text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
```php
<?php
namespace spec\PhpSpec\Console;
use PhpSpec\ObjectBehavior;
use Prophecy\Argument;
class ApplicationSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
function let()
{
$this->beConstructedWith('test');
}
function it_is_initializable()
{
$this->shouldHaveType('PhpSpec\Console\Application');
}
}
``` |
The orchid genus Dracula, abbreviated as Drac in horticultural trade, consists of 118 species native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The name Dracula literally means "little dragon", an allusion to the mythical Count Dracula, a lead character in numerous vampire novels and films. The name was applied to the orchid because of the blood-red color of several of the species, and the strange aspect of the long spurs of the sepals.
The plants were once included in the genus Masdevallia, but became a separate genus in 1978. This genus has been placed in the subtribe Pleurothallidinae.
Description
They are epiphytic and terrestrial species distributed in Central America and the northwest Andes. Almost half the species are found in Ecuador. They prefer shade and rather cool temperatures.
These caespitose orchids grow in tufts from a short rhizome, with a dense pack of stems. They lack pseudobulbs. On each stem grows one large, thin, plicate leaf with a sharply defined midrib. These glabrous, light to dark green leaves may be spongy, taking over the function of the missing pseudobulb. They are tipped with a mucro (a short tip).
The flower stalks grow either horizontally from the base of the plant or descend, often for great distances. A few species grow upright flower stalks. The long-tailed terminal flowers are basically triangular. The flowers are borne singly or successively. Three species (sodiroi, decussata/neisseniae, and papillosa) may have up to three simultaneously open flowers on a single stalk. In general, though, if there is more than one flower bud on the raceme, they open up with long intervals. These flowers have a weird aspect, due to the long tails on each sepal. The petals are small and somewhat thickened. Quite commonly, various species of Dracula are known for blooms resembling the faces of primates, a notable example being Dracula simia. However, this likeness to monkeys’ faces seems to be purely a natural coincidence to the primates living in the same forests. In fact, these flowers are pollinated by the common fungus gnat; the bloom’s lip is often quite large (for a Pleurothallid), and from the fungus gnat’s perspective, resembles an irresistible mushroom or fungus. Research by biologists at the University of Oregon indicates that D. lafleurii also possesses a uniquely volatile chemistry, similar to localized species of mushrooms. This mimicry attracts mushroom-associated flies which play a role in pollination. The basal part of the lip (hypochile) is cleft. The terminal part (epichile) is rounded and concave. The margins of the perianth are often fringed. There is a well-developed column with two pollinia.
Taxonomy
The species of Dracula have tentatively been divided into three subgenera, with sections and subsections within one of the subgenera.
Subgenus Dracula : This subgenus contains all the species of the genus except two exceptional species (D. sodiroi and D. xenos)
Section Andreettaea : Monotypic: Dracula andreettae
Section Chestertonia : two species: Dracula chestertonii, D. cutis-bufonis
Section Cochliopsia : Monotypic: Dracula cochliops
Section Dodsonia : Four species: Dracula dodsonii, D. insolita, D. iricolor, D. portillae
Section Dracula : largest section
Subsection Costatae : e.g. Dracula bella, D. vespertilio
Subsection Dracula :
Series Dracula : e.g. Dracula chimaera, D. tubeana, D. vampira
Series Grandiflorae-Parvilabiatae : e.g. Dracula gigas, D. platycrater
Series Parviflorae : e.g. Dracula houtteana, D. lotax
Subgenus Sodiroa : Two Dracula sodiroi, D. erythrocodon
Subgenus Xenosia : Monotypic : Dracula xenos
Dracula adrianae (Colombia)
Dracula alcithoe (SW. Colombia to NE. Ecuador)
Dracula amaliae (W. Colombia)
Dracula andreettae (W. Colombia to NE. Ecuador)
Dracula anthracina (NW. Colombia)
Dracula antonii (Colombia)
Dracula aphrodes (W. Colombia)
Dracula astuta (Costa Rica)
Dracula barrowii (Peru)
Dracula bella (WC. Colombia)
Dracula bellerophon (W. Colombia)
Dracula benedictii (WC. Colombia)
Dracula berthae (Colombia)
Dracula brangeri (C. Colombia)
Dracula callithrix (Colombia)
Dracula carcinopsis (W. Colombia)
Dracula carlueri (Costa Rica)
Dracula chestertonii (W. Colombia)
Dracula chimaera (W. Colombia)
Dracula chiroptera (SW. Colombia to NE. Ecuador)
Dracula christineana (Ecuador)
Dracula circe (Colombia)
Dracula citrina (Colombia)
Dracula cochliops (SW. Colombia)
Dracula cordobae (SW. Ecuador)
Dracula cutis-bufonis (NW. Colombia)
Dracula dalessandroi (SE. Ecuador)
Dracula dalstroemii (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula decussata (Colombia)
Dracula deltoidea (SE. Ecuador)
Dracula deniseana (Peru)
Dracula diabola (Colombia)
Dracula diana (W. Colombia)
Dracula dodsonii (Colombia to NC. Ecuador)
Dracula erythrochaete (Costa Rica to W. Panama)
Dracula erythrocodon (Ecuador)
Dracula exasperata ( SW. Colombia)
Dracula fafnir (SE. Ecuador)
Dracula felix (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula fuligifera (C. Ecuador)
Dracula gastrophora (Ecuador)
Dracula gigas (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula gorgona (W. Colombia)
Dracula gorgonella (Colombia)
Dracula hawleyi (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula hirsuta (SE. Ecuador)
Dracula hirtzii (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula houtteana (Colombia)
Dracula immunda (Panama)
Dracula inaequalis (W. Colombia)
Dracula incognita (Colombia)
Dracula inexperata (Costa Rica)
Dracula insolita (W. Colombia)
Dracula janetiae (C. Peru)
Dracula kareniae (Ecuador)
Dracula lafleurii (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula lehmanniana (SW. Colombia)
Dracula lemurella (Colombia)
Dracula leonum (Peru)
Dracula levii (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula ligiae (Colombia)
Dracula lindstroemii (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula lotax (Ecuador)
Dracula mantissa (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula marsupialis (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula mendozae Luer & V.N.M.Rao (Ecuador)
Dracula minax (Colombia)
Dracula mopsus (Ecuador)
Dracula morleyi (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula navarrorum (Ecuador)
Dracula nigritella (Ecuador)
Dracula nosferatu (Colombia)
Dracula nycterina (Colombia)
Dracula octavioi (SW. Colombia)
Dracula olmosii (Panama)
Dracula ophioceps (SW. Colombia)
Dracula orientalis (NE. Colombia)
Dracula ortiziana (W. Colombia)
Dracula papillosa (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula pholeodytes (NE. Colombia)
Dracula pileus (W. Colombia)
Dracula platycrater (Colombia)
Dracula polyphemus (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula portillae (SE. Ecuador)
Dracula posadarum (Colombia)
Dracula presbys (Colombia)
Dracula psittacina (Colombia)
Dracula psyche (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula pubescens (Ecuador)
Dracula pusilla (SE. Mexico to C. America)
Dracula radiella (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula radiosa (E. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula rezekiana (Ecuador)
Dracula ripleyana (Costa Rica)
Dracula robledorum (Colombia)
Dracula rojasii (Colombia)
Dracula roezlii (W. Colombia)
Dracula saulii (Peru)
Dracula schudelii (Ecuador)
Dracula senex-furens(Colombia)
Dracula sergioi (Colombia)
Dracula severa (NW. Colombia)
Dracula sibundoyensis (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula sijmii (Ecuador)
Dracula simia (SE. Ecuador)
Dracula sodiroi (Ecuador)
Dracula syndactyla (SW. Colombia)
Dracula terborchii (Ecuador)
Dracula trichroma (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula trinympharum (NW. Ecuador)
Dracula tsubotae (Colombia)
Dracula tubeana (Ecuador)
Dracula ubangina (Ecuador)
Dracula vampira (Ecuador)
Dracula veliziana (Colombia)
Dracula velutina (NW. Colombia)
Dracula venefica (W. Colombia)
Dracula venosa (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula verticulosa (W. Colombia)
Dracula vespertilio (Nicaragua to NW. Ecuador)
Dracula villegasii (Colombia)
Dracula vinacea (NE. Colombia)
Dracula vlad-tepes (NE. Colombia)
Dracula wallisii (W. Colombia)
Dracula woolwardiae (Ecuador)
Dracula xenos (Colombia)
Hybrids
Dracula × anicula (D. cutis-bufonis × D. wallisii) (Colombia).
Dracula × radiosyndactyla (D. radiosa × D. syndactyla) (SW. Colombia).
Footnote
References
Luer, Carlyle A. 1978: Dracula, a New Genus in the Pleurothallidinae. Selbyana 2: 190-198.
Luer, Carlyle A. 1993: Icones Pleurothallidinarum X - Systematics of Dracula. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden Vol. 46.
Arkive : Dracula vampira
External links
Dracula Species Database
www.peripatus.gen.nz Dracula Luer 1978
Epiphytic orchids
Pleurothallidinae genera
Orchids of Mexico
Orchids of Central America
Orchids of Colombia
Orchids of Ecuador
Orchids of Peru
Garden plants of Central America
Garden plants of South America |
Errol Refos (born 19 March 1970) is a Dutch footballer who played as a defender for Eredivisie club Feyenoord during the 1992-1995 football seasons.
References
1970 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
Excelsior Rotterdam players
FC Dordrecht players
Feyenoord players
FC Utrecht players
SC Telstar players
Wuppertaler SV players
Eredivisie players
Surinamese emigrants to the Netherlands
Footballers from Paramaribo
Men's association football defenders
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Netherlands men's under-21 international footballers |
Dr. Eckart Conze (born October 17, 1963) is a German historian, author, and professor of modern history at the University of Marburg in Hesse.
He has authored and co-authored more than thirty books and papers on modern German, European and international history, including works in English published by Cambridge University Press. His interviews and writing have appeared in German news magazine Der Spiegel.
His book The Search for Security () garnered him the prize for promoting the translation of humanities works by the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels in 2009.
He was a member of the Independent Commission of Historians, tasked by the German Federal Foreign Office in 2005 to study the conduct of German diplomats in Nazi Germany and in the Federal Republic. The commission published its findings on October 21, 2010, in a book entitled The Office and the Past ().
He is the deputy chairperson of the board of trustees of the Wolf-Erich-Kellner Memorial Foundation, commemorating its namesake German historian, archivist, and FDP politician.
Literature
References
1963 births
20th-century German historians
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
21st-century German historians |
Mod Ka Nimbahera is a village in Bhilwara district, Rajasthan, India.
References
Villages in Bhilwara district |
Sorum is a 2001 South Korean horror film. Sorum or Sørum may also refer to
Sørum, a municipality in Norway
Sorum, South Dakota, an unincorporated community in the United States
Matt Sorum (born 1960), American drummer and percussionist
See also
Sørum (surname) |
USS Inflict (AM-251) was an Admirable-class minesweeper built for the U.S. Navy during World War II to clear offshore minefields and served the Navy in both the North Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. At war's end, she returned home with three battle stars to her credit.
Inflict was laid down 26 October 1943 by Savannah Machine & Foundry Co., Savannah, Georgia; launched 16 January 1944; and commissioned 28 August 1944.
World War II North Atlantic operations
After shakedown and minesweeping exercises off the Virginia coast, Inflict arrived Casco Bay, Maine, 30 October 1944 for antisubmarine warfare exercises. Following upkeep at Norfolk, Virginia, she arrived Miami, Florida, 1 December 1944 for duty as training school ship. Inflict trained student officers until 1 April 1945 when she sailed for the U.S. West Coast, arriving San Diego, California, 5 May 1945.
Transfer to the Pacific Fleet
Two days later she sailed for the Far East, and engaged in convoy escort duty and minesweeping off Okinawa while American units ashore fought against the opposition. After the Americans declared the island secured 21 June 1945, Inflict operated out of it as a base.
End-of-War Activity
From 13 to 23 August 1945 she swept minefields on Kyūshū clearing the way for vessels bringing American occupation forces. She then returned to Okinawa to prepare for occupation duty.
As the greatest sea war in history ended in Allied victory, Inflict departed Okinawa 30 August 1945 for operations in Korea, Formosa, and Japan, remaining there until January 1946.
The minesweeper returned to San Pedro, California, 17 February 1946 for training and readiness operations.
Post-War Decommissioning
After a summer cruise to Guam and Pearl Harbor, she arrived Bremerton, Washington in mid-October 1946, decommissioning there 6 November 1946. Inflict was transferred to the Maritime Commission 8 October 1948 and released to her purchaser, Ricardo Granola, the same day. She was renamed Manabi and placed into mercantile service. Her ultimate fate is not known.
Awards
Inflict received three battle stars for World War II service.
References
External links
NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Inflict (AM-251)
Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Savannah, Georgia
1944 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States |
Ralph Tyler may refer to:
Ralph W. Tyler (1902–1994), American educator
Ralph Waldo Tyler (1860–1921), African-American journalist |
Lashar is a small village in the southeastern province Sistan and Baluchestan in Iran.
Most of the people of Lashar are Afro-Iranians, many of whom were taken to the south of Iran by Portuguese as well as Persian and Arab slave traders.
See also
Afro Iranian
References
African diaspora in the Middle East
Populated places in Sistan and Baluchestan Province |
The Reform League was established in 1865 to press for manhood suffrage and the ballot in Great Britain. It collaborated with the more moderate and middle class Reform Union and gave strong support to the abortive Reform Bill 1866 and the successful Reform Act 1867. It developed into a formidable force of agitation at the very heart of the country.
Origins
During the autumn and winter of 1864–65 members of the Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes planned to form a new organisation which would concentrate solely on manhood suffrage. As a result, the Reform League was established on 23 February 1865 and the Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes became defunct. The leadership of the League, which was to remain consistent throughout its life, drew heavily on personalities from the International Working Men's Association, including George Howell, George Odger, William Cremer and Benjamin Lucraft. The father of the International, Karl Marx was delighted but he soon came to be disappointed by the outlook of the League. The League leadership also included a number of respectable figures including the barrister, Edmond Beales, as President of the League and Sir Wilfrid Lawson.
The League excluded a number of trade unionists, including Thomas Vaze of the Painters and John Bedford Leno the shoemaker poet because they had supported the South during the American Civil War.
During the first few months of the League's existence, it proved important that Howell's role was a full-time one that was paid for by a few wealthy supporters. This enabled him to concentrate on marketing the League in newspapers and communicating announcements of the Reform League's Executive Committee. This helped recruit supporters. New branches were rapidly opened in both London and the provinces. During its first year the League received donations of £621, of which £476 came from rich Radicals such as P.A. Taylor MP, Samuel Morley MP and Sir Wilfred Lawson MP.
The Liberals remained in power after the 1865 election.
Reform Bill 1866
Support quickly grew for the League and meetings were held in pubs all over London. It provided left-wing leadership to a broader-based national movement that built up rapidly over the winter of 1865–6.
William Ewart Gladstone introduced a Reform Bill in March 1866. It was criticised on all quarters; some thought it went too far, others that it didn't go far enough.
Three months later an amendment to the bill brought down the Russell-Gladstone government in June and the bill was dropped. Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke a Liberal M.P., enraged the working class by describing them as "impulsive, unreflecting, violent people" guilty of "venality, ignorance, drunkenness and intimidation". "Eight years in Australia and a visit to America had left him a convinced opponent of democracy." A succession of Tory Ministers further frustrated the working classes and the Reform League saw the chance to start major agitations which were to achieve pre-eminent national importance and put the Reform Union in the shade.
Trafalgar Square demonstration of 1866
Disappointed with the failure of the Bill, the Reform League, organised a series of demonstrations throughout the nation. The radical MPs John Bright and Charles Bradlaugh were prominent in these public meetings which attracted crowds in the hundred thousands. At one such meeting, in Trafalgar Square on 29 June 1866, speeches were made which refused support for any future Reform Bill which was not based on the League's programme. It was also declared that the advent of Tories to power was "destructive to freedom at home and favourable to despotism abroad". Red flags and the cap of liberty were sported by a march from Clerkenwell Green. Crowds cheered the Liberal Reform Club in Pall Mall and Gladstone's house in Carlton House Terrace and jeered loudly outside the Conservative Carlton Club.
A second meeting on 2 July 1866 was even more heated, with rioting in the West End by a "fortuitous concourse of the waifs and strays and roughs of a great city".
Hyde Park demonstration of 1866
The Trafalgar Square meetings were followed by a giant meeting held at Hyde Park on 23 July 1866. The Tory Home Secretary, Spencer Horatio Walpole declared it to be illegal, and issued a Police Notice, but the Reform League resolved to attempt to enter the Park and, if this failed, to move on to Trafalgar Square.
The procession started off from the Reform League's headquarters, at 8 Adelphi Terrace, headed by a cab containing the Reform League's president, Edmond Beales, his friend Colonel Dickson and a few other aristocratic supporters.
The procession was so vast that when the leading carriage reached Bond Street, the last had not yet left Holborn. When the procession reached Marble Arch they were confronted by a line of policemen and the park's gates were chained. 1600 constables, on foot and mounted, guarded Marble Arch alone. Barricades of omnibuses were on every side; the carriages of the wealthy blocked the way. A massive crowd assembled at the Arch and Beales attempted to enter the park. The police prevented this amid scuffles. Three days of what are variously described as "skirmishes" or "riots" ensued.
While arguing with the police, John Bedford Leno's friend, Humphreys, noticed that the railings would stand no pressure and began to sway them backwards and forwards. He was soon helped by the masses and the railings fell in what was to become known as the "Hyde Park Railings Affair". The people flooded into Hyde Park despite the efforts of the police to restrain them.
Simultaneously, two other parts of the demonstration also broke into the park; one from Knightsbridge headed by Charles Bradlaugh, and another from Park Lane. In addition to the members of the procession, large numbers of bystanders, who were sympathetic to the cause, joined in the storming of Hyde Park and the police were overwhelmed "like flies before a waiter's napkin". It is estimated that 200,000 people invaded the park leading the police to call for military support. When the Royal Horse Guards arrived the crowds cried "Three cheers for the Guards - the people's Guards!". The soldiers held back and merely manoeuvred at a distance, despite the police commissioner, Sir Richard Mayne, and others being stoned by the mob.
The meeting proceeded as planned under the Reformer's Tree. At its end it was decided to hold another meeting the next evening in Trafalgar Square. John Bedford Leno and the leaders of the Reform League heard a rumour that the government was determined to crack down on the demonstrators and so decided to confront the Home Secretary, Walpole. They pointed out to him that if the police or military stepped in bloodshed would ensue. With tears in his eyes Walpole agreed that restraint was the best option. John Bedford Leno and George Odger went back to the crowds and announced the next evening's meeting at Trafalgar Square. As the sun set the crowds dispersed and the police and military held back, out of sight, and the meeting passed without undue violence.
The next evening's meeting at Trafalgar Square was chaired by John Bedford Leno and was also peaceful.
The "Hyde Park Railings Affair" was widely reported and made the Reform League's leaders household names. They were in hot demand to speak at public meetings and demonstrations across the country and saw a rapid increase in support of the Reform League.
Winter of discontent
During the next few months the Reform League expanded its branches and demonstrations around the country. A notable success was achieved at the Birmingham Reform demonstrations on 28 Aug 1866 which allowed a Midland Department of the Reform League to be formed. This prospered and boasted almost 10,000 members and held great mass meetings at critical stages of the Reform campaign of 1867.
The Reform League thought it vital to embrace the more middle-class supporters of the Reform Union and were careful to avoid violence or illegitimate actions. Meetings were closely controlled with one reputedly having 10,000 stewards. They encouraged John Bright to speak at events as he was one of the Reform movement's intellectual leaders. Bright addressed meetings including Manchester (24 September), West Riding/Leeds (8 October), Glasgow (16 October) and Dublin (2 November).
Keen to avoid scaring their new-found middle-class supporters the Reform League's London Executive decided to avoid holding meetings in central London for a while. On 3 December 1866 thousands of League supporters marched from Whitehall to the grounds of Beaufort House, Fulham to hold a meeting. The march was made in a dispiriting downpour, but the fine discipline displayed by the rain-sodden men gave their leaders another claim to public attention. The next day it was reported in the Times that the working men had done enough to show they were earnest in their demand for enfranchisement and asked them to stop their disturbing actions and to wait for the reforms that the Parliament was now certain to make.
In the winter of 1866 discontent increased as cold gripped the nation with great East End distress, a growing Fenian problem in Ireland and amongst the Irish in English cities, Trade Union restlessness grew and a feverish international atmosphere followed Bismarck's foundation of an apparent democracy in the North German Confederation. The Reform League continued to campaign and soon found that it was supported by most of the British working-class.
Agricultural Hall, Islington meeting of 1867
The Reform League's leaders were determined not to make the mistake of easing off that they had made at the time of the Reform Bill 1866, and so continued demonstrating. On 11 February 1867, the very day the Tory government had fixed for the announcement of its reforms, the League arranged an impressive demonstration that started from Trafalgar Square and ended at a meeting at the Agricultural Hall in Islington. The procession included every sort of Trade Union and Reform League branch from all around the country, all carrying banners and accompanied by bands.
That evening a number of "advanced Liberal" MPs arrived fresh from a sitting at the House of Commons with news of how "unsatisfactory" the Tory government's proposals for reform were. This made the working men at the packed and excited meeting all the more determined not to give up the "pressure from without" until the Tory cabinet made much more generous proposals for reform.
Hyde Park demonstration of 1867
The league now numbered one hundred branches in London alone and its deputations to Gladstone on 30 March 1867 and to Disraeli on 2 April 1867 were received with great attention.
Lord Shaftesbury's appeal to the Reform League to cancel a proposed Good Friday procession to Hyde Park, due to fear of a gigantic "profanation", was accepted by the League's leaders as they were concerned it might mobilise religious sentiment against them. This was a disappointment as the prospect of a procession on a bank holiday, like Good Friday, was an excellent opportunity to draw large crowds of workers who had the day off.
As pressure for reform built up nationally, the League decided to hold another Hyde Park meeting. The government banned it, saying it was illegal, but the League countered that the ban itself was illegal and posted posters to this effect on 1 May. The government backed down. Eventually 200,000 met at Hyde Park on 6 May and speeches were made on ten different platforms. The government planned to use violence, having sworn in large numbers of special constables on 4 May, but backed down at the last minute.
Walpole subsequently resigned over the confusion of free speech in Hyde Park and it was never again questioned.
English Civil War
Gustave Paul Cluseret fled Ireland and arrived in London immediately after the Reform League's Trafalgar Square meeting. He met a dozen members of the Reform League, including John Bedford Leno, in a private room of the "White Horse" in Rathbone Place. He proposed that they create civil war in England and offered the service of two thousand sworn members of the Fenian body, and that he would act as their leader.
John Bedford Leno was the first to reply and denounced the proposal, stating that it would surely lead to their "discomfiture and transportation", and added that the government would surely hear of the plot. During subsequent speeches Leno noticed that only a matchboard partition divided the room they occupied, with another adjoining room, and that voices could be heard on the other side. Leno declared his intention to leave at once, the others agreed, and the room was soon cleared. The next day the meeting was fully reported in The Times, although Leno's speech had been attributed to George Odger, who had in fact supported Cluseret's proposal. Leno concluded that there had been a leak and that the traitor had been Robert Hartwell, the editor of The Bee-Hive journal.
John Bedford Leno was fully satisfied with the success the Reform League had met and, being opposed to unnecessary violence, bitterly opposed the interference of Cluseret, as did most of the other members of the Reform League. Cluseret's "call to arms" was rejected and he left England for Paris to start his "War of the Commune".
The End of the League
The Reform League's campaigning culminated in the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which gave the vote to representatives of working class men for the first time.
Despite a Reform Bill being on the Statute Book by mid-August, the League's leaders resolved that the organisation needed to be kept going to watch over the Scottish and Irish Representation Bills, whose enactment was reserved for 1868, and to forward Vote by Ballot and a wider county franchise.
They received support from John Bright, who hoped the League would be spurred on by its success and would continue to campaign for the ballot. Tories were alarmed at the prospect of two permanent bodies of agitation (the League and the Union) of a kind they had never known before.
Demonstrations continued, culminating in the surprisingly successful "working men's" assembly of 11 Nov 1867 in Crystal Palace. However, the focus of the league started to recede once most "respectable" working men had received the householder or lodger vote. Years of demonstrations began to tire the workers and the thought of many more years of the same no longer held the same appeal.
In addition, the Sheffield Outrages and the Fenian "martyrdoms" took over as the main working class issues of the day. Notable events of this time include the "funeral processions" of 24 Nov 1867 and the "Fenian Outrage" at Clerkenwell Prison on 13 Dec 1867. Pro-Fenian indiscretions by some members of the Reform League, such as George Odger and James Finlen were seized by the Tory press as chances to scare the population that the Reform League would continue agitation indefinitely.
"Advanced Liberal" politicians of respectability, who had worked with the League in 1866–7 and had tasted its power to cause reform, were determined not to let the League die at a time when they needed support against Conservative resistance to changes in Ireland. The very wealthy Samuel Morley gave the League £250 in November 1867, followed by £25 from P. A. Taylor and £20 from Abraham Walter Paulton in January 1868, £100 from Titus Salt in April 1868 and £100 from Thomas Thomasson in June 1868. However, Samuel Morley gave another donation of £1,900 which enabled the League to send out numerous "deputations" to boroughs where a useful Trade Union and working-class vote might be won for the "advanced Liberalism" of the General Election of Nov 1868. Their help was gratefully received and enough "advanced Liberals" were elected in Nov 1868 to cause the immediate resignation of Benjamin Disraeli's cabinet.
As reward for their help, Morley had also allowed some of his £1,900 to finance a number of the Reform League's leaders (e.g., Edmond Beales in Tower Hamlets, George Howell (aided by John Bedford Leno) in Aylesbury and William Randal Cremer in Warwick, etc.) to stand themselves in the election. None succeeded, mainly due to a lack of respectability and also due to a failure of negotiations to allow them to contest suitable constituencies.
The Reform League was dissolved in March 1869, and some of its members went on to become Liberal MPs or activists.
References
Reform League Collection held at British Library of Political and Economic Science
John Bedford Leno. The Aftermath with Autobiography of the Author. Reeves & Turner. London. 1892
S. MacCooby. English Radicalism 1853-1886. George Allen & Unwin. London. 1938
Jerry White. London in the Nineteenth Century. Jonathon Cape. London. 2007
Political movements
Radical parties
Protests in the United Kingdom
1865 establishments in the United Kingdom
1869 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1860s in the United Kingdom |
Maya Ajmera is the President and CEO of Society for Science and Executive Publisher of Science News.
Ajmera is the founder of The Global Fund for Children, a nonprofit organization that invests philanthropic capital in innovative community-based organizations working with some of the world's most vulnerable children and youth.
She is the author of the 2016 book Invisible Children: Reimagining International Development at the Grassroots with Gregory A. Fields, published by Palgrave Macmillan. Ajmera is also the author of over twenty children's books, including Children from Australia to Zimbabwe: A Photographic Journey Around the World, Extraordinary Girls, To Be an Artist, Faith, and Healthy Kids.
Biography
Early life and education
Raised in eastern North Carolina by Indian immigrants, Ajmera graduated from the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics in Durham. She holds a bachelor's degree in biology from Bryn Mawr College and a master's degree in public policy from the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University.
Career
Ajmera founded The Global Fund for Children in 1994, when she was 25 years old. The inspiration came from a trip she took to India on a Rotary Fellowship a few years earlier. While waiting for a train she saw a group of children being taught by a teacher on a train platform. Ajmera learned that these children were students in a Train Platform School for impoverished children who could not attend school. Moved by what she saw, instead of attending medical school Ajmera started classes at Duke University's Sanford School of Public Policy; with facilities provided by Duke and professor William Ascher she applied for and won a seed grant from Echoing Green. This initial funding helped her build an organization to support innovative grassroots efforts on behalf of vulnerable children around the world.
During her tenure years with the organization, the Global Fund for Children gave nearly $25 million in capital to nearly 500 grassroots organizations in 75 countries. These grants have served more than seven million children around the world. Ajmera left her position as president in 2011, after eighteen years, and remained on GFC's board of directors until 2013.
Since 2011, Ajmera is a professorial lecturer at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, and served as a visiting scholar from 2011 to 2013.
For the 2013–2014 school year, Ajmera served as the inaugural Social Entrepreneur in Residence for Duke University and a visiting professor of the Practice of Public Policy at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke.
As of August 2014, Ajmera is the president and CEO of the Society for Science and publisher of Science News.
The Society is known for its world class science competitions, including the Broadcom MASTERS, the Regeneron Science Talent Search, and the Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair. She was a member of the Honors Group of the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, now sponsored by Regeneron.
Maya serves on the boards of directors of New Global Citizens and Kids in Need of Defense, and is the co-chair of the board of Echoing Green.
Ajmera is a trustee for the North Carolina School of Science and Math and is on the Board of Visitors of the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University. She also serves on numerous advisory boards, including the Center for Advanced Social Entrepreneurship (CASE) at Duke University, the American India Foundation, the Golden Baobob Prize, and Africans in the Diaspora (AiD).
She was a trustee for the Blue Moon fund, and she served on the board of the Washington Area Women's Foundation for nine years before becoming part of that organization's Leadership Council.
Marriage and children
Maya Ajmera is married to David Hutzler Hollander Jr., a partner at Adduci, Mastriani & Schaumberg. They have one daughter.
Honors and awards
Ajmera was the recipient of a Rotary International Graduate Fellowship to study in South Asia in 1989–1990. She was also the recipient of the 1993-1997 Echoing Green Public Service Graduate Fellowship and the William C. Friday Fellowship for Human Relations of North Carolina.
In October 2007, Maya Ajmera was featured on CNN's Heroes segment. Actress Mira Sorvino named Ajmera as her hero.
In June 2008, Maya Ajmera received the Women of Distinction award at the 2008 National Conference for College Women Student Leaders at Georgetown University. The award is given to women who have made amazing accomplishments in their professions and who serve as inspiring role models for female students.
She served on the Innovation and Civil Society subgroup of the Obama Presidential Transition's Technology, Innovation, and Government Reform Policy Working Group.
Ajmera was a member of the 2011 class of Henry Crown Fellows at the Aspen Institute.
In May 2014, she received the Rotary International's Global Alumni Service to Humanity Award, presented at the Rotary Global Convention in Sydney, Australia.
Published works
Invisible Children: Reimagining International Development at the Grassroots by Maya Ajmera with Gregory A. Fields. Palgrave Macmillan 2016.
Published children's works
Xanadu: The Imaginary Place Edited by Maya Ajmera and Olateju Omolodun. Charlesbridge 1999.
Extraordinary Girl By Maya Ajmera, Olateju Omolodun, and Sarah Strunk. Charlesbridge 1999.
Let the Games Begin! By Maya Ajmera and Michael J. Regan. Charlesbridge 2000.
Children from Australia to Zimbabwe By Maya Ajmera and Anna Rhesa Versola. Charlesbridge 2001.
Come Out and Play By Maya Ajmera and John D. Ivanko. Charlesbridge 2001.
To Be a Kid By Maya Ajmera and John D. Ivanko. Charlesbridge 2001.
Back to School By Maya Ajmera and John D. Ivanko. Charlesbridge 2001.
A Kid's Best Friend By Maya Ajmera and Alex Fisher. Charlesbridge 2002.
Animal Friends By Maya Ajmera and John D. Ivanko. Charlesbridge 2002.
To Be an Artist By Maya Ajmera and John D. Ivanko. Charlesbridge 2004.
Be My Neighbor By Maya Ajmera and John D. Ivanko. Charlesbridge 2004.
Children of the USA By Maya Ajmera, Arlene Hirschfelder, Yvonne Wakim Dennis, and Cynthia Pon. Charlesbridge 2008.
Faith By Maya Ajmera, Magda Nakassis and Cynthia Pon. Charlesbridge 2009.
Our Grandparents: A Global Album By Maya Ajmera, Sheila Kinkade and Cynthia Pon. Charlesbridge, 2010.
What We Wear: Dressing Up Around the World By Maya Ajmera, Elise Dertine, and Cynthia Pon. Charlesbridge 2012.
Global Baby Girls By Maya Ajmera. Charlesbridge 2013.
Healthy Kids By Maya Ajmera, Victoria Dunning and Cynthia Pon. Charlesbridge 2013.
Music Everywhere! By Maya Ajmera, Elise Hoter Derstine and Cynthia Pon. Charlesbridge 2014.
Global Baby Boys By Maya Ajmera. Charlesbridge 2014.
Global Baby Bedtimes By Maya Ajmera. Charlesbridge 2015.
Every Breath We Take By Maya Ajmera and Dominique Browning. Charlesbridge 2016.
Many of Maya's books have forewords written by prominent individuals, including Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Melinda French Gates, Julianne Moore, Bill Bradley, Marian Wright Edelman, John Hope Franklin, and even Kermit the Frog.
Interviews and speeches
Interview with the Clinton Global Initiative, 2007
Interview with Think Change India, 2008
Appearance on NPR's Tell Me More, 2008
Interview with The Financial Times, 2008
Appearance on Dallas NPR Station KERA, 2009
TEDxAshokaU: Universities Driving Global Change at Duke University, February 25, 2011
TEDxSMU, 2011
William D. Reimert Lecture, Cedar Crest College, 2011.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American children's writers
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Sanford School of Public Policy alumni
Women nonprofit executives
Writers from North Carolina
North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics alumni
Henry Crown Fellows
American people of Indian descent |
Olivia Carlena Cole (November 26, 1942 – January 19, 2018) was an American actress, best known for her Emmy Award-winning role in the 1977 miniseries Roots.
Early life and education
Cole was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the daughter of Arvelia Cole (née Cage), a tennis player, instructor, entrepreneur and William Calvin Cole, a worker for Grumman. After graduating from Manhattan's Hunter College High School in 1960, she studied drama at Bard College in New York and earned a scholarship to attend the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, where she graduated with honors in 1964. After returning to the United States, she earned a master's degree in theater arts with minor in Scandinavian studies in 1967 from the University of Minnesota.
Career
Cole made her screen debut in the daytime soap opera Guiding Light in 1969 and later appeared in over 30 shows and films.
Cole won an Emmy Award for her performance as Matilda, Chicken George's wife, in the 1977 miniseries Roots. Cole became the first African American actress to win an Emmy award in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for her performance in Roots.
She also was known for her role as Maggie Rogers in the 1979 miniseries Backstairs at the White House, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.
Cole starred in the CBS sitcoms Szysznyk from 1977 to 1978 and Report to Murphy in 1982. She also was cast in the ABC drama miniseries The Women of Brewster Place with Oprah Winfrey in 1990 and previously appeared in another miniseries North and South, Book I (1985). She also guest-starred on Police Woman, Family, L.A. Law, "Christy" and Murder, She Wrote.
Cole's Broadway credits include The School for Scandal, You Can't Take It with You, The Merchant of Venice, and The National Health.
She was an honorary member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. In film, she appeared in Heroes (1977), Coming Home (1978), Some Kind of Hero (1982), Go Tell It on the Mountain (1984), Big Shots (1987), First Sunday (2008) as well as in the television movies Something About Amelia (1984) and The Women of Brewster Place (1989).
Personal life and death
In June 1971, she married actor Richard Venture, one of the few to enter an interracial marriage in Hollywood at that time. They later divorced in 1984. She retired in 1995, but later returned to acting.
Cole died 31 days after ex-husband, actor Richard Venture; at her home in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico on January 19, 2018, age 75 following a heart attack.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
1977 Primetime Emmy award, Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Drama Series for Roots - won
1979 Primetime Emmy award, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Special for Backstairs at the White House - nominated
2007 TV Land award, Anniversary award (shared with LeVar Burton, Louis Gossett, Jr., Leslie Uggams, John Amost, Ben Vereen, Todd Bridges, Cicely Tyson, Lawrence-Hilton Jacobs, Georg Stanford Brown) for Roots
References
External links
1942 births
2018 deaths
African-American actresses
American stage actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Memphis, Tennessee
Bard College alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Alumni of RADA
Hunter College High School alumni
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people |
The USA PATRIOT Act was passed by the United States Congress in 2001 as a response to the September 11 attacks in 2001. It has ten titles, with the third title ("Title III: International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001") written to prevent, detect, and prosecute international money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
Title III is itself divided into three subtitles. The second subtitle, entitled Subtitle B: Bank Secrecy Act Amendments and Related Improvements, largely modifies the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) to make it harder for money launderers to operate, and to make it easier for law enforcement and regulatory agencies to police money laundering operations. The BSA was amended to allow the designated officer or agency who receives suspicious transaction reports to notify U.S. intelligence agencies. It also addresses issues of record keeping and reporting by making it easier to undertake the reporting of suspicious transactions; by making it a requirement that financial institutions report suspicious transactions; through the creation of anti-money laundering programs and by better defining anti-money laundering strategy; and by making it a requirement that anyone who does business file a report for any coin and foreign currency receipts that are over US$10,000. The subtitle increases civil and criminal penalties for money laundering and introduces penalties for violations of geographic targeting orders and certain recordkeeping requirements.
Subtitle B legislated for the creation of a secure network which can be used by financial institutions to report suspicious transactions and which can also give them alerts of relevant suspicious activities. Subtitle B also makes FinCEN a bureau of the United States Department of Treasury. The subtitle allows the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to authorize personnel to act as law enforcement officers to protect the premises, grounds, property and personnel of any U.S. Federal reserve bank, and allows them to delegate this authority to U.S. Federal Reserve Banks. It instructs any United States Executive Directors of international financial institutions to use their voice and vote to support any country that has taken action to support the U.S.'s War on Terrorism, and to require such Executive Directors to provide ongoing auditing of disbursements made from their institutions to ensure that no funds are paid to persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism.
Dissent
Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act was passed with very little debate and the final vote in the United States House of Representatives was 412-1. The sole dissenting voice of an earlier version of the Act (the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act) was Republican U.S. Representative for Texas and former presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party Ron Paul. Paul in particular objected to a similar section to subtitle B's section 356, which makes it a requirement of brokers and dealers to report suspicious activities. Congressman Paul stated in Congress:
Among the most obnoxious provisions of this bill are: expanding the war on cash by creating a new federal crime of taking over $10,000 cash into or out of the United States; codifying the unconstitutional authority of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) to snoop into the private financial dealings of American citizens; and expanding the `suspicious activity reports' mandate to broker-dealers, even though history has shown that these reports fail to significantly aid in apprehending criminals. These measures will actually distract from the battle against terrorism by encouraging law enforcement authorities to waste time snooping through the financial records of innocent Americans who simply happen to demonstrate an `unusual' pattern in their financial dealings.
