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Friedrich Maurer (5 January 1898 – 7 November 1984) was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies. Biography Maurer started to study classical philology and comparative linguistics at the University of Frankfurt in 1916. The same year, he was drafted, and in 1917, he was gravely injured while he was fighting at the Western Front of World War I, causing him to spend the following period recovering in a military hospital at Heidelberg. After the end of the war, Maurer commenced full-time studies of Germanistics at Heidelberg University (1918) and Giessen (1919), where he also took courses in classical philology and Indo-European studies. Both at Heidelberg and at Giessen, Maurer was a member of the local chapters of the Wingolf. In 1922, Maurer obtained a doctorate under the supervision of Otto Behaghel, who was to have a lasting influence on Maurer's work. Maurer then obtained a habilitation in German philology in 1925, becoming professor extraordinarius in 1929, still at Giessen, and later professor ordinarius at Erlangen (1931). Having previously been a member of Der Stahlhelm, Maurer joined the Sturmabteilung after the Nazi party took control of Germany in 1933, but left the organisation in 1935. He joined the Nazi Party in 1937, as well as the National Socialist Teachers League, the National Socialist German Lecturers League and the Nationalsozialistischer Altherrenbund. In the same year, he became a full professor at Freiburg, where he was to chair the Institute for German Philology until retiring in 1966. From 1938/1939, Maurer worked with the Ahnenerbe. After World War II, the allied military government of Germany called on Maurer, who then founded scientific institutes at the partially-destroyed University of Freiburg and the University of Erlangen. In 1958 and 1959, Maurer chaired the League of German Scholars and cofounded the Institute for the German Language (Institut für Deutsche Sprache, IDS) at Mannheim. In 1979, Maurer fell gravely ill and had to cease his work. He died in 1984. Work Like Behaghel, his thesis supervisor, Maurer directed much attention to the study of dialects (dialectology and dialect geography) and to the comparative linguistics of German. He published numerous works on medieval literature and poetry that were notable for their connections between literature studies, cultural history, prehistoric archaeology and sociology. With Friedrich Stroh, Maurer published Deutsche Wortgeschichte ("History of German Words") in 1943. Maurer's 1942 linguistic work Nordgermanen und Alemannen ("Northern Germans and Alemanni") is considered his most important one, where he put forth a theory of the development of the Germanic languages that was strongly imbued with nationalist ideology by hypothesizing a strong union of the Germanic peoples in antiquity; a theory that is still controversial. He sought to construct a conception of the West Germanic languages as precursors to Modern German. Against the common division of Germanic into North, East and West Germanic languages, he posited a fivefold division into North Germanic (Scandinavia), North Sea Germanic (Saxon, Frisian etc.), Weser-Rhine Germanic (Cherusci, Chatti, later Franks), Elbe Germanic (Suebi, Marcomanni, Lombards, later Alemanni) and Oder-Weichsel Germanic (Vandals, Burgundians, Goths). The theory was supported mainly by Tacitus and Pliny the Elder and especially the latter's observation in the Natural History of there being Germanorum genera quinque: "five kinds of Germans". Seeing a connection between supratribal groupings described (though marginally) by the Roman historians Pliny the Elder and Tacitus, he estimated that during a period ranging from roughly 50 BCE to c. 300 CE, five protolanguages (or dialect groups) emerged that included the direct, unattested, predecessors of all (West, North and East) Germanic languages, which have always remained in various degrees of contact. In the third edition of 1952, Maurer added archaeological evidence to support his classification, most notably citing Rafael von Uslar's article of the same year, "Archäologische Fundgruppen und germanische Stammesgebiete vornehmlich aus der Zeit um Christi Geburt." Maurer equated the five groups of findings discussed in that article with five linguistic groups. His theory has been criticized by later linguists, but they focused mainly on the terms that Maurer used by equating tribes and peoples to language groups and use of nationalistic jargon, which was then considered acceptable. No written evidence of the Germanic languages prior to the 7th century CE exists to prove or to disprove Maurer's thesis. Awards Brüder-Grimm-Preis der Philipps-Universität Marburg, 1963 Honorary doctorate of the University of Glasgow, 1966 Jacob-Burckhardt-Preis, 1976 References Further reading Friedrich Maurer (1942). Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hünenburg. 1898 births 1984 deaths German Army personnel of World War I Historical linguists SS personnel Linguists of Germanic languages Germanic studies scholars Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Academic staff of the University of Freiburg Academic staff of the University of Giessen People from Bergstraße (district) People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse North Sea Germanic
Dampa Tiger Reserve or Dampha Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve of western Mizoram, India. It covers an area of about in the Lushai Hills at an altitude range of . It was declared a tiger reserve in 1994 and is part of Project Tiger. The tropical forests of Dampa Tiger Reserve are home to a diverse flora and fauna. It consists of forest interpolated with steep precipitous hills, deep valleys, jungle streams, ripping rivulets, natural salts licks. Dampa Tiger Reserve is not easily accessible unlike other park where you can ride on a four wheeler but one has to walk through the forest if one wishes to sight animals. In the tiger census of 2018, no tiger was found in this reserve. A tiger was spotted recently after seven years. Etymology The word Dampa means "lonely men" and refers to a local narrative about a village, where a lot of the women died. History The protected area was initially established as wildlife sanctuary in 1985 with an area of about , which was reduced to about . In 1994, it received the status of a Tiger Reserve with an area of and thus became part of Project Tiger. Jurisdiction is under two ranges, namely Teirei Range and Phuldungsei Range. Workers consist of a field director who is headquartered in W. Phaileng. There are also about five foresters and 10 regular forest guards. Flora Rare floral species have been found in Dampa Tiger Reserve including rare ginger species Globba spathulata and Hemiorchis pantlingii. Fauna Mammals Dampa Tiger Reserve hosts Indian leopard, sloth bear, gaur, serow, barking deer, wild boar, hoolock gibbon, Phayre's leaf monkey, gray langur, Rhesus macaque and slow loris. Four Bengal tigers were recorded in 1994 but none were recorded in 2019. Dampa Tiger Reserve has one of the highest clouded leopard populations in South and South East Asia. In 2012, tiger presence was confirmed through Scat samples. No tiger was recorded in Dampa Tiger Reserve in the years 2018–2019. However, the National Tiger Conservation Authority recommended that tigers from Assam's Kaziranga National Park be introduced to Dampa Tiger Reserve. Birds Bird species sighted in Dampa Tiger Reserve include great hornbill, wreathed hornbill, oriental pied hornbill, scarlet-backed flowerpecker, Kalij pheasant, grey peacock-pheasant, speckled piculet and white-browed piculet, bay woodpecker, greater yellownape, greater flameback, great barbet, blue-throated barbet, red-headed trogon, Indian cuckoo, Asian barred owlet, green imperial pigeon, mountain imperial pigeon, emerald dove, crested serpent eagle, Malayan night heron, long-tailed broadbill, Asian fairy bluebird, blue-winged leafbird, golden-fronted leafbird, orange-bellied leafbird, scarlet minivet, maroon oriole, greater racket-tailed drongo, Indian paradise-flycatcher, pale-chinned blue flycatcher, blue-throated flycatcher, black-naped monarch, grey-headed canary flycatcher, white-rumped shama, slaty-backed forktail, spotted forktail, chestnut-bellied nuthatch, velvet-fronted nuthatch, black bulbul, black-crested bulbul, ashy bulbul, white-throated bulbul, slaty-bellied tesia and striated yuhina. Threat It has been reported that there has been an increase in built up (590%), bamboo forest (192.89%) and scrub (74.67%) areas. These increases are simultaneously accompanied by decrease in cover area of evergreen/semi evergreen closed forests from 152.47 km2 in 1978 to 95.27 km2 in 2005. This could be due to the practice of shifting cultivation by villagers at the border of the reserve. A 62-km fence and patrol road along the Bangladesh boundary near the reserve in Mizoram is hindering the free movement of Tigers at Dampa. Oil palm and Teak plantations which occupy areas close to the Dampa Tiger Reserve are also reducing habitat of birds and animals and could pose a bigger threat to wildlife than shifting cultivation. There have also been reported cases of poaching by different groups including local hunters and insurgent groups like Shanti Bahini and the National Liberation Front of Tripura. See also List of Protected areas in India Protected areas of India National parks of India Tourism in Mizoram Reserved forests and protected forests of India References External links Report of Dampa Through Zakhuma's Lens - Dampa Tiger Reserve by Green Hub on YouTube Tiger reserves of India Protected areas of Mizoram 1985 establishments in Mizoram Protected areas established in 1985
Dino Pagliari (born 27 January 1957) is an Italian professional former footballer and manager. Career Footballer As a footballer, he played several seasons in Serie A like his younger brother Giovanni. He played for Fiorentina in the late 1970s, before closing his career in lower divisions. Coach As a coach, he obtained his most important results managing Frosinone and Ravenna, which led to a promotion in Serie B (season 2006–07). He currently holds a soccer school in the region of Marche. On 27 December 2014 he replaced Franco Lerda as manager of U.S. Lecce. On 9 December 2016 he was hired by the Viterbese Castrense. References 1957 births Living people Sportspeople from Macerata Italian men's footballers Serie A players SS Maceratese 1922 players ACF Fiorentina players SPAL players Ternana Calcio players LR Vicenza players Men's association football midfielders Italian football managers U.S. Fermana managers US Alessandria Calcio 1912 managers S.S. Chieti Calcio managers Frosinone Calcio managers Ravenna FC managers SS Virtus Lanciano 1924 managers Pisa SC managers US Lecce managers A.S. Viterbese Calcio managers AS Gubbio 1910 managers Footballers from Marche
The Battle of Big Bethel was one of the earliest land battles of the American Civil War. It took place on the Virginia Peninsula, near Newport News, on June 10, 1861. Virginia's decision to secede from the Union had been ratified by popular vote on May 23, and Confederate Col. (later Maj. Gen.) John B. Magruder was sent down the peninsula to deter any advance on the state capital Richmond by Union troops based at the well-defended post of Fort Monroe. This garrison was commanded by Maj Gen. Benjamin Butler, a former Massachusetts lawyer and politician, who established a new camp at nearby Hampton and another at Newport News. Magruder had also established two camps, within range of the Union lines, at Big Bethel and Little Bethel, as a lure to draw his opponent into a premature action. Butler took the bait, when he and an aide, Maj. Theodore Winthrop, devised a plan for a night march, followed by a dawn attack to drive the Confederates back from their bases. Butler chose not to lead the force in person, for which he was later criticized. The plan proved too complex for his poorly-trained subordinates to carry out, especially at night, and his staff had also omitted to communicate the passwords. They were trying to advance without knowledge of the layout or strength of the Confederate positions, when a friendly fire incident gave away their own. The commander in the field, Massachusetts militia Gen. Ebenezer Peirce, received most of the blame for the failed operation. The Union forces suffered 76 casualties, with 18 killed, including Maj. Winthrop and Lt. John T. Greble, the first regular army officer killed in the war. The Confederates suffered only eight casualties, with one killed. Although Magruder subsequently withdrew to Yorktown and his defensive line along the Warwick River, he had won a propaganda victory and local Union forces attempted no further significant advance until the Peninsula Campaign of 1862. While small in comparison to many later battles, Big Bethel attracted exaggerated importance because of the general feeling that the war would soon be over. The engagement was also known as the Battle of Bethel Church or Great Bethel. Background Union holds, reinforces Fort Monroe After the American Civil War began with the formal surrender of Fort Sumter to Confederate forces on April 14, 1861, and President Lincoln's call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion on April 15, 1861, Virginia's political leaders quickly set in motion the process of seceding from the Union and joining the Confederacy. Even before secession was formally accomplished, Virginia agreed to coordinate its state military forces with the Confederacy and began to seize federal property. The United States Regular Army garrison under the command of Col. Justin Dimick held Fort Monroe, a nearly impregnable fortress at Old Point Comfort on the southern tip of the Virginia Peninsula between the York River and the James River where they empty into Chesapeake Bay. The bay was to the east of the fort and Hampton Roads was to the south. The fort was supported by the Union Navy at Hampton Roads and could be reinforced and resupplied by water without attack by shore batteries or harassment by the nearly non-existent Virginia or Confederate naval forces. The fort was nearly immune from attack from the land side since it could be approached only over a narrow causeway and a narrow isthmus and had massive walls and hundreds of cannons. An inlet called Mill Creek was the body of water that almost cut the fort off from mainland of the Peninsula. Col. Dimick refused to surrender the fort and the small and poorly equipped Virginia (soon to be Confederate) militia forces in the area had no hope of taking the fort by force, especially after April 20, 1861, when the small Union garrison was reinforced by two Massachusetts volunteer regiments within a few days of the Virginia convention voting to secede from the Union on April 17, 1861. This important fort would provide a base for the blockade of Norfolk, Virginia, and the Chesapeake Bay and for the recovery of southeast Virginia and the Virginia Peninsula for the Union. Because Massachusetts militia forces were ready to respond to President Lincoln's call for volunteers, two 90–day regiments, the 3rd Massachusetts Militia commanded by Col. David W. Wardrop and the 4th Massachusetts Militia commanded by Col. Abner B. Packard, were able to reinforce Fort Monroe's garrison of 415 regulars within five days of the President's call. The 4th Massachusetts was the first to arrive. These reinforcements helped assure that this strong point and base of operations would be fully prepared for defense and saved for the Union. On May 13, 1861, the 1st Regiment, Vermont Volunteer Infantry under Col. J. Wolcott Phelps joined the garrison and several other volunteer regiments from New York soon followed. On May 14, 1861, while Col. Dimick was still in command of the garrison, he seized a well just outside the fort in what was then Elizabeth City County because the fort did not have enough water even for its original small garrison. His forces also occupied the Mill Creek Bridge, which was needed for access to the Peninsula from the fort and the nearby Clark farm. The fort soon could not hold all of the arriving reinforcements so Union forces established Camp Troy, soon renamed Camp Hamilton in honor of an aide to General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, on the Segar farm on the Hampton side of Mill Creek, within range of the guns of Fort Monroe. Butler takes command, expands Union bridgehead While Col. Dimick remained in command of the 415 regular army soldiers, Volunteer Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts took command of Fort Monroe and the entire garrison on May 23, 1861. With continuing reinforcements, Butler could not only retain the Union hold on Fort Monroe but support the Union blockade of Chesapeake Bay, move up the Peninsula and threaten to retake Norfolk, Virginia, and other locations on the south side of Hampton Roads from the Confederates. On May 27, 1861, Gen. Butler sent a force north to occupy the lightly defended adjacent town of Newport News at Newport News Point, an excellent anchorage for the Union Navy. This force established and significantly fortified Camp Butler and a battery at Newport News Point that could cover the entrance to the James River ship canal and the mouth of the Nansemond River. By May 29 Butler's force, which included the 1st Vermont Infantry, Col. John A. Bendix's 7th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (a regiment of German speakers), the 4th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Scott's Life Guards and a detachment of U.S. Regulars to man artillery, completed the mission. On June 8, 1861, the camp, which was commanded by Col. Phelps of the 1st Vermont Infantry, also was reinforced by the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Hawkin's Zouaves). Butler also further occupied and expanded Camp Hamilton, started by Col. Dimick in the equally lightly defended, adjacent town of Hampton, just beyond the confines of the fort and within the range of its guns. After Col. Abram Duryee of the 5th New York Infantry commanded Camp Hamilton for a week, on June 4, 1861, Massachusetts militia Brig. Gen. Ebenezer Peirce assumed command. Confederate response Maj. Gen. Robert E. Lee in charge of Virginia (soon to be Confederate) forces, which already were in league with the Confederacy, responded to the growing Union threat from Fort Monroe by sending Col. John Bankhead Magruder for the purposes of defending the southeastern area of the Peninsula and pushing Union forces back to the fort. Magruder was given the command on May 21, 1861. On May 24 he established his headquarters at Yorktown, Virginia and set up his defenses. Soon Magruder's original small Virginia force was increased to about 1,500 men by the inclusion of Col. Daniel Harvey Hill's 1st North Carolina Volunteer Infantry, Lt. Col. William D. Stuart's 3rd Virginia Infantry (Wythe Rifles), a cavalry battalion under Maj. E.B. Montague, and the Richmond Howitzer artillery battalion under Maj. George W. Randolph (grandson of Thomas Jefferson and future Confederate Secretary of War). On June 6 Col. Magruder sent Col. D.H. Hill and the 1st North Carolina Volunteers and Maj. Randolph and part of the Richmond Howitzer battalion with four artillery pieces to Big Bethel Church (or Great Bethel Church) within of the Union's camps at Newport News and Hampton to establish an advanced position at that location. When the Confederates arrived at Big Bethel Church, they found it marked with writings on the walls such as "Death to Traitors," which were left by Union soldiers during an earlier reconnaissance and which greatly annoyed the Confederates. Hill seized high ground just north of the west branch of the Back River and established a well-fortified camp which crossed the road between Yorktown and Hampton and commanded the bridge over the Back River. On the north side of the river Hill had his men dig entrenchments, laying out the position in the form of a square. He had an outlying position guarding an old ford on his left and a redoubt for a howitzer on his right and across the river. He also had some flank protection from heavy woods and marshes. Magruder's force also established an outpost at Little Bethel Church about from Hampton. The fortified position at Big Bethel Church was a short distance further north from Little Bethel Church, along and mainly north of Marsh Creek (now named Brick Kiln Creek), a tributary of Back Creek. The position at Big Bethel Church crossed and blocked the main road between Yorktown and Hampton. Magruder's force of almost 1,500 men occupied the position at Big Bethel Church, while only around 50 cavalrymen manned the outpost at Little Bethel Church. On June 8 Hill sent detachments to drive Union foraging (or pillaging) parties back to the fort. Butler plans to drive Confederates back Butler wished to drive the Confederates back from their advanced positions at Little Bethel and Big Bethel because they had begun attacking and harassing his pickets and patrols with squads from these outposts, threatening his bases outside of Fort Monroe and his lines of communication with them and standing in the way of his plan to move up the Peninsula toward Richmond, the new capital of the Confederacy. An escaped slave, George Scott, who was working for the Union Army at Fort Monroe was able to scout the Confederate position at Big Bethel and give a good report to Gen. Butler, but Butler knew little about the Confederate position at Little Bethel, which he assumed was also a substantial installation manned by a large force. Along with his aide, Maj. Theodore Winthrop, already an accomplished author, Butler devised a plan for a night march and surprise attack on the Confederate position at Little Bethel at dawn by columns converging from Newport News and Hampton. Butler's main objective was Little Bethel, where he expected to find a large Confederate force. Only after Little Bethel was taken would the commander in the field proceed to Big Bethel, if he chose to do so. Opposing forces Union Confederate Battle Union plan, advance On the night of June 9–10, according to the plan devised by Gen. Butler and Maj. Winthrop, 3,500 Union soldiers were sent in two columns from Camp Hamilton at Hampton and Camp Butler at Newport News with orders to converge near the Confederate positions at Little Bethel after a night march and launch a surprise attack on the Confederate positions at Little Bethel at dawn. After taking Little Bethel, if the commander of the force chose to do so, he could go on to attack Big Bethel. The entire force was under the immediate overall command of Brig. Gen. Ebenezer W. Peirce, a Massachusetts militia general of apparent bravery but no regular army, military school or other formal military training or combat experience. Earlier in the day on June 9 Butler had summoned Peirce from Camp Hamilton to Fort Monroe to advise him of the plan. Foreshadowing the further difficulties which would arise during the operation, Peirce was too ill to ride his horse and went to the fort by boat. Peirce was ordered to first send Col. Abram Duryee's 5th New York Volunteer Infantry (Duryée's Zouaves) from Camp Hamilton at Hampton to a point between Little Bethel and Big Bethel and then, after having cut the road to Big Bethel, to attack the Confederates at Little Bethel. Col. Frederick Townsend's 3rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, with two howitzers, was to march from Hampton after the 5th New York Infantry had departed and provide support at Little Bethel. Meanwhile, Col. John W. Phelps, commanding at Newport News, would send detachments from his own 1st Vermont Infantry and Col. David W. Wardrop's 4th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment (90–day Militia) under the command of Lt. Col. Peter T. Washburn to approach Little Bethel from the opposite side. Washburn would be followed by Col. Bendix's German–speaking 7th New York Infantry Regiment and two artillery pieces manned by regulars from the 2d U.S. Artillery Regiment, commanded by Lt. John T. Greble. The plan was for this force to meet the 3rd New York Infantry under Townsend at a road junction about from Little Bethel and form a combined reserve. Peirce and his staff headed for Little Bethel with Townsend's 3rd New York Infantry Regiment. The column from Camp Hamilton was to start at midnight, and that from Newport News a little later, as its line of march would be shorter. Anticipating possible confusion during a night march by inexperienced troops, Butler ordered the watchword, "Boston," to be given to each column and further ordered that all the troops should wear a white rag or handkerchief on their left arms so they would recognize each other. Any attacking regiment was supposed to first shout the watchword. Butler's aide and messenger to the Newport News command, Capt. Haggerty, forgot to advise Col. Phelps and the Newport News contingent of these precautions. Friendly fire incident Colonel Abram Duryée led the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry from their positions at Camp Hamilton and despite some delays arrived near Little Bethel at about 4:00 a.m. Part of this regiment under Captain (later Brigadier General) Judson Kilpatrick captured three Confederate pickets before dawn and were in position to continue the advance as planned. Before Duryée's men could advance close enough to the Confederate positions to open the attack, they heard gunfire behind them. Colonel Bendix's 7th New York Volunteer Infantry had opened fire on Colonel Frederick Townsend's 3rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, who were coming up the narrow road from the direction of Hampton to the south. The 3rd New York Infantry was being led down the road by General Peirce and his staff on horseback without an advance guard. Bendix knew that no cavalry was with the Union force and mistook the 3rd New York for a Confederate cavalry regiment. More importantly, the 3rd New York Infantry wore gray uniforms, with white bands on their arms such as had been seen previously on the hats, at least, of Confederates. Bendix, who had not been given the watchword or the instructions on armbands, thought the Confederates were behind his regiment as well as in front and ordered his men to fire upon Townsend's men. After the attack by Bendix's men, Peirce pulled his force back to south of the New Market Bridge, a counter-march of about to assess the situation and to await an expected further Confederate attack in a more advantageous position. To the dismay of all, it was soon discovered that Bendix had opened fire with muskets and an artillery piece on the 3rd New York Infantry and the commanding general's party, wounding 21 men (two mortally) and causing dozens of other men to flee the field. At this time, the colonels of various regiments, in particular Duryea and Washburn, advised Peirce to call off the operation. However, Butler's aides, Major Winthrop and Captain Haggerty, urged Peirce to move forward, and he chose to continue with the attack. At least forty men of the 3rd New York Infantry had fled back to the fort at Hampton where they reported that their regiment was being cut to pieces by a large Confederate force. Before waiting for a request for reinforcement, Colonel William H. Allen then headed north with the 1st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment to help Townsend's regiment. Peirce also soon sent a message back to Hampton for the 2d New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment under Colonel Joseph B. Carr to come up to the area. They were ordered to stop at the New Market Bridge and ultimately acted as a rear guard. Thinking they had been cut off when they heard the gunfire from the road back to Hampton behind them, Duryée's men of the 5th New York Infantry withdrew from their advanced position and headed south to the sound of the guns, as did the other Union troops from the Vermont and Massachusetts regiments under Lieutenant Colonel Washburn. Those troops were approaching Little Bethel in front of the site of the incident. The Union forces had lost the element of surprise for their attack and delayed the timing of it as well. Little Bethel The friendly fire incident alerted the Confederates at Little Bethel, as well as Magruder's main force, of the Union movement. Upon approach of the Union force and the sound of the gunfire from the New York regiments, the approximately 50 Confederates manning the outpost at Little Bethel Church abandoned that position and fell back to their entrenchments behind Marsh Creek (later Brick Kiln Creek), the branch of the Back River near Big Bethel Church. As it had turned out, only this small group was stationed at Little Bethel, not the large force that Butler expected to find there. Gordon, in discussing the mistakes of the Union commanders in this operation says: "But behind all this was the most serious mistake of all – a mistake in Butler's plan. The Confederates had no outpost of strength at Little Bethel, and the scheme to surround and capture it was an attack on a man of straw." He says that Butler could have struck the road to Yorktown north of Big Bethel and compelled Magruder to withdraw to Yorktown without firing a shot. The 5th New York Infantry (Duryee's Zouaves) had again been sent by Peirce as the leading regiment. Finding the Confederates were in flight from Little Bethel, the 5th New York Infantry burned the church at Little Bethel so the Confederates could not use it as an outpost and also set fire to the homes of several secessionists. The Union force then continued toward Big Bethel. Confederate advance, return to Big Bethel By chance, Magruder had started a large part of his force toward Hampton to launch a surprise attack of his own on the Union forces. After hearing the gunfire and being alerted by an elderly local lady that a Union force was only a few hundred yards down the road, Magruder hurried his men back to his fortifications at Big Bethel. The Confederates were now fully alerted to the Union Army movement and were able to get back into position well before Peirce's men arrived at Big Bethel. Almost the entire Confederate force was now behind earthworks and north of Marsh Creek (Brick Kiln Creek), the branch of the Back River at Big Bethel. The exception was that some of the 3rd Virginia Infantry were in an open field to the south of the branch to protect a howitzer position which was intended to block the main Yorktown–Hampton road. These men hurriedly tried to entrench and to find other cover, such as old mill dam, as the Union force approached. The Confederate force consisted of the same units that Magruder had sent to Big Bethel a few days earlier: Colonel D. H. Hill's 1st North Carolina Volunteer Infantry (about 800 men), three companies of Lieutenant Colonel William D. Stuart's 3rd Virginia Infantry (208 men), a cavalry battalion of about 100 men under Major E. B. Montague, and the Richmond Howitzer artillery battalion of about 150 men under Major George W. Randolph. Union attacks at Big Bethel Having determined to continue to Big Bethel without knowledge of the layout or strength of the Confederate positions, Peirce sent Duryee's 5th New York Infantry out first. Captain Kilpatrick along with Captain Charles G. Bartlett and skirmishers were sent forward to scout the Confederate position. They returned to the main body of the Union force and, after observation and talking to a black man and a local woman as well, told the officers in command that the Confederates had between 3,000 and 5,000 men and 30 pieces of artillery. They actually had about 1,400–1,500 men and 5 artillery pieces, but Kilpatrick accurately reported that their position was well fortified. If the Union forces had not done enough already to give up their plan and position, Kilpatrick gave notice of the arrival of the Union force at Big Bethel by shooting at Confederate scouts and pickets. As the Union force came up to the field, they could not see the Confederates behind their fortifications but the Confederates also did not have a good view of the Union force because of the shade from the woods behind the field on the right and small buildings on the left. However, they could see the bayonets and flag of a Union force about to the left. Major Randolph, commanding the Howitzer Battalion, fired a shot at this column which ricocheted through the Union line and killed a soldier standing next to Colonel Bendix. The two forces then began an intermittent fight that began at 9:00 a.m. and lasted until 1:30 p.m. After the initial artillery shot, Bendix's men began to scatter into the trees for protection. The 5th New York Infantry under Colonel Duryee charged the left of the forward Confederate position with the apparent ultimate intent of crossing the stream and turning the Confederate flank but they were quickly discouraged and turned back by heavy Confederate fire. Lieutenant Greble came up the road to place his three guns where he and his small detachment of regulars from the 2nd U.S. Artillery Regiment could return fire, which he did resolutely but with little effect. Peirce then positioned the 5th New York (Duryee), 7th New York (Bendix) and the Massachusetts and Vermont companies (Washburn) to the right of the Hampton Road and the 3rd New York (Townsend) and 1st New York (Allen) to the left of the road. He would launch piecemeal attacks from these positions. Greble continued to fire at the Confederate positions while Peirce arranged his force and gave them some time to rest. Union skirmishers went forward to try to determine the strength of the Confederate position. Most were driven back immediately. Two companies from the 5th New York led by Captain Kilpatrick and Captain John G. Butler, the General's nephew, advanced across an open field with only a few trees, a shed and a house for cover. An artillery shot went through the house and killed one of the men. Around noon, the 3rd New York Infantry led by Colonel Townsend came forward to the skirmishers' position. They tried to attack the forward Confederate position but could advance only to within before being forced to lay down due to the heavy Confederate fire. Townsend feared he was being flanked and began to withdraw just as the Confederate howitzer facing his position broke and the Confederate commander in the redoubt, Colonel William D. Stuart, pulled his 200 men of the 3rd Virginia Infantry back to a hill near the church. Stuart also feared he was being flanked. Part of the 5th New York Infantry which was attacking alongside the 3rd New York temporarily seized this position but were unable to hold it. Townsend had nothing to fear from the men on his left because they were a company of his own regiment who had become separated from the main body. By the time this was discovered, Townsend had pulled back. Magruder did not want to give up the advantageous forward position and sent Stuart back with another howitzer and reinforcements from the 1st North Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment. This Confederate move and Townsend's retreat left the 5th New York unsupported and they had to withdraw from their captured position as well. Renewed fire from the regained Confederate position insured that neither Townsend nor Duryee would move forward against this position again. Meanwhile, Kilpatrick was trying to lead part of the 5th New York around the Confederates from the right but they came under heavy fire. As men were falling, Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Gouverneur K. Warren came forward on a white mule and began to lead the men toward a ford through the creek from the main road to Hampton. A platoon guarding the ford was outnumbered by the Union force and retreated as they approached. Magruder ordered Captain W. H. Werth forward with a howitzer company. Werth hurried to the ford and arrived before the Zouaves of the 5th New York Infantry under Duryee and Kilpatrick. Werth drove them off from the ford with a howitzer shot but they continued to fight from the wood line. Grape shot tore the rectangle off Colonel Duryee's left shoulder, wounded Captain Kilpatrick in the thigh and killed a soldier behind them. The 5th New York Infantry was exhausted from being the first unit on the march and from heavy action in the day's fighting so the unit was pulled back. Kilpatrick, who was badly wounded by the shot through his thigh, had to be rescued and carried away by Captain Winslow at the very end of the battle after his regiment had withdrawn. Otherwise, he would have fallen into Confederate hands. Deaths of Winthrop, Wyatt, Greble; end of battle The 5th New York Infantry was replaced for one last assault on the Union right by Major Theodore Winthrop, who was also an officer of the 7th New York Infantry but was serving on the staff of General Peirce, having been detailed from General Butler's staff since he helped Butler plan the attack. Winthrop led a detachment of troops from the 5th New York, 1st Vermont, and 4th Massachusetts infantry regiments. Though also very tired from the night march and increasingly hot day, Winthrop and his force also attempted to turn the Confederate left flank (from the Union right). Unlike the earlier unsuccessful Union attempts to cross the creek, Winthrop and his men crossed the creek uncontested because they tied their white cloths around their hats and pretended to be part of the Confederate force. Then they cheered and ran forward, somewhat prematurely giving away their identity. Two companies of the 1st North Carolina Infantry then turned to face them and their fire turned the Union force back with several casualties. One was Major Winthrop who had jumped onto a log and yelled "come on boys, one charge and the day is ours." These were his last words as he sustained a bullet through his heart while his men fled back across the creek. After the battle, Colonel Hill praised Winthrop's courage while disparaging the efforts of the rest of the Union soldiers. Advanced Union skirmishers continued to fire at the Confederate positions from the house on the field and other outbuildings on the south side of the creek. Colonel Hill asked four volunteers to go forward and burn the house. Fire from across the main road stopped them and they dove to the ground. One of them, Private Henry Lawson Wyatt, had been killed. The others were called back and soon Major Randolph was able to destroy the house with artillery fire. Lieutenant Greble, whose guns had been hidden by the house, continued to fire and exposed his position. By this time the battle was ending and Peirce ordered all of his force to retire. It was clear that the Confederate position was too strong and his troops were too exhausted to continue a costly and increasingly futile attack. Lieutenant John Trout Greble refused to pull back until the last, continuing to work his remaining gun, for he did not have enough able men left to man them both. This effort cost him his life as the Confederate artillery concentrated on his position and he was struck in the back of the head by a cannonball while finally winding up his work. When they received word of Greble's death, Lieutenant Colonel Warren, Captain Wilson and five of their men rushed back to recover Greble's body before they left the field. Greble was the first graduate of West Point and first U.S. Regular Army officer killed in the war. After littering the road back to Fort Monroe with coats and equipment on a very hot afternoon, the Union troops arrived back at Fort Monroe about 5:00 p.m. that afternoon. About 100 Confederate cavalry pursued the Union force but could not mount an attack and pulled back as they approached Hampton because the Union force had pulled up the New Market Bridge over the southern branch of the Back River to thwart the Confederate pursuit. Aftermath Total Federal casualties at the Battle of Big Bethel and the friendly fire incident which preceded it were 76, including 18 killed, 53 wounded and 5 missing. Poland, 2006, p. 238 gives an account of the Union casualties by regiment as follows: Staff: 1 killed (Winthrop); 4th Massachusetts: 1 killed; 1st New York: 1 killed; 2d New York: 2 killed, 1 wounded; 3rd New York: 2 killed, 27 wounded or missing; 5th New York: 6 killed, 13 wounded; 7th New York: 3 killed, 7 wounded, 2 missing; 1st Vermont: 2 killed, 3 wounded, 1 missing; Second U.S. Artillery: 1 killed (Greble). Union forces attempted no further advance on the Virginia Peninsula until the Peninsula Campaign of 1862. However, Butler did send an expedition up the Back River with naval support on June 24, 1861, which destroyed 14 transports and several small boats which had supplies for the Confederate forces. Both sides generally continued to hold and improve their positions and works until the Peninsula campaign began. Butler soon had to return many of his men to Washington in order to reinforce the defeated Union force after the First Battle of Bull Run as fear for the security of the capital ran high. While Butler continued to maintain the camp at Newport News, he had to abandon the camp at Hampton for lack of men. When Magruder discovered this, on August 7, 1861, a Confederate force burned Hampton so it could no longer be used to shelter runaway slaves. Butler did not attempt to shell the Confederates from the fort for fear he would be blamed, at least in part, for the burning of the town due to cannon fire. Butler was criticized for the debacle at Big Bethel, including his decision not to lead the operation in person. His appointment as major general of volunteers was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by only two votes. Most of the criticism fell on the Massachusetts militia general, Ebenezer Peirce. Many of the men even wrote to newspapers and others to condemn Peirce's handling of the operation, lack of coordination of forces, sporadic efforts at fighting, wasting of time and leaving too much discretion to subordinates. Even Butler spoke of Peirce's shortcomings in handling the matter, although in more restrained language than he is reported to have used in private. In the early stages of the war, uniforms had not been standardized, and some Union units wore some items of clothing which were gray in color, though gray had also begun to be adopted by the Confederate Army. William Y. W. Ripley, a company commander in the 1st Vermont who later received the Medal of Honor for heroism at the Battle of Malvern Hill while fighting with the 1st United States Sharpshooters, said a primary lesson for Union Army leaders was that "...the gray overcoats and soft hats had to go, lest they (Union soldiers) be shot by their own troops." The Confederates suffered only one killed and seven wounded. Major Winthrop and several other Union dead were buried on the field by the Confederates. Soon thereafter, Magruder granted a request by Winthrop's brother and Union officers, under a flag of truce, to recover Winthrop's body. They returned the body on the field with a respectful escort. Major Randolph's artillery and Colonel D. H. Hill's 1st North Carolina infantry troops were commended by Magruder for their actions. Within hours of the battle, Magruder withdrew his forces to Yorktown, where he established a line protected by the Warwick River. Magruder feared another larger and better planned Union attack on his position and felt he should maintain his defense at Yorktown and along the Warwick River. The press in the Confederate States in particular made the Confederate victory appear to be more momentous than it was and greatly exaggerated the number of Union soldiers killed in the battle, a common reaction by both sides to battles in 1861. At the time, the outcome of the battle was an important boost to Southern confidence and morale. Along with the Confederate victory at the Battle of First Bull Run (Battle of First Manassas) six weeks later, it provided what proved to be undue encouragement and confidence in a quick victory in the war to the Confederates. Union morale was correspondingly damaged but as events proved, the Northern public and military showed resilience and determination in the face of several early defeats. Historiography First Confederate death Many authors have stated that Private Henry L. Wyatt of the 1st North Carolina Volunteers, later the 11th North Carolina Infantry Regiment, the only Confederate soldier killed in the battle was the first Confederate soldier killed in combat in the Civil War. This is only correct to the extent a distinction is made between the first officer killed, Captain John Quincy Marr, who was killed at the Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861) on June 1, 1861, and the first enlisted man killed, which Private Wyatt appears to have been. Claim as first land battle of the American Civil War Big Bethel was one of the first Civil War land battles both in present-day Virginia and in the war after the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter. Although arguments have been made that either the Battle of Philippi, on June 3, 1861, in present-day West Virginia (then part of Virginia) or the Battle of Big Bethel was the first land battle of the entire war, the Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861) took place in Fairfax County, Virginia on June 1, 1861, two days earlier than the Battle of Philippi and nine days before the Battle of Big Bethel. Historian David J. Eicher discounts both the Battle of Fairfax Court House and the Battle of Philippi as "mere skirmishes" and says the first "real land battle of the conflict" was the Battle of Big Bethel, although after a brief summary of the Battle of Big Bethel he characterizes the early Civil War engagements without apparent distinction as "these first minor skirmishes." The Baltimore riot of April 19, 1861 might also be considered a small Civil War battle, with several killed and wounded on each side, but the Confederate side in the affair was a civilian mob, not an organized military force like the force the mob attacked, which was several companies of the 6th Massachusetts Militia. Civilian mobs also were engaged with military forces in two similar riots in St. Louis in the early days of the war after the surrender of Fort Sumter. Compared to the large battles to come, all the engagements before the Battle of First Bull Run (Battle of First Manassas) are fairly characterized as mere skirmishes. Commemoration and battlefield preservation Most of the Big Bethel battlefield, and the whole Little Bethel site, have not been preserved. Today the sites are generally covered with residential and commercial development. Marsh Creek or Brick Kiln Creek has also been dammed, creating the Big Bethel Reservoir on the battlefield site. The fragments of the site that remain are not readily identifiable. The site of Lt. Greble's death is now a convenience store. A group of local preservationists has developed a plan to preserve areas, currently located on Langley Air Force Base, containing a remnant of an earthwork and the memorial to Henry Lawson Wyatt, the only Confederate soldier killed in the battle. Notes References The Atlantic Monthly Volume VIII, August 1861. p. 251. Cobb, J. Michael, Edward B. Hicks and Wythe Holt. Battle of Big Bethel: Crucial Clash in Early Civil War Virginia. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie LLC, 2013. . Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. . Gordon, E. Clifford. The Battle of Big Bethel. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1883. Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 1. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1883. Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 3. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1884. Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 4. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1886. Extracts from an old order book, First Howitzers of Richmond, VA. . Retrieved June 9, 2011. Hansen, Harry. The Civil War: A History. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. . Hotchkiss, Jed. Confederate Military History: Virginia. Volume III. Clement A. Evans, ed. Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Company, 1899. . Retrieved June 11, 2011. Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence C. Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888. . Lossing, Benson John and William Barritt. Pictorial history of the civil war in the United States of America, Volume 1. Philadelphia, George W. Childs, 1866. . Retrieved May 1, 2011. McKean, William Vincent. The National almanac and annual record for the year 1863, Volume 1. Philadelphia: George W. Childs, 1863. . Retrieved May 31, 2011. Poland, Jr., Charles P. The Glories Of War: Small Battles and Early Heroes Of 1861. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. . Quarstein, John V. The Civil War on the Virginia Peninsula. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publications, 1997. . Retrieved June 11, 2011. Quarstein, John V. "First Blood at Big Bethel." Civil War Times vol. L, no. 2 (April 2011): 48–53, 79. Quarstein, John V. and Dennis P. Mroczkowski. Fort Monroe: the Key to the South. Charleston, SC: Tempus Publications, 2000. . Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. . Scharf, John Thomas. History of the Confederate States Navy From Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessel. New York: Rogers & Sherwood, 1887, p. 39. . Retrieved February 1, 2011. Schouler, William. A History of Massachusetts in the Civil War. Volume 1. Boston: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1868. . Retrieved June 12, 2011. Tomes, Robert. The War with the South: A History of the Great Rebellion. Volume 1. New York: Virtue and Yorston, 1864–1867. . Retrieved June 11, 2011. The Union Army: Cyclopedia of battles. Volume V, A to Helena. Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908. . Retrieved June 8, 2011. U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. Series I, Volume 2 [S# 2], Chapter IX. Further reading Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. . p. 6. External links Official reports of the battle Big Bethel Big Bethel Big Bethel Big Bethel York County in the American Civil War 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Virginia June 1861 events
