rule of validity of any marriage. Later, in 1964, the minimum age for marriage was advanced to 17 years for women and 20 years for men. Later, on the 50th anniversary of the CSP, President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali decided to unify this age for young men and women in 2007. Today, the position of women in Tunisia is among the most privileged in North Africa, and can be compared to that of European women. In 2002, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women commended Tunisia for "its great strides forward in promoting equality between men and women". Nevertheless, in rural places where life to some degree remains traditional, Tunisian women still have a long way to go to reach genuine equality. The man is still considered the head of family and inheritance is completely unequal. The official government policies and programs for decades has strongly emphasized on gender equality and on promoting social development, translating into concrete results. According to latest figures, women make up 26% of the working population and more than 10,000 women are heads of businesses. At the same time, over one third of the approximately 56,000 graduates emerging annually from Tunisian universities are girls. On November 1, 1983, President Habib Bourguiba appointed the first two women ministers: Fethia Mzali (Family and Promotion of Women) and Souad Yaacoubi (Public Health) as leaders. Today the proportions of female representation in legislative and advisory bodies are: 22.7% in the Chamber of Deputies, over 15% in the Chamber of Advisors, over 27% in municipal councils, 18% in the Economic and Social Council, 13.3% in the Higher Council of the Judiciary, 12% among ministry departmental staff. In some areas, women outnumber men, for instance in the pharmaceutical sector women represent more than 72% of all Tunisian Pharmacists. In addition, Tunisian Women are present in key national domains such Education where they constitute half of the educational body and 40% of university professors. Attitudes towards minority groups The LGBTQ+ community Although Tunisia is considered to be one of the more modern and liberal countries in the Arab world, homosexuality is still considered a criminal offense except. Under Article 230 of the penal code of 1913, male or female acts of homosexuality are forbidden in the Republic of Tunisia and penalized by 2-3 years of imprisonment. The Black community Despite Tunisia being an African country, racism and acts of hate crime are still prominent. It was only recently that Tunisia criminalized racial discrimination. In 2018 Law 50 or Loi 50 was passed after the society's long term denial of the existence of racism. Family life In the field of marriage, partners may be selected by agreement between the family or an individual selection. Mothers often go in search of a bride for their son. Once a commitment is made it usually follows a series of visits between the two families, but disputes can lead to a rupture of the agreement. The wedding ceremony itself involves the passage of the bride to the house of her husband who waits outside. After consummation of the marriage it is followed by a period of isolation of the couple. The Tunisian household is based on the patriarchal model where the man is placed in the dominant role. Most households are based upon the model of the nuclear family within which the tasks are assigned according to age and sex and personal skills. Developments in education and employment, however, have somewhat altered this situation. A study published by the National Family and Population on June 19, 2007, shows that 1 in 10 girls accept intercourse before marriage and for boys this statistic is 4 to 10. The study also shows a sharp decline in the average age at marriage with 33 years for men and 29.2 years for women. Gastronomy Tunisian cuisine is a blend of Mediterranean cuisine and desert dweller's culinary traditions. Its distinctive spicy fieriness comes from neighbouring Mediterranean countries and the many civilizations who have ruled Tunisian land: Phoenician, Roman, Arab, Turkish, French, and the native Berber people. Tunisian food uses a variety of ingredients and in different ways. The main dish that is served in Tunisia is Couscous, made of minuscule grains that are cooked and usually served with meat and vegetables. In cooking they also use a variety of flavors such as: olive oil, aniseed, coriander, cumin, caraway, cinnamon, saffron, mint, orange, blossom, and rose water. Many of the cooking styles and utensils began to take shape when the ancient tribes were nomads. Nomadic people were limited in their cooking by what locally made pots and pans they could carry with them. A tagine is the name of a conical-lidded pot, and today a dish cooked in this pot is also called a tagine. Like all countries in the Mediterranean basin, Tunisia offers a "sun cuisine", based mainly on olive oil, spices, tomatoes, seafood (a wide range of fish) and meat from rearing (lamb). Ingredients Unlike another North African cuisine, Tunisian food is quite spicy. A popular condiment and ingredient which is used extensively Tunisian cooking, harissa is a hot red pepper sauce made of red chili peppers and garlic, flavoured with coriander, cumin, olive oil and often tomatoes. There is an old wives' tale that says a husband can judge his wife's affections by the amount of hot peppers she uses when preparing his food. If the food becomes bland then a man may believe that his wife no longer loves him. However, when the food is prepared for guests the hot peppers are often toned down to suit the possibly more delicate palate of the visitor. Like harissa or chili peppers, the tomato is also an ingredient that cannot be separated from the cuisine of Tunisia. Tuna, eggs, olives and various varieties of pasta, cereals, herbs and spices are also ingredients which are featured prominently in Tunisian cooking. Tabil, pronounced "table", is a word in Tunisian Arabic meaning "seasoning" and refers to a particular Tunisian spice mix, although earlier it meant ground coriander. Paula Wolfert makes the plausible claim that tabil is one of the spice mixes brought to Tunisia by Muslims expelled from Andalusia in 1492 after the fall of Granada. Today tabil, closely associated with the cooking of Tunisia, features garlic, cayenne pepper, caraway and coriander seeds pounded in a mortar and then dried in the sun and is often used in cooking beef or veal. Thanks to its long coastline and numerous fishing ports, Tunisia can serve an abundant, varied and exceptionally fresh supply of fish in its restaurants. Many diners will be content to have their fish simply grilled and served filleted or sliced with lemon juice and a little olive oil. Fish can also be baked, fried in olive oil, stuffed, seasoned with cumin (kamoun). Squid, cuttlefish, and octopus are often served in hot crispy batter with slices of lemon, as a cooked salad or stuffed and served with couscous. Sports Football (European style) is the most popular sport in Tunisia. The Ligue Professionelle 1 has 14 teams that compete against one another for a trophy, also a chance to qualify for the Champions league of the African Cup of Nations. The Tunisian national football team won the African Cup of Nations in the year 2004. However, sports like volleyball (nine national team championship wins in Africa) and handball (ten national team championship wins in Africa) are also among the sports most represented. Handball is the second most popular sport in Tunisia. In 2005, Tunisia held the 2005 World Men's Handball Championship and won fourth place in the competition. Other notable sports include rugby union, martial arts (taekwondo, judo, and karate), athletics, and tennis. Other major sports like cycling are less represented in contrast, because of lack of infrastructure and equipment but competitors still compete in the Tour de Tunisia. The Tunisian sports year is punctuated by major competitions such as the championships in football, handball, volleyball, and basketball. The country also organizes international competitions. Thus, the first edition of the FIFA World Cup Under-20 was held in Tunisia in 1977, the final stages of the African Cup of Nations in 1965, 1994, and 2004, and the last edition was won by the national team. In May 2007, the country had 1,673 registered sports clubs whose main assets are in football (250) and taekwondo (206). Then come karate and its derivatives (166), wheelchair sports (140), handball (85), athletics (80), judo (66) kung fu (60), kickboxing (59), basketball (48), bowls (47), table tennis (45), volleyball (40) boxing (37), swimming (31), and tennis (30). Cultural policy The political culture of Tunisia is governed by the Ministry of Culture and Heritage Preservation, directed by Abderraouf El Basti. This department, created on December 11, 1961, is, according to the decree n ° 2005-1707 of June 6, 2005, "responsible, under the general policy of the state to run national choices in the fields of culture and heritage preservation and establish plans and programs to promote these areas ". In 1999, the budget allocated to 0.6% to culture and reached 1.25% in 2009 and is set to reach 1.5% in 2010. 50% of this increase is linked to a policy of decentralization of culture through the promotion in the areas of cultural institutions such as houses of culture, cultural committees and associations. During 2007, seven libraries were established and 30 public libraries managed. Ten houses of culture were under construction, half completed in 2008, and another 40 houses are under maintenance. The year 2008 was also proclaimed "national year of translation". However, while Kairouan's ambition is to become the "capital of Islamic culture" in 2009, MPs criticize some of the poor quality of artistic productions. Some regret the delay in the excavation of sites such as Salakta or El Haouaria and criticize the dilapidated state of some buildings, particularly that of Borj Zouara and Bab Saadoun. Moreover, the Tunisian museums should, according to some, be the subject of more attention, notably by addressing the problem of low attendance caused by the high cost of tickets. See also Art and politics in post-2011 Tunisia References Sources Jean Muzi, 15 contes de Tunisie, éd. Flammarion (Castor Poche), Paris, 2003 Anne-Sophie Tiberghien, Tunisie. Au fil des proverbes, éd. Anako, Fontenay-sous-Bois, 2003 Further reading External links Information about events and festivals in Tunisia Arfaoui, Jamel. "Tunisia Celebrates Muslim New Year." Magharebia. Gordon, Raymond G. "Languages of Tunisia." Ethnologue. 2005. Keating, Michael J. "On the Oasis of Douz: Tunisia’S International Sahara Festival." Washington Report. 2005. "A Passion for Creativity." Middle East 304 (2000): 2. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. University of Minnesota, Duluth. "Tunisia Demographics Profile 2007." Index Mundi. Kjeilen, Tore. "Tunisia: Religions & Peoples." LookLex Encyclopedia. 1996. "Tunisia: Location, Population, Religion, Membership, Currency." Arabic German Consulting. Arabic German Consulting. Tunisian culture Tunisia Tunisia pt:Tunísia#Cultura
The Alternative Golf Association, also known as Flogton ("not golf" backwards), was formed in 2011 by a group of Silicon Valley executives. It tried to encourage golf participation by relaxing or ignoring traditional rules to reduce player frustration. According to the National Golf Foundation, there was a decline in the number of golfers and rounds played in 2011 compared to 2005. Flogton aspired to stimulate golf as snowboarding helped skiing. Patrick J. Gallagher (CEO), Scott McNealy (Commissioner) and Bob Lurie were involved with Flogton. Flogton encouraged nonconforming equipment such as lubricant applied to club faces, wedges textured like cheese graters and Polara Golf Ultimate Straight balls. References Golf in the United States Golf associations
The Hotel Carter was a hotel at 250 West 43rd Street, near Times Square, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Opened in June 1930 as the Dixie Hotel, the 25-story structure originally extended from 43rd Street to 42nd Street, although the wing abutting 42nd Street has since been demolished. The hotel originally contained a bus terminal at its ground level, which was closed in 1957, as well as a bar and restaurant immediately above it. The upper stories originally contained 1,000 rooms but were later downsized to 700 rooms. The hotel was developed by the Uris Buildings Corporation, which announced plans for the site in September 1928. The Bowery Savings Bank foreclosed on the hotel in 1931 and acquired it in March 1932, operating it for the next decade. In 1942, the Dixie became part of the Carter Hotels chain, which rehabilitated the hotel several times. The hotel was renamed the Carter in October 1976 in an attempt to rehabilitate its image. The businessman Tran Dinh Truong operated the Carter from 1977 until his death in 2012, after which GF Management took over. The Carter closed in 2014 and was sold to Joseph Chetrit, who planned to renovate the hotel . While it was operating, the Hotel Carter gained a negative reputation due to the crimes that took place there, as well as its general uncleanliness. At least four murders have occurred in the hotel. In addition, the Hotel Carter was cited as being among America's dirtiest hotels for several years in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Description When it opened in 1930, the Dixie Hotel contained a thousand rooms (later downsized to 700 rooms). The hotel had been planned as a 22-story building with either 650 or 700 guestrooms. The plans had also included an underground bus terminal. The hotel was largely located on 43rd Street, although it also had an alternate entrance through a two-story building on 42nd Street. Bus terminal The hotel contained a bus depot, which opened in 1930 and operated until 1957. The terminal occupied the entire ground floor of the hotel, although its loading platform and waiting room were below street level. The facility was accessed by two arrival and two departure ramps, which could accommodate up to 40 buses per hour; these ramps led to both 42nd and 43rd Streets. The center of the terminal contained a bus turntable with a diameter of 35 feet. Twelve loading slips were arranged around the turntable. The terminal handled 350 buses daily during peak summer seasons. Buses arriving at the terminal would drive onto the turntable, which would then rotate to the proper slip. The center of the turntable was below the rim, preventing buses from rolling off the turntable by accident. Bus drivers pulled forward into the slip, allowing passengers to alight and board at the widest part of the loading platform. To prevent buses from rolling backward onto the turntable, each loading slip sloped downward from the turntable. The loading platform itself was about above the slip, allowing level boarding. Buses leaving the terminal would reverse onto the turntable, which would rotate toward the exit ramp. A dispatcher used an electronic signaling device to control all of the buses' movements, and the dispatcher also announced the departure of each bus. The loading platform wrapped around each of the bus slips. Two sets of doors, one on either side of the terminal, led from the loading area to the terminal's waiting room. The terminal was arranged so all slips were within of the waiting area. The waiting room had a cafe, newsstands, ticket booths, and elevators leading to the hotel's lobby. Both the waiting room and the loading area were heated using a forced draft system. Ventilation openings were placed at the rear of each slip, near the buses' exhaust pipes. Nightclub and theater The hotel's first story contained the Dixie Lounge Bar, a nightclub that opened in 1942 and was decorated in the Southern Colonial style. The space was designed by Jac Lessman and could be accessed from the lobby, the dining room, and directly from the street. The room was surrounded by a four-foot-high brick wainscoting, and the front wall contained white window shutters and ivy-filled planting boxes. In addition, the columns were decorated to resemble trees. The nightclub, along with the adjacent Plantation Room restaurant, could fit a combined 500 people. The Bert Wheeler Theater opened at the hotel in 1966, ten steps above its entrance. The theater was variously cited as having 220 or 225 seats; it occupied the former Plantation Room and measured . A circular bar, in circumference, adjoined the theater and was behind glass doors; it was closed during performances, except for during a twenty-minute intermission. Food was served in the Terrace Room, the hotel's restaurant. History Development and foreclosure Harris H. Uris, who cofounded the Uris Buildings Corporation with his son Percy, acquired the land lots at 241 West 42nd Street and 250–262 West 43rd Street in September 1928. The acquisition gave the Uris family a site of , on which the family planned to build a 25-story hotel with 700 guestrooms. In May 1929, the New York State Title and Mortgage Company gave Percy and his brother Harold a $2.2 million construction loan for the Hotel Dixie. Excavation for the new structure began the same month with the removal of six old tenements from the site. Tenements at 250–262 West 43rd Street were razed, along with a two-story taxpayer at 241 West 42nd Street. The Uris brothers acquired a four-story building at 266 West 43rd Street in August 1929. This land lot was separated from the hotel's site by another building at 264 West 43rd Street, which belonged to the Schulte family. At the time, work on the hotel's foundations was underway. Several floors of steelwork had been added to the hotel by mid-October 1929. The Uris brothers leased the storefronts to various businesses, including a laundry, as well as a beauty parlor and barber shop. A concession was also awarded for the hat rack in the Dixie Hotel's lobby. Scarr Transportation Service was hired to managed the bus terminal, and the restaurant space in the terminal was leased to Loft, Inc. Two bus operators began using a temporary bus terminal on the site on December 9, 1929, and group of transportation executives formally dedicated the Dixie Hotel's Central Union Bus Terminal on February 14, 1930. The Dixie Hotel was originally supposed to open on May 1, 1930, and the bus terminal was planned to formally open at the same time. That month, M.C. Levine was recorded as having incorporated the Hotel Dixie with 10,000 shares. The Bowery Savings Bank gave a $350,000 mortgage loan the same month to the Jerrold Holding Corporation, a holding company led by Harris Uris, which owned the hotel. This mortgage loan, along with four others on the site, were consolidated into a single lien totaling $1.85 million. The bus terminal formally opened in May 1930. The Hotel Dixie opened the next month, with S. Gregory Taylor as the operator and James M. Tait as the general manager. The Central Union Bus Terminal was known as the Short Line Bus Terminal by July 1931. In October 1931, the Bowery Savings Bank moved to foreclose on the hotel's mortgage, for which the Jerrold Holding Corporation owed $1.98 million. A federal judge appointed the Irving Trust as a receiver, and James B. Regan, former proprietor of the Knickerbocker Hotel, was another appointed receiver. The Bowery Savings Bank scheduled a foreclosure auction for the Dixie but withdrew the planned auction in February 1932. The auction for the hotel was rescheduled to March 1932, at which point the Uris family owed the bank $2.06 million. At the time, the hotel was valued at $2.3 million. The bank ultimately bought the hotel for $1.8 million at the end of the month. In April 1932, the Southworth Management Corporation (headed by Roy S. Hubbell, former manager of the Hotel Commodore and the Hotel Belmont) took over the hotel's operation. Hubbell only managed the hotel for a short period; he died in October 1932 in his bedroom at the hotel. The hotel started hosting big bands in November 1933, when Art Kahn's band began performing there. Carter Hotels operation The Bowery Savings Bank sold the hotel in March 1942 to Kings Hotel Inc., subject to a mortgage of $1.125 million. The new owner was a subsidiary of the Carter Hotels chain, which planned to spend $200,000 on renovations. The project was to include refurbishing the lobby, installing a marquee, adding dance floors, and renovating half of the rooms. Carter Hotels took over management of the business that April. To accommodate executives and business couples who lived at the Dixie, its managers converted some rooms to studio apartments. Jac Lessman converted the bar into a nightclub named the Dixie Lounge Bar, which opened in September 1942 and featured live music. The hotel's restaurant became the Plantation Room, serving Southern food throughout the day. The hotel was planning to add another room for live performances by 1945. The Plantation Room began hosting live music shows in 1946, replacing what Billboard magazine called the "silly hat-nursery rhyme phase at this room". In the room's heyday, its performers included Al Trace's band and Teddy Powell's band. The Plantation Room stopped hosting shows in early 1947 because it was losing money. Meanwhile, most of the bus lines that had served the Dixie Hotel's ground-level bus terminal relocated to the nearby Port Authority Bus Terminal after the latter opened in 1950. The Dixie terminal's operators had signed a ten-year lease for the space in 1947; the bus terminal ultimately closed in 1957, after most of the remaining bus lines relocated to the Port Authority. The Walter Ballard Company converted the Dixie Hotel's former bus terminal into a parking lot for the hotel's guests in 1961. The space included a secondary lobby with features such as a registration desk, baggage check-in area, and a communications system; according to The New York Times, drivers could contact the front desk via closed-circuit television and could summon a bellhop without going to the main lobby. In 1964, local civic group Broadway Association proposed demolishing the Dixie Hotel, as well as ten nearby theaters on 42nd Street, to make way for a large convention center between Seventh Avenue, 