Sec. 351. Amendments relating to reporting of suspicious activities
The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) was amended to give financial institutions legal immunity from liability for any disclosures of suspicious transactions or activities to appropriate authorities, or for failing to notify any person identified in such a disclosure. The section also prohibits any employee or owner of a financial institution, or any officer or employee of any branch of the U.S. government, from notifying any person involved in a reported transaction that the transaction has been reported. The prohibition does not extend to employee references made under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or in a written termination notice or employment reference made under the rules of any self-regulated organisation registered with the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), although the reference must not state that the disclosure was reported. It is noted that institutions are not required to include such information in their termination notices or employee references.
Sec. 352. Anti-money laundering programs
The BSA was amended in 2004 to make financial institutions implement anti money laundering programs. Institutions must implement, at a minimum, the development of internal policies, procedures, and controls; the designation of a compliance officer; an ongoing employee training program; and an independent audit function to test programs. The Secretary of the Treasury is given authority to set minimum standards of these programs but may exempt from the application of those standards any financial institution that is not subject to the provisions of the rules contained in part 103 of title 31, of the Code of Federal Regulations. The section also orders the Secretary of Treasury to produce regulations "commensurate with the size, location, and activities of the financial institutions to which such regulations apply". These regulations were jointly produced by FinCEN and U.S. Treasury as 31 C.F.R. 103.137 on December 5, 2001 and largely focus on requiring insurance companies to form anti-money laundering programs — depository institutions were not targeted because the Bank Secrecy Act already requires them to have anti-money laundering programs.
Sec. 353. GTOs: penalties and lengthening of period
There are two sections that specify civil and criminal penalties for those who violate the BSA or a regulation prescribed under the BSA: title 31, section 5321 of the U.S. Code deals with civil penalties, while title 31, section 5322 of the U.S. Code deals with criminal penalties. Both sections were amended by section 353 of the Patriot Act to extend penalties to apply to violations of any orders made under the BSA. Penalties were also made to apply for violations of regulations prescribed under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and section 123 of Public Law 91-508. Under it is against U.S. Law to attempt to evade such reporting, to cause or attempt to make the report contain a material omission or misstatement of fact, or to "structure or assist in structuring, or attempt to structure or assist in structuring, any transaction with one or more domestic financial institutions." This section was modified to include as the reporting requirements section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and section 123 of Public Law 91-508.
Section 123 of Public Law 91-508 specifies regulations that govern recordkeeping for uninsured banks or institutions, or any other institution defined in , while section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act specifies regulations that govern recordkeeping for insured depository institutions.
The section also lengthens the effective period of geographic targeting orders from 60 days to 180 days.
Sec. 354. Anti-money laundering strategy
The BSA specifies that "the President, acting through the Secretary and in consultation with the Attorney General, shall develop a national strategy for combating money laundering and related financial crimes." In the development of that strategy, the legislation gives a list of areas that address any area the President, acting through the Secretary and in consultation with the Attorney General, considers appropriate. Section 354 added a new area to be addressed in the strategy: "Data concerning money laundering efforts related to the funding of acts of international terrorism, and efforts directed at the prevention, detection, and prosecution of such funding".
Sec. 355. Written employment references and illegal activity
The Federal Deposit Insurance Act was amended to allow written employment references to contain suspicions of involvement in illegal activity in response to a request from another financial institution. The amendment makes clear that it allows such disclosures but does not require it, and also makes clear that the amendment does not shield from liability anyone who makes a disclosure that is found to have been made with malicious intent.
Sec. 356. Reporting suspicious activities of brokers and dealers
Section 356 deals with suspicious activity reports (SARs). Part (a) states that the Secretary of Treasury was required to create regulations that require brokers and dealers registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to submit suspicious activity reports under section 5318(g) of title 31, United States Code. The regulations filed were 31 CFR 103.11(ii), which amended the definition of a transaction to encompass any instrument within the definition of security in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and 31 CFR 103.19, which requires suspicious transactions over $US5,000 be reported to FinCEN. 31 CFR 103.19 provides details on filing procedures, details several exceptions to the filing requirement and specifies that records must be retained for a period of 5 years by dealer-brokers. It also requires that reports made to FinCEN remain confidential and gives limited liability to the reporting broker-dealer for any disclosures to appropriate authorities. Failure to file reports may be a violation of the BSA.
Part (b) of the section states that the Secretary of Treasury may prescribe regulations requiring futures commission merchants, commodity trading advisors and commodity pool operators registered under the Commodity Exchange Act to submit suspicious activity reports.
Investment company study
Part (c) specified that a report be produced jointly by the Secretary of Treasury, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Securities and Exchange Commission with recommendations for effective regulations to apply the requirements of the BSA with regards to investment companies. This report was submitted to Congress on December 31, 2001. It gives a background to money laundering and how the BSA and Anti-Money Laundering Act (AML) was developed to counter increasingly sophisticated money laundering schemes and gives an overview of the general process criminals use to undertake money laundering, and how they use investment companies in each stage of the process. In order for effective regulations to apply to the BSA, the report acknowledges that different types of investment companies have different susceptibilities to money laundering and thus regulations must deal with them differently.
The report firstly defines what is meant by the term "investment companies". It defines an investment company as being either registered or unregistered. For registered investment companies, it found that mutual funds are the most susceptible to money laundering because money launders can get easy access to their money. The report found closed-end funds and interval funds were not as susceptible because investors must go through broker-dealer or banks, which are subject to anti-money laundering regulations already. The report also similarly found that unit investment trusts (UITs) to be of low risk of being used for money-laundering purposes.
For unregistered investment companies, the report found that hedge funds to be the most vulnerable to money laundering. This was because of the relatively high liquidity of their structure and interests. Hedge funds have relatively short periods where money is kept locked up, and a hedge fund's structure makes them vulnerable because domestic hedge funds do not need to identify the source of their funding, and offshore hedge fund structures are complex and more likely to allow "anonymous" investments. The report notes that commodity pools are highly regulated and that private equity funds and venture capital funds are long term investments that provide little opportunity to redeem their investments. The report also noted that Real Estate Investment Trust (REITs) investments "[tend] to be illiquid because the investors have no right to redeem their interests and the REIT often restricts the transfer of interests to comply with other [Internal Revenue Code] requirements".
The report makes a proposed rule which would apply the BSA to unregistered investment companies (67 CFR 21117 temporarily excluded unregistered companies from the requirements of the BSA). It was acknowledged in the report that listing all types of unregistered investment companies would,
unnecessarily burden businesses that money launderers are unlikely to use... [and] would bring within the scope of the BSA's anti-money laundering requirements as to tax the resources of the federal regulators charged with oversight of financial institutions and, thus, diminish the effectiveness of that oversight.
Therefore FinCEN proposed to apply the same definition to all investment companies except commodity pools and those funds that only primarily invest in real estate. Due to the broad scope of such a definition it was further narrowed to those investment companies that permit an investor to redeem part of their investment with two years after the investment was made; exclude investment companies with less than US$1,000,000 in assets by the end of the calendar quarter; and to funds that were organized in the U.S., that are organized or sponsored in by a U.S. person, or that sells ownership interest to U.S. people. Unregistered companies exclude family companies, employee securities companies and some types of employee benefit plans.
The report was also meant to look into anti-money regulations for personal holdings accounts, but no recommendations were given as this was an issue the U.S. Treasury decided they needed to continue to study.
Sec. 357. Report on administration of bank secrecy provisions
A report was required to be submitted to Congress on the role of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the administration of the BSA. The report was to recommend whether it was "advisable to shift the processing of information reporting to the Department of the Treasury under the BSA provisions to facilities other than those managed by the IRS". The report also needed to recommend whether, "in light of the objective of both anti-money-laundering programs and Federal tax administration, the Internal Revenue Service to retain authority and responsibility for audit and examination of the compliance of money services businesses and gaming institutions with those Bank Secrecy Act provisions".
The report was submitted on April 26, 2002 and concluded that,
...in light of the expertise, resources and focus of the IRS, the IRS should continue to perform the information processing and examination functions. The IRS has cultivated substantial anti-money laundering expertise over the years and contributed significantly to the administration of the BSA since its enactment in 1970. In recent years, the partnership forged by the IRS and FinCEN has been aimed at improving the administration of the BSA and prioritizing the challenges both agencies recognize need to be addressed.... It would be both wasteful of resources and disruptive to the administration of the BSA to transfer these functions, especially since there is no other comparable agency with a similar combination of expertise and resources that could readily assume them.
Sec. 358. Bank secrecy provisions & anti-terrorism activities
The BSA was amended to allow the designated officer or agency who receives suspicious transaction reports to notify U.S. intelligence agencies. The stated purposes of the BSA, Section 123(a) of Public Law 91-508 and Section 21(a) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act were amended to allow reports or records to be provided to agencies who conduct intelligence or counterintelligence activities, including analysis, in order to protect against international terrorism.
The BSA was also amended to direct the Secretary of Treasury to make available reports to agencies, U.S. intelligence, or self-regulatory organizations that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission upon the request of the head of that agency or organisation. Exemptions for disclosure are made for circumstances covered under the Privacy Act of 1974.
The Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 was amended to allow financial records obtained under the Act to be transferred to another agency if they are relevant to intelligence or counter-intelligence activities related to international terrorism. None of the special procedures spelled out in the Financial Privacy Act under section 1114 apply to U.S. government authorities who conduct investigations or intelligence or counter-intelligence activities in relation to domestic or international terrorism. Financial records that are obtained under a subpoena from a Federal grand jury can now also be used for the purposes of counter-terrorism
The Fair Credit Reporting Act was amended to require consumer reporting agencies provide customer reports of a customer and all other information in a customer's file available to a government agency that is authorized to conduct counter-terrorism activities when presented with a written certificate by the agency. The consumer agency may not disclose to anyone that they have provided such information to the agency who requested the information. The consumer reporting agency, and any employee of the agency, is given safe harbor for providing such information, if it can be proven that it was done in good faith.
All the amendments made by section 358 of the Patriot Act apply with respect to reports filed or records maintained on, before, or after the date of enactment of the Act.
Sec. 359. Reporting of suspicious activities by underground banking systems
Under the BSA, any person or group of people who transfer money as a business are defined as a money services business in order to bring those who operate informal value transfer systems outside of the mainstream financial system under the law. The amendments include "a licensed sender of money or any other person who engages as a business in the transmission of funds, including any person who engages as a business in an informal money transfer system or any network of people who engage as a business in facilitating the transfer of money domestically or internationally outside of the conventional financial institutions system" in the definition of a "financial institution" under the BSA. The BSA definition of a "money transmitting business" was also similarly amended. The rules promulgated under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act was amended to apply to "any person that engages as a business in the transmission of funds, including any person who engages as a business in an informal money transfer system or any network of people who engage as a business in facilitating the transfer of money domestically or internationally outside of the conventional financial institutions system". This makes it easier for authorities to regulate, and investigate anti-money laundering operations in this segment of the U.S. economy.
The section also called for a report to congress on the need for any additional legislation relating to such people. The report found that:
Existing BSA regulations are applicable to the U.S.-based operators of informal value transfer systems.
That research did not suggest an immediate need for additional legislation, and neither did it suggest a need to change the threshold for the filing of Suspicious Activity Reports.
The adequacy of the existing BSA rules should be reexamined over the course of U.S. Treasury's multi-year effort to enhance regulatory compliance among the operators of informal value transfer systems.
The law enforcement and regulatory communities should undertake a comprehensive program to enhance their knowledge concerning the range of mechanisms used in informal value transfer systems in order to better understand them and to determine whether they think that any additional legislation is needed.
Sec. 360. Use of authority of U.S. Executive Directors
The Patriot Act allows the United States President to instruct any United States Executive Directors of the international financial institutions (for example, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) to use their authority (termed "voice and vote") to support any loan or other utilization of the funds of respective institutions for countries that have shown to "take actions that contribute to efforts of the United States to respond to, deter, or prevent acts of international terrorism". The Secretary of Treasury is also given the authority to instruct the Executive Directors to aggressively use the voice and vote of the Executive Director to require an auditing of disbursements made from their institutions to ensure that no funds are paid to persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism.
Sec. 361. Financial crimes enforcement network
FinCEN, established in 1990, was made a bureau in the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The head of the bureau is now appointed by the Secretary of Treasury and was formally given a variety of responsibilities and powers, including:
Providing advice and making recommendations on matters relating to financial intelligence, financial criminal activities and other financial activities to the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement.
Maintain a government-wide data access service, with access, in accordance with applicable legal requirements, to:
the information collected by the Department of the Treasury, including report information filed under the BSA;
information regarding national and international currency flows;
other records and data maintained by other Federal, State, local, and foreign agencies, including financial and other records developed in specific cases; and
other privately and publicly available information
Analyze and disseminate the available data in order to deal with financial crime.
Establish and maintain a financial crimes communications center to furnish law enforcement authorities with intelligence information related to emerging or ongoing investigations and undercover operations.
Furnish research, analytical, and informational services to financial institutions, appropriate Federal regulatory agencies with regard to financial institutions, and appropriate Federal, State, local, and foreign law enforcement authorities, in accordance with policies and guidelines established by the Secretary of the Treasury or the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement, in the interest of detection, prevention, and prosecution of terrorism, organized crime, money laundering, and other financial crimes.
Assist Federal, State, local, and foreign law enforcement and regulatory authorities in combatting the use of informal, nonbank networks and payment and barter system mechanisms that permit the transfer of funds or the equivalent of funds without records and without compliance with criminal and tax laws.
Provide computer and data support and data analysis to the Secretary of the Treasury for tracking and controlling foreign assets.
Coordinate with financial intelligence units in other countries on anti-terrorism and anti-money laundering initiatives, and similar efforts.
Administer the requirements of the BSA, chapter 2 of title I of Public Law 91-508, and section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, to the extent delegated such authority by the Secretary of the Treasury.
Such other duties and powers as the Secretary of the Treasury may delegate or prescribe.
The U.S. Secretary of Treasury is also given responsibility for administering the government-wide data access service and the financial crimes communications center maintained by FinCEN. also gave FinCEN guaranteed funding for the period of 2002 to 2005.
This section of the Patriot Act makes it a requirement of the Secretary of Treasury to report yearly on how to improve compliance of , which deals with the records and reports on foreign financial agency transactions. The Secretary submitted the initial report on April 24, 2002, and has submitted one every year except in 2004.
Sec. 362. Establishment of highly secure network
The U.S. Secretary of Treasury was charged with establishing a highly secure network to allow financial reports required under the BSA, chapter 2 of Public Law 91-508 or section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act to be filed electronically. The legislation also requires the secure network to send alerts and other information in relation to suspicious activities to financial institutions. The network was required to be finished within 9 months of the enactment of the Patriot Act. According to the testimony of Dennis Lormel, Chief of the Terrorist Financing Operations Section of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Counterterrorism Division, the USA Patriot Act Communication System was developed by FinCEN from such requirements.
Sec. 363. Increase in penalties for money laundering
The Secretary of Treasury was given the authority to issue money penalties in an amount equal to not less than twice the amount of the transaction, but not more than US$1,000,000, on any financial institution or agency who commits a civil or criminal violation of International counter money laundering measures.
Sec. 364. Uniform protection authority for Federal Reserve facilities
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System are given authority to authorize personnel to act as law enforcement officers to protect the premises, grounds, property and personnel of any U.S. Federal reserve bank, as well as any operations conducted by or on behalf of the Board. The Board may also delegate this authority to a U.S. Federal reserve bank, so long as the reserve bank makes sure they follow the regulations proscribed by the Board and which are approved by the U.S. Attorney General. Law enforcement personnel are authorized to carry firearms and to make arrests for felonies committed while on the grounds or within the buildings of the Board or a reserve bank. Law enforcement officers must have successfully completed law enforcement training and be authorized to carry firearms and make arrests.
Sec. 365. Reports relating to coins and currency
Section 5331 ("Reports relating to coins and currency received in nonfinancial trade or business") was added to the BSA. It makes anyone who does business file a report for any coin and foreign currency receipts that are over US$10,000. The report must contain the name, address and any other identifying information so required by the U.S. Secretary of Treasury; the amount of coins or foreign currency received; the date and nature of the transaction and any other information required by the Secretary of Treasury. However, should a transaction be made that involves foreign currency then the report does not need to be made, and instead reports should be made through the relevant regulations covered under . Transactions that are made entirely outside of the United States are also not covered under . , which prohibits the structuring of transactions in such a way as to evade reporting requirements, was also amended to include the reporting of any coin and foreign currency receipts over US$10,000. The term "nonfinancial trade or business" was made to mean "any trade or business other than a financial institution that is subject to the reporting requirements of section 5313 and regulations prescribed under such section."
Sec. 366. Efficient use of CTRs
In 1970, U.S. Congress established currency transaction reporting requirements via the BSA. However, though government agencies found the reports to be extremely useful in criminal, tax and regulatory investigations, it soon became apparent that the sheer volume of such reports was becoming overwhelming. Therefore, in 1986, Congress passed the Money Laundering Control Act (MLCA), which did two things: firstly, it made it easier to report this information (previously, tellers had to contact an agent directly, the Act allowed tellers to merely fill in a form and submit it to the agency); and secondly, it gave legal immunity to financial institutions that did report such transactions. The MLCA also made mandatory exceptions to certain reports that had little use to U.S. law enforcement agencies. In 2001, however, Congress found that some financial institutions were not utilizing the exemption system and, once again, the volume of reports was interfering with law enforcement. In fact, the number of Currency transaction reports (CTRs) filed on in the 2002 financial year was 12.3 million. Though this represented a decrease from the 13 million filed in the 2000 financial year, only 118,678 exemptions were made: a tiny fraction of the total amount of CTRs filed.
Congress ordered a study to be made to determine why the volume of CTRs were being made and how this problem could be alleviated. The study was completed in October 2002, and found that the most frequently cited reasons by survey respondents for not using the exemption system were:
The fear of regulatory action if an exemption turns out to be wrong;
Difficulty in determining whether a customer is eligible for exemption;
The additional costs associated with due diligence;
Lack of staff time to review CTRs for possible exemptions; and
The transactions requiring CTR filings are too infrequent. According to the study:
This response reflects the fact that smaller depository institutions, which are less likely to conduct large cash transactions, constituted the majority of depository institutions in the survey, and, in fact, outnumber such large institutions.
Based on the findings, the Secretary offered the following recommendations for legislative and/or regulatory change:
"FinCEN should work with the federal bank regulators, as well as banks, to reduce, as appropriate, fear of adverse regulatory consequences from making incorrect exemption determinations, including issuing an Advisory encouraging the use of the exemption process.
"FinCEN, in conjunction with the federal bank regulators, should draft and disseminate a new exemption handbook with a view to making the exemption system easier for bank personnel to understand.
"FinCEN should revise the waiting period requirement for non-listed customers to permit banks to use a risk-based approach in determining when to exempt a customer.
"FinCEN should amend the exemption regulation to simplify and make less burdensome the biennial certification and monitoring system requirement for non-listed customers.
"The exemption process should not be made mandatory, nor are any other statutory changes necessary at this time. FinCEN should continue to seek ways to improve the efficiency and efficacy of the CTR reporting system. It should also work toward achieving an accurate measurement of the success of the system. These steps will help achieve the goal of finding the optimal balance between the value of the BSA reporting system and database and the burdens imposed to create and maintain it."
References and notes
Title III, Subtitle A |
The women's 10 kilometres walk event at the 1990 Commonwealth Games was held in Auckland. It was the first time that a women's race walking event had taken place at the Commonwealth Games.
Results
References
30
1990
1990 in women's athletics |
The 6th National People's Congress () was in session from 1983 to 1988. It held five sessions in this period.
Elections to the Congress
This new Congress was the first under the current 1982 Constitution, and the first to be elected under the rules of the 1979 Electoral Law of the PRC.
In keeping with the provisions of the law, all deputies of the 6th NPC were elected indirectly from 1982 to February 1983 by the provincial-level legislatures of:
All 21 Provinces of China
All 5 Autonomous regions of China
The city legislatures of Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin
Elected state leaders
In the 1st Plenary Session in 1983, the Congress elected the state leaders:
President of the People's Republic of China: Li Xiannian
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress: Peng Zhen
Premier of the State Council: Zhao Ziyang
Chairman of the Central Military Commission: Deng Xiaoping
President of the Supreme People's Court: Zheng Tianxiang
Prosecutor-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate: Yang Yichen
External links
Official website of the NPC
National People's Congresses
1983 in China |
An office created in the Private Secretary's Office of the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom in 2004. The first office-holder was Brigadier Jeffrey Cook, a former Special Air Service (SAS) officer. He served until 2008.
As his role was security policy, the whole range of security services for the Sovereign would logically have been within his responsibility.
Non-combat personal bodyguards include the Gentlemen at Arms, the Yeomen of the Guard, the Royal Company of Archers (in Scotland), the Honourable Artillery Company (in the City of London), the Corps of Serjeants at Arms, the High Constables and Guard of Honour of the Palace of Holyroodhouse (in Scotland), and the Wardens of the Jewel House, Tower of London. The Gold Stick and Silver Stick, senior officers of the Household Cavalry, also have a role, to protect the person of the Sovereign and to pass on any orders to their respective regiments.
Military guards for the Sovereign and metropolis comprise foot guards, mounted guards, and saluting batteries. The Household Division consists of five regiments of Foot Guards (five battalions), and the Household Cavalry. This latter has one armoured reconnaissance regiment and a mounted cavalry regiment provided by the two combined regiments.
The Household Division provides several battalions at any one time tasked for public duties, which include the protection of the Sovereign. In the Second World War a special unit, known as the Coats Mission, was entrusted with facilitating the Sovereign's evacuation in the event that this were necessary.
The Director for Security Liaison is meant to be the principal point of contact for all security matters across the Royal Household. He is responsible for the co-ordination and implementation of Royal Household security plans, policies and procedures. He works with the police, Home Office, and other agencies within the existing framework of security responsibilities. The Director reports to the Private Secretary to the Sovereign. An annual security plan for Royal Household security is to be written in consultation with police and other security organisations, covering personnel security as well as protection and physical security, and this is subject to annual reviews.
References
British monarchy
Positions within the British Royal Household |
Lincoln Township is a township in Rice County, Kansas, in the United States.
Lincoln Township was established in 1879.
References
Townships in Rice County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas |
Elna "Camilla" Odhnoff, née Wilske (6 June 1928 – 16 July 2013) was a Swedish politician (Social Democrat). She served as Minister without portfolio responsible for Family, Youth and Immigration in 1967–1974. She served as the Governor of Blekinge County in 1974-1992 and was the first female governor in Sweden. She was born in Gamlestaden, Gothenburg.
Sources
External links
Vem är vem, Projekt Runeberg
External links
1928 births
2013 deaths
Women government ministers of Sweden
Governors of Blekinge County
Women members of the Riksdag
Members of the Riksdag from the Social Democrats
20th-century Swedish women politicians
20th-century Swedish politicians
Women county governors of Sweden
Swedish Ministers for Gender Equality
Politicians from Gothenburg |
Darrough may refer to:
John S. Darrough (1841–1920), a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War
Darrough Chapel, Indiana, an unincorporated town in Center Township, Howard County |
Kouafo-Akidom is a village in eastern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Bondoukou, Bondoukou Department, Gontougo Region, Zanzan District.
Kouafo-Akidom was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
Notes
Former communes of Ivory Coast
Populated places in Zanzan District
Populated places in Gontougo |
The 2012 presidential campaign of Buddy Roemer, 52nd Governor of Louisiana and former U.S. Representative of Louisiana began as a movement for the 2012 Republican Party nomination for President of the United States shortly following the 2010 midterm elections. After his exclusion from every nationally-televised Republican debate, Roemer announced on February 22, 2012 that he would instead pursue a place on a third-party ticket, specifically the Reform Party and Americans Elect nominations. Shortly after Americans Elect announced they would not be fielding a candidate, Roemer's campaign announced on May 31, 2012 that he was ending his 2012 presidential campaign altogether.
Early stages
Exploratory committee
In January 2011, Roemer publicly stated that he was considering a bid for the U.S. presidency in 2012. On March 3, 2011, he announced the formation of an exploratory committee to prepare for a possible run for the 2012 presidential nomination of the Republican Party. Roemer stressed that campaign finance reform would be a key issue in his campaign.
Roemer filed his organization with the Federal Elections Commission as an exploratory committee, and announced the organization in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on March 3, 2011.
Campaign developments
Roemer was denied an invitation to the first Republican presidential debate held on May 5, 2011. He responded by posting his responses to questions asked in the debate on his campaign's YouTube account.
On November 8, 2011, Roemer appeared on the Colbert Report in an "issue ad" coordinated directly with the Colbert Super PAC, a political action committee. The ad mimicked an ad featuring Democratic Senator Ben Nelson paid for by the Nebraska Democratic Party.
Formal announcement
Roemer officially announced his candidacy at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire on July 21, 2011.
Candidate campaign participation
Roemer was not invited to any of the Republican debates because he failed to meet the 2% minimum criterion, and when he met the 2% minimum criterion, CNN (the debate organizer) increased the minimum fundraising requirement needed to be admitted to the debate. Roemer was not included as an option in several polls until the 2012 Iowa Caucus and the 2012 New Hampshire Primary in early January. Roemer attempted to reach audiences through social media, including tweeting responses to debates in which he could not participate. His donations average $30,000 a month, far below what is raised by the front runners.
This difference in campaign fundraising may be attributed to the fact that Roemer had limited donations to $100 (~$ in ) per US citizen, and is denying all PAC, Super PAC, and corporate donations. His campaign garnered some visibility, nonetheless, when Roemer starred in an advertisement for Stephen Colbert's Super PAC, in November 2011. The ad lampooned the flimsiness of legal restrictions against Super PACs coordinating with the candidates they support.
On Wednesday, November 30, 2011, Buddy Roemer officially announced that he would seek the Americans Elect nomination.
Reform Party
Roemer sought additional third-party options after it became apparent he would not be competitive in any of the Republican primaries. While Roemer had expressed interest in Americans Elect, that organization announced on May 17, 2012 that Roemer had not garnered enough support in its polling to win the party's nomination, and that no one would run on the Americans Elect line in 2012.
There was also a movement within the Reform Party of the United States to draft Roemer to their ticket.
On December 10, 2011 he appeared at an event organized by the Reform Party of New Jersey. He told the crowd: "If the Republican Party keeps shutting me out, I will find a way to have a third party stand with me, and we will get in those debates!" Later that month, Dino Scaros, an organizer for the Pennsylvania Reform Party, appeared on a radio program to urge Roemer to join his party.
Reform Party of New Jersey Chairman Jake Zychick spent two weeks in New Hampshire campaigning with Roemer. The Governor retweeted a post urging all other Reform Party activists to do the same.
Columnist Dennis "DJ" Mikolay urged Roemer to join the Reform Party, saying: "The fact of the matter is simple: it is time for Buddy Roemer to leave the Republican Party behind. He has remained above their tomfoolery for years, and there is no reason for him to remain in a party that doesn’t share his ideals or ethics."
On February 22, 2012 Roemer announced he would seek the Reform Party's nomination. In the Reform Party of New Jersey's presidential straw poll at their state convention on April 14, 2012, Roemer lost to entrepreneur and fellow RPUSA presidential hopeful Andre Barnett by a 50% margin.
On April 7, 2012 it was announced that Roemer was reaching out to the Modern Whig Party for support.
Media attention
On January 5, 2012 Roemer held an A.M.A. ("Ask Me Anything") on reddit, answering questions about his political history, his tax policies, his views on insurance companies, and his opinion of the other presidential candidates.
Roemer's polls results and other aspects related to his campaign have been detailed in a series of Slate editorials entitled "Roementum", written by David Weigel, a top political correspondent and journalist.
Results
Roemer finished in last place among those on the ballot in the 2012 Iowa caucus; final results showed Roemer with 17 votes. He finished with fewer votes than no preference, the sum total of write-in candidates, and Herman Cain, who had already ceased campaigning a month prior.
In the New Hampshire primary Roemer received 945 votes for 0.38% of the total, coming in 7th place behind Rick Perry.
He was also on the ballot in Puerto Rico, Arizona, Michigan, California and Illinois, and qualified for the Idaho caucus as well as several other states. On March 20 he came in 3rd place in Puerto Rico with 2.3% of the vote. As of May 29, 2012, he has received 21,060 votes. On May 31, 2012, Roemer announced that he was ending his campaign for the presidency.
References
External links
Buddy Roemer 2012 official campaign site
Former Governor profile from the Louisiana Secretary of State
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
Buddy Roemer (1987-1994), collected coverage at The New York Times
Buddy Roemer: 9 Questions with the GOP Presidential Candidate about Campaign Finance, the 99% and a Possible Split Ticket, Dan O'Mahony, Point Nine Nine, November 28, 2011
Buddy Roemer's Overshadowed New Hampshire Retail Experiment, Tyler Bridges, The Atlantic, December 20, 2011
Roemer, Buddy
Roemer |
The Lady of the Camellias (French: La dame aux camélias, Italian: La signora dalle camelie) is a 1953 French-Italian historical drama film directed by Raymond Bernard and starring Micheline Presle, Gino Cervi and Roland Alexandre. It is based on the 1848 novel of the same title by Alexandre Dumas. It was shot in Gevacolour at the Billancourt Studios in Paris and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art director Léon Barsacq.
Cast
Micheline Presle as Marguerite Gauthier
Gino Cervi as Monsieur Duval
Roland Alexandre as Armand Duval
Alba Arnova as Olympe
Jean Parédès as Comte Varville
Jean Brochard as Le notaire
Mathilde Casadesus as Prudence
Jacques Clancy as Gaston Rieux
Henri Crémieux as Chambourg
Maurice Escande as Le duc
Jacques Famery as Un ami d'Armand
Jane Morlet as Nanine
Claude Nicot as Léon Chambourg
Germaine Delbat as L'épouse du notaire
Robert Seller as Le maître d'hôtel
Javotte Lehman as Violette
Françoise Soulié as Blanche
References
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
Hayward, Susan. French Costume Drama of the 1950s: Fashioning Politics in Film. Intellect Books, 2010.
External links
1953 films
French drama films
Italian drama films
1953 drama films
1950s French-language films
Films directed by Raymond Bernard
Films based on French novels
Films shot at Billancourt Studios
Lux Film films
1950s French films
1950s Italian films
French-language Italian films |
```yaml
zh-hans:
locale_name:
nav:
about:
contribute:
index:
lead:
opensourcefriday:
article:
table_of_contents:
back_to_all_guides:
related_guides:
footer:
contribute:
heading:
description:
button:
subscribe:
heading:
description: GitHub
label:
button:
byline:
# [code], [love], and [github] will be replaced by octicons
format: " [github] [friends] [love] [code] "
# Label for code octicon
code_label:
# Label for love octicon
love_label:
# Label for the contributors link
friends_label:
``` |
"American Prayer" is a 2002 song co-written by Bono of U2, Dave Stewart of the Eurythmics, and Pharrell Williams.
The song, which "reflects the ... hope that America, and American Christians in particular, will respond to the AIDS crisis", was first performed during Bono's Heart of America speaking tour in December 2002 in Lincoln, Nebraska. According to Bono, he hopes that the United States, "with its unparalleled economic, technological, military, and cultural power, will rethink its humble origins, the purpose that made it great." Bono described the song as a "paean to America" based on the "poetry of the Declaration of Independence and the taut truth in the Constitution", as well as The New Colossus, the poem written by Emma Lazarus for the Statue of Liberty. In writing of the origin of the song, Stewart said, "Bono was crafting the words in a way that would make people think about the fact that 'America' as a concept was a truly great idea, based on the bedrock of equality." On 3 December 2003 USA Today published a draft of the lyrics. Echoing Dr Martin Luther King Jr., the song ends with, "If you get to the top of the mountain, will you tell me what you see / If you get to the top of the mountain, remember me".
Bono, The Edge, Beyoncé, and Stewart performed the song on 29 November 2003 at the 46664 concert in Cape Town, South Africa to "break the stigmatisation that goes with being HIV positive". In the final chorus they sang "African Prayer".
The song was the final song performed by the final six contestants on Idol Gives Back on 25 April 2007. Bono directed the group and spoke to the audience about the ONE Campaign.
2008 version
In 2008, Dave Stewart reworked the song after concluding that Barack Obama represented "the embodiment of a new anthem for change", seeing him as the continuation of the work of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Stewart did not see the song as an endorsement as much as "a celebration of all those who have picked up a sign, who have registered to vote and are working to make the world a better place". He produced a music video with a number of other celebrities, releasing it on YouTube and The Huffington Post on 21 August 2008 just prior to the Democratic National Convention, 2008.
Stewart received permission from Dr. King's family to use film of Dr. King making his final speech the night before he was assassinated, which has been incorporated as a spoken word lyric of the song. The video features, in order of appearance, Dave Stewart, Forest Whitaker, Amy Keys, Macy Gray, Jason Alexander, Colbie Caillat, Whoopi Goldberg, Joss Stone, Buju Banton, Ann Marie Calhoun, Barry Manilow, Linda Perry, Cyndi Lauper, Sérgio Mendes, Herbie Hancock, Mike Bradford, Margaret Cho, Cindy Gomez, Martin Luther King Jr., Joan Baez, Daedelus, Pamela Anderson, Peter & Gordon, Sierra Swan, Nadirah X, and Perez Hilton.
See also
"Yes We Can", song and video by will.i.am supporting Obama
"America's Song", song written by will.i.am, David Foster and George Pajon Jr.
References
External links
(2008 Obama version)
MyAmericanPrayer.com, official website of 2008 version
2002 songs
HIV/AIDS activism
Political songs
Songs written by David A. Stewart
Songs written by Pharrell Williams
Songs written by Bono |
Kirchdorf am Inn is a municipality in the district of Ried im Innkreis in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.
Geography
Kirchdorf lies in the Innviertel. About 7 percent of the municipality is forest, and 61 percent is farmland.
Populated places
The municipality of Kirchdorf consists of the following populated places (with population in brackets as of 1 January 2022).
Graben (65)
Katzenberg (126)
Katzenbergleithen (32)
Kirchdorf am Inn (254)
Pirath (53)
Simetsham (40)
Ufer (71)
References
Cities and towns in Ried im Innkreis District |
The main chain of the Alps, also called the Alpine divide is the central line of mountains that forms the drainage divide of the range. Main chains of mountain ranges are traditionally designated in this way, and generally include the highest peaks of a range. The Alps are something of an unusual case in that several significant groups of mountains are separated from the main chain by sizable distances. Among these groups are the Dauphine Alps, the Eastern and Western Graians, the entire Bernese Alps, the Tödi, Albula and Silvretta groups, the Ortler and Adamello ranges, and the Dolomites of South Tyrol, as well as the lower Alps of Vorarlberg, Bavaria, and Salzburg.
Main features
The Alpine Divide is defined for much of its distance by the watershed between the drainage basin of the Po in Italy on one side, with the other side of the divide being formed by the Rhone, the Rhine and the Danube. Further east, the watershed is between the Adige and the Danube, before heading into Austria and draining on both sides into the Danube. For much of its distance the watershed lies on or close to the Italian border, although there are numerous deviations, notably, the Swiss canton of Ticino which lies south of the range in the Po river basin.
For only a small portion of its total distance does the Alpine divide form a part of the main European watershed, in the central section where the watershed is between the Po and the Rhine.
The Alps are generally divided into Eastern Alps and Western Alps, cut along a line between Lake Como and Lake Constance, following the Rhine valley.
The Eastern Alps (main ridge elongated and broad) belong to Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, and Switzerland.
The Western Alps are higher, but their central chain is shorter and much curved; they are located in France, Italy, and Switzerland.
Piz Bernina (4,049 metres) is the highest peak of the Eastern Alps while the highest peak of the Western Alps is Mont Blanc (4,810.45 metres).
Eastern Alps
From the Maloja Pass (1,815 m) the main watershed dips to the south-east for a short distance, and then runs eastwards and nearly over the highest summit of the Bernina Range, Piz Bernina (4,049 m), to the Bernina Pass. From here the main chain is less well defined, it rises to Piz Paradisin (3,302 m), beyond which it runs slightly north-east, east of the Italian resort of Livigno, past Fraele Pass (1,952 m) and the source of the Adda, traverses Piz Murtarol (3,180 m) and Monte Forcola, where is the tripoint between the Danube, Po and Adige basins, then falls to the Ofen Pass (2,149 m), soon heads north and rises once more in Piz Sesvenna (3,204 m).
The Reschen Pass (1,504 m) marks a break in the continuity of the Alpine chain. The deep valley, the Vinschgau of the upper Adige, is one of the most remarkable features in the orography of the Alps. The little Reschen Lake, which forms the chief source of the Adige, is only 4 metres below the Pass, and 8 km from the Inn valley. Eastward of this pass, the main chain runs north-east to the Brenner Pass along the snowy crest of the Ötztal, the highest point being the Weißkugel (3,739 m), then crossing the Timmelsjoch (2,474 m) and rising again in Stubai Alps Both the highest summits of the Ötztal and the Stubai, the Wildspitze (3,774 m) and the Zuckerhütl (3,505 m), stand a little to the north.
The Brenner (1,370 m) is the lowest of all the great road passes across the core part of the main chain and has always been the chief means of communication between Germany and Italy. For some way beyond it, the watershed runs eastwards over the highest crest of the Zillertal Alps, which attains 3,510 metres in the Hochfeiler. But, a little farther, at the Dreiherrnspitze (3,499 m), the chain splits: the main watershed between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean heads south, along the Rieserferner Group to the Dolomites, and Julian Alps.
The main alpine divide head east, traversing the High Tauern range, crossing the Grossvenediger (3,666 m), passing just north of Austria's highest peak (the Grossglockner), traversing Ankogel (3,252 m), before curving northern across the Lower Tauern, traversing its highest peak, Hochgolling (2,863 m) in the Schladming Tauern and then continuing on the same eastward path up to the Schober Pass in Styria. The drainage divide further runs eastwards through the Northern Limestone Alps, ending at "Vienna Gate", the steep slopes of the Leopoldsberg (425 m) high above the Danube water gap and the Vienna Basin.