Villaeles de Valdavia is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 74 inhabitants. References Municipalities in the Province of Palencia
The 2020–21 UEFA Europa League qualifying phase and play-off round began on 18 August and ended on 1 October 2020. A total of 178 teams competed in the qualifying system of the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League, which includes the qualifying phase and the play-off round, with 35 teams in Champions Path and 143 teams in Main Path. The 21 winners in the play-off round (8 from Champions Path, 13 from Main Path) advanced to the group stage, to join the 18 teams that enter in the group stage, the 6 losers of the Champions League play-off round (4 from Champions Path, 2 from League Path), and the 3 League Path losers of the Champions League third qualifying round. Times are CEST (UTC+2), as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses). Teams Champions Path The Champions Path includes all league champions which are eliminated from the Champions Path qualifying phase of the Champions League, and consists of the following rounds: Second qualifying round (20 teams): 20 teams which enter in this round (3 losers of the Champions League preliminary round and 17 losers of the Champions League first qualifying round). Third qualifying round (18 teams): 8 teams which enter in this round (8 of the 10 losers of the Champions League second qualifying round), and 10 winners of the second qualifying round. Play-off round (16 teams): 7 teams which enter in this round (2 of the 10 losers of the Champions League second qualifying round and 5 losers of the Champions League third qualifying round), and 9 winners of the third qualifying round. Below are the participating teams of the Champions Path (with their 2020 UEFA club coefficients), grouped by their starting rounds. Notes Main Path The Main Path includes all cup winners and league non-champions which do not qualify directly for the group stage, and consists of the following rounds: Preliminary round (16 teams): 16 teams which enter in this round. First qualifying round (94 teams): 86 teams which enter in this round, and 8 winners of the preliminary round. Second qualifying round (72 teams): 25 teams which enter in this round, and 47 winners of the first qualifying round. Third qualifying round (52 teams): 16 teams which enter in this round (including 3 League Path losers of the Champions League second qualifying round), and 36 winners of the second qualifying round. Play-off round (26 teams): 26 winners of the third qualifying round. Below are the participating teams of the Main Path (with their 2020 UEFA club coefficients), grouped by their starting rounds. Notes Format In a change to the format as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, each tie is played as a single-legged match hosted by one of the teams decided by draw. If scores are level at the end of normal time, extra time is played, followed by a penalty shoot-out if the scores remain tied. In each draw of the Champions Path, teams (whose identity may not be known at the time of the draws) are divided into seeded and unseeded pots, which may contain different numbers of teams, based on the following principles: In the second qualifying round draw, 17 losers of the Champions League first qualifying round are seeded, and the three losers of the Champions League preliminary round are unseeded. In the third qualifying round draw, the eight losers of the Champions League second qualifying round are seeded and the ten winners of the second qualifying round are unseeded. In the play-off round draw, the five losers of the Champions League third qualifying round are seeded; the remaining two losers of the Champions League second qualifying round and the nine winners of the third qualifying round are unseeded. In the beginning of the draws, a seeded team is drawn against an unseeded team until one of the pots is empty. Afterwards, the remaining teams from the non-empty pot are drawn against each other. For each tie, a draw is made between the two teams, and the first team drawn is the home team. In each draw of the Main Path, teams are seeded based on their 2020 UEFA club coefficients. For any team whose club coefficients are not final at the time of a draw, their club coefficients at that time, taking into account of all 2019–20 UEFA Champions League and Europa League matches played up to that point, are used (Regulations Article 13.03). Teams are divided into seeded and unseeded pots containing the same number of teams, and a seeded team is drawn against an unseeded team. For each tie, a draw is made between the two teams, and the first team drawn is the home team. If the identity of the winners of the previous round is not known at the time of the draws, the seeding is carried out under the assumption that the team with the higher coefficient of an undecided tie advances to this round, which means if the team with the lower coefficient is to advance, it simply takes the seeding of its opponent. Teams from the same association or associations with political conflicts as decided by UEFA may not be drawn into the same tie. Prior to the draws, UEFA may form "groups" in accordance with the principles set by the Club Competitions Committee and based on geographical, logistical and political reasons, and they are purely for convenience of the draw and do not resemble any real groupings in the sense of the competition. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, all qualifying matches are played behind closed doors. The following special rules are applicable to the qualifying phase and play-offs: Prior to each draw, UEFA publish the list of known travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. All teams must inform UEFA if there are other existing restrictions other than those published. If a team fails to do so which as a consequence the match cannot take place, the team is considered responsible and to have forfeited the match. If travel restrictions imposed by the home team's country prevent the away team from entering, the home team must propose an alternative venue that allows the match to take place without any restrictions. Otherwise they are considered to have forfeited the match. If travel restrictions imposed by the away team's country prevent the away team from leaving or returning, the home team must propose an alternative venue that allows the match to take place without any restrictions. Otherwise UEFA decide on a venue. If after the draw, new restrictions imposed by either the home team's or away team's country prevent the match from taking place, the team of that country are considered to have forfeited the match. If either team refuses to play the match, they are considered to have forfeited the match. If both teams refuse to play or are responsible for a match not taking place, both teams are disqualified. If a team has players and/or officials tested positive for SARS-2 coronavirus preventing them from playing the match before the deadline set by UEFA, they are considered to have forfeited the match. In all cases, the two teams may agree to play the match at the away team's country or at a neutral country, subject to UEFA's approval. UEFA has the final authority to decide on a venue for any match, or to reschedule any match if necessary. If, for any reason, the qualifying phase and play-offs cannot be completed before the deadline set by UEFA, UEFA decide on the principles for determining the teams qualified for the group stage. Four countries (Poland, Hungary, Greece and Cyprus) have provided neutral venue hubs which allow matches to be played at their stadiums without restrictions. Schedule The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland). The tournament would originally have started in June 2020, but had been delayed to August due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The new schedule was announced by the UEFA Executive Committee on 17 June 2020. The original schedule of the competition, as planned before the pandemic, was as follows (all draws held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise). Preliminary round The draw for the preliminary round was held on 9 August 2020, 13:00 CEST. Seeding A total of 16 teams played in the preliminary round. Seeding of teams was based on their 2020 UEFA club coefficients. The first team drawn in each tie were the home team. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other. Summary The matches were played on 18, 20 and 21 August 2020. The match between Lincoln Red Imps and Prishtina on 18 August was postponed due to the whole Prishtina team being put into quarantine after eight players had tested positive for SARS-2 coronavirus. The game was rescheduled to 22nd August, with Prishtina using UEFA regulations to sign on emergency loan players from rival Kosovar Superleague clubs Feronikel, Llapi, Trepca '89, Flamurtar, Ballkani, Drenica and Vushtrria in order to fulfil the fixture. However the rearranged fixture also had to be cancelled after 7 more players tested positive for coronavirus, and Lincoln Red Imps were awarded a technical 3–0 win by UEFA. Matches First qualifying round The draw for the first qualifying round was held on 10 August 2020, 13:00 CEST. Seeding A total of 94 teams played in the first qualifying round: 86 teams which entered in this round, and 8 winners of the preliminary round. Seeding of teams was based on their 2020 UEFA club coefficients from matches played through 8 August 2020. For the winners of the preliminary round, whose identity was not known at the time of draw, the club coefficient of the highest-ranked remaining team in each tie was used. The first team drawn in each tie would be the home team. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other. Numbers were pre-assigned for each team by UEFA, with the draw held in two runs, one for Groups 1–13 with six teams and one for Groups 14–15 with eight teams. Notes Summary Most matches were played on 25, 26 and 27 August 2020, however two matches were postponed to 9 and 10 September 2020. Matches Second qualifying round The draw for the second qualifying round was held on 31 August 2020, 13:00 CEST. Seeding A total of 92 teams played in the second qualifying round. They were divided into two paths: Champions Path (20 teams): 3 losers of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League preliminary round, and 17 losers of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League first qualifying round. Main Path (72 teams): 25 teams which entered in this round, and 47 winners of the first qualifying round. Seeding of teams in the Champions Path was based on the round they are eliminated from the Champions League. Seeding of teams in the Main Path was based on their 2020 UEFA club coefficients. For the winners of the two postponed first round matches, whose identity was not known at the time of draw, the club coefficient of the highest-ranked remaining team in each tie was used. The first team drawn in each tie would be the home team. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other. Numbers were pre-assigned for each team in the Main Path by UEFA, with the draw held in one run for all Groups 1–12 with six teams. Notes Notes Summary The matches were played on 16, 17 and 18 September 2020. Champions Path Main Path Third qualifying round The draw for the third qualifying round was held on 1 September 2020, 13:00 CEST. Seeding A total of 70 teams played in the third qualifying round. They were divided into two paths: Champions Path (18 teams): 8 of the 10 losers of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round (Champions Path), and 10 winners of the second qualifying round (Champions Path). Main Path (52 teams): 13 teams which entered in this round, 3 losers of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round (League Path), and 36 winners of the second qualifying round (Main Path). Seeding of teams in the Champions Path was based on the round they are eliminated from the Champions League. Seeding of teams in the Main Path was based on their 2020 UEFA club coefficients. For the winners of the second qualifying round (Main Path), whose identity was not known at the time of draw, the club coefficient of the highest-ranked remaining team in each tie was used. The first team drawn in each tie would be the home team. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other. Numbers were pre-assigned for each team by UEFA, with the draw held in two runs, one for Groups 1–6 with six teams and one for Groups 7–8 with eight teams. Notes Notes Summary The matches were played on 23 and 24 September 2020. Champions Path Main Path Play-off round The draw for the play-off round was held on 18 September 2020, 14:00 CEST. Seeding A total of 42 teams played in the play-off round. They were divided into two paths: Champions Path (16 teams): 2 of the 10 losers of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round (Champions Path), 5 losers of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League third qualifying round (Champions Path), and 9 winners of the third qualifying round (Champions Path). Main Path (26 teams): 26 winners of the third qualifying round (Main Path). Seeding of teams in the Champions Path was based on the round they are eliminated from the Champions League. Seeding of teams in the Main Path was based on their 2020 UEFA club coefficients. For the winners of the third qualifying round (Main Path), whose identity was not known at the time of draw, the club coefficient of the highest-ranked remaining team in each tie was used. The first team drawn in each tie would be the home team. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other. Numbers were pre-assigned for each team by UEFA, with the draw held in two runs, one for Groups 1–3 with six teams and one for Group 4 with eight teams. Notes Notes Summary The matches were played on 1 October 2020. Champions Path Main Path Notes References External links Fixtures and Results, 2020–21, UEFA.com 1 August 2020 sports events in Europe September 2020 sports events in Europe October 2020 sports events in Europe UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds
There are many cocktails made with cachaça, the national spirit of Brazil. The caipirinha is by far the most popular and internationally well-known, but bartenders have developed other mixed drinks using the spirit. Caipirinha The Caipirinha is Brazil's national cocktail made with cachaça, ice, sugar, and lime. It is the drink most commonly associated with cachaça. In Brazil, other versions of caipirinha are made with different alcoholic beverages or fruits. A caipiroska or caipivodka is made with vodka instead of cachaça, while a caipiríssima is made with rum and a sakerinha, with sake. Different from the mojito, the caipiríssima is made with crushed lime (not lime juice), and has no mint or soda water. If other fruit is used instead of lime, it is usually called a batida or caipifruta. Batida Batida is a Brazilian cocktail made with the national alcoholic drink cachaça. In Portuguese, batida means shaken or milkshake. It is made with cachaça, fruit juice (or coconut milk), and sugar. It can be blended or shaken with ice. In Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, batidas are traditionally served with feijoada. A variation is made adding sweet condensed milk or sour cream. The most common fruit used in a Batida are lemon, passion fruit and coconut. Rabo-de-galo Rabo-de-galo, which means "cock tail" (in Brazilian Portuguese cocktail is called coquetel), is a Brazilian drink made of cachaça and red vermouth. The history of the Rabo de Galo dates back to 1950s and the inauguration of the Cinzano factory in São Paulo, it is also known as Traçado, the Portuguese word for mixed. Alternatively, is known as a mixture of "everything you have in the bar" in some places. It is questionable whether the proportions in rabo-de-galo have ever been formally established. Most bartenders will simply "eyeball" the two ingredients, adjusting the proportions to the customer's taste. A quite common version calls for 2/3 of cachaça and 1/3 of vermouth. Rabo-de-galo is usually served straight up in large shot glasses. A popular variation in São Paulo, Brazil substitutes the vermouth with Cynar, an Italian bitter apéritif liqueur flavored with artichoke. Caju amigo Caju amigo, also known as cajuzinho (little cashew), is a Brazilian drink made of cachaça and cashew juice. In some places, a slice of cashew is put in the drinker's mouth with a little bit of salt, chewed without swallowing, and a shot of cachaça is thrown back straight- swallowing the fruit and the drink at the same time. Quentão Quentão, which means "very hot" or "big hot one", is a hot Brazilian drink made of cachaça and spices. It is often served during the celebrations known as Festas Juninas. The sugar is first caramelized with spices (whole cloves, cinnamon sticks and ginger chunks) and citrus peels (orange and lime). This mixture is then boiled with water for 10 minutes. The cachaça is added and boiled for another 5 minutes. It is very common in southernmost parts of Brazil to use red wine instead of cachaça, the primary ingredient of Quentão, since this region is the largest wine producer in Brazil. As the name suggests, it's meant to be served hot - ideally to be served outside on social gatherings on cold nights, near a fireplace. The ginger also adds to the sensation of warmth in the drink. The gingery flavor should be very distinctive, high notes of cloves must be present also. Nutmeg is an optional ingredient, used in some recipes. Leite de onça Leite de onça (Jaguar milk) is a cold Brazilian drink made of cachaça and condensed milk. It is very sweet and has a very suave scent that evokes the homely atmosphere of a Festa Junina. It is not easy to replace the ingredients and achieve a similar result because its taste is very peculiar. It is usually served cold, in plain mugs, without garnish (though often cinnamon or chocolate powder is sprinkled over) so that it looks like milk at a first glance. Macunaíma The Macunaíma is a cocktail made with cachaça, sugar syrup, lime, and Fernet-Branca. It is shaken and served straight up in a "barriquinha", americano glass (a traditional Brazilian glass), or an old fashioned glass. Created by Arnaldo Hirai from Boca de Ouro bar in 2014, it is named after the famous novel Macunaíma by Mário de Andrade. Royce Royce is an American cocktail made with the Brazilian national spirit cachaça. This cocktail was named in honor of Royce Gracie, a great Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighter. See also List of Brazilian drinks List of Brazilian dishes Cachaça References External links Brazilian cuisine Lists of cocktails Brazilian alcoholic drinks Cocktails with cachaça
Eagle Partner 2023 was a military exercise that happened in Armenia from 11 September to 20 September 2023. The main goal of the exercise was the fortifying of the alliance between the United States with Armenia and also the training of the 12th Peacekeeping Brigade of the Armed Forces of Armenia for future peacekeeping missions. It involved approximately 85 U.S. soldiers and approximately 175 Armenian soldiers. The exercise happened at the Zar Training Area of the Peacekeeping Brigade and the N Training Center of the Ministry of Defense. Major general Gregory Anderson, Brigadier general Patrick Ellis, and US Ambassador to Armenia Kristina Kvien were the observers of the exercise. The Director of the exercise was Armenian Colonel Arsen Mangasaryan and the deputy director was U.S. Lieutenant Colonel Kevin Kennedy. The Operations Coordinator of the exercise was Scott Safer. Timeline of the exercise September 10 Casualty Evacuation (CASEVAC) simulation was conducted on the first day of the exercise for medical personal to verify processes and procedures in a safe environment. September 11 Soldiers of the 12th Peacekeeping Brigade and soldiers from the Kansas National Guard and 1st Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division, Task Force Mountain held an opening day ceremony for Eagle Partner 2023 on 11 September in a training area in Armenia. The opening ceremony was attended by the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Armenia and First Deputy Minister of Defense Lieutenant General Edward Asryan. Also, an esprit de corps ruck march was done by the soldiers. September 13 On this day, the units conducted a classroom training and they engaged in a riot training. September 14 A Situational Training Exercise was conducted, during which soldiers trained to diffuse explosives, provide security watches, conduct casualty evacuation care, provide suppression fire and much more. September 15 A distinguished visitor day was held on this day. The U.S. Ambassador to Armenia Kristina Kvien, Armenian Minister of Defense Suren Papikyan, Major general Gregory Anderson, Brigadier general Patrick Ellis and others visited the training area where the exercise took place. On the same day, a Range Training was held. A Joint Peacekeeping Exercise was conducted, during which, a riot was simulated in order to show the knowledge and skills of the soldiers. September 16 An Armenian Genocide Memorial Day was held on 16 September. Soldiers visited the Armenian Genocide Memorial complex. September 19 On 19 September, the soldiers conducted a Squad Live Fire Exercise, during which explosive ordinance disposal classes, psychological warfare exercises and other exercises were held. September 20 On the last day of the exercises, a closing ceremony was held. The Operations Coordinator Scott Safer received an award from the Armenian forces. Eagle Partner 2024 Colonel Arsen Mangasaryan, commander of the 12th Peacekeeping Brigade and the exercise director for Eagle Partner 2023, said that another joint military exercise is likely to happen in 2024. See also Armenia–NATO relations Armenia–United States relations References External links https://www.dvidshub.net/feature/EaglePartner https://am.usembassy.gov/eagle-partner/ https://en.armradio.am/2023/09/06/eagle-partner-2023-armenia-to-host-joint-military-exercises-with-us/ https://news.am/eng/news/780105.html 2023 in Armenia Military of Armenia Military of the United States Military exercises and wargames Military exercises involving the United States September 2023 events in Europe Armenia–United States military relations 2023 in military history September 2023 events in Armenia
Jelen is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States. History In the 1880s, Jelen was known for its large store. As the town grew, it became home to several businesses. It also had a school. A post office was established at Jelen in 1904, and remained in operation until 1916. The community was named for the first postmaster, Anton Jelen. In 1920, the population of Jelen was 26. References Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Nebraska Unincorporated communities in Nebraska
Cadambur Tiruvenkatachari Rajagopal (8 September 1903 – 25 April 1978) was an Indian mathematician. Biography Rajagopal was born in Triplicane, Madras, India. He was the first son of Tiruvenkatachari and Padmammal. He had two younger brothers, C.T. Venugopal, a distinguished civil servant, and C. T. K. Chari. They also had a young sister, Kamala. He studied at Presidency College and graduated with an Honours in mathematics in 1925. He was involved in the clerical service and then taught mathematics at Annamalai University. Rajagopal taught mathematics at Madras Christian College from 1931 to 1951. He joined the Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics in 1951. Collaborating on the teaching of conic sections, Rajagopal and Vaniyambadi Rajagopala Srinivasaraghavan wrote a textbook, An Introduction to Analytical Conics, that was published in 1955 by Oxford University Press in India. A reviewer noted "a pleasing feature is the frequent reference to the history of the subject", and "the authors pursue the theory in great detail, proving a large number of subsidiary results." Rajagopal became Director of the Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics in 1955. He helped the Institute to become India's leading mathematics research centre. The Institute is now associated with the University of Madras, after it was merged with the Department of Mathematics at the University in 1967. Rajagopal conducted research on sequences, series, summability, and published more than 80 papers but is most noted for his work in the area of generalising and unifying Tauberian theorems. He also did research in many other mathematical topics. Rajagopal also conducted research in the history of medieval Indian mathematics. He showed that the series for arctan x discovered by James Gregory and those for sin x and cos x discovered by Isaac Newton were known to the Hindu mathematicians 150 years earlier. He identified Madhava as the first discoverer of these series. Works 1949: (with M.S. Rangachari) "A Neglected Chapter of Hindu Mathematics", Scripta Mathematica 15: 201–9 1951: (with M.S. Rangachari) "On the Hindu proof of Gregory's series", Scripta Mathematica 17: 65–74. 1949: (with A. Venkataraman) "The sine and cosine power series in Hindu mathematics", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (Science) 15: 1–13. 1955: (with V. R. Srinivasaraghavan) Introduction to Analytical Conics via Google Books 1977/8: (with M. S. Rangachari) "An Untapped Source of Medieval Keralese Mathematics", Archive for History of Exact Sciences 18(2): 89–102. 1986: (with M.S Rangachari) "On Medieval Kerala Mathematics" Archive for History of Exact Sciences 35: 91–99 See also K. Ananda Rau References External links Published papers archived on JSTOR 1903 births 1978 deaths 20th-century Indian mathematicians Scientists from Chennai
Hollywood High is a 1977 American sex comedy film. The film is generally regarded as being of very low quality, with one retrospective review calling it "a shockingly inept piece of teen sexploitation" and remarking, "Even for a dubious genre like this, this movie reaches a level of badness that would make even the most jaded exploitation filmmakers pause, and subsequently resolve never to reach such a low point. Practically every department in this movie - acting, writing, directing, etc. - is at the very bottom of the barrel." Despite its poor reception, the movie had the unofficial sequel Hollywood High Part 2 released in 1981, which likewise was panned. Unrelated series pilot Turner Classic Movies notes the existence of an unrelated 30-minute television pilot, also debuting in 1977, for a prospective series. Notes External links Hollywood High Part 2 at Internet Movie Database Films set in Los Angeles 1977 films American sex comedy films 1970s English-language films 1970s sex comedy films American teen comedy films 1970s high school films 1977 comedy films 1970s American films
This is the list of awards and nominations received by Maggie Smith, whose acting career in motion pictures, television, and on stage spans over 6 decades. Among her major competitive awards, Smith has won two Oscars, five BAFTAs (including a record four for Best Actress), four Emmys, and a Tony Award. Other significant awards include three Golden Globes, five Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a record six Best Actress Evening Standard Theatre Awards. Smith is one of only 14 actresses to have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting, which is competitive Academy Award, Emmy Award, and Tony Award wins in the acting categories. Overall in her career she has won 58 competitive awards from 157 nominations. She has also received numerous honorary awards, including the BAFTA Special Award (1993), the BAFTA Fellowship (1996), and the Special Olivier Award (2010). Triple Crown of Acting Academy Awards Tony Awards Emmy Awards Major Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe Awards Notes E Tied with Ellen Burstyn for Same Time, Next Year. Screen Actors Guild Awards Notes A Shared with Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, and James Wilby. B Shared with Judi Dench, Celia Imrie, Bill Nighy, Dev Patel, Ronald Pickup, Tom Wilkinson, and Penelope Wilton. M Shared with Hugh Bonneville, Zoe Boyle, Laura Carmichael, Jim Carter, Brendan Coyle, Michelle Dockery, Jessica Brown Findlay, Siobhan Finneran, Joanne Froggatt, Iain Glen, Thomas Howes, Rob James-Collier, Allen Leech, Phyllis Logan, Elizabeth McGovern, Sophie McShera, Lesley Nicol, Amy Nuttall, David Robb, Dan Stevens, and Penelope Wilton. Other Theatre Awards Olivier Awards Drama Desk Awards Evening Standard Theatre Awards Gershwin Theatre Awards Outer Critics Circle Awards Critics Awards Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Critics' Choice Awards Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards Florida Film Critics Circle Awards Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards London Film Critics' Circle Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards Notes G Tied with Brian Bedford for Private Lives, Roscoe Lee Browne for Dream on Monkey Mountain, and Lou Gossett for Murderous Angels. National Board of Review Awards Notes H Shared with Bette Midler, Goldie Hawn, Diane Keaton, Dan Hedaya, Sarah Jessica Parker, Stockard Channing, Victor Garber, Stephen Collins, Elizabeth Berkley, Marcia Gay Harden, Bronson Pinchot, Jennifer Dundas, Eileen Heckart, Philip Bosco, Rob Reiner, James Naughton, Ari Greenberg, and Aida Linares. National Society of Film Critics Awards Notes I Tied with Verna Bloom for Medium Cool and Ingrid Thulin for The Damned. New York Film Critics Circle Awards Notes J Tied with Anjelica Huston for The Dead. New York Film Critics Online Awards Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Notes A The cast nomination included also Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, and James Wilby. L Shared with Kenneth Branagh, John Cleese, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis, Richard Griffiths, Rupert Grint, Richard Harris, Jason Isaacs, Daniel Radcliffe, Alan Rickman, Fiona Shaw, Julie Walters, and Emma Watson. San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Utah Film Critics Association Awards Women Film Critics Circle Awards Other Awards Actors Hall of Fame Foundation Awards Alfred Toepfer Stiftung Awards American Comedy Awards American Movie Awards Avenue of Stars Bodleian Library British Film Institute Awards British Independent Film Awards Broadcasting Press Guild Awards European Film Awards Evening Standard British Film Awards Notes D Tied with Billie Whitelaw for The Dressmaker. Gershwin Theatre Awards Helpmann Awards Laurel Awards Monte-Carlo Television Festival Awards Online Film & Television Association Awards Notes K Tied with Evan Rachel Wood for Mildred Pierce. Online Film Critics Society Awards Notes A Shared with Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, and James Wilby. Outer Critics Circle Awards Notes L Tied with Anthony Hopkins and Peter Firth for Equus, Geraldine Page for Absurd Person Singular, and John Cullum and Chip Ford for Shenandoah. People's Choice Awards Royal Television Society Awards Satellite Awards Notes A Shared with Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, and James Wilby. Saturn Awards Shakespeare Theatre Company Awards Stratford Shakespeare Festival Awards Taormina Film Fest Awards TV Guide Awards TVTimes Awards University of Bath University of Cambridge University of St Andrews Variety Club Drama Awards Whatsonstage.com Awards Notes O Shared with co-star Judi Dench for the same play. See also List of Maggie Smith performances References General Specific External links Smith, Maggie
Newell is a city in Butte County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 584 at the 2020 census. Newell was laid out in 1910. The city has the name of F. H. Newell, director of the United States Reclamation Service. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Climate Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 603 people, 270 households, and 172 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 344 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.7% White, 0.2% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.5% Pacific Islander, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population. There were 270 households, of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.3% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.78. The median age in the city was 48.2 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.3% were from 25 to 44; 30.5% were from 45 to 64; and 22.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.1% male and 48.9% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 646 people, 274 households, and 178 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 337 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.37% White, 1.55% Native American, 0.15% Asian, and 0.93% from two or more races. There were 274 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $24,000, and the median income for a family was $27,159. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $16,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,854. About 11.4% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 28.1% of those age 65 or over. See also List of cities in South Dakota References External links Cities in South Dakota Cities in Butte County, South Dakota
Seligów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyszkowice, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Łyszkowice, south of Łowicz, and north-east of the regional capital Łódź. Notable people Stanisław Kędziora (1934–2017), Roman Catholic bishop References Villages in Łowicz County
"Be Mine" is a song by David Gray. It was released on 7 April 2003 as the second and final single from his sixth studio album A New Day at Midnight. The single peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 23. "Be Mine" is also included on the album The Best of David Gray released in October 2016. Track listings UK CD single "Be Mine" (Radio Remix) – 3:52 "Loverboy" – 4:30 "Falling Down the Mountainside" (Live at the BBC, December 2002) – 4:40 The Best of David Gray "Babylon" - 3:38 "You're the World to Me" - 3:37 "Sail Away" - 5:15 "The One I Love" - 3:28 "Alibi" - 4:36 "Smoke Without Fire" - 2:55 "Flame Turns Blue" - 4:51 "Be Mine" - 3:51 "This Year's Love" - 4:06 "Fugitive" - 3:43 "Please Forgive Me" - 5:34 "Only the Wine" - 2:52 "Snow in Vegas (feat. LeAnn Rimes)" - 3:30 "Back in the World" - 3:58 "The Other Side" - 4:27 "Enter Lightly" - 4:50 References David Gray (musician) songs 2003 singles Songs written by David Gray (musician) Music videos directed by Vaughan Arnell 2003 songs East West Records singles
```smalltalk // The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license. using Microsoft.TemplateEngine.Abstractions; using Microsoft.TemplateEngine.Utils; using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq; namespace Microsoft.TemplateEngine.Cli.PostActionProcessors { public abstract class PostActionProcessorBase : IPostActionProcessor { public abstract Guid Id { get; } public bool Process( IEngineEnvironmentSettings environment, IPostAction action, ICreationEffects creationEffects, ICreationResult templateCreationResult, string outputBasePath) { if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outputBasePath)) { throw new ArgumentException($"'{nameof(outputBasePath)}' cannot be null or whitespace.", nameof(outputBasePath)); } outputBasePath = Path.GetFullPath(outputBasePath); return ProcessInternal(environment, action, creationEffects, templateCreationResult, outputBasePath); } /// <summary> /// Gets absolute normalized path for a target matching <paramref name="sourcePathGlob"/>. /// </summary> protected static IReadOnlyList<string> GetTargetForSource(ICreationEffects2 creationEffects, string sourcePathGlob, string outputBasePath) { Glob g = Glob.Parse(sourcePathGlob); List<string> results = new(); if (creationEffects.FileChanges != null) { foreach (IFileChange2 change in creationEffects.FileChanges) { if (g.IsMatch(change.SourceRelativePath)) { results.Add(Path.GetFullPath(change.TargetRelativePath, outputBasePath)); } } } return results; } protected static IReadOnlyList<string> GetConfiguredFiles( IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> postActionArgs, ICreationEffects creationEffects, string argName, string outputBasePath, Func<string, bool>? matchCriteria = null) { if (creationEffects is not ICreationEffects2 creationEffects2) { return new List<string>(); } if (!postActionArgs.TryGetValue(argName, out string? targetFiles)) { return new List<string>(); } if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(targetFiles)) { return new List<string>(); } if (TryParseAsJson(targetFiles, out IReadOnlyList<string> paths)) { return ProcessPaths(paths); } return ProcessPaths(targetFiles.Split(new[] { ';' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)); IReadOnlyList<string> ProcessPaths(IReadOnlyList<string> paths) { matchCriteria ??= p => true; return paths .SelectMany(t => GetTargetForSource(creationEffects2, t, outputBasePath)) .Where(t => matchCriteria(t)) .ToArray(); } } protected static IReadOnlyList<string>? GetTargetFilesPaths( IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> postActionArgs, string outputBasePath) { postActionArgs.TryGetValue("targetFiles", out string? targetFiles); if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(targetFiles)) { return null; } // try to parse the argument as json; if it is not valid json, use it as a string if (TryParseAsJson(targetFiles, out IReadOnlyList<string> paths)) { return GetFullPaths(paths); } return GetFullPaths(targetFiles.Split(new[] { ';' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)); IReadOnlyList<string> GetFullPaths(IEnumerable<string> paths) { var fullPaths = paths .Select(p => Path.GetFullPath(p, outputBasePath)) .ToList(); return fullPaths.AsReadOnly(); } } protected abstract bool ProcessInternal( IEngineEnvironmentSettings environment, IPostAction action, ICreationEffects creationEffects, ICreationResult templateCreationResult, string outputBasePath); private static bool TryParseAsJson(string targetFiles, out IReadOnlyList<string> paths) { paths = new List<string>(); targetFiles.TryParse(out JToken? config); if (config is null) { return false; } if (config.Type == JTokenType.String) { paths = config.ToString().Split(new[] { ';' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); return true; } if (config is not JArray arr) { return false; } var parts = arr .Where(token => token.Type == JTokenType.String) .Select(token => token.ToString()).ToList(); if (parts.Count == 0) { return false; } paths = parts.AsReadOnly(); return true; } } } ```
Cyclophora oothesia is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in eastern Peru. References Moths described in 1920 Cyclophora (moth) Moths of South America
British NVC community MG3 (Anthoxanthum odoratum - Geranium sylvaticum grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four such communities associated with well-drained permanent pastures and meadows. This community is a localised community of northern England. There are three subcommunities. Community composition The following constant species are found in this community: Common Bent (Agrostris capillaris) The lady's-mantle (Alchemilla glabra) Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) Common Mouse-ear (Cerastium fontanum) Pignut (Conopodium majus) Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata) Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) Wood Crane's-bill (Geranium sylvaticum) Yorkshire-fog (Holcus lanatus) Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) Rough Meadow-grass (Poa trivialis) Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) Common Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) White Clover (Trifolium repens) Five rare species of lady's-mantle Alchemilla are associated with this community: A. acutiloba, A. glomerulans, A. monticola, A. subcrenata and A. wichurae. Distribution This community, although widespread in the past, is now almost confined to a few upland valleys in County Durham, North Yorkshire and Cumbria. Subcommunities There are three subcommunities: the Bromus hordaceus ssp. hordaceus subcommunity the Briza media subcommunity the Arrhenatherum elatius subcommunity References Rodwell, J. S. (1992) British Plant Communities Volume 3 - Grasslands and montane communities (hardback), (paperback) MG03
A Night to Remember is a mystery comedy film starring Loretta Young and Brian Aherne. It was directed by Richard Wallace, and is based on the novel The Frightened Stiff by Audrey Roos and William Roos. A mystery writer and his wife try to solve a murder when a corpse is found outside their Greenwich Village apartment. Plot Nancy (Loretta Young) and Jeff Troy (Brian Aherne) move into a somber-looking basement apartment building on 13 Gay Street, Greenwich Village, where the residents all act very strangely. Nancy recognizes one of the residents, Anne Carstairs (Jeff Donnell), who acts very oddly and not at all the way Nancy remembers her. While eating in a nearby restaurant named Polly's Stable, Nancy overhears a man, later identified as Louis Kaufman, talking on the telephone telling someone to meet him in the basement apartment. Louis goes to the basement apartment and is later found dead in the backyard. from evidence it seems he had been drowned in the apartment's bathtub. Jeff recognizes the basement apartment as a former speakeasy and reunites with the mascot of the old bar, a box turtle called "Old Hickory". The turtle's peregrinations in the building cause a series of scares and frights. Jeff and Nancy figure out that all the residents were being blackmailed by a man named Andrew Bruhl, who used to be a private investigator. Bruhl made all the blackmail victims live in the building at 13 Gay Street to keep an eye on them. Jeff and Nancy figure out that Bruhl killed Kaufman, and that Bruhl is someone who lives in the building. The suspects are Anne Carstairs (Jeff Donnell); her husband, Scott Carstairs (William Wright); Eddie Turner, the landlord; Polly Franklin (Lee Patrick), who owns Polly's Stable; Lingle (Richard Gaines), another resident; and the housekeeper, Mrs. Salter (Blanche Yurka). Cast Loretta Young as Nancy Troy Brian Aherne as Jeff Troy Jeff Donnell as Anne Carstairs William Wright as Scott Carstairs Sidney Toler as Inspector Hankins Gale Sondergaard as Mrs. Devoe Donald MacBride as Bolling Lee Patrick as Polly Franklin Don Costello as Eddie Turner Blanche Yurka as Mrs. Salter Richard Gaines as Lingle James Burke as Pat Murphy Critical response Film critic Bosley Crowther wrote in The New York Times in 1943 that the film's "plot is tedious and involved" and "the film is largely a succession of looming shadows, conversations and mediocre gags and people creeping out of the darkness and saying "Boo!" Writing in DVD Talk, Jamie S. Rich described the film as "not as memorable as its title would have you believe," and although the "plot doesn't really add up to very much, Young is a joy to watch and it's all so light and fluffy, A Night to Remember ends up being pretty hard to hate." References External links 1942 films 1940s crime comedy films American black-and-white films American crime comedy films American romantic comedy films Columbia Pictures films 1940s comedy mystery films Films based on American novels Films based on mystery novels Films directed by Richard Wallace Films produced by Samuel Bischoff American comedy mystery films 1942 romantic comedy films 1940s American films
The 1991–92 West Midlands (Regional) League season was the 92nd in the history of the West Midlands (Regional) League, an English association football competition for semi-professional and amateur teams based in the West Midlands county, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and southern Staffordshire. Premier Division The Premier Division featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs: Cradley Town, promoted from Division One Willenhall Town, relegated from the Southern Football League League table References External links 1991–92 8
Krybskytterne på Næsbygård is a 1966 Danish family film directed by Ib Mossin and Alice O'Fredericks. Cast Asbjørn Andersen - Godsejer Martin Kaas Holger Juul Hansen - Pastor Johannes Pripp Inger Stender - Anna Pripp Jane Thomsen - Rosa Pripp Karen Berg - Helene Baard Owe - Thomas Helga Frier - Kokkepigen Marie Ib Mossin - Anker Ole Neumann - Martin Bertel Lauring - Karl Christian Arhoff - Nick References External links 1966 films Danish children's films 1960s Danish-language films Films directed by Alice O'Fredericks Films scored by Sven Gyldmark ASA Filmudlejning films
Aeropuerto T4 (, "Airport Terminal 4") is a station on Line 8 of Madrid Metro and Lines C-1 and C-10 of Cercanías Madrid on the lower level of the new terminal T4 of Madrid-Barajas Airport. The metro station was opened on 3 May 2007 and the commuter rail station was opened on 22 September 2011; and presents the particularity of requiring the payment of a special supplement of €1 for users of single ticket or Metrobus, the same way it happens in the station Airport T1-T2-T3. It is located in fare Zone A. The Cercanías Madrid station runs in parallel to the Metro and can be seen from one platform to the other. The station was built along with the civil works of the airport terminal and a train station. References Line 8 (Madrid Metro) stations Cercanías Madrid stations Airport railway stations in Spain Railway stations in Spain opened in 2007