41st Street, Eighth Avenue, and 43rd Street. Carter Hotels finished renovating the Dixie Hotel in 1965; the project included restoring all 700 rooms, as well as adding a CCTV system and automated elevators. By the mid-1960s, the hotel was managed by William Benson of Carter Hotels, who ran the hotel until his death in 1967. An off-Broadway venue, the Bert Wheeler Theater, opened at the hotel in October 1966 with the musical comedy Autumn's Here. The hotel's theater was renamed the Burstein Theater in 1973 after it began presenting Yiddish shows. During the 1970s, the Dixie began to decline along with the rest of Times Square. Carter Hotels allocated $250,000 for renovations and sign alteration in an effort to "clean up" Times Square. H.B. Cantor, president of the company, wanted to change the hotel's name to give one of the establishments in the chain a corporate identity; at the time, the company operated several additional hotels in the Northeast United States. At this time, the Dixie was renamed the Carter. Tran ownership 1970s and 1980s Vietnamese businessman and former ship owner Tran Dinh Truong purchased the hotel in October 1977 for $1.5 million. He formed a holding company, Alphonse Hotel Corporation, to take title to the hotel. Upon acquiring the Carter, Tran closed the hotel's 42nd Street entrance and hired Walter Scheff as its general manager. The New York Times described the hotel at the time as an establishment that catered to "middle-class tourists [and] has suffered with the decline of the surrounding area", although the paper reported that the hotel was still losing money. Over the next three decades, many of Tran's children, grandchildren, and wives lived in the hotel. The hotel's theater continued to operate through the 1980s, presenting such shows as an adaptation of Aesop's Fables in 1979 and the musical Ka-Boom! in 1980. Although the Urban Development Corporation (UDC), an agency of the New York state government, had proposed redeveloping the area around a portion of West 42nd Street in 1981, the Carter Hotel was excluded from the project. The Carter was used as a welfare hotel during the 1980s, housing homeless families; the Times reported in 1984 that the area around the entrance was filled "with teen-agers and young children who play sidewalk games into the night". The city government paid $62.62 per night to house a family in a small single room. Nurses, charities, and social-services workers frequently visited the hotel, serving its homeless population. The Carter housed 190 families by December 1983, when it was cited for its "consistently low rate of compliance in correcting health and safety violations". After hotel officials failed to correct numerous building-code violations, the city government sued the hotel in 1983 and 1984; a judge found Tran in contempt of court. The hotel's physical condition was so bad that the New York City government stopped referring homeless people there in 1984, and an official for the 42nd Street Redevelopment Corporation called it "Nightmare Alley". By the end of 1985, the number of homeless families in the Carter had declined from 300 to 61, and the hotel began to make an effort to attract tourists once again. New York City removed all homeless families from the Carter in 1988 due to difficulties with plumbing, electricity, security, and vermin. The conditions at the Carter and at Tran's other hotels had dissuaded the American Red Cross from opening a shelter there. The hotel's bar, known as Rose of Saigon, was closed in early 1989 after city officials found that crack cocaine was being sold openly at the bar. An official for the New York City Office of Midtown Enforcement called it the "worst bar" he had ever seen, saying that it reminded him "of the bar scene in the Star Wars movie with the worst dregs of the solar system gathered together". 1990s to 2010s The International Travellers Network leased two floors as a hostel in the late 1980s, and the Penthouse Hostel leased the 23rd and 24th floors of the Hotel Carter in July 1990. Despite the revitalization of Times Square in the 1990s, the Carter remained dilapidated in character. By 1994, the hotel was ranked as New York City's most dangerous hotel because of its high crime rate. The New York City Department of Buildings issued a building-code violation against the hotel in January 1998 after inspectors discovered bulging masonry on the facade. The hotel was temporarily closed in December 1998 because an emergency fire exit was damaged. The hotel was still dilapidated in the mid-2000s. According to The New York Times, guests variously reported problems with cleanliness, as well as equipment that sometimes did not work. Online travel company TripAdvisor ranked the hotel as the dirtiest in the United States in 2006, 2008, and 2009. Additionally, in January 2009, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York sued the operators of the Carter and four other Midtown Manhattan hotels, alleging that each of the hotels violated the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). Among the complaints were that the hotel's main entrance, public restrooms, registration desk, and guestrooms were all inaccessible to disabled guests. Tran's lawyer claimed that some rooms were already ADA-accessible and that a wheelchair lift at the main entrance had been temporarily removed to allow a carpet to be installed. The case was settled in November 2009. Erwin M. Lumanglas, the manager of the hotel since 2006, renovated some of the rooms by 2010 at a cost of $5,000 per room. The hotel did not rank among the ten dirtiest hotels in the United States in 2010, but it was ranked fourth in the country during 2011. TripAdvisor stopped ranking the dirtiest hotels in the U.S. in 2012, but CNBC reported that guests continued to raise complaints about the hotel's cleanliness. Sale and closure Tran died in 2012, and the surviving members of his family fought over ownership of the hotel. John Cruz of GF Management took ownership of the hotel in April 2013 and renovated it. The New York Times reported at the time that the hotel had broken elevators; 40-year-old fire extinguishers; non-functional exit signs; no weekend doormen; "discarded hospital linens" atop beds; inadequate insurance; and overdue loans. GF Management made gradual modifications to make it more desirable for guests, starting with rectifying fifteen violations of city building codes. GF Management also increased the frequency of housekeeping services from every three days to every two days; renovating 30 fourth-floor room with art and IKEA furniture; and replacing mattresses in rooms with reports of bedbugs. Following GF Management's takeover of the Hotel Carter, the hotel's occupancy rates increased from 68 to 74 percent, and Cruz began charging room rates of $120 to $150 a night. The hotel was offered for sale in early 2014 after an extensive renovation. The Wall Street Journal reported that the hotel could sell for as much as $170 million; hotel operators such as Highgate Holding and Morris Moinian expressed interest in buying the Carter. CNBC, which reported that the hotel could be sold for up to $180 million, said that a potential buyer would have to spend $100 million to $125 million on renovating the hotel further. The developer Joseph Chetrit won the right to buy the hotel in September 2014. A gentlemen's club that had been located in the hotel, Cheetah's, filed a lawsuit in December 2014 in an attempt to halt the hotel's sale to Chetrit. The Athene Annuity and Life Company gave Chetrit a $129 million loan for the renovations in February 2015. JPMorgan Chase provided a $152 million mezzanine loan in February 2018. JPMorgan Chase's loan replaced in August 2022 with $185 million in construction financing, provided by Mack Real Estate. Critical reception In 1980, a writer for Newsday wrote that the hotel was a "large, un-self-conscious, family-oriented kind of place" with "simple and spotlessly clean" rooms. By the 2000s, media reports frequently criticized the hotel's cleanliness. For example, during July 2009, the Glenn Beck Program highlighted the reports of the filth and disrepair of the Carter Hotel, while USA Today wrote that the hotel was filled with "roaches, rats, black mold and stains of dubious origin". Despite the many complaints that the Hotel Carter received, the hotel remained popular among some guests, including students, foreigners, and budget tourists. In 2005, The New York Times wrote that the hotel "offers travelers a cheap room in an expensive city, and something more: an adventure". New York magazine wrote in 2014: "If you still want a touch of the vice-ridden Times Square of the '60s and '70s, consider spending a night at the Hotel Carter." Deaths The hotel has recorded several homicides. A 25-day-old infant was beaten to death at the hotel in November 1983; her father, a hotel resident, was charged with murder and child abuse. In 1987, a woman was thrown to her death out of a window from one of the top floors after witnesses heard arguing from room 1604. The hotel's night manager was killed in July 1999 during a brawl near the front desk; a clerk who lived at the hotel was charged with the night manager's murder. In August 2007, a housekeeper found the body of aspiring model Kristine Yitref, wrapped in plastic garbage bags and hidden under a bed in room 608; sex offender Clarence Dean was charged with her homicide. References Notes Citations Sources External links 1930 establishments in New York City 2014 disestablishments in New York (state) 2014 in New York City 2010s in Manhattan 1930s in Manhattan American companies disestablished in 2014 American companies established in 1930 Hotels disestablished in 2014 Hotels established in 1930 Hotels in Manhattan Defunct hotels in Manhattan Times Square buildings 42nd Street (Manhattan) Theater District, Manhattan
The CHI Health Center Omaha is an arena and convention center in the central United States, located in the North Downtown neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska. Operated by the Metropolitan Entertainment & Convention Authority (MECA), the facility has an 18,975-seat arena, a exhibition hall, and of meeting space. The complex opened on September 20, 2003 as Qwest Center Omaha, and adopted the name of CenturyLink Center Omaha on July 15, 2011, as part of a buyout of Qwest by CenturyLink (formerly CenturyTel). In July 2018, CHI Health bought the naming rights to the arena under a 20-year agreement worth $23.6 million, and the arena was renamed CHI Health Center Omaha effective September 1, that year. Just west of the Missouri River, the elevation at street level is approximately above sea level. The arena hosts basketball and hockey games, professional wrestling events, concerts, and the annual shareholders' meeting of Omaha-based conglomerate Berkshire Hathaway, usually held on the first Saturday of May. The arena's primary tenant is the Creighton University men's basketball team. Through the 2014–15 NCAA ice hockey season, the Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey team, representing the University of Nebraska Omaha, was also a primary tenant, but the Mavericks moved to the new Baxter Arena effective with the 2015–16 season. History In 2000, Omaha voters approved a $216 million bond issue to build a new convention center and arena; the remainder of the $291 million project was provided by private organizations and individuals. The facility design was led by architectural firm DLR Group. Naming rights to the arena were purchased by Qwest. Qwest Center Omaha opened in September 2003 with an initial seating capacity of 17,000 for concerts, 15,500 for basketball, and 14,700 for hockey. In 2006, a $5.7-million expansion of the arena increased capacity by approximately 1,500 seats. The Qwest Center displaced the 1954 Omaha Civic Auditorium as the city's premier indoor arena. The venerable Ak-Sar-Ben Coliseum closed in 2002 and was demolished in 2005. Notable events The arena has hosted games in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament four times: first- and second-round games in 2008, 2012, and 2015; and Midwest Regional games (Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight) in 2018. The arena was planned to host the 2020 tournament's first- and second-round games, but the tournament was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The arena also hosted the 2010 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships, and was home to the WWE Judgment Day 2008 pay-per-view, as well as other events from WWE. The arena has also five championship boxing cards, all involving Omaha native Terence Crawford as he wanted to defend his titles in front of a home crowd. His first bout at the arena, against Yuriorkis Gamboa for the WBO lightweight belt in 2014, was the first championship fight in Nebraska since the Joe Frazier-Ron Stander bout in 1971. The arena hosts the Nebraska School Activities Association state wrestling championships each February. The tournament moved to what was then Qwest Center Omaha in 2006 after 30 years at Lincoln's Bob Devaney Sports Center. Summer Olympics Swimming Trials The center hosted the nationally televised USA Swimming Summer Olympics trials in 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2021. The center does not have permanent swimming facilities and a team of 200 workers with oversight by Myrtha Pools (which specializes in the construction and dismantling of large-scale temporary pools) constructed them in two weeks. The Omaha Fire Department pumped in of water from hydrants around the center. The 2008 event averaged more than 12,000 spectators each night. A storm damaged a portion of the roof known as The Hat on June 27, 2008. There was no structural damage, but the damage caused water to pour into parts of the Qwest Center, flowed down two sets of arena steps and onto the deck of the competition pool for the USA Swimming Summer Olympic Trials. The schedule for the trials went on as planned. The pools were dismantled after the event and moved to other cities for permanent installation with the 2008 pool going to the Poseidon Swimming facility in Richmond, Virginia, the 2012 pool going to Charles River Aquatics in Boston, Massachusetts, the 2016 pool going to the Hulbert Aquatic Facility in West Fargo, North Dakota (West Fargo bought the pool via a local group of swim enthusiasts called UP Aquatics for $900,000). and the 2021 pool going to a group in Minneapolis, Minnesota that plans to convert an abandoned book bindery in the city's Near North neighborhood into an Olympic-caliber aquatic center. In 2016, the arena hosted the Kellogg's Tour of Gymnastics Champions. Rodeo From 2006 to 2009, the Professional Bull Riders hosted a Built Ford Tough Series event at the arena, and from 2014 to 2016 they hosted a Velocity Tour event. The PBR returned to host an Unleash the Beast Series event on May 1 and 2, 2021, for their first Premier Series event in 12 years. Construction In 2001, construction began on the new convention center and arena, known as the "Omaha Arena and Convention Center". Architectural firm DLR Group spearheaded the design, while The Thornton-Tomasetti Group served as structural engineer. M–E Engineers, Inc. was the services engineer and a local company, Kiewit Corporation, led general construction. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on March 1, 2001. The venue was completed in August 2003, with an official opening on September 24, 2003. In 2006, the MCEA funded a project to expand the arena and add an additional 1,472 seats to the upper bowl. The project also included adding restroom facilities and concession stands, as well as updating aesthetics, mechanical systems, and emergency exits. The cost of the project was $6 million. Construction began in May and was completed September 8, 2006. In 2009, the center saw another renovation with work enveloping the entire building. The $6 million project included new carpet, wallpaper, reupholstered arena seating, and a new scoreboard. Facilities CHI Health Omaha Convention Center The convention center has placed Omaha on the convention map since opening in 2003. The center features three exhibit halls, four ballrooms and over 15 meeting rooms. Exhibit Hall: The main exhibition room which can be divided into three separate rooms (Halls A-C) depending on configuration. The combined rooms can house over 1,000 or a conference seating more than 16,000 guests. Peter Kiewit Grand Ballroom: Named after the founder of the Kiewit Corporation, is the biggest ballroom in the facility. Based on configuration, it can be divided into 3 small ballrooms (Ballroom A-C) or 2 large rooms (North and South). The room is primarily used for graduation ceremonies, charity galas and business conferences. Junior Ballroom: This intimate space was designed for private events such as weddings, receptions, banquets and cocktail parties up to 1,000 guests. CHI Health Center Arena The arena is the busiest venue of the complex. Built in 2001, the arena was meant to replace the aging Omaha Civic Auditorium and demolished Ak-Sar-Ben Coliseum. It is the largest arena in the state, seating over 18,000. It contains 32 luxury suites and over a thousand club seats. The arena hosts shows of all genres, including: concerts, family shows, sports, rodeos and circuses. The arena opened September 12, 2003, with a private concert by Grand Funk Railroad. The first official event was the "River City Roundup Fair and Festival", held at both facilities. Hilton Omaha This hotel features 600 guest rooms, 15 meeting rooms, and two ballrooms, an on-site restaurant, and skywalk connection to the convention center. The $71 million property opened April 2004 and has achieved the AAA four-diamond rating for ten years. Naming Qwest Center Omaha CenturyLink Center Omaha CHI Health Center Omaha Records and milestones Top 10 Largest Home Crowds at CHI Health Center Omaha, Creighton History On the evening of March 8, 2014, the largest crowd to attend a Creighton University basketball game occurred when 18,868 fans witnessed the Creighton men's team defeat Providence on Doug McDermott's career-high senior night performance of 45 points. On January 13, 2012, the largest crowd to ever watch a hockey game in Nebraska occurred when 16,138 fans attended the game between the University of Nebraska at Omaha and Minnesota-Duluth. The CHI Health Center holds several NCAA attendance records, particularly in women's college volleyball. The three largest crowds to attend NCAA tournament matches were for Nebraska Cornhuskers games at the venue. The highest attendance for any volleyball match in the United States, whether for men or women, occurred on December 19, 2015 when 17,561 fans watched the 2015 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship game between Nebraska and former conference rival Texas. This broke a record set two days earlier, when Nebraska defeated another former conference rival, Kansas, in the national semifinals in front of a crowd of 17,551. In turn, this match broke an attendance record set in 2008, when 17,340 fans watched the NCAA semifinal match between Penn State and Nebraska. Gallery See also Omaha Civic Auditorium – (defunct) Baxter Arena Mid-America Center Rosenblatt Stadium – (defunct) Ak-Sar-Ben – (defunct) TD Ameritrade Park Morrison Stadium Liberty First Credit Union Arena Werner Park List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas References External links CHI Health Center Omaha Official Website CenturyLink Center Omaha – GoCreighton.com 2003 establishments in Nebraska Lumen Technologies Basketball venues in Nebraska College basketball venues in the United States College ice hockey venues in the United States Convention centers in Nebraska Creighton Bluejays basketball venues Event venues established in 2003 Gymnastics venues in the United States Indoor arenas in Nebraska Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States Music venues in Omaha, Nebraska Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey Sports venues in Omaha, Nebraska Sports venues completed in 2003 Swimming venues in Nebraska Wrestling venues in the United States
The Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library, also known as the Rainer Collection () and Vienna Papyrus Collection (), is a papyrus collection of the Austrian National Library at Hofburg palace in Vienna. It contains around 180,000 objects overall. It is one of the most significant collections in papyrology, containing writings documenting 3 millennia of the history of Egypt from 1500 BCE–1500 CE: Ancient Egypt, Hellenistic Egypt, Roman Egypt, and Egypt during Muslim rule. It includes a specialist library of around 19,500 books and journals as well. The Austrian National Library preserves and restores the stored papyri and facilitates scholarly research and publication based on these ancient documents. The core of the collection originates from the private collection of Archduke Rainer, who gave the collection to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1899. Besides papyri, the collection includes papers, records on clay tablets, stone tablets, inscribed wood and wax trays, leathers, sheepskins, textiles, and bones, as well as gold, silver and bronze articles with inscriptions. A papyrus museum opened in 1999, displaying a portion of the collection to the public. The Rainer Collection was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2001. History Papyrus is an ancient medium upon which to write popular across the Mediterranean region. It was considerably cheaper to use than inscribing clay tablets; however, it has the disadvantage that moisture would tend to cause papyri to decay over time, meaning the vast majority of papyri have disintegrated or are no longer readable. The main exception to this was in Egypt, where the harsh desert climate preserved papyri for centuries. In the second half of the 19th century, both scholars and local Egyptians realized this, and began to search for old discarded papyri as well as report local papyri caches. In 1878–1879, the Viennese dealer in antiquities purchased recently found papyri from Faiyum, known as Arsinoe in the Hellenistic period. Graf contacted Professor of Oriental History at the University of Vienna and arranged the shipping of around 10,000 papyri to him. The papyri made their way to Vienna in 1881 and 1882 while awaiting a buyer; at the end of 1883, Archduke Rainer Ferdinand agreed to purchase the papyri. Professor Karabacek managed and processed both the sale and the collection. The collection was initially stored at the Österreichischen Museum für Kunst und Industrie (the predecessor of the modern Museum of Applied Arts). Archduke Rainer continued to expand the collection with new purchases that Graf arranged, including papyri from digs at Hermopolis, Heracleopolis Magna, and other sites in the Faiyum area such as Soknopaiou Nesos. Rainer gifted the collection to his uncle Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria on August 18, 1899 as a birthday present. At Rainer's request, Franz Joseph incorporated them as a special collection at the Imperial and Royal Court Library (now known as the Austrian National Library). The collection was also moved next to the Josefsplatz. Additional purchases of mainly ostracon were made in 1899 and 1911. In 1920, after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Imperial and Royal Library became the National Library, and ownership passed to the state of Austria rather than the Imperial family. The papyrus collection moved to new premises at the Palais Friedrich (the modern Albertina museum) in 1921. On March 12, 1945, during the bombing of Vienna, the collection's building was damaged by a bomb. On April 18, 1954, new premises in the rebuilt Albertina were opened to the public. In 1998 the collection and library were relocated to new premises in the wing of the Hofburg palace, and in 1999 a new museum section opened that displayed a selection of the collection to the public. After being nominated in 2000, the Rainer Collection was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme register in 2001. In 2004, was appointed Chair in Papyrology at the University of Vienna's . Collection The main focus of the collection are Greek, Arabic, and Coptic items. The Greek inventory of papyri is the largest, with the era of Ptolemaic Egypt, early Roman Egypt, and later Byzantine Egypt being especially strongly represented as an era when papyri were in common use. The total inventory broken down by language is roughly: Egyptian hieroglyphs and Hieratic: around 275 objects, 170 of which are papyri. Demotic: around 2,000 objects, including 1,551 papyri and 352 ostraca. Coptic: around 26,000 objects, including 7,153 papyri, 1,300 parchments, 935 papers, and 770 ostraca. Greek: around 70,000 objects, including around 41,000 papyri, about 3000 parchments, and 12,000 fragments. Latin: around 150 objects, of which 136 are papyri and 11 are parchments. Arabic: around 75,000 objects, including 17,000 papyri, 17,000 papers, and 382 parchments. Hebrew: around 200 objects. A small number of other objects with writing or inscriptions in Ethiopic, Syriac, Aramaic, Pahlavi, and others. Directors (1899–1904) Karl Wessely (1904–1922) (1923–1930) (1923–1936) (1936–1942 and 1948–1951) (1951–1956) Herbert Hunger (1956–1962) (1962–1984) (1984-2005) (2005–2009) (since 2009) Gallery References Further reading Johannes Diethart. Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. In: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Hrsg.): Handbuch der historischen Buchbestände in Österreich, Bd. 1. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim 1994, ISBN 3-487-09905-5 (online). Herbert Hunger. Die Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Katalog der ständigen Ausstellung. 2. Auflage. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien 1962 (Biblios-Schriften; 35). Helene Loebenstein and . Die Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Katalog der Sonderausstellung 100 Jahre Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna 1983. Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer (P. Rain. Cent.). Festschrift zum 100-jährigen Bestehen der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, 2 Bde. Hollinek, Wien 1983, ISBN 3-85119-197-8. Angelika Zdiarsky. Alte Schriften – Alte Geschichten. Das Papyrusmuseum der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek in Wien. In: Antike Welt (2022), Heft 4, p. 84–87. External links Official website (Museum website) Austrian National Library Austrian National Library Museums in Vienna Archaeological museums in Austria Memory of the World Register Archaeology of Egypt 1899 establishments
Rick Siegel is a former stand-up comedian who is best known for his legal efforts that made the California Labor Commission change their interpretation of how the California Talent Agencies Act ("TAA") is enforced. Siegel created LaughTrack, a national magazine about stand-up comedy, and later became a personal manager for comic performers, actors and writers. Most recently, he has created several environmentally-friendly products focused on the dry cleaning industry. He was chosen for induction to the National Conference of Personal Managers Hall Of Fame's class of 2017. Career As a personal manager, his clients included Leah Remini, Rondell Sheridan (That's So Raven, Cory In The House); Ian Gomez (2000 American Latin Media Awards Recipient of Special Achievement for being a series regular on three primetime series at the same time: The Drew Carey Show, Felicity and The Norm Show);Reggie Hayes (Girlfriends), Rosa Blasi (Strong Medicine). He also convinced Craig Ferguson to immigrate to America and represented the Scotsman for over a decade, and he managed Nia Vardalos. Siegel produced her play My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and subsequently helped develop and cause the film My Big Fat Greek Wedding to be produced. In a case brought by Marathon Entertainment (Siegel's management firm) after he sued Rosa Blasi for unpaid commissions and she then petitioned the Labor Commissioner, asking for relief from her contractual obligations based on his alleged actions as a talent agent without the requisite license, the California Supreme Court found that the Labor Commission had wrongly not been incorporating severance when adjudicating Talent Agencies Act controversies. Siegel has written multiple articles related to the TAA that have been published by the Los Angeles Daily Journal, the regional trade paper for the legal field, including one the newspaper titled, "A Generation of Incorrect Talent Agencies Act Rulings" where Siegel showed how the current interpretation conflicts with four California Supreme court holdings. Rick Siegel founded and edited LaughTrack magazine, which had a 550,000 circulation and was handed to patrons at every major comedy club in the country, similar in manner to how Playbill is distributed to audiences at Broadway Shows. Under Siegel's direction, LaughTrack was the first national publication to write about comedians Tim Allen, Larry David, Drew Carey, Ellen DeGeneres, Jonathan Katz, and Bill Hicks. LaughTrack debuted in March 1989 and that first issue showcased five new comedians (at that time) in its "Breaking Through" column. That list included five-time Emmy winner Kevin Rooney, Bill Hicks, Jonathan Katz (Dr. Katz, Private Therapist on Comedy Central), Drew Carey and Larry David. In 2008 Siegel and his wife, Jennie Nigrosh, invented a reusable dry cleaning garment bag and began to market the bag under the banner of The Green Garmento. In 2009, The International Housewares Show honored The Green Garmento with its DESIGN DEFINED 2009 designation and the International Hotel, Motel and Restaurant Show nominated The Green Garmento for one of its Editors' Choice Awards. In 2011, Entrepreneur Magazine called The Green Garmento, "One of the 100 Genius Companies To Watch." Siegel and Nigrosh are also co-inventors of the Gargantote (US Patent No. 3369584), a reusable flat-bottomed laundry bag, and the Hawk Hanger, (US Patent No. 9,414,703), a clothes hanger that lowers the carbon footprint, production, shipping and storage costs. Siegel penned a column about business, "The High Road," which first was carried by American Drycleaner and later by Cleaner and Laundry, two trade publications for the dry cleaning and laundry industries. He has also written several columns published by The Huffington Post about the 2008 Presidential Election. References [1] Ferguson, Craig (2009). American on Purpose: The Improbable Adventures of an Unlikely Patriot. HarperCollins. . Ch. 31. [2] http://www.playbill.com/article/producer-of-las-big-fat-benefits-from-ad-attacking-the-press-com-73655 [1] CA. Labor Code 1700 -1700.45, TAA [2] Marathon Entertainment vs. Rosa Blasi, (2008) 42 Cal. 4th 974 [3] https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/12/business/impresario-promotes-laughs.html [4] http://thecomicscomic.com/2015/02/19/the-road-to-stand-up-stardom-circa-1989-via-laughtrack-magazine/ Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American founders American stand-up comedians American writers
Java Heat is a 2013 American-Indonesian action film. Directed by Conor Allyn, the film stars Kellan Lutz, Mickey Rourke, Ario Bayu and Atiqah Hasiholan. Plot A suicide bomber detonates himself at a party in Java, Indonesia, and a Javanese Sultan's daughter, Sultana (Atiqah Hasiholan), is believed to be one of the unidentified victims. Jake Travers (Kellan Lutz), an American posing as a graduate student from Cornell University, was at the scene of the blast and is held as a witness by a police detective of Detachment 88, Lieutenant Hashim (Ario Bayu). After interviewing Jake at the crime scene, Hashim and Jake are attacked by terrorists led by Malik (Mickey Rourke) and his henchman Achmed. Jake saves Hashim and kills two terrorists, but Achmed manages to escape. Hashim becomes suspicious after he observes Jake's combat skills. Jake and Hashim are brought to the hospital where Hashim's wife meets Jake. At Hashim's wife's insistence, Hashim invites Jake to their house for breakfast. At the house, Hashim tells Jake that he ran a background check on him through Interpol. Jake tells Hashim he is an FBI agent conducting an undercover investigation, and suggests they cooperate with one another. Returning to his apartment, Jake faxes to a friend stateside a photo of a tattoo from the corpse believed to be Sultana's. Jake's friend informs him that the tattoo is typically used by Chinese high-class prostitutes, which confirms Jake's suspicion that the body is not Sultana's. Jake follows a lead to a night club, where he brings home a prostitute bearing a similar tattoo. When the prostitute cooperates with Jake, they are ambushed by Hashim's terrorists and a Chinese gang operating the prostitution ring. The police, who had been covertly surveilling Jake, intervene and suffer casualties in the fight. Jake flees the scene, but the police eventually capture him. Hashim arrives home and discovers his family is kidnapped. Malik calls Hashim on a cell phone left at the house and taunts him. Hashim visits the police station, where he observes two U.S. Marines officers talking to his superior. Hashim confronts Jake again about his identity. Jake admits he is not FBI, but a Marine who is tracking terrorist activities because his comrades were killed by bombs from Malik's terrorist group. Jake then suggests that Hashim cooperate with him to find his family. Jake later confesses to Hashim that the terrorists also killed his brother. Suspecting that Sultana was actually kidnapped rather than killed, Jake and Hashim meet the Sultan, who oddly avoids discussing the matter in front of his vizier. The Sultan then slips Hashim a secret message requesting a private meeting. Later the Sultan meets Hashim and confides to him that Sultana was kidnapped and his throne is the ransom. The Sultan suspects his vizier is behind the plot. The vizier, however, learns about the meeting and a shoot-out ensues. Hashim and Jake manage to escape, but the Sultan is fatally wounded. Hashim and Jake intercept the vizier and his men at a bank as they are carting off the Sultan's royal jewelry. Hashim and Jake hide in a spa when Malik calls Hashim and threatens them. Hashim discovers Malik had intercepted his phone to reveal their location. Malik, who is outside, attacks Hashim and Jake with an RPG. In the ensuing chaos, Jake manages to save a royal jewel. As it turns out, Hashim's family is held captive in a van, and Malik and Achmed argue whether or not to set them free. In rage, Malik stabs Achmed. Disguised as paramedics, Jake and Hashim flee the site in an ambulance with a wounded Achmed inside. Before he dies, Achmed reveals where Hashim's family is being held captive. Jake and Hashim chase Malik through a Vesak ceremony at Borobudur temple. They rescue Sultana and Hashim's family from Malik, and subsequently kill him. Jake secretly switches the jewel held by Malik with the one in his possession. Jake is at the airport where he returns the jewelry to Sultana, as Hashim watches. Jake then boards the plane to face a Court Martial in the U.S. Cast Kellan Lutz as Jake Traver Mickey Rourke as Malik Ario Bayu as Hashim Atiqah Hasiholan as Sultana Uli Auliani as Rani Nick McKinless as Bretton Mike Muliadro as Achmed Mike Duncan as Captain Baron Rio Dewanto as Anton Brent Duke as Marine Sergeant Production On October 28, The Jakarta Post revealed that Mickey Rourke, Tio Pakusadewo, Atiqah Hasiholan and Frans Tumbuan had all been selected to appear in the film. The film location mainly took place in Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. The scenes were filmed at some notable landmarks, such as Borobudur and Sewu temple, Taman Sari underground corridors, Tugu monument and the Yogyakarta Sultan's Palace. The film was screened at the Dallas International Film Festival on April 4, 2013 then at the Taormina Film Fest on June 15–22. Reception Box office Java Heat has grossed $1,061 in the United States and Canada, and $188,678 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $189,739, against a production budget of $15 million. Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 8% based on 13 reviews, and an average rating of 3.3/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Resty Woro Yuniar of Wall Street Journal: Southeast Asia gave the film three and a half stars out of 5, writing "while the plot is predictable, the movie does give a viewer a good feel [of Indonesia]" and notes "the movie does a fairly good job of capturing Indonesian traditions." Jeff Bounds from Dallas Business Journal noted that the "lighting, the special effects, and the cinematography" looked like it came straight out of Hollywood rather than Indonesia. References External links 2013 films 2013 action films 2010s English-language films Films about terrorism in Asia Films scored by Justin Burnett Films set in Indonesia Films shot in Indonesia Indonesian action films 2010s Indonesian-language films English-language Indonesian films American multilingual films Indonesian multilingual films 2013 multilingual films
Heloderma alvarezi, the Chiapan beaded lizard or black beaded lizard, is a species of lizard of the Helodermatidae family. It is found in Mexico and Guatemala. References Helodermatidae Reptiles described in 1956 Reptiles of Mexico Reptiles of Guatemala
Çamlıca is a village in the Besni District, Adıyaman Province, Turkey. Its population is 381 (2021). References Villages in Besni District
Aquadale is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Stanly County, North Carolina, United States. Its population was 397 as of the 2010 census. Demographics Notes Unincorporated communities in Stanly County, North Carolina Census-designated places in North Carolina Census-designated places in Stanly County, North Carolina Unincorporated communities in North Carolina
Starksia leucovitta, the whitesaddle blenny, is a species of labrisomid blenny only known to occur on the reefs around Navassa Island in the Caribbean Sea where it can be found from near the surface to a depth of . This species can reach a length of SL. References leucovitta Fish described in 2003
Cerro Ciénaga Grande is a mountain in the Andes of Argentina. It has a height of . See also List of mountains in the Andes Cienaga Grande
Benjamin (original title: Benjamin ou les Mémoires d'un puceau; U.S title: The Diary of an Innocent Boy) is a 1968 French comedy film directed by Michel Deville who co-wrote the screenplay with Nina Companéez. Plot In the eighteenth century, seventeen-year-old virgin Benjamin comes with his old servant to stay at the estate of his aunt, Countess de Valandry, who is having an affair with Count Philippe. Benjamin is pursued by various women, including the beautiful Anne, who really loves Philippe. Cast Michèle Morgan as Countess de Valandry. Catherine Deneuve as Anne Pierre Clémenti as Benjamin Michel Piccoli as Count Philippe Francine Bergé as Marion Anna Gaël as Célestine Catherine Rouvel as Victorine Jacques Dufilho as Camille Odile Versois as Married woman Production Filming began in June 1967. The day before filming began, Catherine Deneuve's sister and fellow actress Françoise Dorléac had died in a car accident. "It was a painful time in my life", she later recalled. "I was in a cloud. I turned a bit like a misty automaton. Fortunately, the grief did not mark the film." "Benjamin was a role that I really liked," said Deneuve later. "It was a comedy, but in the spirit and tone particular." Reception Box office The film was the eleventh most popular movie at the French box office in 1968. Critical response The critic for The Guardian claimed that "the dialogue is stylish without being witty and it is continuously and tiresomely arch." The Los Angeles Times said the film was "as superlatively acted as it is photographed and scored". The Washington Post said the film "has little to be said for it except is evidently authentic chateux". Pauline Kael wrote that Pierre Clementi "indicates adolescent innocence by being loose-limbed and girlish. It is essential for the boy to suggest the kind of man he will become once he has learned what everyone is so eager to teach him, but Clémenti looks as though he would become a lesbian." References External links Review of film at The New York Times Review of film by Roger Ebert 1968 films 1960s historical comedy films 1968 romantic comedy films Films about virginity Films set in country houses Films set in the 18th century French coming-of-age comedy films French historical comedy films 1960s French-language films French romantic comedy films Louis Delluc Prize winners Romantic period films Films directed by Michel Deville 1960s historical romance films 1960s French films 1960s coming-of-age comedy films
Indian Predator: The Diary of a Serial Killer is an Indian Netflix true crime docuseries which premiered on 7 September 2022. Produced by India Today Group and directed by Dheeraj Jindal. It is the second installment of Indian Predator series. Premise This docuseries is inspired by the notorious case of Raja Kolander, who is thought to be a cannibal and is responsible for the deaths of more than 15 people in eastern Uttar Pradesh. It consists of three episodes, and its timeline begins in the year 2000, when Dhirendra Singh, a journalist based in Allahabad, vanished without a trace. But later his decapitated and mutilated body was found in the neighbouring state of Madhya Pradesh. Episodes Episode 1: The Murderer Episode 2: The Cannibal Episode 3: The King Reception Writing for The Indian Express, Rohan Naahar in his review suggest that "The Diary of a Serial Killer has one key ingredient that separates it from its predecessor: an on-camera interview with the serial killer himself." The Hindu's Bhuvanesh Chandar, a senior sub-editor of the paper in his review suggests " (the docuseries)... is a chilling exploration into the darkest of corners of the human mind. There is a strong narrative structure in place — there is a reason why the series begins and ends with Dheerendra’s murder in particular— and it also resists employing cheap gimmicks to elevate drama or fear." See also Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi, Indian Predator: Murder in a Courtroom, part of the same television franchise References External links Hindi-language Netflix original programming True crime television series Indian documentary television series Television series about serial killers Indian crime television series
Getazat (), also known Getashen as until 1948, and Aghjaghshlagh,) is a village in the Artashat Municipality of the Ararat Province of Armenia. References External links World Gazetteer: Armenia – World-Gazetteer.com Populated places in Ararat Province Yazidi populated places in Armenia
Cremorne () is a barony in County Monaghan, Ireland. Etymology Cremorne is known in Irish as Críoch Mhúrn from the Old Irish Crích Mugdornd, border of the Mugdorna (Murnú), a pre-Celtic or early Celtic people who inhabited much of Ulster before being pushed out by the Gailenga. This people also give their name to the Mourne Mountains and Mourne barony. Location Cremorne is found in east County Monaghan. Cremorne barony is bordered to the north by Monaghan; to the northwest by Dartree; to the south by Farney (all the preceding are also in County Monaghan); to the east by Tiranny, Upper Fews and Armagh, County Armagh; and to the southwest by Clankee and Tullygarvey, County Cavan. History Up to about AD 800, the Mugdorna territory stretched from Monaghan to the River Boyne at Navan. O'Hanraghty (O hInnreachtaigh) settled in this barony from Ui Meith Macha in County Louth following the Norman invasion. The Leslie family is cited in more recent times as Earl of Rothes. List of settlements Below is a list of settlements in Cremorne barony: Ballybay Castleblayney References Baronies of County Monaghan