Western Alps
Starting from the Bocchetta di Altare or di Colle di Cadibona (west of Savona), the main chain extends first south-west, then north-west to the Col de Tenda, though nowhere rising much beyond the zone of coniferous trees. Beyond the Col de Tenda the direction is first roughly west, then north-west to the Rocca dei Tre Vescovi (2,840 m), just south of the Enciastraia (2,955 m), several peaks of about 3,000 metres rising on the watershed, though the highest of all, the Punta dell'Argentera (3,297 m) stands a little way to its north. From the Rocher des Trois Eveques the drainage divide runs due north for a long distance, though of the two loftiest peaks of this region one, the Aiguille de Chambeyron (3,412 m), is just to the west, and the other, the Monviso (3,841 m), is just to the east of the divide. From the head of the Val Pellice the main chain runs north-west and diminishes much in average height until it reaches the Mont Thabor (3,178 m), which forms the apex of a salient angle which the main chain here presents towards the west. From here the divide extends eastwards, culminating in the Aiguille de Scolette (3,505 m), but makes a great curve to the north-west and back to the south-east before rising in the Rocciamelone (3,509 m). From there the direction taken is north as far as the eastern summit (3,619 m) of the Levanna, the divide rising in a series of snowy peaks, though the loftiest point of the region, the Pointe de Charbonnel (3,760 m), stands a little to the west. Once more the chain bends to the north-west, rising in several lofty peaks (the highest is the Aiguille de la Grande Sassière, 3,751 m), before attaining the considerable depression of the Little St Bernard Pass.
The divide then briefly turns north to the Col de la Soigne, and then north-east along the crest of the Mont Blanc chain, which culminates in the peak of Mont Blanc (4,810 m), the highest in the Alps. A number of high peaks line the divide, notably the Grandes Jorasses (4,208 m) before it reaches Mont Dolent (3,823 m), where France, Italy and Switzerland meet. From there, after a short dip to the south-east, the chain takes, near the Great St. Bernard Pass, a generally eastern direction that it maintains until it reaches Monte Rosa, where it bends northwards, making one small dip to the east to the Simplon Pass. It is in the portion of the watershed between the Grande St Bernard Pass and the Simplon that the main chain maintains a greater average height than in any other part. But, though it rises in a number of lofty peaks, such as the Mont Vélan (3,727 m), the Matterhorn (4,478 m), the Lyskamm (4,533 m), the Nord End of Monte Rosa (4,575 m), and the Weissmies (4,023 m), many of the highest points of the region, such as the Grand Combin (4,314 m), the Dent Blanche (4,357 m), the Weisshorn (4,505 m), the true summit or Dufourspitze (4,634 m) of Monte Rosa itself, and the Dom (4,545 m), all rise on its northern slope and not on the main chain. On the other hand, the chain between the Grande St Bernard and the Simplon sinks at barely half a dozen points below a level of 3,000 metres.
The Simplon Pass (1.994 m) corresponds to a change in the main chain: the peaks and passes are lower, but as far as the Splugenpass, all the highest summits rise on the divide. From there to the St. Gotthard pass (2,106 m) the divide runs north-east, crossing Monte Leone (3,533 m), and Pizzo Rotondo (3,192 m). Near the Witenwasserenstock is the point where the basin of the Po, the Rhine and the Rhone meet, and the European Watershed joins the Alpine divide. From the St. Gotthard to the Maloja the watershed between the basins of the Rhine and Po runs in a generally easterly direction. It goes over Passo del Lucomagno (1,915 m), across Scopi (3,200 m), Piz Medel (3,210 m) and Piz Terri (3,149 m), where it turns towards the south to the Rheinwaldhorn (3,402 m). Here the divide veers back east over the Vogelberg (3,220 m) to the San Bernardino Pass (2,067 m), then over the Pizzo Tambo (3,279 m), the Splugenpass (2,114 m) and Piz Timun (3,209 m). From here the divide heads south again to Pizzo Stella (3,163 m) and then east over Pizz Gallagiun (3,107 m), to where, near the Lunghin pass, it reaches the main triple divide of the Alps: where water can flow to the Atlantic, the Mediterranean or the Black Sea. The main European watershed leaves the Alpine divide here, heading north, while the divide continues east to the Maloja Pass (1,815 m).
Glaciers
The main chain has more glaciers and eternal snow than the independent or external ranges. The longest of these were both a century ago, the Mer de Glace at Chamonix (now ) and the Gorner Glacier at Zermatt (now ). In the Eastern Alps the longest glacier was the Pasterze Glacier ( in 1911), which is not near the true main watershed, though it clings to the slope of the Grossglockner (3,798 m) in the Hohe Tauern range east of the Dreiherrenspitze. But two other long glaciers in the Eastern Alps (the Hintereis, and the Gepatsch) are both in the Ötztal Alps, and so are close to the true main watershed.
See also
Alps
Eastern Alps
Western Alps
Geography of the Alps
High Alps
References
External links
Simplified depiction of the Alpine divide on GeoFinder.ch
Mountain ranges of the Alps |
Edward Carleton Holmes the Younger, (12 February 1843 – 9 April 1932) was one of three practising solicitors who drew up the first rules of Rugby Football Union.
Early life
Holmes was born in St Pancras, London, England, to Edward Carleton Holmes (Snr), a practising solicitor from Arundel, and Elizabeth Carleton Sayres, from Worthing. At the time of Edward's birth, his parents were living in 31 Bedford Row, Camden Town, London, WC1, close to Gray's Inn Fields. Edward was the eldest of six children.
Drawing up rugby's rules
Edward Carleton Holmes (Yngr) was a practising solicitor with offices in Bloomsbury. He was captain of Richmond Rugby Club between 1866 and 1871 and later became its president. The club was hugely influential in London's rugby scene in the early 1870s, as was Holmes himself.
Rugby's first 59 rules
On 26 January 1871, the Rugby Football Union held its first meeting to discuss rugby's future with the aim of drawing up some rules of play and to clean up the game. The meeting was held at the offices of Edward Carleton Holmes situated at 31 Bedford Row, Camden Town, the house where Holmes had grown up. The meeting appointed a committee of three persons to draft the rules of rugby. The committee comprised three practising solicitors: Algernon Rutter, Leonard James Maton, and 28-year-old Edward Carleton Holmes (Yngr). Holmes, Rutter and Maton (draftsman) were chosen because they were all former pupils of Rugby School and were therefore knowledgeable about the subject of rugby. This committee eventually drafted the first 59 rules of rugby and had them accepted by the Special General Meeting of the RFU on 24 June 1871. Their most important decision was the elimination of the practise of hacking.
Marriage
Two years later, in 1873, Edward Carleton Holmes (Yngr) married Frances Rosa Davies in Aberystwyth, South Wales where Davies was from, but the couple made their married home in 47 Springfield Road, Marylebone, London, but later moved to Beckenham, Kent.
Holmes owned Tregullow Offices
In 1889, aged 46, Edward Carleton Holmes (Yngr) bought the 'Tregullow Offices' (later Zimapan) from Sir William Robert Williams, the 3rd baronet of Tregullow, Cornwall, and then sold the property to barrister Charles Augustus Vansittart Conybeare.
Death
Following the death of Holmes's father in 1909 – who left his three surviving children a sizeable fortune – Edward Carleton Holmes (Yngr) moved from Kent to a Regency town house at 31 Brunswick Square, Hove, East Sussex, where he died on 9 April 1932 aged 89. In his will, he left £5,378—equivalent to £180,000 in today's money—and a small bequest to his nurse Edith Muriel Wright.
References
British solicitors
1843 births
1932 deaths |
Jablanica () is a dispersed settlement in the hills west of Boštanj in the Municipality of Sevnica in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region. During World War II, the village was occupied by the Germans, who renamed it .
References
External links
Jablanica on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Sevnica |
```javascript
declare function foo(x: mixed): boolean %checks(x !== null);
``` |
Now You See Inside is the debut studio album by American rock band SR-71, with "Right Now" being its lone radio hit single. The title comes from a line in the bridge of "What a Mess". In December 2000, SR-71 toured the US east coast with American Hi-Fi.
Music
"Now You See Inside" has been described as pop rock, power pop, and pop punk.
Track listing
Charting positions
Single
Personnel
SR-71
Mitch Allan – vocals, rhythm guitar
Dan Garvin – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Jeff Reid – bass, keyboards, backing vocals
Mark Beauchemin – lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Additional personnel
John Allen – backing vocals
Kevin Kadish – backing vocals
John Shanks – guitars
Gil Norton – keyboards
Mark Pythian – keyboards
Patrick Warren – keyboards
Rob Ladd – percussion
Richard George – violin
Chris Tombling – violin
Audrey Riley – cello
Richard Bissell – French horn
Non-performing personnel
Engineered by: Graham Dominy, Brandon Mason, Bradley Cook
Mixing by: Jack Joseph, Neal Avron
Second Engineer: Richard Ash
Mastering by: Ted Jensen
References
2000 debut albums
SR-71 (band) albums
Albums produced by David Bendeth
Albums produced by Gil Norton |
Bryan Morel "Bitsy" Grant Jr. (December 25, 1909 – June 5, 1986) was an American amateur tennis champion. At and , Grant was the smallest American man to win a championship on the international tennis circuit. A right-handed retriever, he was able to beat heavy-hitting greats such as Don Budge and Ellsworth Vines even when playing on grass. His nickname was "Itsy Bitsy the Giant Killer".
At a young age, Grant was already a star in football, basketball and tennis at local Atlanta schools. In 1929, he won the Georgia state (GIAA) tennis title. Grant had gained national stature in tennis long before his graduation from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1933.
During World War II, he served in the Pacific Islands as a US Army rifleman in and around Papua New Guinea. His letters to his future wife attest that he fought out of a foxhole for several months, and saw heavy and repeated firefights.
Grant died at the age of 76 at his home in Townsend Place.
Tennis career
Between 1930 and 1941, Grant was ranked nine times in the U.S. Top Ten (USLTA). He was third in 1935 and second in 1936 (USLTA). A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph ranked Grant World No. 6 in 1937 and World No. 8 in 1936. Grant won 8 of 11 tournaments entered in 1935, and did not lose one match on clay courts. He won the U.S. Clay Court Championships thrice (1930, 1934, 1935). Grant reached the U.S. semifinals in 1935 by defeating second-seeded Don Budge, before losing to Sidney Wood and in 1936, he lost in the semifinals to eventual champion Fred Perry. He was a quarterfinalist in 1937, losing to Gottfried von Cramm, and reached the same round a year later.
Grant was a standout on the Davis Cup team in 1935, 1936 and 1937, helping the U.S. regain the prize in 1937 after a 10-year slump. At this time he also defeated in major tournaments Don Budge, Frank Shields, and Wilmer Allison. He reached the quarterfinals at Wimbledon in 1936 and 1937, losing to Fred Perry and Bunny Austin. Also in 1937, Grant and Wayne Sabin were the 3rd-ranked U.S. doubles team. He also won the singles and the doubles titles at the tournament in Cincinnati in both 1939 and 1933.
Frank Shields, who had had his issues both with interactions with other players, and with alcohol, was known for making fun of Grant, saying "the little shaver" was hiding behind the net. Once a drunk Shields held Grant upside down, outside a hotel window.
Grant continued to compete as a senior, winning 19 U.S. singles titles on the four surfaces: grass court-45s (1956 and 1957), 55s (1965, 1966, 1967 and 1968); indoor 55s (1966); clay court-45s (1959, 1960, 1961 and 1963), 55s (1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1969), 65s (1976 and 1977); and hard court-65s (1976).
Atlanta's largest tennis center, the Bitsy Grant Tennis Center, was named for him in 1954. Grant was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1972.
References
External links
Bitsy Grant Tennis Center website
The New Georgia Encyclopedia article
American male tennis players
North Carolina Tar Heels men's tennis players
Tennis players from Atlanta
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
Tennis people from Georgia (U.S. state)
1910 births
1986 deaths |
Diana Press Publications was an American feminist publishing house. Founded and established in January 1972 by Coletta Reid and Casey Czarnik, the company was primarily run by a diverse collective of women. It was commercially successful and published radical and feminist literature. Some of their publications included works by Rita Mae Brown, Judy Grahn, and Jeannette Foster. The company was based in Baltimore, Maryland until it relocated to Oakland, California in 1977. Diana Press closed down in 1979.
References
Defunct publishing companies of the United States
1972 establishments |
Rhona Lynn Bennett (born May 10, 1976), also known as Miss R&B, is an American singer and actress best known for her recurring role as Nicole on The Jamie Foxx Show. She is currently a member of contemporary R&B female group En Vogue. Bennett began her career doing voiceovers and industrial films before moving into professional theatre and television. Before joining the cast of The Jamie Foxx Show, Rhona was a castmember of the Disney Channel's variety show The All-New Mickey Mouse Club. She is a member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority. She also appeared as Loquatia on the short-lived UPN television sitcom Homeboys in Outer Space during the 1996–97 season.
Career
1991–1999: Mickey Mouse Club and television roles
Bennett started in music at 11 years of age with ETA Creative Arts Theater, and sang "Christmas Melody" in Goodman Theater. In 1991, she became a Mouseketeer on the '90s revival of The Mickey Mouse Club. She was also part of a spin-off dramedy titled Emerald Cove on the Disney Channel. After the show was cancelled in 1994, Bennett moved to California to continue her career as an actress, landing appearances on several shows, including Living Single and Martin. She also garnered a regular role in the mid-1990s, playing Loquatia on the sitcom Homeboys in Outer Space.
2000–2008: Rhona and En Vogue
In early 2000, casting director Dee Dee Bradley asked Bennett to join the fourth season of the WB sitcom The Jamie Foxx Show, in which she played Nicole, Jamie's co-worker and singing partner.
Shortly after, in late 2000, Bennett signed with Sony Music under producer Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins' newfly founded boutique imprint Darkchild Records, where she was given the title "First Lady of Darkchild." Jerkins recruited most of his regular collaborators to work alongside Bennett and him on her self-titled debut album, including Robert "Big Bert" Smith, LaShawn Daniels and his brother Fred Jerkins III. The album's first single, "Satisfied," released in March 2001, became a top five hit on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart the following month, but failed to chart or sell noticeably elsewhere. Following a promotional world trip, further plans to release Rhona were put on hold after a fallout between Sony Music and Darkchild Records. Consequently, the album received a limited Japan-wide release only and Bennett was soon dropped from the label.
In 2002, Bennett landed a leading role opposite Allen Payne in the stage play Men Cry in the Dark (2003), based on the same-titled 1999 novel by Michael Baisden. The following year, Bennett joined En Vogue for a five-year tenure during which she released the album Soul Flower (2004) along with original band members Terry Ellis and Cindy Herron. In 2008, following several years of touring, Bennett left the band amid their 20th Anniversary World Tour due to the return of original member Dawn Robinson. Bennett also performed solo at the American Airlines Center on July 27, 2008, under the Miss R&B moniker, where she helped to raise funds for a new charity for the homeless. Bennett reunited with the members of En Vogue to perform at the American Music Festival on August 29, 2008.
2009–present: Solo projects and return to En Vogue
Following her departure from En Vogue, Bennett began work on her second solo album The Anticipation of R&B under her own label Tone'n'Rhone Productions. The singer worked with a variety of musicians on the project, including producers J.Y. Park and J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, as well as guest vocalists such as Brandy, 40 Glocc and her former En Vogue colleagues Ellis and Herron. Preceded by the singles "Range" and "Letting You Go," however, the album was shelved in 2010 due to internal conflicts and insufficient promotion. Bennett later released several songs from The Anticipation of R&B to her SoundCloud account.
In 2012, Bennett rejoined En Vogue after new material by all four original members had failed to materialize again and both Robinson and Jones once more had left the band.
In July 2014, Bennett, Ellis, and Herron signed a new contract with Pyramid Records and began work on the album Electric Café with mentors Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy. In November, the trio appeared on the Lifetime holiday film An En Vogue Christmas in which they played fictional versions of themselves, reuniting to perform a benefit concert to save the nightclub where they got their start. The original movie featured En Vogue's hit singles as well as two new tracks and a rendition of "O Holy Night", later released digitally through Ellis and Herron's own label En Vogue Records.
In 2016, Bennett released the single "Take Me There" which was expected to precede a solo EP entitled R&B Gumbo. As with The Anticipation of R&B, the EP failed to materialize.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
References
External links
Living people
African-American actresses
African-American women singer-songwriters
American child singers
American mezzo-sopranos
American soul singers
American stage actresses
En Vogue members
Mouseketeers
Actresses from Chicago
1976 births
American television actresses
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters |
Crocus lydius is a species of flowering plant growing from a corm, native to western Turkey (Manisa).
References
lydius |
is a fictional character, introduced in the anime Psycho-Pass by Production I.G. A minor character in the 2012 series, Shimotsuki's role has gained importance in the sequels, in which she becomes an inspector working in Unit One, an organization fighting crimes in a future where people live according to the will of the Sybl System. She has returned in following media, most notably as a protagonist in the first film of the Psycho-Pass: Sinners of the System trilogy. By Psycho-Pass 3, Shimotsuki has become the leader of Unit One, looking after the new cast. She is voiced by Ayane Sakura.
Shimotsuki was created by writers Tow Ubukata and Gen Urobuchi in Psycho-Pass 2, as a supporting character contrasting with Nobuchika Ginoza. Shimotsuki was intended to be less likable, based on her actions in the storyline. The staff then developed her as a more appealing character for the next series. Initial critical responses to Shimotsuki were mostly negative, because of her actions against heroine Akane Tsunemori and her rude behaviour. In following works in the franchise, reaction to her has been mostly favorable.
Appearances
The character first appears in season 1, episode 6, attending Oso Academy as a high school student and schoolmate of Rikako Oryo. Two of her friends become Rikako's victims during the story arc. At the end of season 1, Mika Shimotsuki becomes a MWPSB inspector, in the same team as Akane Tsunemori. In Psycho-Pass 2, Shimotsuki learns that one of her allies is scheming against Tsunemori. When Shimotsuki is discovered, she is forced to cooperate with the schemer, and with the Sybil System. Now knowing that the Sybil is a collective consciousness, Shimotsuki finds herself turning into a Sybil puppet. Shimotsuki returns in the 2015 film, where she and the chief of the group trick Tsunemori into going to another country to deal with Tsunemori's former underling, the mercenary Shinya Kogami, and use the duo's teamwork to overcome them. In the climax, Shimotsuki and Unit One save Kogami and Tsunemori from armed soldiers.
Shimotsuki returns in the 2019 film Sinners of the System. Akane Tsunemori's team is directed to return a woman to a special experimental prison, where the woman had worked as a therapist. Tsunemori dispatches fellow inspector Mika Shimotsuki, along with two Enforcers, Nobuchika Ginoza and Yayoi Kunizuka, to investigate the prison, while Tsunemori and the rest of the team investigate the case in Tokyo. Through a new combination of drugs, therapy, and work, the prison has produced a different kind of society, where latent criminal prisoners act in harmony with one another. Shimotsuki sees the woman as a criminal deserving of death, but she and Ginoza then realize that the woman has used herself as bait to try to protect a small child. The duo discovers that the warden is exploiting the prisoners to harvest nuclear waste buried beneath the prison, causing the prisoners to die of radiation. Shimotsuki records the warden's confession of her actions and reveals it to the prisoners. Shimotsuki then kills the warden, but the prisoners riot. Shimotsuki and Ginoza hunt down the rest of the complicit staff, and begin working to protect the prisoners. They later discover that the Sybil System knew of the warden's actions, as the prison is located above the System's former nuclear waste dumping ground. Causing Mika develop deep dislikes to them.
Shimotsuki returns as the chief of Unit 1 in Psycho-Pass 3, where she directs Arata Shinto and Kei Ignatov, along with multiple forces. The group clashes with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs team, who are dealing with two groups known as the Foxes and Biforst. Despite this, she still having good friendship with Ginoza and later Kogami. In the 2020 film Psycho-Pass 3: First Inspector, Shimotsuki's group is trapped inside a building by a terrorist who wants to kill the Tokyo governor, Karina Komiya. Unwilling to hand over Komiya, Shimotsuki and her team fight to defeat the terrorists.
Creation and development
As a new character, working as an Inspector, Mika Shimotsuki was given newcomer traits. During development, director Naoyoshi Shiotani was not able to explain the ways in which these traits differed from Akane Tsunemori's, because the series was still premiering. The staff described Shimotsuki's role as "extremely difficult". The staff were said to love Shimotsuki for the same reason that fans disliked her. Staff reported that, while Nobuchika Ginoza was used as an unlikable inspector in the first series, often the staff and the audience could not bring themselves to hate him. Given that reaction, they made Shimotsuki a less likable character.
The staff decided to create the impression that Shimotsuki undergoes a major change in the second series, and then have her start from that point in the 2015 movie. Tow Ubukata claimed he ended up liking Shimotsuki to the point of joking he would marry her. Gen Urobuchi agreed that Shimotsuki's characterization changed for the movie so that she became a likable character. Ubukata described her as a bureaucrat. Because Shimotsuki's character arc with regard to the Sybil System was so different from Tsunemori's, with Shimotsuki devoted to the Sybil and Tsunemori rejecting them, Ubukata called the two an unlikely duo. During the making of Psycho-Pass 2, Ubukata and Shiotani decided on a color code for the new character lineup centering on Akane Tsunemori and the Sibyl System. "White" was Shimotsuki, and "black" was Tougane, with Kamui as "clear".
For the first Sinners of the System film, Shiotani chose Nobuchika Ginoza and Mika Shimotsuki as the main characters because of their similarities to the protagonists of the first television series, Shinya Kogami and Akane Tsunemori respectively. But he noted that the new duo employed a different dynamic from Kogami and Akane, pointing out Ginoza's notable character arc across the previous projects related to Psycho-Pass, due mainly to his relationship with Masaoka and Kogami.
Voice actress Ayane Sakura believed Shimotsuki became more suited to the role of heroine as a result of her experience in the second television series, where she was the youngest main character. Once the first film premiered, Shiotani said of the trilogy that it would "broaden [the audience's] perspective. They're those kinds of movies". Regarding Shimotsuki's characterization, Sakura considered that Shimotsuki was still the same high school student from the original 2012 series, which explained her ongoing bad attitude. Sakura also noted Shimotsuki's informal treatment of Tsunemori. But on reading the script for Sinners of the System, Sakura found Shimotsuki's behavior gentler, and felt that this reflected her greater maturity. Fellow voice actor Kenji Nojima (Ginoza) responded similarly to Sakura's role, noting that Shimotsuki's traits were more upbeat than in Psycho-Pass 2. After recording the film, Sakura described the trilogy and Shimotsuki's character arc as amazing. Sakura was surprised by the way her character was handled, and how Ginoza started looking after her based on his own arc. Of her role in Psycho-Pass 3, Sakura noted that Shimotsuki would do anything for the sake of justice, even if she faces criticism as a result.
Cherami Leigh voices Mika Shimotsuki in English.
Reception
Since Mika Shimotsuki's debut in Psycho-Pass 2, critical response to the character has been mixed. In the sequel, Anime News Network found her to be different from her original Psycho-Pass traits, citing her mistreatment of Enforcers such as Nobuchika Ginoza, and also speculated that the character might have a crush on Yayoi Kunizuka, as Shimotsuki tends to favor her instead. Kotaku enjoyed how different Shimotsuki's characterization was from Tsunemori's, as the two characters act in opposite ways when learning of the nature of the Sybil System, and observed that Shimotsuki "is still able to force herself to follow a device completely made up of criminal minds—able to convince herself that it is a perfectly wonderful idea that makes total sense despite the obvious contradictions". Anime News Network panned Shimotsuki as an unlikable supporting character, saying that she remains the same regardless of undergoing major change of mind in the narrative. Otaku USA described Shimotsuki's actions in the 2015 movie as "blind arrogance". The Fandom Post regarded Shimotsuki as a "too divisive character to say the least", commenting on the way she is used by Togane to attack Tsunemori. It said that Shimotsuki was "a really unlikeable co-protagonist due to the fact whilst she has her own views, she always gets into trouble and never seems to accept that it is her fault", and drew negative parallels with Akane Tsunemori's arc from the original series, saying that while Tsunemori often has detractors, she still manages to become more appealing due to her screentime. UK Anime Network said that, while Shimotsuki did not come across as likable, she is made more sympathetic by the difficulties she faces as a result of Togane and Sybil's manipulations. Anime News Network wrote that, despite her minor role in the 2015 movie, Shimotsuki's traits remained unlikable because of her hatred and informal manners whenever interacting with Tsunemori, which meant that viewers who had not watched the second series still understood the film.
The response to Shimotsuki's actions in following appearances has been more positive. Anime News Network praised Shimotsuki's role in Sinners of the System for the way she gains depth and becomes heroic while dealing with the antagonists. All Time Anime had a similar reaction, saying Shimotsuki comes across as a more likable character. TheCinemaholic found Shimotsuki a more entertaining character in Psycho-Pass 3, citing the tsundere traits she displays when dealing with her underlings. Anime News Network noted that there was a balance of power between the two types of crime-fighting organizations due to Shimotsuki being the leader of Unit One. Using the analogy that "Mika's Public Safety Bureau team is the FBI while Frederica's Ministry of Foreign Affairs team is the CIA", it said that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs team's handling of the situation makes Shimotsuki's anger reasonable. Biggest in Japan found Shimotsuki's actions in First Inspector comical, based on her reactions to events in the final moments of the film.
References
Animated characters introduced in 2012
Female characters in anime and manga
Fictional gunfighters in anime and manga
Fictional Japanese police detectives
Psycho-Pass
Television characters introduced in 2012 |
Switzerland competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Women
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Ice hockey
Group B
Top two teams advanced to semifinals
Nordic combined
Events:
18 km cross-country skiing
normal hill ski jumping
The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event of cross-country skiing. Those results can be found above in this article in the cross-country skiing section. Some athletes (but not all) entered in both the cross-country skiing and Nordic combined event, their time on the 18 km was used for both events.
The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below.
Ski jumping
References
Olympic Winter Games 1936, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1936 Winter Olympics
1936
Olympics |
The 2003 Castle Point Borough Council election took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Castle Point Borough Council in Essex, England. The whole council was up for election after boundary changes increased the number of seats by 2. The Conservative party gained overall control of the council from the Labour party.
Election result
The Conservatives took control of the council after gaining 22 seats to have 39 of the 41 councillors. Meanwhile, Labour was reduced to only 2 councillors after losing 19 seats. Overall turnout at the election was 26.8%, down from 32% at the 1999 election.
Among the Labour councillors to be defeated were the leader of the council Dave Wells and the mayor Charles Smith.
Ward results
References
Castle Point Borough Council elections
2003 English local elections
2000s in Essex |
Murature was a 900-ton World War II era Argentine Navy warship, originally classified as minelayer and later as patrol boat. The vessel was named after José Luis Murature, Foreign Minister of Argentina from 1916 to 1918.
History
Murature was laid down in 1944 and commissioned in 1945. She took part of the 1955 rising against Juan Domingo Perón's government known as Revolución Libertadora, when she shot down a government Avro Lincoln bomber over the Rio de la Plata during the evacuation of the rebel naval base at Río Santiago.
According to capitán de navio (R) Benjamín Cosentino who acted as anti-submarine advisor to the Officer in Tactical Command, Argentine Destroyer Force in February 1960, he was sent to the School of Naval Warfare that month to write the final report on the 1960 Golfo Nuevo incident for the Argentine Naval General Staff. In this incident, one or possibly two intruder submarines of unknown flag were present in Golfo Nuevo, Chubut Province, between the period 31 January and 17 February 1960 and eluded or survived all attempts to sink them. One or other of the patrol boats Murature and King were involved in all six depth-charge or gunnery attacks along the coastal shallows: Murature on 4th, 7th (evening), 11th and in company with King on 16 February 1960: King on 5th, 7th (morning) and along with Murature on 16 February 1960.
Along with her sister ship ARA King, Murature was the oldest unit still in service in the Argentine navy as of 2014. She was decommissioned and scrapped the following year.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Cosentino, Benjamín: Testimonios de Tiempos Dificiles, 1955–1979, Editorial Dunken, Buenos Aires, 2011 p. 47-106.
External links
Argentine Navy website - Patrulleros Clase "MURATURE" (in Spanish - accessed 2013-10-31)
Murature-class patrol boats
Ships built in Argentina
1944 ships
Maritime incidents in 1955
Maritime incidents in Argentina
Riverine warfare
Maritime incidents in 1960 |
"Reason to Believe" is a song by American singer Lionel Richie. It was written by Richie along with Dallas Austin and Tony Reyes for Richie's eighth studio album Coming Home (2006), while production was helmed by Austin. The song was released as the album's fourth single in 2007 and reached number 76 on the German Albums Chart.
Track listing
Charts
References
2004 singles
Lionel Richie songs
Song recordings produced by Dallas Austin
Songs written by Dallas Austin
Songs written by Lionel Richie
2006 songs
Songs written by Tony Reyes |
Cocaine Cowboys is a 2006 documentary film directed by Billy Corben, and produced by Alfred Spellman and Billy Corben through their Miami-based media studio Rakontur. The film explores the rise of cocaine dealer Jon Roberts, described by prosecutors as "The Medellin Cartel's American representative". The film chronicles his role in the Miami drug war (the resulting crime epidemic that swept the American city of Miami, Florida, in the 1970s and 1980s). The producers of Cocaine Cowboys use interviews with law enforcers, journalists, lawyers, former drug smugglers, and gang members to provide a first-hand perspective of the Miami drug war.
Synopsis
Cocaine Cowboys chronicles the development of the illegal drug trade in Miami during the 1970s and 1980s with interviews of both law enforcement and organized crime leaders, in addition to news footage from the era. The film reveals that in the 1960s and early 1970s, marijuana was the primary import drug into the region. During the 1970s, marijuana imports were replaced by the much more lucrative cocaine imports; as more cocaine was smuggled into the United States, the price dropped, allowing it to turn "blue collar" and become accessible to a wider market.
Drug smugglers reveal several of the different methods used to smuggle the drug into Florida. The primary methods of transport were aircraft or boats. The drug smugglers also reveal the complexity of their smuggling methods. The logistics involved included the purchase and financing of legitimate businesses to provide cover for illegal operations, the use of sophisticated electronic homing devices, and other elaborate transportation schemes.
The film also addresses the difficulty importers sometimes had storing all the money they made, as a result of which they set up a relationship with Noriega in Panama and also bought up entire neighborhoods of houses, putting money into infrastructure as well as investing in side projects such as race horses.
The distribution networks were also highly elaborate, and many people were involved locally and nationally in the consumption of the imported cocaine. Importers reveal that condominiums were purchased near particular ocean waterways to provide a monitoring post for U.S. Coast Guard and local police patrol boats, and high-tech radio equipment was used to monitor the radio frequencies of federal, state, and local authorities in order to warn incoming boats and airplanes.
The film reveals that much of the economic growth which took place in Miami during this period was a benefit of the drug trade. As members of the drug trade made immense amounts of money, this money flowed in large amounts into legitimate businesses. Consequently, drug money indirectly financed the construction of many of the modern high-rise buildings in southern Florida. Later, when law enforcement pressure drove many major players out of the picture, numerous high-end stores and businesses closed because of plummeting sales.
Also documented in the film is the gangland violence associated with the trade. The interviewees in the film argue that Griselda Blanco, an infamous crime family matriarch, played a major role in the history of the drug trade in Miami and other cities across America. It was the lawless and corrupt atmosphere, primarily from Blanco's operations, that led to the gangsters being dubbed the "Cocaine Cowboys".
Release
The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2006, and distribution rights to the film in English speaking territories were licensed to Magnolia Pictures. The film opened in U.S. theaters with a limited release on October 27, 2006. Czech-American musician Jan Hammer of Miami Vice fame composed and performed the film's original score.
Related media
The film began appearing on Showtime on December 7, 2007.
A revised and extended version of the film, titled Cocaine Cowboys: Reloaded, was released on DVD in April 2014.
According to an interview with Billy Corben in 2021, the documentary was originally to be called "City Made of Snow", and it was to include an interview with Miguel Perez, a marielito who had attempted to kill a Colombian drug dealer, Papo Mejia, in the Miami airport with a bayonet, and worked with hitman Jorge "Rivi" Ayala.
See also
Cocaine Cowboys 2
Cocaine Cowboys: The Kings of Miami
Mariel boatlift
Barry Seal
War on drugs
References
Further reading
Alternative link
External links
Cocaine Cowboys an extended synopsis of the film
2006 documentary films
2006 films
American documentary films
Cocaine in the United States
Crime in Florida
Documentary films about cities in the United States
Documentary films about Florida
Documentary films about organized crime in the United States
Documentary films about the illegal drug trade
Films about cocaine
Films shot in Miami
History of Miami
Magnolia Pictures films
Miami Beach, Florida
Works about Colombian drug cartels
Films directed by Billy Corben
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
Fresh Outta 'P' University is a 1997 studio album by former P-Funk bassist Bootsy Collins. The album was originally released by the WEA/Black Culture label in Europe and Japan and then by Private I records (distributed by Mercury Records) in the U.S.. The album features a number of guest musicians and performers, including MC Lyte, Rodney O, D Meka, Thomas D and Smudo and Fatboy Slim.
Numerous versions
Since its initial release in 1997, "Fresh Outta 'P' University" has appeared in several different configurations. These configurations include:
The deluxe 2-CD European version (WEA/Black Culture 3984 20396-2) which is contained in a special CD case that opens up into six panels that spells out the name "Bootsy".
The 2-CD Japanese "New Edition" (WPCR-10370~1) which features the entire album on disc one, and remixes of "Party-Lick-A-Ble's" and "Do The Freak" on disc two.
Track listing
U.S. VERSION
"Off Da Hook"
"I'm Leavin' U"
"Funk Ain't Broke"
"Party Lick-A-Ble's"
"Ever Lost Your Lover"
"Pearl Drops"
"Do The Freak"
"Fragile (So Sensitive)"
"Shiggy Wiggy"
"Wind Me Up"
"Good-N-Nasty"
"Penetration"
"I'm Leavin' U (Gotta Go Gotta Go)" (House Mix)
"Fresh Outta 'P'"
"Jazz-N-Yo-Shiggy" 'Dance Mix'
EUROPEAN VERSION
"Off Da Hook"
"I'm Leavin' U"
"Funk Ain't Broke"
"Party Lick-A-Ble's"
"Ever Lost Your Lover"
"Pearl Drops"
"Do The Freak"
"Fragile (So Sensitive)"
"Holly-Wood-If-She-Could"
"Wind Me Up"
"Good-N-Nasty"
"Penetration (In Funk We Trust)"
"Home-Of-Da Freaks"
"Fresh Outta 'P'"
Personnel
Guitars - Ron Jennings, Garry Shider, Wilbur Longmire, Fan Fan La Tulipe, Boogieman
Keyboards - Bernie Worrell, Johnny Davis, Bootsy Collins, Anthony Cole, Joel Johnson, Greg Fitz, Joel Johnson, Mousse T
Horns - Fred Wesley, Allan Barnes, Dwight Adams, Ed Jones, Chris de'Margary, Avi Leibovich, Duncan Mackay
Drums - Tony Byrd, Bootsy Collins
Vibraharp - Vincent Monatana
Vocals - Gary Cooper, Henry Benefield, Michael Gatheright, Inaya Davis, Kristen Gray, Melanie Eiland, Garry Shider, Linda Shider, Michael Anthony, April Woods, Kyle Jason, Bootsy Collins, William Hagan, Phil Brown and Gospel Group, Mike Marshall, Herbert, Cash, Nathalie, Eugen, Caspar, and Terry
Rappers - Be-Wise, Rodney O, MC Lyte, Omeka Sykes, Dru Down, Da Lesson, Ono, Da Brixx, Eugen, Caspar, AJ, Gizmo, Teray
References
1997 albums
Bootsy Collins albums |
GEOS-3, or Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite 3, or GEOS-C, was the third and final satellite as part of NASA's Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite/Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite program (NGSP) to better understand and test satellite tracking systems. For GEOS 1 and GEOS 2, the acronym stands for Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite; this was changed for GEOS-3.
Introduction
The satellite mission was designed to further an understanding of the earth's gravitational field, size and shape of the terrestrial geoid, deep ocean tides, sea state, current structure, crustal structure, solid earth dynamics, and remote sensing technology. Jerome Rosenburg at NASA Headquarters initiated the GEOS-3 project in 1970. The project was to serve as a stepping stone between the GEOS program and the emerging NASA Earth and Ocean Physics Application Program. GEOS-1 and GEOS-2 had provided useful information about the structure of the earth's gravitational field, but new technology was deemed necessary to gain a further understanding. The project was cancelled due to budgetary concerns after an initial 1-year study, but was re-instated in late 1971. The satellite was launched on April 9, 1975 and remained operational until late July 1979.
Instruments
The following is a list of instruments/systems that were on board or part of the GEOS-3 satellite, including a description of their general purpose:
Radar Altimeter (ALT) – A multimode radar system with the ability to provide precise satellite-to-ocean surface height measurements. The radar system provided global and intensive data gathering modes, which could provide height precision measurements at 50 cm and 20 cm respectively.
Retroreflector Array (RRA) – An array of retroreflectors. These allow a ground-based laser to provide range information.
Doppler System – A system of dual frequency space borne doppler beacons at 162 and 324 MHz and a ground-based receiver station. This system was used to measure the effects of first-order ionospheric refraction and make corrections to the Doppler frequency.
S-band Tracking System – A tracking system which had three modes of operations for satellite to satellite tracking, ground-station tracking, and direct unified S-band.
C-band System – A system of two C-band radar transponders used to better understand the accuracies of the gravimetric and geometric measurements. The system also supported the altimeter and C-band calibration.
Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) – The SST experiment consisted of the ground-based ATS ranging system, the wideband communication transponder on the ATS-6 geosynchronous spacecraft, and the ranging transponder on the GEOS-3 satellite.
Impacts on the scientific community
The GEOS-3 mission provided data that furthered scientific understanding in various fields. The ocean height data set from this mission provided the first comprehensive coverage in most areas of the world's oceans, providing a better understanding of the ocean geoid. Ocean height also provided information about quasi-stationary departures from the geoid (the sea surface topography), for events like currents, eddies, storm surges, etc. The return waveform data was used to better understand the sea state at a level that was comparable to buoy-collected data. An unexpected result was the ability to use waveform data to derive surface wind speed, and the ability to maintain track over terrain and ice. Altimeter data from GEOS-3 has been utilized by many Earth's gravity models, including GEM-T3, JGM-1 and JGM-2.