Associazione Calcio Milan is an Italian football club based in Milan, Lombardy. The club was founded in 1899 as Milan Foot-Ball and Cricket Club, and has competed in the Italian football league system since 1900. They were the first Italian club to qualify for the European Cup in 1955. Since then, the club has competed in every UEFA-organised competition, with the exception of the Intertoto Cup and the Europa Conference League. The competition in which the club has had the most success is the European Cup/UEFA Champions League, which they won seven times, the first in 1963; this win made them the first Italian side to win the European Cup. The other six victories came in 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003 and 2007. The club has also won the Cup Winners' Cup twice, in 1968 and 1973; the Super Cup five times, in 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003 and 2007; and the Intercontinental Cup three times, in 1969, 1989 and 1990. After their Champions League win in 2007, Milan also competed as UEFA's representatives at the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup, eventually winning the competition and thus becoming the first Italian and European side to win the trophy. They have also won the 1951 and 1956 Latin Cup and the 1982 Mitropa Cup. History 1938–1961: European debut and first successes The club's debut in European competitions occurred in the first round of the 1938 Mitropa Cup, when they lost 3–0 to FC Ripensia Timișoara. The following home win by 3–1 was not enough to reach the quarter finals. The early 1950s marked the resurgence of Milan in both Italian (where they won their first scudetto in 44 years) and European soil, mainly thanks to the so-called Gre-No-Li, a trio of attacking players formed by Swedish footballers Gunnar Gren, Gunnar Nordahl and Nils Liedholm. The first appearance in a continental match in this new era took place in the 1951 semifinal match of the Latin Cup, where Milan defeated Atlético Madrid with a 4–1 score which allowed them to reach the final against Lille, won with a 5–0 score. This first European achievement was repeated five years later thanks to the victory in the 1956 Latin Cup final against Athletic Bilbao (3–1). Milan holds the record of most Latin Cup wins, with two (record shared with Real Madrid and Barcelona). Milan first competed in the European cup in the 1955–56 season. The club's first match in European cup was a round-of-16 tie against Saarbrücken; Milan lost the home match 3–4. The return leg was played at the Ludwigspark Stadion in Saarbrücken, and the match finished as a 4–1 win for Milan, which allowed them to qualify for the next round. After eliminating Rapid Wien in the quarter-finals, Milan faced Real Madrid in the semi-finals. The first leg took Milan to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, where they were defeated 4–2. Despite winning 2–1 in the second leg back at San Siro, they were eliminated from the competition. The 1957–58 European Cup campaign saw Milan defeating Rapid Wien in the preliminary round, where a play-off was needed to determine the winner, Rangers in the first round, Borussia Dortmund in the quarter-finals and Manchester United in the semi-finals, eliminating the latter thanks to a convincing 4–0 win at San Siro. Milan met Real Madrid in the final at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. Real Madrid were the favorites and came from two wins in the previous editions of the trophy, but Milan proved to be a tough opponent and the game was memorable. Milan led 1–0 and then 2–1 but were reached by Héctor Rial scoring the 2–2. The game went to the extra time and in the end Real Madrid prevailed with a final score of 3–2. The late 1950s and early 1960s were also to be remembered for Milan's participation in some unrecognized competitions such as the Coppa dell'Amicizia and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. The former was a friendly competition between Italy and France, where clubs of each country faced each other in a two-legged tie format. The Italian representatives, included Milan, won the trophy in 1959, 1960 and 1961. In the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Milan did not achieve remarkable results. 1961–1974: Nereo Rocco's European and worldwide triumphs In 1960, Milan secured a young talent from Alessandria, his name is Gianni Rivera. He immediately impressed the San Siro audience with his pure technique and went on to be the pillar of Milan's successes for two decades. One year later, Nereo Rocco was hired as manager of the club, bringing to Milan his experience on the Catenaccio approach, which he integrated with a good attacking phase, thanks also to new signings such as Dino Sani, José Altafini and Amarildo. Milan's Serie A title in 1961-62 granted them access to the European Cup the following season. Milan eliminated Union Luxembourg, Ipswich Town, Galatasaray and Dundee to reach the final with Benfica in Wembley, London. Thanks to a brace of José Altafini, the top-scorer of the tournament with 14 goals, Milan won the game 2–1 and lifted their first European Cup, first Italian club to achieve this result. This success allowed Milan to play the Intercontinental Cup against Santos. The first leg was played at the San Siro in Milan, on 16 October 1963. Milan won the home game 4–2. The return leg was held the following month, on 14 November, at the Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro. As Santos won the match 4–2, the two teams were level on points and a playoff had to be contested two days later. Santos won 1–0, thus securing the trophy. The final was remembered for suspected corruption attempts by Santos officials towards the referee of the return leg, Juan Brozzi, who handled the game in evident favour of the Brazilians, not punishing their excessive aggressiveness on the pitch, thus allowing them to overcome the 2–0 lead Milan had at the end of the half time. Moreover, the same referee was chosen for the play-off game, where he whistled the contested penalty that gave Santos the victory. In the aftermath, the referee was then sacked by the Argentine Football Association. In the 1963–64 season, Milan was eliminated from the European Cup by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals. The following European appearance was in the 1967–68 European Cup Winners' Cup. Milan reached the final undefeated, where they met Hamburg, beaten 2–0. In 1968-69 Milan took part in the European Cup. They met primary opponents of the time, such as Celtic in the quarter-finals, and Manchester United in the semi-finals. Both teams were eliminated and in the final Milan faced a young Ajax team that few years later would go on to dominate international football. The match displayed remarkable performances by Pierino Prati, who scored a hat-trick, and Gianni Rivera, who dominated the midfield and gifted Prati with three assists. Hence, Milan faced Estudiantes in the Intercontinental Cup final. The tie became infamous for the violent on-pitch conduct and dirty tactics employed by Estudiantes' players in the second leg of the fixture. Milan won the first leg in San Siro with a 3–0 score. In the return leg, Estudiantes' 2–1 win was not enough, and Milan achieved their first Intercontinental Cup win. The 1969-70 European Cup campaign was unsuccessful, and Milan was eliminated by Feyenoord in the second round. In 1971–72, Milan participated in the UEFA Cup for the first time and went on to reach the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by Tottenham Hotspur. Thanks to the Coppa Italia win in the same season, in 1972-73 Milan played in the Cup Winners' Cup for their second time. The path of the rossoneri to the final was steady and regular, with no defeats, and in the final act they met Leeds United. A goal from Luciano Chiarugi gave Milan the lead after just 4 minutes from the beginning of the match. The rest of the game was approached difensively by the club, and thanks to a remarkable performance of goalkeeper William Vecchi, Milan was able to retain the 1–0 lead until the end, securing the trophy. Milan took part to another Cup Winners' Cup the following season, reaching again the final, but being defeated by Magdeburg. 1974–1995: Decline and resurgence to European dominance under Berlusconi's ownership The years that followed brought few results in European competitions. The best one was a quarter final in the 1975–76 UEFA Cup, with Milan being eliminated by Club Brugge. The European cup participation in 1979–80, thanks to the victory of the tenth scudetto in the previous season, ended prematurely, in the first round, due to a 1–0 home defeat to Porto. In the same season, Milan was involved in the Totonero scandal and was punished with the relegation to the second division. Milan had no troubles getting promoted to Serie A the following year, when they also won the Mitropa Cup, a trophy participated by the winners of European second division championships. However, in Serie A things were not progressing well, and the final third last place condemned Milan to their second relegation, followed by another promotion in the next season. Milan struggled financially and on the pitch till the mid-1980s, and was on the brink of bankruptcy when media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi took over the club in February 1986, promising their supporters to bring Milan back to the old glory, both domestically and internationally. The first European campaigns of Berlusconi's Milan brought meager results, being eliminated in the third round of the 1985–86 UEFA Cup by Waregem and in the second round of the 1987–88 UEFA Cup by Espanyol. However, the formation of a revolutionizing team was on its way. A mix of young players such as Roberto Donadoni and affirmed stars as Carlo Ancelotti, Marco Van Basten and Ruud Gullit were added to an already solid base formed by the likes of Paolo Maldini and Franco Baresi. The mind behind this team was Arrigo Sacchi, a young and relatively inexperienced manager but with modern and courageous ideas that contrasted the defensive approach typical of Italian sides of the period. After some months of trial, where some players struggled to assimilate the highly intensive training techniques adopted by Sacchi, the team started to impose its fast-paced and high-pressing play to its opponents. The conquest of the scudetto in the 1987–88 season granted Milan access to the European Cup the following season, when they completed the team with the addition of Frank Rijkaard. After eliminating Levski Sofia in the first round, the next opponent was Red Star Belgrade. The return leg was surrounded by an aura of surrealism. The home team was leading 1-0 when a dense fog fell on the pitch, which lead to the referee suspending the game on the 57th minute. By the regulation of the time, a rematch would have to be played the following day. After an intense fight, which included a heavy injury for Donadoni, Milan won at the penalty shoot-out after the game ended 1–1. Milan went on defeating Werder Bremen in the quarter-finals, and met Real Madrid in the semi-finals. Contrary to the approach of Italian teams of the time, Sacchi's Milan went to Madrid with the intent of winning the game, and they nearly did so, with a dominating performance that granted them a 1–1 score. The return leg was the perfect game of Sacchi's formation, which outshined the opponents with a 5–0 victory. The final against Steaua București was won 4–0 with two braces of Gullit and Van Basten at the Camp Nou in Barcelona. Subsequently, Milan won the 1989 European Super Cup against Barcelona in a two-legged tie which saw the rossoneri drawing 1–1 in Spain and winning 1–0 at home. In the 1989 Intercontinental Cup the opponent was Atlético Nacional. The Colombians blocked successfully the Milan players and the game was resolved only at the 119th minute, in the extra time, with a free kick by Alberico Evani, which set the final score to 1–0 for the rossoneri. The following season, Milan replicated the same three European achievements proving to be the best team of their time. In fact, they won another European Cup beating Benfica 1–0 and eliminating Real Madrid and Bayern Munich on the way to the final; they conquered the 1990 European Super Cup with a two-legged tie win against Sampdoria; finally, they beat Club Olimpia 3–0 in the 1990 Intercontinental Cup. After almost three years at high playing and training pace, the team suffered some fatigue in the 1990–91 season, when they could not repeat the European exploits of the previous spells. In the European Cup they were eliminated in the quarter finals by Marseille in odd circumstances. After a 1–1 in the first leg in San Siro, the French were in the lead 1–0 in the return leg when, at the 87th minute, the game was suspended as Milan refused to continue playing when some floodlights went off. In the aftermath, UEFA decided to punish such behavior by giving Marseille a 3–0 win and banning Milan from European competitions for the 1991–92 season. Milan returned to the Champions League in 1992–93, with Fabio Capello as the new manager, who, in the previous season, had replaced Sacchi. With most of Sacchi's players still part of the team, the club reached the final winning every game and conceding only one goal. Marseille was the opponent and once again Milan had to surrender to them, losing the match 1–0. However, soon after Marseille's victory, allegations of match fixing were directed at them and their president Bernard Tapie. This involved a league game that took place six days before the final, where Marseille, it emerged, had fixed their title-clinching Division 1 game against Valenciennes so they could concentrate on the final against Milan. It is believed that Tapie bribed Valenciennes to lose so that Marseille would win the French league earlier, and above all that they would not injure the Marseille players before the final against Milan. The French club were banned from defending their European title in the 1993–94 season, and contesting the Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup. Milan was therefore granted the right to compete in the latter two competitions. However, they lost both the Super Cup, against Parma, and the Intercontinental Cup, against São Paulo. In 1993–94, the rossoneri tried the assault to the Champions League once again, and this time they were successful. They reached the final unbeaten, conceding only two goals in the whole competitions (a European Cup/Champions League record shared with Aston Villa). In the final, Milan defeated Barcelona with a clear 4–0 score. In the 1994–95 season they won the Super Cup thanks to a 0–0 draw at Highbury and a 2–0 win at San Siro, while the Intercontinental Cup proved again unsuccessful for Milan, which lost 2–0 against Vélez Sársfield. In the Champions League, Milan reached the final for the third consecutive year (a record shared with Real Madrid and Juventus), but lost 1–0 to Ajax thanks to a late goal of Patrick Kluivert. This final marked the end of an era of international dominance of the club, which lasted almost uninterruptedly from 1988 to 1995. 1995–2012: Ancelotti's triumphs at the dawn of the century From the 1996–97 to 2000–01 seasons, Milan experienced a transition period, where many of the players that built the rossoneri'''s fortunes either left the club (Gullit, Donadoni and manager Fabio Capello) or retired (Baresi, Tassotti). A solid group of players still in their prime (Maldini, Costacurta, Boban) remained, thus securing a continuation of the legacy. However, with only one scudetto won in this time frame, the team needed some strengthening. It is between the summer transfer sessions of 1999 and 2001 that the club's management decided to make the most important investments to rebuild a winning team. Young and affirmed players joined Milan, such as Andriy Shevchenko, Gennaro Gattuso, Manuel Rui Costa, Filippo Inzaghi, Nelson Dida and Andrea Pirlo. In the first half of the 2001–02 season, after a series of unconvincing results, then coach Fatih Terim was sacked and replaced, after a small intermezzo of former Milan captain Cesare Maldini, by Carlo Ancelotti. In the same season, the club reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup, and got eliminated by Borussia Dortmund after a 4–0 loss in Germany and a 3–1 win at San Siro. In summer 2002 the team was strengthened further, with the arrival of Clarence Seedorf and Alessandro Nesta. Milan participated in the 2002–03 Champions League having to start from the qualifying round, where they eliminated Slovan Liberec. In both the group stages, despite having to face good opponents such as Real Madrid and Bayern Munich, the club managed to achieve arithmetic qualification as first in the group after playing the first four matches of each group, and they lost only the four games which were not relevant for the final ranking. The team demonstrated a very solid mentality in addition to a pleasant play. In the quarter-finals, they met Ajax. After a 0–0 draw in the first leg in Amsterdam, the return match was thrilling. Milan gained the lead twice, but they were caught both times by the Dutch. On the 93rd minute, Inzaghi was the fastest to get to a wandering ball in the box, and with a quick move lobbed the goalkeeper; Jon Dahl Tomasson placed the ball into the net. In the semi-finals, Milan met their city rivals of Inter in a much anticipated game. The first leg was paralyzed by nerves and tension and ended with a 0–0 draw. The return leg was more openly played and the final score of 1–1 benefited Milan who went on to the final thanks to the rule of away goals. In the final, played at the Old Trafford, Milan met another Italian team, Juventus. The game ended with a goalless draw and the penalty kicks were necessary to determine the winner. Thanks to a great performance of goalkeeper Dida, who saved three penalties, and to Andriy Shevchenko, who scored the decisive one, Milan achieved their sixth Champions League title. In the 2003–04 season, Milan was therefore granted the right to play in the UEFA Super Cup and in the Intercontinental Cups. In the UEFA Super Cup Milan faced UEFA Cup winners Porto and defeated them 1–0 thanks to a winning header of Shevchenko, assisted by Rui Costa. In the Intercontinental Cup, Milan didn't go beyond a 1–1 against South American champions Boca Juniors. The penalty shoot-outs were required again to determine the winner, but this time it was the turn of Milan opponents to clench the trophy. With the arrival of Kaká in summer 2003, Milan attack acquired even more explosivity, and the team seemed to have everything in place to reach another final. However, after a comfortable 4–1 win at San Siro, Milan was eliminated by Deportivo la Coruña in the second leg of the quarter-finals after a startling 4–0 defeat. The 2004–05 season saw the addition of Jaap Stam and Hernán Crespo to further invigorate a team that entered the Champions League amongst the favorites. Milan qualified first in the group stage above Barcelona, beaten 1–0 at San Siro. In the round of 16, they eliminated Manchester United with a double 1–0 win, and in the quarter-finals Milan faced once again their city rivals of Inter. In the first leg, two headers from Stam and Shevchenko granted Milan the win. In the return leg, Milan was leading 1–0 thanks to a long-distance shot of the Ukrainian, when a disallowed Inter goal caused massive protests from the nerazzurri supporters, who started throwing flares on the pitch. One of them hit Milan goalkeeper Dida, who had to abandon the pitch, with the referee suspending the game. After a while, the game was restarted, but again flares fell on the pitch, to which the referee reacted by definitely suspending the game. Afterwards, Milan was awarded a 3–0 win which secured them a place in the semi-finals. There they met the revelation of the tournament, PSV Eindhoven. The Dutch proved to be a tough opponent, and Milan got the better of them only thanks to the rule of away goals, with a 91st-minute goal by Massimo Ambrosini in the return leg at the Philips Stadion. The final against Liverpool was one of the best football matches in the history of the sport. Milan gained the lead within the first minute with a goal from its captain Paolo Maldini. Milan went on to score two more goals before the half time whistle. In the second half, within six minutes, Liverpool scored three goals, thus levelling the score. Despite this big psychological set-back, Milan kept attacking and creating chances, but without scoring. The game went to the extra time. Shevchenko missed an incredible double chance, when both a header and the subsequent shot on the keeper's rebound were saved by Jerzy Dudek. At the penalty shoot-outs, three mistakes on Milan side gave the title to Liverpool. The 2005–06 Champions League started well once again for Milan, who qualified as first team in the group stage, and in the round of 16 eliminated Bayern Munich with a 5–2 aggregate score. The quarter-finals against Olympique Lyonnais were more tight: after a 0–0 in France, Milan gained the lead only at the 88th minute to end the game with a 3–1 lead. However, the path of the rossoneri terminated in the semi-finals against Barcelona, condemned by a 1–0 defeat at San Siro and despite a contested disallowed goal from Shevchenko in the return leg, ended 0–0. The 2006–07 Champions League campaign started from the qualifying round, with Milan beating Red Star Belgrade both home and away. After going through the group stage, the opponent in the round of 16 was Celtic. The game in Glasgow ended with a goalless draw. In Milan, the game was resolved in the rossoneri's favor only in the extra time, thanks to a trademark progression run by Kakà, who started from the midfield line and ended up with the Scottish keeper beaten inside the box. The quarter-finals against Bayern Munich displayed the pure talent of Clarence Seedorf, who, in the return leg in Germany, scored the opening goal with a precise shot from just inside the box and served a backheel assist to Inzaghi for the final 2–0 score. Manchester United was the adversary in the semi-finals. After a thrilling game at Old Trafford, ended 3-2 for the red devils, the return leg was perfectly played by Milan who went quickly into a double advantage and blocked any attempt of British club to be dangerous. The final score was 3–0. The final against Liverpool gave Milan the chance to revenge the defeat of two years earlier. This time it was Milan turn to bring the trophy home, thanks to a brace from Inzaghi. The club went on to win also their fifth UEFA Super Cup, 3–1 against Sevilla, and their first Fifa Club's World Cup, 4–2 against Boca Juniors. After several years at high level on both national and international fronts, Milan experienced a couple of less competitive seasons. In the 2007–08 Champions League they were eliminated in the round of 16 by Arsenal, and the following season they couldn't go beyond the round of 32 in the UEFA Cup, being eliminated by Werder Bremen. New signings of Robinho and Zlatan Ibrahimović, as well as Alexandre Pato and Ronaldinho, made Milan supporters hope for a new era of European successes, but that would not be the case. In 2009–10 and 2010–11 Milan was eliminated in the Champions League round of 16, and in 2011-12 they got defeated by Barcelona in the quarter-finals, after having eliminated Arsenal in the previous knockout round. This season saw the retirement and departure of many of the players on whom Milan built its successes, leaving behind a team that required a big strengthening to keep the same levels achieved in the previous decades. 2012–present: Downturn and comeback under Pioli and new ownership However, such investments would not come, and the team struggled for many seasons in the Serie A, and in European field did not achieve any remarkable results, being eliminated in the round of 16 both in 2012–13 and in 2013–14, by Barcelona and Atlético Madrid respectively. In 2014–15 and for the next two seasons, Milan did not take part into any European competition. In 2017–18, under a new ownership, Milan put in place several new signings, but despite those, results kept being scarce, including an elimination in the Europa League round of 16 by Arsenal. The next season, Milan did not even make it through the group stage of Europa League. The high expenses of the previous transfer market sessions and the big debts it generated, caused Milan to violate the rules of Financial Fair Play, and they willingly accepted the punishment of UEFA to not admit the club in the 2019–20 Europa League season, allowing them to extinguish all further investigations and start from scratch, thanks also to a new change of ownership. The new management provided a more solid and forward-looking investment strategy, aimed at building a team of young players with big motivations, to be grown by few experienced players. It is in this perspective that the signing of Zlatan Ibrahimović had to be seen. The team, under the guide of manager Stefano Pioli, slowly reinstated its presence first in the Serie A and then in the Champions League. In fact, in 2021–22 Milan won its first scudetto in eleven years, and took part to the Champions League after seven seasons since the last time, even though they were eliminated in the group stage. The following season was more successful, and saw the club advancing to the knockout phase thanks to the second place in the group stage, behind Chelsea. In the round of 16 they eliminated Tottenham, as a result of a 1-0 home win followed by a goalless draw in London. In the quarter-finals Milan faced country-rivals Napoli, and went through again with a 1-0 win in San Siro and a 1-1 draw in the return match. In the semi-finals the Rossoneri met their city-rivals of Inter Milan, with the two clubs facing each other for the third time in European competitions. Unlike the previous two occurrences, this time the Nerazzurri prevailed, thanks to a double win (2-0 in the first leg and 1-0 in the second one). This was the most successful European campaign for AC Milan since the 2006–07 season. Matches AC Milan's score listed first.UEFA and FIFA competitions Other international competitions Overall record By competition As of 25 October 2023. By club Key By countryAs of 25 October 2023.'' Key UEFA coefficient rankings UEFA club coefficient ranking UEFA ranking since 2004 Football club Elo ranking Football club Elo ranking since 2004 Honours Footnotes References AC Milan Milan
Turkey competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. 48 competitors, 46 men and 2 women, took part in 26 events in 7 sports. Turkey won its first-ever Olympic medals at these games. Medalists Basketball First Round First consolation round Cycling Four cyclists, all male, represented Turkey in 1936 Individual road race Kazım Bingen Kirkor Canbazyan Orhan Suda Talat Tunçalp Team road race Kazım Bingen Kirkor Canbazyan Orhan Suda Talat Tunçalp Equestrian Fencing Seven fencers, five men and two women, represented Turkey in 1936. Men's sabre Enver Balkan Orhan Adaş Cihat Teğin Men's team sabre Ilhami Çene, Enver Balkan, Cihat Teğin, Abdul Halim Tokmakçioğlu, Orhan Adaş Women's foil Suat Aşani Halet Çambel Football Round of 16 Sailing Wrestling References External links Official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database Nations at the 1936 Summer Olympics 1936 1936 in Turkish sport
```go package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws" "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session" "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/iam" ) // Usage: // go run iam_deleteaccesskey.go func main() { // Initialize a session in us-west-2 that the SDK will use to load // credentials from the shared credentials file ~/.aws/credentials. sess, err := session.NewSession(&aws.Config{ Region: aws.String("us-west-2")}, ) // Create a IAM service client. svc := iam.New(sess) result, err := svc.DeleteAccessKey(&iam.DeleteAccessKeyInput{ AccessKeyId: aws.String("ACCESS_KEY_ID"), UserName: aws.String("USER_NAME"), }) if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error", err) return } fmt.Println("Success", result) } ```
The Global Ageing Network (formerly the International Association for Homes and Services for the Aging (IAHSA)) is an international, not-for-profit educational and charitable organization founded in 1994. Affiliations The Global Ageing Network is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in Special Consultative Status with the United Nations. It works with other organizations, including: AARP International Alzheimer's Disease International Helpage International International Coalition of Intergenerational Programs International Federation on Ageing International Longevity Center United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Education The Global Ageing Network hosts a biennial international conference. Past conference site have included: Amsterdam, The Netherlands Barcelona, Spain Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America Vancouver, BC, Canada Sydney, Australia Trondheim, Norway St. Julian's, Malta London, England Washington, D.C. Shanghai, China Perth, Australia Membership The Global Ageing Network membership is open providers of aging services, governments, universities, individuals and corporations. Global Ageing Network Global Ageing Network Members are from the following countries: Australia, Austria, Canada, People's Republic of China, Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Malta, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, Ukraine and the United States of America. International non-profit organizations Organizations established in 1994 Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C. Gerontology organizations
Alessandro "Alex" Righetti (born August 14, 1977) is an Italian former professional basketball player. Righetti won the silver medal with the Italian men's national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. In April 2017, his retirement was announced. References External links 1977 births Living people Basket Ferentino players Basket Rimini Crabs players Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Italian men's basketball players Juvecaserta Basket players Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic basketball players for Italy Olympic medalists in basketball Olympic silver medalists for Italy Pallacanestro Varese players Pallacanestro Virtus Roma players Sportspeople from Rimini S.S. Felice Scandone players Small forwards Virtus Bologna players
The 1993–94 Gamma Ethniki was the 11th season since the official establishment of the third tier of Greek football in 1983. Paniliakos and Panserraikos were crowned champions in Southern and Northern Group respectively, thus winning promotion to Beta Ethniki. Ialysos Rodos and Anagennisi Kolindros also won promotion as a runners-up of the groups. Panarkadikos, Irodotos, Keratsini, Rodos, Erani Filiatra, Patras, Nigrita, Makedonikos, Keravnos Kolchikou, Ethnikos Alexandroupoli, Asteras Ambelokipoi and Nestos Chrysoupoli were relegated to Delta Ethniki. Southern Group League table Northern Group League table References Third level Greek football league seasons 3 Greece
Below are some notable researchers in language acquisition listed by intellectual orientation and research topic. Nativists Eric Lenneberg Steven Pinker Stephen Crain Thomas Bever Susan Gelman Susan Carey Elizabeth Spelke Lila R. Gleitman Empiricists Elizabeth Bates Michael Tomasello Brian MacWhinney Elissa L. Newport Linda B. Smith Jenny Saffran Elena Lieven Dan Slobin Barbara Landau Melissa Bowerman Adele Goldberg Richard N. Aslin Janet Werker Roger Brown LouAnn Gerken Jean Berko Gleason Edward Klima Ursula Bellugi Gary Marcus Paul Bloom Eve V. Clark Generative Language Acquisition Lydia White Luigi Rizzi Thomas Bever Nina Hyams Rosemarie Tracy Second language acquisition researchers H. Douglas Brown Martin Bygate John Bissell Carroll Pit Corder Alister Cumming Nick Ellis Rod Ellis Susan Gass Fred Genesee François Grosjean Luke Harding Keith Johnson Judit Kormos Stephen Krashen Judith F. Kroll Alison Mackey Rosa Manchón Paul Kei Matsuda Lourdes Ortega Teresa Pica Paul Pimsleur Richard Schmidt Norbert Schmitt Larry Selinker Merrill Swain Elaine Tarone Jyotsna Vaid Bill VanPatten Lydia White Alison Wray Michael T. Ullman Complex Dynamic Systems Theory approach Kees de Bot Marijn van Dijk Zoltán Dörnyei Paul van Geert Nick Ellis Diane Larsen-Freeman Wander Lowie Sarah Mercer Marjolijn Verspoor List of language acquisition researchers List of language acquisition researchers Language acquisition researchers Language acquisition researchers
Tadashi Horikoshi (堀越信司, Horikoshi Tadashi, born 19 July 1988) is a Japanese Paralympic athlete. He won the bronze medal in the men's marathon T12 event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics held in Tokyo, Japan. He also competed at the Summer Paralympics in 2008, 2012 and 2016. He won bronze medals at both the 2017 and 2019 World Para Athletics Marathon Championships in London. Domestically, he represents the NTT West Japan track and field team. References Living people 1988 births Sportspeople from Nagano (city) Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field) Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Medalists at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Paralympic bronze medalists for Japan Paralympic athletes for Japan Japanese male marathon runners 21st-century Japanese people
Merry Christmas is the first Christmas album recorded by Australian recording artist Kate Ceberano and was certified Gold by ARIA. The album includes a duet with Ronan Keating. Track listing Merry Christmas features 12 tracks, 11 Christmas classics and "Radiate", which originally featured on her previous album Dallas et Kate. "Radiate" was composed by Dallas Cosmas and Ceberano. "White Christmas" – 3:26 "Feliz Navidad" – 3:14 "Jingle Bell Rock" – 3:34 "Santa Baby" – 3:24 "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" – 3:05 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" – 4:12 "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" – 2:35 "Jingle Bells" – 2:54 "The Christmas Song" – 4:22 "Blue Christmas" – 3:28 "Happy Christmas (War Is Over)" – 5:52 "It's Only Christmas" (edit) with Ronan Keating – 3:24 "Radiate" – 3:13 The album was re-released on 12 November 2010: this edition removed "Radiate" and added three new tracks, including a duet with David Campbell and one with Jimmy Little. "Baby, It's Cold Outside" with David Campbell – 2:52 "Emmanuel / Oh Holy Night" – 4:55 "I Remember" with Jimmy Little – 3:50 Critical reception Reviews for Merry Christmas were generally positive. Thomas' music reviewer said, "Get ready to be wowed and well and truly in the Christmas spirit with the exceptional new Christmas album from Australia's much loved and award winning Kate Ceberano! Kate has added her charms to a new level of 'Christmas album', featuring classics with a twist, that only Kate could deliver". Beauty and Lace said, "Kate Ceberano’s Merry Christmas contains classics that everyone is familiar with, twisted to suit Kate’s style. It has a very upbeat and jazzy feel to it that will get your toes tapping and have you singing along before you even realise". Charts Weekly charts Merry Christmas debuted at number 33 before peaking at 17 in the week commencing 27 December 2009. It re-entered in December 2010, peaking at 35 for the chart issued 26 December 2010. Certifications Credits Credits adapted from the album sleeve Gregg Spence - trumpet Jordan Murray - trombone Angus Burchall - drums, percussion Chong Lim - piano, keyboards Kate Ceberano - background vocals Lachlan Davidson - saxophone Michelle Serret - background vocals Rod Davies, Stuart Fraser - guitar References Kate Ceberano albums 2009 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Pop Christmas albums
Ericeia albangula is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in South Africa, Madagascar, Comoros and La Réunion. References Saalmüller, M. 1880. Neue Lepidopteren aus Madagascar, die sich in Museum der Senckenberg'schen naturforschenden Gesellschaft befinden. - Bericht über die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt a.M. 1879–1880:258–310. External links Africanmoths: Pictures & Distribution map of Erceia albangula Moths described in 1880 Moths of Madagascar Moths of the Comoros Moths of Réunion Moths of Africa Ericeia Lepidoptera of South Africa
The Mathis Nunataks () are an isolated cluster of nunataks near the head of Arthur Glacier, east-southeast of Mount Warner, in the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. They were mapped by the United States Antarctic Service (1939–41) and by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos (1959–65). The group was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Terry R. Mathis, a traverse engineer with the Byrd Station glaciological strain network, summer season (1967–68), and station engineer with the Byrd Station winter party (1968). References Nunataks of Marie Byrd Land
Villeperdrix is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Drôme department References Communes of Drôme
Williams David Pérez Montes (born May 21, 1991) is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. Pérez signed with the Atlanta Braves as an amateur free agent in 2009. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Braves in 2015-16. Career Atlanta Braves Pérez signed with the Atlanta Braves as an amateur free agent on May 22, 2009. He made his professional debut with the Dominican Summer League Braves, posting a 2.35 ERA in 17 games. In 2010, Pérez pitched for the rookie-level GCL Braves, registering an 0-6 record and 5.63 ERA in 12 games, 11 of them starts. The following season, Pérez split the year between the GCL Braves and the rookie-level Danville Braves, accumulating a 4-0 record and 2.75 ERA in 13 appearances. In 2012, Pérez returned to Danville, where he posted a 4-3 record and 4.15 ERA with 54 strikeouts in 56.1 innings of work. The next year, he split the season between the Single-A Rome Braves and the High-A Lynchburg Hillcats, pitching to a cumulative 11-6 record and 3.53 ERA with 106 strikeouts in 125.0 innings pitched. He spent the entire 2014 season with the Double-A Mississippi Braves, recording a 7-6 record and 2.91 ERA in 26 appearances. The Braves added Pérez to the team's 40-man roster on November 19, 2014. He was assigned to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves to begin the 2015 season. Pérez was promoted to the major leagues for the first time on May 6, 2015. Pérez debuted two days later, yielding two walks, two hits and four runs, while recording one out against the Washington Nationals. He was then added to the starting rotation and made his first start, a no decision against the Tampa Bay Rays, on May 20, 2015. Pérez made a total of 14 starts in his rookie season. In his first eight starts, he recorded a 2.27 ERA, then was placed on the disabled list in July with a bruised left foot. Upon his return to the active roster, Pérez made six more starts, in which his ERA was 9.87, before being demoted to Triple-A Gwinnett on August 29. Pérez opened the 2016 season in the Braves starting rotation and made three appearances before he was optioned to Gwinnett on April 20. He was recalled on May 11, and earned the win in that night's game against the Philadelphia Phillies. While facing the San Diego Padres on June 6, Pérez pitched five innings and left the game with an injury. Two days later, he was diagnosed with a rotator cuff strain and was placed on the disabled list. He was reactivated on September 6 to start against the Washington Nationals. After losing to the Nationals, Pérez was removed from his next start against the New York Mets in the midst of the third inning. He finished the year with a 2-3 record and 6.04 ERA in 11 games. On December 8, 2016, Pérez was released by the Braves. Chicago Cubs On February 4, 2017, Pérez signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs organization. He spent the season with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs, pitching to a 7-10 record and 5.01 ERA with 102 strikeouts in 120.1 innings of work. He elected free agency following the season on November 6, 2017. On November 20, Pérez re-signed with the Cubs on a new a minor league contract and received an invitation to spring training. On February 18, 2018, the Cubs released Pérez. Southern Illinois Miners On April 9, 2018, Pérez signed with the Southern Illinois Miners of the independent Frontier League. Pérez made two appearances for the Miners in 2018, and pitched to a 1.64 ERA, allowing 2 earned runs and striking out 10 in 11.0 innings of work. Seattle Mariners On June 5, 2018, Pérez signed a minor league deal with the Seattle Mariners organization. He spent the year split between the Double-A Arkansas Travelers and the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers, registering an 8-2 record and 2.47 ERA in 17 games between the two teams. He elected free agency on November 2, 2018. St. Louis Cardinals On November 12, 2018, Pérez signed a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals organization. He split the 2019 season between the rookie-level GCL Cardinals, the High-A Palm Beach Cardinals, and the Double-A Springfield Cardinals, accumulating a 6-3 record and 5.02 ERA with 81 strikeouts in 75.1 innings between the three levels. Pérez elected free agency after the season on November 4, 2019. Mexican League On May 20, 2021, Pérez signed with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League. In 7 appearances with Tijuana, Pérez recorded a 2-1 record and 6.75 ERA. On July 4, 2021, Pérez was traded to the Diablos Rojos del México. He made just one start for the club, giving up 5 hits and 1 earned run in 4 innings. On July 19, 2021, Pérez was traded to the Guerreros de Oaxaca of the Mexican League. He was released on November 23, 2021. On May 5, 2022, Pérez signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos. He became a free agent following the 2022 season. On January 4, 2023, Perez signed with the Saraperos de Saltillo. However, he was released on February 25, 2023, prior to the start of the 2023 season. Scouting report Pérez primarily throws three pitches: a sinker, curveball, and changeup. All three offerings have a tendency to sink. Despite this, during his first season, Pérez gave up more fly balls on the latter two pitches than other pitchers did. During his minor league career, however, Pérez was known as a ground ball pitcher. Perez has continued to be a ground-ball pitcher at the major-league level, posting a ground-ball rate of 50.9% in 2015, compared to a league-average rate of 45.3%. Personal life On February 9, 2018, Pérez was arrested in Venezuela after he shot and killed Cesar Quintero, his 52-year old coach. The shooting was accidental and police ruled out foul play. See also List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela References External links 1991 births Living people Arkansas Travelers players Atlanta Braves players Cardenales de Lara players Caribes de Anzoátegui players Danville Braves players Dominican Summer League Braves players Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic Gulf Coast Braves players Gwinnett Braves players Iowa Cubs players Lynchburg Hillcats players Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball players from Venezuela Mississippi Braves players People from Acarigua Sportspeople from Portuguesa (state) Rome Braves players Tacoma Rainiers players Toros de Tijuana players Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Mexico Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
The Hum Goes on Forever is the seventh studio album by American rock band the Wonder Years. It was released on September 23, 2022, by the Loneliest Place on Earth and Hopeless Records. Style and composition The band originally planned to begin writing their next album after the conclusion of their 2020 tour, but the COVID-19 pandemic meant that they did not see each other for several months. They struggled to write virtually, and the record was not created until the band quarantined in a Pennsylvania farmhouse for a week. Many songs on The Hum Goes On Forever reference previous tracks from the Wonder Years' discography: the protagonist of "Oldest Daughter" is named after the titular character in "Madelyn" from The Greatest Generation, while "Cardinals II" is a sequel to the track on No Closer to Heaven. Recording and production Steve Evetts, who frequently collaborated with the Wonder Years, produced most of the album, while Will Yip also produced certain tracks, which were initially intended for a standalone EP preceding the album. During production, the band decided to combine the results of both sessions. The recording took place at The Omen Room, Studio 606 and Studio 4. Release and promotion On April 21, 2022, the Wonder Years released "Oldest Daughter", their first single since Sister Cities was released four years prior to that and the lead single for a then-untitled album. On May 19, they released "Summer Clothes" as a follow-up single. On June 22, the band announced that The Hum Goes on Forever would be released on September 23 through Hopeless Records. Accompanying the album announcement, which included cover art and a track listing, they released the single "Wyatt's Song (Your Name)". In October 2022, the Wonder Years headlined a small East Coast tour to promote The Hum Goes On Forever. They were supported by Fireworks and Macseal. Critical reception The Hum Goes on Forever was met with "generally favorable" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 80, based on 4 reviews. Track listing Personnel The Wonder Years Matt Brasch – rhythm guitar, vocals Dan Campbell – lead vocals Casey Cavaliere – lead guitar Mike Kennedy – drums Josh Martin – bass, vocals Nick Steinborn – guitar, keyboards Technical Steve Evetts – production (1–4, 8–12) Will Yip – production (5–7) Andy Clarke – engineer (1–4, 8–12) Vince Ratti – mixing Ryan Smith – mastering Oliver Roman – additional engineering (1–4, 8–12) Evan Myaskovsky – additional engineering (1–4, 8–12) Jerred Polacci – additional engineering (1–4, 8–12) Justin Bartlett – additional engineering (5–7) Jordan Ly – additional engineering (5–7) John Carpineta – additional engineering (5–7) Charts References 2022 albums The Wonder Years (band) albums Hopeless Records albums Albums produced by Steve Evetts Albums produced by Will Yip
Kellett Island is a former island of Victoria Harbour, off East Point in Hong Kong. It is now connected to Hong Kong Island at Causeway Bay following land reclamation in 1969. It is located in Wan Chai District. Facilities The main buildings of the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club are located on the former Kellett Island. The former island and the reclaimed land form the western boundary of the Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter. The southern entrance to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel is located on the Island. History The island was ceded to Britain together with Hong Kong Island. A small fort was built on it in 1841 for the protection of the eastern section of Victoria Harbour, and a battery with three cannons was added in 1854. The island was renamed in the 1860s (some sources mention 1842) after the naval officer Sir Henry Kellett. Kellett Bay and Mount Kellett were also named after him. After Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain in 1860, the defense position of Kellett Island declined in importance, and it was used by British armed forces for ammunition and gunpowder storage. The island remained for the use of the Navy until 1938, when the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club, formerly located in North Point, moved to Kellett Island. The clubhouse was built in 1939 on the foundations of the old Naval Powder Magazine. The new premises were formally opened on 26 October 1940 by the then Acting Governor, Lieutenant General Sir E. F. Norton. After the fall of Hong Kong in 1941, occupying Japanese forces kept military supplies there, including fuel, gunpowder, artillery and ammunition. After the War, the Yacht Club was reopened there on 17 September 1945. A causeway completed in 1952 was built to give access to the island by means other than water. Following reclamation work in the 1960s and the completion of the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in 1972, Kellett Island was connected to Causeway Bay and its original outline disappeared, although the name remained. In October 1991, a pottery jar containing large quantity of Chinese copper coins was discovered at the island by the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club. The coins were dated to Sui, Tang and Song dynasties (589–1279). The coins and the pottery jar were then handed over by the club to the Antiquities and Monuments Office. References Archaeological sites in Hong Kong Causeway Bay Wan Chai District
Evans Paul (born 25 November 1955), also known as Compère Plume; shortened as K-Plume (KP), is a Haitian politician and former president of the Democratic United Committee. He was elected mayor of Port-au-Prince in the 1990 elections that brought Jean-Bertrand Aristide's National Front for Change and Democracy party to power. He made an unsuccessful run for President of Haiti in the 2006 elections under the Democratic Alliance Party banner. He was leader of the Convergence Démocratique prior to the 2004 Haitian coup d'état which overthrew Aristide. On December 25, 2014, President Michel Martelly announced Evans Paul as Haiti's new prime minister. On February 2, 2016, he resigned. He remained in his position due to an agreement signed on 6 February, until a prime minister could be reached by consensus and an interim president could be elected by Parliament for a 120-day term. He used to host the program "Plume" on Radio Caraïbes from 1974 to 1976, from where he got his nickname. References Presidents of Haiti Prime Ministers of Haiti 1955 births Living people Democratic Alliance Party (Haiti) politicians Mayors of Port-au-Prince 21st-century Haitian politicians
The 2014–15 Mittelrheinliga was the 59th season of the Mittelrheinliga, one of three state association league systems in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, covering its southwestern part. It was the third season of the league as part of the fifth level of the German football league system. League table The league featured five new clubs for the 2014–15 season with FC Hürth, SV Eilendorf, VfL Leverkusen, TSV Hertha Walheim and FC Bergheim 2000 promoted from the Landesliga Mittelrhein while no club had been relegated from the Regionalliga West. Top goalscorers The top goal scorers: References External links 2014–15 Oberliga 2014-15