```yaml # or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file # distributed with this work for additional information # regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file # # path_to_url # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, # "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY # specific language governing permissions and limitations contexts: - name: master prelude: \| $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path("ext/arrow")) $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path("lib")) prelude: \|- require "arrow" require "faker" state = ENV.fetch("FAKER_RANDOM_SEED", 17).to_i Faker::Config.random = Random.new(state) n_rows = 1000 n_columns = 10 type = Arrow::ListDataType.new(name: "values", type: :double) fields = {} arrays = {} n_columns.times do \|i\| column_name = "column_#{i}" fields[column_name] = type arrays[column_name] = n_rows.times.map do n_elements = Faker::Number.within(range: 1 ... 100) n_elements.times.map do Faker::Number.normal(mean: 0, standard_deviation: 1e+6) end end end record_batch = Arrow::RecordBatch.new(fields, arrays) def pure_ruby_raw_records(record_batch) n_rows = record_batch.n_rows n_columns = record_batch.n_columns columns = record_batch.columns records = [] i = 0 while i < n_rows record = [] j = 0 while j < n_columns record << columns[j][i] j += 1 end records << record i += 1 end records end benchmark: pure_ruby: \|- pure_ruby_raw_records(record_batch) raw_records: \|- record_batch.raw_records ```
Cymene Howe is a cultural anthropologist and Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States. Her research has focused on environment, inequalities and the anthropology of climate change. She has also been active in multi-modal approaches to knowledge and public anthropology through podcasting, documentary filmmaking and installations, most notably the Okjökull memorial. Career Howe has conducted anthropological field work in Nicaragua, Mexico, Iceland and the United States and she has been the recipient of several research grants, including from the National Science Foundation and The Fulbright Program. She has been an invited Society Scholar in the Society for the Humanities at Cornell University and a visiting fellow at Durham University, U.K. From 2015-2018 she served as co-editor of the journal Cultural Anthropology and was founding faculty of The Center for Energy and Environmental Research in the Human Sciences (CENHS) at Rice University (now the Center for Environmental Studies). With Dominic Boyer, she carried out one of the first major anthropological studies on renewable energy transition. The research took place in Mexico’s Isthmus of Tehuantepec, site of the world’s densest concentration of terrestrial wind parks and became the subject of two books, Ecologics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene (Howe) and Energopolitics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene (Boyer). She also co-produced 200 episodes of the Cultures of Energy podcast from 2016-2019 with Boyer. From 2016-2018, Howe led research in Iceland for “Melt: The social life of ice at the top of the world,” that centered on the cultural impact of Icelandic glacial loss. Based on that project, with Boyer in 2018, she produced and co-directed a documentary film about Okjökull (Ok glacier) the first major Icelandic glacier to be declassified as a glacier due to global warming. The educational film, Not Ok: A little movie about a small glacier at the end of the world, featured the voice of Jón Gnarr as Ok mountain. In August 2019, Howe and Boyer organized the installation of a memorial to Okjökull, the first of Iceland’s major glaciers to be destroyed by climate change. The memorial event was widely covered by the international news media. Publications 21st Century Sexualities: Contemporary Issues in Health, Education and Rights (Routledge 2007; coedited with Gilbert Herdt) Intimate Activism: The Struggle for Sexual Rights in Postrevolutionary Nicaragua (Duke University Press, 2013) Ecologics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene (Duke University Press, 2019) The Anthropocene Unseen: A Lexicon (Punctum Books, 2020; coedited with Anand Pandian) References American women anthropologists Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Cultural anthropologists Rice University faculty 21st-century American women
Amritt Harrichand "Harry" Latchman (born 26 July 1943) is a former English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Middlesex and Nottinghamshire between 1965 and 1976. A leg-spin bowler and useful lower-order right-handed batsman, he played over 200 first-class cricket matches for his two English counties, securing nearly 500 wickets. Early life Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Harry Latchman came to England with his parents and went to school in Shepherd's Bush in London. Career Having played for Middlesex until 1974, where his benefit year raised 1,486 pounds, he joined Nottinghamshire for three years before retiring to minor county cricket with Cambridgeshire. He had his most successful season in 1968, when he took 88 wickets at an average of 18.88. He was asked by the West Indian authorities if he would be available to tour England in 1969, but when he replied that he wanted to clarify his situation with regards to continuing to play for Middlesex, they assumed he intended to qualify for the England Test team and did not select him. His best innings figures in first-class cricket were 7 for 65 for Nottinghamshire against Essex in 1975, and his best match figures were 10 for 154 for Middlesex against Derbyshire in the first match of the 1971 season. He made his highest score of 96 after going in as nightwatchman against Worcestershire in 1972. Throughout his first-class playing career he appeared in Wisden as "H. C. Latchman". In later years he coached at Nottingham High School and at Merchant Taylors' School, where he was Head of Cricket for 24 years. He was elected President of Middlesex County Cricket Club at the 151st Annual General Meeting on 7 April 2015. References External links 1943 births Living people English people of Jamaican descent Cricketers from Kingston, Jamaica Cambridgeshire cricketers English cricketers Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers Middlesex cricketers Nottinghamshire cricketers Presidents of Middlesex County Cricket Club
Radwan is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Iwaniska, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Iwaniska, south-west of Opatów, and south-east of the regional capital Kielce. References Villages in Opatów County
Louis Alec Fouché (22 December 1912 – 1971) was a South African shot putter who won a gold medal at the 1938 British Empire Games. References External links commonwealthgames.com results Louis Fouché's genealogical profile 1912 births 1971 deaths South African male shot putters Athletes (track and field) at the 1938 British Empire Games Commonwealth Games gold medallists for South Africa Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics Medallists at the 1938 British Empire Games
This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in Central America. Central America is usually defined as the southernmost extension of North America; however, from a biological standpoint it is useful to view it as a separate region of the Americas. Central America is distinct from the remainder of North America in being a tropical region, part of the Neotropical realm, whose flora and fauna display a strong South American influence. The rest of North America is mostly subtropical or temperate, belongs to the Nearctic realm, and has far fewer species of South American origin. At present Central America bridges North and South America, facilitating migrations in both directions, but this phenomenon is relatively recent from a geological perspective. The formation of this land bridge through volcanic activity three million years ago precipitated the Great American Interchange, an important biogeographical event. In part because of this history, Central America is extremely biodiverse; it comprises most of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot. The mountains running down the spine of Central America have also contributed to biodiversity by creating montane habitats, including cloud forests and grasslands, and by separating species from the lowlands along the Pacific and Caribbean coasts. However, Central America's biodiversity suffered a blow in the Quaternary extinction event, which started around 12,500 cal BP, at roughly the time of arrival of Paleoindians; much of the megafauna died out at this time. The effects of modern human activities on climate and ecosystem integrity pose a further threat to Central America's fauna. This list consists of those mammal species found from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the northwestern border of Colombia, a region including the Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, and the nations of Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. As of May 2012, the list contains 378 species, 177 genera, 47 families and 13 orders. Of the taxa from nonflying, nonmarine groups (203 species, 91 genera, 31 families and 10 orders), those of South American origin (opossums, xenarthrans, monkeys and caviomorph rodents) comprise 21% of species, 34% of genera, 52% of families and 50% of orders. Thus, South America's contribution to Central America's biodiversity is fairly modest at the species level, but substantial at higher taxonomic levels. In comparison to South America, a famously biodiverse continent, Central America has 27% as many species, 51% as many genera, 81% as many families and 86% as many orders (considering noncetacean taxa only), while having only 4.3% of the land area. Of the species, two are extinct, eleven are critically endangered, thirteen are endangered, twenty are vulnerable, twenty are near threatened, thirty-five are data deficient and five are not yet evaluated. Mammal species presumed extinct since AD 1500 (two cases) are included. Domestic species and introduced species are not listed. Note: this list is almost inevitably going to be incomplete, since new species are continually being recognized via discovery or reclassification. Places to check for missing species include the Wikipedia missing mammal species list, including recently removed entries, and the species listings in the articles for mammalian genera, especially those of small mammals such as rodents or bats. The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; those on the left are used here, those in the second column in some other articles: The IUCN status of the listed species was last updated between November 2008 and March 2009. Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Metatheria Marsupials are an infraclass of pouched mammals that was once more widely distributed. Today they are found primarily in isolated or formerly isolated continents of Gondwanan origin. Those of Central America are relatively recent immigrants from South America. Central America's 10 extant genera compares with 22 in South America, 1 in North America north of Mexico, 52 in Australia, 28 in New Guinea and 2 in Sulawesi. South American marsupials are thought to be ancestral to those of Australia and elsewhere. Superorder: Ameridelphia Order: Didelphimorphia (common opossums) Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat, with a long snout and prehensile tail. Family: Didelphidae (American opossums) Subfamily: Caluromyinae Genus: Caluromys Derby's woolly opossum, C. derbianus Subfamily: Didelphinae Genus: Chironectes Water opossum, Chironectes minimus Genus: Didelphis Common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana Genus: Marmosa Subgenus: Exulomarmosa Isthmian mouse opossum, Marmosa isthmica Mexican mouse opossum, Marmosa mexicana Robinson's mouse opossum, Marmosa robinsoni Marmosa zeledoni NE Subgenus: Micoureus Alston's mouse opossum, Marmosa alstoni Genus: Marmosops Panama slender opossum, Marmosops invictus Genus: Metachirus Brown four-eyed opossum, Metachirus nudicaudatus Genus: Monodelphis Sepia short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis adusta Genus: Philander Gray four-eyed opossum, Philander opossum Genus: Tlacuatzin Grayish mouse opossum, Tlacuatzin canescens Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder Afrotheria Order: Sirenia (manatees and dugongs) Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four extant species are endangered. They evolved about 50 million years ago, and their closest living relatives are elephants. The manatees are the only extant afrotherians in the Americas. However, a number proboscid species, some of which survived until the arrival of Paleoindians, once inhabited the region. Mammoths, mastodons and gomphotheres all reached Central America. Family: Trichechidae Genus: Trichechus West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus VU Superorder Xenarthra Order: Cingulata (armadillos) The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell. Two of 21 extant species are present in Central America; the remainder are only found in South America, where they originated. Their much larger relatives, the pampatheres and glyptodonts, once lived in North and South America but became extinct following the appearance of humans. Family: Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillos) Subfamily: Dasypodinae Genus: Dasypus Nine-banded armadillo, D. novemcinctus LC Family: Chlamyphoridae (armadillos) Subfamily: Tolypeutinae Genus: Cabassous Northern naked-tailed armadillo, C. centralis DD Order: Pilosa (sloths and anteaters) The order Pilosa is confined to the Americas and contains the tree sloths and anteaters (which include the tamanduas). Although their ancestral home is South America, all 5 extant genera and 6 of 10 extant species are present in Central America. Numerous ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants, were once present in both North and South America, as well as on the Antilles, but all went extinct following the arrival of humans. Extant two-toed sloths are more closely related to some extinct ground sloths than to three-toed sloths. Suborder: Folivora Family: Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths) Genus: Bradypus Pygmy three-toed sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus CR Brown-throated sloth, Bradypus variegatus LC Family: Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths) Genus: Choloepus Hoffmann's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni LC Suborder: Vermilingua Family: Cyclopedidae (silky anteaters) Genus: Cyclopes Silky anteater, C. didactylus LC Central American silky anteater, C. dorsalis Family: Myrmecophagidae (American anteaters) Genus: Myrmecophaga Giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla VU Genus: Tamandua Northern tamandua, Tamandua mexicana LC Superorder Euarchontoglires Order: Primates The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World. Central America's 6 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 20 in South America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after rafting over from Africa 25 million years ago. Parvorder: Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) Family: Aotidae (night monkeys) Genus: Aotus Panamanian night monkey, Aotus zonalis DD – may be A. lemurinus VU subspecies Family: Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) Genus: Saguinus Geoffroy's tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi LC Family: Cebidae (capuchin and squirrel monkeys) Subfamily: Cebinae Genus: Cebus Colombian white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus LC Panamanian white-faced capuchin, Cebus imitator NE Subfamily: Saimiriinae Genus: Saimiri Central American squirrel monkey, Saimiri oerstedii VU Family: Atelidae (howler, spider and woolly monkeys) Subfamily: Alouattinae Genus: Alouatta Coiba Island howler, Alouatta coibensis VU – may be A. palliata subspecies Mantled howler, Alouatta palliata LC Guatemalan black howler, Alouatta pigra EN Subfamily: Atelinae Genus: Ateles Black-headed spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps CR Geoffroy's spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi EN Order: Rodentia (rodents) Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small, although the capybara can weigh up to . Central America's 11 species of caviomorph rodents (10% of its total rodent species) are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors washed ashore after rafting across the Atlantic from Africa over 30 million years ago. The remainder of Central America's rodents are of Nearctic origin. Ancestral sigmodontine rodents apparently island-hopped from Central America to South America 5 or more million years ago, prior to the formation of the Panamanian land bridge. They went on to diversify explosively, and now comprise 60% of South America's rodent species, while only making up 27% of Central America's. Suborder: Hystricomorpha Parvorder: Caviomorpha Family: Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Subfamily: Erethizontinae Genus: Coendou Andean porcupine, Coendou quichua DD Rothschild's porcupine, Coendou rothschildi LC Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine, Coendou mexicanus LC Family: Caviidae (guinea pigs) Subfamily: Hydrochoerinae (capybaras and rock cavies) Genus: Hydrochoerus Lesser capybara, Hydrochoerus isthmius DD Family: Dasyproctidae Genus: Dasyprocta Coiban agouti, Dasyprocta coibae VU Mexican agouti, Dasyprocta mexicana CR Central American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata LC Ruatan Island agouti, Dasyprocta ruatanica EN Family: Cuniculidae Genus: Cuniculus Lowland paca, Cuniculus paca LC Family: Echimyidae Subfamily: Echimyinae Genus: Diplomys Rufous soft-furred spiny-rat, Diplomys labilis LC Subfamily: Eumysopinae Genus: Hoplomys Armored rat, Hoplomys gymnurus LC Genus: Proechimys Tome's spiny-rat, Proechimys semispinosus LC Family: Capromyidae Subfamily: Capromyinae Genus: Geocapromys Little Swan Island hutia, †Geocapromys thoracatus EX Suborder: Sciuromorpha Family: Sciuridae (squirrels) Subfamily: Sciurinae Tribe: Sciurini Genus: Microsciurus Central American dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus alfari LC Western dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus mimulus LC Genus: Sciurus Mexican gray squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster VU Deppe's squirrel, Sciurus deppei LC Red-tailed squirrel, Sciurus granatensis LC Richmond's squirrel, Sciurus richmondi NT Variegated squirrel, Sciurus variegatoides LC Yucatan squirrel, Sciurus yucatanensis LC Genus: Syntheosciurus Bangs's mountain squirrel, Syntheosciurus brochus NT Suborder: Castorimorpha Family: Geomyidae Genus: Orthogeomys Chiriqui pocket gopher, Orthogeomys cavator LC Cherrie's pocket gopher, Orthogeomys cherriei LC Oaxacan pocket gopher, Orthogeomys cuniculus DD Darien pocket gopher, Orthogeomys dariensis LC Giant pocket gopher, Orthogeomys grandis LC Variable pocket gopher, Orthogeomys heterodus LC Hispid pocket gopher, Orthogeomys hispidus LC Nicaraguan pocket gopher, Orthogeomys matagalpae LC Underwood's pocket gopher, Orthogeomys underwoodi LC Family: Heteromyidae Subfamily: Heteromyinae Genus: Heteromys Panamanian spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys adspersus LC Southern spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys australis LC Desmarest's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys desmarestianus LC Gaumer's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys gaumeri LC Nelson's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys nelsoni EN Cloud-dwelling spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys nubicolens NE Mountain spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys oresterus LC Painted spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys pictus LC Salvin's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys salvini LC Suborder: Myomorpha Family: Cricetidae Subfamily: Arvicolinae Genus: Microtus Guatemalan vole, Microtus guatemalensis NT Subfamily: Tylomyinae Genus: Nyctomys Sumichrast's vesper rat, Nyctomys sumichrasti LC Genus: Otonyctomys Hatt's vesper rat, Otonyctomys hatti LC Genus: Ototylomys Big-eared climbing rat, Ototylomys phyllotis LC Genus: Tylomys Chiapan climbing rat, Tylomys bullaris CR Fulvous-bellied climbing rat, Tylomys fulviventer DD Peters's climbing rat, Tylomys nudicaudus LC Panamanian climbing rat, Tylomys panamensis DD Tumbala climbing rat, Tylomys tumbalensis CR Watson's climbing rat, Tylomys watsoni LC Subfamily: Neotominae Genus: Baiomys Southern pygmy mouse, Baiomys musculus LC Genus: Habromys Crested-tailed deermouse, Habromys lophurus NT Genus: Isthmomys Yellow isthmus rat, Isthmomys flavidus NT Mount Pirri isthmus rat, Isthmomys pirrensis LC Genus: Neotoma Nicaraguan woodrat, Neotoma chrysomelas LC Mexican woodrat, Neotoma mexicana LC Genus: Peromyscus Aztec mouse, Peromyscus aztecus LC Big deer mouse, Peromyscus grandis NT Guatemalan deer mouse, Peromyscus guatemalensis LC Naked-eared deer mouse, Peromyscus gymnotis LC White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus LC Nimble-footed mouse, Peromyscus levipes LC Plateau mouse, Peromyscus melanophrys LC Maya mouse, Peromyscus mayensis CR Mexican deer mouse, Peromyscus mexicanus LC Stirton's deer mouse, Peromyscus stirtoni LR Yucatan deer mouse, Peromyscus yucatanicus LC Chiapan deer mouse, Peromyscus zarhynchus VU Genus: Reithrodontomys Short-nosed harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys brevirostris LC Chiriqui harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys creper LC Darien harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys darienensis LC Fulvous harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys fulvescens LC Slender harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys gracilis LC Mexican harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys mexicanus LC Small-toothed harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys microdon VU Nicaraguan harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys paradoxus DD Rodriguez's harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys rodriguezi LC Cozumel harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys spectabilis CR Sumichrast's harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys sumichrasti LC Narrow-nosed harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys tenuirostris VU Genus: Scotinomys Alston's brown mouse, Scotinomys teguina LC Chiriqui brown mouse, Scotinomys xerampelinus LC Subfamily: Sigmodontinae Genus: Handleyomys Alfaro's rice rat, Handleyomys alfaroi LC Chapman's rice rat, Handleyomys chapmani LC Black-eared rice