References
Oceanography
Spacecraft launched in 1975
Geodetic satellites
Satellites in low Earth orbit
Earth satellite radar altimeters
Laser ranging satellites |
```java
package org.hongxi.java.util.function;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Function;
/**
* Created by shenhongxi on 2021/1/6.
*/
public class FunctionTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Function<Integer, Integer> f = x -> x * 2;
System.out.println("1*2=" + f.apply(1));
BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> f2 = (x, y) -> x - y;
BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> f3 = Integer::sum;
BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> f4 = FunctionTest::sum;
System.out.println("3-1=" + f2.apply(3, 1));
System.out.println("1+2=" + f3.apply(1, 2));
System.out.println("(1+2)*2=" + f4.andThen(f).apply(1, 2));
}
public static int sum(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
}
``` |
```go
package system
// This file implements syscalls for Win32 events which are not implemented
// in golang.
import (
"syscall"
"unsafe"
"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
)
var (
procCreateEvent = modkernel32.NewProc("CreateEventW")
procOpenEvent = modkernel32.NewProc("OpenEventW")
procSetEvent = modkernel32.NewProc("SetEvent")
procResetEvent = modkernel32.NewProc("ResetEvent")
procPulseEvent = modkernel32.NewProc("PulseEvent")
)
// CreateEvent implements win32 CreateEventW func in golang. It will create an event object.
func CreateEvent(eventAttributes *syscall.SecurityAttributes, manualReset bool, initialState bool, name string) (handle syscall.Handle, err error) {
namep, _ := syscall.UTF16PtrFromString(name)
var _p1 uint32
if manualReset {
_p1 = 1
}
var _p2 uint32
if initialState {
_p2 = 1
}
r0, _, e1 := procCreateEvent.Call(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(eventAttributes)), uintptr(_p1), uintptr(_p2), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(namep)))
use(unsafe.Pointer(namep))
handle = syscall.Handle(r0)
if handle == syscall.InvalidHandle {
err = e1
}
return
}
// OpenEvent implements win32 OpenEventW func in golang. It opens an event object.
func OpenEvent(desiredAccess uint32, inheritHandle bool, name string) (handle syscall.Handle, err error) {
namep, _ := syscall.UTF16PtrFromString(name)
var _p1 uint32
if inheritHandle {
_p1 = 1
}
r0, _, e1 := procOpenEvent.Call(uintptr(desiredAccess), uintptr(_p1), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(namep)))
use(unsafe.Pointer(namep))
handle = syscall.Handle(r0)
if handle == syscall.InvalidHandle {
err = e1
}
return
}
// SetEvent implements win32 SetEvent func in golang.
func SetEvent(handle syscall.Handle) (err error) {
return setResetPulse(handle, procSetEvent)
}
// ResetEvent implements win32 ResetEvent func in golang.
func ResetEvent(handle syscall.Handle) (err error) {
return setResetPulse(handle, procResetEvent)
}
// PulseEvent implements win32 PulseEvent func in golang.
func PulseEvent(handle syscall.Handle) (err error) {
return setResetPulse(handle, procPulseEvent)
}
func setResetPulse(handle syscall.Handle, proc *windows.LazyProc) (err error) {
r0, _, _ := proc.Call(uintptr(handle))
if r0 != 0 {
err = syscall.Errno(r0)
}
return
}
var temp unsafe.Pointer
// use ensures a variable is kept alive without the GC freeing while still needed
func use(p unsafe.Pointer) {
temp = p
}
``` |
Israil Bercovici (, ; 1921–1988) was a Jewish Romanian dramaturg, playwright, director, biographer, and memoirist, who served the State Jewish Theater of Romania between 1955 and 1982; he also wrote Yiddish-language poetry.
Biography
Bercovici was born into a poor working-class family in Botoşani, Romania, and received a traditional Jewish education. During World War II he served time at hard labor until the arrival of the Soviet Army in Romania.
After the war, he began his career in Yiddish-language newspapers and radio, notably the weekly IKUF-Bleter (1946–1953), and the Revista Cultului Mozaic din R.P.R. (Journal of Jewish Culture in the People's Republic of Romania, also known as Tsaytshrift). The Journal was launched in 1956 and had sections in Romanian, Yiddish and Hebrew. Bercovici edited the Yiddish section from 1970 to 1972.
As a literature student after the war at a secular secondary school in Bucharest, Bercovici published his first Yiddish-language poetry in IKUF-Bleter. Judging by theater reviews he wrote in the early 1950s, he appears to have been an ardent Communist, grateful for his liberation from the labor camp and for the opportunity to receive a secular education, advocating a socialist realist aesthetic for Yiddish-language theater.
His affiliation with the State Jewish Theater began in 1955, initially as "literarischer Sekretär". He continued to be very aware of developments in theater beyond the Yiddish language: he drove the theater toward being a contemporary theater, rather than a mere museum of inherited plays. Elvira Groezinger compares his goals to those of New York City's Arbeter Teater Farband (ARTEF, "Workers' Theatre Society"), goals well-aligned with those of the Communist regime.
Bercovici translated works from world literature: Friedrich Dürrenmatt's Frank V (1964), Karl Gutzkow's Uriel Acosta (1968), and Henrik Ibsen's The Master Builder (1972), and wrote his own Yiddish-language plays, including Der goldener fodem ("The Golden Thread", 1963), about Abraham Goldfaden (who in 1876 founded the world's first Yiddish-language theater, in Iaşi, Romania), and the musical revue A shnirl perl ("A Pearl Necklace", 1967). He also wrote books about Yiddish theater history.
In 1976 he directed a celebration of 100 years of Yiddish theatre in Romania, which included not only performances of his own work but also those of Goldfaden and Sholem Aleichem.
Toward the end of Bercovici's career, in Romania, as elsewhere in Europe, Yiddish was a language in decline. The State Jewish Theater coped, in part, by installing headphones throughout the theater to allow simultaneous translation of the plays into Romanian; the system is still in use when the theater performs Yiddish-language plays today.
Bercovici's 3000-volume Yiddish-language library is now part of the University Library in Potsdam.
Works for theater
The following list is drawn from Bercovici's own history of Yiddish theater in Romania ([Bercovici 1998]). The list may be incomplete; many of Bercovici's works were musical and folkloric revues and some were reworkings of Purim plays. The music for most of Bercovici's plays was composed by Haim Schwartzmann; "The Golden Thread" also uses music by Avram Goldfaden, whom the play is about. Schwartzmann and Eugen Koffler contributed music for A Pearl Necklace and Baraşeum '72; Mangheriada used music by Schwartzmann, Koffler, Dubi Seltzer, Henech Kon, and Simha Schwartz; a 1976 production of "The Golden Thread" credits additional music by Adalbert Winkler.
The list contains Romanian-language titles and Yiddish-language titles with Romanian phonetic transcription. Some works had only a Romanian language title; when titles in both languages are given by Bercovici, the Romanian title precedes the Yiddish. Unless otherwise noted, the date given is that of first performance by the State Jewish Theater.
Revista revistelor ("Revue of Revues"), December 15, 1958.
Un cîntec şi o glumă / A lid mit a viţ ("A Song and a Joke"), April 15, 1958.
O revistă cu Ahaşveroş ("A revue with Ahasuerus"), December 30, 1959.
Ciri-biri-bom, cowritten with Aurel Storin, Moişe Bălan, Malvina Cohn, December 30, 1960.
Oaspeţi în Oraş / Ghest in ştot ("Guests in the City"), April 15, 1961.
O seară de folclor evreiesc / An ovnt fun idişn folklor ("An Evening of Yiddish Folklore"), October 4, 1962.
Cu cîntec spre stele / Mit a lid ţu di ştern ("With a Song to the Stars"), February 13, 1963.
Purim-şpil ("Purim play"), March 24, 1963.
Recital de dansuri, versuri şi cîntece ("Dance, Poetry and Song Show"), April 7, 1963.
Spectacol de umor şi folclor muzical evreiesc / Idişer humor un musicakişer folklor ("Yiddish Humor and Musical Folklore")
Firul de aur / Der goldener fodem ("The Golden Thread"), October 25, 1963.
Un şirag de perle / A şnirl perl ("A String of Pearls"), April 2, 1967.
Amintiri de revelion / Nai-iur-zihroines ("New Year's Memories"), December 31, 1967.
Cîntarea cîntărilor ("Song of Songs"), an experimental Romanian-language theater piece, based on Hebrew poetry, March 5, 1968.
Mangheriada, based on the poems of Itzik Manger, April 6, 1968.
Baraşeum '72, February 5, 1972. (Baraşeum was the old name of the future State Jewish Theater, honoring Jewish culture promoter, Dr. Iuliu Barasch.)
Scrisori pe portativ ("Letters on a Musical Staff"), August 16, 1975.
Published works
Bercovici published three major books of Yiddish poetry:
(1974, "In the Eyes of a Black Coffee") Published in Romanian translation in 1991 as .
(1978, "Sparks Over Generations")
(1984, "Flying Letters")
In addition, Bercovici and Nana Cassian translated into Romanian the work of Yiddish-language poet Itzik Manger. A volume of these translations was published in 1983 as ("Jewish ballads that have gone from gray to blue").
He also published on the history of the Yiddish Theatre in Romania:
(1973)
(1976, 100 years of Yiddish Theatre in Romania) Published in Romanian translation in 1982 as .
References
Dalinger, Brigitte, English-language review of [Groezinger, 2003] from All About Jewish Theatre.
Bercovici, Israil, O sută de ani de teatru evreiesc în România ("One hundred years of Yiddish/Jewish theater in Romania"), 2nd Romanian-language edition, revised and augmented by Constantin Măciucă. Editura Integral (an imprint of Editurile Universala), Bucharest (1998). . The first Romanian edition was 1982, Editura Kriterion :ro:Editura Kriterion . There also was a 1976 edition, also from Editura Kriterion, in Yiddish: Hundert ior idiş teater in Rumenie. Bercovici did his own translation into Romanian.
External links
Israil Bercovici books in the Yiddish Book Center collection (in Yiddish)
See also
List of Jewish Romanians
1921 births
1988 deaths
Yiddish theatre
Yiddish-language poets
Moldavian Jews
Jewish Romanian writers
Jewish socialists
Romanian theatre directors
Romanian dramatists and playwrights
Romanian male poets
Romanian memoirists
Romanian biographers
Male biographers
People from Botoșani
20th-century Romanian poets
20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights
Male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Romanian male writers
20th-century memoirists |
Jane Gray may refer to:
Jane Gray (stained glass artist) (born 1931), British stained glass artist
Jane Gray (supercentenarian) (1901–2014), Scottish Australian supercentenarian
Jane Gray (broadcaster) (1896–1984), one of the first female broadcasters in Canadian radio
Jane Nelson (Jane Gray Nelson, born 1951), Texas politician
Lady Jane Gray, misspelling of Lady Jane Grey
Jane Gray Muskie, spouse of Edmund Muskie, 1968 Democratic vice-presidential nominee
See also
Jane Grey (disambiguation)
Jean Grey, a fictional superhero appearing Marvel Comics |
Samuel T. Douglass (February 14, 1814 – March 5, 1898) was an American lawyer and jurist. He served as a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court.
Early life and education
Douglass was born in Wallingford, Vermont, on February 28, 1814. His family moved to Fredonia, New York, and Douglass was educated at Fredonia Academy there. He studied law in the office of James Mullet (who was judge of the Supreme Court of New York).
Career
Douglas came to Detroit in 1837, and was admitted to the bar the same year. With the exception for a brief time in Ann Arbor, Douglass spent the next fifty years in Detroit as a practicing lawyer and judge. In 1849, Douglass became law partners with James V. Campbell, also later a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. He married Campbell's sister, Elizabeth, in 1856.
In 1845, Douglass was appointed reporter of decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court; he served in that position until resigning in 1849. Douglass was reporter when the first two volumes of the Michigan Reports were published, covering 1843 to 1847. Douglass served as judge of the Wayne County Circuit Court and the Michigan Supreme Court from 1851 until 1857.
A separate Michigan Supreme Court was created in 1857, and Douglass was nominated for justice by the Democratic Party. The Democrats were an extreme minority in the Michigan Legislature at the time, however, and James V. Campbell, Douglass' former law partner and brother-in-law, was appointed instead. In May 1857, Douglass resigned the circuit judgeship and returned to private practice.
Douglass was a lover of nature and an amateur naturalist. In 1860 he built a home and farm on Grosse Ile in the Detroit River. Douglass took part in several trips to explore the Upper Peninsula of Michigan at a time when the area remained remote and almost entirely unsettled.
Douglass died on the afternoon of March 5, 1898.
Notes
1814 births
1898 deaths
People from Wayne County, Michigan
People from Fredonia, New York
People from Wallingford, Vermont
Michigan lawyers
New York (state) lawyers
Justices of the Michigan Supreme Court
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers |
Erotic target location error (ETLE) is a hypothesized dimension for paraphilias, defined by having a sexual preference or strong sexual interest in features that are somewhere other than on one's sexual partners. When one's sexual arousal is based on imagining oneself in another physical form (such as an animal, an infant, or an amputee) the erotic target is said to be one's self, or erotic target identity inversion (ETII).
The terms "erotic target location error" and "erotic target identity inversion" were first used in 1993 by the sexologist Ray Blanchard.
Proposed types
The sexologist Anne Lawrence describes as examples of erotic target identity inversions males or trans women who experience sexual arousal in response to imagining themselves as women (autogynephilia), as well as at least one case of anatomic autoandrophilia.
Blanchard writes that whereas gynephilia refers to the sexual preference for women, autogynephilia refers to a male's sexual interest in being a woman. He states that autogynephilia can be associated with gender dysphoria and gender identity disorder, discontent with one's sex and the desire to undergo surgery for sex reassignment and permanently take on a role and life of the other sex. A male with sexual arousal based on temporarily taking on the appearance or role of a woman is transvestic fetishism.
Several other sexual interests also exist in ETLE forms:
Whereas acrotomophilia refers to the sexual preference for amputees, apotemnophilia refers to sexual arousal in association with having an amputation, although both can be experienced at the same time. Apotemnophilia can be associated with the strong belief or desire that one's external body is mismatched to one's true nature, a phenomenon called body integrity identity disorder, and the desire to undergo surgery to remove a limb. People who temporarily adopt the role or identity of an amputee have been called disability pretenders.
Whereas zoophilia refers to the sexual preference for animals, autozoophilia refers to sexual arousal in association with being an animal.
The sexual attraction to plush animals is termed plushophilia. Anne Lawrence has proposed the terms autoplushophilia for the sexual attraction to being or changing one's body to have plush features, and fursuitism for sexual arousal from wearing a fursuit to temporarily resemble an anthropomorphic animal.
Whereas pedophilia refers to the sexual preference for children, paraphilic infantilism refers to the sexual interest in being a child.
Lawrence and others have posited parallels between gender identity disorder and apotemnophilia, as well as between gender identity disorder and species identity disorder.
Criticism
In a letter to the editor of The Journal of Sex Research in 2009, San Francisco-based physician and activist Charles Allen Moser criticized Lawrence' endorsement of the concept of ETLEs. He noted that "there is nothing wrong with creating or expanding a classification system of sexual interests" but believed that Lawrence "pathologizes nonstandard sexual expression" and that "ETLEs are a slippery slope," whereas Moser's view is that all sexual phenomena should be removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
References
Paraphilias
Sexual orientation and psychology
Sexual disorders
Sexual attraction
Sexual fetishism
Sexual roleplay
1990s neologisms |
Ridge Hannemann Alkonis is a United States Navy lieutenant who was stationed as a weapons officer aboard the USS Benfold at Yokosuka Naval Base in Japan. He was involved in a fatal car crash in Fujinomiya in May 2021 that resulted in the deaths and injury of three Japanese citizens and the hospitalization of two other people in his vehicle. A Japanese court found Alkonis guilty of negligent driving in 2022 and sentenced him to a three-year prison term.
Incident and aftermath
Crash and trial
On May 29, 2021, Alkonis was driving his wife and three children back from a day trip to Mt. Fuji. He lost consciousness behind the wheel and drifted across the oncoming traffic lane and into a restaurant parking lot, crashing into several parked vehicles and pedestrians. A Japanese family of four, an elderly couple along with their daughter and son-in-law, were celebrating the mother's birthday at the restaurant. The 85-year-old mother and the 54-year-old son-in-law died as a result of this crash, while the daughter and wife of the other victims was injured. Two occupants of the minivan Alkonis was driving also received extensive care at a hospital for neck and back pain.
Alkonis pled guilty to negligent driving in hopes of receiving a suspended sentence. He wrote letters of apology and paid the bereaved families more than $1.6 million in extrajudicial restitution to the victims' families. At trial, Alkonis said he had been suffering from “acute mountain sickness” and that about five minutes before the crash "I felt my body get weak, and my car drifted out of the lane, but I was able to quickly correct it." He added that he “should have immediately stopped my car" but continued to drive. Alkonis stated that his wife Brittany had also been feeling nauseous from the changes in elevation, leading her to lean her seat back and dose off shortly before the accident. Five minutes later, Alkonis said, he began to talk with one of his children when he “lost his memory” and the crash ensued.
In October 2021, the Shizuoka District Court sentenced Alkonis to three years in prison for negligent driving resulting in death and injury, declaring that he should have pulled over once he felt drowsy. Alkonis appealed the judgement to have his sentence reduced.
In July 2022, a Tokyo High Court appellate panel of three judges upheld the Shizuoka District Court's judgement of a three-year prison term. The panel stated that Alkonis was negligent in falling asleep and failing to stop the car when he felt drowsy. Alkonis did not appeal the High Court’s decision and has been imprisoned since September 2022.
US Navy accident report
The US Navy conducted its own investigation of the accident and states in an accident report obtained by The New York Times and Military.com that Ridge “fell asleep” at the wheel and that his Toyota left the road and slammed into five cars outside a restaurant. It was completed by US military police officers who responded to the accident.
The accident report states that Alkonis' wife, Brittany, told the responding military officers that her husband "had fallen asleep at the wheel of the vehicle" and that they both "woke up when they felt the impact." The military first responders also concluded that "after reviewing the evidence on scene and statements gathered … [Alkonis] fell asleep while driving."
The report states that the family was able to access medical care at the accident site and Alkonis didn't display signs of injury or distress. Under the injury heading, it says two of the occupants of the minivan Alkonis was driving were seen by Japanese emergency medical services after reporting neck and back pain and that they received extensive care at a hospital. Their names were redacted. The report makes no mention of Alkonis, whose name is unredacted, reporting any injuries.
Military.com states that the accident report was the basis of the charges brought against Alkonis by Japanese prosecutors.
Acute mountain sickness defense
Although Alkonis pled guilty, he requested a lenient sentence based on the argument that he was suffering from acute mountain sickness -- a condition brought on by the reduced levels of oxygen found at higher altitudes that causes dizziness, fatigue and headaches. This diagnosis first became public during his trial testimony. The main evidence came from a screening Alkonis underwent as part of a Navy evaluation done a full month after the accident. Two doctors — a general practitioner and a neurologist — diagnosed Alkonis with acute mountain sickness.
According to a report produced by a US Navy officer who served as a US government observer at the trial, the Shizuoka District Court judge rejected the acute mountain sickness defense given where on Mount Fuji Alkonis and his family began their drive home and because "the symptoms of mountain sickness are alleviated gradually as the altitude is lowered." The site of the accident is about 1,000 feet above sea level, as compared to the more than 7,000-foot elevation of the Mount Fuji station from which Alkonis and his family set off. The same report states that Alkonis testified that after the crash he tried to help move the car that had trapped one of the victims. He also told the court that he saw a Japanese rescue worker talking with his wife and that he "tried to help translate for their conversation."
Medical experts have expressed skepticism of the acute mountain sickness defense. Peter Bärtsch, a specialist in high-altitude illnesses at Heidelberg University in Germany told The New York Times that a sudden loss of consciousness because of mountain sickness would not have been possible under the circumstances.
Aftermath
In December 2022, Navy Times reported on the status of Alkonis' pay and benefits:Family members of the 34-year-old sailor have lobbied the White House to seek early release for Alkonis. But Defense Department officials have said they respect the Japanese legal process, and last month said they would cut off pay and benefits for the service member and his family at the end of December. Alkonis had relied on unused leave and other time off to avoid being cut off from his military salary sooner. When it ran out, military officials classified him as absent in violation of orders, and made the pay decision. Senate lawmakers added language in sec. 8145 of the FY23 federal budget omnibus bill to order the Navy to sustain Alkonis' "pay and allowances".
Senator Mike Lee's response
Senator Mike Lee (R-UT) has been a vocal critic of Japan’s handling of the conviction and imprisonment of Ridge Alkonis. In February 2023, Lee issued a 24-hour deadline on Twitter to Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida to hand over Alkonis and threatened to cut off military aid to Japan over the incident. After the deadline passed, Lee took to the floor of the U.S. Senate to question the Status of Forces Agreement between the U.S. and Japan, which governs how military personnel stationed in Japan will be treated under Japanese law. The Japanese Foreign Ministry lodged an official complaint against Lee through the U.S. government in March 2023.
References
1988 births
United States Navy officers
21st-century American criminals
Latter Day Saints
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Lairg (, meaning "the shank/shin") is a village and parish in Sutherland, Scotland. It has a population of 891 and is at the south-eastern end of Loch Shin.
Lairg is unusual in the northern Highlands in being a large settlement that is not on the coast. One of the reasons that Lairg is slightly bigger than other non-coastal Highland villages is its central location within the county of Sutherland. Having four roads which meet in the village, it used to be known as "The Crossroads of the North". In the 19th century, it was provided with a railway station (at ), on what is now the Far North Line. This development means that the north-west of Sutherland is now easier to reach. (The Far North Line links Inverness in the south with Thurso and Wick in the north.)
Sheep sales
Lairg is the location of the largest single-day sheep sale in Europe. These auctions take place in August and bring people from all over Scotland to buy or sell their animals.
Gala Week
In July, Lairg holds a Gala Week. This is organised by a local committee in order to put on fun activities for adults and children. Events include fancy-dress parades, a pet show, fishing competitions on Loch Shin or the Little Loch Shin, and dances with live music in the community centre.
Lairg Crofters' Show
This one-day event has been running for 100 years. It attracts many spectators and participants for activities such as horse-jumping, sheep and cow judging, children's sports, Highland sports (e.g. tossing the caber, throwing the wellie/haggis) and homemade crafts. Sheep racing has even become a significant attraction in recent years.
Little Loch Shin
Little Loch Shin lies directly in the centre of the village. It is a manmade loch created by the hydroelectric dam scheme, and is the home of the "Broon's hoose", a small, wooden dwelling on an islet. Loch Shin itself lies to the north of Lairg and is long.
Facilities
Lairg has a petrol station, pub/hotel, post office, bank, caravan site, primary school, tourist information centre, and various shops, cafes and B&Bs. Tourists attractions include the Shin Falls, fishing, sightseeing and hillwalking.
Transport
Lairg railway station lies on the picturesque Far North Line, north of Invershin and west of Rogart. It is managed by ScotRail.
A proposal on the rail routes to the north of Inverness is to create a more direct rail from Inverness to Dornoch via a new bridge and an old branch line, which would leave Lairg isolated on a circuitous loop away from the main route. Although the link would shorten journey times to Thurso and Wick, reducing the rail service to Lairg would be detrimental to the local economy. Given the huge cost of building a rail bridge over the Dornoch Firth and both the Scottish government and the Highland Regional council's lack of enthusiasm for the project, it seems unlikely the proposal will become reality.
The B864 road leads south and passes through the hamlet of Achany. The parallel A836 road also runs south to Bonar Bridge, and passes through the village of Achinduich. The areas to the north and west are sparsely populated and crossed by just three single track roads.
Impact crater
Lairg is prospectively the site of the fifteenth largest impact crater on Earth, the Lairg Gravity Low which dates from 1.2 billion years ago and is across.
Evidence for a bolide impact centered on Ullapool was published by a combined team of scientists from the University of Oxford and the University of Aberdeen, in March 2008.
IV27 (Lairg) postcode area
IV27, with Lairg as its postal town, is the largest postcode area in the United Kingdom, at . It covers a vast area of far north west Scotland, including Lochinver, Cape Wrath and Tongue.
People associated with Lairg
Sam McDonald (1762–1802), soldier and strongman
Sir James Matheson (1796–1878), entrepreneur
Alastair Bruce of Crionaich K.stJ OBE VR (born 1960), Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary and historical advisor to film and television productions including Downton Abbey, as well as the current Governor of Edinburgh Castle (appointed July 2019).
Rev John MacKay MacLennan, minister of Lairg Free church 1923 to 1965, Moderator of the General Assembly in 1938
See also
Land raid
References
External links
Photographs of Lairg
Populated places in Sutherland |
Maasvlakte Heliport (or Pistoolhaven Heliport) is a small heliport in the Netherlands in the harbour area of the Maasvlakte in the city of Rotterdam. It is exclusively used for maritime piloting services. The heliport moved to a new location in 2007. The old location was on the western edge of the Maasvlakte near the coastline. Adjacent to the old heliport there was an ultralight airport which has now been closed.
References
External links
Airliners.net - Photos made at Maasvlakte Heliport
Heliports in the Netherlands
Airports in South Holland
Buildings and structures in Rotterdam
Transport in Rotterdam |
Thomas W. Travis (born December 21, 1953) is a retired lieutenant general of the United States Air Force who served as the twenty-first Surgeon General of the United States Air Force. Holding dual ratings as a Command Pilot and Flight Surgeon, Travis achieved the highest rank of any pilot-physician in the history of the program. After completing at total of over 39 years of active service in the Air Force, Travis retired in August 2015 to become the Senior Vice President of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.
References
1953 births
Living people
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Surgeons General of the United States Air Force |
Eki is an Ibibio-Efik language of Nigeria.
References
Ibibio-Efik languages
Languages of Nigeria |
Zawita (, ) is a town in the Dohuk Governorate, Kurdistan Region in Iraq. The name of the town is thought to come from the Syriac word for "corner."
The town is inhabited mainly by Kurds and the second biggest group is the Assyrians. At one point it was home to mostly Assyrians, prior to the Simele massacre.
A number of Assyrian Christian-owned businesses in the town were looted and burned downed during the 2011 Dohuk riots.
References
Populated places in Dohuk Province
Assyrian communities in Iraq
Kurdish settlements in Iraq
Tourist attractions in Iraqi Kurdistan |
The Diedrich Busch House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and as a contributing property in the McClellan Heights Historic District in 1984.
Diedrich Busch
Diedrich Busch (1827–1893) was born in the town of Hamminkeln in Prussia He was apprenticed to a shoemaker, which became his trade for most of his life. He immigrated to the United States in 1853, landing in New York on July 3, and then made his way to Davenport. Busch was married twice. His first wife died young and then he married Emma Balcke, whose father was the pastor at the German Methodist Episcopal Church. Busch owned and operated a grocery store in the Village of East Davenport and the family lived above the store for several years before this house was built in 1877. Over the years he had made a sizeable investment in real estate on the east side of Davenport where he developed many houses and commercial structures.
Architecture
While this house sits geographically in the McClellan Heights neighborhood, architecturally it fits more properly in the neighboring Village of East Davenport. East Davenport was an industrial town that began in the 1850s and was annexed into the city of Davenport by the time the decade ended. The house follows a popular Vernacular style of architecture from the mid to late 19th-century Davenport known as the McClelland style. It shows influences from other architectural styles as well, such as the bracketed eaves and the polygonal window bay on the east side that suggests the Italianate style. The round arch windows in the attic is another popular feature in Davenport homes built in this era. The veranda that wraps around from the front of the house to the west side was probably added in the early 20th-century. The same is true for the sunroom in the re-entrant angle between the houses main block and the pavilion on the west side.
References
Houses completed in 1877
Houses in Davenport, Iowa
Vernacular architecture in Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Iowa
1877 establishments in Iowa |
```java
/*
*
* This program and the accompanying materials are made
* which is available at path_to_url
*
*/
package org.eclipse.milo.opcua.stack.core.types.structured;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.ToString;
import lombok.experimental.SuperBuilder;
import org.eclipse.milo.opcua.stack.core.serialization.SerializationContext;
import org.eclipse.milo.opcua.stack.core.serialization.UaDecoder;
import org.eclipse.milo.opcua.stack.core.serialization.UaEncoder;
import org.eclipse.milo.opcua.stack.core.serialization.UaStructure;
import org.eclipse.milo.opcua.stack.core.serialization.codecs.GenericDataTypeCodec;
import org.eclipse.milo.opcua.stack.core.types.builtin.ExpandedNodeId;
import org.eclipse.milo.opcua.stack.core.types.builtin.LocalizedText;
@EqualsAndHashCode(
callSuper = false
)
@SuperBuilder(
toBuilder = true
)
@ToString
public class EnumValueType extends Structure implements UaStructure {
public static final ExpandedNodeId TYPE_ID = ExpandedNodeId.parse("nsu=path_to_url");
public static final ExpandedNodeId XML_ENCODING_ID = ExpandedNodeId.parse("nsu=path_to_url");
public static final ExpandedNodeId BINARY_ENCODING_ID = ExpandedNodeId.parse("nsu=path_to_url");
private final Long value;
private final LocalizedText displayName;
private final LocalizedText description;
public EnumValueType(Long value, LocalizedText displayName, LocalizedText description) {
this.value = value;
this.displayName = displayName;
this.description = description;
}
@Override
public ExpandedNodeId getTypeId() {
return TYPE_ID;
}
@Override
public ExpandedNodeId getXmlEncodingId() {
return XML_ENCODING_ID;
}
@Override
public ExpandedNodeId getBinaryEncodingId() {
return BINARY_ENCODING_ID;
}
public Long getValue() {
return value;
}
public LocalizedText getDisplayName() {
return displayName;
}
public LocalizedText getDescription() {
return description;
}
public static final class Codec extends GenericDataTypeCodec<EnumValueType> {
@Override
public Class<EnumValueType> getType() {
return EnumValueType.class;
}
@Override
public EnumValueType decode(SerializationContext context, UaDecoder decoder) {
Long value = decoder.readInt64("Value");
LocalizedText displayName = decoder.readLocalizedText("DisplayName");
LocalizedText description = decoder.readLocalizedText("Description");
return new EnumValueType(value, displayName, description);
}
@Override
public void encode(SerializationContext context, UaEncoder encoder, EnumValueType value) {
encoder.writeInt64("Value", value.getValue());
encoder.writeLocalizedText("DisplayName", value.getDisplayName());
encoder.writeLocalizedText("Description", value.getDescription());
}
}
}
``` |
Justine Henin-Hardenne defeated Nadia Petrova in the final, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3 to win the singles tennis title at the 2005 WTA German Open.
Amélie Mauresmo was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Petrova.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
Main Draw
WTA German Open
Qatar Total German Open - Singles |
John Estaugh (16761742) was an American Quaker minister in colonial New Jersey.
Biography
John Estaugh was born in Kelvedon, England on April 23, 1676. He was a minister who first met Elizabeth Haddon in England. He came to America to preach and later settled in Haddonfield, New Jersey.
Haddon met up with John and proposed to him and they were married in 1702. Their love story is immortalized in the work of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn.
Later years
John went on a religious trip to Tortola in the West Indies in 1742. He died from a fever on December 6, and was buried there in a brick tomb.
References
1676 births
1742 deaths
Clergy from Southwark
People of colonial New Jersey
People from Haddonfield, New Jersey
17th-century Quakers
18th-century Quakers
American Quakers
English emigrants to British North America |
Tonette Lopez (died April 25, 2006) was the first transgender woman activist in the Philippines and a popular Asian LGBT activist, HIV/AIDS researcher and journalist.
Lopez led the 16th International AIDS Conference in 2005.
Gahum Philippines
In 2001, Lopez started the Gay Human Rights Movement (GAHUM), based in Cebu City.
Lopez has stated: "Discrimination is very eminent. A country such ours, which is predominantly Roman Catholic is very difficult. Opinions and decisions are always coiled and intertwined with one's religiosity, belief and faith."
See also
LGBT rights in the Philippines
References
http://www.tsphilippines.com/tonette.htm
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/smmt-2/lopez2.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20090525033526/http://progay.multiply.com/journal
http://www.tsphilippines.com/transgenderrights.htm
External links
http://apnsw.org/r/lopez.htm
Filipino transgender people
Filipino LGBT rights activists
Filipino activists
Filipino women activists
People from Tacloban
Year of birth missing
2006 deaths
Transgender women
People from Eastern Samar |
Francis G. Servis (August 1, 1826 – March 6, 1877) was a justice of the Territorial Montana Supreme Court from 1873 to 1875, appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant.
Born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, Servis began reading law in the office of Colonel J. B. Lewis and completed it in the office of Wilson & Church. He was admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1853. While studying the law, Servis became the Clerk of the Probate Judge's office. He was elected and re-elected as Prosecuting Attorney of Mahoning County, Ohio.
On January 13, 1873, President Grant nominated Servis to seat on the Territorial Montana Supreme Court, to a seat vacated by Judge John Luttrell Murphy (who, according to differing accounts, had either resigned or been recalled from the seat). He served until 1875, when he retired and moved back to Ohio. In 1876, he was elected to as a circuit judge in Ohio. Servis died at the age of 50.
References
1826 births
1877 deaths
People from Hunterdon County, New Jersey
U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Justices of the Montana Supreme Court
United States Article I federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant |
Pablo Dacal (30 June 1886–1961) was a Uruguayan footballer. He played in 29 matches for the Uruguay national football team from 1908 to 1916. He was also part of Uruguay's squad for the 1916 South American Championship.
References
External links
1886 births
Date of death missing
Uruguayan men's footballers
Uruguay men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Club Nacional de Football players
Club Atlético River Plate (Montevideo) players
Montevideo Wanderers F.C. players |
Lyndel Soon () born in 1978 in Penang, Malaysia, won the title of Miss Malaysia Tourism 2001. She was also the winner of Miss Cosmopolitan International 2001; as well as the 4th runner up in Miss Tourism International 2001. She is a Malaysian Chinese who is currently residing in the United States.
Early life
Lyndel Soon was born in Penang, Malaysia, the younger in a family of two children. Her father is surgeon and her mother, is a housewife. She attended INTI University College, Laureate International Universities (INTI-UC) and went on to study Hospitality & Tourism Management in Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S. She worked briefly with the Ritz-Carlton hotel (San Francisco, California) and then went on to pursue her interest in the holistic field. She studied in Las Vegas School of Colon Hydrotherapy (Nevada) and became an I-ACT Colon Hydrotherapist, and later continued her studies in Complementary Health and Nutrition with Global College of Natural Medicine.
Pageantry & Film
While Lyndel was studying Certificate of Marketing (CIM) in Sunway College, she was nominated by her teacher to join Miss CIM pageant within her college department and won Miss CIM 1996. During the same period, she also was selected by the principal of Sunway College, as one of the eight "most outstanding all rounder student in CIM 1996" and was later interviewed by a Malay Teenage magazine called REMAJA. However, Lyndel's rise to pageantry took place during an internship with the principal of Stardust Productions - a modeling agency. She was asked to fill in the state-level position as a favor, due to a fact that a delegate of (Kedah state, Malaysia) had quit 2 weeks before the Miss Malaysia Tourism pageant. As fate has it, Lyndel went on to compete in the Miss Malaysia Tourism pageant where she brought home the crown as Miss Malaysia Tourism 2001 along with the title of Miss Photogenic, and became the Cover Girl for HER WORLD Malaysia magazine all in the same year. She went on to the world level and became the 4th runner up in Miss Tourism International; as well as the title of Miss Cosmopolitan International 2001.
Lyndel played a lead role in a SAG Independent short film titled Savasana (2010- thriller, drama) which she co-starred with other actors including Maria Skorobogatov who starred as young Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lamb (1991) and Julie Ow - a Hawaiian television actress who starred in several television shows including L.A. Law, Melrose Place, and Lost. Lyndel will also be playing the lead in a feature film titled "Pachinko" (crime) which is scheduled to shoot in 2013.
Filmography
References
External links
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
1978 births
People from Penang
Living people
Malaysian actresses
Miss Tourism International delegates
Malaysian beauty pageant winners |
Gilford John Ikenberry (October 5, 1954) is a theorist of international relations and United States foreign policy, and the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. He is known for his work on liberal International Relations theory, such as the books After Victory (2001) and Liberal Leviathan (2011). He has been described as "the world's leading scholar of the liberal international order."
Career
After receiving his BA from Manchester University, Indiana, and his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1985, Ikenberry became an assistant professor at Princeton, where he remained until 1992. He then moved to the University of Pennsylvania, where he taught from 1993 to 1999, serving as co-director of the Lauder Institute from 1994 to 1998, while since 1996 he has been Visiting Professor at the Catholic University of Milan in Italy. In 2001, he moved to Georgetown University, becoming the Peter F. Krogh Professor of Geopolitics and Global Justice in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. He returned to Princeton in 2004, recruited by Dean Anne-Marie Slaughter, becoming the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs there. Ikenberry is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, Korea. In 2013-2014 Ikenberry was the 72nd Eastman Visiting Professor at Balliol College, University of Oxford.
Ikenberry served on the State Department's Policy Planning staff from 1991 to 1992. He was a Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace from 1992 to 1993, a Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars from 1998 to 1999, and a non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution from 1997 to 2002. He has also worked for several projects of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Ikenberrry was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2016.
Criticism of U.S. policy
Ikenberry is known for vehement criticism of what he described as the "neoimperial grand strategy" of the United States under the Bush administration. His critique is primarily a pragmatic one, arguing not that the U.S. should eschew imperialism as a matter of principle, but rather, that it is not in a position to succeed at an imperial project. He contends that such a strategy, rather than enabling a successful War on Terrorism and preserving international peace, will end up alienating American allies, weakening international institutions, and provoking violent blowback, including terrorism, internationally, as well as being politically unsustainable domestically.