Polar is a research refrigerator designed and developed by University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering (CBSE) for NASA Cold Stowage. Polar was designed as a single mid-deck locker equivalent payload to store scientific samples on-board ISS and in transport to/from ISS via SpaceX Dragon or Cygnus spacecraft. Polar operates between . Description Polar is mounted in the ISS on the EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) rack. Polar can maintain temperatures ranging from . Polar is air-cooled via rear-air fan. Additional Cold Stowage Polar is one of multiple units available for storage on the ISS and/or transportation to and from the ISS. Others include: Minus Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) MERLIN (Microgravity Experiment Research Locker/ Incubator) GLACIER (General Laboratory Active Cryogenic ISS Experiment Refrigerator) See also Scientific research on the ISS International Space Station SpaceX Dragon References University of Alabama at Birmingham Cooling technology Space technology
The 2010–11 Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball team represented the University of Northern Iowa during the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Panthers, led by fifth year head coach Ben Jacobson, played their home games at the McLeod Center and are members of the Missouri Valley Conference. A Sweet Sixteen finisher in the 2010 NCAA tournament, UNI purchased the court on which the Panthers played in their season-ending tournament loss to the Michigan State Spartans. The floor has been installed at the McLeod Center. The Panthers finished the season 20–14, 10–8 in Missouri Valley play and lost in the quarterfinals of the 2011 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament. They were invited to the 2011 CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they defeated Rider in the first round and received a second round bye before falling to SMU in the quarterfinals. Roster Schedule \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Exhibition \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Regular season \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Missouri Valley tournament \|- !colspan=9 style=\| CollegeInsider.com tournament References Northern Iowa Northern Iowa Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball seasons Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball
Chance Steven Sanford (born June 2, 1972) is an American former professional baseball player Drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 27th round of the 1992 Major League Baseball draft, Sanford made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 30, 1998, and appeared in his final MLB game on June 9, 1999. External links 1972 births Living people Albuquerque Dukes players American expatriate baseball players in Canada Atlantic City Surf players Augusta Pirates players Baseball players from Houston Calgary Cannons players Carolina Mudcats players Gulf Coast Pirates players Los Angeles Dodgers players Lynchburg Hillcats players Major League Baseball second basemen Major League Baseball shortstops Major League Baseball third basemen Nashville Sounds players Pittsburgh Pirates players Salem Buccaneers players San Jacinto Central Ravens baseball players Welland Pirates players
The history of the monarchy of the United Kingdom and its evolution into a constitutional and ceremonial monarchy is a major theme in the historical development of the British constitution. The British monarchy traces its origins to the petty kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England and early medieval Scotland, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. Anglo-Saxon England had an elective monarchy, but this was replaced by primogeniture after England was conquered by the Normans in 1066. The Norman and Plantagenet dynasties expanded their authority throughout the British Isles, creating the Lordship of Ireland in 1177 and conquering Wales in 1283. In 1215, King John agreed to limit his own powers over his subjects according to the terms of Magna Carta. To gain the consent of the political community, English kings began summoning Parliaments to approve taxation and to enact statutes. Gradually, Parliament's authority expanded at the expense of royal power. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign in the Union of the Crowns. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Following the installation of William and Mary as co-monarchs in the Glorious Revolution, a constitutional monarchy was established with power shifting to Parliament. The Bill of Rights 1689, and its Scottish counterpart the Claim of Right Act 1689, further curtailed the power of the monarchy and excluded Roman Catholics from succession to the throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's land area at its greatest extent in 1921. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognised the evolution of the Dominions of the Empire into separate, self-governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations. In the years after the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the Empire to an end. George VI and his successors, Elizabeth II and Charles III, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fourteen other independent sovereign states that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. Although the monarch is shared, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national title and style for each realm. English monarchy Anglo-Saxon period (800s–1066) The origins of the English monarchy lie in the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. In the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons consolidated into seven kingdoms known as the Heptarchy. At certain times, one king was strong enough to claim the title (Old English for "over-king"). After 865, Viking invaders conquered all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms except for Wessex, which survived due to the leadership of Alfred the Great (). Alfred absorbed Kent and western Mercia and was the first to style himself "king of the Anglo-Saxons". His son Edward the Elder () continued to recover and consolidate control over the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Only the Kingdom of York and Northumbria remained in Viking hands at his death. Alfred's grandsons Æthelstan (), Edmund I (), and Eadred () completed the reconquest of these holdouts. Alfred's dynasty could now claim to rule a single Kingdom of England. In theory, all governing authority resided with the king. He alone could make Anglo-Saxon law, mint coins, levy taxes, raise the fyrd, or make foreign policy. In reality, kings needed the support of the English church and the nobility to rule. The king governed in consultation with the Witan, the council of bishops, ealdormen, and thegns he chose to advise him. The Witan also elected new kings from among male royal family members (æthelings). Primogeniture was not the definitive rule governing succession, so strong candidates replaced weak ones. A monarch's rule was not legitimate unless he received coronation by the church. Coronation consecrated a king, giving him priest-like qualities and divine protection. The coronation of Edgar the Peaceful () served as a model for future British coronations. The service started with the king's acclamation by his people. He then swore a threefold oath to protect the church, defend his people, and administer justice. The oath imposed moral obligations on monarchs consistent with good Christian kingship, and unhappy subjects often cited the oath when demanding better government. The service concluded with the anointing and crowning. While the capital was at Winchester, the king traveled with his itinerant court from one royal vill to another as they collected food rent and heard petitions. The king's income came from revenue from the royal demesne (now known as the Crown Estate), judicial fines, and taxation of trade. The geld (land tax) was also an essential source of revenue. At the local level, England was divided into shires and hundreds. Shire courts and hundred courts were presided over by royal officials: the ealdorman for a shire and a reeve for a hundred. House of Wessex Alfred the Great's grandson Æthelstan () first used the title "king of the English" and is considered the founder of the English monarchy. He died childless, and his younger half-brother Edmund I () succeeded him. After Edmund's murder, his two young sons were passed over in favor of their uncle, Eadred (). He never married and raised his nephews as his heirs. The eldest, Eadwig (), succeeded his uncle, but his younger brother Edgar () was soon declared king of Mercia and the Danelaw. Eadwig's death prevented civil war, and Edgar the Peaceful became the undisputed king of all England in 959. Edward the Martyr () followed Edgar as king. His younger brother, Æthelred the Unready (), murdered Edward and became king. The Danes began raiding England in the 990s, and Æthelred resorted to buying them off with ever more expensive payments of Danegeld. Æthelred's marriage to Emma of Normandy deprived the Danes of a place to shelter before crossing the Channel. Still, it did not prevent Swein Forkbeard, king of Denmark, from conquering England in 1013. After Swein died in 1014, the English invited Æthelred to return from exile if he agreed to address complaints against his earlier rule, including high taxes, extortion, and the enslavement of free men. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records this agreement, which historian David Starkey called "the first constitutional settlement in English history". Æthelred died in 1016, and his son Edmund Ironside became king. Swein's son Cnut invaded England and defeated Edmund at the Battle of Assandun. Afterwards, the two divided England, with Edmund ruling Wessex and Cnut taking the rest. Cnut the Great and his sons After Ironside's death, Cnut () became king of all England and quickly married Æthelred's widow, Emma of Normandy. Cnut united England with the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway in what historians call the North Sea Empire. Because Cnut was not in England for much of his reign, he divided England into four parts (Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria). He appointed trusted earls to rule each region. The creation of large earldoms covering multiple shires necessitated the office of sheriff or "shire reeve". The sheriff was the king's direct representative in the shire. He oversaw the shire court and collected taxes and royal estate dues. Earl Godwin of Wessex was the strongest earl and Cnut's chief minister. When Cnut died in 1035, rival sons contended for the throne: Emma's son Harthacnut (then in Denmark) and Ælfgifu's son Harold Harefoot (in England). Godwin supported Harthacnut, but Leofric, earl of Mercia, backed Harold. In a compromise, Harold became king of Mercia and Northumbria, while Harthacnut became king of Wessex. Harold died in 1040, and Harthacnut ruled a reunited England until he died in 1042. Some members of the House of Wessex saw Cnut's death as a chance to regain power. Æthelred's youngest son, Alfred Aetheling, returned to England but was captured, blinded, and died of his injuries in 1037. Edward the Confessor Edward the Confessor () was the only surviving son of Æthelred and Emma. In 1041, Harthacnut recalled his half-brother from exile in Normandy. When he died without heirs, the forty-year-old Edward was the natural successor. He had spent most of his life in Normandy and culturally was "probably more French than English". As king, Edward invited his nephew, Edward the Exile, to return to England. Edward died before reaching England, but his son Edgar Ætheling and daughter Margaret were able to return. Margaret would marry Malcolm III of Scotland. By this time, the Anglo-Saxon government had become sophisticated. Edward appointed the first chancellor, Regenbald, who kept the king's seal and oversaw the writing of charters and writs. The treasury had developed into a permanent institution by this time as well. London was becoming the political as well as the commercial capital of England. Edward furthered this transition by building Westminster Palace and Westminster Abbey. Despite his government's sophistication, Edward had much less land and wealth than Earl Godwin and his sons. In 1066, the Godwinson estates were worth £7,000, while the king's estates were worth £5,000. To counter the power of the Godwinsons, Edward created a French party loyal to him. He made his nephew, Ralph of Mantes, the earl of Hereford. He overturned the election of a Godwin relative to be Archbishop of Canterbury and appointed Robert of Jumièges instead. In 1051, Edward's brother-in-law, Count Eustace of Boulogne, visited England and initiated a quarrel with Godwin. Ultimately, Edward had the entire Godwinson family outlawed and forced into exile. Around this time, Edward invited his relative William, duke of Normandy, to England. According to Norman sources, the king nominated William as his heir. However, Edward's favouritism towards the French was unpopular with the English people. With popular support, Godwin returned to England in 1052. Edward had to restore the Godwinsons to their former lands. This time, Edward's French supporters were outlawed. In 1066, Edward died childless. The children of Edward the Exile had the best hereditary claim to the throne. However, Harold Godwinson, earl of Wessex, claimed King Edward promised the throne to him. Harold had more support among the English people and was made king by the Witan. House of Normandy (1066–1154) William the Conqueror William, Duke of Normandy, disputed Harold's succession. He claimed that Edward the Confessor promised him the throne. He was also the great-nephew of Emma of Normandy, wife of Æthelred and Cnut. In addition, his wife Matilda of Flanders was a direct descendant of Alfred the Great. In 1066, William invaded England, and Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings. The English then elected (but never crowned) Edgar the Ætheling, the Confessor's fifteen-year-old great-nephew. After English resistance collapsed, Edgar submitted to William, who was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066 at Westminster Abbey. It took nearly five years of fighting before the Norman Conquest of England was secure. Across England, the Normans built castles for defense as well as intimidation of the locals. In London, William ordered construction of the White Tower, the central keep of the Tower of London. Once finished, the White Tower "was the most imposing emblem of monarchy that the country had ever seen, dwarfing all other buildings for miles around." The Conquest was crucial in terms of both political and social change. Old English became the language of the poor, while French (specifically the Anglo-Norman dialect) became the language of government. The native Anglo-Saxon aristocracy was almost entirely replaced by a new Anglo-Norman elite, and most native English lost their land. The Normans appreciated and preserved the sophisticated English government, which was more centralised than ducal government in Normandy. The Witan's role of consultation and advice was continued in the (Latin for "king's court"). Shire and hundred courts were retained, but the king's court reserved for itself the right to hear pleas of the Crown and appeals from lower courts. William also continued the Anglo-Saxon practice of sending out specially appointed justices to local courts to hear cases warranting royal intervention. Likewise, the office of earl was preserved, and William created new earldoms to protect the Welsh border . English feudalism, which first appeared in the Anglo-Saxon period, continued to develop under Norman influence. William I claimed ownership of all land in England. While he gave land away as rewards for his followers, Domesday Book records that he remained the single largest landholder in England. The royal demesne included 10 to 30 percent of each county. Most of the king's income came from the profits and rents of his estates; however, he did not manage these lands himself. Following Anglo-Saxon tradition, the king delegated management of crown lands to his sheriffs. Each year, the sheriff paid the king a fixed sum called the "county farm", but the sheriff kept any surplus revenue. William and his successor also continued to levy the geld on a regular basis. As a feudal lord, the king gave fiefs to his most important followers, his tenants-in-chief (the barons), who in return owed the king fealty and military service (or scutage payments). The king was also entitled to be paid feudal reliefs by his barons on certain occasions, such as the knighting of an eldest son, marriage of an eldest daughter, or upon inheriting a fief. Likewise, barons owed feudal aids when the king's eldest son was knighted or eldest daughter married. At times, there was tension between the monarch and his Norman vassals, who were used to French models of government in which royal power was much weaker than in England. The 1075 Revolt of the Earls was defeated by the king, but the monarchy continued to resist forces of feudal fragmentation. The Norman kings designated nearly a third of England as royal forests (i.e. royal hunting preserves). The forest provided kings with food, timber, and money. People paid the king for rights to graze cattle or cut down trees. A system of forest law developed to protect the royal forests. Forest law was unpopular because it was arbitrary and infringed on the property rights of other landholders. A landholder's right to hunt deer or farm his land was limited if it fell within the royal forest. The church was critical to William's conquest of England. In 1066, it owned between 25 and 33 per cent of all land, and appointment to bishoprics and abbacies were important sources of royal patronage. The Norman invasion received the blessing of Pope Alexander II, who wanted William to oversee church reform and to remove unfit bishops. William forbade ecclesiastical cases (those involving marriage, wills, and legitimacy) from being heard in secular courts; jurisdiction was handed over to church courts. But William also tightened royal control over the church. Bishops were banned from traveling to Rome, and royal permission was needed to enact new canon law or to excommunicate a noble. Henry I The death of William I in 1087 illustrates the absence of any firm rules of succession. William gave Normandy to his oldest son, Robert Curthose, while his second son, William II or "Rufus" (), was given England. Between 1098 and 1099, the Great Hall at Westminster Palace, the king's main residence, was built. It was one of the largest secular buildings in Europe, and a monument to the Anglo-Norman monarchy. On 2 August 1100, Rufus was killed while hunting in the New Forest. His younger brother, Henry I (), was hastily elected king by the barons at Winchester on August 3 and crowned king at Westminster Abbey on August 5, just three days after his brother's death. At the coronation, Henry not only promised to rule well; he renounced the unpopular policies of his brother and promised to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor. This oath was written down and distributed throughout England as the Coronation Charter, which was reissued by all future 12th-century kings and was incorporated into Magna Carta. During Henry's reign, the royal household was formalised. It was divided into the chapel in charge of royal documents (which evolved into the chancery), the chamber in charge of finances, and the master-marshal in charge of travel (the court remained itinerant during this period). The household also included several hundred mounted household troops. The king's closest advisers formed the . During crown-wearings held three times a year, the king met with all his bishops and magnates in the (Latin for "great council"). It is unknown whether these were truly deliberative bodies, but these assemblies were generally dominated by the king. The office of justiciar—effectively the king's chief minister—took shape at this time. The office developed out of the need for a viceroy when the king was in Normandy and was mainly concerned with royal finance and justice. Under the first justiciar, Roger of Salisbury, the Exchequer was established to manage royal finances. The Exchequer produced an annual audit recorded in the pipe rolls. As the royal court was itinerant, it was convenient for people to appeal financial matters directly to the Exchequer, giving rise to the Court of Exchequer. Royal justice became more accessible with the appointment of local justices in each shire and itinerant justices traveling judicial circuits of multiple shires. This gave the monarch a greater role in local government. Historian Tracy Borman summarised the impact of Henry I's reforms as "transform[ing] medieval government from an itinerant and often poorly organised household into a highly sophisticated administrative kingship based on permanent, static departments." Succession crisis Henry married Matilda of Scotland, the niece of Edgar the Ætheling. This marriage was widely seen as uniting the House of Normandy with the House of Wessex and produced two children, Matilda (who married Holy Roman Emperor Henry V in 1114) and William Adelin (a Norman-French variant of Ætheling). But in 1120, England was thrown into a succession crisis when William Adelin died in the sinking of the White Ship. In 1126, Henry I made a controversial decision to name his daughter Empress Matilda (his only surviving legitimate child) his heir and forced the nobility to swear oaths of allegiance to her. In 1128, the widowed Matilda married Geoffrey of Anjou, and the couple had three sons in the years 1133–1136. Despite the oaths sworn to her, Matilda was unpopular both for being a woman and because of her marriage ties to Anjou, Normandy's traditional enemy. Following Henry's death in 1135, his nephew, Stephen of Blois (), laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of civil war known as the Anarchy (1138–1153). While Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power, he was ultimately forced to compromise for the sake of peace. Both sides agreed to the Treaty of Wallingford by which Stephen adopted Matilda's son, Henry FitzEmpress, as his son and heir. Plantagenets (1154–1399) Henry II On December 19, 1154, Henry II () became the first king of a new dynasty, the House of Plantagenet. He was also the first king crowned King of England rather than King of the English. Henry founded the Angevin Empire, which controlled almost half of France including Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and the Duchy of Aquitaine. Henry's first task was restoring royal authority in a kingdom fractured by years of civil war. In some parts of the country, nobles were virtually independent of the Crown. In 1155, Henry expelled foreign mercenaries and ordered the demolition of illegal castles. He also dealt quickly and effectively with rebellious lords, such as Hugh de Mortimer. Henry's legal reforms had a profound impact on English government for generations. In earlier times, English law was largely based on custom. Henry's reign saw the first official legislation since the Conquest in the form of Henry's various assizes and the growth of case law. In 1166, the Assize of Clarendon established the supremacy of royal courts over manorial and ecclesiastical courts. Henry's legal reforms also transformed the king's personal role in the judicial process into an impersonal legal bureaucracy. The 1176 Assize of Northampton divided the kingdom into six judicial circuits called eyres allowing itinerant royal judges to reach the whole kingdom. In 1178, the king ordered five members of his to remain at Westminster and hear legal cases full time, creating the Court of King's Bench. Writs (standardised royal orders with the great seal attached) were developed to deal with common legal problems. Any freeman could purchase a writ from the chancery and receive royal justice without the king's personal intervention. For example, a writ of novel disseisin commanded a local jury to determine whether someone had been unjustly dispossessed of land. Since William the Conqueror's separation of secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, church courts claimed exclusive authority to try clergy, including monks and clerics in minor orders. The most contentious issue was "criminous clerks" accused of theft, rape or murder. Church courts could not impose the death penalty or bodily mutilation, and their punishments (penance and defrocking) were lenient. In 1164, Henry issued the Constitutions of Clarendon, which required criminous clerks who had been defrocked to be handed over to royal courts for punishment as laymen. It also forbade appeals to the pope. Archbishop Thomas Becket opposed the Constitutions, and the Becket controversy culminated in his murder in 1170. In 1172, Henry reached a settlement with the church in the Compromise of Avranches. Appeals to Rome were allowed, and secular courts were given jurisdiction over clerics accused of non-felony crimes. Henry also extended his authority outside of England. In 1157, he invaded Wales and received the submission of Owain of Gywnedd and Rhys ap Gruffydd of Deheubarth. The Scottish king William the Lion was forced to acknowledge the English king as feudal overlord in the Treaty of Falaise. The 1175 Treaty of Windsor confirmed Henry as feudal overlord of most of Ireland. Richard the Lionheart Upon Henry's death, his eldest surviving son Richard I (), nicknamed the Lionheart, succeeded to the throne. As king, he spent a total of six months in England. In 1190, the king left England with a large army and fleet to join the Third Crusade to reconquer Jerusalem from Saladin. Richard funded this campaign through taxation (such as the Saladin tithe) as well as selling offices, titles, and land. In his absence, England was governed by William de Longchamp, in whom was consolidated both secular and ecclesiastical power as Bishop of Ely, papal legate, justiciar and chancellor. Concerned that John would usurp power while he was on Crusade, Richard made his brother swear to leave England for three years. John broke his oath and was in England by April 1191 leading opposition against Longchamp. From Sicily, Richard sent Archbishop Walter de Coutances to England as his envoy to resolve the situation. In October, a group of barons and bishops led by the Archbishop deposed Longchamp. John was appointed regent, but real power was exercised by Coutances as justiciar. While returning from Crusade, Richard was imprisoned by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI for over a year and was not released until England paid an enormous ransom. In 1193, John defected to Philip II of France, and the two plotted to take Richard's lands on the Continent. After a four-year absence, Richard returned to England in March 1194, but he soon left again to wage war against Philip II, who had overrun the Vexin and parts of Normandy. By 1198, Richard had reconquered most of his territory. At the Battle of Gisors, Richard adopted the motto (French for "God and my Right"), which was later adopted as the royal motto. In 1199, Richard died from wounds received while besieging Châlus-Chabrol. Before his death, the king made peace with John, naming him his successor. After Richard's return from Crusade, the king created the office of coroner (from , Latin for "keeper of the pleas of the Crown"). The coroner, alongside the sheriff, was a royal officer responsible for administering justice within a shire. John At Westminster Abbey in May 1199, John () was crowned (Latin for "King of England") rather than the older form of (Latin for "King of the English"). In 1204, John lost Normandy and his other Continental possessions. The remainder of his reign was shaped by attempts to rehabilitate his military reputation and fund wars of reconquest. Traditionally, the king was expected to fund his government out of his own income derived from the royal demesne, profits of royal justice, and profits from the feudal system (such as feudal incidents, reliefs, and aids). In reality, this was rarely possible, especially in time of war. To fund his campaigns, John introduced a thirteen percent tax on revenues and movable goods that would become the model for taxation through the Tudor period. The king also raised money by charging high court fees and—in the opinion of his barons—abusing his right to feudal incidents and reliefs. Scutages were levied almost annually, much more often than under earlier kings. In addition, John showed partiality and favouritsm when dispensing justice. This and his paranoia caused his relationship with the barons to break down. After quarreling with the king over the election of a new Archbishop of Canterbury, Pope Innocent III placed England under papal interdict in 1208. For the next six years, priests refused to say mass, officiate marriages, or bury the dead. John responded by confiscating church property. In 1209, the pope excommunicated John, but he remained unrepentant. It was not until 1213 that John reconciled with the pope, going so far as to convert the Kingdom of England into a papal fief with John as the pope's vassal. The Anglo-French War of 1213–1214 was fought to restore the Angevin Empire, but John was defeated at the Battle of Bouvines. The military and financial losses of 1214 severely weakened the king, and the barons demanded that he govern according to Henry I's Coronation Charter. On 5 May 1215, a group of barons renounced their fealty to John calling themselves the Army of God and the Holy Church and chose Robert Fitzwalter to be their leader. The rebels numbered about 40 barons together with their sons and vassals. The other barons—around a hundred—worked with Archbishop Langton and the papal legate Guala Bicchieri to effect compromise between the two sides. Over a month of negotiations resulted in the Magna Carta (Latin for "Great Charter"), which was formally agreed to by both sides at Runnymede on 15 June. This document defined and limited the king's powers over his subjects. It would be reconfirmed throughout the 13th century and gain the status of "inalienable custom and fundamental law". Historian Dan Jones notes that: Unlike earlier charters of liberties, Magna Carta included an enforcement mechanism in the form of a council of 25 barons who were permitted to wage "lawful rebellion" against the king if he violated the charter. The king had no intention of adhering to the document and appealed to Pope Innocent who annulled the agreement and excommunicated the rebel barons. This began the First Barons' War, during which the rebels offered the crown to Philip II's son, the future Louis VIII of France. By June 1216, Louis had taken control of half of England, including London. While he had not been crowned, he was proclaimed King Louis I at St Paul's Cathedral, and many English nobles along with King Alexander II of Scotland gave him homage. In the midst of this collapse of royal authority, John died abruptly at Newark Castle on 19 October. Henry III After John's death, loyal barons and bishops took his nine-year-old son to Gloucester Abbey where he was crowned Henry III () in a rushed coronation. This established the precedent that the eldest son became king regardless of age. Henry was the first child king since Æthelred the Unready, and William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, served as regent until his death in 1219. Marshal led royal forces to victory against the rebel barons and French invaders at the Battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. During Henry's reign, the principle that kings were subject to the law gained acceptance. To build support for the new king, his government re-issued Magna Carta in 1216 and 1217 (along with the Charter of the Forest). In January 1225, the Magna Carta was re-issued at a Great Council in return for approval of a tax to fund military campaigns in France. This established a new constitutional precedent in which "military expeditions would be financed at the expense of detailed concessions of political liberties". In 1236, Henry began calling such meetings Parliament. By the 1240s, these early Parliaments had not only assumed power to grant taxes but were also venues where nobles could complain about government policy or corruption. In 1227, Henry was eighteen years old, and the regency officially ended. Yet, throughout his personal rule the king displayed a tendency to be dominated by foreign favourites. After the fall of the justiciar Hubert de Burgh in 1230, Bishop Peter des Roches became the king's chief minister. While holding no great office himself, the bishop showered his Poitevin relation Peter de Rivaux with a large number of offices. He was placed in charge of the treasury, the privy seal, and the royal wardrobe. At the time, the wardrobe was a department that was at the centre of financial and political decisions in the royal household. He was given financial control of the royal household for life, was keeper of the forests and ports, and was, in addition, the sheriff of twenty-one counties. Rivaux used his immense power to enact important administrative reforms. Nevertheless, the accumulation of power by foreigners led Richard Marshal to open rebellion. The bishops as a group threatened Henry with excommunication, which finally made him strip the Poitevin party of power. Henry then transferred his favouritism to his Lusignan half-brothers, William and Aymer de Valence. By the 1250s, there was widespread resentment against the Lusignans. There was also opposition to Henry's unrealistic plans to conquer the Kingdom of Sicily for his second son, Edmund Crouchback. In 1255, the king informed Parliament that as part of the Sicilian campaign he owed the pope the huge sum of £100,000 (equal to £ today) and that if he defaulted England would be placed under an interdict. By 1257, there was a growing consensus that Henry was unfit to rule. In 1258, the king was forced to submit to a radical reform programme promulgated at the Oxford Parliament. The Provisions of Oxford transferred royal power to a council of fifteen barons. A parliament would meet three times a year and appoint all royal officers (from justiciar and chancellor to sheriffs and bailiffs). The new government's leader was Simon de Montfort, the king's brother-in-law and former friend. By the terms of the 1295 Treaty of Paris, the English Crown gave up all claims to Normandy and Anjou in return for keeping the Duchy of Aquitaine as a vassal of the French king. When the king tried to overturn the Provisions of Oxford, Montfort led a rebellion, the Second Barons' War. In 1265, Montfort called a Parliament to consolidate support for the rebellion. For the first time, knights of the shire and burgesses from the important towns were summoned along with barons and bishops. Simon de Montfort's Parliament was an important milestone in the evolution of Parliament. Montfort was killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and royal authority was restored. Henry traveled less than past kings. As a consequence, he spent large amounts of money on royal palaces. His most expensive projects were the rebuilding of Westminster Palace and Abbey, costing £55,000 (equal to £ today). He spent a further £9,000 (equal to £ today) on the Tower of London. Westminster Abbey alone nearly bankrupted the king. Henry III died in 1272, having been king for fifty-six years. His turbulent reign was the third longest of any English monarch. Edward I Edward I (), nicknamed Longshanks for his height, was in Italy when he learned that his father had died. Previous monarchs were only legally recognised as king after coronation, but Edward's reign officially began on 20 November, the same day his father was buried at Westminster Abbey. Walter Giffard, archbishop of York; Roger Mortimer, a marcher lord; and Robert Burnell were appointed regents. A proclamation issued on 23 November that stated: Edward returned to England in August 1274 determined to restore royal authority. His first act was ordering the Hundred Rolls survey, a detailed investigation into what rights and land the Crown had lost since Henry III's reign. It was also intended to root out corruption by royal officials, and while few people were prosecuted for wrongdoing, it sent a message that Edward was a reformer. From his father's reign, Edward learned the importance of building national consensus for his policies through Parliament, which he usually summoned twice a year at Easter and Michaelmas. Edward effected his reform program through a series of parliamentary statutes: Statute of Westminster of 1275, Statute of Gloucester of 1278, Statute of Mortmain of 1279, Statute of Acton Burnell of 1283, and Statute of Westminster of 1285. In 1297, he reissued Magna Carta. In 1295, Edward summoned the Model Parliament, which included knights and burgesses to represent the counties and towns. These "middle earners" were the most important group of taxpayers, and Edward was eager to gain their financial support for an invasion of Scotland. Through effective management of Parliament, Edward was able to fund his military campaigns in Wales and Scotland. He successfully and permanently conquered Wales, built impressive castles to enforce English domination, and brought the country under English law with the Statute of Wales. In 1301, the king's eldest son, Edward of Caernarfon, was created Prince of Wales and given control of the Principality of Wales. The title continues to be granted to the heirs of British monarchs. The death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286 and his granddaughter Margaret of Norway in 1290 left the Scottish throne vacant. The Guardians of Scotland recognised Edward's feudal overlordship and invited him to adjudicate the Scottish succession dispute. In 1292, John Balliol was chosen Scotland's new king, but Edward's brutal treatment of his northern vassal led to the First War of Scottish Independence. In 1307, Edward died on his way to invade Scotland. Edward II At his coronation, Edward II () promised not only to uphold the laws of Edward the Confessor as was traditional but also "the laws and rightful customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen". Edward thus abandoned any claim to absolute power and recognised the need to rule in cooperation with Parliament. The new king inherited problems from his father: the Crown was in debt and the war in Scotland was going badly. He compounded these problems by alienating the nobility. The main cause of conflict was the influence wielded by royal favourites, first Piers Gaveston and then Hugh Despenser the Younger. The king's reliance on favourites proved a convenient scapegoat for the barons, who blamed unpopular policies on them rather than directly oppose the king. When Parliament met in April 1308, Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, and a delegation of nobles presented the Declaration of 1308, which for the first time explicitly distinguished between the king as a person and the Crown as an institution to which the people owed allegiance. This distinction was known as the doctrine of capacities. In 1310, Parliament complained that "the state of the king and the kingdom had much deteriorated since the death of the elder King Edward... and the whole kingdom had been not a little injured". Specifically, Edward was accused of being guided by evil counselors, impoverishing the Crown, violating Magna Carta, and losing Scotland. The magnates elected twenty-one ordainers to reform the government. The completed reforms were presented to Edward as the Ordinances in August 1311. Like Magna Carta and the Provisions of Oxford, the Ordinances of 1311 were an attempt to limit the powers of the monarch. It banned the practice of purveyance and going to war without consulting Parliament. Government revenue was to be paid to the exchequer rather than to the royal household, and Parliament was to meet at least once a year. Parliament was to create committees to investigate royal abuses and to appoint royal ministers and officials (such as the chancellor and county sheriffs). The Ordinances also required the exile of the king's favourite, Gaveston. By January 1312, Edward had publicly repudiated the ordinances, and Gaveston was back in England. Earl Thomas of Lancaster, the king's cousin, led a group of magnates that captured and executed Gaveston. This act nearly plunged England into civil war but negotiations restored an uneasy peace. After Gaveston's death, the most influential men around the king were Hugh Despenser and his son, Hugh Despenser the Younger. The king alienated moderate barons by dispensing royal patronage without parliamentary approval as required by the Ordinances and allowing the Despensers to act with impunity. In 1318, negotiations led to the Treaty of Leake in which the king agreed to abide by the Ordinances of 1311. A permanent royal council was created with eight bishops, four earls, and four barons as members. Edward's favouritsm toward the Despensers continued to destabilize the kingdom. The Despensers had become the gatekeepers to the king, and their enemies "were liable to be deprived of land or possessions or else thrown into prison". The Welsh Marches were particularly destabilized by Hugh the Younger's accumulation of land. In 1321, a group of marcher lords invaded the Despenser estates, beginning the Despenser War. Edward defeated the baronial opposition in 1322 and overturned the Ordinances. For the next few years, Edward ruled as a tyrant. The author of the Vita Edwardi Secundi wrote of this period, In 1324, Edward's wife Isabella and their son, Prince Edward, traveled to France on a diplomatic mission. While there, the Queen formed an alliance with Roger Mortimer, a marcher lord who had fought against Edward in the Despenser War. At the head of a mercenary army, they invaded England in 1326. Important noblemen defected to the Queen's cause, and London rose in revolt. Meanwhile, the King and the Dispensers fled to Wales. On October 26, Isabella and Mortimer proclaimed that in the King's absence power temporarily resided with the fourteen-year-old Prince Edward. Having been abandoned by most of his household, the King was captured on 16 November. By this point, it was clear that Edward II could not remain king, but this precipitated a constitutional crisis as there was no legal process to remove a crowned and anointed king who in theory was the source of all public authority. At the Parliament of 1327, the Articles of Accusation were drawn up accusing the King of violating his coronation oath and following the advice of evil councilors. On 20 January, Edward II was forced to abdicate. This marked the first time in English history that a monarch was formally deposed from the throne. The former king died on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of his wife. Edward III Five days after his father's abdication, the fourteen-year-old Edward III () was crowned king, but it was Isabella and Mortimer who truly held power. Under their three-year rule, the monarchy was weakened abroad and at home. They made a disadvantageous treaty with France and failed to press Edward's claim to the French throne when his uncle, Charles IV, died without a male heir. They also agreed to the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, which forfeited England's claim to overlordship of Scotland. At home, Mortimer used his new power to enrich himself even as the Crown faced bankruptcy and the nation experienced a rise in crime and violence. In 1330, Mortimer had Edmund of Woodstock, the King's uncle, arrested and executed for treason. On 19 October 1330, the seventeen-year-old Edward staged a coup at Nottingham Castle with the help of William Montagu and around 16 other young household companions. Mortimer was arrested, tried before Parliament, and executed for treason. The young King, now in full control of his kingdom, realised that he could not afford to alienate the English nobility. He cultivated "an aristocratic culture, which bound the king and nobles together." In particular, royal-noble bonds were strengthened through frequent tournaments in which Edward himself would take part. Edward was the first king since the Conquest to speak English, and during his reign Middle English began to replace French as the language of the aristocracy. In 1333, Edward invaded Scotland winning a major victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill due to the use of the English longbow. The victory allowed Edward to place Edward Balliol on the Scottish throne with himself as overlord. With French help, the Scots loyal to David II continued to resist English interference in the Second War of Scottish Independence. In March 1337, Edward created six new earldoms in order to gain military support for a war against France. His eldest son, the six-year-old Edward of Woodstock, was made Duke of Cornwall, the first duchy created in England. In May 1337, King Philip VI of France confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine and the County of Ponthieu from the English king. In 1340, Edward claimed the French throne on the grounds that he was the last male descendent of his grandfather, Philip IV of France. To symbolise his claim, the King added the fleur-de-lis to the royal arms of England. In 1346, Edward invaded France in pursuit of his claim, setting off the Hundred Years' War which would last until 1453. The English won the Battle of Crécy and after a siege took the town of Calais, which would remain an English possession for the next two centuries. After a successful campaign in France, Edward returned to England and founded the Order of the Garter at Windsor Castle in 1348. Between 1350 and 1377, Edward spent £50,000 (equal to £ today) transforming Windsor from an ordinary castle into a "palatial castle of quite extraordinary splendour". The King's eldest son Edward, known to history as the Black Prince, won the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 in which the French king John II was captured. In the Treaty of Brétigny of 1360, Edward renounced his claims to the French throne and was awarded outright sovereignty over Calais, Ponthieu, and Aquitaine. Edward also negotiated a peace with Scotland that included the release of David II in return for recognising the English king's overlordship of Scotland. Edward worked with Parliament to build consensus and support for his wars and, in the process, furthered Parliament's development as an essential institution of government. According to historian David Starkey, There were a number of setbacks in the last years of Edward's reign. The new French king Charles V successfully drove the Black Prince out of Aquitaine. Prince Edward returned to England in 1371 bankrupt and in declining health possibly caused by dysentery. The infirmity of both the elderly King and Prince Edward created a power vacuum that John of Gaunt tried to fill, but there were many complaints of corruption and mismanagement in government. In the Good Parliament of 1376, the House of Commons refused to finance the war with France until corrupt ministers and Alice Perrers, the royal mistress, were removed. Having little choice, the King acquiesced and the accused ministers were arrested and brought to trial before Parliament in the first impeachment proceedings. While the Good Parliament was still in session, the Black Prince died at the age of 45. Edward's new heir was his nine-year-old grandson Richard of Bordeaux. There were concerns that Richard's uncles might usurp power. To strengthen the boy's position, he was recognised in Parliament as heir apparent and given the titles of prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall, and earl of Chester. Having secured the succession, Edward III died in 1377. Richard II Richard II () was ten years old when he became king. Despite the king's youth, no regency was set up to govern during his minority since his uncle John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (the most likely candidate for regent) was unpopular. Instead, Richard theoretically ruled in his own right with the advice of a 12-member advisory council. In reality, the government was dominated by the king's uncles, especially Gaunt, and courtiers, such as Simon Burley, Guichard d'Angle, and Aubrey de Vere. In 1381, resentment over poll taxes led to the Peasants' Revolt. The fourteen-year-old king's brave and decisive leadership in ending the revolt demonstrated he was ready to assume actual power. But the revolt also left a deep impression on Richard, "convincing him that disobedience, no matter how justified, constituted a threat to order and stability within his realm and must not be tolerated." After the revolt, Parliament appointed Michael de la Pole to advise the King. Pole proved himself a loyal servant and was made chancellor in 1383 and earl of Suffolk in 1385. The King's most important favourite, however, was Robert de Vere, the earl of Oxford. In 1385, de Vere was given the novel title of marquess and placed above all earls and below only the royal dukes in rank. In 1386, de Vere was made duke of Ireland, the first duke not of royal blood. This favouritism alienated other aristocrats, including the King's uncles. Another cause for complaint was the situation in France. The English retained only Calais and a small part of Gascony while French ships harassed English traders in the Channel. Richard personally led an invasion of Scotland in 1385 that achieved nothing. Meanwhile, he spent lavishly on palace renovations and court entertainments. One historian described Richard's government as "a high-tax, high-spend, cliquey affair." In 1386, Pole requested additional funds to defend England against a potential French invasion, but under the leadership of Richard's uncle Thomas of Woodstock, the Wonderful Parliament refused to act until Pole was removed as chancellor. Richard refused at first but gave in after being threatened with deposition. A council was set up to audit royal finances and exercise royal authority. At 19 years old, the King was once again reduced to a figurehead. Defiant, Richard left London for a "gyration" (tour) of the country to gather an army. Richard returned to London in November 1387 and was approached by three nobles: his uncle Thomas, duke of Gloucester; Richard Fitzalan, earl of Arundel; and Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. These Lords Appellant (as they became known) appealed (or indicted) Pole, de Vere, and other close associates of the King with treason. The Lords Appellant defeated Richard's army at the Battle of Radcot Bridge, and the King had no choice but to submit to their wishes. At the Merciless Parliament of 1388, Richard's favourites were convicted of treason. After the royal favourites had been removed, the Lords Appellant were content. In 1389, Richard resumed royal authority and reconciled with John of Gaunt, who used his influence on Richard's behalf. For a time, Richard ruled well. The King led a successful expedition to Ireland in 1394 and negotiated a 28-year truce with France in 1396. In July 1397, Richard was finally ready to move against his enemies. The three Lords Appellant were arrested. When Parliament met at Westminster, the presence of 300 of Richard's Cheshire archers made it clear that no dissent would be tolerated. Chancellor Edmund Stafford, bishop of Exeter, preached the opening sermon on Ezekiel 37:22, "There shall be one king over them all". The Lords Appellant were then tried and found guilty of treason. For the next two years, Richard ruled as a tyrant, using extortion to gain forced loans from his subjects. The twice-married king was childless and the succession was uncertain. The man with the strongest claim was John of Gaunt, whose son and heir was Henry Bolingbroke. In 1397, a dispute between Bolingbroke and Thomas Mowbray led to the former's banishment from England for 10 years. When John of Gaunt died in 1399, Richard confiscated the Duchy of Lancaster and extended Bolingbroke's banishment for life. In May 1399, Richard embarked on a second invasion of Ireland, taking most of his followers with him. Bolingbroke returned to England in July with a small force of men but quickly gained the support of powerful nobles, such as Henry Percy, the earl of Northumberland and most powerful man in northern England. Richard returned to England, but his army and supporters rapidly melted away. By 2 September, Richard was a prisoner in the Tower. On 30 September, an assembly of the House of Lords and House of Commons met in Westminster Hall (later referred to as a convention parliament, it technically was not a parliament because it met without royal authority). Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, stated that Richard, who was not present, had agreed to abdicate. When Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, asked if the Lords and Commons accepted this each lord agreed and the Commons shouted their agreement. Thirty-nine articles of deposition were read out in which Richard was charged with breaking his coronation oath and violating "the rightful laws and customs of the realm". After John Trevor, bishop of St. Asaph, announced Richard's deposition, Bolingbroke gave a speech claiming the Crown. The archbishops of Canterbury and York each took one of Bolingbroke's arms and seated him on the empty throne to shouts of acclimation from the Lords and Commons. Richard II was not the first English monarch to be deposed; that distinction belongs to Edward II. Edward abdicated in favor of his son and heir. In Richard's case, the line of succession was deliberately broken by Parliament. Historian Tracy Borman writes that this "created a dangerous precedent and made the crown fundamentally unstable." House of Lancaster (1399–1461) Henry IV Bolingbroke was crowned as Henry IV () two weeks after Richard II's deposition. His dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster, a reference to his father's title Duke of Lancaster. As part of the coronation, Henry created Knights of the Bath, a tradition that was repeated at all later coronations. He was also the first English monarch to be crowned on the Stone of Scone, which Edward I had taken from Scotland. In January 1400, the Epiphany Rising unsuccessfully tried to free Richard and restore him to the throne. Henry realized he would have no security as long as Richard lived, so he ordered his death, most likely by starvation. Henry's reign was forever tarnished by the deposition and murder of an anointed king, and he constantly had to fight off plots and rebellions. In 1400, the Welsh Revolt began, and Henry Hotspur of the powerful Percy family joined the revolt in 1403. Hotspur was defeated at the Battle of Shrewsbury, but King Henry continued to face challenges to his legitimacy. When overthrowing Richard, Henry had promised to reduce taxation, and Parliament held him to that promise, refusing to raise taxes even as the king went into debt fighting defensive wars. Financially, Henry benefited from inheriting the vast Lancastrian estates of his father. He decided to administer these lands separately from the crown lands. The practice of holding the Duchy of Lancaster separate from the crown estate was continued by later monarchs. Charles VI of France, Richard's father-in-law, refused to recognise Henry. The French revived their claims to Aquitaine, attacked Calais, and aided the Welsh Revolt. But in 1407, the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War divided France, and the English were keen to take advantage of French disunity. English policy vacillated toward the opposing sides as King Henry supported the Armagnac faction, while his eldest son, Henry of Monmouth, supported the Burgundian faction. As the king's health declined, Monmouth assumed a greater role in government, and there were suggestions that the king should abdicate in favor of his son. Henry V Abdication became unnecessary when Henry IV died in 1413, and the prince became King Henry V (). He escaped the troubles of his father's reign by making conciliatory gestures toward his father's enemies. He also removed the taint of usurpation by honoring the deceased Richard II and giving him a royal re-burial at Westminster Abbey. As a result of his unifying gestures, Henry V's reign was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the last phase of the Hundred Years' War with France. The war appealed to English national pride, and Parliament readily granted a double subsidy to finance the campaign, which began in August 1415. In this first campaign, Henry won a legendary victory at the Battle of Agincourt. The triumphant king returned home to a jubilant nation eager to support further wars of conquest. Parliament gave the king lifetime duties on wine imports and other tax grants. When he was ready to return to France, Parliament granted another double subsidy. In 1419, he conquered Normandy—the first time an English king ruled Normandy since King John lost it in 1204. In 1420, the Treaty of Troyes recognised Henry as heir and regent of the incapacitated King Charles VI of France. The new peace was sealed by Henry's marriage to the French princess Catherine of Valois. Charles's son, the Dauphin, was disinherited by the treaty; however, he continued to assert his right to the French throne and remained in control of over half of France south of the Loire river. Henry V was a popular king who restored royal authority and lowered crime. Despite high taxes, England prospered under Henry V. He kept his personal expenses low and managed royal finances well. But Henry's frequent absences from England did create difficulties. While in France, Henry insisted on dealing with petitions from Parliament personally despite the long distances and delays involved. By 1420, the House of Commons was complaining, and funds for further wars in France were more difficult to secure. On 31 August 1422, the king fell ill and died while on another campaign in France. Henry VI Only nine months old when his father died, Henry VI was the youngest person to ever inherit the English crown. On 21 October 1422, Charles VI of France died. The infant Henry was now king of England and France according to the terms of the Treaty of Troyes. The union of the two kingdoms under the same ruler is called the dual monarchy. In his will, Henry V placed his brother John, duke of Bedford, in charge of France. In England, his other brother Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, was made lord protector and head of a regency council that exercised authority in the king's name (see Regency government, 1422–1437). The accession of Henry V's infant son, Henry VI, to the throne gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule. The unpopularity of Henry VI's counsellors and his consort, Margaret of Anjou, as well as his own ineffectual leadership, led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York, so-called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was Richard, Duke of York, who was at odds with the Queen. House of York (1461–1485) Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son, Edward IV, led the Yorkists to victory in 1461, overthrowing Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. Edward IV was constantly at odds with the Lancastrians and his own councillors after his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, with a brief return to power for Henry VI. Edward IV prevailed, winning back the throne at Barnet and killing the Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, at Tewkesbury. Afterward he captured Margaret of Anjou, eventually sending her into exile, but not before killing Henry VI while he was held prisoner in the Tower. The Wars of the Roses, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field. Tudors (1485–1603) King Henry VII then neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying Elizabeth of York, a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king, Henry VIII, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope, and the fact that his marriage to Catherine of Aragon produced only one surviving child, a daughter, led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England (the Anglican Church) and divorce his wife to marry Anne Boleyn. Wales – which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion – was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. Henry VIII's son and successor, the young Edward VI, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half-sister Mary I to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress. Jane's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married Philip of Spain, who was declared king and co-ruler. He pursued disastrous wars in France and she attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism (burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process). Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World. Scottish monarchy In Scotland, as in England, monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century. The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the Picts in the north east, the Britons in the south, including the Kingdom of Strathclyde, and the Gaels or Scotti (who would later give their name to Scotland), of the Irish petty kingdom of Dál Riata in the west. Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland (known as Scotia to writers in Latin, or Alba to the Scots). The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries, as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed. Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly; instead, the custom of tanistry was followed, where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin. As a result, however, the rival dynastic lines clashed, often violently. From 942 to 1005, seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle. In 1005, Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals. He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition, and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson, Duncan I, instead of a cousin, as had been usual. In 1040, Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth, who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan's son Malcolm. The following year, after killing Macbeth's stepson Lulach, Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III. With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son, David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV, and then by William the Lion, the longest-reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns. William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades. William died in 1214, and was succeeded by his son Alexander II. Alexander II, as well as his successor Alexander III, attempted to take over the Western Isles, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas. Alexander III's death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis. Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir. Edward chose Alexander's three-year-old Norwegian granddaughter, Margaret. On her way to Scotland in 1290, however, Margaret died at sea, and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 13 rival claimants to the throne. A court was set up and after two years of deliberation, it pronounced John Balliol to be king. Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal, and tried to exert influence over Scotland. In 1295, when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England, Edward I invaded. During the first ten years of the ensuing Wars of Scottish Independence, Scotland had no monarch, until Robert the Bruce declared himself king in 1306. Robert's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success, and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328. However, only one year later, Robert died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son, David II. On the pretext of restoring John Balliol's rightful heir, Edward Balliol, the English again invaded in 1332. During the next four years, Balliol was crowned, deposed, restored, deposed, restored, and deposed until he eventually settled in England, and David remained king for the next 35 years. David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor, Robert III, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406, regents had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son James I, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. James II continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power. James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king: James IV. In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII. His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field; the King, many senior noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor, James V, was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542, and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six-day-old daughter, Mary. Once again, a regency was established. Mary, a Roman Catholic, reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland. As a result of the efforts of reformers such as John Knox, a Protestant ascendancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin, Lord Darnley, in 1565. After Lord Darnley's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of Darnley's murder. The nobility rebelled against the Queen, forcing her to abdicate. She fled to England, and the Crown went to her infant son James VI, who was brought up as a Protestant. Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I. Irish monarchy Ireland was historically divided into petty principalities that sometimes acknowledged one of their rulers as High King of Ireland. In 1155, the only English pope, Adrian IV, authorised Henry II of England to conquer Ireland and reform the Irish church with the papal bull Laudabiliter. However, Henry took no action until 1171. By that time, a number of English nobles, especially the Welsh Marcher Lords, had invaded Ireland and established control over portions of the island. In 1171, Henry landed in Ireland and the Anglo-Norman lords gave him homage and fealty. He also convinced the native Gaelic nobility to become his vassals. In 1185, Henry gave his youngest son, the future King John of England, the title Lord of Ireland. John was then sent to Ireland to be crowned as that island's king, but his behavior offended the Irish, who forced John to retreat without being crowned. Thereafter, future English kings used the title Lord of Ireland but mostly ignored the island, preferring to rule through lieutenants for Ireland. By 1541, King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England. The Pope's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid, so Henry summoned a meeting of the Irish Parliament to change his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland. In 1800, as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Union of the Crowns and republican phase Elizabeth I's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the "Union of the Crowns". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch – James I & VI became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604 – they remained two separate kingdoms. James I & VI's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the power to impose taxes. He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640, unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies (many of which were offensive to the Scottish Presbyterians and the English Puritans). His attempt to enforce Anglicanism led to organised rebellion in Scotland (the "Bishops' Wars") and ignited the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In 1642, the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the English Civil War began. The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649, the overthrow of the English monarchy, and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England. Charles I's son, Charles II, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself Lord Protector (effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing; he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest, and to a popular desire to restore the monarchy. In 1660, the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain. Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children, and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose; the "Petitioners", who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the "Abhorrers", who opposed exclusion, became the Tory Party. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James's decisions to maintain a large standing army, to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II & VII's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than James II & VII's Catholic son) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland. James's overthrow, known as the Glorious Revolution, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy, and declared that the English people held certain rights, including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants, and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary's sister Anne would inherit the Crown. Mary II died childless in 1694, leaving William III & II as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters, known as Jacobites, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William's nearest Protestant relations, the family of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, next in line to the throne after his sister-in-law Anne. Soon after the passage of the Act, William III & II died, leaving the Crown to Anne. After Anne's accession, the problem of the succession re-emerged. The Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia's family as the next heirs, passed the Act of Security 1704, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland. The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade. The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Acts of Union 1707, under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement. After the 1707 Acts of Union In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son, George I, Elector of Hanover, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719. The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union. Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to Sir Robert Walpole, who is often considered the first British prime minister, although the title was not then in use. The next monarch, George II, witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746, when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated. During the long reign of his grandson, George III, Britain's American colonies were lost, the former colonies having formed the United States of America, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800. From 1811 to 1820, George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling. His son, the future George IV, ruled in his stead as Prince Regent. During the Regency and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined, and by the time of his successor, William IV, the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, and appointed a Tory, Sir Robert Peel. In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost. The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne. During William IV's reign, the Reform Act 1832, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament. The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV's successor, Victoria. As a woman, Victoria could not rule Hanover, which only permitted succession in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end. The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world's foremost powers. In recognition of British rule over India, Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876. However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement, due in part to Victoria's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861. Victoria's son, Edward VII, became the first monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch, George V, changed "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War. George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the Irish Free State, an independent nation, in 1922. Shared monarchy and modern status During the twentieth century, the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self-government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931, which has been likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries". The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British" for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and so forth. The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a personal union. George V's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII, who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson, even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcees. Accordingly, Edward announced his intention to abdicate; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request. Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession, and the Crown went to his brother, George VI. George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II, making morale-boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany. In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India, although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India. At first, every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as "Head of the Commonwealth" in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics. The position is purely ceremonial, and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government. Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are informally known as Commonwealth realms. In the 1990s, republicanism in the United Kingdom grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family (for instance, immediately following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales). However, polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70–80% of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy. This support has remained constant since then—according to a 2018 survey, a majority of the British public across all age groups still support the monarchy's continuation. See also History of monarchy in Australia History of monarchy in Canada Family tree of British monarchs List of British royal residences List of English ministries Notes References Bibliography British monarchy History of the United Kingdom
Frances Maria Cecilia Cowper (née Madan; 1726–1797), sometimes known as Maria Frances, was a religious poet and part of the Madan-Maitland literary coterie. Life Frances Maria Madan was the second of nine children of Judith Madan [née Cowper] (1702–1781) and Colonel Martin Madan (1700–1756). She had weak eyesight as a child and was sent to a Mrs. King, an oculist, from whom she learnt to read and write. She also attended a school in Wells, Somerset and both her parents encouraged her literary interests. She and her sister Penelope were considered "beauties" in London society. Her father travelled, the family's finances were strained, and her mother, whose literary career had ended with her marriage, suffered from recurrent depression. In 1749 or thereabouts, her mother joined the Methodist circle of John Wesley (1703–1791) and Selina Hastings (1707–1791). Cowper and her cousin, author and hymn-writer William Cowper, were coreligionists and from 1766 carried on a written correspondence "almost entirely of a religious character." On 5 Aug. 1749, she married another first cousin, also named William Cowper (1721—1769), of Hertingfordbury. The couple had six children: William Cowper (1750—1798) Maria Judith Cowper (born 1752) George Cowper (1754—1787) Frances Cecilia Cowper (1764—1849) Charles Cowper (born 1765) Spencer Cowper (died young) Cowper's husband died after two decades of marriage and she lived a widow for another twenty-eight years, first in York and then, after 1772, in London. Poetry Cowper published one volume of religious verse, edited by her famous relative William Cowper. First published in 1792, there was a second edition in 1807 and a third in 1810, both posthumous, as well as two U.S. editions. Initially published as by "a lady," a footnote in the third edition misidentifies the author as "Mrs. Cowper, the aunt of the immortal poet" when she was in fact his cousin. The preface is short and offers a standard modest disclaimer that the poems are published at the request of friends. The collection comprises eighty-nine poems on Christian themes. In the preface and some of the poems, Cowper discusses the advantages of retirement from the world. Her hymn "My span of life will soon be done" has been published in seventy-eight hymnals: My span of life will soon be done, The passing moments say; As length'ning shadows o'er the mead Proclaim the close of day (ll. 1–4) Two of her poems were anthologized in Roger Lonsdale's 1989 collection, Eighteenth-century women poets. Works Cowper, Frances Maria. Original poems, on various occasions. By a lady. Revised by William Cowper, Esq. of the Inner Temple. William Cowper, Editor. London: printed for J. Deighton, Holborn; J. Mathews, Strand; and R. Faulder, Bond Street, 1792. Etexts [Cowper, Frances Maria]. Original Poems, on Various Occasions. By a Lady. Revised by William Cowper, Esq. of the Inner Temple. Second Edition. London: For Mathews and Leigh, 18, Strand, R. Faulder, Bond Street, and J. Deighton, Cambridge. Orig. pub. 1792; 1807. (Full text at Google Books). See also Judith Madan William Cowper Notes and references Notes References "Cowper, Frances Maria." The Women's Print History Project, 2019, Person ID 1515. Accessed 2022-08-29. "Cowper, Maria Frances Cecilia," Jackson Bibliography of Romantic Poetry, UofToronto Libraries. Accessed 29 August 2022. Lonsdale, Roger. "Maria Frances Cecilia Cowper (née Madan) (1726—1797)." Eighteenth Century Women Poets: An Oxford Anthology. Ed. Roger Lonsdale. Oxford University Press, 1989. pp. 269—272. Rumbold, Valerie. "Madan [née Cowper], Judith (1702–1781), gentlewoman and poet." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Aug. 2022, <https://www-oxforddnb-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-60780> External links 1726 births 1797 deaths 18th-century English women writers 18th-century English writers 18th-century pseudonymous writers English women poets English women writers Literary circles Women religious writers British women hymnwriters
The history of the Jews in Senegal has its origins in the Jews of Bilad al-Sudan, those Jewish communities in West Africa dating to the 14th century. Today only a small number of Jews live in Senegal, mostly of foreign origin. History During the 14th and 15th centuries, Jews who had left or been expelled from Spain, Portugal, Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East formed communities throughout West Africa. Sephardi Jews from Spain, Portugal, and Morocco settled along the coast of Senegal and on the islands of Cape Verde. Following the rise of Islam in the region, these Jewish communities have gradually disappeared due to assimilation and migration. During the early 17th century, a group of Portuguese Jewish traders formed communities in the town of Joal-Fadiouth and elsewhere along the Petite Côte in the region of Senegambia, trading with West Africa, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Despite the opposition of Catholic Portuguese government, the Jews of Joal-Fadiouth were protected by the local chief and were allowed to openly practice their religion. During the Holocaust, some Jews in Senegal were taken by the colonial Vichy administration to an interment camp in Sébikhotane for forced labor. The location of the interment camp has been located, but the functions of the buildings have not yet been identified. Two Jewish refugees who had escaped Europe were captured in Dakar and temporarily taken to the Sébikhotane internment camp and then transferred to the Office du Niger, a large cotton farm in Mali where the French colonial authorities used slave labor. The residents of the village of Bani Israël are almost entirely Muslim and belong to a tribe that means "sons of Israel". Members of the tribe trace their lineage to two clans, Sylla and Drame, which they claim to be descended from Egyptian Jews. Despite claiming Jewish ancestry, members of the tribe are practicing Muslims and do not wish to become Jewish. According to former town president Dougoutigo Fadiga, "we don't like to talk too much about our Jewish background, but we don't hide it either. We know our people came from Egypt to Somalia, and from there to Nigeria, where they split about 1,000 years ago. One branch of the two families went to Mali, another to Guinea, and we settled here." However, one cultural trait the tribe shares with Judaism is an aversion to intermarriage; members of the tribe avoid assimilation and do not marry members of neighboring tribes. Disagreement exists as to the veracity of the tribe's claim of Jewish descent. Gideon Behar, Israel's ambassador to Senegal, has said that he believes the tribe is likely of Jewish descent. The Senegalese writer Abdoul Kader Taslimanka, who has written a book about the tribe, has doubted the tribe's claim of Jewish descent and believes the town's name has nothing to do with Jews but is rather named after a chapter from the Koran. In contemporary Senegal, there are around 50 Jews in the country. The small community is based in Dakar and is mostly composed of French Jews, American Jews working for international organizations and NGOs, and Israeli Jews who have married local Senegalese people. Jewish communal life is closely tied to the Israeli Embassy in Dakar, where people gather for Shabbat and Jewish holidays. See also Bani Israël Jews of Bilad el-Sudan Lançados Sébikhotane References External links Êtes-vous Juif? Being Jewish in Senegal, The Times of Israel American-Jewish diaspora French diaspora in Africa French-Jewish diaspora Israeli diaspora Sephardi Jewish culture in Africa
Michałów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Śląska, within Środa Śląska County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Środa Śląska, and west of the regional capital Wrocław. References Villages in Środa Śląska County
The ninth season of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here was commissioned by Network 10 in October 2022. The series premiered on 2 April 2023 and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown. It is the first series since 2020 to return to a live broadcast in Africa; the previous two series were pre-recorded in Australia, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This series was Brown's last as host as he announced he would be joining the Seven Network from July 2023. Teaser The first teaser trailer, featuring hosts Chris Brown and Julia Morris in a 60s airline themed promo, was released on 20 February 2023. Celebrities On 28 March 2023, the first contestant was revealed by Network 10, prior to the premiere of the first episode, to be radio presenter Woody Whitelaw. On 2 April 2023, hours prior to the premiere, four more celebrities were revealed as television personality Ian Dickson, actress Debra Lawrance, reality contestant Domenica Calarco and television personality Kerri-Anne Kennerley. Celebrity guests Results and elimination Indicates that the celebrity received the most votes from the public Indicates that the celebrity was immune from the elimination challenge Indicates that the celebrity was named as being in the bottom 2 or 3. Indicates that the celebrity came last in a challenge or received the fewest votes and was evicted immediately (no bottom three) Indicates that the celebrity withdrew from the competition Tucker trials The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. Success is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial, with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates. The public voted for who they wanted to face the trial The contestants decided who did which trial The trial was compulsory and neither the public nor celebrities decided who took part The contestants were chosen by the evicted celebrities The voting for the trial was of dual origin Notes Kerri-Anne, as an intruder, had to participate with Domenica in the Unsafe Crackers trial as part of her entry into the camp. Kerri-Anne chose not to participate in the trial, as she said the words "I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" prior to it beginning. As a result, Aesha had to complete the trial on her own and was only able to keep half the stars she won. Whilst Aesha won all 13 stars, the camp only received 6½ meals worth of dinner. Kerri-Anne and Domenica had an argument at the end of the trial, after Kerri-Anne had refused to participate in the trial's second round, which was an 'all-or-nothing' challenge that all trialists had to complete to win their stars. Kerri-Anne left the trial early and returned to the camp before the rest of the group, where she announced that she was quitting the series and said the words "I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". Nick, as an intruder, had to participate with Liz in the Cliffhanger trial as part of his entry into the camp. This trial was a prank on the celebrities - as all three attempted it, they received the full eight stars for camp. Star count Secret missions The camp's secret mission: the worst day ever On the first day, the camp mates were given a secret mission to make Peter Helliar's entry into camp the worst day ever without him noticing. During his entry into the jungle, the camp mates had to guess his identity incorrectly in a celebrity guessing challenge, ensure that he picked the shortest straw so that he had to retrieve a key from a snake-filled box and to call him by the incorrect name throughout his first night. The reward for completing the challenge was pillows for the camp. Adam and Woody's secret mission: luxury splurge In episode 5, Adam and Woody were given the opportunity to win their campmates' luxury items, by finding out each of their camp mate's biggest luxury splurge without them noticing. They were successful in completing the mission and the camp received their luxury items in the evening. Debra and Nathan's secret mission: 3-metre distance In episode 8, Debra and Nathan were separately given the opportunity to win their camp mates' crackers and Vegemite, by staying 3 metres away and close to each other without the other noticing. They were successful in completing the mission and the camp received the crackers and Vegemite in the evening. Camp challenge: Piggy In Episode 11, the campmates watched a video of a pig which had to choose between a cheesecake and pavlova, the video was paused and the camp mates had to guess which the pig would choose, and if guessed correctly they would receive the specific dessert. Everyone except Nathan guessed cheesecake, the pig chose the pavlova and both desserts were thrown out. Nathan wasn't happy… Debra's secret mission : make 3 people say Miguel In Episode 14, Debra was given a mission to get the camp some treats. It was given by the former and most recent king of the African jungle, the renowned chef : Miguel Maestre. She had the task to make 3 of the other campmates say the word 'Miguel'. She was successful and received the camp some scrumptious snacks and delicious drinks. Everyone praised Debra, but some were confused as to how Deb tricked them using her " forgetfulness " . Even after all the drama, the camp was happy to have some yummy desert. Camp challenge: ignore the obvious In Episode 16, the campmates were distracted by dancers, former campmate Dicko holding TimTams, rangers carrying egg & bacon rolls, a ranger in a ghillie suit and a schoolgirl playing a recorder in order to win a massive treat for camp. They had to ignore the obvious. They received alcohol and snacks in the evening as a reward for ignoring everything. Ratings Ratings data is from OzTAM and represents the live and same day average viewership from the 5 largest Australian metropolitan centres (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth). References 2023 Australian television seasons 09
Puzeh-ye Kuh (, also Romanized as Pūzeh-ye Kūh) is a village in Sirch Rural District, Shahdad District, Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 8 families. References Populated places in Kerman County
The 2006 Bayern Rundfahrt was the 27th edition of the Bayern Rundfahrt cycle race and was held on 24 May to 28 May 2006. The race started in Gunzenhausen and finished in Cham. The race was won by José Alberto Martínez. General classification References Bayern-Rundfahrt Bayern-Rundfahrt Bayern-Rundfahrt
Islamabad (; , ; ) is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country's ninth-most populous city with a population of over 1.2 million people and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Built as a planned city in the 1960s, it replaced Karachi as Pakistan's official national capital. The city is notable for its high standards of living, safety, cleanliness, abundant greenery and architecture. Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis developed Islamabad's master plan, in which he divided it into eight zones; administrative, diplomatic enclave, residential areas, educational and industrial sectors, commercial areas, as well as rural and green areas administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation with support from the Capital Development Authority. Islamabad is known its parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park and the Shakarparian. It is home to several landmarks, including the country's flagship Faisal Mosque, which is the world's fifth-largest mosque. Other prominent landmarks include the Pakistan Monument and Democracy Square. Rated as Gamma + by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Islamabad has the highest cost of living in Pakistan. The city's populace is dominated by both middle and upper-middle class citizens. Islamabad is home to twenty universities, including Bahria University, Quaid-e-Azam University, PIEAS, COMSATS University, and NUST. It is also rated as one of the safest cities in Pakistan and has an expansive RFID-enabled surveillance system with almost 2,000 active CCTV cameras. Toponymy The name Islamabad means City of Islam. It is derived from two words: Islam and abad. Islam refers to the religion of Islam, Pakistan's state religion, and -abad is a Persian suffix meaning cultivated place, indicating an inhabited place or city. According to a history book by Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh, teacher and poet Qazi Abdur Rehman Amritsari proposed the name of the city. Occasionally in writing, Islamabad is colloquially abbreviated ISB. Such usage originated in SMS language, in part due to the IATA location identifier for the Islamabad International Airport. History Early history Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau of the northern Punjab region, is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period. Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found. Excavations by Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone reveal evidence of a prehistoric culture in the area. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BCE that indicate the region was home to Neolithic peoples who settled on the banks of the Soan and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley civilization flourished in the region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BCE. Later the area was an early settlement of the Aryan community which migrated into the region from Central Asia. Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed the region during their invasions of the Indian subcontinent. In 2015–16, the Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums, with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage, carried out initial archaeological excavations in which unearthed the remains of a Buddhist stupa at Ban Faqiran, near the Shah Allah Ditta caves, which was dated to the 2nd to the 5th century CE. Construction and development When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of Karachi was its provisional national capital. In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site near Rawalpindi for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements, along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959 which was used as provisional capital from that year on. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a forward capital for several reasons. Karachi was also located at the southern end of the country, and exposed to attacks from the Arabian Sea. Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country. Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs. The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the army headquarters in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of Kashmir in the north. A Greek firm of architects, led by Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills. The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early 1960s and then to Islamabad when essential development work was completed in 1966. In 1981, Islamabad separated from Punjab province to form Capital Territory. Such world-renowned architects as Edward Durell Stone and Gio Ponti have been associated with the city's development. Recent history Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan. As the capital city it has hosted numerous important meetings, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit in 2004. The city suffered damage from the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had a magnitude of 7.6. Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Siege of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque), the June 2008 Danish embassy bombing, and the September 2008 Marriott bombing. In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the Punjab Governor Salmaan Taseer. Construction of the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus, the region's first mass transit line, began in February 2014 and was completed in March 2015. The Rawalpindi Development Authority built the project at a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab. Geography Islamabad is located at at the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau and at the foot of the Margalla Hills in Islamabad Capital Territory. Its elevation is . The modern capital and the ancient Gakhar city of Rawalpindi form a conurbation and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities. To the northeast of the city lies the colonial era hill station of Murree, and to the north lies the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Kahuta lies on the southeast, Taxila, Wah Cantt, and Attock District to the northwest, Gujar Khan, Rawat, and Mandrah on the southeast, and the metropolis of Rawalpindi to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located SSW of Muzaffarabad, east of Peshawar and NNW of Lahore. Islamabad covers an area of . A further area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the Rawal Dam is located. Climate Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed . The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. The coolest month is January. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about from Islamabad. Simli Dam is north of Islamabad. of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of . The highest monthly rainfall of was recorded during July 1995. Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher-elevation points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali. The temperatures range from in January to in June. The highest recorded temperature was on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was on 17 January 1967. Light snowfall sometimes happens on the peaks of the hills visible from the city, though this is rare. Snowfall does not occur in the city itself. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record-breaking of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well. Cityscape Civic administration The Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) Administration, generally known as ICT Administration or Islamabad Administration, is the civil administration as well as main law and order agency of the Federal Capital. The local government authority of the city is the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation (IMC) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city. Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area. Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area. Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km ( mi × mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors. Sectors Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17), of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills. The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17. Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors. In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University, Air University, and the National Defence University. The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed. F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex is a major landmark of the F-8 sector. G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17. Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8, and the Karachi Company shopping center in G-9. The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17. The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers a major portion of sector H-12. The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17. Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park. Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V. Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas. However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District, which is part of province of Punjab. Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway, Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway. Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway. Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent. Architecture Islamabad's architecture is a combination of modernity and old Islamic and regional traditions. The Saudi-Pak Tower is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad's tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include Pakistan Monument and Faisal Mosque. Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by Gio Ponti, Prime Minister's secretariat based on Mughal architecture and the National Assembly by Edward Durell Stone. The murals on the inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture. The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks a dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions. The Centaurus is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by WS Atkins PLC.The newly built Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers is another example of modern architecture in the city. Demographics Language According to 2017 census, the mother tongue of the majority of the population is Punjabi at 52% (a decrease of 18% from the 1998 census), and a major dialect is Pothohari, 19% of the population are Pashto speakers, while an additional 12% speak Urdu, the national language, whereas the rest 17% speak other languages. Similarly according to 1998 census, the total migrant population of the city is 1 million, with the majority (691,977) coming from Punjab. Around 210,614 of the migrated population came from Sindh and rest from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir. Smaller populations emigrated from Balochistan, and Gilgit–Baltistan. Literacy The majority of the population lies in the age group of 15–64 years, around 59.38%. Only 2.73% of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90% is below the age of 15. Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%. 9.8% of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26% have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2% have a master or equivalent degree. The labour force of Islamabad is 185,213 and the unemployment rate is 15.70%. Religion Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95.43% of the population following it. Christianity is the second largest religion is with 4.34% of the population following it. The Christians are concentrated mainly in the urban areas. Hinduism is followed by 0.04% of the population according to the 2017 census. Economy Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP. Islamabad Stock Exchange, founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange, and was merged to form Pakistan Stock Exchange. The exchange had 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares. According to the World Bank's Doing Business Report of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan. Islamabad's businesses are Pakistan's most compliant for paying tax dues. , Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue. Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with the addition two Software Technology Parks, which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Some jobs have relocated from India to Islamabad. Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 IT companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies. Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from South Korea. Culture Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has a cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as Aryan, Soanian, and Indus Valley civilisation can still be found in the region. A 15th-century Gakhar fort, Pharwala Fort is located near Islamabad. Rawat Fort in the region was built by the Gakhars in 16th century and contains the grave of the Gakhar chief, Sultan Sarang Khan. Saidpur village is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sarang Khan. The 500-year-old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja Man Singh. He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda. The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing the presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic Pir Meher Ali Shah is located at Golra Sharif, which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region. The shrine of Bari Imam was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual Urs of Bari Imam. The event is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people. The Lok Virsa Museum in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the Shakarparian hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from the region and other parts of Pakistan. Tourism Faisal Mosque is an important cultural landmark of the city and that attracts many tourists daily. Faisal Mosque built in 1986, was named after the Saudi Arabian King, Faisal bin Abdul Aziz. It also serves the purpose of accommodating 24,000 Muslims that pray at this mosque. Faisal Mosque that is designed by the Turks and financed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia includes calligraphy of Quranic verses along the walls of the mosque. One of the landmarks for tourists is the Pakistan Monument built in 2007 located in Islamabad. This tourist attraction represents the patriotism and sovereignty of Pakistan. The design is shaped as a dome with petal-shaped walls that are engraved with arts portraying Pakistan's other tourist landmarks such as the Badshahi Mosque, Minar-e-Pakistan and Lahore Fort. Islamabad holds some of Pakistan's most prestigious museums such as Lok Virsa Museum, Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage Shakarparian Park and prominent galleries such as the National Art Gallery and Gallery 6. The Islamabad Museum contains many relics and artifacts dating back to the Gandhara period of the region, an intriguing fusion of Buddhist and Graeco-Roman styles. The living culture of Islamabad and Pakistan is best explored at Lok Virsa Museum, as well as the Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage in Shakarparian Park. Islamabad is built upon civilization and architecture that ranges from the 10th Century to the modern era. As Islamabad is situated on the Potohar Plateau, the remains of civilization descending from stone-age era include the Acheulian and the Soanian traditions and these are tourist landmarks. Islamabad has an array of historic landmarks that reflect the Hindu civilization that dates back to the 16th Century with examples such as Saidpur. Saidpur that is situated in Islamabad has progressed from a village to a sacred place that includes temples where the Hindu Mughal Commanders worshipped. Margalla Hills National Park is located in the North sector of Islamabad and is in close proximity to the Himalayas. The National Park includes of picturesque valleys and scenic hills that include various wildlife such as Himalayan goral, Barking deer and leopards. Flanked by wildlife and vegetation, Margalla Hills National Park also includes accommodation and camping grounds for tourists. Education Islamabad boasts the highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98%, and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country. A large number of public and private sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organizations and almost all of them are recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. High schools and colleges are either affiliated with the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education or with the UK universities education boards, O/A Levels, or IGCSE. According to the Academy of Educational Planning and Management's report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognized institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 religious, 367 primary, 162 middle, 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 degree colleges). There are seven teacher training institutes in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty. The Gender Parity Index in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys-only institutes, 175 girls-only, and 551 mixed institutes in Islamabad. Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls. There are 16 recognized universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers. Most of the top ranked universities; National University of Sciences and Technology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, also have their headquarters in the capital. The world's second largest general university by enrolment, Allama Iqbal Open University is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include Air University, Bahria University, Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Hamdard University, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Capital University of Science & Technology, National Defence University, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, National University of Modern Languages, Iqra University, International Islamic University, Virtual University of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, The University of Lahore, Abasyn University, and The Millennium University College. Universities and colleges Healthcare Islamabad has the lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand. Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services. The hospital has 30 major medical departments. PIMS is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties. The Children's Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialties, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and a Blood Bank. The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services. PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center. PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006, is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The hospital consists of a 100-bed facility and 10 major departments: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric, General Medicine, General Surgery, Intensive Care Unit/Coronary Care Unit, Orthopedics, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Radiology, and Dental Department. Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 IPD beds and OPD facilities in 35 different specialisations. According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 dispensaries, and five maternity and child welfare centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds. Transport Aerial transport Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world and domestically through Islamabad International Airport (IIAP). The airport is the largest in Pakistan and is located south-west of Islamabad. The new airport inaugurated on 20 April 2018, spread over 19 square kilometers with 15 passenger boarding bridges, including facilities to accommodate two double-decker Airbus A380s, the world's largest airplane, 15 remote bays and 3 remote bays for Air cargo. Public transport The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area. The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat, in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022. On 7 July 2022, the Green Line and Blue Lines were added to this Metrobus network. The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority. This service is very reliable and consistent, and the labour force as well as students are using this government provided service on a daily basis. It has reduced the time consumption by reducing the route. Now this bus service is being extended to more areas in Islamabad that include areas near G-13 and H-12. Work is being done to keep it along the Kashmir Highway. Railway Islamabad railway station is located in sector I-9 in Islamabad, Capital Territory, Pakistan. The station appears as Margala on the Pakistan Railways website. Private transport People use private transport like Taxis, Careem, Uber, Bykea, and SWVL for local journeys. In March 2016, Careem became functional in Islamabad and Rawalpindi with taxi services. Roadways M-2 Motorway is long and connect Islamabad and Lahore. M-1 Motorway connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is long. Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the Faizabad Interchange, which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles. Sports Islamabad has a multipurpose sports complex opposite Aabpara. It includes Liaquat Gymnasium for indoor games, Mushaf Squash Complex and Jinnah Sports Stadium for outdoor games, which is a venue for regular national and international events. 2004 SAF Games were held in the stadium. Some other sports venues of Islamabad include Diamond Club Ground, Shalimar Cricket Ground and Islamabad Golf Club. There is another multipurpose sports complex in the F6 Markaz. It has tennis courts, a basketball court with fibre-glass boards and a Futsal ground which introduced artificial turf to the people of Islamabad. Major sports in the city include cricket, football, squash, hockey, table tennis, rugby and boxing. The city is home to Islamabad United, which won the first ever Pakistan Super League in 2016 and second title in 2018, and Islamabad All Stars, which participates in the Super Kabaddi League. Islamabad also has various rock climbing spots in the Margalla Hills. The Pakistan Sports Complex has three swimming pools for children. These facilities attract a large gathering on weekends. In Pakistan Super League, the capital is represented by Islamabad United team that is owned by Leonine Global Investments through its sports entity Leonine Global Sports, owned by Amna Naqvi and Ali Naqvi. Recreation Faisal Mosque Located in Islamabad, Pakistan, the Faisal Mosque is the largest mosque in South Asia and the fourth largest mosque in the world. Built in the year 1986, it was named after the late king of Saudi Arabia, Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz, who backed and financed the construction. Trail 3 The most famous and oldest hiking track of Islamabad is Trail 3. It starts from the Margalla Road in sector F-6/3. Due to steep hills, the trail is exhausting to some extent. The course leads to the point where it goes up to the Viewpoint and is about a 30 – 50 minutes track. After the Viewpoint it continues for another easy-going 45 – 60 minutes and reaches the Pir Sohawa, where there are two restaurants for food, The Monal and La Montana. In total, it is approximately a one-hour and thirty minute walk. Pakistan Monument Located in Islamabad, the Pakistan National Monument is a representation of the four provinces and three territories of the nation. Designed by the famous architect, Arif Masood, this blooming flower shaped structure reflects the progress and prosperity of Pakistan. Shah Allah Ditta Caves Shah Allah Ditta village is a centuries old village and a Union Council of Islamabad Capital Authority. The village is named after a dervish that belonged to the Mughal era. It is estimated to be 650 years old approximately. It is also home to ancient caves that reflects the previous civilizations. The 2500-year-old Buddhist caves at the foot of Margalla Hills are located in west of Taxila, east of Islamabad and in the central area of Khanpur. A spring, a pond and a garden still exist near the Shah Allah Ditta Caves. There are some banyan trees in the garden, while all other fruit trees are gone. The water from the same spring was used to irrigate the garden adjoining the caves. During the Mughal period, when India was the centre of Sufism originating from Arabia and Central Asia, a saint named Shah Allah Ditta stayed in this garden and was entombed here. The place formerly attributed to sadhus, monks, or jogis is today known for the famous Sufi Shah Allah Ditta. A short distance from these caves is also an ancient baoli (stepwell) in the village of Kanthila, which is said to have been built by Sher Shah Suri. Twin towns and sister cities Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Amman, Jordan Ankara, Turkey Beijing, China Jakarta, Indonesia 1984, restarted in 2010 Madrid, Spain Minsk, Belarus Seoul, South Korea Astana, Kazakhstan See also Birds of Islamabad List of people from Islamabad References Further reading External links Metropolitan Corporation Islamabad Capitals of Pakistan Capitals in Asia 01 Metropolitan areas of Pakistan 1960s establishments in Pakistan Planned capitals Planned communities in Pakistan Union councils of Islamabad Capital Territory Populated places established in the 1960s
Secrets of the Furious Five (also known as Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Furious Five) is a 2008 American animated short film produced by DreamWorks, which serves as a semi-sequel/spin-off to the animated feature film Kung Fu Panda and appears on a companion disc of the original film's deluxe DVD release. It was later broadcast on NBC on February 26, 2009, and is now available as a separate DVD as of March 24, 2009. The film has a framing story of Po the Dragon Warrior (in computer animation) telling the stories of his comrades in arms, the Furious Five, which are depicted in 2D cel animation, similar to the opening and end credits of the original film. The only actors from the film to reprise their roles in this short were Jack Black as Po, Dustin Hoffman as Master Shifu, David Cross as Crane, and Randall Duk Kim as Master Oogway. Angelina Jolie, Lucy Liu, Jackie Chan and Seth Rogen do not reprise their roles mainly because their related characters are depicted as their younger selves. In this short, Monkey is voiced by Jaycee Chan, son of Jackie Chan. Jaycee Chan also voiced Crane in the Cantonese version of the original film. Production of the film was outsourced to Reel FX Creative Studios, who worked on CG animation, and to Film Roman, who worked on traditionally animated sequences. Plot Introduction Master Shifu instructs Po to teach an introductory Kung Fu lesson to a group of rambunctious bunny children. Po tries to teach the kids that combat is only part of what Kung Fu is about, as its true meaning is "excellence of self." To illustrate his point, he explains the Furious Five's individual backstories, and the basic philosophical concepts that enabled them to be great Kung Fu masters. Mantis Mantis, as a youth, was a petulantly impatient warrior, prone to jumping to conclusions and making impulsive decisions. Eventually, this habit got him captured by Crocodile bandits. The long wait Mantis was forced to endure in his prison taught him patience, and he was able to use this to play dead long enough to ambush his captors. Viper Viper, the daughter of Great Master Viper, was born without venomous fangs. Her father, who relied on his venomous bite to protect the village, believed she could never be a warrior like him, causing Viper to grow up shy and timid. One night during a festival, Great Master Viper encountered a gorilla bandit, and broke his fangs on the gorilla's special snake-proof armor. Seeing her father in peril, Viper found the courage to fight the bandit and defeat him with her ribbon dancing skills. Crane Crane was the self-deprecating janitor of a Kung Fu academy, until the star pupil Mei Ling encouraged him to seek enrollment. Crane's lifelong belief that he was too skinny to be an effective Kung Fu warrior caused him to lose his nerve at the tryouts; however, when he accidentally stumbled into the intense obstacle course to determine eligibility, he discovered the confidence to use his skinniness as an asset and pass the test. Tigress Tigress was an orphan, and unfairly isolated as a 'monster' because of her lack of control over her ferocity and strength. At the behest of the orphanage staff, Master Shifu arrived to teach her the discipline she desperately needed to control her movements. Eventually, the other children trusted and even befriended her. Despite this breakthrough, no adult would consent to adopt her, so Master Shifu took her in as his student and foster daughter. Monkey Monkey was humiliated in his youth, and grew up tormenting his village with pranks as revenge. Many challengers attempted to drive him away, but Monkey would always remove their pants to humiliate them. Master Oogway, who had a shell instead of pants, was able to subdue Monkey, and saved Monkey from being crushed by a column knocked loose in their brawl. Noticing Monkey's reaction to being cared about, Oogway told Monkey he could stay in the village as long as he would show others the compassion he so greatly desired himself. Conclusion Master Shifu returns, anticipating to find a lack of progress, and is surprised to see he has underestimated Po's talents yet again. When the Bunnies ask Po how his first day of Kung Fu was, Po has a flashback to all the unpleasant events of the first film. He then smiles and confidently assures them that "it was awesome!" Voice cast Jack Black as Po Dustin Hoffman as Shifu David Cross as Crane Randall Duk Kim as Oogway Elizabeth Ann Bennett as Ant / Bunny Jaycee Chan as Young Monkey Jim Cummings as Instructor Jessica DiCicco as Young Viper John DiMaggio as Crocodile Bandit #1 / Gorilla Bandit Carol Kane as Sheep Stephanie Kearin as Crocodile Bandit #2 Max Koch as Young Mantis Stephanie Lemelin as Mei Ling Meredith Scott Lynn as Master Viper's Mom Tom Owens as Ladybug Eamon Pirruccello as Impatient Bunny Grace Rolek as Shy Bunny Will Shadley as Nerdy Bunny James Sie as Great Master Viper Tara Strong as Young Tigress Note: Mr Ping didn't appear in the short, only on the DVD cover of the film. Awards Secrets of the Furious Five has received eight nominations in the "Animated Television Production or Short Form" category at the 36th Annie Awards, of which it received four ("Character Animation," "Character Design," "Music," and "Production Design"). References External links Kung Fu Panda mass media 2008 films 2008 animated films 2000s American animated films 2000s animated short films 2008 action comedy films American animated short films American sequel films Animated films about orphans 2008 computer-animated films DreamWorks Animation animated short films Films scored by Henry Jackman Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films scored by John Powell Films directed by Raman Hui Paramount Pictures animated films Reel FX Creative Studios short films Films with screenplays by Todd Berger Wuxia films Film Roman films 2000s English-language films
The brown-backed whistler (Pachycephala modesta) is a species of bird in the family Pachycephalidae endemic to New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. Taxonomy and systematics The brown-backed whistler was originally described in the genus Poecilodryas. Subspecies Three subspecies are recognized: P. m. hypoleuca – Reichenow, 1915: Originally described as a separate species. Found in east-central New Guinea P. m. modesta – (De Vis, 1894): Found in southeast New Guinea P. m. telefolminensis – Gilliard & LeCroy, 1961: Found in central New Guinea References brown-backed whistler Birds of Papua New Guinea Endemic fauna of New Guinea brown-backed whistler Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Al-Shorouk ( , "the Sunrise") is a satellite city in the Eastern Area of Cairo, Egypt. As a 'new city' it is administered by the New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA). Shorouk is one of the so-called Third Generation new cities, established by Presidential Decree 325/1995 allocating 11,000 acres of public land to NUCA, in addition to further allocations totalling 53,000 acres by 2017. Population The establishment of the city highlights the efforts of the Egyptian state in managing urban expansion to achieve several development goals. One prominent goal being to absorb the expanding population of Egypt and to ease population pressures currently placed on the aging capital. Other major themes of this project are to redistribute the population of the Greater Cairo area and to raise the standard of living in the region through the provision of new job opportunities from industrial projects in the city. By 2030, 35 years after its inception, Shorouk was planned to have 500,000 people. However, according to the 2017 census, it had only 87,285 residents. This underachievement is not just in Shorouk, but across the new city programme where cities are planned according to wholly unrealistic population growth rates, and where they are inequitably distributed (by land area) to capture population growth. Climate The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies El Shorouk as a hot desert (BWh), as is the rest of Egypt. The climate is generally extremely dry around the capital. In addition to scarce rain, extreme heat during summer months is a general climate feature of El Shorouk. Though, daytime temperatures are milder during autumn and winter. See also New Heliopolis New Urban Communities Authority Satellite city Badr New Cairo References Cities in Egypt Populated places in Cairo Governorate Planned communities in Egypt
Whispertown (formerly known as Whispertown 2000 or the Whispertown 2000) is an American indie music project from Los Angeles, California, fronted by singer-songwriter Morgan Nagler. They have toured or performed with Bright Eyes, Rilo Kiley, Jenny Lewis, the Breeders, She & Him, Maria Taylor, M. Ward, Margot & the Nuclear So and So's and the Elected. History A native of Oregon who grew up in Los Angeles, Nagler worked as a child actor, appearing on the TV series Punky Brewster and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, as well as in the film American Pie 2 (2001) as the band camp friend of Michelle Flaherty (played by Alyson Hannigan). Nagler met and befriended fellow former child actor Blake Sennett in the mid-1990s. Soon after, Sennet and Jenny Lewis formed the band Rilo Kiley in 1998, and Nagler also began writing songs and singing. In 2004, Nagler performed her songs before a live audience (with help from friend Tod Adrian Wisenbaker) as the opening act for the Elected, Sennett's side project from Rilo Kiley. Nagler credits Sennett and Lewis for giving her the support to record and perform her own songs. In 2005, Nagler and Wisenbaker named their group Whispertown 2000 and asked Vanesa Corbala and Colt Maloney to join. During the fall 2006 tour, Casey Wisenbaker (Tod's brother) also joined the band. Their debut album, Livin' in a Dream, was released in 2006. It was produced by Sennett and Jimmy Tamborello (of Dntel and the Postal Service). Additional performers included Sennett, Jenny Lewis and Johnathan Rice. Maloney parted ways with the band in 2007. Nagler co-wrote Rilo Kiley's "Dreamworld", from their fourth and final full-length album, Under the Blacklight (2007). "Dreamworld" was included in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "16 Best Fleetwood Mac Songs (Not by Fleetwood Mac)" and was also listed in the KROQ Top 106.7 Countdown of 2007. On October 21, 2008, the band released their second full-length album, Swim, on Acony Records. Along with this new release, the official name of the band changed to the Whispertown 2000 (with definite article "the" included). Additional performers included Lewis, Gillian Welch and David Rawlings. Nagler co-wrote "Sweet Tooth" from Rawlings' 2009 album A Friend of a Friend. On March 20, 2012, Nagler released the EP Parallel under the name Whispertown. Parallel was her second release on Acony. The EP was recorded and mixed by Andy LeMaster (of Bright Eyes), co-produced by Jake Bellows (of Neva Dinova) and executive produced by Rawlings. NPR premiered the video for the title track on July 3, 2013, calling it "luscious and expansive". Paste gave Parallel a 7.1 out of 10, calling it "resoundingly solid ... keeping a balance between two divergent aesthetics (singer-songwriter fare and classic country heft)." In August, Nagler was featured in Rolling Stone'''s profile on Laurel Canyon's revival at the home of Jonathan Wilson, and how "the former L.A. home base of Joni Mitchell and Jackson Browne is now a hub to a new wave of hippie rockers." In 2013, Nagler starred in the movie Pleased to Meet Me, featuring Aimee Mann, John Doe, Loudon Wainwright III and Joe Henry. That same year, Haim released the song "Falling", co-written by Nagler. It was the third single from their debut studio album, Days Are Gone, and peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2014, Kim Deal and Nagler released a 7-inch single, "The Root"/"Range on Castle". Pitchfork premiered the video for "The Root" on March 21, 2014. The lyric video for "Range on Castle" was premiered by Bob Boilen on NPR Music on July 10, 2014. Whispertown released I'm a Man on September 1, 2017, on Graveface Records. The title track premiered on Impose on July 17, 2017, and was KCRW's "Top Tune" on August 17, 2017. In October, Whispertown opened for M. Ward on a string of west coast dates. Nagler appeared in the video for the title track from Kevin Morby's 2017 album, City Music. Discography Whispertown 2000 – Livin' in a Dream (2006, n/a) The Whispertown 2000 – Swim (2008, Acony Records) Whispertown – Parallel (2012, Acony Records) Whispertown – I'm a Man (2017, Graveface Records) Co-writes and other appearances Jenny Lewis & Whispertown 2000 – "Paradise"/"Hometown" 7-inch (2006, Team Love Records) Rilo Kiley – Under the Blacklight; "Dreamworld" (2007, Warner Bros.) David Rawlings Machine – A Friend of a Friend; "Sweet Tooth" (2009, Acony Records) Haim – "Falling" (2013, Polydor Records) Kim Deal & Morgan Nagler – "The Root"/"Range on Castle" 7-inch (2014, n/a)Good People Rock: A Yellow Bird Project Covers Compilation – "Give a Little Love" (Rilo Kiley cover) (2015, Yellow Bird Project/Madic Records) Maria Taylor – In the Next Life''; "If Only" (2016, Flower Moon Records) Members Morgan Nagler – lead vocals, guitar, songwriter Jake Bellows – guitar, vocals Former members Vanesa Corbala – vocals, drums, percussion Colt Maloney – bass Casey Wisenbaker – bass, guitar, drums Tod Adrian Wisenbaker – guitar, drums References External links Whispertown's Official Website Indie rock musical groups from California Musical groups from Los Angeles
A traction engine is a steam-powered tractor used to move heavy loads on roads, plough ground or to provide power at a chosen location. The name derives from the Latin tractus, meaning 'drawn', since the prime function of any traction engine is to draw a load behind it. They are sometimes called road locomotives to distinguish them from railway locomotives – that is, steam engines that run on rails. Traction engines tend to be large, robust and powerful, but also heavy, slow, and difficult to manoeuvre. Nevertheless, they revolutionized agriculture and road haulage at a time when the only alternative prime mover was the draught horse. They became popular in industrialised countries from around 1850, when the first self-propelled portable steam engines for agricultural use were developed. Production continued well into the early part of the 20th century, when competition from internal combustion engine-powered tractors saw them fall out of favour, although some continued in commercial use in the United Kingdom well into the 1950s and later. All types of traction engines have now been superseded in commercial use. However, several thousand examples have been preserved worldwide, many in working order. Steam fairs are held throughout the year in the United Kingdom, and in other countries, where visitors can experience working traction engines at close hand. Traction engines were cumbersome and ill-suited to crossing soft or heavy ground, so their agricultural use was usually either "on the belt" – powering farm machinery by means of a continuous leather belt driven by the flywheel, a form of power take-off – or in pairs, dragging an implement on a cable from one side of a field to another. However, where soil conditions permitted, direct hauling of implements ("off the drawbar") was preferred – in America, this led to the divergent development of the steam tractor. This aside American designs were far more varied than those of the British with different boiler positions, wheel numbers and piston placements being used. Additionally American engines often had higher top speeds than those of Britain as well as the ability to run on straw. History Limits of technical knowledge and manufacturing technology meant that practicable road vehicles powered by steam did not start to appear until the early years of the 19th century. In 1841, Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies produced an early traction engine. The design (which was led by a horse to steer it) failed to attract any purchasers. They tried again in 1849, this time without the steering horse, but the machine was under-built for threshing work it was designed for. The commercially successful traction engine was developed from an experiment in 1859 when Thomas Aveling modified a Clayton & Shuttleworth portable engine, which had to be hauled from job to job by horses, into a self-propelled one. This alteration was made by fitting a long driving chain between the crankshaft and the rear axle. Aveling is regarded as "the father of the traction engine". Aveling's first engine still required a horse for steering. Other influences were existing vehicles which were the first to be referred to as traction engines such as the Boydell engines manufactured by various companies and those developed for road haulage by Bray. The first half of the 1860s was a period of great experimentation, but by the end of the decade the standard form of the traction engine had evolved and would change little over the next sixty years. As part of these improvements the steering was improved to no longer need a horse, and the drive chain was replaced with gears. In America traction engines fitted with continuous tracks were being used from 1869. Compound engine designs were introduced in 1881. Until the quality of roads improved there was little demand for faster vehicles, and engines were geared accordingly to cope with their use on rough roads and farm tracks. Right through to the first decades of the twentieth century, manufacturers continued to seek a way to reach the economic potential of direct-pull ploughing and, particularly in North America, this led to the American development of the steam tractor. British companies such as Mann's and Garrett developed potentially viable direct ploughing engines; however, market conditions were against them and they failed to gain widespread popularity. These market conditions arose in the wake of the First World War when there was a glut of surplus equipment available as a result of British Government policy. Large numbers of Fowler ploughing engines had been constructed in order to increase the land under tillage during the war and many new light Fordson F tractors had been imported from 1917 onwards. Decline Road steam disappeared through restrictions and charges that drove up their operating costs. Through 1921, steam tractors had demonstrated clear economic advantages over horse power for heavy hauling and short journeys. However, petrol lorries were starting to show better efficiency and could be purchased cheaply as war surplus; on a busy route a 3-ton petrol lorry could save about £100 per month compared to its steam equivalent, in spite of restrictive speed limits and relatively high fuel prices and maintenance costs. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s there were tighter restrictions on road steam haulage, including speed, smoke and vapour limits and a 'wetted tax', where the tax due was proportional to the size of the wetted area of the boiler; this made steam engines less competitive against domestically produced internal combustion engined units (although imports were subject to taxes of up to 33%). As a result of the Salter Report on road funding, an 'axle weight tax' was introduced in 1933 in order to charge commercial motor vehicles more for the costs of maintaining the road system and to do away with the perception that the free use of roads was subsidising the competitors of rail freight. The tax was payable by all road hauliers in proportion to the axle load and was particularly restrictive on steam propulsion, which was heavier than its petrol equivalent. Initially, imported oil was taxed much more than British-produced coal, but in 1934 Oliver Stanley, the Minister for Transport, reduced taxes on fuel oils while raising the Road Fund charge on road locomotives to £100 per year, provoking protests by engine manufacturers, hauliers, showmen and the coal industry. This was at a time of high unemployment in the mining industry, when the steam haulage business represented a market of 950,000 tons of coal annually. The tax was devastating to the businesses of heavy hauliers and showmen and precipitated the scrapping of many engines. The last new UK-built traction engines were constructed during the 1930s, although many continued in commercial use for many years while there remained experienced enginemen available to drive them. Preservation Perhaps the first organisation to take a general interest in traction engine preservation was the Road Locomotive Society formed in 1937. From the 1950s, the 'preservation movement' started to build as enthusiasts realised that traction engines were in danger of dying out. Many of the remaining engines were bought by enthusiasts, and restored to working order. Traction engine rallies began, initially as races between engine owners and their charges, later developing into the significant tourist attractions that take place in many locations each year. The Traction Engine Register records the details of traction engines, steam road rollers, steam wagons, steam fire engines and portable engines that are known to survive in the United Kingdom and Irish Republic. It recorded 2,851 self moving engines and wagons, 687 portable engines (non-self moving), 160 steam fire engines existing in 2016. A new edition of the Register is planned in 2020. It was previously estimated in May 2011 by an unknown source that over 2,000 traction engines have been preserved. This figure may include engines preserved elsewhere in the world, particularly the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, but if so, is an underestimate. Comprehensive information on past UK manufacturers and their production is recorded by the Road Locomotive Society based in the UK. Operation Although the first traction engines employed a chain drive, it is more typical for large gears to be used to transfer the drive from the crankshaft to the rear axle. The machines typically have two large powered wheels at the back and two smaller wheels for steering at the front. However, some traction engines used a four-wheel-drive variation, and some experimented with an early form of caterpillar track. Types and usage Traction engines saw commercial use in a variety of roles between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries. Each role required a machine with a different set of characteristics, and the traction engine evolved into a number of different types to suit these different roles. Agricultural (general purpose) engine General purpose engines were the most common form in the countryside. They were used for hauling and as a stationary power source. Even when farmers did not own such a machine they would rely upon it from time to time. Many farms would use draught horses throughout the year, but during the harvest, threshing contractors would travel from farm to farm hauling the threshing machine which would be set up in the field and powered from the engine – a good example of the moveable stationary engine. US (agricultural) traction engine Favourable soil conditions meant that US traction engines usually pulled their ploughs behind them, thereby eliminating the complexities of providing a cable drum and extra gearing, hence simplifying maintenance. American traction engines were manufactured in a variety of sizes, with the 6 nhp Russell being the smallest commercially made, and the large engines made by Russell, Case, and Reeves being the largest. Ploughing engine A distinct form of traction engine, characterised by the provision of a large diameter winding drum driven by separate gearing from the steam engine. Onto the drum a long length of wire rope was wound, which was used to haul an implement, such as a plough, across a field, while the engine remained on the headland. This minimized the area of land subject to soil compaction. The winding drum was either mounted horizontally (below the boiler), vertically (to one side), or even concentrically, so that it encircled the boiler. The majority were underslung (horizontal), however, and necessitated the use of an extra-long boiler to allow enough space for the drum to fit between the front and back wheels. These designs were the largest and longest traction engines to be built. Mostly the ploughing engines worked in pairs, one on each side of the field, with the wire rope from each machine fastened to the implement to be hauled. The two drivers communicated by signals using the engine whistles. Occasionally an alternative system was used where the plough was pulled between a single engine and an anchor. A variety of implements were constructed for use with ploughing engines. The most common were the balance plough and the cultivator – ploughing and cultivating being the most physically demanding jobs to do on an arable farm. Other implements could include a mole drainer, used to create an underground drainage channel or pipe, or a dredger bucket for dredging rivers or moats. The engines were frequently provided with a 'spud tray' on the front axle, to store the 'spuds' which would be fitted to the wheels when travelling across claggy ground. Ploughing engines were rare in the US; ploughs were usually hauled directly by an agricultural engine or steam tractor. History The first steam ploughing engine built and trialled was in 1837 when John Heathcoat MP demonstrated a steam powered vehicle he designed for ploughing very soft ground. This used a very early form of continuous tracks, and its twin-cylinder steam engine could be either used for the ploughing winch or for propulsion. Another ploughing engine, devised by Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby, possibly designed by Daniel Gooch and constructed at Swindon Works, the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, awarded £100 out of a possible £500 of its prize for creating a steam ploughing engine, . Lord Willoughby had indicated that his design could be copied freely, and Fowler had visited Grimsthorpe Castle, the estate where the ploughing engines were deployed. Between 1855 and 1857 a farmer by the name of William Smith and John Fowler developed wire driven ploughing engines that were powered by portable engines. By 1863 W. Savory and Sons had introduced a mobile ploughing engine and were using engines at both ends of the field. Their wire drum was vertical and was mounted around the boiler of the engine. Production took place outside the UK with Kemna Bau of Germany producing ploughing engines. Use of ploughing engines declined in the 1920s as internal combustion engine powered tractors took over. John Fowler & Co. stopped producing of ploughing engines in 1935. Low prices in the aftermath of World War 2 resulted meant a few farmers purchased them and continued to use them into the 1950s. Steam tractor (US) In North America, the term steam tractor usually refers to a type of agricultural tractor powered by a steam engine, used extensively in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Steam tractor (UK) In Great Britain, the term steam tractor is more usually applied to the smallest models of traction engine – typically those weighing below five tons for the engine to be single manned (up until 1923 anything above had to be manned by at least two people; a driver and steersman); used for hauling small loads on public roads. In 1923 the weight limit was raised to 7.5 tons. Although known as light steam tractors, these engines are generally just smaller versions of the road locomotive. They were popular in the timber trade in the UK, although variations were also designed for general light road haulage and showman's use. The most popular of these designs was probably the Garrett 4CD, meaning 4 nominal horse power compound. Road locomotive Designed for haulage of heavy loads on public highways, it was common for two or even three to be coupled together to allow heavier loads to be handled. The characteristic features of these engines are very large rear driving wheels fitted with solid rubber tyres, three-speed gearing (most traction engine types have only two gears), rear suspension, and belly tanks to provide a greater range between the stops needed to replenish water. All these features are to improve the ride and performance of the engine, which were used for journeys of hundreds of miles. Most road locomotives are fitted with a winch drum on the back axle. This can be used by removing the driving pins from the rear wheels, allowing the drive train to power the winch drum instead of the wheels. James Boydell worked with the British steam traction engine manufacturer Charles Burrell & Sons to produce road haulage engines from 1856 that used his Dreadnaught Wheels which were particularly suited to bad roads or off-road use. One place where road locomotives found a significant amount of use was in hauling timber from where it was felled to timber yards. Once the timber had been moved to a road the road movements were carried out hauling the trunks on pole wagons. In France road locomotives were used to move mail in the 1880s. A number of road locomotives are fitted with a crane boom on the front. The boom pivot is mounted on the front axle assembly and a small winch is mounted on an extension to the smokebox in front of the chimney, the cable passing over a sheave at the top of the boom arm. The winch is powered by bevel gears on a shaft driven directly from the engine, with some form of clutch providing raise/lower control. These road locomotives can be used to load a trailer as well as to haul it to a new location. They are often referred to as 'crane engines'. A particularly distinctive form of road locomotive was the showman's engine. These were operated by travelling showmen both to tow fairground equipment and to power it when set up, either directly or by running a generator. These could be highly decorated and formed part of the spectacle of the fair. Some were fitted with a small crane that could be used when assembling the ride. About 400 were built with 107 surviving into preservation. The poor state of the roads and the larger distances involved meant road locomotives (including showman's engines) were less used in the US. History In Britain the rise of the use of road locomotives was held back by high tolls charged by turnpike roads. The tolls were eventually limited by the Locomotive Act 1861. Four years later, the Locomotives Act 1865 was passed limiting engines to 4 mph and requiring that they preceded by a person carrying a red flag. The first traction engine focused on road haulage was offered for sale by Charles Burrell & Sons in 1856 and tyres were introduced around the same time. In 1896 the speed limit in the UK was raised to 6MPH and the red flag carrier requirement was dropped. Steamroller Related to the steam traction engine, the steam roller was used for road building and flattening ground. They were typically designed with a single heavy roller (in practice, usually a pair of adjacent rollers) replacing the front wheels and axle, and smooth rear wheels without strakes. Some traction engines were designed to be convertible: the same basic machine could be fitted with either standard treaded road wheels, or else smooth rolls – the changeover between the two being achieved in less than half a day. Relatives of the traction engine A number of other steam-powered vehicles share design features with the traction engine, usually because the same technology was re-used in a new application. Portable engine A portable engine is a type of self-contained steam engine and boiler combination that may be moved from site to site. Although bearing a strong family resemblance, in both appearance and (stationary) operation, the portable engine is not classed as a traction engine as it is not self-propelled. However, it is included in this list because the traction engine is a direct descendant. Steam wagon A steam wagon is a steam-powered road vehicle for carrying freight. It was the earliest form of lorry (truck) and came in two basic forms: overtype and undertype – the distinction being the position of the engine relative to the boiler. Among the firms that specialized in them in the 1900s was the short-lived Invicta Works of Maidstone, owned by Jesse Ellis. The overtype had a steam engine mounted on top of a fire-tube boiler, in a similar manner to a traction engine. The front of an overtype steam wagon bears a close family resemblance to traction engines, and manufacturers who made both may well have been able to use some common parts. The undertype had the steam engine