rat, Handleyomys melanotis LC Striped rice rat, Handleyomys rhabdops VU Long-nosed rice rat, Handleyomys rostratus LC Cloud forest rice rat, Handleyomys saturatior NT Genus: Ichthyomys Tweedy's crab-eating rat, Ichthyomys tweedii DD Genus: Melanomys Dusky rice rat, Melanomys caliginosus LC Genus: Neacomys Painted bristly mouse, Neacomys pictus DD Genus: Nephelomys Tomes's rice rat, Nephelomys albigularis LC Boquete rice rat, Nephelomys devius LC Genus: Oecomys Bicolored arboreal rice rat, Oecomys bicolor LC Trinidad arboreal rice rat, Oecomys trinitatis LC Genus: Oligoryzomys Fulvous pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys fulvescens LC Sprightly pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys vegetus LC Genus: Oryzomys Coues' rice rat, Oryzomys couesi LC Nicaraguan rice rat, Oryzomys dimidiatus LC Genus: Rheomys Goldman's water mouse, Rheomys raptor LC Thomas's water mouse, Rheomys thomasi NT Underwood's water mouse, Rheomys underwoodi LC Genus: Rhipidomys Splendid climbing mouse, Rhipidomys nitela LC Broad-footed climbing mouse, Rhipidomys latimanus LC Genus: Sigmodon Southern cotton rat, Sigmodon hirsutus LC Jaliscan cotton rat, Sigmodon mascotensis LC Toltec cotton rat, Sigmodon toltecus LC Genus: Sigmodontomys Alfaro's rice water rat, Sigmodontomys alfari LC Harris's rice water rat, Sigmodontomys aphrastus DD Genus: Transandinomys Bolivar rice rat, Transandinomys bolivaris LC Talamancan rice rat, Transandinomys talamancae LC Genus: Zygodontomys Short-tailed cane mouse, Zygodontomys brevicauda LC Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs) The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two. Central America's lagomorph diversity is considerably less than that of Mexico as a whole, but is greater than that of South America. Family: Leporidae (rabbits, hares) Genus: Sylvilagus Dice's cottontail, Sylvilagus dicei VU Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus LC Central American tapetí, Sylvilagus gabbi LC Northern tapetí, Sylvilagus incitatus NE Genus: Lepus Tehuantepec jackrabbit, Lepus flavigularis EN Superorder Laurasiatheria Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons) Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers. Central America's shrew diversity is comparable to that of Mexico as a whole, and is considerably greater than that of South America. Moles are not found in the Americas south of northern Mexico. Family: Soricidae (shrews) Subfamily: Soricinae Genus: Cryptotis C. mexicana group Mexican small-eared shrew, Cryptotis mexicana LC goldmani set Goldman's broad-clawed shrew, Cryptotis goldmani LC Goodwin's broad-clawed shrew, Cryptotis goodwini LC Guatemalan broad-clawed shrew, Cryptotis griseoventris VU Cryptotis lacertosus NE Cryptotis mam NE C. nigrescens group Honduran small-eared shrew, Cryptotis hondurensis DD Yucatan small-eared shrew, Cryptotis mayensis LC Darién small-eared shrew, Cryptotis mera EN Merriam's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis merriami LC Blackish small-eared shrew, Cryptotis nigrescens LC C. parva group Central American least shrew, Cryptotis orophila DD North American least shrew, Cryptotis parva LC Tropical small-eared shrew, Cryptotis tropicalis DD ungrouped/relict Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi EN Talamancan small-eared shrew, Cryptotis gracilis VU Genus: Sorex Subgenus: Otisorex Verapaz shrew, Sorex veraepacis LC Subgenus: incertae sedis Saussure's shrew, Sorex saussurei LC Sclater's shrew, Sorex sclateri CR San Cristobal shrew, Sorex stizodon CR Veracruz shrew, Sorex veraecrucis LC Order: Chiroptera (bats) The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals. Family: Noctilionidae Genus: Noctilio Lesser bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris LC Greater bulldog bat, Noctilio leporinus LC Family: Vespertilionidae Subfamily: Myotinae Genus: Myotis Silver-tipped myotis, Myotis albescens LC Southwestern myotis, Myotis auriculus LC California myotis, Myotis californicus LC Guatemalan myotis, Myotis cobanensis DD Elegant myotis, Myotis elegans LC Cinnamon myotis, Myotis fortidens LC Hairy-legged myotis, Myotis keaysi LC Black myotis, Myotis nigricans LC Montane myotis, Myotis oxyotus LC Riparian myotis, Myotis riparius LC Fringed myotis, Myotis thysanodes LC Cave myotis, Myotis velifer LC Subfamily: Vespertilioninae Genus: Bauerus Van Gelder's bat, Bauerus dubiaquercus NT Genus: Eptesicus Little black serotine, Eptesicus andinus LC Brazilian brown bat, Eptesicus brasiliensis LC Chiriquinan serotine, Eptesicus chiriquinus LC Argentine brown bat, Eptesicus furinalis LC Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus LC Genus: Lasiurus Desert red bat, Lasiurus blossevillii LC Tacarcuna bat, Lasiurus castaneus DD Hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus LC Southern yellow bat, Lasiurus ega LC Big red bat, Lasiurus egregius DD Northern yellow bat, Lasiurus intermedius LC Genus: Pipistrellus Eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus LC Genus: Plecotus Mexican big-eared bat, Plecotus mexicanus NT Genus: Rhogeessa Yucatan yellow bat, Rhogeessa aeneus LC Genoways's yellow bat, Rhogeessa genowaysi EN Slender yellow bat, Rhogeessa gracilis LC Thomas's yellow bat, Rhogeessa io LC Little yellow bat, Rhogeessa parvula LC Black-winged little yellow bat, Rhogeessa tumida LC Family: Molossidae Genus: Cynomops Mexican dog-faced bat, Cynomops mexicanus LC Southern dog-faced bat, Cynomops planirostris LC Genus: Eumops Black bonneted bat, Eumops auripendulus LC Dwarf bonneted bat, Eumops bonariensis LC Wagner's bonneted bat, Eumops glaucinus LC Sanborn's bonneted bat, Eumops hansae LC Underwood's bonneted bat, Eumops underwoodi LC Genus: Molossus Aztec mastiff bat, Molossus aztecus LC Bonda mastiff bat, Molossus currentium LC Coiban mastiff bat, Molossus coibensis LC Velvety free-tailed bat, Molossus molossus LC Miller's mastiff bat, Molossus pretiosus LC Black mastiff bat, Molossus rufus LC Sinaloan mastiff bat, Molossus sinaloae LC Genus: Nyctinomops Peale's free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops aurispinosus LC Broad-eared bat, Nyctinomops laticaudatus LC Big free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops macrotis LC Genus: Promops Big crested mastiff bat, Promops centralis LC Genus: Tadarida Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis LC Family: Emballonuridae Genus: Balantiopteryx Thomas's sac-winged bat, Balantiopteryx io VU Gray sac-winged bat, Balantiopteryx plicata LC Genus: Cormura Chestnut sac-winged bat, Cormura brevirostris LC Genus: Cyttarops Short-eared bat, Cyttarops alecto LC Genus: Diclidurus Northern ghost bat, Diclidurus albus LC Genus: Peropteryx Greater dog-like bat, Peropteryx kappleri LC Lesser doglike bat, Peropteryx macrotis LC Genus: Rhynchonycteris Proboscis bat, Rhynchonycteris naso LC Genus: Saccopteryx Greater sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx bilineata LC Lesser sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx leptura LC Family: Mormoopidae Genus: Mormoops Ghost-faced bat, Mormoops megalophylla LC Genus: Pteronotus Davy's naked-backed bat, Pteronotus davyi LC Big naked-backed bat, Pteronotus gymnonotus LC Parnell's mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii LC Wagner's mustached bat, Pteronotus personatus LC Family: Phyllostomidae Subfamily: Phyllostominae Genus: Chrotopterus Big-eared woolly bat, Chrotopterus auritus LC Genus: Glyphonycteris Davies's big-eared bat, Glyphonycteris daviesi LC Tricolored big-eared bat, Glyphonycteris sylvestris LC Genus: Lampronycteris Yellow-throated big-eared bat, Lampronycteris brachyotis LC Genus: Lonchorhina Tomes's sword-nosed bat, Lonchorhina aurita LC Genus: Lophostoma Pygmy round-eared bat, Lophostoma brasiliense LC Davis's round-eared bat, Lophostoma evotis LC White-throated round-eared bat, Lophostoma silvicolum LC Genus: Macrophyllum Long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum LC Genus: Macrotus Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus waterhousii LC Genus: Micronycteris Hairy big-eared bat, Micronycteris hirsuta LC White-bellied big-eared bat, Micronycteris minuta LC Schmidts's big-eared bat, Micronycteris schmidtorum LC Genus: Mimon Cozumelan golden bat, Mimon cozumelae LC Striped hairy-nosed bat, Mimon crenulatum LC Genus: Phylloderma Pale-faced bat, Phylloderma stenops LC Genus: Phyllostomus Pale spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus discolor LC Greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus LC Genus: Tonatia Stripe-headed round-eared bat, Tonatia saurophila LC Genus: Trachops Fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus LC Genus: Trinycteris Niceforo's big-eared bat, Trinycteris nicefori LC Genus: Vampyrum Spectral bat, Vampyrum spectrum NT Subfamily: Glossophaginae Genus: Anoura Handley's tailless bat, Anoura cultrata NT Geoffroy's tailless bat, Anoura geoffroyi LC Genus: Choeroniscus Godman's long-tailed bat, Choeroniscus godmani LC Genus: Choeronycteris Mexican long-tongued bat, Choeronycteris mexicana NT Genus: Glossophaga Commissaris's long-tongued bat, Glossophaga commissarisi LC Gray long-tongued bat, Glossophaga leachii LC Western long-tongued bat, Glossophaga morenoi LC Pallas's long-tongued bat, Glossophaga soricina LC Genus: Hylonycteris Underwood's long-tongued bat, Hylonycteris underwoodi LC Genus: Leptonycteris Southern long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae VU Greater long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris nivalis EN Genus: Lichonycteris Dark long-tongued bat, Lichonycteris obscura LC Genus: Lionycteris Chestnut long-tongued bat, Lionycteris spurrelli LC Genus: Lonchophylla Goldman's nectar bat, Lonchophylla concava NT Godman's nectar bat, Lonchophylla mordax LC Orange nectar bat, Lonchophylla robusta LC Thomas's nectar bat, Lonchophylla thomasi LC Subfamily: Carolliinae Genus: Carollia Silky short-tailed bat, Carollia brevicauda LC Chestnut short-tailed bat, Carollia castanea LC Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata LC Sowell's short-tailed bat, Carollia sowelli LC Gray short-tailed bat, Carollia subrufa LC Subfamily: Stenodermatinae Genus: Ametrida Little white-shouldered bat, Ametrida centurio LC Genus: Artibeus Honduran fruit-eating bat, Artibeus inopinatus DD Jamaican fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis LC Great fruit-eating bat, Artibeus lituratus LC Genus: Centurio Wrinkle-faced bat, Centurio senex LC Genus: Chiroderma Salvin's big-eyed bat, Chiroderma salvini LC Little big-eyed bat, Chiroderma trinitatum LC Hairy big-eyed bat, Chiroderma villosum LC Genus: Dermanura Aztec fruit-eating bat, Dermanura azteca LC Pygmy fruit-eating bat, Dermanura phaeotis LC Toltec fruit-eating bat, Dermanura tolteca LC Thomas's fruit-eating bat, Dermanura watsoni LC Solitary fruit-eating bat, Dermanura watsoni incomitata CR Genus: Ectophylla Honduran white bat, Ectophylla alba NT Genus: Enchisthenes Velvety fruit-eating bat, Enchisthenes hartii LC Genus: Mesophylla MacConnell's bat, Mesophylla macconnelli LC Genus: Platyrrhinus Thomas's broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus dorsalis LC Heller's broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus helleri LC Greater broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus vittatus LC Genus: Sturnira Little yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira lilium LC Highland yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira ludovici LC Louis's yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira luisi LC Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira mordax NT Genus: Uroderma Tent-making bat, Uroderma bilobatum LC Brown tent-making bat, Uroderma magnirostrum LC Genus: Vampyressa Striped yellow-eared bat, Vampyressa nymphaea LC Genus: Vampyrodes Great stripe-faced bat, Vampyrodes caraccioli LC Subfamily: Desmodontinae Genus: Desmodus Common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus LC Genus: Diaemus White-winged vampire bat, Diaemus youngi LC Genus: Diphylla Hairy-legged vampire bat, Diphylla ecaudata LC Family: Natalidae (funnel-eared bats) Genus: Natalus Mexican greater funnel-eared bat, Natalus mexicanus LC Family: Furipteridae Genus: Furipterus Thumbless bat, Furipterus horrens LC Family: Thyropteridae Genus: Thyroptera Peters's disk-winged bat, Thyroptera discifera LC Spix's disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor LC Order: Carnivora (carnivorans) There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. All of Central America's terrestrial carnivorans are of Nearctic origin. Central America has the greatest diversity of procyonids in the world. Large extinct carnivorans that lived in the area prior to the coming of humans include the saber-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis, the scimitar cat Homotherium serum, American lions, dire wolves and short-faced bears. Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae (cats) Subfamily: Felinae Genus: Herpailurus Jaguarundi, H. yagouaroundi LC Genus: Leopardus Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis LC Oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus VU Margay, Leopardus wiedii NT Genus: Puma Cougar, Puma concolor LC Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Jaguar, Panthera onca NT Suborder: Caniformia Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes) Subfamily: Caninae Genus: Canis Coyote, Canis latrans LC Genus: Cerdocyon Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous LC Genus: Speothos Bush dog, Speothos venaticus NT Genus: Urocyon Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus LC Family: Ursidae (bears) Subfamily: Tremarctinae Genus: Tremarctos Spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus VU Family: Procyonidae (raccoons, coatis and relatives) Genus: Bassariscus Ringtail, Bassariscus astutus LC Cacomistle, Bassariscus sumichrasti LC Genus: Procyon Crab-eating raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus LC Common raccoon, Procyon lotor LC Cozumel Island raccoon, Procyon pygmaeus CR Genus: Nasua White-nosed coati, Nasua narica LC Cozumel Island coati, N. n. nelsoni EN Genus: Bassaricyon Northern olingo, Bassaricyon gabbii LC Western lowland olingo, Bassaricyon medius LC Genus: Potos Kinkajou, Potos flavus LC Family: Mustelidae (weasels, otters) Subfamily: Guloninae Genus: Eira Tayra, Eira barbara LC Subfamily: Ictonychinae Genus: Galictis Greater grison, Galictis vittata LC Subfamily: Mustelinae Genus: Neogale Long-tailed weasel, N. frenata LC Subfamily: Lutrinae Genus: Lontra Neotropical otter, Lontra longicaudis NT Family: Mephitidae (skunks) Genus: Spilogale Southern spotted skunk, Spilogale angustifrons LC Pygmy spotted skunk, Spilogale pygmaea VU Genus: Mephitis Hooded skunk, Mephitis macroura LC Genus: Conepatus American hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus leuconotus LC Striped hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus semistriatus LC Clade: Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions and walruses) Family: Phocidae (earless seals) Subfamily: Monachinae Genus: Neomonachus Caribbean monk seal, N. tropicalis EX Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. While native equids once lived in the region, having evolved in North America over a period of 50 million years, they died out around the time of the first arrival of humans, along with at least one ungulate of South American origin, the notoungulate, Mixotoxodon. Sequencing of collagen from a fossil of one recently extinct notoungulate has indicated that this order was closer to the perissodactyls than any extant mammal order. Family: Tapiridae (tapirs) Genus: Tapirus Baird's tapir, Tapirus bairdii EN Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates and cetaceans) The weight of even-toed ungulates is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 noncetacean artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. All of Central America's extant ungulates are of Nearctic origin. Prior to the arrival of humans, Nearctic camelids also lived in the region. Family: Tayassuidae (peccaries) Genus: Dicotyles Collared peccary, Dicotyles tajacu LC Genus: Tayassu White-lipped peccary, Tayassu pecari NT Family: Cervidae (deer) Subfamily: Capreolinae Genus: Mazama Amazonian brown brocket, Mazama nemorivaga LC Central American red brocket, Mazama temama DD Genus: Odocoileus Yucatan brown brocket, O. pandora VU White-tailed deer, O. virginianus LC Infraorder: Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) The infraorder Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Their closest extant relatives are the hippos, which are artiodactyls, from which cetaceans descended; cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls. Parvorder: Mysticeti Family: Balaenopteridae (rorquals) Subfamily: Balaenopterinae Genus: Balaenoptera Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni DD Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus EN Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus VU Subfamily: Megapterinae Genus: Megaptera Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae LC Parvorder: Odontoceti Family: Physeteridae (sperm whales) Genus: Physeter Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus VU Family: Kogiidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whales) Genus: Kogia Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps DD Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima DD Family: Ziphidae (beaked whales) Genus: Ziphius Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris LC Genus: Mesoplodon Blainville's beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris DD Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens DD Pygmy beaked whale, Mesoplodon peruvianus DD Family: Delphinidae (marine dolphins) Genus: Steno Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis LC Genus: Sotalia Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis NT Genus: Tursiops Bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus LC Genus: Stenella Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata LC Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene LC Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba LC Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis LC Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris LC Genus: Delphinus Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis DD Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis LC Genus: Lagenodelphis Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei LC Genus: Grampus Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus LC Genus: Peponocephala Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra LC Genus: FeresaLC Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata LC Genus: Orcinus Orca, Orcinus orca DD Genus: Pseudorca False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens NT Genus: Globicephala Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus LC See also List of chordate orders Lists of mammals by region List of prehistoric mammals Mammal classification List of mammals described in the 2000s Notes References Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south 01 Central America