Instead, in his article "The Rise of China and the Future of the West", Foreign Affairs, Ikenberry suggests strengthening and re-investing in the existing institutions and rules of U.S.-led western order. He argues that the first thing that U.S. must do is to reestablish itself as a foremost supporter of the global system that underpins the Western order. In this view, when other countries see the U.S. using its power to strengthen the existing rules and institutions, US authority will be strengthened because they will become more inclined to work in collaboration with U.S. power. Secondly, the U.S. should update the key post-war security pacts, such as NATO and Washington's East Asian alliances. When the U.S. provides security, the U.S. allies, in return, will operate within the western order. Thirdly, the U.S. should renew its support for wide-ranging multilateral institutions. Economically speaking, building on the agreements of the WTO, concluding the current Doha Round of trade talks that seek to extend market opportunities and trade liberalization to developing countries are possible examples. Fourthly, the U.S. should make sure that the order is all-encompassing, meaning there shouldn't be any space left for other rising countries to build up their own “minilateral” order. Lastly, U.S. must support efforts to integrate rising developing countries into key global institutions. Less formal bodies, like G-20 and various other intergovernmental networks, can provide alternative avenues for voice and representation.
Institutions
In After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars, Ikenberry explores how the United States utilized its hegemony after both World Wars to shape future world order. In both cases, the U.S. attempted to institutionalize its power through the creation of a constitutional order, by which political order was organized around agreed-upon legal and political institutions that operate to allocate rights and limit the exercise of power. In the process, the United States agreed to "tame" its power by placing it within institutions and the set of rules and rights with which this came. One of the advantages for the United States in doing so was locking itself into a guaranteed position for years to come. In the event that its power waned in the future, the institutional framework it created would nonetheless remain intact.
The settlement of World War I
Following World War I, the distribution of power was greatly skewed towards the United States. President Woodrow Wilson possessed the power to set the terms of peace, and the manner in which the post-war order was constructed. He sought to do so through a model based on upholding collective security and sparking a democratic revolution across the European continent based on American ideals. Great Britain and France were worried about America's preponderance of power, and sought to tie the United States to the continent. Both sides attempted to meet at a middle ground, with European nations gaining security and financial considerations while the United States would institutionalize its power through the League of Nations and maintain its presence on the continent for decades to come. Ultimately, Woodrow Wilson's envisioned order encountered major obstacles, including the failure of the United States to join the League of Nations. Furthermore, the imposition of war guilt and stiff penalties on Germany through the terms set by the Treaty of Versailles set in place conditions favorable for Hitler to rise to power.
The settlement of World War II
Compared to the end of the First World War, the United States was even more powerful in 1945 following the conclusion of the Second World War. The nation possessed a preponderance of military power and close to half of the world's wealth. Once again, leaders from the United States attempted to leverage this powerful position and create a stable order that would serve to benefit their nation for decades to come. Political and economic openness was the centerpiece of this envisioned framework. It was believed that the closed economic regions which had existed before the war had led to worldwide depression and at least in part contributed to the start of the conflict. Reconstructing a stable Europe was also a priority, as safeguarding American interests was seen as being rooted in European stability. The region also became a staging ground for the Cold War, and building a strong West Germany was seen as an important step in balancing against the Soviet Union. In the end, the United States created its desired order through a series of security, economic, and financial multilateral institutions, including NATO and the Marshall Plan. West Germany was bound to its democratic Western European neighbors through the European Coal and Steel Community (later, the European Communities) and to the United States through Atlantic security pact; Japan was bound to the United States through an alliance partnership and expanding economic ties. The Bretton Woods system meeting in 1944 laid down the monetary and trade rules that facilitated the opening and subsequent flourishing of the world economy. In institutionalizing its power, the United States was willing to act as a "reluctant superpower," making concessions to weaker states in order to ensure their participation in their desired framework.
Ikenberry asserts that the dense, encompassing, and broadly endorsed system of rules and institutions, which are rooted in and also reinforced by democracy and capitalism, laid a basis of cooperation and shared authority over the current U.S.-led global system. He says that system with the institutions that were built around rules and norms of nondiscrimination and market openness, provides low barrier of economic participation and high potential benefits. However, the key point is that while making active use of these institutions to promote the country's development of global power status, the country should work within the order, rather than the outside of it. Thus, no major state can modernize without integrating into the globalized capitalist system.
A 2018 special issue of The British Journal of Politics and International Relations was devoted to After Victory.
Publications
Ikenberry is the author of:
Reasons of State: Oil Politics and the Capacities of American Government, Cornell University Press, 1988
The State with John A. Hall, University of Minnesota Press, 1989
After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars, Princeton University Press, 2001 (New edition, 2019).
State Power and the World Markets with Joseph Grieco, W. W. Norton, 2002
Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American System, Princeton University Press, 2011
The Rise of Korean Leadership: Emerging Powers and Liberal International Order with Jongryn Mo, New York: Palgrave, 2013
A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crises of Global Order, Yale University Press, 2020
He has also co-authored or edited:
The State and American Foreign Economic Policy, Cornell University Press, 1988
New Thinking in International Relations, Westview Press, 1997
U.S. Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts, Oxford University Press, 2000
America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power, Cornell University Press, 2002
Reinventing the Alliance: U.S.-Japan Security Partnership in an Era of Change, New York: Palgrave Press, 2003
International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific, Columbia University Press, 2003
Forging A World of Liberty Under Law: U.S. National Security in the 21st Century, Final report of the Princeton Project on National Security, 2006
The Uses of Institutions: U.S., Japan, and the Governance of East Asia, New York: Palgrave, 2007
The United States and Northeast Asia: Debate, Issues, and New Order, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008
The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century, with Thomas J. Knock, Anne-Marie Slaughter & Tony Smith, Princeton University Press, 2008.
The Alliance Constrained: The U.S.- Japan Security Alliance and Regional Multilateralism, New York: Palgrave, 2011
The Troubled Triangle: Japan, the United States, and China: The Duality between Security and Economy, New York: Palgrave, 2013
Power, Order, and Change in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
America, China, and the Struggle for World Order: Ideas, Traditions, Historical Legacies and Global Visions, New York: Palgrave, 2015
The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism: Japan and the World Order, The Brookings Institution, 2019
The Age of Hiroshima, Princeton University, 2020
Ikenberry has published in a number of foreign policy and international relations journals, and writes regularly for Foreign Affairs:
"Rethinking the Origins of American Hegemony", Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Autumn 1989)
"New Grand Strategy Uses Lofty and Material Desires", Los Angeles Times, 12 July 1998
"Why export Democracy?", Wilson Quarterly (Spring 1999)
America's Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post‐War Era, 2000
"Getting Hegemony Right" The National Interest, No. 63 (Spring 2001)
The Rise of China and the Future of the West, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2008
"China and the Rest Are Only Joining the American‐Built Order", New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2008 ()
See also
Jeanne Morefield
References
John Ikenberry CV.
"Dr. Ikenberry Selected as First Krogh Professor", The Hoya (Georgetown), October 16, 2001.
"Ikenberry named to endowed chair", Princeton Weekly Bulletin, June 14, 2004.
Ikenberry, John. "America's Imperial Ambition", Foreign Affairs, September/October 2002. .
Ikenberry, John. "Illusions of Empire", Foreign Affairs, March/April 2004. .
External links
Princeton University Faculty Website
John Ikenberry America Abroad blog
1954 births
American political scientists
Geopoliticians
Living people
Manchester University (Indiana) alumni
Princeton University faculty
Academic staff of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
University of Chicago alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty |
Leslie Gordon Sullivan (6 August 1912 – January 1996) was an English professional footballer who played as an outside left in the Football League for Bristol Rovers, Rochdale and Chesterfield.
Personal life
Sullivan was the son of cricketer Dennis Sullivan.
Career statistics
References
English men's footballers
English Football League players
1912 births
1996 deaths
Footballers from Croydon
Men's association football outside forwards
Fleetwood Town F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Lytham F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players |
The 1997 British Rowing Championships known as the National Championships at the time, were the 26th edition of the National Championships, held from 18–20 July 1997 at the National Water Sports Centre in Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham. They were organised and sanctioned by British Rowing, and are open to British rowers.
Senior
Medal summary
Lightweight
Medal summary
U 23
Medal summary
Coastal
Medal summary
Junior
Medal summary
Key
References
British Rowing Championships
British Rowing Championships
British Rowing Championships |
El Salto Dam (), located on the Guadalquivir River in the municipal district of El Carpio (Province of Córdoba, Spain), comprises a dam and its corresponding hydroelectric power station.
The dam is situated near the 3.3 km mark on the Pedro Abad-Adamuz highway (CO-412). Its Neo-Mudéjar design is the result of a collaboration between architect Casto Fernández Shaw and engineers Carlos Mendoza and Antonio del Águila. The Madrid-based engineering consulting firm undertook construction of the dam between 1918 and 1922.
Since its inception, the dam has proved valuable to the local population for its contribution to the development and economic expansion of the area.
Design
Built on the site of some old water mills, the dam creates a grade in the riverbed through the use of two abutments, one on each bank of the river, and five interior buttresses. The buttresses, which sustain the bridge and the six sluice gates, also hold up the metal structure bearing the machines that operate the gates. The abutment on the right bank forms an arched portal over the roadway and houses the access stairway to the control room, whose crowning octagonal turret once bore a dome. This dome, the horseshoe arch and alfiz, the simple and double windows, and the handrail supports all belong to the Neo-Mudéjar style.
The entire concrete structure is covered with a facing of blocks in imitation of stretcher and header bond masonry.
The upper metal structure, a lattice box girder, initially held a wooden platform that has since been replaced by a grate. The motors that power the gears and chains used to raise the sluice gates are housed here in protective casings.
A traveling bridge crane projects from the upstream side of the girder. From within its two-story wooden cabin, the operator is able to stack metal beams in slots parallel to the sluice gates in order to retain the water and allow the gates to be isolated. The crane is also used to lift motor and gear assembly casings.
In addition to its carefully designed mechanisms, the dam has an important artistic value and is in a good state of preservation.
El Carpio Hydroelectric Power Station
El Carpio Power Station is situated on the lower side of a meander of the Guadalquivir, across from the dam. Also built in 1922, the plant uses three turbine generators to produce electricity. It belongs to Endesa, Spain's largest utility company.
As a run-of-the-river power plant, which utilizes the natural flow of water, it has practically no water reserve; its generating capacity therefore depends on the condition of the river. Water is drawn from the upstream dam through a tunnel and deposited next to the power station in a small tank capable of holding . From there, it passes through the turbines and returns to the river.
The kinetic energy from flowing water is used by the Francis turbines at a flow rate of per machine to generate mechanical energy. The generators then convert this energy into an alternating current, according to Faraday's Law of Induction, and create an electrical signal which must then coincide with the 50 Hz frequency used by the Spanish power grid. To reach this frequency, the turbines and in turn the generators must rotate at a speed of 214 rpm. Finally, the electric tension must be raised by the plant's transformers in order to reduce energy loss during travel along power lines.
The power station was, like the dam, built with a view to aesthetics. The exterior features dressed stone blocks, while its rooftop turrets crowned by brick domes have a remarkably historicist and expressionist character. Other details stand out as well, like the elephant head supporting a balcony, which was produced by sculptor . Presented in Paris at the Decorative Arts Exposition of 1921, the building won a gold medal.
References
External links
Endesa: Hydroelectric Station of El Carpio
Escultura Urbana Digital Magazine: image of the elephant head sculpture
Dams in Spain
Dams completed in 1922
Hydroelectric power stations in Spain
Buildings and structures in the Province of Córdoba (Spain)
Neo-Mudéjar architecture in Spain
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Córdoba (Spain)
Energy infrastructure completed in 1922
1922 establishments in Spain
Barrages (dam)
Run-of-the-river power stations |
Abdarhmane Coulibaly (born 29 September 1985 in Mézières-sur-Seine) is a French Muay Thai kickboxer. He has competed for GLORY, SUPERKOMBAT Fighting Championship and Kunlun Fight.
Kickboxing
Coulibaly is set to fight Turpal Tokaev at W5 Grand Prix Kitek in Moscow, Russia on 18 February 2017.
Personal life
His brother is the footballer Ousmane Coulibaly.
Titles
Professional
2016 K-1 Event Grand Prix 2016 Tournament Runner Up
2015 VVWS Heavyweight World Champion
2013 WAKO PRO Low Kick Heavyweight World Champion +94,200 kg
2010 Fight For Peace Heavyweight Tournament Champion
2010 W.P.M.F. Muaythai European Champion -91 kg
Amateur
2013 WAKO world championship +91 kg (K-1 rules)
2008 I.F.M.A. World Muaythai Championships in Busan, South Korea
Professional kickboxing record
|- bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2023-09-09 || Loss||align=left| Nordine Mahieddine|| Glory 88 || Paris, France || KO (High kick)|| 3 ||2:19
|- bgcolor="#fbb"
| 2023-07-08 || Loss ||align=left| Bruno Susano || Senshi 17 || Varna, Bulgaria || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3||3:00
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2017-12-02 || Win || align="left" | Vladimir Toktasynov || Mix Fight Gala 23 || Frankfurt, Germany || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2017-10-28 || Win ||align=left| Florent Kaouachi || Glory 47: Lyon || Lyon, France || Decision (split) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2017-03-25 || Loss ||align=left| Dexter Suisse || Victory 2017 || Levallois, France || Decision || 3 ||3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2017-02-18 || Loss ||align=left| Turpal Tokaev || W5 Grand Prix Kitek XXXIX || Moscow, Russia || TKO (referee stoppage) || 3 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2016-05-09 || Loss ||align=left| Kevin Kieu || Partouche Kickboxing Tour, Semi-finals || Le Havre, France || KO (Injury) || 2 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2016-02-20 || Loss ||align=left| Nordine Mahieddine || K-1 Events 8, Final || Troyes, France || Decision || 3 ||3:00
|-
! style="background:white" colspan=9 |
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2016-02-20 || Win ||align=left| Hacen Otman || K-1 Events 8, Semi-finals || Troyes, France || TKO (RTD) || 2 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2015-11-28 || Win ||align=left| Freddy Kemayo || Venum Victory World Series 2015 || Paris, France || TKO (Leg Injury) || 1 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2015-06-19 || Loss ||align=left| Andrei Stoica || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix III 2015 || Constanța, Romania || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2014-09-13 || Loss ||align=left| Andrey Gerasimchuk || Kunlun Fight 10, Semi-finals || Minsk, Belarus || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2014-08-15 || Loss ||align=left| Dževad Poturak || No Limit 7 || Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina || KO (Right Overhand) || 2 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2013-12-14 || Loss ||align=left| Freddy Kemayo || Victory || Paris, France ||Decision || 3|| 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2013-11-23 || Loss ||align=left| Stéphane Susperregui || La 20ème Nuit des Champions || Marseilles, France || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
| 2013-05-11 || Draw ||align=left| Redouan Cairo || THE GAME || Saint-Denis, La Réunion || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2013-03-09 || Win ||align=left| Ragim Aliev || Monte-Carlo Fighting Masters || Monte Carlo, Monaco || KO || 2 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2012-11-09 || Win ||align=left| Fabrice Aurieng || Maxi Fight 4 || Saint-Denis, Réunion || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2012-05-12 || Win ||align=left| Zinedine Hameur-Lain || Wicked One Tournament || Paris, France || TKO || 2 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2012-02-18 || Win ||align=left| Tomboron Samake || HMT : le choc des villes || France || KO || 2 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2011-11-06 || Loss ||align=left| Nathan Corbett || Muaythai Premier League: Round 3 || The Hague, Netherlands || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2011-04-23 || Win ||align=left| Massinissa Hamaili || Le choc des ceintures || France || KO || ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2011-04-02 || Win ||align=left| David Radeff || Explosion Fight Night Volume 3 || Brest, France || Decision (Majority) || 5 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-11-19 || Win ||align=left| Zinedine Hameur-Lain || Fight For Peace, Final || France || TKO || 2 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-11-19 || Win ||align=left| Hichem Abdellal || Fight For Peace, Semi-finals || France || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-10-29 || Win ||align=left| Sahak Parparyan || France vs. Lumpinee || Paris, France || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2010-10-15 || Loss ||align=left| Yuksel Ayaydin || Maxi Fight 2 || Saint-Denis, Réunion || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-05-08 || Win ||align=left| Ricardo Cabral || La nuit des défis || France || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-02-26 || Win ||align=left| Wehaj Kingboxing || Lumpini Kerkkrai: VILLAUME vs SAIYOKE || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-12-04 || Win ||align=left| || King's Birthday || Bangkok, Thailand || KO || 2 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-12-06 || Win ||align=left| Steve Zaidi || Les chocs de Légendes II || France || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-04-19 || Win ||align=left| Hichem Medoukali || Finales championnat National France 2008 || France || KO || 1 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-11-09 || Win ||align=left| Emmanuel Payet || Nuit des défis || France || KO || 2 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2007-07-14 || Loss ||align=left| Serdar Karaca || Franthaifull France VS Rayong Sports Germany || Heidenheim, Germany || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2013-10 || Win ||align=left| Alexei Kudin || W.A.K.O World Championships 2013, K-1 Final +91 kg || Guaruja, Brasil || || ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2013-10 || Win ||align=left| Kostadin Kostov || W.A.K.O World Championships 2013, K-1 Semi-finals +91 kg || Guaruja, Brasil || || ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2013-10 || Win ||align=left| Alex Rossi || W.A.K.O World Championships 2013, K-1 Quarter-finals +91 kg || Guaruja, Brasil || || ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2013-10 || Win ||align=left| Sors Grobbelaar || W.A.K.O World Championships 2013, K-1 1st Round +91 kg || Guaruja, Brasil || || ||
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:
See also
List of male kickboxers
References
External links
Profile at muaythaitv.com
MuayThai Premier League profile
1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Yvelines
French mixed martial artists of Black African descent
French male kickboxers
French Muay Thai practitioners
Heavyweight kickboxers
French sportspeople of Malian descent
Kunlun Fight kickboxers
Glory kickboxers
SUPERKOMBAT kickboxers |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package com.google.android.material.datepicker;
import android.os.Parcel;
import android.os.Parcelable;
import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import com.google.android.material.datepicker.CalendarConstraints.DateValidator;
import java.util.Arrays;
/**
* A {@link CalendarConstraints.DateValidator} that enables only dates before a given point.
* Defaults to the current moment in device time backwards using {@link
* DateValidatorPointBackward#now()}, but can be set to any point, as UTC milliseconds, using {@link
* DateValidatorPointBackward#before(long)}.
*/
public class DateValidatorPointBackward implements DateValidator {
private final long point;
private DateValidatorPointBackward(long point) {
this.point = point;
}
/**
* Returns a {@link CalendarConstraints.DateValidator} which enables only days before {@code
* point}, in UTC milliseconds.
*/
@NonNull
public static DateValidatorPointBackward before(long point) {
return new DateValidatorPointBackward(point);
}
/**
* Returns a {@link CalendarConstraints.DateValidator} enabled from the current moment in device
* time backwards.
*/
@NonNull
public static DateValidatorPointBackward now() {
return before(UtcDates.getTodayCalendar().getTimeInMillis());
}
/** Part of {@link android.os.Parcelable} requirements. Do not use. */
public static final Parcelable.Creator<DateValidatorPointBackward> CREATOR =
new Parcelable.Creator<DateValidatorPointBackward>() {
@NonNull
@Override
public DateValidatorPointBackward createFromParcel(@NonNull Parcel source) {
return new DateValidatorPointBackward(source.readLong());
}
@NonNull
@Override
public DateValidatorPointBackward[] newArray(int size) {
return new DateValidatorPointBackward[size];
}
};
@Override
public boolean isValid(long date) {
return date <= point;
}
@Override
public int describeContents() {
return 0;
}
@Override
public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel dest, int flags) {
dest.writeLong(point);
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) {
return true;
}
if (!(o instanceof DateValidatorPointBackward)) {
return false;
}
DateValidatorPointBackward that = (DateValidatorPointBackward) o;
return point == that.point;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
Object[] hashedFields = {point};
return Arrays.hashCode(hashedFields);
}
}
``` |
"Best Friends" is a song by rapper Froggy Fresh from his debut album, Money Maker (Re-Loaded). It was originally released on May 31, 2012, under the name Krispy Kreme. The song was accompanied by a music video, just as "The Baddest", and all other of Froggy's songs. The video, Froggy's third overall, has accumulated over 6.5 million views, as of December 1, 2013.
Release
"Best Friends" was released following "The Baddest", and "Haters Wanna Be Me". Both of the preceding songs thrust Froggy into the spotlight.
Music video
The music video depicted the friendship between Froggy Fresh, and Money Maker Mike. It also displays the "beef" that Mike has with the main antagonist of Froggy's raps, James. James, a drug lord, kidnaps Mike. This propels Froggy to salvage his friendship, by rescuing Mike.
Reception
The music video, just as Froggy's previous two, as well as his subsequent videos, went viral, being featured on Complex, and CollegeHumor, among other online publications.
One source used the video as a criticism and point to determine that Froggy is a troll.
The video was highlighted for having a more serious tone than his previous works. Froggy's shout out to rapper Tupac Shakur, at the end of the song, was also heavily noted.
References
2012 songs
American hip hop songs
Viral videos
2012 YouTube videos
Songs about friendship |
Craterellus fallax is a species of "black trumpets" that occurs in Eastern North America where it replaces the European taxon Craterellus cornucopioides. C. fallax can also be separated by its yellow-orange spore print, where C. cornucopioides has a white spore print. It has often been considered a synonym of C. cornucopioides. C. fallax is mycorrhizal, forming associations with Tsuga and Quercus species, among others.
C. fallax is a choice edible fungus, although is not substantial.
References |
```smalltalk
using System;
using Android.Runtime;
namespace Java.Lang {
[Register ("mono/java/lang/Runnable")]
public sealed class Runnable : Java.Lang.Object, Java.Lang.IRunnable {
Action handler;
public Runnable (Action handler)
: base (
JNIEnv.StartCreateInstance ("mono/java/lang/Runnable", "()V"),
JniHandleOwnership.TransferLocalRef)
{
JNIEnv.FinishCreateInstance (Handle, "()V");
if (handler == null) {
base.Dispose ();
throw new ArgumentNullException ("handler");
}
this.handler = handler;
}
public void Run ()
{
handler ();
}
}
}
``` |
Social stigma is the disapproval of, or discrimination against, an individual or group based on perceived characteristics that serve to distinguish them from other members of a society. Social stigmas are commonly related to culture, gender, race, socioeconomic class, age, sexual orientation, body image, physical disability, intelligence or lack thereof, and health. Some stigma may be obvious, while others are known as concealable stigmas that must be revealed through disclosure. Stigma can also be against oneself, stemming from negatively viewed personal attributes in a way that can result in a "spoiled identity" (i.e., self-stigma).
Description
Stigma (plural stigmas or stigmata) is a Greek word that in its origins referred to a type of marking or the tattoo that was cut or burned into the skin of people with criminal records, slaves, or those seen as traitors in order to visibly identify them as supposedly blemished or morally polluted persons. These individuals were to be avoided particularly in public places.
Social stigmas can occur in many different forms. The most common deal with culture, gender, race, religion, illness and disease. Individuals who are stigmatized usually feel different and devalued by others.
Stigma may also be described as a label that associates a person to a set of unwanted characteristics that form a stereotype. It is also affixed. Once people identify and label one's differences, others will assume that is just how things are and the person will remain stigmatized until the stigmatizing attribute is undetectable. A considerable amount of generalization is required to create groups, meaning that people will put someone in a general group regardless of how well the person actually fits into that group. However, the attributes that society selects differ according to time and place. What is considered out of place in one society could be the norm in another. When society categorizes individuals into certain groups the labeled person is subjected to status loss and discrimination. Society will start to form expectations about those groups once the cultural stereotype is secured.
Stigma may affect the behavior of those who are stigmatized. Those who are stereotyped often start to act in ways that their stigmatizers expect of them. It not only changes their behavior, but it also shapes their emotions and beliefs. Members of stigmatized social groups often face prejudice that causes depression (i.e. deprejudice). These stigmas put a person's social identity in threatening situations, such as low self-esteem. Because of this, identity theories have become highly researched. Identity threat theories can go hand-in-hand with labeling theory.
Members of stigmatized groups start to become aware that they are not being treated the same way and know they are likely being discriminated against. Studies have shown that "by 10 years of age, most children are aware of cultural stereotypes of different groups in society, and children who are members of stigmatized groups are aware of cultural types at an even younger age."
Main theories and contributions
Émile Durkheim
French sociologist Émile Durkheim was the first to explore stigma as a social phenomenon in 1895. He wrote:
Imagine a society of saints, a perfect cloister of exemplary individuals. Crimes or deviance, properly so-called, will there be unknown; but faults, which appear venial to the layman, will there create the same scandal that the ordinary offense does in ordinary consciousnesses. If then, this society has the power to judge and punish, it will define these acts as criminal (or deviant) and will treat them as such.
Erving Goffman
Erving Goffman described stigma as a phenomenon whereby an individual with an attribute which is deeply discredited by their society is rejected as a result of the attribute. Goffman saw stigma as a process by which the reaction of others spoils normal identity.
More specifically, he explained that what constituted this attribute would change over time. "It should be seen that a language of relationships, not attributes, is really needed. An attribute that stigmatizes one type of possessor can confirm the usualness of another, and therefore is neither credible nor discreditable as a thing in itself."
In Goffman's theory of social stigma, a stigma is an attribute, behavior, or reputation which is socially discrediting in a particular way: it causes an individual to be mentally classified by others in an undesirable, rejected stereotype rather than in an accepted, normal one. Goffman defined stigma as a special kind of gap between virtual social identity and actual social identity:
The stigmatized, the normal, and the wise
Goffman divides the individual's relation to a stigma into three categories:
the stigmatized being those who bear the stigma;
the normals being those who do not bear the stigma; and
the wise being those among the normals who are accepted by the stigmatized as understanding and accepting of their condition (borrowing the term from the homosexual community).
The wise normals are not merely those who are in some sense accepting of the stigma; they are, rather, "those whose special situation has made them intimately privy to the secret life of the stigmatized individual and sympathetic with it, and who find themselves accorded a measure of acceptance, a measure of courtesy membership in the clan." That is, they are accepted by the stigmatized as "honorary members" of the stigmatized group. "Wise persons are the marginal men before whom the individual with a fault need feel no shame nor exert self-control, knowing that in spite of his failing he will be seen as an ordinary other," Goffman notes that the wise may in certain social situations also bear the stigma with respect to other normals: that is, they may also be stigmatized for being wise. An example is a parent of a homosexual; another is a white woman who is seen socializing with a black man (assuming social milieus in which homosexuals and dark-skinned people are stigmatized).
A 2012 study showed empirical support for the existence of the own, the wise, and normals as separate groups; but the wise appeared in two forms: active wise and passive wise. The active wise encouraged challenging stigmatization and educating stigmatizers, but the passive wise did not.
Ethical considerations
Goffman emphasizes that the stigma relationship is one between an individual and a social setting with a given set of expectations; thus, everyone at different times will play both roles of stigmatized and stigmatizer (or, as he puts it, "normal"). Goffman gives the example that "some jobs in America cause holders without the expected college education to conceal this fact; other jobs, however, can lead to the few of their holders who have a higher education to keep this a secret, lest they are marked as failures and outsiders. Similarly, a middle-class boy may feel no compunction in being seen going to the library; a professional criminal, however, writes [about keeping his library visits secret]." He also gives the example of blacks being stigmatized among whites, and whites being stigmatized among blacks.
Individuals actively cope with stigma in ways that vary across stigmatized groups, across individuals within stigmatized groups, and within individuals across time and situations.
The stigmatized
The stigmatized are ostracized, devalued, scorned, shunned and ignored. They experience discrimination in the realms of employment and housing. Perceived prejudice and discrimination is also associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. Young people who experience stigma associated with mental health difficulties may face negative reactions from their peer group. Those who perceive themselves to be members of a stigmatized group, whether it is obvious to those around them or not, often experience psychological distress and many view themselves contemptuously.
Although the experience of being stigmatized may take a toll on self-esteem, academic achievement, and other outcomes, many people with stigmatized attributes have high self-esteem, perform at high levels, are happy and appear to be quite resilient to their negative experiences.
There are also "positive stigma": it is possible to be too rich, or too smart. This is noted by Goffman (1963:141) in his discussion of leaders, who are subsequently given license to deviate from some behavioral norms because they have contributed far above the expectations of the group. This can result in social stigma.
The stigmatizer
From the perspective of the stigmatizer, stigmatization involves threat, aversion and sometimes the depersonalization of others into stereotypic caricatures. Stigmatizing others can serve several functions for an individual, including self-esteem enhancement, control enhancement, and anxiety buffering, through downward-comparison—comparing oneself to less fortunate others can increase one's own subjective sense of well-being and therefore boost one's self-esteem.
21st-century social psychologists consider stigmatizing and stereotyping to be a normal consequence of people's cognitive abilities and limitations, and of the social information and experiences to which they are exposed.
Current views of stigma, from the perspectives of both the stigmatizer and the stigmatized person, consider the process of stigma to be highly situationally specific, dynamic, complex and nonpathological.
Gerhard Falk
German-born sociologist and historian Gerhard Falk wrote:
All societies will always stigmatize some conditions and some behaviors because doing so provides for group solidarity by delineating "outsiders" from "insiders".
Falk describes stigma based on two categories, existential stigma and achieved stigma. He defines existential stigma as "stigma deriving from a condition which the target of the stigma either did not cause or over which he has little control." He defines Achieved Stigma as "stigma that is earned because of conduct and/or because they contributed heavily to attaining the stigma in question."
Falk concludes that "we and all societies will always stigmatize some condition and some behavior because doing so provides for group solidarity by delineating 'outsiders' from 'insiders'". Stigmatization, at its essence, is a challenge to one's humanity- for both the stigmatized person and the stigmatizer. The majority of stigma researchers have found the process of stigmatization has a long history and is cross-culturally ubiquitous.
Link and Phelan stigmatization model
Bruce Link and Jo Phelan propose that stigma exists when four specific components converge:
Individuals differentiate and label human variations.
Prevailing cultural beliefs tie those labeled to adverse attributes.
Labeled individuals are placed in distinguished groups that serve to establish a sense of disconnection between "us" and "them".
Labeled individuals experience "status loss and discrimination" that leads to unequal circumstances.
In this model stigmatization is also contingent on "access to social, economic, and political power that allows the identification of differences, construction of stereotypes, the separation of labeled persons into distinct groups, and the full execution of disapproval, rejection, exclusion, and discrimination." Subsequently, in this model, the term stigma is applied when labeling, stereotyping, disconnection, status loss, and discrimination all exist within a power situation that facilitates stigma to occur.
Differentiation and labeling
Identifying which human differences are salient, and therefore worthy of labeling, is a social process. There are two primary factors to examine when considering the extent to which this process is a social one. The first issue is that significant oversimplification is needed to create groups. The broad groups of black and white, homosexual and heterosexual, the sane and the mentally ill; and young and old are all examples of this. Secondly, the differences that are socially judged to be relevant differ vastly according to time and place. An example of this is the emphasis that was put on the size of the forehead and faces of individuals in the late 19th century—which was believed to be a measure of a person's criminal nature.
Linking to stereotypes
The second component of this model centers on the linking of labeled differences with stereotypes. Goffman's 1963 work made this aspect of stigma prominent and it has remained so ever since. This process of applying certain stereotypes to differentiated groups of individuals has attracted a large amount of attention and research in recent decades.
Us and them
Thirdly, linking negative attributes to groups facilitates separation into "us" and "them". Seeing the labeled group as fundamentally different causes stereotyping with little hesitation. "Us" and "them" implies that the labeled group is slightly less human in nature and at the extreme not human at all.
Disadvantage
The fourth component of stigmatization in this model includes "status loss and discrimination". Many definitions of stigma do not include this aspect, however, these authors believe that this loss occurs inherently as individuals are "labeled, set apart, and linked to undesirable characteristics." The members of the labeled groups are subsequently disadvantaged in the most common group of life chances including income, education, mental well-being, housing status, health, and medical treatment.
Thus, stigmatization by the majorities, the powerful, or the "superior" leads to the Othering of the minorities, the powerless, and the "inferior". Whereby the stigmatized individuals become disadvantaged due to the ideology created by "the self," which is the opposing force to "the Other." As a result, the others become socially excluded and those in power reason the exclusion based on the original characteristics that led to the stigma.
Necessity of power
The authors also emphasize the role of power (social, economic, and political power) in stigmatization. While the use of power is clear in some situations, in others it can become masked as the power differences are less stark. An extreme example of a situation in which the power role was explicitly clear was the treatment of Jewish people by the Nazis. On the other hand, an example of a situation in which individuals of a stigmatized group have "stigma-related processes" occurring would be the inmates of a prison. It is imaginable that each of the steps described above would occur regarding the inmates' thoughts about the guards. However, this situation cannot involve true stigmatization, according to this model, because the prisoners do not have the economic, political, or social power to act on these thoughts with any serious discriminatory consequences.
"Stigma allure" and authenticity
Sociologist Matthew W. Hughey explains that prior research on stigma has emphasized individual and group attempts to reduce stigma by "passing as normal", by shunning the stigmatized, or through selective disclosure of stigmatized attributes. Yet, some actors may embrace particular markings of stigma (e.g.: social markings like dishonor or select physical dysfunctions and abnormalities) as signs of moral commitment and/or cultural and political authenticity. Hence, Hughey argues that some actors do not simply desire to "pass into normal" but may actively pursue a stigmatized identity formation process in order to experience themselves as causal agents in their social environment. Hughey calls this phenomenon "stigma allure".
The "six dimensions of stigma"
While often incorrectly attributed to Goffman, the "six dimensions of stigma" were not his invention. They were developed to augment Goffman's two levels – the discredited and the discreditable. Goffman considered individuals whose stigmatizing attributes are not immediately evident. In that case, the individual can encounter two distinct social atmospheres. In the first, he is discreditable—his stigma has yet to be revealed but may be revealed either intentionally by him (in which case he will have some control over how) or by some factor, he cannot control. Of course, it also might be successfully concealed; Goffman called this passing. In this situation, the analysis of stigma is concerned only with the behaviors adopted by the stigmatized individual to manage his identity: the concealing and revealing of information.
In the second atmosphere, he is discredited—his stigma has been revealed and thus it affects not only his behavior but the behavior of others. Jones et al. (1984) added the "six dimensions" and correlate them to Goffman's two types of stigma, discredited and discreditable.
There are six dimensions that match these two types of stigma:
Concealable – the extent to which others can see the stigma
Course of the mark – whether the stigma's prominence increases, decreases, or disappears
Disruptiveness – the degree to which the stigma and/or others' reaction to it impedes social interactions
Aesthetics – the subset of others' reactions to the stigma comprising reactions that are positive/approving or negative/disapproving but represent estimations of qualities other than the stigmatized person's inherent worth or dignity
Origin – whether others think the stigma is present at birth, accidental, or deliberate
Peril – the danger that others perceive (whether accurately or inaccurately) the stigma to pose to them
Types
In Unraveling the contexts of stigma, authors Campbell and Deacon describe Goffman's universal and historical forms of Stigma as the following.
Overt or external deformities – such as leprosy, clubfoot, cleft lip or palate and muscular dystrophy.
Known deviations in personal traits – being perceived rightly or wrongly, as weak willed, domineering or having unnatural passions, treacherous or rigid beliefs, and being dishonest, e.g., mental disorders, imprisonment, addiction, homosexuality, unemployment, suicidal attempts and radical political behavior.
Tribal stigma – affiliation with a specific nationality, religion, or race that constitute a deviation from the normative, e.g. being African American, or being of Arab descent in the United States after the 9/11 attacks.
Deviance
Stigma occurs when an individual is identified as deviant, linked with negative stereotypes that engender prejudiced attitudes, which are acted upon in discriminatory behavior. Goffman illuminated how stigmatized people manage their "Spoiled identity" (meaning the stigma disqualifies the stigmatized individual from full social acceptance) before audiences of normals. He focused on stigma, not as a fixed or inherent attribute of a person, but rather as the experience and meaning of difference.
Gerhard Falk expounds upon Goffman's work by redefining deviant as "others who deviate from the expectations of a group" and by categorizing deviance into two types:
Societal deviance refers to a condition widely perceived, in advance and in general, as being deviant and hence stigma and stigmatized. "Homosexuality is, therefore, an example of societal deviance because there is such a high degree of consensus to the effect that homosexuality is different, and a violation of norms or social expectation".
Situational deviance refers to a deviant act that is labeled as deviant in a specific situation, and may not be labeled deviant by society. Similarly, a socially deviant action might not be considered deviant in specific situations. "A robber or other street criminal is an excellent example. It is the crime which leads to the stigma and stigmatization of the person so affected."
The physically disabled, mentally ill, homosexuals, and a host of others who are labeled deviant because they deviate from the expectations of a group, are subject to stigmatization - the social rejection of numerous individuals, and often entire groups of people who have been labeled deviant.
Stigma communication
Communication is involved in creating, maintaining, and diffusing stigmas, and enacting stigmatization. The model of stigma communication explains how and why particular content choices (marks, labels, peril, and responsibility) can create stigmas and encourage their diffusion. A recent experiment using health alerts tested the model of stigma communication, finding that content choices indeed predicted stigma beliefs, intentions to further diffuse these messages, and agreement with regulating infected persons' behaviors.
More recently, scholars have highlighted the role of social media channels, such as Facebook and Instagram, in stigma communication. These platforms serve as safe spaces for stigmatized individuals to express themselves more freely. However, social media can also reinforce and amplify stigmatization, as the stigmatized attributes are amplified and virtually available to anyone indefinitely.
Challenging
Stigma, though powerful and enduring, is not inevitable, and can be challenged. There are two important aspects to challenging stigma: challenging the stigmatization on the part of stigmatizers and challenging the internalized stigma of the stigmatized. To challenge stigmatization, Campbell et al. 2005 summarise three main approaches.
There are efforts to educate individuals about non-stigmatising facts and why they should not stigmatize.
There are efforts to legislate against discrimination.
There are efforts to mobilize the participation of community members in anti-stigma efforts, to maximize the likelihood that the anti-stigma messages have relevance and effectiveness, according to local contexts.
In relation to challenging the internalized stigma of the stigmatized, Paulo Freire's theory of critical consciousness is particularly suitable. Cornish provides an example of how sex workers in Sonagachi, a red light district in India, have effectively challenged internalized stigma by establishing that they are respectable women, who admirably take care of their families, and who deserve rights like any other worker. This study argues that it is not only the force of the rational argument that makes the challenge to the stigma successful, but concrete evidence that sex workers can achieve valued aims, and are respected by others.
Stigmatized groups often harbor cultural tools to respond to stigma and to create a positive self-perception among their members. For example, advertising professionals have been shown to suffer from negative portrayal and low approval rates. However, the advertising industry collectively maintains narratives describing how advertisement is a positive and socially valuable endeavor, and advertising professionals draw on these narratives to respond to stigma.