Michael J. Osborne (born September 20, 1949, in Amarillo, Texas) is an author, inventor, entrepreneur, and energy policymaker. He was one of three founding members of the Texas Renewable Energy Industries Alliance (TREIA). His public service appointments have included the steering committees of the State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership (STEPP) and the Sustainable Energy Development Council under Governor Ann Richards; and later, the Texas Energy Coordination Council appointed by Governor George W. Bush. As chair of the Austin Electric Utility Commission, Osborne has traveled internationally to speak and consult about the Texas energy experience. In 2015, he was part of the Austin, Texas, delegation to the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris, France. Early life and education The youngest of two sons born to Maxine Joan Chambers Osborne (a businesswoman and investor) and Jack Harold Osborne (a World War II navy pilot and rancher), Michael was born in Amarillo, Texas, on September 20, 1949. When he was six, his family moved to the small town of Pampa, Texas, where Osborne's interest in music grew as he played guitar and piano in two rock-and-roll bands. He graduated in 1967. Michael moved to Austin, Texas, at the age of seventeen, to attend the University of Texas and majored in aerospace engineering and later, business marketing. He withdrew from school one semester short of a degree after his business school dean denied him project credit for an advertising agency, Directions Company, he had started on the side. Professional life Marketing music. As founder of Directions Company, Michael focused on marketing music venues such as Castle Creek, Mother Earth, and the legendary Armadillo World Headquarters (19711980), a famed venue that led the Music of Austin Texas to national prominence. The Armadillo became a springboard for the careers of celebrated musicians such as: Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Marcia Ball, Joe Ely, Jerry Jeff Walker, Bruce Springsteen, Shiva’s Headband, and many more. Renewable Energy Business. Influenced by architect, inventor and philosopher, Buckminster Fuller, who believed in the importance of renewable energy, Osborne began to focus on the renewable energy business in the late 1970s by building passive solar homes and selling energy-saving wood stoves. In 1981 he developed the first wind energy project (consisting of five 25-kilowatt wind turbines) that sold energy to an electric utility in Texas. in 1983, he signed on as the first distributor in Texas for Solarex, a now-defunct maker of solar cells used then as power sources for such things as ranch gates, railroad signals and other places where stringing power lines was difficult or expensive. In the 1990s he ran the Texas operations for Zond Energy, which is now part of GE Wind Energy, the largest U.S. wind turbine maker. Throughout the 80s and 90s, Osborne documented and leased the wind resource for Texas wind fields. Many of his exploits are documented in the book, The Great Texas Wind Rush. In 1999, Osborne was awarded Patent No. US5961739A for his invention of the hemispheric moving focus power plant. Renewable Energy Policy. In 1984 Osborne co-founded the Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association (now Alliance) (TREIA) with two partners and worked with other key individuals and organizations to bring the nascent renewable energy industry to the attention of policymakers on the state and federal level. Governor Ann Richards appointed him to the steering committees of the State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership and the Sustainable Energy Development Council followed by an appointment by Richards’ successor, George W. Bush to the Texas Energy Coordination Council. In 2002, Osborne was commissioned by the City of Austin to write a white paper funded by a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Grant, to develop a Sustainable Energy Plan for the City. The white paper was published as the book, Silver In The Mine. He was subsequently hired by the City to implement this sustainable energy plan as Director of Grants, Patents and R&D. Osborne served as Special Assistant to two Austin Energy General Managers and was charged with developing a vision for Austin which included a successful national campaign to get the automakers to support mass production of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Upon leaving Austin Energy in 2014, Osborne served as Chairman of the City of Austin Electric Utility Commission from 2014 to 2016 and currently serves as a member of that body. He was also appointed Chairman of the City of Austin Generation Resource Planning Task Force, which resulted in an adopted generation plan to bring Austin (the nation's 7th largest public power utility and the 11th largest city in America) to 55% renewable energy by 2025. In April of 2018, Michael founded the Texas Electric Transportation Resources Alliance with Tom "Smitty" Smith. In October of 2019, Mayor Steve Adler appointed Michael to be the Special Envoy for the City of Austin to the C40 Conference on Climate Change in Copenhagen. He lives in Austin with his longtime partner, Dana Sprute. Author Osborne is a published writer. His book, Lightland, is a philosophical look at the human potential in light of the challenge of climate change. His book, Silver in the Mine, is a long-term comprehensive energy plan for the City of Austin, Texas. His third is an allegory called Day of the Heart. His most recent work is Beyond Light and Dark. Articles and interviews about Michael Osborne and renewable energy in Texas How Austin Came to Be A Solar Powerhouse, The Texas Sierra Club, Nov 5, 2015 - How Austin Came to Be A Solar Powerhouse Austin Energy Offers Solar Expansion as City Zeroes in on Carbon-Free Goal, KUT Public Radio, Austin, Texas, Sept. 25, 2014 - Austin Energy Offers Solar Expansion as City Zeroes in on Carbon-Free Goal Deep in the Heart of Texas: A Wind Energy Maverick Takes an Alberta Field Trip, Ecocide, Aug. 1, 2014 - ecocidealert.com - This website is for sale! - ecocidealert Resources and Information. Texas Solar Power May Have its Day in the Sun, The Texas Observer, March 27, 2014 - Texas Solar Power May Have its Day in the Sun A Mighty Wind, Texas Monthly, Aug. 2011 - A Mighty Wind The Austin Chronicle: Point Austin: A Funny Thing Happened, Dec. 11, 2015 - It's going to be a while before City Council hires an Austin Energy consumer advocate Pioneers or Settlers?, Jan. 16, 2015 - The latest on AE and solar Affordability Key to Climate Plan Goals, July 17, 2014 - Can Austin reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2030? Fighting for the Right to Clean Energy, Nov. 19, 2004 - Fighting for the Right to Clean Energy References External links Austin Electric Utility Commission Chairman Michael Osborne on Austin Texas Solar Energy Programs: Michael Osborne on Austin, Texas Solar Energy Programs Michael Osborne on Predictable Renewable Energy: Michael Osborne on Predictable Renewable Energy Michael Osborne: Solar Energy A lot More Valuable Than Conventional Energy: Michael Osborne: Solar Energy a Lot more Valuable Than Conventional Power Michael Osborne: The Solar Age Comes: Michael Osborne "The Solar Age Comes" Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association (TREIA) Annual Conference, Michael Osborne - The Long Dawn - Part 1: Michael Osborne on Renewable Energy TREIA part one Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association Annual Conference (TREIA), The Long Dawn - Part 2: MICHAEL OSBORNE on Renewable Energy TREIA 2014 part 2 Voice of America Radio: "The Maverick of Renewable Energy - Making Life Brighter with Michael J. Osborne": Michael J Osborne on Making Life Brighter \| Monday, November 17, 2014 1949 births Living people People from Amarillo, Texas Renewable energy in the United States American male writers Businesspeople from Texas Writers from Texas
Hugh Conway may refer to: Hugh Conway (novelist) (1847–1885), English novelist Sir Hugh Conway (Lord Treasurer) (1440–1518), member of the royal household of king Henry VII Hugh Conway (bishop) (1819–1893), Irish prelate Hugh E. Conway, professor and expert on labor economics
Aly Spaltro, better known by her stage name Lady Lamb (formerly called Lady Lamb the Beekeeper) is an American songwriter and musician. Spaltro first began writing music in 2007 while working at Bart & Greg's DVD Explosion, the local video rental store in her hometown of Brunswick, Maine. She is a Brunswick High School graduate. Spaltro worked the closing shift, and would experiment with and record music all night into the morning. The first Lady Lamb recordings were home recordings distributed in handmade packages to the local Bullmoose Record Store in Brunswick. In 2010, Spaltro moved to Brooklyn, New York. In 2012, Spaltro met producer Nadim Issa and recorded her debut studio record, Ripely Pine at Let Em In Music in Gowanus, Brooklyn. It was released February 19, 2013 on Brooklyn's Ba Da Bing Records. In 2014, Spaltro recorded and co-produced her sophomore studio album, After, with Nadim Issa at Let Em In Music. Late that same year, Spaltro signed with Mom + Pop Music and released the album After on March 3, 2015. In December 2016 she released the seven track EP "Tender Warriors Club". In 2019, Spaltro released Even in the Tremor, her third studio album. Discography Studio albums EPs Singles References Singers from Maine Living people Musicians from Brooklyn American banjoists American multi-instrumentalists People from Brunswick, Maine 21st-century American women guitarists 21st-century American guitarists 1989 births Guitarists from Maine 21st-century American women singers Brunswick High School (Maine) alumni 21st-century American singers Mom + Pop Music artists
It's on the Meter – World Taxi Challenge was a round-the-world motoring expedition that broke the Guinness World Records for the longest ever journey by taxi and the highest altitude ever reached by taxi. The expedition's three-man team used a 1992 Fairway Driver London Black Cab to drive 43,319.5 miles (69,716.12 km) around the world. The expedition officially began at the London Transport Museum on 17 February 2011 and finished at the same point on 11 May 2012 having circumnavigated the globe. The team raised £20,000 for the British Red Cross; the nominal meter fee for the finished journey was £79,006.80. History The expedition was conceived of in 2008 when the participants were travelling by taxi and wondered how high a taxi meter fee had ever been. The team researched the previous record which stood at 21,691 miles (34,908 km) and was set in 1994. The team then planned a new route from London to Sydney with an estimated distance of 32,000 miles, bought a taxi for £1,500 on eBay and began securing sponsorship. The expedition departed from the London Transport Museum on 17 February 2011 with support from Boris Johnson and Ranulph Fiennes. The team broke the previous record in August 2011 in Tibet having travelled through 34 countries. The expedition arrived in Sydney, Australia, nine months after setting off from London having travelled through forty-one countries and three continents. Upon arrival in Sydney the team announced that they had secured a sponsorship partnership with Smartphone Taxi ordering-app company GetTaxi and would be extending the expedition back to London via the United States, Israel, Russia and Europe. The vehicle was shipped from Sydney to San Francisco over the Christmas of 2011 and the team continued the journey from California to New York before air-freighting the car to Israel in March 2012. The expedition then shipped from Israel to Greece before continuing back through Russia, Europe and Spain and finishing in London on 11 May 2012. Route The route was designed to take “the longest route ever, because taxi drivers always take all the longest way around,” and encompassed over fifty countries. The expedition started in Covent Garden, London before driving to Dover, England and ferrying over to France. The expedition then passed through Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and into Finland where the team drove to the Arctic Circle and saw the Northern Lights. The expedition then travelled through Russia (where the team were arrested in Moscow), Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Germany, Lichtenstein, Switzerland, France, Monaco, Italy and San Marino. The original route took the team down to Sicily to catch a ferry to Tunisia but due to the conflict in Libya the route was revised to instead pass through the Balkans. The team passed through Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia and Greece before arriving in Turkey in April 2011. Due to the demonstrations in Syria the team further modified the route and next travelled to Georgia and Armenia before heading back into Turkey and down into Iraq. Whilst in northern Kurdistan their radiator burst but a replacement was built in Arbil auto bazaar and the team continued into Iran. Near the Qom the team were detained and questioned by the secret police after mistakenly camping next to an artillery installation. At this point Archer and Purnell travelled by air to Dubai in order to obtain Pakistani visas and Ellison (who had already secured a visa in the UK) continued through the Baluchistan desert. The team was reunited in Pakistan and continued through India, Nepal, Tibet (where the previous record's distance was broken) and China, arriving in Laos in September 2011. The journey then continued through Cambodia, Thailand and Malaysia before the vehicle was shipped from Singapore to Darwin, Australia. On arrival in Australia the vehicle was subject to strict quarantine fines but upon its release travelled through the Northern Territory and down the East Coast, arriving at the intended destination on 10 December 2011. At this point the team announced that they had partnered with a new sponsor, GetTaxi and now intended to drive the vehicle back to London having circumnavigated the world. The car was shipped from Sydney to San Francisco and the team returned to the UK for a Christmas break. After lengthy delays the car was released from Oakland Port in February 2012 and the team drove across the US, arriving at New York in March 2012. The car was then air-freighted to Israel from where it will be shipped to Greece before continuing north to Moscow. The final leg headed through the Baltics and Eastern Europe before passing through Germany, Luxembourg and France. The car was then taken back to the United Kingdom via the Channel Tunnel and arrived back at the start point in London on 11 May 2012. The mileage of the entire journey was 43,208.4 miles (69,537.18 km), more than double the previous record. The nominal taxi fare reached £79,006.80. Vehicles The expedition vehicle was an extensively modified 1992 Austin FX4 taxi named Hannah, after the song Hard Hearted Hannah which tells of a woman who hates men and loves to see them suffer. The vehicle was powered by a Nissan 2.7 litre Turbo Diesel engine which the team claimed was the only part of the car not to have broken stating that this is because it is "Japanese-made whereas the rest of the car was made in England". The car was purchased for £1,500 on eBay and modifications include the addition of winch, snorkel, roof rack and roof box. The car's brakes, suspension, cooling and electric systems were also overhauled and updated. Inside the partition between the driver and passengers was removed, a front passenger seat was added, the rear-facing rear seats were removed and a sound system was installed. The mileage of the car when purchased was estimated at 300,000 miles and the team states that it broke down, "every other day". The team did not have a support vehicle but was joined for the USA leg of the expedition by a United States Yellow Taxi. The team met Jon Anders, previously a resident of Texas, in Pakistan and joked, "If you buy a Yellow Cab you can join us for the US section". The driver took the team up on the offer and purchased a Ford Crown Victoria which was named Skinny Margarita after an old advertisement attached to the roof. Team The expedition was conceived and organised by Leigh Purnell, Johno Ellison and Paul Archer, three friends who met whilst studying at Aston University. Charity The expedition raised both awareness and funds for the British Red Cross. The team decided to choose the Red Cross due to the fundraising work they carry out both in the UK and Worldwide as well as the worldwide support they could offer the team. The expedition raised £20,000 for the charity. Book A book, It's on the Meter: One Taxi, Three Mates and 43,000 Miles of Misadventures around the World, was released in 2016. The team has also contributed articles to various magazines and blogs and Johno Ellison's account of the team's arrest in Russia, From the Grand Canyon to the Great Wall, released in 2012. References Circumnavigations
William M. Kelso, C.B.E., Ph. D., F.S.A. (born 1941), often referred to as Bill Kelso, is an American archaeologist specializing in Virginia's colonial period, particularly the Jamestown colony. Personal life A native of Lakeside, Ohio, Kelso earned a B.A. in History from Baldwin-Wallace College, an M.A. in Early American History from the College of William and Mary, and a Ph.D in Historical Archaeology from Emory University. Career He has served as director of archaeology at Carter's Grove, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, as well as Commissioner of Archaeology for the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission. During his time at Monticello, he was one of the first to make early colonial slave life the focus of archaeological research. Currently he serves as the Director of Research and Interpretation for the Preservation Virginia Jamestown Rediscovery project. Rediscovery of Jamestown In 1994, Kelso began directing excavations on Jamestown Island at the behest of Preservation Virginia. It was not long before the Jamestown Rediscovery archaeologists uncovered the footprint of the fort's southern palisade. His 2004 book includes an in-depth study of the features uncovered during the excavations. Published works Kingsmill Plantations, 1619-1800: Archaeology of Country Life in Colonial Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1984. (with J. Deetz) Archaeology at Monticello. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. (with B. Straube) Jamestown Rediscovery: 1994-2004. Richmond: APVA Preservation Virginia, 2004. Jamestown: The Buried Truth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006. Awards In 2007 Kelso received the J. C. Harrington Award, presented by the Society for Historical Archaeology for his life-time contributions to archaeology centered on scholarship. In July 2012, as a result of his work on Jamestown Island, he was awarded an honorary knighthood as Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire at the British Embassy in Washington, D.C on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II, whom he had escorted during her visit to Jamestown in 2007. References External links Encyclopedia of Baldwin Wallace History: Bill Kelso College of William & Mary faculty 1941 births Living people College of William & Mary alumni Emory University alumni Baldwin Wallace University alumni 20th-century American archaeologists 21st-century American archaeologists People from Ottawa County, Ohio Historians from Ohio
The Atlantic Palace is a condominium, hotel and vacation owners property in Atlantic City, New Jersey, that opened in 1986. It is the 14th tallest building in Atlantic City standing at 331.3 ft (101 m). History The hotel opened in 1986 and is located on the boardwalk 0.3 miles from Resorts Casino Hotel. The building was constructed by United States Capital Corporation who also owned the Enclave at the time. It was previously owned by private hospitality company, FantaSea Resorts which also owns Flagship Resort and La Sammana. In 1994, Bruce Kaye, CEO of the hotel at the time, allowed the rooms to be purchased as a timeshare. FantaSea Resorts sold the building to Bluegreen Corporation in 2008, but maintained ownership of "a block of suites for its own time-share members". Hotel The hotel and property is known for is close proximity to major entertainment venues in Atlantic City as well as its view of the beach and boardwalk. The hotel offers one bedroom and penthouse suites. All rooms have both a hot tub and a kitchenette. See also List of tallest buildings in Atlantic City References External links 1986 establishments in New Jersey Skyscraper hotels in Atlantic City, New Jersey Hotel buildings completed in 1986
Konstantina Bay (Russian: Zaliv Konstantina) is a small bay in the northwestern Sea of Okhotsk, just south of the Shantar Islands. It is a western branch of the larger Academy Bay to the east. The bay is about 9.6 km (6 mi) in diameter and its entrance is about 4.8 km (3 mi) wide. Spring tides rise 3.8 m (12.5 ft), while neaps rise 2.7 m (9 ft). Flora and fauna The bay's shores are covered with fir, larch, pine, birch, and various other species of trees. Waders use the southern part of Konstantina Bay as a stopover during their summer migration. The most abundant species is Terek sandpiper. History It was frequented by American and Russian whaleships targeting bowhead whales between 1854 and 1885. The former called it Taylor's Bay, after J. Taylor, captain of the ship Maria Theresa (330 tons), of New Bedford, who frequented the area in the early 1850s. References Bays of the Sea of Okhotsk Bays of Khabarovsk Krai
```c++ /* Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url / #ifndef BOOST_POLYGON_POLYGON_90_SET_DATA_HPP #define BOOST_POLYGON_POLYGON_90_SET_DATA_HPP #include "isotropy.hpp" #include "point_concept.hpp" #include "transform.hpp" #include "interval_concept.hpp" #include "rectangle_concept.hpp" #include "segment_concept.hpp" #include "detail/iterator_points_to_compact.hpp" #include "detail/iterator_compact_to_points.hpp" #include "polygon_traits.hpp" //manhattan boolean algorithms #include "detail/boolean_op.hpp" #include "detail/polygon_formation.hpp" #include "detail/rectangle_formation.hpp" #include "detail/max_cover.hpp" #include "detail/property_merge.hpp" #include "detail/polygon_90_touch.hpp" #include "detail/iterator_geometry_to_set.hpp" namespace boost { namespace polygon{ template <typename ltype, typename rtype, typename op_type> class polygon_90_set_view; template <typename T> class polygon_90_set_data { public: typedef T coordinate_type; typedef std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > > value_type; typedef typename std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > >::const_iterator iterator_type; typedef polygon_90_set_data operator_arg_type; // default constructor inline polygon_90_set_data() : orient_(HORIZONTAL), data_(), dirty_(false), unsorted_(false) {} // constructor inline polygon_90_set_data(orientation_2d orient) : orient_(orient), data_(), dirty_(false), unsorted_(false) {} // constructor from an iterator pair over vertex data template <typename iT> inline polygon_90_set_data(orientation_2d, iT input_begin, iT input_end) : orient_(HORIZONTAL), data_(), dirty_(false), unsorted_(false) { dirty_ = true; unsorted_ = true; for( ; input_begin != input_end; ++input_begin) { insert(input_begin); } } // copy constructor inline polygon_90_set_data(const polygon_90_set_data& that) : orient_(that.orient_), data_(that.data_), dirty_(that.dirty_), unsorted_(that.unsorted_) {} template <typename ltype, typename rtype, typename op_type> inline polygon_90_set_data(const polygon_90_set_view<ltype, rtype, op_type>& that); // copy with orientation change constructor inline polygon_90_set_data(orientation_2d orient, const polygon_90_set_data& that) : orient_(orient), data_(), dirty_(false), unsorted_(false) { insert(that, false, that.orient_); } // destructor inline ~polygon_90_set_data() {} // assignement operator inline polygon_90_set_data& operator=(const polygon_90_set_data& that) { if(this == &that) return this; orient_ = that.orient_; data_ = that.data_; dirty_ = that.dirty_; unsorted_ = that.unsorted_; return this; } template <typename ltype, typename rtype, typename op_type> inline polygon_90_set_data& operator=(const polygon_90_set_view<ltype, rtype, op_type>& that); template <typename geometry_object> inline polygon_90_set_data& operator=(const geometry_object& geometry) { data_.clear(); insert(geometry); return this; } // insert iterator range inline void insert(iterator_type input_begin, iterator_type input_end, orientation_2d orient = HORIZONTAL) { if(input_begin == input_end \|\| (!data_.empty() && &(input_begin) == &((data_.begin())))) return; dirty_ = true; unsorted_ = true; if(orient == orient_) data_.insert(data_.end(), input_begin, input_end); else { for( ; input_begin != input_end; ++input_begin) { insert(input_begin, false, orient); } } } // insert iterator range template <typename iT> inline void insert(iT input_begin, iT input_end, orientation_2d orient = HORIZONTAL) { if(input_begin == input_end) return; dirty_ = true; unsorted_ = true; for( ; input_begin != input_end; ++input_begin) { insert(input_begin, false, orient); } } inline void insert(const polygon_90_set_data& polygon_set) { insert(polygon_set.begin(), polygon_set.end(), polygon_set.orient()); } inline void insert(const std::pair<std::pair<point_data<coordinate_type>, point_data<coordinate_type> >, int>& edge, bool is_hole = false, orientation_2d = HORIZONTAL) { std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > vertex; vertex.first = edge.first.first.x(); vertex.second.first = edge.first.first.y(); vertex.second.second = edge.second (is_hole ? -1 : 1); insert(vertex, false, VERTICAL); vertex.first = edge.first.second.x(); vertex.second.first = edge.first.second.y(); vertex.second.second = -1; insert(vertex, false, VERTICAL); } template <typename geometry_type> inline void insert(const geometry_type& geometry_object, bool is_hole = false, orientation_2d = HORIZONTAL) { iterator_geometry_to_set<typename geometry_concept<geometry_type>::type, geometry_type> begin_input(geometry_object, LOW, orient_, is_hole), end_input(geometry_object, HIGH, orient_, is_hole); insert(begin_input, end_input, orient_); } inline void insert(const std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> >& vertex, bool is_hole = false, orientation_2d orient = HORIZONTAL) { data_.push_back(vertex); if(orient != orient_) std::swap(data_.back().first, data_.back().second.first); if(is_hole) data_.back().second.second = -1; dirty_ = true; unsorted_ = true; } inline void insert(coordinate_type major_coordinate, const std::pair<interval_data<coordinate_type>, int>& edge) { std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > vertex; vertex.first = major_coordinate; vertex.second.first = edge.first.get(LOW); vertex.second.second = edge.second; insert(vertex, false, orient_); vertex.second.first = edge.first.get(HIGH); vertex.second.second = -1; insert(vertex, false, orient_); } template <typename output_container> inline void get(output_container& output) const { get_dispatch(output, typename geometry_concept<typename output_container::value_type>::type()); } template <typename output_container> inline void get(output_container& output, size_t vthreshold) const { get_dispatch(output, typename geometry_concept<typename output_container::value_type>::type(), vthreshold); } template <typename output_container> inline void get_polygons(output_container& output) const { get_dispatch(output, polygon_90_concept()); } template <typename output_container> inline void get_rectangles(output_container& output) const { clean(); form_rectangles(output, data_.begin(), data_.end(), orient_, rectangle_concept()); } template <typename output_container> inline void get_rectangles(output_container& output, orientation_2d slicing_orientation) const { if(slicing_orientation == orient_) { get_rectangles(output); } else { polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> ps(this); ps.transform(axis_transformation(axis_transformation::SWAP_XY)); output_container result; ps.get_rectangles(result); for(typename output_container::iterator itr = result.begin(); itr != result.end(); ++itr) { ::boost::polygon::transform(itr, axis_transformation(axis_transformation::SWAP_XY)); } output.insert(output.end(), result.begin(), result.end()); } } // equivalence operator inline bool operator==(const polygon_90_set_data& p) const { if(orient_ == p.orient()) { clean(); p.clean(); return data_ == p.data_; } else { return false; } } // inequivalence operator inline bool operator!=(const polygon_90_set_data& p) const { return !((this) == p); } // get iterator to begin vertex data inline iterator_type begin() const { return data_.begin(); } // get iterator to end vertex data inline iterator_type end() const { return data_.end(); } const value_type& value() const { return data_; } // clear the contents of the polygon_90_set_data inline void clear() { data_.clear(); dirty_ = unsorted_ = false; } // find out if Polygon set is empty inline bool empty() const { clean(); return data_.empty(); } // get the Polygon set size in vertices inline std::size_t size() const { clean(); return data_.size(); } // get the current Polygon set capacity in vertices inline std::size_t capacity() const { return data_.capacity(); } // reserve size of polygon set in vertices inline void reserve(std::size_t size) { return data_.reserve(size); } // find out if Polygon set is sorted inline bool sorted() const { return !unsorted_; } // find out if Polygon set is clean inline bool dirty() const { return dirty_; } // get the scanline orientation of the polygon set inline orientation_2d orient() const { return orient_; } // Start BM // The problem: If we have two polygon sets with two different scanline orientations: // I tried changing the orientation of one to coincide with other (If not, resulting boolean operation // produces spurious results). // First I tried copying polygon data from one of the sets into another set with corrected orientation // using one of the copy constructor that takes in orientation (see somewhere above in this file) --> copy constructor throws error // Then I tried another approach:(see below). This approach also fails to produce the desired results when test case is run. // Here is the part that beats me: If I comment out the whole section, I can do all the operations (^=, -=, &= )these commented out // operations perform. So then why do we need them?. Hence, I commented out this whole section. // End BM // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>& operator-=(const polygon_90_set_data& that) { // sort(); // that.sort(); // value_type data; // std::swap(data, data_); // applyBooleanBinaryOp(data.begin(), data.end(), // that.begin(), that.end(), boolean_op::BinaryCount<boolean_op::BinaryNot>()); // return this; // } // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>& operator^=(const polygon_90_set_data& that) { // sort(); // that.sort(); // value_type data; // std::swap(data, data_); // applyBooleanBinaryOp(data.begin(), data.end(), // that.begin(), that.end(), boolean_op::BinaryCount<boolean_op::BinaryXor>()); // return this; // } // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>& operator&=(const polygon_90_set_data& that) { // sort(); // that.sort(); // value_type data; // std::swap(data, data_); // applyBooleanBinaryOp(data.begin(), data.end(), // that.begin(), that.end(), boolean_op::BinaryCount<boolean_op::BinaryAnd>()); // return this; // } // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>& operator\|=(const polygon_90_set_data& that) { // insert(that); // return this; // } void clean() const { sort(); if(dirty_) { boolean_op::default_arg_workaround<int>::applyBooleanOr(data_); dirty_ = false; } } void sort() const{ if(unsorted_) { polygon_sort(data_.begin(), data_.end()); unsorted_ = false; } } template <typename input_iterator_type> void set(input_iterator_type input_begin, input_iterator_type input_end, orientation_2d orient) { data_.clear(); reserve(std::distance(input_begin, input_end)); data_.insert(data_.end(), input_begin, input_end); orient_ = orient; dirty_ = true; unsorted_ = true; } void set(const value_type& value, orientation_2d orient) { data_ = value; orient_ = orient; dirty_ = true; unsorted_ = true; } //extents template <typename rectangle_type> bool extents(rectangle_type& extents_rectangle) const { clean(); if(data_.empty()) return false; if(orient_ == HORIZONTAL) set_points(extents_rectangle, point_data<coordinate_type>(data_[0].second.first, data_[0].first), point_data<coordinate_type>(data_[data_.size() - 1].second.first, data_[data_.size() - 1].first)); else set_points(extents_rectangle, point_data<coordinate_type>(data_[0].first, data_[0].second.first), point_data<coordinate_type>(data_[data_.size() - 1].first, data_[data_.size() - 1].second.first)); for(std::size_t i = 1; i < data_.size() - 1; ++i) { if(orient_ == HORIZONTAL) encompass(extents_rectangle, point_data<coordinate_type>(data_[i].second.first, data_[i].first)); else encompass(extents_rectangle, point_data<coordinate_type>(data_[i].first, data_[i].second.first)); } return true; } polygon_90_set_data& bloat2(typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type west_bloating, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type east_bloating, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type south_bloating, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type north_bloating) { std::vector<rectangle_data<coordinate_type> > rects; clean(); rects.reserve(data_.size() / 2); get(rects); rectangle_data<coordinate_type> convolutionRectangle(interval_data<coordinate_type>(-((coordinate_type)west_bloating), (coordinate_type)east_bloating), interval_data<coordinate_type>(-((coordinate_type)south_bloating), (coordinate_type)north_bloating)); for(typename std::vector<rectangle_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itr = rects.begin(); itr != rects.end(); ++itr) { convolve(itr, convolutionRectangle); } clear(); insert(rects.begin(), rects.end()); return this; } static void modify_pt(point_data<coordinate_type>& pt, const point_data<coordinate_type>& prev_pt, const point_data<coordinate_type>& current_pt, const point_data<coordinate_type>& next_pt, coordinate_type west_bloating, coordinate_type east_bloating, coordinate_type south_bloating, coordinate_type north_bloating) { bool pxl = prev_pt.x() < current_pt.x(); bool pyl = prev_pt.y() < current_pt.y(); bool nxl = next_pt.x() < current_pt.x(); bool nyl = next_pt.y() < current_pt.y(); bool pxg = prev_pt.x() > current_pt.x(); bool pyg = prev_pt.y() > current_pt.y(); bool nxg = next_pt.x() > current_pt.x(); bool nyg = next_pt.y() > current_pt.y(); //two of the four if statements will execute if(pxl) pt.y(current_pt.y() - south_bloating); if(pxg) pt.y(current_pt.y() + north_bloating); if(nxl) pt.y(current_pt.y() + north_bloating); if(nxg) pt.y(current_pt.y() - south_bloating); if(pyl) pt.x(current_pt.x() + east_bloating); if(pyg) pt.x(current_pt.x() - west_bloating); if(nyl) pt.x(current_pt.x() - west_bloating); if(nyg) pt.x(current_pt.x() + east_bloating); } static void resize_poly_up(std::vector<point_data<coordinate_type> >& poly, coordinate_type west_bloating, coordinate_type east_bloating, coordinate_type south_bloating, coordinate_type north_bloating) { point_data<coordinate_type> first_pt = poly[0]; point_data<coordinate_type> second_pt = poly[1]; point_data<coordinate_type> prev_pt = poly[0]; point_data<coordinate_type> current_pt = poly[1]; for(std::size_t i = 2; i < poly.size(); ++i) { point_data<coordinate_type> next_pt = poly[i]; modify_pt(poly[i-1], prev_pt, current_pt, next_pt, west_bloating, east_bloating, south_bloating, north_bloating); prev_pt = current_pt; current_pt = next_pt; } point_data<coordinate_type> next_pt = first_pt; modify_pt(poly.back(), prev_pt, current_pt, next_pt, west_bloating, east_bloating, south_bloating, north_bloating); prev_pt = current_pt; current_pt = next_pt; next_pt = second_pt; modify_pt(poly[0], prev_pt, current_pt, next_pt, west_bloating, east_bloating, south_bloating, north_bloating); remove_colinear_pts(poly); } static bool resize_poly_down(std::vector<point_data<coordinate_type> >& poly, coordinate_type west_shrinking, coordinate_type east_shrinking, coordinate_type south_shrinking, coordinate_type north_shrinking) { rectangle_data<coordinate_type> extents_rectangle; set_points(extents_rectangle, poly[0], poly[0]); point_data<coordinate_type> first_pt = poly[0]; point_data<coordinate_type> second_pt = poly[1]; point_data<coordinate_type> prev_pt = poly[0]; point_data<coordinate_type> current_pt = poly[1]; encompass(extents_rectangle, current_pt); for(std::size_t i = 2; i < poly.size(); ++i) { point_data<coordinate_type> next_pt = poly[i]; encompass(extents_rectangle, next_pt); modify_pt(poly[i-1], prev_pt, current_pt, next_pt, west_shrinking, east_shrinking, south_shrinking, north_shrinking); prev_pt = current_pt; current_pt = next_pt; } if(delta(extents_rectangle, HORIZONTAL) < std::abs(west_shrinking + east_shrinking)) return false; if(delta(extents_rectangle, VERTICAL) < std::abs(north_shrinking + south_shrinking)) return false; point_data<coordinate_type> next_pt = first_pt; modify_pt(poly.back(), prev_pt, current_pt, next_pt, west_shrinking, east_shrinking, south_shrinking, north_shrinking); prev_pt = current_pt; current_pt = next_pt; next_pt = second_pt; modify_pt(poly[0], prev_pt, current_pt, next_pt, west_shrinking, east_shrinking, south_shrinking, north_shrinking); return remove_colinear_pts(poly); } static bool remove_colinear_pts(std::vector<point_data<coordinate_type> >& poly) { bool found_colinear = true; while(found_colinear && poly.size() >= 4) { found_colinear = false; typename std::vector<point_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itr = poly.begin(); itr += poly.size() - 1; //get last element position typename std::vector<point_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itr2 = poly.begin(); typename std::vector<point_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itr3 = itr2; ++itr3; std::size_t count = 0; for( ; itr3 < poly.end(); ++itr3) { if(((itr).x() == (itr2).x() && (itr).x() == (itr3).x()) \|\| ((itr).y() == (itr2).y() && (itr).y() == (itr3).y()) ) { ++count; found_colinear = true; } else { itr = itr2; ++itr2; } itr2 = itr3; } itr3 = poly.begin(); if(((itr).x() == (itr2).x() && (itr).x() == (itr3).x()) \|\| ((itr).y() == (itr2).y() && (itr).y() == (itr3).y()) ) { ++count; found_colinear = true; } poly.erase(poly.end() - count, poly.end()); } return poly.size() >= 4; } polygon_90_set_data& bloat(typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type west_bloating, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type east_bloating, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type south_bloating, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type north_bloating) { std::list<polygon_45_with_holes_data<coordinate_type> > polys; get(polys); clear(); for(typename std::list<polygon_45_with_holes_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itr = polys.begin(); itr != polys.end(); ++itr) { //polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> psref; //psref.insert(view_as<polygon_90_concept>((itr).self_)); //rectangle_data<coordinate_type> prerect; //psref.extents(prerect); resize_poly_up((itr).self_.coords_, (coordinate_type)west_bloating, (coordinate_type)east_bloating, (coordinate_type)south_bloating, (coordinate_type)north_bloating); iterator_geometry_to_set<polygon_90_concept, view_of<polygon_90_concept, polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> > > begin_input(view_as<polygon_90_concept>((itr).self_), LOW, orient_, false, true, COUNTERCLOCKWISE), end_input(view_as<polygon_90_concept>((itr).self_), HIGH, orient_, false, true, COUNTERCLOCKWISE); insert(begin_input, end_input, orient_); //polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> pstest; //pstest.insert(view_as<polygon_90_concept>((itr).self_)); //psref.bloat2(west_bloating, east_bloating, south_bloating, north_bloating); //if(!equivalence(psref, pstest)) { // std::cout << "test failed\n"; //} for(typename std::list<polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itrh = (itr).holes_.begin(); itrh != (itr).holes_.end(); ++itrh) { //rectangle_data<coordinate_type> rect; //psref.extents(rect); //polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> psrefhole; //psrefhole.insert(prerect); //psrefhole.insert(view_as<polygon_90_concept>(itrh), true); //polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> testpoly(itrh); if(resize_poly_down((itrh).coords_,(coordinate_type)west_bloating, (coordinate_type)east_bloating, (coordinate_type)south_bloating, (coordinate_type)north_bloating)) { iterator_geometry_to_set<polygon_90_concept, view_of<polygon_90_concept, polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> > > begin_input2(view_as<polygon_90_concept>(itrh), LOW, orient_, true, true), end_input2(view_as<polygon_90_concept>(itrh), HIGH, orient_, true, true); insert(begin_input2, end_input2, orient_); //polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> pstesthole; //pstesthole.insert(rect); //iterator_geometry_to_set<polygon_90_concept, view_of<polygon_90_concept, polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> > > // begin_input2(view_as<polygon_90_concept>(itrh), LOW, orient_, true, true); //pstesthole.insert(begin_input2, end_input, orient_); //psrefhole.bloat2(west_bloating, east_bloating, south_bloating, north_bloating); //if(!equivalence(psrefhole, pstesthole)) { // std::cout << (winding(testpoly) == CLOCKWISE) << std::endl; // std::cout << (winding(itrh) == CLOCKWISE) << std::endl; // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> c(psrefhole); // c.clean(); // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> a(pstesthole); // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> b(pstesthole); // a.sort(); // b.clean(); // std::cout << "test hole failed\n"; // //std::cout << testpoly << std::endl; //} } } } return this; } polygon_90_set_data& shrink(typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type west_shrinking, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type east_shrinking, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type south_shrinking, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type north_shrinking) { std::list<polygon_45_with_holes_data<coordinate_type> > polys; get(polys); clear(); for(typename std::list<polygon_45_with_holes_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itr = polys.begin(); itr != polys.end(); ++itr) { //polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> psref; //psref.insert(view_as<polygon_90_concept>((itr).self_)); //rectangle_data<coordinate_type> prerect; //psref.extents(prerect); //polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> testpoly((itr).self_); if(resize_poly_down((itr).self_.coords_, -(coordinate_type)west_shrinking, -(coordinate_type)east_shrinking, -(coordinate_type)south_shrinking, -(coordinate_type)north_shrinking)) { iterator_geometry_to_set<polygon_90_concept, view_of<polygon_90_concept, polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> > > begin_input(view_as<polygon_90_concept>((itr).self_), LOW, orient_, false, true, COUNTERCLOCKWISE), end_input(view_as<polygon_90_concept>((itr).self_), HIGH, orient_, false, true, COUNTERCLOCKWISE); insert(begin_input, end_input, orient_); //iterator_geometry_to_set<polygon_90_concept, view_of<polygon_90_concept, polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> > > // begin_input2(view_as<polygon_90_concept>((itr).self_), LOW, orient_, false, true, COUNTERCLOCKWISE); //polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> pstest; //pstest.insert(begin_input2, end_input, orient_); //psref.shrink2(west_shrinking, east_shrinking, south_shrinking, north_shrinking); //if(!equivalence(psref, pstest)) { // std::cout << "test failed\n"; //} for(typename std::list<polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itrh = (itr).holes_.begin(); itrh != (itr).holes_.end(); ++itrh) { //rectangle_data<coordinate_type> rect; //psref.extents(rect); //polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> psrefhole; //psrefhole.insert(prerect); //psrefhole.insert(view_as<polygon_90_concept>(itrh), true); //polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> testpoly(itrh); resize_poly_up((itrh).coords_, -(coordinate_type)west_shrinking, -(coordinate_type)east_shrinking, -(coordinate_type)south_shrinking, -(coordinate_type)north_shrinking); iterator_geometry_to_set<polygon_90_concept, view_of<polygon_90_concept, polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> > > begin_input2(view_as<polygon_90_concept>(itrh), LOW, orient_, true, true), end_input2(view_as<polygon_90_concept>(itrh), HIGH, orient_, true, true); insert(begin_input2, end_input2, orient_); //polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> pstesthole; //pstesthole.insert(rect); //iterator_geometry_to_set<polygon_90_concept, view_of<polygon_90_concept, polygon_45_data<coordinate_type> > > // begin_input2(view_as<polygon_90_concept>(itrh), LOW, orient_, true, true); //pstesthole.insert(begin_input2, end_input, orient_); //psrefhole.shrink2(west_shrinking, east_shrinking, south_shrinking, north_shrinking); //if(!equivalence(psrefhole, pstesthole)) { // std::cout << (winding(testpoly) == CLOCKWISE) << std::endl; // std::cout << (winding(itrh) == CLOCKWISE) << std::endl; // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> c(psrefhole); // c.clean(); // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> a(pstesthole); // polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> b(pstesthole); // a.sort(); // b.clean(); // std::cout << "test hole failed\n"; // //std::cout << testpoly << std::endl; //} } } } return this; } polygon_90_set_data& shrink2(typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type west_shrinking, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type east_shrinking, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type south_shrinking, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type north_shrinking) { rectangle_data<coordinate_type> externalBoundary; if(!extents(externalBoundary)) return this; ::boost::polygon::bloat(externalBoundary, 10); //bloat by diferential ammount //insert a hole that encompasses the data insert(externalBoundary, true); //note that the set is in a dirty state now sort(); //does not apply implicit OR operation std::vector<rectangle_data<coordinate_type> > rects; rects.reserve(data_.size() / 2); //begin does not apply implicit or operation, this is a dirty range form_rectangles(rects, data_.begin(), data_.end(), orient_, rectangle_concept()); clear(); rectangle_data<coordinate_type> convolutionRectangle(interval_data<coordinate_type>(-((coordinate_type)east_shrinking), (coordinate_type)west_shrinking), interval_data<coordinate_type>(-((coordinate_type)north_shrinking), (coordinate_type)south_shrinking)); for(typename std::vector<rectangle_data<coordinate_type> >::iterator itr = rects.begin(); itr != rects.end(); ++itr) { rectangle_data<coordinate_type>& rect = itr; convolve(rect, convolutionRectangle); //insert rectangle as a hole insert(rect, true); } convolve(externalBoundary, convolutionRectangle); //insert duplicate of external boundary as solid to cancel out the external hole boundaries insert(externalBoundary); clean(); //we have negative values in the set, so we need to apply an OR operation to make it valid input to a boolean return