Another effort to mobilize communities exists in the gaming community through organizations like:
Take This – who provides AFK rooms at gaming conventions plus has a Streaming Ambassador Program to reach more than 135,000 viewers each week with positive messages about mental health, and
NoStigmas – whose mission "is to ensure that no one faces mental health challenges alone" and envisions "a world without shame or discrimination related to mental health, brain disease, behavioral disorders, trauma, suicide and addiction" plus offers workplaces a NoStigmas Ally course and individual certifications.
Twitch streamers like place emphasis on mental health awareness to help lessen the stigma around talking about mental health.
Organizational stigma
In 2008, an article by Hudson coined the term "organizational stigma" which was then further developed by another theory building article by Devers and colleagues. This literature brought the concept of stigma to the organizational level, considering how organizations might be considered as deeply flawed and cast away by audiences in the same way individuals would. Hudson differentiated core-stigma (a stigma related to the very nature of the organization) and event-stigma (an isolated occurrence which fades away with time). A large literature has debated how organizational stigma relate to other constructs in the literature on social evaluations. A 2020 book by Roulet reviews this literature and disentangle the different concepts in particular differentiating stigma, dirty work, scandals and exploring their positive implications.
Current research
The research was undertaken to determine the effects of social stigma primarily focuses on disease-associated stigmas. Disabilities, psychiatric disorders, and sexually transmitted diseases are among the diseases currently scrutinized by researchers. In studies involving such diseases, both positive and negative effects of social stigma have been discovered.
Stigma in healthcare settings
Recent research suggest that addressing perceived and enacted stigma in clinical settings is critical to ensuring delivery of high-quality patient-centered care. Specifically, perceived stigma by patients was associated with additional more days of poor physical or mental health. Moreover, perceived stigma in healthcare settings was associated with higher odds of reporting a depressive disorder. Among other findings, individuals who were married, younger, had higher income, had college degrees, and were employed reported significantly fewer poor physical and mental health days and had lower odds of self-reported depressive disorder. A complementary study conducted in New York City (as compared to nationwide), found similar outcomes. The researchers' objectives were to assess rates of perceived stigma in health care (clinical) settings reported by racially diverse New York City residents and to examine if this perceived stigma is associated with poorer physical and mental health outcomes. They found that perceived stigma was associated with poorer healthcare access, depression, diabetes, and poor overall general health.
Research on self-esteem
Members of stigmatized groups may have lower self-esteem than those of nonstigmatized groups. A test could not be taken on the overall self-esteem of different races. Researchers would have to take into account whether these people are optimistic or pessimistic, whether they are male or female and what kind of place they grew up in.
Over the last two decades, many studies have reported that African Americans show higher global self-esteem than whites even though, as a group, African Americans tend to receive poorer outcomes in many areas of life and experience significant discrimination and stigma.
Mental disorders
Empirical research on the stigma associated with mental disorders, pointed to a surprising attitude of the general public. Those who were told that mental disorders had a genetic basis were more prone to increase their social distance from the mentally ill, and also to assume that the ill were dangerous individuals, in contrast with those members of the general public who were told that the illnesses could be explained by social and environmental factors. Furthermore, those informed of the genetic basis were also more likely to stigmatize the entire family of the ill. Although the specific social categories that become stigmatized can vary over time and place, the three basic forms of stigma (physical deformity, poor personal traits, and tribal outgroup status) are found in most cultures and eras, leading some researchers to hypothesize that the tendency to stigmatize may have evolutionary roots. The impact of the stigma is significant, leading many individuals to not seek out treatment. For example, evidence from a refugee camp in Jordan suggests that providing mental health care comes with a dilemma: between the clinical desire to make mental health issues visible and actionable through datafication and the need to keep mental health issues hidden and out of the view of the community to avoid stigma. That is, in spite of their suffering the refugees were hesitant to receive mental health care as they worried about stigma.
Currently, several researchers believe that mental disorders are caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. Therefore, this biological rationale suggests that individuals struggling with a mental illness do not have control over the origin of the disorder. Much like cancer or another type of physical disorder, persons suffering from mental disorders should be supported and encouraged to seek help. The Disability Rights Movement recognises that while there is considerable stigma towards people with physical disabilities, the negative social stigma surrounding mental illness is significantly worse, with those suffering being perceived to have control of their disabilities and being responsible for causing them. "Furthermore, research respondents are less likely to pity persons with mental illness, instead of reacting to the psychiatric disability with anger and believing that help is not deserved." Although there are effective mental health interventions available across the globe, many persons with mental illnesses do not seek out the help that they need. Only 59.6% of individuals with a mental illness, including conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, reported receiving treatment in 2011. Reducing the negative stigma surrounding mental disorders may increase the probability of affected individuals seeking professional help from a psychiatrist or a non-psychiatric physician. How particular mental disorders are represented in the media can vary, as well as the stigma associated with each. On the social media platform, YouTube, depression is commonly presented as a condition that is caused by biological or environmental factors, is more chronic than short-lived, and different from sadness, all of which may contribute to how people think about depression.
Causes
Arikan found that a stigmatising attitude to psychiatric patients is associated with narcissistic personality traits.
In Taiwan, strengthening the psychiatric rehabilitation system has been one of the primary goals of the Department of Health since 1985. This endeavor has not been successful. It was hypothesized that one of the barriers was social stigma towards the mentally ill. Accordingly, a study was conducted to explore the attitudes of the general population towards patients with mental disorders. A survey method was utilized on 1,203 subjects nationally. The results revealed that the general population held high levels of benevolence, tolerance on rehabilitation in the community, and nonsocial restrictiveness. Essentially, benevolent attitudes were favoring the acceptance of rehabilitation in the community. It could then be inferred that the belief (held by the residents of Taiwan) in treating the mentally ill with high regard, and the progress of psychiatric rehabilitation may be hindered by factors other than social stigma.
Artists
In the music industry, specifically in the genre of hip-hop or rap, those who speak out on mental illness are heavily criticized. However, according to an article by The Huffington Post, there's a significant increase in rappers who are breaking their silence on depression and anxiety.
Addiction and substance use disorders
Throughout history, addiction has largely been seen as a moral failing or character flaw, as opposed to an issue of public health. Substance use has been found to be more stigmatized than smoking, obesity, and mental illness. Research has shown stigma to be a barrier to treatment-seeking behaviors among individuals with addiction, creating a "treatment gap". A systematic review of all epidemiological studies on treatment rates of people with alcohol use disorders found that over 80% had not accessed any treatment for their disorder. The study also found that the treatment gap was larger in low and lower-middle-income countries.
Research shows that the words used to talk about addiction can contribute to stigmatization, and that the commonly used terms of "abuse" & "abuser" actually increase stigma. Behavioral addictions (i.e. gambling, sex, etc.) are found to be more likely to be attributed to character flaws than substance-use addictions. Stigma is reduced when Substance Use Disorders are portrayed as treatable conditions. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy has been used effectively to help people to reduce shame associated with cultural stigma around substance use treatment.
The use of the drug methamphetamine has been strongly stigmatized. An Australian national population study have shown that the proportion of Australians who nominated methamphetamine as a "drug problem" increased between 2001–2019. The epidemiological study provided evidence that levels of under-reporting have increased over the period, which coincided with the deployment of public health campaigns on the dangers of ice that had stigmatizing elements that portrayal of persons who used the drugs in a negative way. The level of under-reporting of methamphetamine use is strongly associated with increasing negative attitudes towards their use over the same period.
Poverty
Recipients of public assistance programs are often scorned as unwilling to work. The intensity of poverty stigma is positively correlated with increasing inequality. As inequality increases, societal propensity to stigmatize increases. This is in part, a result of societal norms of reciprocity which is the expectation that people earn what they receive rather than receiving assistance in the form of what people tend to view as a gift. Poverty is often perceived as a result of failures and poor choices rather than the result of socioeconomic structures that suppress individual abilities. Disdain for the impoverished can be traced back to its roots in Anglo-American culture where poor people have been blamed and ostracized for their misfortune for hundreds of years. The concept of deviance is at the bed rock of stigma towards the poor. Deviants are people that break important norms of society that everyone shares. In the case of poverty it is breaking the norm of reciprocity that paves the path for stigmatization.
Public assistance
Social stigma is prevalent towards recipients of public assistance programs. This includes programs frequently utilized by families struggling with poverty such as Head Start and AFDC (Aid To Families With Dependent Children). The value of self-reliance is often at the center of feelings of shame and the fewer people value self reliance the less stigma effects them psychologically. Stigma towards welfare recipients has been proven to increase passivity and dependency in poor people and has further solidified their status and feelings of inferiority. Caseworkers frequently treat recipients of welfare disrespectfully and make assumptions about deviant behavior and reluctance to work. Many single mothers cited stigma as the primary reason they wanted to exit welfare as quickly as possible. They often feel the need to conceal food stamps to escape judgement associated with welfare programs. Stigma is a major factor contributing to the duration and breadth of poverty in developed societies which largely affects single mothers. Recipients of public assistance are viewed as objects of the community rather than members allowing for them to be perceived as enemies of the community which is how stigma enters collective thought. Amongst single mothers in poverty, lack of health care benefits is one of their greatest challenges in terms of exiting poverty. Traditional values of self reliance increase feelings of shame amongst welfare recipients making them more susceptible to being stigmatized.
Epilepsy
Hong Kong
Epilepsy, a common neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures, is associated with various social stigmas. Chung-yan Guardian Fong and Anchor Hung conducted a study in Hong Kong which documented public attitudes towards individuals with epilepsy. Of the 1,128 subjects interviewed, only 72.5% of them considered epilepsy to be acceptable; 11.2% would not let their children play with others with epilepsy; 32.2% would not allow their children to marry persons with epilepsy; additionally, some employers (22.5% of them) would terminate an employment contract after an epileptic seizure occurred in an employee with unreported epilepsy. Suggestions were made that more effort be made to improve public awareness of, attitude toward, and understanding of epilepsy through school education and epilepsy-related organizations.
Media
In the early 21st century, technology has a large impact on the lives of people in multiple countries and has shaped social norms. Many people own a television, computer, and a smartphone. The media can be helpful with keeping people up to date on news and world issues and it is very influential on people. Because it is so influential sometimes the portrayal of minority groups affects attitudes of other groups toward them. Much media coverage has to do with other parts of the world. A lot of this coverage has to do with war and conflict, which people may relate to any person belonging from that country. There is a tendency to focus more on the positive behavior of one's own group and the negative behaviors of other groups. This promotes negative thoughts of people belonging to those other groups, reinforcing stereotypical beliefs.
"Viewers seem to react to violence with emotions such as anger and contempt. They are concerned about the integrity of the social order and show disapproval of others. Emotions such as sadness and fear are shown much more rarely." (Unz, Schwab & Winterhoff-Spurk, 2008, p. 141)
In a study testing the effects of stereotypical advertisements on students, 75 high school students viewed magazine advertisements with stereotypical female images such as a woman working on a holiday dinner, while 50 others viewed nonstereotypical images such as a woman working in a law office. These groups then responded to statements about women in a "neutral" photograph. In this photo, a woman was shown in a casual outfit not doing any obvious task. The students that saw the stereotypical images tended to answer the questionnaires with more stereotypical responses in 6 of the 12 questionnaire statements. This suggests that even brief exposure to stereotypical ads reinforces stereotypes. (Lafky, Duffy, Steinmaus & Berkowitz, 1996)
Education and culture
The aforementioned stigmas (associated with their respective diseases) propose effects that these stereotypes have on individuals. Whether effects be negative or positive in nature, 'labeling' people causes a significant change in individual perception (of persons with the disease). Perhaps a mutual understanding of stigma, achieved through education, could eliminate social stigma entirely.
Laurence J. Coleman first adapted Erving Goffman's (1963) social stigma theory to gifted children, providing a rationale for why children may hide their abilities and present alternate identities to their peers. The stigma of giftedness theory was further elaborated by Laurence J. Coleman and Tracy L. Cross in their book entitled, Being Gifted in School, which is a widely cited reference in the field of gifted education. In the chapter on Coping with Giftedness, the authors expanded on the theory first presented in a 1988 article. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited over 300 times in the academic literature (as of 2022).
Coleman and Cross were the first to identify intellectual giftedness as a stigmatizing condition and they created a model based on Goffman's (1963) work, research with gifted students, and a book that was written and edited by 20 teenage, gifted individuals. Being gifted sets students apart from their peers and this difference interferes with full social acceptance. Varying expectations that exist in the different social contexts which children must navigate, and the value judgments that may be assigned to the child result in the child's use of social coping strategies to manage his or her identity. Unlike other stigmatizing conditions, giftedness is unique because it can lead to praise or ridicule depending on the audience and circumstances.
Gifted children learn when it is safe to display their giftedness and when they should hide it to better fit in with a group. These observations led to the development of the Information Management Model that describes the process by which children decide to employ coping strategies to manage their identities. In situations where the child feels different, she or he may decide to manage the information that others know about him or her. Coping strategies include disidentification with giftedness, attempting to maintain low visibility, or creating a high-visibility identity (playing a stereotypical role associated with giftedness). These ranges of strategies are called the Continuum of Visibility.
Abortion
While abortion is very common throughout the world, people may choose not to disclose their use of such services, in part due to the stigma associated with having had an abortion. Keeping abortion experiences secret has been found to be associated with increased isolation and psychological distress. Abortion providers are also subject to stigma.
Stigmatization of prejudice
Cultural norms can prevent displays of prejudice as such views are stigmatized and thus people will express non-prejudiced views even if they believe otherwise (preference falsification). However, if the stigma against such views is lessened, people will be more willing to express prejudicial sentiments. For example, following the 2008 economic crisis, anti-immigration sentiment seemingly increased amongst the US population when in reality the level of sentiment remained the same and instead it simply became more acceptable to openly express opposition to immigration.
Spatial Stigma
Spatial stigma refers to stigmas that are linked to ones geographic location. This can be applied to neighborhoods, towns, cities or any defined geographical space. A person's geographic location or place of origin can be a source of stigma. This type of stigma can leade to negative health outcomes.
See also
Badge of shame
Collateral consequences of criminal charges
Dehumanization
Discrimination
Guilt by association
Health-related embarrassment
Identity (social science)
Label (sociology)
Labeling
Labeling theory
Leprosy stigma
Passing (sociology)
Post-assault mistreatment of sexual assault victims
Prejudice
Scapegoat
Self-concealment
Self-esteem
Self-schema
Shame
Social alienation
Social defeat
Social exclusion
Stereotype
Stereotype threat
Stig-9 perceived mental illness stigma questionnaire
Stigma management
Taboo
Time to Change (mental health campaign)
Weight stigma
Infertility and childlessness stigmas
References
Citations
Sources
George Ritzer (2006). Contemporary Social Theory and its Classical Roots: The Basics (Second Edition). McGraw-Hill.
Blaine, B. (2007). Understanding The Psychology of Diversity. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Osborne, Jason W. (November 1993) Niagara county community college. "Academics, Self-Esteem, and Race: A look at the Underlying Assumptions of the Disidentification Hypothesis"
Carol T. Miller, Ester D. Rothblum, Linda Barbour, Pamela A. Brand and Diane Felicio (September 1989). The University of Vermont. "Social Interactions of Obese and Nonobese Women"
Kenneth Plummer (1975). Sexual stigma: an interactionist account. Routledge. .
Devendorf, A., Bender, A., & Rottenberg, J. (2020). Depression presentations, stigma, and mental health literacy: A critical review and YouTube content analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101843
External links
Stigma Research and Action a peer reviewed open access journal in the stigma field
Identity politics
Labeling theory
Social rejection
Sociological terminology
Stereotypes |
Stoke-by-Nayland is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England, close to the border with Essex. The parish includes the village of Withermarsh Green and the hamlets of Thorington Street and Scotland Street. The village has many cottages and timber-framed houses and all surround a recreation field. Possibly once the site of a monastery, the population of the civil parish at the 2001 census was 703, falling to 682 at the Census 2011.
History
The village is first recorded in 946 in the will of Ælfgar, an Earl, where he endowed land to a community in the village, possibly a monastery.
St Mary's Church
The church was rebuilt in the 15th century and renovated in 1865, and appears several times in John Constable's paintings, though not always in the right place. The most notable feature is the red-brick tower; completed about 1470 and surmounted by stone spires, the buttresses are laced with canopied image niches. On the north side there is a Tudor porch, but the south porch, the main entrance, was entirely refaced by the Victorians. However, the windows and corbels reveal it to be one of the earliest parts of the church, an early 14th-century addition of two storeys to the building that was then replaced in the late 15th century. The tower is 126 feet (38 metres) high to the pinnacles.
Listed buildings
Stoke-by-Nayland's many listed buildings consist mainly of Grade II houses and cottages, mostly timber-framed and rendered with plain-tile roofs, although some are thatched or slated.
Thorington Hall, in a separate hamlet to the south-east of the village, is a 17th-century timber-framed and plastered house with much original detail. There are cross wings at the north-east and south-west ends, and a staircase wing rises to above eaves level on the south-east front. The north-east wing has a jettied gable on both fronts, carved bressummer and bargeboards. The south-west wing has an oriel window on the upper storey on the north-west side, on four shaped brackets. It also includes a jettied gable with carved bressummer and bargeboards. The windows are mostly mullioned and transomed casements with leaded lights, some with the original 17th-century fastenings. There are some original windows, blocked. On the south-east front includes a modern glazed door with an 18th-century door-case and a scroll pediment on brackets. There are two heavy chimney stacks, one finely done with 6 grouped octagonal shafts.
Downs Farmhouse, no longer used as such, dates from the early 16th century, with later extensions. It is timber-framed and rendered; with rear extensions partly faced in 19th-century red brick. Of two storeys and on a 3-cell plan, its roofs are plain-tiled with the original chimney-stack set externally on the rear wall of the hall, and a cross entry. The stack has been rebuilt in plain red brick.
Street House is in Church Street and has a plain-tile roof above timber-framed construction behind a render finish.
The Maltings, backing onto the churchyard, and the Old Guildhall, facing it across the road, each has exposed timber-framing and jettied fronts designed to be seen. Both these buildings are of four bays divided into tenements.
Historical writings
The village features in the 1868 National Gazetteer of Great Britain, volume 10, as:
In 1870–72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described the village as:
In 1887, John Bartholomew also wrote an entry on Stoke Nayland in the Gazetteer of the British Isles with a much shorter description:
Amenities
Stoke-by-Nayland contains two schools, one primary, Stoke by Nayland Church of England Primary School, and one independent school, OneSchool Global UK. The village hall was established in 1911 as the Stoke by Nayland Institute. Now a registered charity the hall is now a general meeting place and hosts variety of events. Stoke By Nayland Hotel Golf and Spa is home to a golf course with two 18 hole courses. The club hosts two international PGA Tour events; the Senior Tour since 2006 and the EuroPro Tour since 2004. James Andrews Golf School moved to Stoke by Nayland Hotel, Golf and Spa in 2018 https://www.jamesandrewsgolfschool.co.uk
Transport
The village is served by buses connecting it to Hadleigh, Polstead, Langham, Colchester, Ipswich, Sudbury, Leavenheath, and Great Horkesley.
Notable persons with connections to Stoke-by-Nayland
William Songer, who travelled to Nelson, New Zealand on the Whitby as Captain Arthur Wakefield's servant in 1841, was born in the village of Stoke-by-Nayland, and suggested naming the township of Stoke in New Zealand after his birthplace. (The name "Nayland" also features prominently near New Zealand's Stoke.)
Charles Torlesse (1825 – 14 November 1866) was born in Stoke-by-Nayland and worked as a prominent surveyor for the Canterbury Association in Canterbury, New Zealand. He returned to England due to ill health and died in 1866. He is buried in Stoke-by-Nayland.
Rowley Baronets: Rear-Admiral Sir Joshua Rowley, 1st Baronet (1 May 1734 – 26 February 1790) was a Royal Navy officer.
Joshua Francis Rowley, local politician and public servant: born 31 December 1920; Deputy Secretary, National Trust 1952–55; succeeded 1962 as seventh Bt; chairman, West Suffolk County Council 1971–74; vice-chairman, Suffolk County Council 1974–76, chairman 1976–78; Vice Lord-Lieutenant of Suffolk 1973–78, Lord-Lieutenant 1978–94; married 1959 The Hon Celia Monckton (one daughter); died Hadleigh, Suffolk 21 February 1997.
Charles Gerald Brocklebank fought in the First World War of 1914-1918, and was mentioned in despatches. He gained the rank of captain in the service of the Royal Engineers and won the award of the Médaille militaire. He also received the Military Cross (M.C.)
Lady Anne Windsor married Henry Windsor, 5th Baron Windsor, son of Edward Windsor, 3rd Baron Windsor, and of Lady Katherine de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford. Henry Lord Windsor died in 1605, aged 43. Lady Anne Windsor died in 1615 and is buried in St Mary's Church.
Æthelflæd of Damerham: Æthelflæd (known as Æthelflæd of Damerham), the second wife of King Edmund I of England
David Hicks, interior designer
Ralph Agas (or Radulph Agas) (c. 1540 – 26 November 1621), English land-surveyor, was born at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, about 1540, and entered upon the practice of his profession in 1566.
Edward Aggas (fl. 1564–1601)], bookseller, printer, translator, and son of Robert Aggas of Stoke-by-Nayland.
Sir William Capell, son of John Capell, held the office of Alderman of London and the office of Lord Mayor of London from 1503 to 1504 and from 1509 to 1510.
Thomas St Lawrence, 11th Baron Howth (Earl of Howth) lived at Stoke-by-Nayland. He succeeded to the title of 11th Baron Howth in 1643.
George Webb (cricketer, born 1857)
Beryl Cook, OBE (1926 – 2008), English artist best known for her original and instantly recognisable paintings.
Pictures of Stoke by Nayland
References
External links
Stoke-by-Nayland Parish Council
A visit to the church
Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Babergh District |
DJ Skitz or Skitz is a British DJ and music producer. He was born in 1970 in Cambridgeshire and started DJing in 1991. He has compiled a number of British Hip Hop compilations and other Hip Hop compilations. Along with Rodney P he produced the first track to ever be played on BBC Radio 1Xtra in 2002, when the station launched; the BBC called Skitz a "hip-hop star". They also presented a weekly show on the station called "Original Fever", which formed the backbone of the radio station, until 2007. The Independent considered it the "show of the week" on the radio station. In 2008 he competed in the DMC UK DJ Championship. He had also created his own record label, Titan Sounds.
History
In 1996, Skitz released a single "Where My Mind Is At" with Roots Manuva, which launched both of their careers, being noticed in both the hip hop and jazz scenes, as well as by Gilles Peterson and Patrick Forge. The track was sampled by Dallas Austin on Monica's track "Gone be Fine" on her 1998 album, The Boy Is Mine. In 1998, he released a second single, "Fingerprints Of The Gods", which was the only British track to feature in the Hip Hop Connection'''s top ten tracks of the year and which The Independent called "impressive". Speaking to The Independent at the time, he remarked how the genre was entering a new era and how the quality of British Hip Hop in general was improving. In 2000 he released "Dedication" featuring Rodney P rapping and the DJ, Deckwrecka; the single went on to win the best single at the UK Hip Hop awards in 2000.
Countryman
Skitz's debum album Countryman, released in 2001 on Ronin Records, is considered "ground breaking" in the British Hip Hop genre. Skitz told Billboard magazine that the album reflected his rural upbringing and that it "helps define the simplistic life most of us strive for". Estelle, who was then unknown, featured in the album on the track "Domestic Science" along with two other female MCs, Wildflower and Tempa. Estelle approached Skitz to create the tune, thinking it would be successful due to the 1990 single, "Ladies First" by Queen Latifah and Monie Love and because nothing similar had been made in the UK since the Cookie Crew in the 1980s. Other artists on the album included Roots Manuva, Rodney P, Skinnyman, Phi-Life Cypher, Taskforce and MC Dynamite and the DJs Tony Vegas and Primecuts from the Scratch Perverts. The Independent said the album provided "evidence of the rude health of the UK's hip-hop scene". A BBC review said that Skitz "delivered a consolidation of talent and attitudes of a musical movement that has been both struggling and hugely underrated for too long" and that it was "perhaps the best illustration of the state of home grown hip-hop today". The beats on the album were described as "a distinctive blend of breakbeat funk, jungle and reggae". Dotmusic.com said that Taskforce's track "The Junkyard" did for Highbury Estate, what Mobb Deep and Nas did for Queensbridge. Roots Manuva's "Inner City Folk" was based around a chorus sung by Valerie Ettiene from the acid jazz group Galliano. In 2004, Stylus Magazine said that Phi-Life Cypher were "the stand out guest act" on the album.
In June 2001, The Face ran a feature, including Skitz, which stated that there was a renaissance in British Hip Hop. In July 2001, the Los Angeles Times reported on how after 15 years of British rappers mimicking their American counterparts, they had recently created their own style. Skitz was introduced in the article as a "prominent British hip-hop DJ" and in it he discussed why British Hip Hop had not been successful before and how it was different from American Hip Hop. Later that year, Countryman was named the best UK Hip Hop album at the UK Hip Hop awards and Estelle was awarded best female Hip Hop artist for her performance on the album. This was at a time that there was an "astonishing increase in the numbers of great UK rap records being released". Interviewed by The Guardian, Rodney Smith, also known as Roots Manuva, said he considers Countryman to be "one of the greatest hip-hop records of all time".
Album discographyCountryman (2001)Badmeaningood Vol.1 (2002)Homegrown Volume 1 (2004)Homegrown Volume 2 (2005).Sticksman'' (2010)
References
External links
DJ Skitz interview at The Situation
DJ Skitz interview at UKHH
DJ Skitz biography at The Big Chill
DJ Skitz interview at Knowledge
Living people
BBC Radio 1Xtra presenters
British hip hop DJs
English record producers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Since 1840, when the Penny Black featured a profile of Queen Victoria, it has been a tradition worldwide for nations to honor individuals on their postage stamps. Typical choices include monarchs, important figures of history, politicians, cultural leaders, and (more recently) celebrities.
The usual practice is for the stamp to feature a portrait of the person, either full-length or head alone. In a few cases, the person being honored is represented by an image relating to the person's life. However, the depiction of a work of art (such as for a Christmas stamp) is not considered to be honoring the artist.
The list that follows is an index to the lists of people for individual countries. In some cases, several short lists from related countries are merged into a single list, while entries without links indicate entities that never had any people on their stamps. The parenthesized dates following each entry indicates the first and last dates of stamp issuance; within each country's list, the date or dates indicates the year of the person's appearance on a stamp.
C
Canada (1851–)
Canadian provinces (1850–1947)
Central African Republic (1959–)
Chile (1853–)
People's Republic of China (1949–)
Republic of China (1950–)
Colombia (1859–)
Costa Rica (1863–)
Croatia (1941–1945, 1991–)
Cuba (1855–)
D
Denmark (1851–)
Djibouti (1977–)
F
Faroe Islands (1919–)
G
German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)
H
Hawaii (1851–1899)
Hong Kong (1862–1999)
Hungary (1871–)
I
Iceland (1873–)
India (1854–)
Ireland (1922–)
J
Japan (1871–)
L
Latvia (1918–1940, 1991–)
M
Malta (1860–)
Mexico (1856–)
N
Netherlands (1852–)
Netherlands New Guinea (1950–1962)
New Zealand (1855–)
Nigeria (1914–)
Norway (1855–)
P
Pakistan (1947–)
Peru (1857–)
Portugal (1853–)
R
Russia (1857–1923, 1992–)
S
Samoa (1877–)
San Marino (1877–)
Sri Lanka (1972–)
Sudan (1897–)
U
United Kingdom (1840–)
United States (1847–)
See also
Topical stamp collecting
References
Postage stamps by country
Postage stamps |
Somerset was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1950 to 1992.
Its area was mostly inherited from the abolished district of Stanley, located in the upper Brisbane River valley. It was named after Lake Somerset.
Somerset was mostly a safe Country/National party seat, although was won by Labor in the 1953 election.
It was abolished in the 1991 redistribution, and its territory was distributed between the districts of Lockyer and Crows Nest.
Members for Somerset
Election results
See also
Electoral districts of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
:Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
References
Former electoral districts of Queensland
1950 establishments in Australia
1992 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1950
Constituencies disestablished in 1992 |
Orotava cribrata is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Orotava of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
Canary Islands.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1891
Taxa named by Theodor Becker
Diptera of Europe |
The district of Raron was one of the 12 districts comprising the Republic of Wallis and after 1848 the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Today it is divided into two demi-districts, which are geographically separated by the District of Brig.
The district of East Raron (, ) with the capital Mörel-Filet includes the following municipalities:
CH-3991, 3994 Bettmeralp
CH-3983 Bister
CH-3982 Bitsch
CH-3993 Grengiols
CH-3983 Mörel-Filet
CH-3986 Riederalp
The district of West Raron (German: Westlich-Raron, French: Rarogne occidental) with the capital Raron includes the following municipalities:
CH-3938 Ausserberg
CH-3919 Blatten
CH-3935 Bürchen
CH-3943 Eischoll
CH-3916 Ferden
CH-3917 Kippel
CH-3942 Niedergesteln
CH-3942 Raron
CH-3940 Steg-Hohtenn
CH-3944 Unterbäch
CH-3918 Wiler
References
Former districts of Valais |
Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1970 album musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, on which the 1971 rock opera of the same name was based. Initially unable to get backing for a stage production, the composers released it as an album, the success of which led to stage productions. The album musical is a musical dramatisation of the last week of the life of Jesus Christ, beginning with his entry into Jerusalem and ending with the Crucifixion. It was originally banned by the BBC on grounds of being "sacrilegious". By 1983, the album had sold over seven million copies worldwide.
Composition
The album's story is based in large part on the Synoptic Gospels and Fulton J. Sheen's Life of Christ, which compares and calibrates all four Gospels. However, greater emphasis is placed on the interpersonal relationships of the major characters, in particular, Jesus, Judas and Mary Magdalene, relationships that are not described in depth in the Gospels.
Lyricist Rice said he took inspiration from the Bob Dylan song "With God on Our Side".
"Herod's Song" is a lyrical rewrite of "Try It and See", previously written by Lloyd Webber and Rice as a proposed British entry into the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest to be sung by Lulu, then recorded and released as a single by Rita Pavone. The writers had also included it (as "Those Saladin Days") in an aborted show called Come Back Richard Your Country Needs You.
The melody of "I Don't Know How to Love Him" also predates Jesus Christ Superstar; it was rewritten from a 1968 Lloyd Webber/Rice collaboration titled "Kansas Morning".
Recording
For the recording, Lloyd Webber and Rice drew personnel from both musical theatre (Murray Head had just left the West End production of Hair) and the British rock scene (Ian Gillan had only recently become the singer of Deep Purple). Many of the primary musicians—guitarists Neil Hubbard and Henry McCullough, bassist Alan Spenner, and drummer Bruce Rowland—came from Joe Cocker's backing group The Grease Band. Saxophonist Chris Mercer had also played with Hubbard in Juicy Lucy.
Release
The first piece of Superstar released was the title song, as a single in November 1969 backed with the instrumental "John Nineteen Forty-One" (see ). The full album followed almost a year later.
The album topped the U.S. Billboard Top LP's chart in both February and May 1971 and ranked number one in the year-end chart ahead of Carole King's massive hit Tapestry. It also served as a launching pad for numerous stage productions on Broadway and in the West End. The original 1970 boxed-set issue of this two-record set was packaged in the U.S. with a special thin brown cardboard outer box ("The Brown Album") which contained the two vinyl records and a 28-page libretto.
Track listing
All compositions written by Tim Rice (lyrics and book) and Andrew Lloyd Webber (music).
Credits
Main players
Ian Gillan – Jesus Christ
Murray Head – Judas Iscariot
Yvonne Elliman – Mary Magdalene
Victor Brox – Caiaphas, High Priest
Barry Dennen – Pontius Pilate
Supporting players
Brian Keith – Annas
John Gustafson – Simon Zealotes
Paul Davis – Peter
Mike d'Abo – King Herod
Other players
Annette Brox – Maid by the Fire
Paul Raven – Priest
P. P. Arnold, Tony Ashton, Tim Rice, Peter Barnfeather, Madeline Bell, Brian Bennett, Lesley Duncan, Kay Garner, Barbara Kay, Neil Lancaster, Alan M. O'Duffy, Terry Saunders – Background vocals
Choir conducted by Geoffrey Mitchell
Children's choir conducted by Alan Doggett on "Overture"
The Trinidad Singers, under the leadership of Horace James, on "Superstar"
Musicians
Neil Hubbard – electric guitar
Henry McCullough – electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Alan Spenner – bass guitar
Chris Mercer – tenor sax
J. Peter Robinson – piano, electric piano, organ, positive organ
Bruce Rowland – drums, percussion
Other musicians
Norman Cave, Karl Jenkins – piano
Mick Weaver – piano, organ
Andrew Lloyd Webber – piano, organ, Moog synthesizer
Mike Vickers – Moog synthesizer
Alan Doggett – principal Conductor, Moog synthesizer
Strings of the City of London Ensemble
Clive Hicks, Chris Spedding, Louis Stewart, Steve Vaughan – guitar
Jeff Clyne, Peter Morgan, Alan Weighall – bass guitar
Harold Beckett, Les Condon, Ian Hamer, Kenny Wheeler – trumpet
Anthony Brooks, Joseph Castaldini – bassoon
Andrew McGavin, Douglas Moore, James Brown, Jim Buck Sr., Jim Buck Jr., John Burdon – horns
Keith Christie, Frank Jones, Anthony Moore – trombone
Ian Herbert – clarinet
Chris Taylor, Brian Warren – flute
Bill LeSage, John Marshall – drums
Production
Alan O'Duffy – chief engineer
Reissue
Original Concept Recording. Jesus Christ Superstar – A Rock Opera. Universal City, California: MCA Records Inc. [USA], (released 24 September 1996). Cat. No. MCAD2-11542 [2 CDs], UPC 008811154226.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
See also
Jesus Christ Superstar (film)
References
External links
jesuschristsuperstar.com: The Album
1970 albums
Albums produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber
Albums produced by Tim Rice
Andrew Lloyd Webber albums
Caiaphas
Concept albums
Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate
Decca Records albums
Jesus Christ Superstar
MCA Records albums
Rock operas
Tim Rice albums |
National Highway 753A, commonly referred to as NH 753A is a national highway in India. It is a spur road of National Highway 53. NH-753A traverses the state of Maharashtra in India.
Route
Malkapur, Buldhana, Chikhli, Deulgaon Raja, Jalna, Aurangabad.
Junctions
Terminal near Malkapur.
near Buldhana.
near Chikhli.
near Deulgaon Raja.
near Jalna
near Jalna
near Jalna
Terminal near Aurangabad.
See also
List of National Highways in India
List of National Highways in India by state
References
External links
NH 753A on OpenStreetMap
National highways in India
National Highways in Maharashtra |
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder for the Tamla (Motown) label. One of his most popular early singles, "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" was the first hit single that Wonder himself co-wrote.
A notable success, "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" peaked at number three on the US Billboard Pop Singles chart in early 1966, at the same time reaching the top of the Billboard R&B Singles chart for five weeks. Billboard ranked it as the 59th biggest American hit of 1966. An accompanying album, Up-Tight (1966), was rushed into production to capitalize on the single's success. It also garnered Wonder his first two career Grammy Award nominations for Best R&B Song and Best R&B Performance.
Background
The single was a watershed in Wonder's career for several reasons. Aside from the US number-one "Fingertips" (1963), only two of Wonder's singles, "Workout, Stevie, Workout" (1963) and "Hey Harmonica Man" (1964) had reached the Top 40, peaking at #33 and #29 respectively. The fifteen year-old Wonder's voice had also begun to change, and Motown CEO Berry Gordy was worried that he would no longer be a commercially viable artist.
As it turned out, however, producer Clarence Paul found it easier to work with Wonder's now-mature tenor voice, and Sylvia Moy and Henry Cosby set about writing a new song for the artist, based upon an instrumental riff that Wonder had devised. Nelson George, in Where Did Our Love Go? The Rise and Fall of the Motown Sound, recorded that Wonder had been inspired by the Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" after playing several tour dates with the Stones. As Wonder presented his ideas, finished or not, "he went through everything," remembered Moy. "I asked, 'Are you sure you don't have anything else?' He started singing and playing 'Everything is alright, uptight.' That was as much as he had. I said, 'That's it. Let's work with that.'" The resulting song, "Uptight (Everything's Alright)", features lyrics depicting a poor young man's appreciation for a rich girl seeing beyond his poverty.
On the day of the recording, Moy had completed the lyrics, but didn't have them in Braille for Wonder to read, and so sang the song to him as he was recording it. She sang a line ahead of him, and he simply repeated the lines as he heard them. In 2008, Moy commented that "he never missed a beat" during the recording.
Cash Box described it as a "rhythmic, fast-moving, chorus backed pop-r&b ditty all about a lucky fella who’s got the world on a string."
Personnel
Stevie Wonder – vocals, keyboards
James Jamerson – bass
Benny Benjamin – drums
The Funk Brothers – additional instrumentation
Johnny Allen – horn arrangement
The Andantes – background vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Little Ole Man
A note-for-note re-recording of Wonder's version was used as the backing track for Bill Cosby's 1967 musical comedy single, "Little Ole Man (Uptight, Everything's Alright)" which was a US#4 hit. Bill Cosby is not related to the song's co-writer Henry Cosby.
Covers and in popular culture
A version by Nancy Wilson reached No. 84 later in 1966.
On July 11, 1994, British reggae singer C. J. Lewis released a cover version under the title "Everything Is Alright (Uptight)". His version reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming his second and final UK top-10 hit. It also entered the top 20 in Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand.
References
1965 singles
1966 singles
2007 singles
Stevie Wonder songs
Nancy Wilson (jazz singer) songs
The Supremes songs
C. J. Lewis songs
Songs written by Stevie Wonder
Songs written by Sylvia Moy
Songs written by Henry Cosby
Tamla Records singles
Song recordings produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson
Song recordings produced by Henry Cosby
1965 songs |
Ropica nicobarica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.
References
nicobarica
Beetles described in 1939 |
"Leeds! Leeds! Leeds!" (commonly known as "Marching On Together") is the name of the anthem of Leeds United written by Les Reed and Barry Mason. The vocals on the original recording were sung by the 1972 team members of the Leeds United and their supporters. The record stayed in the UK Singles Chart for almost three months, peaking at number 10.