this; } polygon_90_set_data& shrink(direction_2d dir, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type shrinking) { if(dir == WEST) return shrink(shrinking, 0, 0, 0); if(dir == EAST) return shrink(0, shrinking, 0, 0); if(dir == SOUTH) return shrink(0, 0, shrinking, 0); return shrink(0, 0, 0, shrinking); } polygon_90_set_data& bloat(direction_2d dir, typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type shrinking) { if(dir == WEST) return bloat(shrinking, 0, 0, 0); if(dir == EAST) return bloat(0, shrinking, 0, 0); if(dir == SOUTH) return bloat(0, 0, shrinking, 0); return bloat(0, 0, 0, shrinking); } polygon_90_set_data& resize(coordinate_type west, coordinate_type east, coordinate_type south, coordinate_type north); polygon_90_set_data& move(coordinate_type x_delta, coordinate_type y_delta) { for(typename std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > >::iterator itr = data_.begin(); itr != data_.end(); ++itr) { if(orient_ == orientation_2d(VERTICAL)) { (itr).first += x_delta; (itr).second.first += y_delta; } else { (itr).second.first += x_delta; (itr).first += y_delta; } } return this; } // transform set template <typename transformation_type> polygon_90_set_data& transform(const transformation_type& transformation) { direction_2d dir1, dir2; transformation.get_directions(dir1, dir2); int sign = dir1.get_sign() dir2.get_sign(); for(typename std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > >::iterator itr = data_.begin(); itr != data_.end(); ++itr) { if(orient_ == orientation_2d(VERTICAL)) { transformation.transform((itr).first, (itr).second.first); } else { transformation.transform((itr).second.first, (itr).first); } (itr).second.second = sign; } if(dir1 != EAST \|\| dir2 != NORTH) unsorted_ = true; //some mirroring or rotation must have happened return this; } // scale set polygon_90_set_data& scale_up(typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type factor) { for(typename std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > >::iterator itr = data_.begin(); itr != data_.end(); ++itr) { (itr).first = (coordinate_type)factor; (itr).second.first = (coordinate_type)factor; } return this; } polygon_90_set_data& scale_down(typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::unsigned_area_type factor) { typedef typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::coordinate_distance dt; for(typename std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > >::iterator itr = data_.begin(); itr != data_.end(); ++itr) { (itr).first = scaling_policy<coordinate_type>::round((dt)((itr).first) / (dt)factor); (itr).second.first = scaling_policy<coordinate_type>::round((dt)((itr).second.first) / (dt)factor); } unsorted_ = true; //scaling down can make coordinates equal that were not previously equal return this; } template <typename scaling_type> polygon_90_set_data& scale(const anisotropic_scale_factor<scaling_type>& scaling) { for(typename std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > >::iterator itr = data_.begin(); itr != data_.end(); ++itr) { if(orient_ == orientation_2d(VERTICAL)) { scaling.scale((itr).first, (itr).second.first); } else { scaling.scale((itr).second.first, (itr).first); } } unsorted_ = true; return this; } template <typename scaling_type> polygon_90_set_data& scale_with(const scaling_type& scaling) { for(typename std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > >::iterator itr = data_.begin(); itr != data_.end(); ++itr) { if(orient_ == orientation_2d(VERTICAL)) { scaling.scale((itr).first, (itr).second.first); } else { scaling.scale((itr).second.first, (itr).first); } } unsorted_ = true; return this; } polygon_90_set_data& scale(double factor) { typedef typename coordinate_traits<coordinate_type>::coordinate_distance dt; for(typename std::vector<std::pair<coordinate_type, std::pair<coordinate_type, int> > >::iterator itr = data_.begin(); itr != data_.end(); ++itr) { (itr).first = scaling_policy<coordinate_type>::round((dt)((itr).first) (dt)factor); (itr).second.first = scaling_policy<coordinate_type>::round((dt)((itr).second.first) * (dt)factor); } unsorted_ = true; //scaling make coordinates equal that were not previously equal return this; } polygon_90_set_data& self_xor() { sort(); if(dirty_) { //if it is clean it is a no-op boolean_op::default_arg_workaround<boolean_op::UnaryCount>::applyBooleanOr(data_); dirty_ = false; } return this; } polygon_90_set_data& self_intersect() { sort(); if(dirty_) { //if it is clean it is a no-op interval_data<coordinate_type> ivl((std::numeric_limits<coordinate_type>::min)(), (std::numeric_limits<coordinate_type>::max)()); rectangle_data<coordinate_type> rect(ivl, ivl); insert(rect, true); clean(); } return this; } inline polygon_90_set_data& interact(const polygon_90_set_data& that) { typedef coordinate_type Unit; if(that.dirty_) that.clean(); typename touch_90_operation<Unit>::TouchSetData tsd; touch_90_operation<Unit>::populateTouchSetData(tsd, that.data_, 0); std::vector<polygon_90_data<Unit> > polys; get(polys); std::vector<std::set<int> > graph(polys.size()+1, std::set<int>()); for(std::size_t i = 0; i < polys.size(); ++i){ polygon_90_set_data<Unit> psTmp(that.orient_); psTmp.insert(polys[i]); psTmp.clean(); touch_90_operation<Unit>::populateTouchSetData(tsd, psTmp.data_, i+1); } touch_90_operation<Unit>::performTouch(graph, tsd); clear(); for(std::set<int>::iterator itr = graph[0].begin(); itr != graph[0].end(); ++itr){ insert(polys[(itr)-1]); } dirty_ = false; return this; } template <class T2, typename iterator_type_1, typename iterator_type_2> void applyBooleanBinaryOp(iterator_type_1 itr1, iterator_type_1 itr1_end, iterator_type_2 itr2, iterator_type_2 itr2_end, T2 defaultCount) { data_.clear(); boolean_op::applyBooleanBinaryOp(data_, itr1, itr1_end, itr2, itr2_end, defaultCount); } private: orientation_2d orient_; mutable value_type data_; mutable bool dirty_; mutable bool unsorted_; private: //functions template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, rectangle_concept ) const { clean(); form_rectangles(output, data_.begin(), data_.end(), orient_, rectangle_concept()); } template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, polygon_90_concept tag) const { get_fracture(output, true, tag); } template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, polygon_90_concept tag, size_t vthreshold) const { get_fracture(output, true, tag, vthreshold); } template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, polygon_90_with_holes_concept tag) const { get_fracture(output, false, tag); } template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, polygon_90_with_holes_concept tag, size_t vthreshold) const { get_fracture(output, false, tag, vthreshold); } template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, polygon_45_concept tag) const { get_fracture(output, true, tag); } template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, polygon_45_with_holes_concept tag) const { get_fracture(output, false, tag); } template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, polygon_concept tag) const { get_fracture(output, true, tag); } template <typename output_container> void get_dispatch(output_container& output, polygon_with_holes_concept tag) const { get_fracture(output, false, tag); } template <typename output_container, typename concept_type> void get_fracture(output_container& container, bool fracture_holes, concept_type tag) const { clean(); ::boost::polygon::get_polygons(container, data_.begin(), data_.end(), orient_, fracture_holes, tag); } template <typename output_container, typename concept_type> void get_fracture(output_container& container, bool fracture_holes, concept_type tag, size_t vthreshold) const { clean(); ::boost::polygon::get_polygons(container, data_.begin(), data_.end(), orient_, fracture_holes, tag, vthreshold); } }; template <typename coordinate_type> polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>& polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>::resize(coordinate_type west, coordinate_type east, coordinate_type south, coordinate_type north) { move(-west, -south); coordinate_type e_total = west + east; coordinate_type n_total = south + north; if((e_total < 0) ^ (n_total < 0)) { //different signs if(e_total < 0) { shrink(0, -e_total, 0, 0); if(n_total != 0) return bloat(0, 0, 0, n_total); else return (this); } else { shrink(0, 0, 0, -n_total); //shrink first if(e_total != 0) return bloat(0, e_total, 0, 0); else return (this); } } else { if(e_total < 0) { return shrink(0, -e_total, 0, -n_total); } return bloat(0, e_total, 0, n_total); } } template <typename coordinate_type, typename property_type> class property_merge_90 { private: std::vector<std::pair<property_merge_point<coordinate_type>, std::pair<property_type, int> > > pmd_; public: inline property_merge_90() : pmd_() {} inline property_merge_90(const property_merge_90& that) : pmd_(that.pmd_) {} inline property_merge_90& operator=(const property_merge_90& that) { pmd_ = that.pmd_; return this; } inline void insert(const polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>& ps, const property_type& property) { merge_scanline<coordinate_type, property_type, polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> >:: populate_property_merge_data(pmd_, ps.begin(), ps.end(), property, ps.orient()); } template <class GeoObjT> inline void insert(const GeoObjT& geoObj, const property_type& property) { polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> ps; ps.insert(geoObj); insert(ps, property); } //merge properties of input geometries and store the resulting geometries of regions //with unique sets of merged properties to polygons sets in a map keyed by sets of properties // T = std::map<std::set<property_type>, polygon_90_set_data<coordiante_type> > or // T = std::map<std::vector<property_type>, polygon_90_set_data<coordiante_type> > template <typename ResultType> inline void merge(ResultType& result) { merge_scanline<coordinate_type, property_type, polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>, typename ResultType::key_type> ms; ms.perform_merge(result, pmd_); } }; //ConnectivityExtraction computes the graph of connectivity between rectangle, polygon and //polygon set graph nodes where an edge is created whenever the geometry in two nodes overlap template <typename coordinate_type> class connectivity_extraction_90 { private: typedef typename touch_90_operation<coordinate_type>::TouchSetData tsd; tsd tsd_; unsigned int nodeCount_; public: inline connectivity_extraction_90() : tsd_(), nodeCount_(0) {} inline connectivity_extraction_90(const connectivity_extraction_90& that) : tsd_(that.tsd_), nodeCount_(that.nodeCount_) {} inline connectivity_extraction_90& operator=(const connectivity_extraction_90& that) { tsd_ = that.tsd_; nodeCount_ = that.nodeCount_; {} return *this; } //insert a polygon set graph node, the value returned is the id of the graph node inline unsigned int insert(const polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type>& ps) { ps.clean(); touch_90_operation<coordinate_type>::populateTouchSetData(tsd_, ps.begin(), ps.end(), nodeCount_); return nodeCount_++; } template <class GeoObjT> inline unsigned int insert(const GeoObjT& geoObj) { polygon_90_set_data<coordinate_type> ps; ps.insert(geoObj); return insert(ps); } //extract connectivity and store the edges in the graph //graph must be indexable by graph node id and the indexed value must be a std::set of //graph node id template <class GraphT> inline void extract(GraphT& graph) { touch_90_operation<coordinate_type>::performTouch(graph, tsd_); } }; } } #endif ```
Senator Kearney may refer to: Belle Kearney (1863–1939), Mississippi State Senate Eric Kearney (born 1963), Ohio State Senate Tim Kearney (politician) (born 1960), Pennsylvania State Senate
Hokkaidō earthquake may refer to: 1952 Tokachi earthquake 1973 Nemuro earthquake 1982 Urakawa earthquake 1993 Kushiro earthquake 1993 Okushiri earthquake 1994 Kuril Islands earthquake 2003 Tokachi earthquake 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake
Maarouf al-Dawalibi (; 29 March 1909 – 15 August 2004), was a Syrian politician and was twice the prime minister of Syria. He was born in Aleppo, and held a Ph.D. in Law. He served as a minister of economy between 1949 and 1950, and was elected speaker of the parliament in 1951. He also served as minister of defense in 1954. After the Ba'ath party came to power in 1963, he was imprisoned and later exiled, serving as an adviser to several Saudi kings, including King Khalid. His son, Nofal al-Dawalibi, is involved in the Syrian Opposition. Biography Maarouf al-Dawalibi was born in Aleppo. He received his early education in Aleppo and graduated from the University of Damascus with a B.A. in Law. He did his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne University on the Roman Law. al-Dawalibi became a professor at the University of Damacus and authored al-Huqūq al-Rūmāniyah, which was later published by the university. When the university set up Faculty of the Shariah, he was appointed to teach the principles of Fiqh. He authored Madkhal ilā ʻilm uṣūl al-fiqh, a book that is taught in the seminaries affiliated with the Nadwatul Ulama. References 1909 births 2004 deaths Prime Ministers of Syria Foreign ministers of Syria Speakers of the People's Assembly of Syria Syrian ministers of economy Syrian ministers of defense National Bloc (Syria) politicians People's Party (Syria) politicians 20th-century Syrian politicians Politicians from Aleppo
Teckentrup is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Aretha Teckentrup, UK-based mathematician (born 1969), German artist, author, and book illustrator Ralf Teckentrup (born 1957), German aviation executive
Park Byeong-jin (born 10 January 1966) is a South Korean boxer. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. References 1966 births Living people South Korean male boxers Olympic boxers for South Korea Boxers at the 1988 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people) Light-heavyweight boxers
No. 140 Wing RAF was a formation of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. It comprised No. 21 Squadron RAF, No. 464 (RAAF) Squadron RAF and No. 487 (RNZAF) Squadron RAF. It carried out many notable low-level bombing operations, including Operation Jericho (Amiens prison) and Operation Carthage in Copenhagen. No. 464 and No. 487 Squadrons were Article XV Squadrons, i.e. they were Commonwealth squadrons which operated under the operational control of the Royal Air Force, which also was responsible e.g. for their pay. References Wings of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War
The Hunyadi Square Market Hall or Market Hall IV was built in 1897, according to the plans of Győző Czigler in the Terézváros district of Budapest. It is similar in style to the other five market halls built almost simultaneously. Powered by the , these were built by the capital. The exterior façade is decorated with plaster stucco elements on the wall pillars. Satin heads, semi-circular windows, satin heads, palmetto ornaments and lion heads decorate the eaves. The hall space is a three-nave, basilic arrangement. During the time of the Hungarian People's Republic, there were many trommel interiors in the interior, but the original cofastand with its cast iron ornaments and grilles still survives in the side ships. The interior of the hall is also relatively intact. The steel supports of the roof structure are elliptical and riveted. The building, which was in a very dilapidated state, was renovated in 2019. Gallery Sources http://6.kerulet.ittlakunk.hu/holmi/uzletek/hunyadi-teri-vasarcsarnok https://web.archive.org/web/20120721085904/http://mno.hu/belfold/mi-lesz-veled-vasarcsarnok-1044959 Cikk a Hunyadi térről http://www.bpht.hu/historiak/77.pdf https://magyarepitok.hu/mi-epul/2019/06/igy-kapja-vissza-regi-fenyet-a-hunyadi-teri-vasarcsarnok-galeria http://pestbuda.hu/cikk/20190928_pestbuda_hu_megujult_a_hunyadi_teri_vasarcsarnok_homlokzata Buildings and structures in Budapest Commercial buildings completed in 1897 Retail markets in Hungary Tourist attractions in Budapest
Paul Gann (June 12, 1912 – September 11, 1989) was a Sacramento, California-based conservative political activist and founder of People's Advocate, Inc. Along with Howard Jarvis, Gann was co-author of Proposition 13, a 1978 property-tax-cutting initiative in California credited with sparking "a nationwide tax revolt." In 1979, Gann sponsored Proposition 4, placing "Gann limits" on state and local spending and giving rise to the broader spending limits of Proposition 98. Gann was born in Clark County, Arkansas and moved to California in 1935. He was the Republican candidate for United States Senator from California in 1980, but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat, Alan Cranston. Gann received blood-transfusions during open-heart surgery in 1982, before uniform HIV-antibody blood-screening was in effect. He later tested positive on an HIV test. Ten days after breaking his hip in a fall at his Carmichael home in September 1989, Gann died at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in Sacramento. He was 77. The hospital announced the cause of death as pneumonia "complicated by his battle against the AIDS virus." Gann devoted the last years of his life to AIDS treatment advocacy. California's "Paul Gann Blood Safety Act" (California Health and Safety Code Section 1645(b)) took effect in 1990, mandating that physicians discuss the risks of blood transfusion with their patients. References 1912 births 1989 deaths Deaths from pneumonia in California California Republicans AIDS-related deaths in California Conservatism in the United States Activists from California
Corrina Kennedy (born November 30, 1970 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian sprint kayaker who competed in the mid-to-late 1990s. She won four medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two golds (K-2 200 m and K-4 200 m: both 1995), a silver (K-4 200 m: 1997) and a bronze (K-4 200 m: 1994). Kennedy also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, finishing fifth both the K-2 500 m and the K-4 500 m events. References 1970 births Canadian female canoeists Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Living people ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak Olympic canoeists for Canada Sportspeople from Saskatoon Pan American Games medalists in canoeing Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada Canoeists at the 1991 Pan American Games Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
António Manuel Tavares "Tony" Fonseca (born 30 January 1965) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a left back, and a technical director for the Canadian Soccer Association. Over 11 seasons, he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 199 games and two goals, representing in the competition Benfica, Vitória de Guimarães and Estrela da Amadora. He finished his career in Canada, where he started working as a manager in 1999. Club career Born in Lisbon, Fonseca played youth football for five clubs, finishing his grooming at local S.L. Benfica. From 1983 to 1987 he competed in the Segunda Liga, after which the former bought him from F.C. Tirsense. During his three-year tenure with Benfica, Fonseca was first-choice in the 1988–89 campaign as the team won the Primeira Liga championship and also reached the final of the Taça de Portugal, but played second-fiddle to Álvaro Magalhães and Samuel Quina in the other two. In eight of the following nine seasons he continued to play in the top flight, with Vitória S.C. and C.F. Estrela da Amadora, appearing regularly for both sides and reuniting at the latter with former Benfica teammates Edmundo, José Carlos, Fernando Mendes and Paulinho. Fonseca retired from football in 2000 at the age of 35, after two years with the Vancouver Whitecaps FC in the USL A-League, with whom he later worked as a manager. International career Fonseca earned four caps for Portugal, over one year. He made his debut on 29 March 1989, playing the entirety of a 6–0 friendly win over Angola with marked the 75th anniversary of the Portuguese Football Federation. During five years, Fonseca served as assistant to Stephen Hart and Dale Mitchell at the Canada national team, while also being in charge of the under-23s. Already as a technical director for the Canadian Soccer Association, he acted as interim for the full side following the departure of Colin Miller, who later replaced him after two friendlies. Personal life Fonseca married a Portuguese-Canadian woman, fathering two children. References Bibliography External links 1965 births Living people Footballers from Lisbon Portuguese men's footballers Men's association football defenders Primeira Liga players Liga Portugal 2 players C.D. Cova da Piedade players G.C. Alcobaça players F.C. Tirsense players S.L. Benfica footballers Vitória S.C. players C.F. Estrela da Amadora players A-League (1995–2004) players Vancouver Whitecaps (1986–2010) players Portugal men's youth international footballers Portugal men's international footballers Portuguese expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Canada Portuguese football managers Canada men's national soccer team managers Expatriate soccer coaches in Canada
The Women's 700 metres grade II event was one of the events held in Ice sledge speed racing at the 1988 Winter Paralympics. In total, five competitors from three nations competed in the event. All three medals were won by Norwegian competitors. Results Final References 700 metres grade II
John or Jack Meredith may refer to: John A. Meredith (1814–1882), American politician and judge from Virginia John Meredith (rugby union) (1863–1920), Welsh international rugby union player John Meredith (general) (1864–1942), Australian Army brigadier-general in World War I John Meredith (baseball), American baseball player Jack Meredith (footballer) (1899–1970), English footballer John Meredith (folklorist) (1920–2001), Australian folklorist John Meredith (artist) (1933–2000), Canadian painter John Meredith (footballer) (born 1940), English former professional footballer See also John Meredith Temple (1910–1994), British Conservative MP Jack Meredith (disambiguation)

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