The song is played just before kick-off and the start of the second half at every home game at Elland Road and it is a ritual for every Leeds United fan to stand up and sing when it is played.
The song has also been used by supporters of other Leeds-based sports teams, such as the Leeds Rhinos rugby league team.
Background
The song was released in 1972 as the B-side of the record released by Leeds United to coincide with the team reaching the 1972 FA Cup Final, the A-side being titled "Leeds United". Unlike many football songs that are just new words set to existing music, "Leeds! Leeds! Leeds!" is an original composition by Les Reed and Barry Mason. The song has since become a club anthem regularly sung by the fans.
In the modern age, it has become a regular way for Leeds United fans to demonstrate their allegiance to finish text messages, emails, or Twitter messages with the acronym/hashtag MOT.
An official club magazine, Leeds, Leeds, Leeds, which was published from 1998 to 2011, was named after the original title of the song.
After Leeds' promotion back to the Championship in May 2010, the song was digitally re-mastered and re-released in an effort to get the song into the UK Singles Chart. The song charted at number 10 on 23 May 2010. The next week it dropped to number 112, the second-largest drop in UK singles chart history. It is also one of only four singles which have dropped out of the Top 75 from number 10 after one week.
Supporters of other Leeds-based sports teams, such as the Leeds Rhinos rugby league team, also sing the song. The only part of the song that is removed in these alternative versions is the first four lines, which contain 'Leeds United' twice, as 'United' obviously does not apply to these teams. Leeds' ultimate frisbee team, LeedsLeedsLeeds, were also named after the song and club magazine.
Fans' variations
Parts of the current version of the song have varied in form from the original one. The fans usually add the "na na na na na na" and mimic the song where there are no words, though some fans have replaced this part controversially by clapping. Another way the fans have changed the song is by commonly repeating the "ups and downs" part following it being sung. In addition, some fans have added in the repetition of 'altogether' after it is sung in the main song as well.
"Glory Glory Leeds United" (to the tune of "Glory Glory Hallelujah") is a completely different song from "Leeds United" which like "Leeds Leeds Leeds" is an original composition by Reed/Mason. All tracks are available on the CD Marching On Together, Leeds United Greatest Hits, which can be purchased.
The song was re-released in 2010 via a social networking group, after an idea by Dave Whittaker, from Roundhay in Leeds, who also designed the sleeve for the CD Marching on Together, Leeds United Greatest Hits.
In 2012, fans of the Minnesota Twins adapted the lyric (replacing 'Leeds United' with 'Minnesota', and 'Leeds! Leeds! Leeds!' with 'Twins! Twins! Twins!') to support the Major League Baseball team.
Chart performance
"Leeds, Leeds, Leeds (Marching on Together)" entered the Irish Singles Chart on 20 May 2010 at number 41 and charted in the UK Singles Chart on 23 May 2010 at number 10.
References
External links
Leeds United songs, lyric and Info from wafll.com
Marching On Together lyric from wafll.com
Marching On Together
1972 songs
Leeds United F.C. songs
Songs written by Les Reed (songwriter)
Songs written by Barry Mason
Association football songs and chants
Minnesota Twins |
Red John is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the CBS crime drama The Mentalist for the first five seasons and in the first half of the sixth season. As a serial killer, he is believed to have begun his killing spree in 1988, and has, with his operatives and acolytes, killed more than 70 people in California, Nevada, and Mexico. Five years prior to the action of the first episode, he murdered the wife and daughter of Patrick Jane (Simon Baker), making Jane his dedicated nemesis.
In the season-three finale, "Strawberries and Cream (Part 2)", Jane encounters a man (Timothy Carter, played by Bradley Whitford) in a shopping mall who convinces him he is Red John and whom he subsequently kills. However, after this cliffhanger episode, over the course of the first several episodes of season four, Jane determines that Carter, although a psychopathic killer himself, was not Red John, but one of the killer's many operatives.
In season five's "Red Sails in the Sunset", Lorelei Martins (Emmanuelle Chriqui), a Red John operative, who goes astray after Jane convinces her that Red John murdered her sister, Miranda, accidentally reveals to Jane that he has already met Red John and shaken his hand. Jane compiles a list of men whose hands he has shaken and eventually narrows the list to seven names. Lorelei, however, is captured by Red John, whom she refused to name to Jane, breaking a promise she had made, and reads a pre-mortem message from Red John threatening to go back to killing “often" until Jane captures Red John or vice versa. In Lorelei's message from Red John, she names the seven men Jane had narrowed down his list to include, indicating that somehow Red John has gotten inside Jane's mind, although Red John doesn't deny being one of the seven men.
In the season 6 episode "Red John", the eponymous serial killer's identity is revealed to be Thomas McAllister, the sheriff of Napa County, portrayed by Xander Berkeley. After unmasking himself to Patrick Jane, McAllister discloses that he is the founder and overall leader of the secret organization known as the Blake Association.
TV Guide included Red John in its 2013 list of "The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time".
Character profile
Patrick Jane relentlessly pursues Red John, and ultimately in season 5 narrows his list of suspects to seven. The number of people in series who claim to have met "Red John" is limited. Although Patrick Jane learns that he has met Red John and shaken his hand at some point, he only discovers Red John's true identity midway through season 6.
Smiley face and other signatures
As part of his criminal signature, Red John draws a smiley face on the wall with the blood of the victim—always clockwise (except when it was portrayed in skywriting in "Red John's Footsteps"), using the three fingers of his rubber-gloved right hand. Jane says in the pilot episode, "Red John thinks of himself as a showman; an artist. He has a strong sense of theater ... the first thing that anyone sees is the face on the wall. You see the face first and you know. You know what's happened and you feel dread. Then, and only then, do you see the body of the victim. Always in that order."
Jane uses this information to work out that an apparent Red John murder was a copycat crime. Red John has twice painted his victim's toenails with their own blood. Both were female. The first was Patrick Jane's wife, Angela; Red John wanted to punish Jane for saying derogatory things about him during a TV interview. Years later, knowing the case would be intercepted by the California Bureau of Investigation team and that the reminder of his wife's death would make Jane furious, Red John painted the toenails of a young girl, to lead Jane into a trap.
Red John's victims have been mostly female, with some exceptions, such as Jared Renfrew (Todd Stashwick) in the season 1 episode "Red John's Friends", a man Jane helped to be released from prison on the condition he would give Jane information on the whereabouts of Red John. Fearing Red John, the man escaped Jane's custody before giving any relevant information. Later that day, the man contacted Jane to explain that he would be of no further assistance, although this doesn't save Renfrew's life. Jane used background noises from the conversation as a starting point to find this man, but Red John got to him first, killing both Renfrew and the prostitute Renfrew had been with. In the season 2 episode "His Red Right Hand", it is revealed another man was killed when he interrupted his wife's murder at the hand of Red John. Jane believes this occurred early in Red John's career and that Red John made a "mistake" due to his inexperience. Jane believes Red John removed the body from the crime scene (something he had otherwise not done) to bury the mistake. In the season 2 finale "Red Sky in the Morning", Red John and Jane meet when Red John rescues Jane from kidnappers; however Red John wears a mask that obscures his face. Red John also kills the two kidnappers, one of whom was male, but leaves alive a boy who the kidnappers blackmailed into looking like a criminal. In the season 4 episode "Blinking Red Light", Red John kills James Panzer, a blogger and serial killer known as the San Joaquin Killer, after Panzer has been goaded by Jane into insulting Red John on television. Jane did this because he could think of no other way to protect society from Panzer.
In the season 4 premiere "Scarlet Ribbons", Patrick Jane says that Red John's victims are “nearly all women, late at night, in their homes. He wakes them first, because he likes to see the fear in their eyes. He likes to hear them beg for mercy as he cuts them open."
In the season 2 episode "The Scarlet Letter", Jane tells Senior Special Agent Sam Bosco (Terry Kinney) that "Red John doesn't make mistakes. He doesn't leave clues. If you have new evidence, it's because he wants you to have it. The question isn't 'What does it mean?'; it's 'Why did he give it to you?'".
Bruno Heller, show's creator, has said that Red John isn't a "pathetic loser who is hiding out in a basement somewhere", and that Jane is "not fighting the Green River Killer. He's fighting Moriarty." In addition, "Jane and the audience are coming to the gradual realization that this is a much larger task than it seemed at first. It's like those Amazon tribesmen who throw spears at passing airplanes, then come to realize those planes are the seeds of a much larger civilization that is coming down on them." Like Moriarty, Red John has a network of agents, willing to kill or to die for him. In a radio interview Heller has also stated: "Red John is really just a personification of death, I mean it's that simple. Patrick Jane is very much alive and is very much about being alive in the face of death. And Red John is the fate that awaits us all in the end."
Tyger Tyger Conspiracy: The Blake Association
In season 2's finale episode "Red Sky in the Morning", a William Blake theme is introduced, when a person, who is believed at the time to be Red John, saves Patrick Jane from being killed under the direction of deranged slasher movie makers Ruth and Dylan. Jane is tied with saran wrap to a chair and, while he is immobilized, Red John recites the first verse of the William Blake poem "Tyger Tyger":
Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
In the forests of the night
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
In subsequent episodes (season 3), Jane wonders about this but doesn't tell anyone that Red John recited it to him. In episode 9 of season 3 (“Red Moon”), serial cop killer Todd Johnson is burned alive. While in the ICU, with Jane the only person present, Johnson whispers in his dying breath "Tyger! Tyger!". This makes Jane conclude that there is a connection between Johnson and Red John, but he doesn't tell anyone about this either.
During subsequent episodes, it becomes clear that Red John either has an inside man in the CBI or is himself working within the CBI. In season 3's "Red Queen", the new director of the CBI, Gale Bertram (Michael Gaston), also recites William Blake. This time it's from another poem, called "A Cradle Song". The two lines he recites are:
And when thy little heart doth wake,
Then the dreadful night shall break
Jane is not present at the time of the reciting, but it is quite out of character for Bertram to recite poetry, and the fact that it is a poem by the same author is probably more than a simple coincidence. Bertram is later revealed to be among Jane's final list of Red John suspects.
In the season 3 finale, Jane tells the entire team all that he knows and recites the first verse of "Tyger Tyger". Kimball Cho knows the poem very well and recites the first two lines of the second verse:
In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
When discussing what the poem means, Cho says, "Well, God made the lamb, but he also made the tiger. You can't have light without darkness. Life without death." This is also the mindset Red John's accomplices follow to act on his orders. In Cho's interpretation, he refers to a third, and earlier poem by William Blake, called "The Lamb" to which "Tyger Tyger" is a response or a further musing on the different parts of creation and the reasons for them, as started in "The Lamb". Actually, Blake himself refers to "The Lamb" in "Tyger! Tyger!", in the last line of the fifth verse: Did he who made the Lamb make thee?
In the season 6 episode "Red Listed", there is a revelation by Bob Kirkland (Kevin Corrigan) as to what "Tyger Tyger" means. Kirkland reveals to FBI agent Reede Smith (Drew Powell) that corrupt officials use the term "Tyger, Tyger" to cover up dirty work done under law enforcement. Smith pretends to know nothing about "Tyger Tyger" until he shoots Kirkland in the back six times when pretending to free him from a prison transfer, after which he tells the driver, who belongs to the same organization, "Tyger Tyger". The driver replies with the same phrase.
In the season 6 episode "The Red Tattoo", a woman named Kira Tinsley (Beth Riesgraf) is murdered by a man with a tattoo containing three dots – she reveals this to Jane in her final moments. Jane, believing that the man who killed Tinsley was Red John, gathers his five remaining Red John suspects into one location (in "Fire and Brimstone"), only to find that three of his suspects have the identical tattoo of three dots, revealing that they are all part of the "Tyger Tyger" group of corrupt officials.
In the season 6 episode "The Great Red Dragon", Smith decides to hand himself in after the same organization he is part of attempts to kill him, in the same way he killed Bob Kirkland. Once he is alone with Lisbon and Jane, he reveals that he is a member of The Blake Association (whose name is simultaneously first revealed), that they use the phrase "Tyger, Tyger" to identify fellow members, and that Red John is also a member of the Association. He explains how he came to join the Association after accidentally shooting a 12-year-old girl. The Association promised to clear his name and protect him if he agreed to join them and follow any instructions given to him, including murder.
Appearances, accomplices, and copycats
Face-to-face
At the start of the series, Red John was initially known as simply a serial killer who tortured and murdered mostly women, with at least eleven confirmed victims by the series' premiere. However, Red John's persona would become much more mysterious as any individual who would come close to disclosing any crucial information regarding the killer to Jane would wind up dead themselves, implying that Red John is far more than just an average serial killer and has deep connections throughout the state. It would later be revealed that Red John has a multitude of followers who see him as a savior who gave their life a purpose and willingly aid him in his various plans and murders in gratitude for what he gives them, which can range from a new life, an occupation, or some form of compensation. His followers do not simply aid him, but worship him and willingly give their lives for his cause, refusing to ever reveal any information about their leader or how they met him. Jane soon realizes that Red John is more powerful than he could ever imagine, having connections in law enforcement and an entire cult of brainwashed followers under his complete control and at his beck and call.
The character of Red John himself remained largely unseen from the beginning. His face was confined in the shadows when he escaped from the abandoned house in the first-season finale. He may have appeared as a slim, dark-haired California Highway Patrol motorcycle officer (blue turtleneck, rather than blue tie) to poison Rebecca using his left hand in "His Red Right Hand"; in the same episode, he is also seen in flashback. In the second-season finale, "Red Sky in the Morning", a man claiming to be Red John appears in the flesh, wearing a black sweatshirt, apron and pants, black rubber gloves, a pair of charcoal boots, and a grotesque rubber mask that covers his face, making him look slightly similar to what many believe the real life serial killer Jack the Ripper donned during his murder hunts. In the episode, Red John saves Jane from two student filmmakers who had copycatted Red John murders.
During the encounter, Red John keeps his face hidden behind a mask, preventing Jane from identifying him. Before leaving Jane, Red John recites the first stanza of "The Tyger" by William Blake (see above). This poem is alluded to numerous times throughout the series, before and after its reveal to Jane, with its contents making up the backbone of Red John's philosophy (implying the reason for why it is his favorite poem) of there being no such thing as life without death or light without darkness, something he tells his followers to get them into the correct mindset for their murders and exploits.
There have been further developments in season 5. In "Red Sails in the Sunset", Lorelei Martins reveals, in a moment of pique, that Red John is someone Jane knows by telling him that he and Red John are very much alike and she is surprised that they didn't become best friends "as soon as they shook hands". This prompts Jane to compile a list of men he has shaken hands with, which would eventually be narrowed down to seven names.
Todd Johnson and Red John impersonator
In the episode "Red Moon", Jane exposes an EMT, Todd Johnson (Josh Braaten), as a serial cop killer. After being locked in a holding cell in the CBI headquarters, Johnson says he will only talk to Jane, as he claims only Jane will understand what he has to say. When the guard returns with Jane, Johnson has been set aflame and is writhing on fire. On his deathbed, Johnson says "Tyger Tyger" to Jane, indicating he is in some way connected to Red John. The reason behind Todd Johnson's cop killings is left unclear, but later seasons along with Johnson's knowledge of the phrase "Tyger, Tyger" would imply that their deaths were in some way connected to the "Blake Association". Red John most likely ordered Johnson to murder various police officers who were close to discovering his society or were members themselves (perhaps indicating why one of Johnson's victims was burned alive, probably in order to hide the organization's tattoo, which is marked on all members to better ensure loyalty) who failed to complete their orders or were planning on turning themselves, and the association by extension, over to the authorities.
When Johnson realized that Red John would never let him live while he was in custody and surrounded by potentially corrupt officials, he was prepared to reveal everything he knew to Jane, before he himself is killed by another Red John operative, but still managed to utter the society's main form of communication to Jane. Jane then begins a secret investigation of his own to track the killer. Red John, in the meantime, decides to exploit the opportunity to use Johnson's murder as a means to target another individual close to Jane and additionally cover up the identity of Johnson's true killer, who also served as his secret informant on the CBI. Meanwhile, Special Agent J.J. LaRoche (Pruitt Taylor Vince) begins rigorously working to find Johnson's killer. He ultimately suspects Supervising Agent Madeleine Hightower (Aunjanue Ellis), due to DNA evidence that Jane believes has been planted by Red John or one of his accomplices. With Jane's help, Hightower stages a hostile escape and is advised by Jane to remain in hiding, not only to evade the police but due to the danger imposed by Red John. Hightower goes to stay with her sister.
In the season 3 finale, "Strawberries and Cream – Part 2", the mole is identified as Grace Van Pelt's fiancé, FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin (played by Eric Winter); O'Laughlin attempts to assassinate Hightower and instead shoots Lisbon, and is then himself shot dead by Hightower and Van Pelt in tandem. Gale Bertram (Michael Gaston) leaves the mall in a huff over Jane's wasting of his time. Jane, on a call with Lisbon during the shootout, tells her to use O'Laughlin's cell phone to redial the last number and tell the one who answered that O'Laughlin is dead. When Lisbon does so, a phone rings near Jane and is answered by a man (Timothy Carter, played by Bradley Whitford) reading a newspaper and speaking in an odd, high-pitched voice. After ending the call, Jane approaches the man and questions him. At first, the man appears upset and threatens to call security, but then smiles and says he was joking and claims he is Red John. The two talk; the man reveals to Jane that he has a gun concealed in a folded newspaper and states that he is tired of killing and wants to start a new life, and encourages Jane to do the same. Jane says he will not be able to move on until Red John is dead. The man begins to leave, but at Jane's insistence answers a question, revealing details about Jane's wife and daughter that Jane mistakenly presumes only Red John could know. Jane vengefully shoots Carter with a gun he has hidden in his pocket. In season 4, Carter is shown to have been a Red John operative imposter.
Red John still at large
In reference to the season 3 finale, the series creator, Bruno Heller, has stated: "What you get from that scene is what you should get. The viewer is supposed to be convinced. Patrick Jane is certain it's Red John... The thing is, Red John is a master of the mind game. If Red John wanted to die, maybe this is how he wanted to die. Or maybe he just wants Jane to think he's dead."
In the season 4 premiere it is revealed that Ron Deutsch, the bald security officer at the mall, was a Red John operative who removed crucial evidence from the scene. Jane comes to believe the man he shot was not Red John, but Timothy Carter, a sadistic businessman who, with his equally twisted wife, Sally, had kidnapped a young woman, Debbie Lupin, in whose search the couple cynically pretended to join. Jane tricks Sally into revealing Lupin's location and Sally is arrested by Lisbon and taken into custody, not to be heard from again as she commits suicide in jail. Jane convinces a jury that Carter was Red John and is acquitted, although Jane is already beginning to have doubts about that.
In "Little Red Book", Lisbon arranges a meeting with Agent J.J. LaRoche, who is apparently leaving Major Crimes, to see Sally Carter, who committed suicide by slitting her wrists with a sharpened spoon, leaving a note about how lost she was now that her "God" (by which she presumably means Timothy Carter) is dead. But Jane, still not satisfied Carter was Red John, brings Rosalind Harker, the blind woman who had a relationship with Red John, to identify Carter's body. She feels his face and told him that she had never met the man before, confirming Jane's suspicion that Red John is "still out there somewhere".
James Panzer and Susan Darcy's investigation
By the episode "Blinking Red Light", it is now widely believed that Red John is dead, with Jane and Lisbon the only ones aware he is still alive. One of the people believing Red John to be dead is James Panzer, a blogger pretending to devote his life to find a serial killer known as "the San Joaquin Killer" (abbreviated SJK, who has killed at least five young women). In reality, Panzer is the killer. Jane suspects Panzer but initially lacks the proof to expose him. When he and Panzer both appear on Karen Cross's television talk show discussing the SJK case, Jane recognizes Panzer has to be stopped and goads Panzer into comparing Red John unfavorably to SJK. Panzer rises to the bait, making bold statements that the SJK killings were the work of a genius and Red John by comparison is a "common sociopath, lazy, sloppy, delusional" and already forgotten since Jane killed him. Panzer then makes the same mistake made by Jane and Kristina Frye: belittling Red John in a public forum. A couple of hours after the television appearance, Panzer is found murdered, with Red John's smiley face painted in blood on one of the walls near his body. Panzer's murder proves Jane's theory that Red John is still alive. This makes Panzer Red John's ninth male victim.
By the episode "Always Bet on Red", the FBI had investigated Panzer's murder and believed that a copycat of Red John was now active. The agent in charge, Susan Darcy (Catherine Dent), begins pressing Jane for confirmation that he did kill Red John. At this time, Red John is shown to be stalking Darcy via an uploaded video called "I Dare You" on the Major Crime server, which shows her in her apartment, unaware that she is being filmed. The cameraman uploads an infobox saying, "She's cute, this is going to be fun". Jane reluctantly frames the late Thomas Maier, father of Panzer's first victim, for killing Panzer as revenge for SJK's victims – Maier had recently committed suicide. The FBI closes the case, presumably leaving Darcy safe, as she will presumably drop her inquiry.
In the episode "Red is the New Black", Jane's efforts are later exposed and undone when Darcy refuses to let the case go after finding too many discrepancies. Darcy interviews Rosalind Harker, Red John's blind ex-girlfriend and also the attendant of the morgue that Timothy Carter's body was taken to following his death. Darcy subsequently realizes that Red John was still alive even though Jane has kept up the deception. Later, Harker contacts Jane and happily reveals Red John, once again under the alias "Roy Tagliaferro", has come to visit her for tea, promising to "sort things out" with Jane and Darcy. As Harker speaks on the phone, a slim man, holding a tea cup in his left hand, and dressed in a smart, dark-coloured suit, is sitting nearby; Harker, when asked, confirms that "Roy" is present and listening.
Jane, fearing Red John will kill Harker, alerts Lisbon and Darcy, and they proceed to her house with an FBI SWAT team. Upon arrival, they find Harker alive and unhurt, playing her piano alone, seemingly sad that Red John "couldn't stay". Darcy notices a blood trail leading to a nearby closet, which, when opened, reveals the murdered body of the morgue attendant, confirming that Red John is still alive, either following Darcy or with access to the information in her files and/or her comings and goings. All of the Red John files were delivered to Darcy by CBI Director Wainwright, himself killed shortly thereafter by Darcy assuming it was Red John in the car speaking to Jane.
Ninth anniversary of Jane's wife and daughter's death
In the season 4's penultimate episode "Red Rover, Red Rover", Jane receives a message from Red John: an envelope with the words "Happy Anniversary" under the wiper of his car. In the cemetery where Jane's wife and daughter are buried, a little girl named Hailey (Emma Rayne Lyle) approaches him and says, "Hello, Patrick." When Patrick asks how she knows his name, she says, "Your friend told me," and reveals the red smiley-face painted on her hand. She says, "He told me to ask you a question ... 'Do you give up yet?'" Hailey tells Patrick the man is white, was wearing a baseball cap, and had an odd voice. Lisbon says to Patrick that Red John wants to play with his mind. Later in the episode, Patrick burns all the CBI files of Red John, presumably out of despair, and the next morning says, "He's right... it's time to give up ... nothing's working. Nothing. It's just a game, and he keeps winning. The only way for me to stop him is if I stop playing."
Jane's breakdown and Red John's proposal
In season 4's finale "The Crimson Hat", after being fired from the CBI, Jane finds himself in a Las Vegas bar, where he meets an attractive woman named Lorelei (Emmanuelle Chriqui). He gets arrested. Lorelei bails him out, and the two have sex in Jane's apartment. The next day, Lorelei reveals herself as an associate of Red John and says her presence in Jane's life is "a gift". She brings forward Red John's proposal for friendship and a "change" in Jane's lifestyle to help him overcome his depression. Jane is shocked and tells Lorelei to get out. However, he later confides to Lisbon that his breakdown had been tailored to get Red John to believe Patrick was really giving up. Red John communicates through Lorelei that he will only meet Jane in person if he kills Lisbon and brings him her head as a "present". The CBI team executes a plot where they fake the murders of Lisbon and Rigsby at the hands of Jane, and the team goes into hiding. On hearing this over the news, Red John sends a message to Jane to meet him in Nevada. Darcy is investigating the apparent deaths of Lisbon and Rigsby. She discovers that the body found does not belong to Rigsby and gets arrest warrants issued against the entire team involved in the deception.
Meanwhile, a limousine pulls over in the middle of a deserted street where Jane is waiting. Lorelei and a huge, armed man emerge from the car, and she claims Red John is inside. Lorelei looks at the box Jane is bearing and asks if it contains a football or a cabbage. He tells her it is a melon, specifically a honeydew. She does not react angrily, apparently since Red John (and thus she) became aware of Jane's deception. Lorelei does have her assistant beat Jane up "a little". Jane sits in the front seat of the limo while a dark, shadowy figure sitting in the back whose voice is distorted with a radio transmitter, and whose face is not visible, greets Jane. He tells Jane that he was fooled for a while by Jane's plot but was apprised of the truth by a "good friend" inside the FBI. At this moment, Lisbon and her team, who were to move in and arrest Red John, are arrested by Darcy and her squad. Lisbon, cuffed on the side of the road, tells Darcy about the plan and the imminent danger to Jane's life. Just as Lorelei is about to reluctantly punish Jane by cutting off two of his fingers, the CBI and FBI teams arrive. Jane emerges unharmed. The FBI fired bullets at the fleeing limousine, which stops. Lorelei is arrested unhurt, although the driver/bodyguard is killed. Darcy opens the back door, which reveals CBI Director Luther Wainwright, bound and dead, with a pay-as-you-go (burner) phone attached to his body. Lorelei is interrogated at the CBI by Jane and Lisbon. She refuses to speak about Red John but tells Lisbon that she and Jane have been lovers, calling each other "lover" frequently. Jane tells Lorelei that she will eventually reveal what she knows and walks out of the room, ending season 4.
Lorelei Martins
In the season 5 episode "Red Sails in the Sunset", Lorelei Martins reappears in a women's prison, having been removed from CBI custody by the FBI. She remains loyal to Red John and when Jane, with the aid of Bret Stiles (Malcolm McDowell), has her broken out of prison, she expresses shock and disappointment that her liberator is Jane, not Red John. Jane discovers Lorelei had a sister who was murdered some years prior. Lisbon faxes him a photo of the crime scene where the word "ROY" can be seen scrawled on the floor next to the sister's body – information that had been withheld from the public at the time of the murder. This suggests to Jane that Red John (who has used the alias Roy Tagliaferro) was the killer, a fact that Jane reveals to Lorelei, who, angry at an earlier deception by Jane, tells him that "you're just like him, you know that? Relentless manipulation... I only wonder why the two of you didn't become lifelong friends from the moment you shook hands." This slip of Lorelei suggests that Jane has met Red John in the past. However, Lorelei refuses to believe Jane about the murderer. Alerted to Jane's whereabouts, the CBI begins to close in on the pair, but Jane allows Lorelei to escape, telling her to "find the truth" for herself and come back to him when she realizes Red John used her.
Lorelei reappears in episode 16 of season 5, "There Will Be Blood", which reveals two new accomplices of Red John – well-regarded citizens Julia Howard and Jason Lennon – an employee and a trustee of a women's shelter, respectively. Lorelei tortures Julia to obtain information about her sister's death and then kills her after a brutal beating. When Lorelei comes after Lennon, Jane appears to try to rescue Lennon (for Jane's own ends) and acknowledge Lennon and Red John's involvement in Miranda Martins' murder. Lorelei shoots Lennon, critically wounding him. After kissing Jane, she departs on a mission to kill Red John, breaking her pact to reveal Red John's identity. She tells Jane she has done "much worse [than breaking a promise]", and that she and Jane are both going to hell "on two different roads". Two weeks later, Lennon is revealed to have survived the shooting, although in a coma, while Lorelei is found dead under Red John's smiley face with Homeland Security and police at the scene. Jane apologizes to her corpse but, still peeved over Lorelei's breaking her promise to identify Red John, tells Lisbon (of Lorelei), "She had it coming."
Visualize
In the fifth season episode "The Red Barn", it is hinted that Red John may currently be or was a member of the "Visualize Self-Realization Center" church, a notorious cult with a reputation for brainwashing its members, as two bodies which fit his MO were found on a farm previously controlled by Visualize, complete with his signature smiley face on the outside of the barn where the bodies were found. The murders are revealed to have been committed over two decades ago, when various Visualize members worked on the farm until its eventual shutdown due to a lack of farming expertise, and ten years before Red John was an active serial killer who targeted predominantly women. This implies that Red John used the cult and its techniques to recruit individuals who would make suitable followers (as many of Visualize's members come from broken families and traumatic childhoods, a trait that nearly every single Red John operative also shares), then brainwashes or seduces them to effectively control them. This finally explains how Red John recruited so many followers over the years who worshipped him and who were willing to give their lives for his plans.
Rebecca Anderson, a loyal Red John operative who murdered Sam Bosco and his team under his orders before she is killed by Red John, reveals that Red John "opened her eyes to the truth" and enabled her to see the world for what it really was. This is similar to Visualize's motto of opening up potential members' eyes to the truth in order to effectively recruit them, implying that Red John uses the same philosophy to recruit his followers. Visualize is also known for teaching its members various and diverse skills, such as bomb manufacturing and advanced technology and computer uses, skills that Red John himself and many of his followers also display throughout the series. In a later episode, a private investigator named Kira Tinsley, who was hired by Red John to spy on the CBI, mentions that it was a Visualize member that hired her, confirming that Red John is indeed still a functioning member of the organization. The leader of the cult, Bret Stiles, has shown in previous seasons that he has a very thorough grasp on Red John's inner workings, hinting at a connection between the two, which seems to finally be revealed as Visualize. Whether Bret Stiles actually knows the identity of Red John appears to be debatable throughout the series, but subsequent episodes imply that, although Stiles may know Red John is connected to his organization, he does not know which member he currently is and simply uses his own resources to keep tabs on the killer's activities.
Bob Kirkland and Homeland Security
Robert "Bob" Kirkland, introduced in the retcon episode "Red Dawn", has engaged in numerous suspicious activities relating to Jane and Jane's search for Red John. In flashback just after Jane has joined the CBI, a man is seen thanking FBI Director Alexa Shultz for asking Virgil Minelli to keep the FBI updated on the Red John investigation. A couple of episodes later, the man reappears. He identifies himself as Homeland Security Agent Bob Kirkland, telling Lisbon that the Tommy Volker matter is being handled and that she should "take a step back".
After he leaves her office, he comes upon Jane. The two shake hands, and Kirkland tells Jane that he knows him, although Jane didn't know Kirkland. In the next episode, Lorelei Martins tells Jane that he had already met and shaken hands with Red John. In the episodes "Red Sails in the Sunset" and "There Will Be Blood", Kirkland and Homeland Security are shown taking a deep interest in finding Red John's accomplice, Lorelei Martins, when she goes on a killing spree. Neither the CBI nor Homeland Security locate Lorelei before she is found murdered under Red John's trademark smiley face. When Jason Lennon (who admitted to being an accomplice of Red John) awakes from an induced coma, he is interviewed by Kirkland. He tells Kirkland that he remembers who shot him but says he does not recognize Kirkland. Kirkland then kills Lennon with an injection, making it appear Lennon has died of his injuries. Kirkland tells Jane that Lennon "never said a word" before dying.
In the episode "Red Letter Day", Kirkland has two Homeland Security agents break into the attic where Jane works (and occasionally lives) at CBI. They take pictures of the information on Red John that Jane has on display. Kirkland is able to reproduce a near-exact version of Jane's bulletin board on Red John, presumably including the references to Kirkland himself as a suspect. Jane had suspicions that he was being watched and realizes that his room has been broken into because he sees the toothpick he had been leaving of late between the door and the frame lying on the floor where it fell after Kirkland's men entered the premises, never noticing it.
Kirkland reappears in episode 4 of season 6. He is revealed to be responsible for killing names on a list of fake Red John suspects his men stole from Jane. Once he learns that the list was fake from Jane, he kidnaps him. At the barn where he is being held captive, it is also shown that Richard Haibach is there, one of the men suspected of being the "San Joaquin Killer." Jane is saved by Hightower and Lisbon, and Kirkland is arrested. On his way to prison, his vehicle is pulled over by FBI Agent Reede Smith. Smith informs him that the "Tyger, Tyger" quote is used by dirty officers of California Law Enforcement. Smith is one of them. When he gives Kirkland the address to a safe house, he then shoots him to death while running to his freedom. He and the driver cover it up and before departing say, "Tyger, Tyger." While Kirkland originally monitored Jane through his connections in the FBI and researched Red John on his own accord, Kirkland's findings into the existence of this criminal organization enabled him to authorize Homeland Security to openly investigate Red John, as he is a suspected member of the organization, which could pose a threat to national security and commit acts of terrorism.
The seven suspects
In the fifth season finale, Jane reveals to Lisbon that he has narrowed the Red John suspect list to seven names. Although those names aren't revealed until the end of the episode, Jane and the CBI investigate a Red John murder. Although it was initially believed that Red John wasn't involved in the murder and that it was either the victim's husband or uncle, it is revealed that Red John committed the murder with the help of Miriam Gottlieb, a social worker who wanted Eileen Turner's child. Gottlieb tricked Turner into separating herself from her volatile husband and moving into a motel, where Red John struck. In transit after her arrest, Gottlieb commits suicide by swallowing a cyanide pill, refusing, like almost all Red John's operatives, to be taken alive. Before her arrest, she gave Jane a DVD from Red John, which featured the now-dead Lorelei Martins, who recorded a video shortly before her own murder by Red John. Martins reveals that Red John is very angry with her for revealing that Patrick and Red John had shaken hands, and that, in exchange for her making the recording, Red John will not "make her suffer so much". The video reveals that Red John somehow knows the names of Patrick Jane's seven suspects:
Red John doesn't deny being one of these men. The killing of Eileen Turner marks the beginning of a new killing spree as Lorelei tells Jane that Red John will "start killing again ... often" until either Jane catches him, or he catches Jane. Out of frustration, Jane breaks the DVD with his own fingers, and sighs while looking out his window of his room at CBI.
The final hunt
In the premiere of season 6, Jane is highly disturbed at how Red John could deduce who he would have on his final list two months before finishing it, as well as have so much intimate knowledge of his memories and thought process. At a loss as to what to do, Jane remains extremely cautious around the seven suspects while Lisbon goes behind his back and has all the suspects' cell phones installed with GPS trackers.
Infuriated that Lisbon went behind his back and played into Red John's hands, Jane and Lisbon have a falling out, with Lisbon eventually going to an abandoned house after receiving an anonymous tip at 5570 West Huron Street. She calls SAC-PD; however, when she arrives at the address, a lady on the line informs her that they are temporarily unavailable. She then hears a faint scream inside and enters. Inside, she finds the mutilated body of Brett Partridge, chanting "Tyger, Tyger", before dying, effectively revealing that he is not Red John. It is revealed that Red John called in the anonymous tip, abducted and placed Partridge within the house to torture and murder him, knowing that Lisbon was tracking the suspects' phones and would arrive after learning that Partridge was in the house. He abducts her and then uses her phone to call Jane, who has previously been attempting to call Lisbon to apologize for their earlier argument, and taunts him as he paints his signature smiley-face on her face with Partridge's blood.
However, Jane and the authorities locate Lisbon, who seems to have been left unscathed by Red John, confusing her and Jane. As Jane ponders how Red John could have such intimate knowledge into his past and memories, he concludes that Red John must have had access to someone with such knowledge: Sophie Miller, Jane's old psychiatrist, who helped him regain his mental health after he suffered a breakdown in the wake of his family's murder. After repeated attempts to communicate with Sophie fail, Jane visits her house, only to find her severed head in the kitchen oven, revealing her to be one of Red John's victims.
As it is revealed that Red John stole Sophie's personal files on her patients, Jane concludes that Red John most likely came to her in the guise of a patient in order to ply her for knowledge. However, Red John didn't know that Sophie used an audio device to record her thoughts about her patients, using her unique ability to read people even if they attempt to hide their true emotions and personality. Locating an entry dedicated to a man with the last name "Roth" (a word meaning 'red'), Red John's alias when visiting Sophie, Jane listens to a detailed description of Red John's inner workings; he seems to have a case of acrophobia, and/or other phobias, is middle aged, is in good health, has no family but many friends, is a great speaker, has good posture, is an excellent whistler, possesses hints of narcissism, and seems to be harboring something dark within himself. With this knowledge, Jane is one step ahead of Red John with an additional description to narrow down his list of six suspects.
The Blake Association
Knowing about the tattoo and using it as his leverage, Jane plans to gather the remaining five suspects at his old house where he has ammunition. He plans to attract each suspect individually, telling them he has critical information about Red John. Jane promises Lisbon that she can accompany him during this process, but breaks his promise as he is worried about her safety. Once the five suspects are together, Jane tells them that one of them is Red John. He pulls out his shotgun and asks that they all put their guns on the floor. He then reveals what Tinsley told him about the tattoo and asks the men to reveal their left shoulders. First to reveal is Raymond Haffner and Bret Stiles, who do not have tattoos. Sheriff Thomas McAllister reveals his arm and his tattoo, three dots, just as Tinsley described. Jane moves in to take a closer look at whom he now believes is the real Red John before Bret Stiles indicates for him to look at Gale Bertram and Reede Smith, who both have the same tattoo as the sheriff. Now that three men have identical tattoos, a new window is opened to identify who Red John is; and whether Red John also has the tattoo. It is believed that the men who have these tattoos are all corrupt government officials who use the "Tyger, Tyger" phrase to cover up their unlawful work.
As Jane gathers them in his home, the house explodes with all five Red John suspects and Jane still inside. Police arrive, and Lisbon enters the house to discover Reede Smith. She identifies the tattoo and shoots Smith, wounding him, but he escapes. Lisbon then sees Bertram and tells him Smith is Red John. Bertram slips away as only Jane at this point knows he has the tattoo. An unconscious Jane is asleep at the hospital and Bertram attempts to kill him before being interrupted by Lisbon. As Jane begins to regain consciousness, Bertram flees and Lisbon and Jane deduce that either Bertram or Smith is Red John. It is also revealed through DNA testing that the other Red John suspects were killed in the blast, although no bodies were seen. Jane and Lisbon then realize that Brett Partridge was chanting the phrase "Tyger, Tyger" to Lisbon just prior to his death, in the hope that she was a member and could help him. When Agent Cho checks Partridge's body at the morgue to verify the tattoo confirming that he was a Blake member, he learns that Red John peeled away the section of skin on his shoulder where the tattoo would have been located, implying that Partridge was a member and Red John had attempted to cover up his affiliation to the group. While Smith attempts to recover from his wound, the corrupt law enforcement organization he is a part of attempts to kill him before the CBI finds him, fearful that he will reveal their secrets. After two attempts are made on his life, Smith decides to hand himself in to the CBI in exchange for protection, where he reveals that he joined the Blake Association after accidentally killing a twelve-year-old girl as a result of paranoia induced by pain medication he was addicted to at the time, eventually being cleared of the crime due to his ties with the Blake Association.
Since then, Smith has been a member of the group, helping fellow associates cover their own illegal acts, while developing more and more guilt over his own actions. The name of the group and its code are derived from William Blake and his famous poem "The Tyger", implying that whoever controls the organization is an admirer of Blake's work. Smith further reveals that Red John is part of the association, which was how he managed to poison Rebecca, one of his followers when she killed Bosco and his entire unit, as well as how he managed to have so many connections throughout law enforcement. Jane then looks Smith in the eye and asks him if he killed his wife and daughter, at which point Smith states that he did not. This prompts Jane to reveal at a press conference that Red John is Gale Bertram, who has since gone on the run with the aid of a fellow Blake associate named Oscar. While hiding from the authorities, Bertram brutally murders a bartender who comes close to recognizing him on the news reports and evades capture by posing as a SWAT officer as other units, many of which he called in himself, arrive, allowing him to escape unseen in Oscar's vehicle. With so much corruption being revealed to have infiltrated California's law enforcement agencies, along with Bertram seemingly revealed as Red John, an out of state FBI team led by Special Agent Dennis Abbot from Austin, Texas, is sent to disband the CBI, at which point Jane decides to "let go" but tells Lisbon he hasn't quit in his hunt for Red John.
The reveal and death of Red John
The next day, as the FBI cleans out the CBI headquarters, Jane receives a phone call from Bertram, who is still on the run with the aid of Oscar, but cuts their conversation short when a police officer at the gas station he is calling from recognizes Bertram. Before the officer can arrest him, Oscar shoots the officer dead and escapes with Bertram. Jane bides his time until Bertram calls him again, wishing to meet him to gain a sense of closure and believing that their rivalry has ended in an honorable tie. Jane gets Bertram to meet him in the chapel at the cemetery where his wife and daughter are buried. Taking Lisbon's gun and escaping from the FBI as they attempt to arrest him, Jane meets Bertram at the chapel after being disarmed by Oscar and learns that Bertram is not Red John. Bertram reveals that he is not even a high-ranking member of the Blake Association and it is Red John who is one of the high members. He does not know who Red John is but was ordered to lure Jane to a meeting so that he can be killed. He then orders Oscar to kill Jane.
However, Oscar, also under orders from Red John, shoots Bertram dead as the real Red John enters the chapel: Sheriff Thomas McAllister. McAllister thanks Oscar and then instructs him to leave to give him and Jane time to talk. As Jane asks why Bertram had to die, McAllister reveals that, as the world now believes Bertram to be Red John, it would be a fitting end for Jane to end up dying with his supposed nemesis. The killer reveals that he has been the secret power controlling the Blake Association, having started it many years ago, and has been manipulating its thousands of members with their secrets and illegal acts, using his favorite poet, William Blake, and his poem "The Tyger" as inspiration for the name of the society and its inner communications. With this secret organization at his disposal, in conjunction with the dozens of loyal followers he recruited, seduced, and brainwashed through Visualize, McAllister formed connections all over the state to spy for him, tamper with evidence, commit murders, and aid in his plans of building up his society and cult, as well as targeting Jane and people close to him.
While Red John gloats over his victories, Jane reveals that he knows how McAllister survived the explosion back at his home: he brought two bombs. One was a concussion bomb that knocked out everyone in the room, at which point McAllister dragged Jane, Bertram, and Smith away from the more deadly bomb. McAllister then brought in a dead body from the trunk of his car, which had its DNA records swapped with those of McAllister's courtesy of Brett Partridge, a member of the Blake Association whose job gave him access to the DNA primary data base and was later murdered by McAllister for knowing too much. This body was placed next to Stiles and Haffner, both of whom perished in the explosion, leaving only Jane, Smith, and Bertram alive, while McAllister escaped before the authorities arrived. McAllister knew that either Smith or Bertram would be accused of being Red John as they would be the only remaining suspects with ties to the Blake Association. McAllister had then ordered for Smith to be killed before CBI could arrest him and had Bertram (anonymously through the Blake Association) lure Jane to a final meeting before Bertram was to escape the country, while also secretly ordering Oscar to aid the former CBI director and ensure his safety until Jane arrived, at which point he was to kill Bertram.
Before McAllister can kill Jane, Jane hands him a handful of bread crumbs and releases a pigeon from his jacket, startling McAllister, who had displayed a phobia of the creatures in a previous episode. This revealed that Jane knew McAllister was Red John before meeting Bertram and deduced his phobia, which Sophia Miller previously speculated on (also implying why he was unable to kill Lisbon previously as the house they were in during the season premiere contained pigeons). Jane then snatches a gun he taped underneath one of the pews the previous day and shoots McAllister in the torso and Oscar dead when he enters to stop Jane; McAllister begs Jane not to kill him. As Jane revels in finally knowing who his nemesis is and having him at his mercy, a startled woman enters the chapel and asks Jane to stop. As Jane tries to calm the woman and get her to leave, she reveals herself to be another of Red John's agents and attempts to slit Jane's throat with a knife. Jane knocks out the woman with a candle stand and, realizing that McAllister escaped during the commotion, leaves the chapel to chase the killer.
After being pursued through the cemetery, a neighborhood, and a playground, McAllister loses his stamina near a small pond and dials 911. Jane kicks his nemesis, knocking the phone away from him, and grasps the man's throat. As McAllister claims that he knew who would be on Jane's final list of suspects because he is a real psychic, Jane asks him two final questions to determine his honesty by looking at his eyes. Asking McAllister to blink once for no and two for yes, Jane asks if he is sorry for murdering his wife and daughter and if he is afraid to die; McAllister blinks twice to both questions. Satisfied with his answers, Jane then strangles McAllister to death.
References
The Mentalist characters
Fictional serial killers
Television characters introduced in 2008
Fictional characters from San Francisco Bay Area
Fictional sheriffs
Napa County, California
American male characters in television
Fictional murderers of children
Fictional criminals in television |
Domagné (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.
Population
Inhabitants of Domagné are called Domagnéens in French.
See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
References
External links
Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association
Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine |
Martin Charles Golumbic (born 1948) is a mathematician and computer scientist known for his research on perfect graphs, graph sandwich problems, compiler optimization, and spatial-temporal reasoning. He is a professor emeritus of computer science at the University of Haifa, and was the founder of the journal Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.
Education and career
Golumbic majored in mathematics at Pennsylvania State University, graduating in 1970 with bachelor's and master's degrees. He completed his Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1975, with the dissertation Comparability Graphs and a New Matroid supervised by Samuel Eilenberg.
He became an assistant professor in the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University from 1975 until 1980, when he moved to Bell Laboratories. From 1983 to 1992 he worked for IBM Research in Israel, and from 1992 to 2000 he was a professor of mathematics and computer science at Bar-Ilan University. He moved to the University of Haifa in 2000, where he founded the Caesarea Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Institute for Interdisciplinary Applications of Computer Science.
In 1989, Golumbic founded the Bar-Ilan Symposium in Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, a leading artificial intelligence conference in Israel. In 1990 Golumbic became the founding editor-in-chief of the journal Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, published by Springer.
Recognition
Golumbic is a fellow of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence (2005). He was elected to the Academia Europaea in 2013.
At the 2019 Bar-Ilan Symposium in Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, Golumbic was given the Lifetime Achievement and Service Award of the Israeli Association for Artificial Intelligence.
Selected publications
Golumbic is the author of books including:
Algorithmic Graph Theory and Perfect Graphs (Academic Press, 1980; 2nd ed., Elsevier, 2004)
Tolerance Graphs (with Ann Trenk, Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Fighting Terror Online: The Convergence of Security, Technology, and the Law (Springer, 2008)
Other highly-cited publications of Golumbic include:
References
External links
Home page
1948 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century Israeli mathematicians
Graph theorists
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences faculty
IBM employees
Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University
Academic staff of the University of Haifa
Members of Academia Europaea
Artificial intelligence researchers |
V de V Series is a motor racing organisation that owns and runs a group of international motor racing championships. Based in Paris, the majority of events are held in France although the series regularly visits Spain and Portugal and has also visited Belgium, Germany and Italy. The organisation takes its name from founder Eric van de Vyver. His family is involved in most aspects of running the series and they have their own racing team within the series.
Championships
V de V has hosted five separate championships;
Challenge Monoplace, for open wheel racing cars
Challenge Endurance Proto, for prototype sports racing cars
Challenge Endurance GT/Tourisme, for GT sport cars and touring cars
Challenge Funyo, a one-make series of prototype sports racing cars
Challenge Endurance VHC, for historic GT sport cars and touring cars
The series are recognised and sanctioned by the FIA as International Series.
Challenge Monoplace
Introduced in 2010, this series caters for a wide variety of eligible open wheel racing cars, mostly second hand from other series. The majority of present cars are Formula Renault 2.0L cars built by Tatuus or Barazi-Epsilon. Formula 3, Formula Master, Formula Nissan, Formula Renault 1.6L, Formula Campus, Formula BMW, Formula Abarth and some Formula Fords are also eligible. Champions sourced from:
Challenge Funyo
Single-marque competition with prototypes from Y.O Concept (Funyo).
Challenge Endurance Proto
Champions sourced from:
Challenge Endurance GT/Tourisme
Champions sourced from:
Challenge Endurance VHC
VHC stands for Véhicule historiques de compétition. Originally there was only one overall champion. For the 2009 season, the championships for Prototype and GT cars were separated. Champions sourced from:
Racing team
The racing team owns a Mosler MT900 GT3 which races in the Endurance GT/Tourisme, and a TVR Griffith and Hema Porsche which race in Endurance VHC. In 2015 their primary team parked the Mosler and began racing an Audi R8 LMS in conjunction with AB Sport racing team.
References
External links
Official website
Auto racing series in France
Multi-sport events in France |
Perdido Pass, separating Alabama Point from Florida Point, is the mouth of the Perdido River. Perdido Pass forms a water passage that connects Perdido Bay with the Gulf of Mexico to the south, in the U.S. state of Alabama, 2 miles (3 km) west of the Alabama/Florida state line. A bridge spans Perdido Pass, connecting Alabama Point (western side) with Florida Point in Alabama (linked below). At the entrance into the Gulf, the 2 rock barriers, extending from the white beaches, are the west jetty & east jetty (see image). The surrounding area is heavily developed, with high-rise condominiums. However, there are nearby beach-front parks, with Gulf State Park on the eastern side of Perdido Pass.
Description
Perdido Pass, extending between Florida Point and Alabama Point, is easily distinguished, from offshore, by the Alabama State Route 182 highway bridge in Orange Beach, Alabama, spanning the pass with two openings. The fixed span over Perdido Pass Channel has a clearance of . The fixed span over Cotton Bayou Channel has a clearance of . The dredged entrance channel leads from the Gulf through Perdido Pass to a fork at the highway bridge; thence into two channels, one leading north into Terry Cove and Johnson Cove and the other leading east into Bayou St. John. The entrance to the pass is protected by a jetty on the west and by a combination weir and jetty on the east; the top of the weir is submerged at mean low tide. Numerous sunken wrecks are in the approach to the pass.
Depth of channels
In October 2006, the controlling depth was , reaching at mid-channel, in the entrance channel to the intersection of the east and west channels. From that area, thence , reaching at mid-channel, in the west channel leading to Terry and Johnson Coves, thence , reaching at mid-channel, in the east channel leading to Bayou St. John. The channels are well marked. A lighted whistle buoy off the entrance marks the approach.
Access to the Intracoastal Waterway
The Intracoastal Waterway, in the lower part of Perdido Bay, is reached from Perdido Pass via a marked channel through Bayou St. John. In May 1982, shoaling to was reported in Bayou St. John, between day-beacons no. 6 and 8. An overhead power cable, with a clearance of , crosses the channel leading to Terry Cove and Johnson Cove, about from the State Route 182 fixed bridge. Several small-craft facilities are in the coves and Cotton Bayou, on the W side of Perdido Pass above the entrance.
Old River
Old River enters Perdido Pass from the east between Florida Point and Ono Island. In May 1982, a reported depth of could be carried through the river, with local knowledge. The Florida-Alabama state boundary passes along the center of Old River until 2 miles (3 km) before Perdido Pass. A fixed highway bridge with a clearance of crosses Old River, about east of Perdido Pass.
Florida Point in Alabama
Both Alabama Point and Florida Point are in the town of Orange Beach, Alabama (along the Gulf of Mexico). However, Florida Point is the tip of a peninsula originating in the U.S. State of Florida, with the final 2 miles (3 km) of the tip contained within Alabama. Often, U.S. state lines run through the middle of a water pass or river; however, Perdido Pass is entirely within the State of Alabama, and the state line runs east of it. The Gulf State Park is located on Florida Point. Historically, new passes are breached and old ones filled in during hurricanes. The original pass discovered by Juan Carlos Siquenza (sp?)was located on the current state boundary between Alabama, and Florida. The use of stone and cement jetties combined with dredging and pumping sand out of the pass by the Army Corps of Engineers and the City of Orange Beach currently mitigates damage from hurricanes and sedimentation.
Islands of Perdido Pass
Also known as the Orange Beach Islands, the Islands of Perdido Pass are considered both recreational hangouts for boaters, and vital sanctuaries to several species of plant and animal. The islands of Orange Beach, Alabama are accessible only by watercraft. Two public boat accesses are offered in Orange Beach, as well as boat launches including The Wharf or Bear Point Marina.
The Islands of Perdido Pass consist of Bird Island, Robinson Island, Gilchrist Island, Walker Island, and the easternmost Rabbit Island.
2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill the entrance to Perdido Pass was closed, with a barrier system in June 2010, to control tidal flow of oil entering from the Gulf of Mexico. The daily high tide was causing oil-contaminated water to enter Perdido Bay. The barrier system was designed to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass, during the outflowing tide, but close during the rising tide and collect oil deposits in a retention area on the eastern edge of the pass. During the disaster BP took over much of the Gulf State Park and used it for parking or storage of equipment. As of April 2011, BP or BP subcontractors were still utilizing the park free of charge.
East of Mobile Bay the damage to the fragile environment from BP oil spill clean-up crews exceeded damage done by the oil spill itself.
References
Landforms of Baldwin County, Alabama
Intracoastal Waterway
Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Bodies of water of Alabama
Inlets of the United States |
Splatter University is a 1982 American slasher film directed by Richard W. Haines. It was distributed by Troma Entertainment.
Plot
A patient escapes from a mental hospital, killing one of his keepers and stealing his uniform. Three years later, a teacher works late and gets stabbed and killed by the same patient after making his way to the local college. Next semester, the late professor's replacement and a new group of students have to deal with a new batch of killings.
Cast
Forbes Riley (as Francine Forbes) as Julie Parker
Ric Randig as Mark Hammond
Dick Biel as Father Janson
Kathy LaCommare as Kathy Lacommare
Laura Gold as Cynthia
Production
The original version of the movie was shot in 1981, and it clocked in at around 65 minutes. 13 minutes of additional scenes with students were filmed the next year to increase the running time.
The filmmakers were originally told they would have two weeks to shoot at Mercy College, but the school cut their time by a week, so many members of the crew wound up sleeping in the classrooms to ensure the film was finished. When students returned to school, they were alarmed to find crew members cleaning up fake blood.
Critical reception
AllMovie criticized the film for its "bone-headed plotting" and "half-hearted execution". In its review, Horror DNA said the film is "pretty forgettable except for a surprise twist ending that still holds up well today".
The website ReallY Awful Movies also found the film "very weak".
References
External links
Troma Entertainment films
American slasher films
1980s teen horror films
1984 independent films
1980s serial killer films
1980s slasher films
American teen horror films
1984 films
1984 horror films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films |
ValhallaDSP is a company and brand name for multiple digital reverberator and delay plugins for Macintosh and Windows computers made by Sean Costello.
History
ValhallaDSP as a company was founded by Sean Costello, who handles coding. Kristin Costello handles graphics and marketing.
Sean Costello has always been interested in the interaction between musicians and the academic and professional worlds. He has co-written academic papers about reverberation, including a 2009 paper about using algorithmic reverberation with the Ambisonics system and a paper about implementing a digital simulation of a spring reverb.
ValhallaDSP was founded in 2009; Sean worked as an audio DSP designer and consultant for about a decade before founding his own company. Before Valhalla DSP, Sean Costello had his first plugin work made public when he provided four reverb algorithms for the Audio Damage EOS reverb plugin which was initially released in 2009; one of those four algorithms was not available until 2017, when Audio Damage released EOS 2.
Don Gunn has helped Sean Costello with R&D/preset design for ValhallaDSP's plugins.
Products
ValhallaDSP makes a combination of reverb, delay, and sound effect plugins.
Reverb-centered plugins
These plugins are designed primarily to provide reverberation effects.
Valhalla Room
Valhalla Room is a reverb plugin which mainly simulates the acoustics of realistic rooms and halls, although it can also be used for special effects. It has 12 different algorithms. ValhallaDSP says this reverb is best for "idealized room impressions".
One review felt that, while Valhalla Room sounds really good, it sounds more "hyper-real and lush" than "gritty and realistic". They also felt that its user interface could use some improvement.
Valhalla Vintage Verb
Valhalla Vintage Verb is a plugin with the sounds of various late 1970s and 1980s digital reverberators, including ones which sound like Lexicon and EMT reverbs. This plugin has been used song such as Hello and Water Under the Bridge by Adele, as well as on Lana Del Rey's album "Lust for Life".
It is possible to change the decay rate of different frequencies, and the early and late diffusion can have separate settings.
As of May 2023, the plugin has 20 different algorithms, including:
Concert Hall, emulating a "late 1970s and early 1980s" reverb in "hall" mode
Plate, emulating an "early 1980s" reverb in "plate" mode
Chamber, a "transparent" algorithm described as being "smooth yet dense"
Random Space and Smooth Room, which are inspired by or emulate "late 1980s" reverb hardware
Sanctuary, which emulates a "a classic German digital reverberator from the 1970s"
Nonlin, a modern representation of 1980s gated reverb algorithms
Chaotic Neutral, a "colorless" sounding reverberation
ValhallaDSP says this reverb is best for the sound of "old school digital hardware reverbs". One review feels that while it is excellent for getting the unreal larger than life sound of a classic Lexicon reverb, it does not work as a subtle reverb effect and is not a reverb for every occasion.
Valhalla Plate
Valhalla Plate is a plug in which simulates the sound of a plate reverb or small chamber. It has 12 different algorithms.
ValhallaDSP says this reverb is best for the sound of "warm and dense reverbs of the 1960s and 70s". Third party reviews of Valhalla Plate have been generally positive, but one review pointed out that "it won't serve all needs", since it only simulates plates and small chambers, and does not emulate larger spaces.
Valhalla Supermassive
Valhalla Supermassive is an effect unit which can run various types of delays and reverbs; it is good at, among other things, emulating large spaces. It is a free download.
Delay and sound effect plugins
These plugins provide a combination of delay, sound effect, and reverberation effects.
Valhalla ÜberMod
Valhalla ÜberMod is a plugin which is geared towards delay effects, but can also create reverberant effects.
Valhalla Shimmer
Valhalla Shimmer provides a combination of reverberation and pitch shifting, inspired by the sound of some 1980s Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois collaborations.
Valhalla Freq Echo
Primary a sound effect, the free Valhalla Freq Echo plugin provides a combination of delay and a Bode frequency shifter. This is mainly for making unusual sounds.
Valhalla Space Modulator
Valhalla Space Modulator is a plugin, free with the purchase of any other ValhallaDSP plugin, which simulates some kinds of flanging and pitch shift effects.
Valhalla Delay
Valhalla Delay is a plugin which simulates the sounds of a number of vintage delays, including tape based delays (such as the sound of Roland Space Echo, Maestro Echoplex, or reel to reel based tape delay units), "bucket brigade" delays, 1980s digital delays, and delays with pitch shifting. It features a "ghost" mode which combines delay with frequency shifting.
This plugin can do both classic delay sounds and unusual sound effects.
Valhalla Delay is on Music Radar's list of five best plugins released in 2019, and they consider it the best delay plugin in 2020.
See also
Reverberation
Delay (audio effect)
References
External links
ValhallaDSP official Twitter page
ValhallaDSP Facebook page
ValhallaDSP YouTube page
Music equipment manufacturers
Audio effects |
I Hora Ton Thavmaton (Greek: Η Χώρα Των Θαυμάτων; English: The Land Of Miracles) is a studio album by Greek artist Glykeria. It was released in 1992 by the WEA Greece.
Track listing
"Kai Oti Po" (Anything I say) – 3:26
"Fisa Vardari Mou" – 2:42
"Ego Kai O Ponos Mou" (Me and my pain) – 3:28
"Leili Leili" – 3:01
"Mehri Na Vroume Ourano" (Until we find the skies) – 3:14
"Pou Pas Aliki" (Where are you going Aliki) – 5:36
"Gia Tin Ellada" (For Greece) – 3:50
"Otan Vrehei Se Thimamai" (When it rains I remember you) – 3:52
"San Vanilia" (Like vanilla) – 3:18
"Ksafnika Mia Vradia" (Suddenly one evening) – 3:08
"12 Theoi" (12 Gods) – 4:00
"Klefta Klefta" (Sly sly) – 3:36
"Gia Tin Ellada" (For Greece) [Extended Version] – 4:45
Music videos
"Gia Tin Ellada"
"Fisa Vardari Mou"
"Mehri Na Vroume Ourano
"Ego ki o ponos mou"
1992 albums
Glykeria albums
Greek-language albums |
The Calouste Gulbenkian Museum houses one of the world's most important private art collections. It includes works from Ancient Egypt to the early 20th century, spanning the arts of the Islamic World, China and Japan, as well as the French decorative arts, the jewellery of René Lalique and some of the most important painters of all times works such as Rembrandt, Monet, Rubens, Manet, Renoir, Degas and Turner.
Collection
The permanent exhibition and galleries are distributed chronologically and in geographical order to create two independent circuits within the overall tour.
The first circuit highlights Greco-Roman art from classical antiquity, as well as art from the ancient Near East and the Nile Valley. Among the artworks are ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, and Armenian pieces, as well as Persian art from the Islamic period.
The second circuit includes European art, with sections dedicated to the art of the book, sculpture, painting and the decorative arts, particularly 18th century French art and the work of René Lalique. In this circuit, a wide-ranging number of pieces reflect various European artistic trends from the beginning of the 11th century to the mid-20th century. The section begins with works in ivory and illuminated manuscript books, followed by a selection of 15th, 16th and 17th century sculptures and paintings. Renaissance art produced in the Netherlands, Flanders, France and Italy is on display in the next room.
French 18th century decorative art has a special place in the museum, with outstanding gold and silver objects and furniture, as well as paintings and sculptures. This section is followed by galleries exhibiting a large group of paintings by the Venetian Francesco Guardi, 18th and 19th century English paintings, and finally a superb collection of jewels and glass by René Lalique, displayed in its own room.
Some of the works in the collection were bought during the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings. Of about 6000 items in the museum's collections, a selection of around 1000 is on permanent exhibition. Gulbenkian's motto was "only the best"; hence the museum has masterpieces by western European artists such as Domenico Ghirlandaio, Rubens, Rembrandt, Rodin, Carpeaux, Houdon, Renoir, Dierick Bouts, Vittore Carpaccio, Cima da Conegliano, Van Dyck, Corot, Degas, Nattier, George Romney, Stefan Lochner, Maurice-Quentin de La Tour, Édouard Manet, Henri Fantin-Latour, Claude Monet, Jean-François Millet, Sir Edward Burne-Jones, Thomas Gainsborough, Joseph Mallord William Turner, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Giovanni Battista Moroni, Frans Hals, Ruisdael, Boucher, Largillière, Andrea della Robbia, Pisanello, Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, Antonio Rossellino, André-Charles Boulle
, Charles Cressent, Oeben, Riesener, Antoine-Sébastien Durand, Charles Spire, Jean Deforges, François-Thomas Germain.
History
Vasco Maria Eugénio de Almeida acquired part of the Parque de Santa Gertrudes, in April 1957, for the construction of the Foundation buildings and public/private park. Two years later, a competition was launched for a project to construct the organization's headquarters. It was eventually won by the team that included architects Alberto J. Pessoa, Pedro Cid and Ruy Jervis d'Athouguia (1917-2006), in addition to the landscaping architects António Viana Barreto and Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles, who were responsible for designing the park surrounding the building. Later, Francisco Caetano Keil do Amaral was added to the team, as a consultant, and Frederico Henrique George joined the team working on the building.
In December 1961, the anterior project of the park was begun, while work on the earthworks and retaining walls beginning the following year. A sculpture panel was installed in the headquarters building by architect Artur Rosa in 1962. By 1967, the interior finishing were adjudicated, with the project concluded in 1968. On 2 October 1969, the buildings and gardens were inaugurated.
The 12th International Federation of Landscaping Architects Congress was held in September 1970 on the grounds of the Gulbenkian Foundation. In 1975, the property was distinguished with the Valmor Prize.
Architecture
The museum was designed as a showcase for the collection, which was relatively unique for an art museum at a time when most museums were housed in buildings originally built for other purposes. The landscaping and museum building interact, with views into woods and wetlands punctuating the artwork on display, while woodland paths offer views of the dramatic building, the edges of which include terraces and water features that blur the border between built and natural environment. The grouped buildings are set within a park bordered by the Avenida de Berna (north), Avenida António Augusto de Aguiar (west), Rua Marquês de Sá da Bandeira (east) and the Centro de Arte Moderna (south).
The shape of the museum and headquarters is relatively simple, with wings "T"-shaped wings, each with an entrance. The massive volume, long and horizontal was used for administration, services and as auditoriums, off of the main, single entry space. It is in this entrance that the panel Começar, by Almada Negreiros is situated.
References
Notes
Sources
See also
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
Centro de Arte Moderna Gulbenkian
External links
Virtual tour of the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum provided by Google Arts & Culture
Art museums and galleries in Portugal
Museums in Lisbon
Biographical museums in Portugal
Former private collections
Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in Europe
Buildings and structures in Lisbon District
Brutalist architecture in Portugal
Egyptological collections
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
National monuments in Lisbon District
Numismatic museums
Ancient art on Alexander the Great
Decorative arts museums
Textile museums
Asian art museums in Portugal |
Kanzala is a commune of the city of Tshikapa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Communes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Tshikapa |
High-resolution schemes are used in the numerical solution of partial differential equations where high accuracy is required in the presence of shocks or discontinuities. They have the following properties:
Second- or higher-order spatial accuracy is obtained in smooth parts of the solution.
Solutions are free from spurious oscillations or wiggles.
High accuracy is obtained around shocks and discontinuities.
The number of mesh points containing the wave is small compared with a first-order scheme with similar accuracy.
General methods are often not adequate for accurate resolution of steep gradient phenomena; they usually introduce non-physical effects such as smearing of the solution or spurious oscillations. Since publication of Godunov's order barrier theorem, which proved that linear methods cannot provide non-oscillatory solutions higher than first order (, ), these difficulties have attracted much attention and a number of techniques have been developed that largely overcome these problems. To avoid spurious or non-physical oscillations where shocks are present, schemes that exhibit a Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) characteristic are especially attractive. Two techniques that are proving to be particularly effective are MUSCL (Monotone Upstream-Centered Schemes for Conservation Laws), a flux/slope limiter method (, , , , ) and the WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) method (, ). Both methods are usually referred to as high resolution schemes (see diagram).
MUSCL methods are generally second-order accurate in smooth regions (although they can be formulated for higher orders) and provide good resolution, monotonic solutions around discontinuities. They are straightforward to implement and are computationally efficient.
For problems comprising both shocks and complex smooth solution structure, WENO schemes can provide higher accuracy than second-order schemes along with good resolution around discontinuities. Most applications tend to use a fifth order accurate WENO scheme, whilst higher order schemes can be used where the problem demands improved accuracy in smooth regions.
The method of holistic discretisation systematically analyses subgrid scale dynamics to algebraically construct closures for numerical discretisations that are both accurate to any specified order of error in smooth regions, and automatically adapt to cater for rapid grid variations through the algebraic learning of subgrid structures (). A web service analyses any PDE in a class that may be submitted.
See also
Godunov's theorem
Sergei K. Godunov
Total variation diminishing
Shock capturing method
References
translated US Joint Publ. Res. Service, JPRS 7226, 1969.
Numerical differential equations
Computational fluid dynamics |
```smalltalk
namespace Asp.Versioning.OData;
public class ApiVersionAnnotationTest
{
[Fact]
public void new_api_version_annotation_should_set_expected_version()
{
// arrange
var annotatedApiVersion = new ApiVersion( 1, 1 );
var annotation = new ApiVersionAnnotation( annotatedApiVersion );
// act
var apiVersion = annotation.ApiVersion;
// assert
apiVersion.Should().Be( annotatedApiVersion );
}
}
``` |
Krasnovishersk () is a town and the administrative center of Krasnovishersky District in Perm Krai, Russia, located on the western slopes of the Northern Urals, north of Perm, the administrative center of the krai. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 16,099.
Geography
The Vishera River flows through the town.
History
The town grew out of the settlement of Vizhaikha (). Since 1926, the location where the town now stands served as the 4th branch of the Solovki prison camp, and since 1929—as the independent management of the Vishera camps. Krasnovishersk was officially established in 1930, the same year when a paper mill was built. Town status was granted to Krasnovishersk in 1942.
A memorial to Varlam Shalamov was erected in Krasnovishersk in June 2007 on the site of his first labor camp.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Krasnovishersk serves as the administrative center of Krasnovishersky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Krasnovishersk, together with five rural localities, is incorporated within Krasnovishersky Municipal District as Krasnovisherskoye Urban Settlement.
Economy
The town's industries include timber and woodworking, as well as ferrous metallurgy. Until 2006, the main employer was the Visherabumprom paper mill, which went bankrupt and was closed.
An Uralalmaz mine extracts high-quality diamonds near Krasnovishersk.
Transportation
There is no direct railway link with town; the nearest station is in Solikamsk. The town is served by the Krasnovishersk Airport, which is currently inactive.
Demographics
Ethnically, 88.4% of the town's population are Russians, 0.5% are Ukrainians, 0.3% are Tatars, and 0.3% are Belarusians.
References
Notes
Sources
Cities and towns in Perm Krai
Populated places in Krasnovishersky District
Monotowns in Russia |
Jeff Dennis (born June 3, 1958) is a Canadian serial entrepreneur, best-selling author, public speaker, and public company director. He is currently the Entrepreneur in Residence at Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP, a Toronto, Ontario-based international law firm.
Biography
Early years
Jeff Dennis was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on June 3, 1958. Dennis was educated at Upper Canada College (Class of 1976), Brown University (Class of 1980) and University of Western Ontario (Faculty of Law Class of 1983). During his four years at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, Dennis completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. After graduating with a Bachelor of Law Degree from the University of Western Ontario, he was called to the Bar in the Province of Ontario in 1985.
Legal Background
From 1983 to 1987, Dennis completed his articles and was an associate lawyer with Weir & Foulds, now WeirFoulds LLP, with a focus on real estate development, litigation and dispute resolution. In 1987, Dennis joined Blake, Cassels & Graydon, which is one of Canada's leading law firms, where he worked in their real estate department.
Entrepreneurial Life
Ashton-Royce Capital Corporation
In 1987 Dennis left the practice of law and started his first business venture, Ashton-Royce Capital Corporation, with 3 partners. Ashton-Royce started out as a real estate syndication company focusing on commercial, industrial and retail investment properties in the Greater Toronto Area. It eventually diversified into financing Canadian film and television productions, a management buyout of a film and television completion guarantor and various computer software and hardware companies.
Flagship Capital Partners Inc.
In 1998, after two of the Ashton-Royce partners exited the business, Ashton-Royce was wound up. Dennis and his remaining partner began carrying on business under their new entity, Flagship Capital Partners Inc. At the same time, Dennis incorporated Cale Financial Corporation as a limited market dealer registered with the Ontario Securities Commission.
Flagship Capital Partners Inc. continued to finance Canadian film and television productions and further diversified by investing in the cosmetics business and the investment management business.
Cale Financial Corporation
In 2006, Dennis sold his interest in Flagship Capital Partners Inc. and spun Cale Financial Corporation out on its own. Through Cale Financial Corporation, Dennis provided strategic advice and financing to entrepreneurs and the CEOs of fast growth businesses. Dennis shared his expertise in start-ups, operations, acquisitions and financings.
Dennis's clients have included:
Achievers (formerly I Love Rewards Inc.), #12 on the 2007 Profit 100
Healthscreen Solutions Incorporated, #1 on the 2007 Profit Hot 50
Auctionwire Inc., #7 on the 2007 Profit Hot 50
Prollenium Medical Technologies Inc., #36 on the 2006 Profit Hot 50
SonnenEnergy Corp. (TSXV:PWR)
Lang Bau Aus-und Isolierbau GmbH
In 2006, Dennis co-founded the Eminence Capital Group, serial founders of Capital Pool Companies under the TSX Venture Exchange's Capital Pool Companies Program.
Oneworld Solar Corp. (formerly COU Solar Inc.)
In 2009, Dennis co-founded Oneworld Solar Corp. (formerly COU Solar Inc.), an Ontario-based full service photovoltaic solar integrator with operations in North America and Europe. Oneworld Solar developed roof top and ground mounted PV solar installations. In late 2009, Oneworld Solar was sold to Oneworld Energy Inc., a diversified international renewable energy company.
Accredited Director (ICD.D)
In 2008, Dennis completed the Director's Education Program of the Institute of Corporate Directors and the Rotman School of Business at the University of Toronto and received his ICD.D certification as a corporate director.
Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP
In 2012, Jeff Dennis became the world's only entrepreneur in residence in a law firm when he joined Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP in that capacity. His role involves continuing to be a business advisor and mentor to early stage, high growth companies. Dennis is also an intrapreneur building a business model in one of Canada's oldest, largest and most prestigious law firms that is both affordable to early stage entrepreneurs and profitable to the firm. An example is Fasken Martineau's Start-up Program, an inexpensive starter kit for entrepreneurs that includes mentoring from Dennis on a monthly basis during their 12-month term of the program.
Writing
Lessons from the Edge
In 2003, Dennis, along with co-author Jana Matthews, wrote Lessons from the Edge: Survival Skills for Starting and Growing a Company (Oxford University Press). Lessons from the Edge is a compilation of stories by entrepreneurs of their worst mistakes in business and the lessons that they learned from them.
Profit Magazine
Between 2004 and 2008, Dennis was Profit Magazine’s "Entrepreneur in Residence" and as such he contributed a regular column to the magazine on topics of interest to entrepreneurs.
Fasken Startup Blog
In 2013, Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP Launched its Fasken Startup Blog. Dennis is a regular contributor to the blog.
Speaking engagements
Dennis has traveled the world speaking to entrepreneurs and business students since the publication of Lessons from the Edge in 2003. His stops have included Nepal, India, Thailand as well as most major cities in North America. Dennis's most popular presentations are the "Lessons from the Edge", "The Perfect Pitch", "The Canadian Financial Landscape for Startups" and "Partnerships: A Necessary Evil?".
Community service
Entrepreneurs’ Organization
In 1991, Dennis co-founded the Toronto Chapter of the Young Entrepreneurs Organization, now called the [www.eonetwork.org Entrepreneurs Organization]. He has served in many leadership capacities at both the local and international level of Entrepreneurs Organization, including Toronto Chapter President and Director, Governance of the Entrepreneurs Organization International Board of Directors. In 1998, Dennis co-chaired the annual Entrepreneurs Organization convention which was held in Toronto.
Through his association with Entrepreneurs Organization and the [www.kauffman.org Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation], where he served on the entrepreneur's advisory board from 1998 to 2000, Dennis created a series of "Lessons from the Edge" seminars. At these seminars, entrepreneurs would share their worst mistakes in business and the lessons that they learned with their peers. His best-selling book Lessons from the Edge: Survival Skills for Starting and Growing a Company was inspired by the success of these seminars.
Mentor
In 2014, Jeff Dennis was named Runner up for the Starters Canada Ontario Mentor of the Year reflecting his commitment to the startup ecosystem in the Greater Toronto Area. Dennis has been a volunteer, lecturer, advisor and mentor to early stage entrepreneurs through MaRs, Highline InCubes, The Ladies Entrepreneur Organization, the Women's Presidents Organization and the Entrepreneurs Organization to name a few.
Youth Sports
A jock in his youth, playing competitive hockey and football, Dennis has given back to the community through coaching and convening youth hockey and soccer, through the Forest Hill Hockey Association and the North Toronto Soccer Club, respectively.
In 2006, Dennis coached an Under 16 Girls soccer team representing Toronto at the JCC Maccabi Games in Richmond, Virginia. The JCC Maccabi Games are the "junior Jewish Olympic Games" .
External links
Jeff Dennis’ Website
Jeff Dennis’ Blog
Startup Canada Award, Runner Up Mentor of the Year for Ontario
Jeff Dennis Speaking to Mastermind Group
References
1958 births
Living people
Brown University alumni
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canadian lawyers
Writers from Toronto
University of Western Ontario alumni
Upper Canada College alumni |
```javascript
import { xor } from 'lodash';
xor([1, 2], [2, 3]);
``` |
Ahmad Hegazi (or Ahmed Hejazi) (), (18 June 1935 – 15 June 2002) was an Egyptian actor whose best known movie was "Night of Counting the Years" (Al-Mummia).
Filmography
1990 - Alexandria Again and Forever
1981 - Sphinx
1976 - Casimir the Great ...... Tatars' Commander
1974 - In Desert and Wilderness (miniseries) ..... Gebhr
1973 - In Desert and Wilderness ..... Gebhr
1969 - The Night of Counting the Years ..... Ayub
References
External links
20th-century Egyptian male actors
1935 births
2002 deaths
Egyptian male film actors |
Caecum cycloferum is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Caecidae.
Description
The maximum recorded shell length is 6 mm.
Habitat
Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 101 m.
References
Caecidae
Gastropods described in 1867 |
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