mounted under the boiler, usually between the frames of the chassis. The boiler was usually mounted well forward and was often a vertical and/or water tube type. Steam wagons were the dominant form of powered road traction for commercial haulage in the early part of the twentieth century, although they were a largely British phenomenon, with few manufacturers outside Great Britain. Competition from internal-combustion-powered vehicles and adverse legislation meant that few remained in commercial use beyond the Second World War. Traction engines as railway locomotives Several traction engine builders (such as Aveling and Porter and Fowler) built light railway locomotives based on their traction engines. In their crudest form these simply had flanged steel wheels to enable them to run on rails. More sophisticated models had the boiler and engine mounted on a chassis which carried railway-wagon style axles. The rear axle was driven from the engine by gear or chain-drive. These unusual locomotives were sold to small industries for use in shunting and marshalling duties, although they also found favour with engineering firms engaged in the construction of mainline railways for hauling men, equipment and materials over the partly constructed line. Terminology spud or lug – strip of angled metal that could be bolted to the driving wheels to provide greater traction on soft or heavy ground. Spuds were often required on ploughing engines when moving across farmland. strake – name for the diagonal strips cast into or rivetted onto the wheel rims to provide traction on unmade ground (similar to the tread on a pneumatic tyre). Nominal horse power – nhp is the typical way that traction engines are rated. However, it has long been accepted that nominal horse power greatly understates the actual power of the engine. There are many ways to estimate the actual horse power but none of them gives an accurate answer; for example, a 4 nhp engine is said to be approximately ; however a 4 nhp engine can easily pull a laden 8-wheeler lorry, while a diesel engine of cannot. Thus, many have resigned themselves that this debate will never be settled and, while nominal horsepower gives a convenient way of rating traction engines, it may never be converted accurately into diesel HP. Modern use Although no longer used commercially, traction engines of all types continue to be maintained and preserved by enthusiastic individuals and are frequently exhibited at agricultural shows in Europe (particularly the UK), Canada and the United States. They are often a main attraction in a live steam festival (see List of steam fairs). Model traction engines, powered by steam, are manufactured by several companies, notably Mamod and Wilesco. Larger scale model engines are popular subjects for model engineers to construct, either as a supplied kit of parts, or machined from raw materials. A small number of full size traction engines have been built including a Case 150. Traction engines in popular culture In film The 1962 film The Iron Maiden featured a showman's engine as the film's star, along with many others, at the annual rally at Woburn Abbey. In the 2004 film Tremors 4: The Legend Begins, the people of Rejection, Nevada had a traction engine and were proud of it. During the final battle, two of the characters fired their guns from the traction engine, and the traction engine rammed and killed the last graboid. In literature Trevor the Traction Engine is one of the non-railway characters featured in The Railway Series of children's books by the Rev. W. Awdry. Appearing in several of the books, the traction engine was originally 'saved from scrap' by The Vicar of Wellsworth with the help of Edward the Blue Engine. Trevor has also appeared in a number of episodes in the TV spin-off Thomas & Friends. Another traction engine, Fergus the Railway Traction Engine, also appears in Thomas & Friends, but unlike Trevor, Fergus runs on rails instead of roads. Theo from Journey Beyond Sodor is based on a Brill Tramway No. 1. In the book Gumdrop and The Farmer's Friend, by Val Biro, the vintage motor-car Gumdrop is rescued from a snowy ditch by "The Farmer's Friend", a traction engine belonging to a local farmer. Some months later, the two vehicles are instrumental in thwarting a pair of car thieves. The end-papers of the book include a simplified cut-away drawing of the traction engine: a single-cylinder, 6 nhp Fowler light tractor built in 1903. Traction engines for road haulage feature prominently in Keith Roberts' alternate-history novel Pavane. In the 1960s, cutaway drawings of traction engines by Geoffrey Wheeler featured in Eagle comics and a Blue Peter annual. On television Fred Dibnah of Bolton, England, was known as a National Institution in Great Britain for the conservation of old traction engines and other steam engines. His television series Fred Dibnah's Made in Britain shows him touring the United Kingdom in his rebuilt 10-ton traction engine. In the television play Threads, depicting the consequences of nuclear war in the United Kingdom, traction engines come back into use as petrol becomes unavailable. Manufacturers See also Farm equipment History of steam road vehicles Hollycombe Steam Collection List of steam fairs – where preserved traction engines may be seen in action Live steam Museum of English Rural Life (MERL) – UK national collection of history of farming Steam car Steam roller Steam shovel Steam tractor Steam tricycle Steam wagon Steam locomotive Stationary steam engine References External links Research Database of historical agricultural engineering companies of the UK – (MERL) Steam Traction magazine – searchable article archive (1951-date) Covers US traction engines and steam tractors, threshing machines and steam-powered agricultural machinery. Steam Scenes – extensive searchable photo library – preserved traction engines in the UK, Europe, Australia and New Zealand Steam-Up – photo library – UK-based preserved traction engines Traction Time – vast searchable photo library & discussion forums – Information about UK-based traction engines History Concise history of the traction engine – evolution, from earliest experiments to widespread manufacture, plus definitions of the six main types History of steam ploughing – particularly covers the very early years as different techniques were tried Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland – (c.1871) report of trial of Fiskens Steam Cultivation Machinery (a windlass ploughing apparatus) -- including description and diagram History of Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company (Iowa) – the first gasoline-powered traction engine, and forerunner of the John Deere tractor range "Steam Dinosaur" – world's oldest surviving traction engine (plus much history of early Aveling products) The Road Locomotive Society – charitable society founded in 1937 for education and research into history of traction engines and portable engines Preservation Hollycombe Steam Collection Aspects of restoring and owning a traction engine National Traction Engine Trust East Anglian Traction Engine Society Engine Resources UK Traction engine rallies Further information Interactive diagram of a traction engine showing major components. Glossary of traction engine terminology Vintage Spirit magazine Old Glory magazine Types of Steam Traction Engines The Traction Engine Register – The official website of The Traction Engine Register Steam engines Steam road vehicles Agricultural machinery Articles containing video clips
Muggins, sometimes also called All Fives, is a domino game played with any of the commonly available sets. Although suitable for up to four players, Muggins is described by John McLeod as "a good, quick two player game". Muggins is part of the Fives family of domino games whose names differ according to how many spinners are in play. Muggins is the game without a spinner, Sniff and modern All Fives have a single spinner, and, in Five Up, all doubles are spinners. However, historically Fives or All Fives was the progenitor of the family and had no spinners. Muggins is characterised by its 'fives' scoring system, the 'muggins rule' and the fact that there is no spinner. The aims of the game are to domino, i.e. be first to shed all one's hand tiles, and, during play, to score points by playing a tile that makes the total number of pips on all endpoints of the layout equal to a multiple of five. History Dominoes were introduced to England from France towards the end of the 18th century, early forms of play being the Block Game and Draw Game. The rules for these games were reprinted, largely unchanged, for over half a century. In 1863, a new game variously described as All Fives, Fives or Cribbage Dominoes appeared for the first time in both English and American sources. This game borrowed the counting and scoring features of cribbage, but 5 domino spots instead of 15 card points became the basic scoring unit, worth 1 game point. The game was played to 31 and employed a cribbage board to keep score. The following year, rules for a game called Muggins were first published in The American Hoyle. The cribbage board was dropped, 5 spots scored 5 points, and game was now 200 for two players and 150 for three or four. Despite the name, which is the same as a term used in Cribbage to challenge a player who fails to declare his scoring combinations, no such 'muggins rule' was mentioned. This omission was rectified in the 1868 edition of The Modern Pocket Hoyle, but reprints of both rule sets continued to be produced in parallel for around twenty years before the version with the muggins rule prevailed. From around 1871, however, the names of All Fives and Muggins, became conflated and many publications issued rules for Muggins or All Fives or Muggins or Fives without making any distinction between the two. This confusion continues to the present day with some publications equating the names and others describing All Fives as a separate game. Some modern descriptions of All Fives are quite different from the original, having lost much of their cribbage character and incorporating a single spinner, making it identical, or closely related, to Sniff. Most published rule sets for Muggins include the rule that gives the game its name, but some modern publications omit it even though the muggins rule has been described as the unique feature of this game. At the end of the 19th century a new variant appeared in which the first doublet to be played became a spinner that was open four ways. In 1904, this game was first called Sniff and the name stuck. In the mid-19th century, another variant of the Fives family, Five Up or Five-Up, was created in the San Francisco area of the US that extended the role of spinner to every doublet played. Scoring Points are earned when a player plays a tile (also called a domino or bone) with the result that the count (the sum of all open ends) is a multiple of five. The points earned are equal to the sum of the ends. Therefore, if a player plays a tile that makes the sum of the ends 5, 10, 15 or 20, the player scores that number. All pips on a crosswise double are included in the count until both sides are played on. Play Each player takes five tiles, when playing with four players or more, or seven when playing with two or three. The remainder are pushed aside to form the boneyard. The starting play is determined either by who holds the heaviest (highest) double (or single, if no one has a double) and that person plays first. If it is a 6–4, 5–5, 5–0, 4–1, or 3–2, the initial count is evenly divisible by five and so the player scores. Players in turn then lay a matching tile on one of the endpoints. Doubles are played crosswise and singles are played off its sides. Each player must play if holding a domino matching an end. A player who cannot match must draw until obtaining a playable tile or the boneyard is exhausted. The muggins rule, which gives the game its name, is that a player must announce the count when playing a tile that scores a multiple of five; if he or she fails to do so and an opponent calls "Muggins!", the score is forfeited. Most accounts of the rules state the requirement to announce the count, but not all mention that the opponent may call "Muggins!" or that the points are forfeited. Some rules allow the calling opponent to claim the points for themselves. The player who goes out wins additional points based on the value of dominoes still in other players' hands, which is scored by counting all the pips on those dominoes. Each opponent's hand is rounded to the nearest multiple of five; for example, the winner scores 25 for 27 pips in an opponent's hand and 30 for 28 points. These points are summed and awarded to the winner. If all players are blocked, the lightest hand (hand with fewest pips) wins, still earning points based on the pips in opponents' hands, usually subtracting the winner's pip count from the total. Strategy Muggins allows for complex dominoes strategy. Because players can score either by making the ends add up to a multiple of five, or by being the first to get rid of all their dominoes, players must balance the need to score throughout the hand with the need to get rid of their difficult dominoes. Players must use deductive reasoning to learn from each move their opponent makes. For instance, if a player could have scored 20 points by playing the 4-4 on one turn, their opponent can reasonably assume that their opponent does not have this domino. Champion dominoes players are able to identify these insights, combine them with other information, and remember them throughout the hand. Variations All early versions of Muggins were played with a double-six set. Modern variants differ in the number of tiles taken initially; the use of double-six, -nine, -twelve, or -fifteen sets; whether the initial tile must be a double. Modern rules sometimes admit the feature of the first double becoming a single spinner, but this variant is more commonly known as Sniff. A common variation is knocking; when a player cannot lay a tile, he or she has the option to "knock"; this conditionally skips the next player. If the player after the skipped player can score, he must do so, and play then continues as normal. If he cannot, even if he can play, that player knocks and play reverts to the player who knocked first, who must draw until he can find a playable domino, and then the player who would have been skipped is allowed to play. This is common in a partnership form of the game played with four players; a knocking player thus defers to his/her partner who might be able to score. It is considered cheating for one partner to signal the other that he/she should knock. Related games The original All Fives, also known as Cribbage Dominoes or simply as Fives, was described in 1863 and was a precursor to Muggins. It was played with a double-six set, although one description uses double-nine dominoes, and players scored one point for every five pips scored as well as 1 or 5 points for winning. Scoring used a cribbage board. It was recorded as recently as 1981. There are at least two modern versions of All Fives that are quite different from one another and from classic All Fives. One is a single spinner game like Sniff, except that the spinner can only be placed crosswise and does not count once both sides are played on. Usually only 5 tiles are dealt to each player even in the two-hand game. The second game has no spinner and is essentially the Tiddly-Wink version of Fives in which players may play a second tile after playing any double or scoring tile. However, they may not go out by playing such a tile. Sniff is Muggins, usually without the muggins rule, but with a single spinner, known as the sniff. The first doublet played automatically becomes the sniff and may be played four ways. Rules vary as to whether the first play must be a doublet and hence the sniff; whether the sniff can be played endwise, crosswise, or both; whether the ends of a crosswise sniff continue to score before being covered by a matching tile; or whether the arms of a crosswise stub may be extended by one or more tiles. When the game first appeared around 1900, the rule was simple: the sniff was played crosswise; any open end still counted and there was no limit on the length of the arms. By convention, the sniff must be played on both sides before the ends may be played on; or, if played inline, it must be played on both ends before the sides may be played on. Only then does it become a spinner. All Threes is played in the same manner as Muggins, except that points are earned for multiples of three. Fives and Threes emerged in the early 20th century and is a popular league and pub game in Britain today. It is similar to Muggins and All Threes, but points are scored for multiples of five and multiples of three at the open ends. Multiples of five and multiples of three are worth one point each. They can be scored in combination, however. If Player A plays the 6–5 and Player B the 6–1, then Player B scores 2 points because 5 and 1 sum to six (two threes). Player A then plays the 1–5 and earns 2 points because 5 and 5 sum to 10 (two fives). If Player B then plays the 5–5 crosswise, Player B scores 8 points, 5 for five threes and 3 for three fives. Fives and Threes is sometimes played with a spinner. Games are usually played to 31, 61, or 121 points using a cribbage board. Primes is played similar to Fives and Threes except the only scoring plays are prime numbers. This generally keeps the game more competitive. For the bonus score at the end of the hand, the player who finished the hand receives points equal to tile with the most pips in competitors' hands, rounded down to the nearest prime number. Five Up or Five-Up (US) is a further development of Sniff that features every double as a spinner. It was invented in the mid-19th century in the San Francisco area. See also Glossary of domino terms Footnotes References Bibliography External links Muggins and Sniff at britannica.com. Muggins at pagat.com. Domino games
Miss Grant Takes Richmond is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Lucille Ball, William Holden and Janis Carter It was produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was released under the alternative title Innocence Is Bliss in Britain. Plot For Ellen Grant, the worst student at the Woodruff Secretarial School, it comes as a great surprise when Dick Richmond hires her to work at his realty company. Actually, it is her apparent empty-headedness that has won her the job. The real estate firm, and now Ellen, are merely fronts for a bookmaking operation run from the back of the office, where Dick and his associates, Gleason and Kilcoyne, take bets on races. Ellen is distressed when she watches as her uncle, Judge Ben Grant, is forced to rule in favor of landlord Roscoe Johnson in eviction proceedings against several of her friends. There is an acute shortage of low-cost housing, exacerbated by Johnson's plans to tear down what he has and rebuild more expensive units. To avoid raising Ellen's suspicions, Dick mentions that he cannot purchase some land offered because $60,000 is too high a price, but that he would for $55,000. Ellen goes to the vendors without authorization and negotiates the price down to $50,000. When she returns to the office with the news, accompanied by the seller and Ellen's boyfriend, Assistant District Attorney Ralph Winton, Dick has to play along. Little does she know her plans to construct affordable housing are driving Dick's organization into financial trouble. He cannot fire her without questions being asked, so he tries being aggressively romantic with her. This backfires, however: both he and Ellen find themselves enjoying embracing and kissing. Young widow Mrs. Peggy Donato comes to see her old flame, Dick, to try to get him to run her much larger bookmaking operation (inherited from her late husband). She and Ellen soon detest each other. Dick's trouble really begins when Ellen unwittingly takes a bet from Mrs. Donato on a fixed race, putting Dick in debt to her for $50,000. Mrs. Donato, who would rather have Dick than the winnings, tells him that if he does not go away with her or pay her, her gang will deal with him. To raise the money, Dick lets Ellen take charge of the housing development, having Kilcoyne embezzle enough funds from down payments on the new homes. When the funds run out before the homes are built, she accepts full responsibility, believing that her own incompetence was to blame. Seeing the girl he has come to love suffer, Dick decides to go away with Mrs. Donato and use the $50,000 he can now keep to complete the project. He, Ellen, Gleason and Kilcoyne stage a fake accident at Roscoe Johnson's building site to blackmail him into giving up the building supplies and machinery he has been monopolizing, and the development is finished. Ellen discovers the truth behind the missing money and the betting racket, but forgives Dick and cooks up a scheme to force Mrs. Donato to leave Dick alone, pretending to be the brains behind the bookmaking operation, backed by her own "gang". Peggy's men, however, are too tough. Just in time, Gleason and Kilcoyne show up with the $50,000, won by a bet placed with Mrs. Donato's own organization. Dick and Ellen embrace. Cast Notes Ball was at the peak of her pre-television movie career. In the late 1940s, Ball had a string of hit comedies such as Sorrowful Jones with Bob Hope and The Fuller Brush Girl (1950) with Eddie Albert, her first major release showcasing her talent for physical comedy. It would be two years before her super-stardom on television in I Love Lucy. William Holden's career, like Ball's, would blossom in the 1950s. He was just a year away from filming the blockbuster Sunset Boulevard. Miss Grant Takes Richmond was well received by critics and movie-goers in 1949. External links References 1949 films 1949 comedy films American comedy films American black-and-white films Films directed by Lloyd Bacon Films about gambling Films with screenplays by Frank Tashlin Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Heinz Roemheld 1940s English-language films 1940s American films
Alan James Neill (born 10 June 1956) is a Northern Irish cricket umpire. Neill serves as a member of the ICC Associate and Affiliate Panel of Umpires representing Ireland. Neill stood in matches during the 2016 ICC World Cricket League Division Five tournament in Jersey in May 2016, including the final between Jersey and Oman. On 12 July 2016 he stood in his first One Day International (ODI) match, between Ireland and Afghanistan. On 5 September 2016 he stood in his first Twenty20 International match, between Ireland and Hong Kong. In April 2019, he was one of four umpires to be awarded a full-time season contract by Cricket Ireland, the first time that Cricket Ireland have offered such contracts to umpires. See also List of One Day International cricket umpires List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires References External links 1956 births Living people Irish cricket umpires Irish One Day International cricket umpires Irish Twenty20 International cricket umpires Sportspeople from Downpatrick
Solar cycle 5 was the fifth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 12.3 years, beginning in April 1798 and ending in August 1810 (thus falling within the Dalton Minimum). The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 82.0, in February 1805 (the second-lowest of any cycle to date, behind solar cycle 6, as a result of being part of the Dalton Minimum), and the starting minimum was 5.3. See also List of solar cycles References Solar cycles
Ardagh Group is a Luxembourg-based producer of glass and metal products that has "grown in the past two decades into one of the world’s largest metal and glass packaging companies". As of 2012, the company operated 89 facilities in 22 countries, employed approximately 23,500 people, and had approximately €7.7 billion in revenue. History Founded in 1932 as the Irish Glass Bottle Company in Dublin, the company expanded through a series of acquisitions after Paul Coulson acquired an initial stake in the company in 1998. In North America, the company currently operates two of the oldest continuously operated glass container plants in the country: Dunkirk, Indiana, opened in 1889, and Winchester, Indiana, opened in 1898. It purchased Rockware Glass in 1999. In 2011, it purchased the metal packaging company Impress Group for €1.7 billion and Fi Par for €125 million. In August 2012, the company acquired Anchor Glass Container Corporation for $880 million. In January 2013, Ardagh Group agreed to acquire St-Gobain's Verallia North America for €1.3 billion. In 2012 it purchased the Rexam Glass Division. The company launched an initial public offering (IPO) in March 2017 on the New York Stock Exchange, raising just over $300 million. In 2022 Ardagh Group successfully concluded its strategic acquisition of Consol Glass, Africa now known as Ardagh Glass Packaging – Africa (AGP – A). References External links Ardagh Group official website Glassmaking companies of Ireland Packaging companies of Luxembourg Companies based in Luxembourg City Holding companies of Luxembourg 1932 establishments in Ireland Manufacturing companies established in 1932 Irish brands
Nigel Smith is a literature professor and scholar of the early modern world. He is William and Annie S. Paton Foundation Professor of Ancient and Modern Literature and Professor of English at Princeton University, where he has taught since 1999. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work, bridging literature and history, on 17th-century political and religious radicalism and the literature of the English Revolution, including the poetry and prose of John Milton and Andrew Marvell. Smith was born in London and read English and History at the University of Hull. As a Commonwealth Scholar, he completed an MA in English at McGill University (1980–81). He received his D.Phil. in English at Oxford University (1981–85). Career He was Junior Research Fellow at Merton College, Oxford, 1984–86; Fellow and Tutor in English at Keble College, Oxford, 1986–99, and successively Lecturer (1991–96) and Reader (1996–99) in the English Faculty at the University of Oxford, chairing the English Faculty Board, 1997–99. He joined the Princeton English Department in 1999 and currently chairs the University’s Committee for Renaissance and Early Modern Studies. He is the author of several field-changing studies, considered seminal and standard works in their field: Perfection Proclaimed: Language and Literature in English Radical Religion 1640–1660 (Oxford UP, 1989); Literature and Revolution in England, 1640–1660 (Yale UP, 1994) ; the Longman Annotated English Poets edition of Andrew Marvell's Poems (2003, rev. pbk 2007; a TLS 'Book of the Year' for 2003); Andrew Marvell: The Chameleon (Yale UP, 2010; a TLS 'Book of the Year' for 2010; Choice Outstanding Academic Title for 2010). He has also edited the Ranter pamphlets (1983; revised edn. 2014), the Journal of George Fox (Penguin, 1998), and co-edited with Nicholas McDowell the Oxford Handbook of Milton (Oxford UP, 2009; Irene Samuel Prize, 2010). He is currently completing Polyglot Poetics: Transnational Early Modern Literature, which expands his interest from Britain to continental Europe and some colonial contexts in the Americas and Africa. He wrote and performed songs with Paul Muldoon in Rackett (2004–10) and Wayside Shrines (2010–15). He is currently setting some of John Donne's lyrics to music with the opera composer Andrew S. Lovett. Awards Smith was a Newberry Library/NEH Fellow (1997), a Guggenheim Fellow (2007–08), a National Humanities Center Fellow (2007–8), a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study (2012–13), a Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Visiting Professor at the Huygens Institute, Amsterdam, 2017, and a Folger Library/NEH Fellow (2017–18). He is the recipient of an honorary doctorate (Hon. D. Litt.) from the University of Hull (2014). Publications A Collection of Ranter Writings from the Seventeenth Century (Junction Books, 1983). 278 pp. Ed. with introduction. Substantially revised as A Collection of Ranter Writings: Spiritual Liberty and Sexual Freedom in the English Revolution (Pluto Books, 2014). . Perfection Proclaimed: Language and Literature in English Radical Religion, 1640–1660 (Oxford UP, 1989). Literature and Revolution in England 1640-1660 (Yale UP, 1994; pbk. 1997). . George Fox, The Journal (Penguin Books, 1998). 536 pp. Ed. with introduction. . A Radical's Books: The Library Catalogue of Samuel Jeake of Rye, ed. with introduction, in collaboration with Michael Hunter, Giles Mandelbrote and Richard Ovenden (Boydell and Brewer, 1999). . British Literary Radicalism, 1650–1830, ed. with Timothy Morton (Cambridge UP, 2002). The Poems of Andrew Marvell, ed., with introduction and notes, Longman Annotated English Poets Series (2003, rev pbk 2007). Is Milton better than Shakespeare? (Harvard UP, 2008). Oxford Handbook of Milton (Oxford UP, 2009), ed. with Nicholas McDowell. . Andrew Marvell: The Chameleon (Yale University Press, 2010; pbk 2012). . Mysticism and Reform, 1400–1750, ed. with Sara S. Poor (Notre Dame UP, 2015 in 'ReFormations: Medieval and Early Modern' series). . Radical voices, Radical ways: Articulating and Disseminating Radicalism in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century Britain, ed. with Laurent Curelly (Manchester UP, 2016). . Politics and Aesthetics in European Baroque and Classicist Tragedy, ed. with Jan Bloemendal (E. J. Brill, 2016). References Princeton University faculty Living people McGill University alumni Alumni of the University of Oxford Alumni of the University of Hull English literary critics Historians of English literature English literary historians Year of birth missing (living people)
Muthumariamman Temple (Tamil: முத்து மாரியம்மன் கோவில்) or Arulmigu Sri Muthumari Amman Kovil is a Hindu temple in Matale, Sri Lanka. The prefix "muthu" literally means pearl. "Mari" means rain and "Amman" means mother in Tamil language. The temple is dedicated to Mariamman, the goddess of rain and fertility. The chariot festival in this temple is held usually coinciding with Magam on a Full Moon Poya Day. History The land was originally part of a paddy field and was gifted by the owner in 1852. The current temple was built in 1874, funded by the Nattukkottai Chettiar. This temple is used by both Hindus and Buddhists. The temple was originally a small statue under a tree prayed to by the Hindu people but has been developed by the people in Matale. The first Kumbhabhishekham of the temple was held in 1960. The temple was severely damaged during the anti-Tamil riots in July 1983 but was subsequently restored. One of the visually dominant features of this temple is its high Gopuram ('Raja Koburum'), a large decorated tower located above the main northern gateway ('Vadakku Vaayil') to the temple. The Raja Koburum is one of the largest Gopurams in Sri Lanka. The 1008 statues of Hindu deities are the work of South Indian sculptor, Nagalingam and his son Ramanathan, with the help of about 100 designers, painters and architects from Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. The Raja Koburum was completed in 2007 at the cost of approximately Rs 150M. Special events The main religious festivals including the chariot festival at the temple are celebrated during February or March on an annual basis. The temple has five ornate chariots, which are used to convey statues of Hindu deities around the city on 'Ther' or 'Vettai Thiruvizha', the chariot ceremony day, which is held the day before 'Medin Poya' (the Poya day in March). Ganesha, Shiva, Mahadevi, Murugan and Chandeshvara Nayanar are the five prominent statues of Hindu deities which are carried by devotees in the chariot festival. Wedding hall There is a large wedding hall for the Hindu people. This wedding hall has been in use from 1856 to the present. See also List of Hindu temples in Sri Lanka Matale District Mariamman References Hindu temples in Matale District Religious buildings and structures in Matale Mariamman temples in Sri Lanka Mariamman temples 19th-century Hindu temples
The red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius assimilis) is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is endemic to Cuba, but despite its limited range, the species is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. References Agelaius Endemic birds of Cuba Birds described in 1850 Taxa named by Juan Lembeye Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Yağmur Karaoğlu (born August 21, 2001, in Ankara, Turkey) is a Turkish volleyball player. On 6 July 2023, Karaoğlu signed a 1 + 1-year contract with Galatasaray HDI Sigorta. References External links Player profile at Volleybox.net 2001 births Living people Turkish women's volleyball players Galatasaray S.K. (women's volleyball) players Volleyball players from Ankara Turkish expatriate volleyball players İller Bankası volleyballers PTT Spor Kulübü volleyballers
```java /** * This code was generated by [react-native-codegen](path_to_url * * Do not edit this file as changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost * once the code is regenerated. * * @generated by codegen project: GeneratePropsJavaDelegate.js */ package com.facebook.react.viewmanagers; import android.view.View; import androidx.annotation.Nullable; import com.facebook.react.bridge.DynamicFromObject; import com.facebook.react.uimanager.BaseViewManagerDelegate; import com.facebook.react.uimanager.BaseViewManagerInterface; public class RNSVGFeGaussianBlurManagerDelegate<T extends View, U extends BaseViewManagerInterface<T> & RNSVGFeGaussianBlurManagerInterface<T>> extends BaseViewManagerDelegate<T, U> { public RNSVGFeGaussianBlurManagerDelegate(U viewManager) { super(viewManager); } @Override public void setProperty(T view, String propName, @Nullable Object value) { switch (propName) { case "x": mViewManager.setX(view, new DynamicFromObject(value)); break; case "y": mViewManager.setY(view, new DynamicFromObject(value)); break; case "width": mViewManager.setWidth(view, new DynamicFromObject(value)); break; case "height": mViewManager.setHeight(view, new DynamicFromObject(value)); break; case "result": mViewManager.setResult(view, value == null ? null : (String) value); break; case "in1": mViewManager.setIn1(view, value == null ? null : (String) value); break; case "stdDeviationX": mViewManager.setStdDeviationX(view, value == null ? 0f : ((Double) value).floatValue()); break; case "stdDeviationY": mViewManager.setStdDeviationY(view, value == null ? 0f : ((Double) value).floatValue()); break; case "edgeMode": mViewManager.setEdgeMode(view, (String) value); break; default: super.setProperty(view, propName, value); } } } ```
José Manfredi Portillo Hernández (born July 15, 1985 in Moncagua) is a Salvadoran footballer. Club career Portillo started his career at Third Division side AGABE, and joined Salvadoran Second Division outfit Atlético Chaparrastique in 2003, only to join top level Vista Hermosa a year later. He returned to Vista Hermosa for the 2011 Clausura tournament, after spending the 2010 Apertura with Atlético Balboa. International career Portillo has been called up for the El Salvador U21 as well as the El Salvador U23 national team. References External links 1985 births Living people People from San Miguel Department (El Salvador) Men's association football midfielders Salvadoran men's footballers El Salvador men's international footballers C.D. Vista Hermosa footballers Atlético Balboa footballers C.D. Dragón footballers
```verilog // // This file contains confidential and proprietary information // of Xilinx, Inc. and is protected under U.S. and // international copyright and other intellectual property // laws. // // DISCLAIMER // This disclaimer is not a license and does not grant any // rights to the materials distributed herewith. Except as // otherwise provided in a valid license issued to you by // Xilinx, and to the maximum extent permitted by applicable // law: (1) THESE MATERIALS ARE MADE AVAILABLE "AS IS" AND // WITH ALL FAULTS, AND XILINX HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES // AND CONDITIONS, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING // BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON- // INFRINGEMENT, OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE; and // (2) Xilinx shall not be liable (whether in contract or tort, // including negligence, or under any other theory of // liability) for any loss or damage of any kind or nature // related to, arising under or in connection with these // materials, including for any direct, or any indirect, // special, incidental, or consequential loss or damage // (including loss of data, profits, goodwill, or any type of // loss or damage suffered as a result of any action brought // by a third party) even if such damage or loss was // reasonably foreseeable or Xilinx had been advised of the // possibility of the same. // // CRITICAL APPLICATIONS // Xilinx products are not designed or intended to be fail- // safe, or for use in any application requiring fail-safe // performance, such as life-support or safety devices or // systems, Class III medical devices, nuclear facilities, // applications related to the deployment of airbags, or any // other applications that could lead to death, personal // injury, or severe property or environmental damage // (individually and collectively, "Critical // Applications"). Customer assumes the sole risk and // liability of any use of Xilinx products in Critical // Applications, subject only to applicable laws and // regulations governing limitations on product liability. // // THIS COPYRIGHT NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER MUST BE RETAINED AS // PART OF THIS FILE AT ALL TIMES. // // DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE. // IP VLNV: xilinx.com:ip:axi_crossbar:2.1 // IP Revision: 16 (* X_CORE_INFO = "axi_crossbar_v2_1_16_axi_crossbar,Vivado 2017.4.op" ) ( CHECK_LICENSE_TYPE = "cl_axi_interconnect_xbar_0,axi_crossbar_v2_1_16_axi_crossbar,{}" ) ( CORE_GENERATION_INFO = "cl_axi_interconnect_xbar_0,axi_crossbar_v2_1_16_axi_crossbar,{x_ipProduct=Vivado 2017.4.op,x_ipVendor=xilinx.com,x_ipLibrary=ip,x_ipName=axi_crossbar,x_ipVersion=2.1,x_ipCoreRevision=16,x_ipLanguage=VERILOG,x_ipSimLanguage=MIXED,C_FAMILY=virtexuplus,C_NUM_SLAVE_SLOTS=2,C_NUM_MASTER_SLOTS=4,C_AXI_ID_WIDTH=7,C_AXI_ADDR_WIDTH=64,C_AXI_DATA_WIDTH=512,C_AXI_PROTOCOL=0,C_NUM_ADDR_RANGES=1,C_M_AXI_BASE_ADDR=your_sha256_hash00,C_M_AXI_ADDR_WIDTH=0x00000022\ 000000220000002200000022,C_S_AXI_BASE_ID=0x0000004000000000,C_S_AXI_THREAD_ID_WIDTH=0x0000000600000006,C_AXI_SUPPORTS_USER_SIGNALS=0,C_AXI_AWUSER_WIDTH=1,C_AXI_ARUSER_WIDTH=1,C_AXI_WUSER_WIDTH=1,C_AXI_RUSER_WIDTH=1,C_AXI_BUSER_WIDTH=1,C_M_AXI_WRITE_CONNECTIVITY=0x00000003000000030000000300000003,C_M_AXI_READ_CONNECTIVITY=0x00000003000000030000000300000003,C_R_REGISTER=0,C_S_AXI_SINGLE_THREAD=0x0000000000000000,C_S_AXI_WRITE_ACCEPTANCE=0x0000002000000020,C_S_AXI_READ_ACCEPTANCE=0x0000002000000020\ ,C_M_AXI_WRITE_ISSUING=0x00000010000000100000001000000010,C_M_AXI_READ_ISSUING=0x00000010000000100000001000000010,C_S_AXI_ARB_PRIORITY=0x0000000000000000,C_M_AXI_SECURE=0x00000000000000000000000000000000,C_CONNECTIVITY_MODE=1}" ) ( DowngradeIPIdentifiedWarnings = "yes" ) module cl_axi_interconnect_xbar_0 ( aclk, aresetn, s_axi_awid, s_axi_awaddr, s_axi_awlen, s_axi_awsize, s_axi_awburst, s_axi_awlock, s_axi_awcache, s_axi_awprot, s_axi_awqos, s_axi_awvalid, s_axi_awready, s_axi_wdata, s_axi_wstrb, s_axi_wlast, s_axi_wvalid, s_axi_wready, s_axi_bid, s_axi_bresp, s_axi_bvalid, s_axi_bready, s_axi_arid, s_axi_araddr, s_axi_arlen, s_axi_arsize, s_axi_arburst, s_axi_arlock, s_axi_arcache, s_axi_arprot, s_axi_arqos, s_axi_arvalid, s_axi_arready, s_axi_rid, s_axi_rdata, s_axi_rresp, s_axi_rlast, s_axi_rvalid, s_axi_rready, m_axi_awid, m_axi_awaddr, m_axi_awlen, m_axi_awsize, m_axi_awburst, m_axi_awlock, m_axi_awcache, m_axi_awprot, m_axi_awregion, m_axi_awqos, m_axi_awvalid, m_axi_awready, m_axi_wdata, m_axi_wstrb, m_axi_wlast, m_axi_wvalid, m_axi_wready, m_axi_bid, m_axi_bresp, m_axi_bvalid, m_axi_bready, m_axi_arid, m_axi_araddr, m_axi_arlen, m_axi_arsize, m_axi_arburst, m_axi_arlock, m_axi_arcache, m_axi_arprot, m_axi_arregion, m_axi_arqos, m_axi_arvalid, m_axi_arready, m_axi_rid, m_axi_rdata, m_axi_rresp, m_axi_rlast, m_axi_rvalid, m_axi_rready ); ( X_INTERFACE_PARAMETER = "XIL_INTERFACENAME CLKIF, FREQ_HZ 250000000, PHASE 0.000, CLK_DOMAIN cl_axi_interconnect_ACLK, ASSOCIATED_BUSIF M00_AXI:M01_AXI:M02_AXI:M03_AXI:M04_AXI:M05_AXI:M06_AXI:M07_AXI:M08_AXI:M09_AXI:M10_AXI:M11_AXI:M12_AXI:M13_AXI:M14_AXI:M15_AXI:S00_AXI:S01_AXI:S02_AXI:S03_AXI:S04_AXI:S05_AXI:S06_AXI:S07_AXI:S08_AXI:S09_AXI:S10_AXI:S11_AXI:S12_AXI:S13_AXI:S14_AXI:S15_AXI, ASSOCIATED_RESET ARESETN" ) ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:signal:clock:1.0 CLKIF CLK" ) input wire aclk; ( X_INTERFACE_PARAMETER = "XIL_INTERFACENAME RSTIF, POLARITY ACTIVE_LOW, TYPE INTERCONNECT" ) ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:signal:reset:1.0 RSTIF RST" ) input wire aresetn; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWID [6:0] [6:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWID [6:0] [13:7]" ) input wire [13 : 0] s_axi_awid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWADDR [63:0] [63:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWADDR [63:0] [127:64]" ) input wire [127 : 0] s_axi_awaddr; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWLEN [7:0] [7:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWLEN [7:0] [15:8]" ) input wire [15 : 0] s_axi_awlen; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWSIZE [2:0] [2:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWSIZE [2:0] [5:3]" ) input wire [5 : 0] s_axi_awsize; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWBURST [1:0] [1:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWBURST [1:0] [3:2]" ) input wire [3 : 0] s_axi_awburst; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWLOCK [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWLOCK [0:0] [1:1]" ) input wire [1 : 0] s_axi_awlock; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWCACHE [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWCACHE [3:0] [7:4]" ) input wire [7 : 0] s_axi_awcache; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWPROT [2:0] [2:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWPROT [2:0] [5:3]" ) input wire [5 : 0] s_axi_awprot; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWQOS [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWQOS [3:0] [7:4]" ) input wire [7 : 0] s_axi_awqos; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWVALID [0:0] [1:1]" ) input wire [1 : 0] s_axi_awvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI AWREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI AWREADY [0:0] [1:1]" ) output wire [1 : 0] s_axi_awready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI WDATA [511:0] [511:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI WDATA [511:0] [1023:512]" ) input wire [1023 : 0] s_axi_wdata; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI WSTRB [63:0] [63:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI WSTRB [63:0] [127:64]" ) input wire [127 : 0] s_axi_wstrb; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI WLAST [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI WLAST [0:0] [1:1]" ) input wire [1 : 0] s_axi_wlast; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI WVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI WVALID [0:0] [1:1]" ) input wire [1 : 0] s_axi_wvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI WREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI WREADY [0:0] [1:1]" ) output wire [1 : 0] s_axi_wready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI BID [6:0] [6:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI BID [6:0] [13:7]" ) output wire [13 : 0] s_axi_bid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI BRESP [1:0] [1:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI BRESP [1:0] [3:2]" ) output wire [3 : 0] s_axi_bresp; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI BVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI BVALID [0:0] [1:1]" ) output wire [1 : 0] s_axi_bvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI BREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI BREADY [0:0] [1:1]" ) input wire [1 : 0] s_axi_bready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARID [6:0] [6:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARID [6:0] [13:7]" ) input wire [13 : 0] s_axi_arid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARADDR [63:0] [63:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARADDR [63:0] [127:64]" ) input wire [127 : 0] s_axi_araddr; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARLEN [7:0] [7:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARLEN [7:0] [15:8]" ) input wire [15 : 0] s_axi_arlen; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARSIZE [2:0] [2:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARSIZE [2:0] [5:3]" ) input wire [5 : 0] s_axi_arsize; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARBURST [1:0] [1:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARBURST [1:0] [3:2]" ) input wire [3 : 0] s_axi_arburst; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARLOCK [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARLOCK [0:0] [1:1]" ) input wire [1 : 0] s_axi_arlock; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARCACHE [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARCACHE [3:0] [7:4]" ) input wire [7 : 0] s_axi_arcache; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARPROT [2:0] [2:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARPROT [2:0] [5:3]" ) input wire [5 : 0] s_axi_arprot; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARQOS [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARQOS [3:0] [7:4]" ) input wire [7 : 0] s_axi_arqos; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARVALID [0:0] [1:1]" ) input wire [1 : 0] s_axi_arvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI ARREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI ARREADY [0:0] [1:1]" ) output wire [1 : 0] s_axi_arready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI RID [6:0] [6:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI RID [6:0] [13:7]" ) output wire [13 : 0] s_axi_rid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI RDATA [511:0] [511:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI RDATA [511:0] [1023:512]" ) output wire [1023 : 0] s_axi_rdata; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI RRESP [1:0] [1:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI RRESP [1:0] [3:2]" ) output wire [3 : 0] s_axi_rresp; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI RLAST [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI RLAST [0:0] [1:1]" ) output wire [1 : 0] s_axi_rlast; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI RVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI RVALID [0:0] [1:1]" ) output wire [1 : 0] s_axi_rvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_PARAMETER = "XIL_INTERFACENAME S00_AXI, DATA_WIDTH 512, PROTOCOL AXI4, FREQ_HZ 250000000, ID_WIDTH 7, ADDR_WIDTH 64, AWUSER_WIDTH 0, ARUSER_WIDTH 0, WUSER_WIDTH 0, RUSER_WIDTH 0, BUSER_WIDTH 0, READ_WRITE_MODE READ_WRITE, HAS_BURST 1, HAS_LOCK 1, HAS_PROT 1, HAS_CACHE 1, HAS_QOS 1, HAS_REGION 0, HAS_WSTRB 1, HAS_BRESP 1, HAS_RRESP 1, SUPPORTS_NARROW_BURST 1, NUM_READ_OUTSTANDING 2, NUM_WRITE_OUTSTANDING 2, MAX_BURST_LENGTH 256, PHASE 0.000, CLK_DOMAIN cl_axi_interconnect_ACLK, NUM_READ_THREADS 16, NUM_WRITE_THREADS 16, RUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, WUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, XIL_INTERFACENAME S01_AXI, DATA_WIDTH 512, PROTOCOL AXI4, FREQ_HZ 250000000, ID_WIDTH 7, ADDR_WIDTH 64, AWUSER_WIDTH 0, ARUSER_WIDTH 0, WUSER_WIDTH 0, RUSER_WIDTH 0, BUSER_WIDTH 0, READ_WRITE_MODE READ_WRITE, HAS_BURST 1, HAS_LOCK 1, HAS_PROT 1, HAS_CACHE 1, HAS_QOS 1, HAS_REGION 0, HAS_WSTRB 1, HAS_BRESP 1, HAS_RRESP 1, SUPPORTS_NARROW_BURST 1, NUM_READ_OUTSTANDING 2, NUM_WRITE_OUTSTANDING 2, MAX_BURST_LENGTH 256, PHASE 0.000, CLK_DOMAIN cl_axi_interconnect_ACLK, NUM_READ_THREADS 16, NUM_WRITE_THREADS 16, RUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, WUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0" ) ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S00_AXI RREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 S01_AXI RREADY [0:0] [1:1]" ) input wire [1 : 0] s_axi_rready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWID [6:0] [6:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWID [6:0] [13:7], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWID [6:0] [20:14], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWID [6:0] [27:21]" ) output wire [27 : 0] m_axi_awid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWADDR [63:0] [63:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWADDR [63:0] [127:64], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWADDR [63:0] [191:128], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWADDR [63:0] [255:192]" ) output wire [255 : 0] m_axi_awaddr; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWLEN [7:0] [7:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWLEN [7:0] [15:8], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWLEN [7:0] [23:16], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWLEN [7:0] [31:24]" ) output wire [31 : 0] m_axi_awlen; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWSIZE [2:0] [2:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWSIZE [2:0] [5:3], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWSIZE [2:0] [8:6], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWSIZE [2:0] [11:9]" ) output wire [11 : 0] m_axi_awsize; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWBURST [1:0] [1:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWBURST [1:0] [3:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWBURST [1:0] [5:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWBURST [1:0] [7:6]" ) output wire [7 : 0] m_axi_awburst; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWLOCK [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWLOCK [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWLOCK [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWLOCK [0:0] [3:3]" ) output wire [3 : 0] m_axi_awlock; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWCACHE [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWCACHE [3:0] [7:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWCACHE [3:0] [11:8], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWCACHE [3:0] [15:12]" ) output wire [15 : 0] m_axi_awcache; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWPROT [2:0] [2:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWPROT [2:0] [5:3], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWPROT [2:0] [8:6], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWPROT [2:0] [11:9]" ) output wire [11 : 0] m_axi_awprot; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWREGION [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWREGION [3:0] [7:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWREGION [3:0] [11:8], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWREGION [3:0] [15:12]" ) output wire [15 : 0] m_axi_awregion; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWQOS [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWQOS [3:0] [7:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWQOS [3:0] [11:8], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWQOS [3:0] [15:12]" ) output wire [15 : 0] m_axi_awqos; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWVALID [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWVALID [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWVALID [0:0] [3:3]" ) output wire [3 : 0] m_axi_awvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI AWREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI AWREADY [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI AWREADY [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI AWREADY [0:0] [3:3]" ) input wire [3 : 0] m_axi_awready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI WDATA [511:0] [511:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI WDATA [511:0] [1023:512], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI WDATA [511:0] [1535:1024], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI WDATA [511:0] [2047:1536]" ) output wire [2047 : 0] m_axi_wdata; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI WSTRB [63:0] [63:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI WSTRB [63:0] [127:64], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI WSTRB [63:0] [191:128], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI WSTRB [63:0] [255:192]" ) output wire [255 : 0] m_axi_wstrb; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI WLAST [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI WLAST [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI WLAST [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI WLAST [0:0] [3:3]" ) output wire [3 : 0] m_axi_wlast; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI WVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI WVALID [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI WVALID [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI WVALID [0:0] [3:3]" ) output wire [3 : 0] m_axi_wvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI WREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI WREADY [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI WREADY [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI WREADY [0:0] [3:3]" ) input wire [3 : 0] m_axi_wready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI BID [6:0] [6:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI BID [6:0] [13:7], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI BID [6:0] [20:14], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI BID [6:0] [27:21]" ) input wire [27 : 0] m_axi_bid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI BRESP [1:0] [1:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI BRESP [1:0] [3:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI BRESP [1:0] [5:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI BRESP [1:0] [7:6]" ) input wire [7 : 0] m_axi_bresp; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI BVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI BVALID [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI BVALID [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI BVALID [0:0] [3:3]" ) input wire [3 : 0] m_axi_bvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI BREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI BREADY [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI BREADY [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI BREADY [0:0] [3:3]" ) output wire [3 : 0] m_axi_bready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARID [6:0] [6:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARID [6:0] [13:7], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARID [6:0] [20:14], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARID [6:0] [27:21]" ) output wire [27 : 0] m_axi_arid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARADDR [63:0] [63:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARADDR [63:0] [127:64], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARADDR [63:0] [191:128], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARADDR [63:0] [255:192]" ) output wire [255 : 0] m_axi_araddr; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARLEN [7:0] [7:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARLEN [7:0] [15:8], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARLEN [7:0] [23:16], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARLEN [7:0] [31:24]" ) output wire [31 : 0] m_axi_arlen; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARSIZE [2:0] [2:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARSIZE [2:0] [5:3], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARSIZE [2:0] [8:6], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARSIZE [2:0] [11:9]" ) output wire [11 : 0] m_axi_arsize; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARBURST [1:0] [1:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARBURST [1:0] [3:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARBURST [1:0] [5:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARBURST [1:0] [7:6]" ) output wire [7 : 0] m_axi_arburst; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARLOCK [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARLOCK [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARLOCK [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARLOCK [0:0] [3:3]" ) output wire [3 : 0] m_axi_arlock; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARCACHE [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARCACHE [3:0] [7:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARCACHE [3:0] [11:8], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARCACHE [3:0] [15:12]" ) output wire [15 : 0] m_axi_arcache; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARPROT [2:0] [2:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARPROT [2:0] [5:3], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARPROT [2:0] [8:6], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARPROT [2:0] [11:9]" ) output wire [11 : 0] m_axi_arprot; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARREGION [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARREGION [3:0] [7:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARREGION [3:0] [11:8], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARREGION [3:0] [15:12]" ) output wire [15 : 0] m_axi_arregion; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARQOS [3:0] [3:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARQOS [3:0] [7:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARQOS [3:0] [11:8], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARQOS [3:0] [15:12]" ) output wire [15 : 0] m_axi_arqos; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARVALID [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARVALID [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARVALID [0:0] [3:3]" ) output wire [3 : 0] m_axi_arvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI ARREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI ARREADY [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI ARREADY [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI ARREADY [0:0] [3:3]" ) input wire [3 : 0] m_axi_arready; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI RID [6:0] [6:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI RID [6:0] [13:7], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI RID [6:0] [20:14], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI RID [6:0] [27:21]" ) input wire [27 : 0] m_axi_rid; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI RDATA [511:0] [511:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI RDATA [511:0] [1023:512], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI RDATA [511:0] [1535:1024], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI RDATA [511:0] [2047:1536]" ) input wire [2047 : 0] m_axi_rdata; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI RRESP [1:0] [1:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI RRESP [1:0] [3:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI RRESP [1:0] [5:4], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI RRESP [1:0] [7:6]" ) input wire [7 : 0] m_axi_rresp; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI RLAST [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI RLAST [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI RLAST [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI RLAST [0:0] [3:3]" ) input wire [3 : 0] m_axi_rlast; ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI RVALID [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI RVALID [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI RVALID [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI RVALID [0:0] [3:3]" ) input wire [3 : 0] m_axi_rvalid; ( X_INTERFACE_PARAMETER = "XIL_INTERFACENAME M00_AXI, DATA_WIDTH 512, PROTOCOL AXI4, FREQ_HZ 250000000, ID_WIDTH 7, ADDR_WIDTH 64, AWUSER_WIDTH 0, ARUSER_WIDTH 0, WUSER_WIDTH 0, RUSER_WIDTH 0, BUSER_WIDTH 0, READ_WRITE_MODE READ_WRITE, HAS_BURST 1, HAS_LOCK 1, HAS_PROT 1, HAS_CACHE 1, HAS_QOS 1, HAS_REGION 1, HAS_WSTRB 1, HAS_BRESP 1, HAS_RRESP 1, SUPPORTS_NARROW_BURST 1, NUM_READ_OUTSTANDING 16, NUM_WRITE_OUTSTANDING 16, MAX_BURST_LENGTH 256, PHASE 0.000, CLK_DOMAIN cl_axi_interconnect_ACLK, NUM_READ_THREADS 1, NUM_WRITE_THREADS 1, RUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, WUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, XIL_INTERFACENAME M01_AXI, DATA_WIDTH 512, PROTOCOL AXI4, FREQ_HZ 250000000, ID_WIDTH 7, ADDR_WIDTH 64, AWUSER_WIDTH 0, ARUSER_WIDTH 0, WUSER_WIDTH 0, RUSER_WIDTH 0, BUSER_WIDTH 0, READ_WRITE_MODE READ_WRITE, HAS_BURST 1, HAS_LOCK 1, HAS_PROT 1, HAS_CACHE 1, HAS_QOS 1, HAS_REGION 1, HAS_WSTRB 1, HAS_BRESP 1, HAS_RRESP 1, SUPPORTS_NARROW_BURST 1, NUM_READ_OUTSTANDING 16, NUM_WRITE_OUTSTANDING 16, MAX_BURST_LENGTH 256, PHASE 0.000, CLK_DOMAIN cl_axi_interconnect_ACLK, NUM_READ_THREADS 1, NUM_WRITE_THREADS 1, RUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, WUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, XIL_INTERFACENAME M02_AXI, DATA_WIDTH 512, PROTOCOL AXI4, FREQ_HZ 250000000, ID_WIDTH 7, ADDR_WIDTH 64, AWUSER_WIDTH 0, ARUSER_WIDTH 0, WUSER_WIDTH 0, RUSER_WIDTH 0, BUSER_WIDTH 0, READ_WRITE_MODE READ_WRITE, HAS_BURST 1, HAS_LOCK 1, HAS_PROT 1, HAS_CACHE 1, HAS_QOS 1, HAS_REGION 1, HAS_WSTRB 1, HAS_BRESP 1, HAS_RRESP 1, SUPPORTS_NARROW_BURST 1, NUM_READ_OUTSTANDING 16, NUM_WRITE_OUTSTANDING 16, MAX_BURST_LENGTH 256, PHASE 0.000, CLK_DOMAIN cl_axi_interconnect_ACLK, NUM_READ_THREADS 1, NUM_WRITE_THREADS 1, RUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, WUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, XIL_INTERFACENAME M03_AXI, DATA_WIDTH 512, PROTOCOL AXI4, FREQ_HZ 250000000, ID_WIDTH 7, ADDR_WIDTH 64, AWUSER_WIDTH 0, ARUSER_WIDTH 0, WUSER_WIDTH 0, RUSER_WIDTH 0, BUSER_WIDTH 0, READ_WRITE_MODE READ_WRITE, HAS_BURST 1, HAS_LOCK 1, HAS_PROT 1, HAS_CACHE 1, HAS_QOS 1, HAS_REGION 1, HAS_WSTRB 1, HAS_BRESP 1, HAS_RRESP 1, SUPPORTS_NARROW_BURST 1, NUM_READ_OUTSTANDING 16, NUM_WRITE_OUTSTANDING 16, MAX_BURST_LENGTH 256, PHASE 0.000, CLK_DOMAIN cl_axi_interconnect_ACLK, NUM_READ_THREADS 1, NUM_WRITE_THREADS 1, RUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0, WUSER_BITS_PER_BYTE 0" ) ( X_INTERFACE_INFO = "xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M00_AXI RREADY [0:0] [0:0], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M01_AXI RREADY [0:0] [1:1], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M02_AXI RREADY [0:0] [2:2], xilinx.com:interface:aximm:1.0 M03_AXI RREADY [0:0] [3:3]" *) output wire [3 : 0] m_axi_rready; axi_crossbar_v2_1_16_axi_crossbar #( .C_FAMILY("virtexuplus"), .C_NUM_SLAVE_SLOTS(2), .C_NUM_MASTER_SLOTS(4), .C_AXI_ID_WIDTH(7), .C_AXI_ADDR_WIDTH(64), .C_AXI_DATA_WIDTH(512), .C_AXI_PROTOCOL(0), .C_NUM_ADDR_RANGES(1), .C_M_AXI_BASE_ADDR(256your_sha256_hash0), .C_M_AXI_ADDR_WIDTH(128'H00000022000000220000002200000022), .C_S_AXI_BASE_ID(64'H0000004000000000), .C_S_AXI_THREAD_ID_WIDTH(64'H0000000600000006), .C_AXI_SUPPORTS_USER_SIGNALS(0), .C_AXI_AWUSER_WIDTH(1), .C_AXI_ARUSER_WIDTH(1), .C_AXI_WUSER_WIDTH(1), .C_AXI_RUSER_WIDTH(1), .C_AXI_BUSER_WIDTH(1), .C_M_AXI_WRITE_CONNECTIVITY(128'H00000003000000030000000300000003), .C_M_AXI_READ_CONNECTIVITY(128'H00000003000000030000000300000003), .C_R_REGISTER(0), .C_S_AXI_SINGLE_THREAD(64'H0000000000000000), .C_S_AXI_WRITE_ACCEPTANCE(64'H0000002000000020), .C_S_AXI_READ_ACCEPTANCE(64'H0000002000000020), .C_M_AXI_WRITE_ISSUING(128'H00000010000000100000001000000010), .C_M_AXI_READ_ISSUING(128'H00000010000000100000001000000010), .C_S_AXI_ARB_PRIORITY(64'H0000000000000000), .C_M_AXI_SECURE(128'H00000000000000000000000000000000), .C_CONNECTIVITY_MODE(1) ) inst ( .aclk(aclk), .aresetn(aresetn), .s_axi_awid(s_axi_awid), .s_axi_awaddr(s_axi_awaddr), .s_axi_awlen(s_axi_awlen), .s_axi_awsize(s_axi_awsize), .s_axi_awburst(s_axi_awburst), .s_axi_awlock(s_axi_awlock), .s_axi_awcache(s_axi_awcache), .s_axi_awprot(s_axi_awprot), .s_axi_awqos(s_axi_awqos), .s_axi_awuser(2'H0), .s_axi_awvalid(s_axi_awvalid), .s_axi_awready(s_axi_awready), .s_axi_wid(14'H0000), .s_axi_wdata(s_axi_wdata), .s_axi_wstrb(s_axi_wstrb), .s_axi_wlast(s_axi_wlast), .s_axi_wuser(2'H0), .s_axi_wvalid(s_axi_wvalid), .s_axi_wready(s_axi_wready), .s_axi_bid(s_axi_bid), .s_axi_bresp(s_axi_bresp), .s_axi_buser(), .s_axi_bvalid(s_axi_bvalid), .s_axi_bready(s_axi_bready), .s_axi_arid(s_axi_arid), .s_axi_araddr(s_axi_araddr), .s_axi_arlen(s_axi_arlen), .s_axi_arsize(s_axi_arsize), .s_axi_arburst(s_axi_arburst), .s_axi_arlock(s_axi_arlock), .s_axi_arcache(s_axi_arcache), .s_axi_arprot(s_axi_arprot), .s_axi_arqos(s_axi_arqos), .s_axi_aruser(2'H0), .s_axi_arvalid(s_axi_arvalid), .s_axi_arready(s_axi_arready), .s_axi_rid(s_axi_rid), .s_axi_rdata(s_axi_rdata), .s_axi_rresp(s_axi_rresp), .s_axi_rlast(s_axi_rlast), .s_axi_ruser(), .s_axi_rvalid(s_axi_rvalid), .s_axi_rready(s_axi_rready), .m_axi_awid(m_axi_awid), .m_axi_awaddr(m_axi_awaddr), .m_axi_awlen(m_axi_awlen), .m_axi_awsize(m_axi_awsize), .m_axi_awburst(m_axi_awburst), .m_axi_awlock(m_axi_awlock), .m_axi_awcache(m_axi_awcache), .m_axi_awprot(m_axi_awprot), .m_axi_awregion(m_axi_awregion), .m_axi_awqos(m_axi_awqos), .m_axi_awuser(), .m_axi_awvalid(m_axi_awvalid), .m_axi_awready(m_axi_awready), .m_axi_wid(), .m_axi_wdata(m_axi_wdata), .m_axi_wstrb(m_axi_wstrb), .m_axi_wlast(m_axi_wlast), .m_axi_wuser(), .m_axi_wvalid(m_axi_wvalid), .m_axi_wready(m_axi_wready), .m_axi_bid(m_axi_bid), .m_axi_bresp(m_axi_bresp), .m_axi_buser(4'H0), .m_axi_bvalid(m_axi_bvalid), .m_axi_bready(m_axi_bready), .m_axi_arid(m_axi_arid), .m_axi_araddr(m_axi_araddr), .m_axi_arlen(m_axi_arlen), .m_axi_arsize(m_axi_arsize), .m_axi_arburst(m_axi_arburst), .m_axi_arlock(m_axi_arlock), .m_axi_arcache(m_axi_arcache), .m_axi_arprot(m_axi_arprot), .m_axi_arregion(m_axi_arregion), .m_axi_arqos(m_axi_arqos), .m_axi_aruser(), .m_axi_arvalid(m_axi_arvalid), .m_axi_arready(m_axi_arready), .m_axi_rid(m_axi_rid), .m_axi_rdata(m_axi_rdata), .m_axi_rresp(m_axi_rresp), .m_axi_rlast(m_axi_rlast), .m_axi_ruser(4'H0), .m_axi_rvalid(m_axi_rvalid), .m_axi_rready(m_axi_rready) ); endmodule ```
The Baháʼí Faith in Barbados begins with a mention by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, in 1916 as the Caribbean was among the places Baháʼís should take the religion to. The first Baháʼí to visit came in 1927 while pioneers arrived by 1964 and the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1965. Hand of the Cause ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá attended the inaugural election of the Barbados Baháʼís National Spiritual Assembly in 1981. Size and demographics The government census of 2010 reported 178 Baháʼís on the island, and Baháʼís report about 400 members. The UN Statistics Division estimated 98 Baháʼís in 2016, and in 2010 the Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 1.2% of Barbadians - some 3,300 - were Baháʼís. Pre-history Hubert Parris may well be the first Barbadian to encounter the Baháʼí Faith. He was a Barbadian Christian minister working in the area of trade relations with the United Kingdom up to around 1899, working with Victor Branford and traveling to Ireland. In 1899 he also attended Teachers College, Columbia University, in New York. In the Summers of 1902, 1903 and 1904, Parris gave talks at Greenacre for the Monsalvat School for the Comparative Study of Religion. The talks he offered over the years were: "The West Indian Woman", "How I made bricks without straw", "The Rochdale Co-operative Movement in England", and "Horace Plunkett and the economic and industrial redemption of Ireland". At the time Greenacre hosted talks also by Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl, a scholar of the Baháʼí Faith of the time, and Sarah Farmer, founder of Greenacre, had converted to the religion in 1900. He would recollect his time there fondly more than 50 years later. In 1905 he graduated from Howard University, and was ordained as an Episcopal priest serving in various churches in the south-east of the United States across the next decade, and began to work in the medical field, then earned a doctor degree from Shaw University in North Carolina, and was licensed. From the Fall of 1915 he was visible practicing medicine in Wilmington, and continued his ministerial work, until 1920 when he resigned from the church, while continuing his medical practice. By 1924 he was no longer living in Wilmington, and was soon known as a small country doctor in Rich Square where he became known as a Baháʼí. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the followers of the religion in the United States in 1916-1917; these letters were compiled together in the book titled Tablets of the Divine Plan. The sixth of the tablets was the first to mention Latin American regions and was written on April 8, 1916, but was delayed in being presented in the United States until 1919—after the end of the First World War and the Spanish flu. The first actions on the part of Baháʼí community towards Latin America were that of a few individuals who made trips to Mexico and South America near or before this unveiling in 1919, including Mr. and Mrs. Frankland, and Roy C. Wilhelm, and Martha Root. The sixth tablet was translated and presented by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab on April 4, 1919, and published in Star of the West magazine on December 12, 1919. His Holiness Christ says: Travel ye to the East and to the West of the world and summon the people to the Kingdom of God.…(travel to) the Islands of the West Indies, such as Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Islands of the Lesser Antilles (which includes Barbados), Bahama Islands, even the small Watling Island, have great importance… In 1927 Leonora Armstrong was the first Baháʼí to visit and give lectures about the Baháʼí Faith in many Latin American countries including Barbados as part of her plan to complement and complete Martha Root's unfulfilled intention of visiting all the Latin American countries for the purpose of presenting the religion to an audience. Seven Year Plan and succeeding decades Shoghi Effendi wrote a cable on May 1, 1936 to the Baháʼí Annual Convention of the United States and Canada, and asked for the systematic implementation of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's vision to begin. In his cable he wrote: Appeal to assembled delegates ponder historic appeal voiced by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Tablets of the Divine Plan. Urge earnest deliberation with incoming National Assembly to insure its complete fulfillment. First century of Baháʼí Era drawing to a close. Humanity entering outer fringes most perilous stage its existence. Opportunities of present hour unimaginably precious. Would to God every State within American Republic and every Republic in American continent might ere termination of this glorious century embrace the light of the Faith of Baháʼu'lláh and establish structural basis of His World Order. Following the May 1 cable, another cable from Shoghi Effendi came on May 19 calling for permanent pioneers to be established in all the countries of Latin America. The Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada appointed the Inter-America Committee to take charge of the preparations. During the 1937 Baháʼí North American Convention, Shoghi Effendi cabled advising the convention to prolong their deliberations to permit the delegates and the National Assembly to consult on a plan that would enable Baháʼís to go to Latin America as well as to include the completion of the outer structure of the Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois. In 1937 the First Seven Year Plan (1937–44), which was an international plan designed by Shoghi Effendi, gave the American Baháʼís the goal of establishing the Baháʼí Faith in every country in Latin America. With the spread of American Baháʼís in Latin American, Baháʼí communities and Local Spiritual Assemblies began to form in 1938 across the rest of Latin America. The first Baha'i enrolled in the Bahamas, Charles Winfield Small, was also the next to visit Barbados when he did so in 1958. By the fall of 1964 Mr. D. R. Holder and Etta Woodlen were pioneers and there may have been 2 native Barbadians. By April 1965 two assemblies - a minimum of 18 people including Woodlen - were formed. However Woodlen died in June when on a return trip to the States though her will provided for a center. Inter/National development As far back as 1951 the Baháʼís had organized a regional National Assembly for the combination of Mexico, Central America and the Antilles islands. From 1966 the region was reorganized among the Baháʼís of Leeward, Windward and Virgin Islands with its seat in Charlotte Amalie During October 1966 a trip to ten islands was planned by Lorraine Landau, a pioneer in Barbados. Among the more notable visitors was Hand of the Cause Ruhiyyih Khanum when she toured Caribbean Islands for five weeks in 1970. The five days of Ruhiyyih Khanum's stay there was packed with activities. She met with the Governor General Sir Winston Scott who also happened to be a medical man and discussed the Faith and allied topics for over half an hour in a most cordial interview. The press and radio coverage was excellent. Prominent women listened to an informal talk given at a reception in her honor. A one-day deepening and teaching school was held at which all the Baha'is as well as their interested friends were present and Ruhiyyih Khanum also addressed a public meeting and was interviewed on a weekly program on the radio program. From 1972 the regional assembly was reorganized for Barbados, St. Lucia, Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada and other Windward Islands. Hand of the Cause ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá attended the inaugural election of the Barbados Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly in 1981. Modern community Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released. Baháʼís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Baháʼí teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Baháʼí socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. See also Culture of Barbados History of Barbados References External links Hubert Parris, Bahaipedia.org The Baha'is of Barbados Baha'i Naw-Ruz in Barbados, by Islandheart9, Aug 24, 2011 Religion in Barbados Barbados Barbados
Wine (Chinese: pútáojiǔ lit. "grape alcohol") has a long history in China. Although long overshadowed by huangjiu (sometimes translated as "yellow wine") and the much stronger distilled spirit baijiu, wine consumption has grown dramatically since the economic reforms of the 1980s. China is now numbered among the top ten global markets for wine. Ties with French producers are especially strong, and Ningxia wines have received international recognition. History Use of wild grapes in production of alcoholic beverages has been attested at the Jiahu archaeological site (c. 7000 BC). High quality wine called qióng jiāng yù yè () is mentioned in the Complete Tang Poems (Quan Tangshi), an 18th-century collection of around 50,000 poems compiled during the reign of Emperor Kangxi. The phrase, which translates literally to "jade-like wine", but has an idiomatic meaning along the lines of "wonderful wine". In 1995, a joint Sino-USA archaeology team including archaeologists from the Archeology Research Institute of Shandong University and American archaeologists under the leadership of Professor Fang Hui investigated the two archaeological sites 20 km to the northeast of Rizhao, and discovered the remnants of a variety of alcoholic beverages including grape wine, rice wine, mead, and several mixed beverages of these wines. Out of more than two hundred ceramic pots discovered at the sites, seven were specifically used for grape wine. Remnants of grape seeds were also discovered. If grape wine consumption was once present in Bronze Age China, however, it was replaced by consumption of a range of alcoholic beverages made from sorghum, millet, rice, and fruits such as lychee or Asian plum. In the 130s and 120s BC, a Chinese imperial envoy of the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) named Zhang Qian opened diplomatic relations with several Central Asian kingdoms, some of which produced grape wine. By the end of the second century BC, Han envoys had brought grape seeds from the wine-loving kingdom of Dayuan (Ferghana in modern Uzbekistan) back to China and had them planted on imperial lands near the capital Chang'an (near modern-day Xi'an in Shaanxi province). The Shennong Bencao Jing, a work on materia medica compiled in the late Han, states that grapes could be used to produce wine. In the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 AD), Wei emperor Cao Pi noted that grape wine "is sweeter than the wine made [from cereals] using ferments and sprouted grain. One recovers from it more easily when one has taken too much." Grapes continued to be grown in the following centuries, notably in the northwestern region of Gansu, but were not used to produce wine on a large scale. Wine thus remained an exotic product known by few people. Not until the Tang dynasty (618–907) did the consumption of grape wines become more common. After the Tang conquest of Gaochang – an oasis state on the Silk Road located near Turfan in modern Xinjiang – in 641, the Chinese obtained the seeds of an elongated grape called "mare teat" (maru ) and learned from Gaochang a "method of wine making" (jiu fa ). Several Tang poets versified on grape wine, celebrating wine from the "Western Regions" – that from Liangzhou was particularly noted – or from Taiyuan in Shanxi, the latter of which produced wine made from the "mare teat" grape. Meng Shen's 孟詵 Materia Dietetica (Shiliao Bencao 食療本草) and the government-sponsored Newly Compiled Materia Medica (Xinxiu bencao 新修本草; 652) record that Tang people produced naturally fermented wine. China's "first modern winery" Changyu was founded in 1892 in Shandong province near the treaty port of Chefoo (now called Yantai) by the overseas Chinese entrepreneur Zhang Bishi. Production National trends French wine was the first foreign wine imported into China. In 1980, at the beginning of Chinese economic reform, Rémy Martin ventured into China to set up the first joint-venture enterprise in Tianjin: the Dynasty (Wang Chao, 王朝) Wine Ltd., which was also the second joint-venture enterprise in China. Over the years, the company developed over 90 brands of alcoholic beverages, and its products won numerous awards both domestically and abroad. However, most of its products were exported abroad in the first two decades due to the low income of the local population, and it was not until after the year 2000 when the economic boom finally provided the domestic population with sufficient disposable income to support the domestic market; this relatively recent occurrence coincided with the increased popularity of French wine in China. Other companies, including China Great Wall Wine Co., Ltd, Suntime and Changyu, have also risen in prominence, and by 2005, 90% of grape wine produced was consumed locally. Also, as globalization has brought China onto the international economic scene, so too has its winemaking industry come onto the international wine scene. China has a long tradition of the fermentation and distillation of Chinese wine, including all alcoholic beverages and not necessarily grape wine, but is one of the most recent participants in the globalization of wine that started years ago in Paris, when several countries such as Canada realized that they may be able to produce wines as good as most French wine. Quite recently, Chinese grape wine has begun appearing on shelves in California and in Western Canada. While some critics have treated these wines with the same type of disregard with which Chilean and Australian wines were once treated, others have recognized a new frontier with the potential to yield some interesting finds. Others have simply taken notice that China is producing drinkable table wines comparable to wines from other countries. Among the latest developments is the production of organic wine in Inner Mongolia. As of 2012, a small number of large companies, such as Changyu Pioneer Wine, China Great Wall Wine Co., Ltd. and the Dynasty Wine Ltd., dominate domestic production. The total production of wine in 2004 was 370 thousand tons, a 15% increase from the previous year. The total market grew 58% between 1996 and 2001, and 68% between 2001 and 2006. In 2008, wine merchant Berry Brothers and Rudd predicted that within 50 years the quality of Chinese wine will rival that of Bordeaux. Wine-producing regions Notable wine-producing regions include Beijing, Yantai, Zhangjiakou in Hebei, Yibin in Sichuan, Tonghua in Jilin, Taiyuan in Shanxi, and Ningxia. The largest producing region is Yantai-Penglai; with over 140 wineries, it produces 40% of China's wine. Xinjiang China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region have an ancient history of viticulture going back to around the 4th Century BC, when Greek settlers brought the vine and more advanced irrigation techniques. However new archeological evidence has shown this to be untrue, because China produced grape wine, rice wine, mead (honey wine) 9000 years ago (7000 BC). The area around Turfan was, and still is, particularly noted for its grape production, and production of grape wines is mentioned in the historical record as well; Marco Polo mentioned that Carachoco (the name he used for Turfan) produced fine grape wines. The modern wine industry is largely patterned after French methods with a concentration on varieties like Cabernet. However, the Uighur traditional technique has survived especially in counties surrounding Kashgar. The Uighur home-made wine generally called "museles" (from Arabic "المثلث ", meaning "the triangle") is still being brewed by households in many villages. Unlike wines west of Xinjiang, the brewing of museles requires crushing of local varieties of grapes by hand, then strained using the Uighur atlas silk, then boiled with amount of water equal to the juice and desired portion of sugar, until the volume of the mixture is down to the original volume of the juice, then stored in clay urns together with folk recipes varying by localities---in some counties, traditional Uighur herbal medicines, and goji, mulberries, sea-buckthorn, cloves, etc. in others, and even raw and unfeathered pheasants or poussin in others. The brew usually takes more than a month to accomplish. It is then un-urned, filtered and bottled to be stored for long periods. In some villages, the ritual of communally gathering a mixture of folk museles brews in a large village urn marks the occasion following the harvest and process of grapes. Museles is now being standardized by the wine producing industry in China and marketed under the brand-name of Merceles. Ningxia In September 2011, Ningxia winery Helan Qingxue won the Decanter World Wine Award's Red Bordeaux Varietal Over £10 International Trophy for its 2009 Jiabeilan, a Cabernet sauvignon blend. This win was widely considered an upset, with some wine experts even questioning the veracity of origin of the wine. On 14 December 2011 in Beijing, in a competition tagged "Bordeaux against Ningxia", experts from China and France blind-tasted five wines from each region. Four out of five of the top wines were from Ningxia. Emma Gao of Silver Heights Vineyard is one of the top winemakers in the region, her first vintage was praised by Chinese and international winemakers, and two of her red wines are among the best known produced in China. Shanxi In the "Bordeaux against Ningxia" wine challenge held in Beijing in October 2011, Grace Vineyard's 2009 Chairman's Reserve, a 100% Cabernet Sauvignon, was voted best. Consumption Market trends China is among the top ten wine markets in the world. According to a study by Vinexpo and International Wine and Spirits Research (IWSR), China was the world's fifth-largest consumer of wine (both domestic and imported) in 2011. A study by the same organizations revealed in 2014 estimates that 2.17 billion bottles of wine were consumed in China in 2013, keeping China in fifth place. Because Chinese mostly drink red wine, China is now the world's largest market for red wine. China's consumption of red wine has grown by 136% since 2008, whereas it has declined by 18% in France, the second-largest consumer. The United States remains the largest market for all types of wine (red, white, rosé, and sparkling), with total sales of approximately 4 billion bottles, slightly ahead of France and followed by Italy and the United Kingdom. The Chinese wine market has experienced a 20% annualized growth rate between 2006 and 2011, and is forecast to grow by another 54% by 2015. In 2009, Sotheby's reported that Hong Kong had become the world's largest market for fine wines at auction, surpassing previous leaders New York City, and London. Products and availability Most medium to large restaurants, regardless of the fare, sell wine by the bottle, usually only red. Generally, only high-end restaurants serve wine by the glass. Wine sold by the bottle is also available at large KTV establishments, and major hotels. Since around 2008, many small convenience stores have begun to carry a small selection of wines, with specialty wine shops emerging in cities throughout the country. These specialize in both foreign and domestic brands. Meanwhile, major supermarkets have steadily increased their selection, from several domestic brands, to a wide variety of wines from around the world. In addition, plenty varieties of wines are also available through online shops and platforms. Among these are sweetened, flavoured wines. These are made of a mixture of grape wine and a sweetened, flavoured drink similar to Kool-aid. These wines have similar labels to genuine wines, have an alcohol content of approximately 6%, and are much lower in price. Demographics and preferences A survey conducted with 1,440 respondents reveals that Chinese prefer red wine to white wine. 94% of the respondents consumed red wine, while only 35% of them drank white wine. This trend is, however, contrasting when measured among younger generations. Chinese young people prefer white to red wine and they consider the latter traditional and outdated. Statistics show that the main market for white wine is among females, who prefer it over beer, still the main alcoholic beverage for most males; red wine has become a symbol of the elite and rich and is usually used as a table wine. In 2005, 80% of vineyards produce red wine and 20% of vineyards produce white wine, while 90% of wine consumed as of 2007 is red wine. Method of consumption Both red and white wines are commonly served chilled. The wine may be poured into ordinary wine glasses in tiny amounts, or very small, glass baijiu glasses. When served at a table with more than two people, similar to the style of drinking baijiu, it is typically consumed during a group toast, and often with the entire glass being finished at once. This is particularly true when served during restaurant meals. See also References Notes Works cited (paperback). Further reading (paperback). External links http://www.ice.gov.it/paesi/asia/cina/upload/174/Chinese%20wine%20report%202010.pdf Chinese drinks Chinese cuisine Wine by country Agriculture in China
November Criminals may refer to: November criminals, a description by advocates of the stab-in-the-back myth of German government leaders who signed the Armistice in 1918 The November Criminals, a 2010 novel by Sam Munson November Criminals (film), a 2017 American crime drama
Nyaungbindat is a village in Bhamo Township in Bhamo District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma. References External links Satellite map at Maplandia.com Populated places in Kachin State Bhamo Township
Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine (OM-3-MNZ) is a morphinan-based opioid that acts as a selective μ-opioid receptor agonist, unlike the closely related mixed agonist-antagonist Oxymorphonenaltrexonazine. See also Naloxonazine Naloxone Naltrexone Oxymorphone References Cyclopropanes 4,5-Epoxymorphinans Opioids Phenol ethers
= = ' Thudaiyur is a village in the Annavasal revenue block of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India. References Villages in Pudukkottai district
The seventh-day Sabbath, observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening, is an important part of the beliefs and practices of seventh-day churches. These churches emphasize biblical references such as the ancient Hebrew practice of beginning a day at sundown, and the Genesis creation narrative wherein an "evening and morning" established a day, predating the giving of the Ten Commandments (thus the command to "remember" the sabbath). They hold that the Old and New Testament show no variation in the doctrine of the Sabbath on the seventh day. Saturday, or the seventh day in the weekly cycle, is the only day in all of scripture designated using the term Sabbath. The seventh day of the week is recognized as Sabbath in many languages, calendars, and doctrines, including those of Catholic, Lutheran, and Orthodox churches. It is still observed in modern Judaism in relation to Mosaic Law. In addition, the Orthodox Tewahedo Churches uphold Sabbatarianism, observing the Sabbath on Saturday, in addition to the Lord's Day on Sunday. Catholic, Orthodox, and some Protestant denominations observe the Lord's Day on Sunday and hold that the Saturday Sabbath is no longer binding for Christians. On the other hand, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists, as well as many Episcopalians, have historically espoused the view of first-day Sabbatarianism, describing the Sabbath as being transferred to the Lord's Day (Sunday), the first day of the week, merged with the day of Christ's resurrection, forming the Christian Sabbath. "Seventh-day Sabbatarians" are Christians who seek to reestablish the practice of some early Christians who kept the Sabbath according to normal Jewish practice. They usually believe that all humanity is obliged to keep the Ten Commandments, including the Sabbath, and that keeping all the commandments is a moral responsibility that honors, and shows love towards God as creator, sustainer, and redeemer. Christian seventh-day Sabbatarians hold beliefs similar to that tradition that the change of the sabbath was part of a Great Apostasy in the Christian faith. Some of these, most notably the Seventh-day Adventist Church, have traditionally held that the apostate church formed when the Bishop of Rome began to dominate the west and brought heathen corruption and allowed pagan idol worship and beliefs to come in, and formed the Roman Catholic Church, which teaches traditions over Scripture, and to rest from their work on Sunday, instead of Sabbath, which is not in keeping with Scripture. The sabbath is one of the defining characteristics of seventh-day denominations, including Seventh Day Baptists, Sabbatarian Adventists (Seventh-day Adventists, Davidian Seventh-day Adventists, Church of God (Seventh Day) conferences, etc.), Sabbatarian Pentecostalists (True Jesus Church, Soldiers of the Cross Church, and others), Armstrongism (Church of God International (United States), House of Yahweh, Intercontinental Church of God, United Church of God, etc.), modern day Hebrew Roots movement, the Seventh-Day Evangelist Church, among many others. Biblical Sabbath The sabbath was first described in the biblical account of the seventh day of creation. Observation and remembrance of the sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments (the fourth in the Eastern Orthodox and most Protestant traditions, the third in Roman Catholic and Lutheran traditions). Most people who observe the first-day or seventh-day sabbath regard it as having been instituted as a perpetual covenant: "Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to observe the sabbath throughout their generations, for a perpetual covenant." () (see also , ) This rule also applies to strangers within their gates, a sign of respect for the day during which God rested after having completed creation in six days (, ). History Early church In contrast to the majority of Christian denominations, Seventh Day churches see the adoption of Sunday as the Sabbath as a late development that would not have been recognised by the Early Church. Seventh Day Adventist theologian Samuele Bacchiocchi argued for a gradual transition from the Jewish observation of the Sabbath on Saturday to observation on a Sunday. His contention was that the change was due to pagan influence from the pagan converts, to social pressure against Judaism, and also to the decline of standards for the day. From Sabbath to Sunday (1977), He claims that the first day became called the "Lord's Day" as that was the name known as the sun-god Baal to the pagans so they were familiar with it and put forth by the leaders in Rome to gain converts and got picked up by the Christians in Rome to differentiate themselves from the Jews, who had rebelled, and the Sabbath. According to Justin Martyr (lived 100 to 165), Christians also worshiped on Sunday because it "possessed a certain mysterious import". Seventh-day Adventists point out the role played by either the Pope, or by Roman Emperor Constantine I in the transition from Sabbath to Sunday, with Constantine's law declaring that Sunday was a day of rest for those not involved in farming work. In Rich Robinson's 2014 book, Christ in the Sabbath, he writes that: According to R. J. Bauckham, the post-apostolic church had diverse practices regarding the sabbath. Emperor Aurelian began a new Sun cult in 274 A.D and pagan ordinances were instituted in order to transform the old Roman idolatry and the accession of Sun-worship. Emperor Constantine then enacted the first Sunday Laws, for "the venerable Day of the Sun" in 321 A.D. On March 7, 321, the Roman emperor Constantine I issued a decree making Sunday a day of rest from labor, stating: Hutton Webster's book Rest Days states: Early Christian observance of both the spiritual seventh-day sabbath and a Lord's Day assembly is evidenced in a letter from Ignatius of Antioch to the Magnesians 110. The Pseudo-Ignatian additions amplified this point by combining weekly observance of a spiritual seventh-day sabbath with the Lord's assembly. If Pseudo-Ignatius dates as early as 140, its admonition must be considered important evidence on 2nd-century sabbath and Lord's Day observance. According to classical sources, widespread seventh-day sabbath rest by gentile Christians was also the prevailing mode in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Ellen G. White (lived 1827-1915) states that ecumenical councils generally each pressed the sabbath down slightly lower and exalted Sunday correspondingly, and that the bishops eventually urged Constantine to syncretize the worship day in order to promote the nominal acceptance of Christianity by pagans. But "while many God-fearing Christians were gradually led to regard Sunday as possessing a degree of sacredness, they still held the [seventh-day] Sabbath". Bauckham also states some church authorities continued to oppose this as a judaizing tendency. In the 4th century, Socrates Scholasticus (Church History, Book V) stated: In the 5th century, Sozomen (Ecclesiastical History, Book VII), referencing Socrates Scholasticus, added to his description: Middle Ages The "Sabbath in Africa Study Group" (SIA), founded by Charles E. Bradford in 1991, holds that the sabbath has existed in Africa since the beginning of recorded history. Taddesse Tamrat has argued that this practice predates Saint Ewostatewos's advocacy of observing both Saturday and Sunday as days of sabbath, which led to his eventual exile from Ethiopia around 1337. Emperor Zara Yaqob convened a synod at Tegulet in 1450 to discuss the sabbath question. Sects, such as the Waldenses, retained sabbath observance in Europe during the Middle Ages. In Bohemia, as much as one quarter of the population kept seventh-day the sabbath in 1310. This practice continued until at least the 16th century, when Erasmus wrote about the practice. The Unitarian Church condemned Sabbatarianism as innovation (forbidden by the Transylvanian law on religious toleration) in 1618. The last Sabbatarian congregation in Transylvania disappeared in the 19th century and the remaining Sabbatarians, who were known as "Somrei Sabat" (the Hungarian transliteration of the Hebrew words for "Sabbath observers") joined the existing Jewish communities, into which they were eventually absorbed. Sabbatarianism also expanded into Russia, where its adherents were called Subbotniks, and, from there, the movement expanded into other countries. Some of the Russian Subbotniks maintained a Christian identity doctrinally, while others formally converted to Judaism and assimilated within the Jewish communities of Russia. Some of the latter, however, who had become Jewish, although they and their descendants practiced Judaism and had not practiced Christianity for nearly two centuries, still retained a distinct identity as ethnic Russian converts to Judaism until later. A small number of the anti-Trinitarian Socinian churches of Eastern Europe and the Netherlands adopted the seventh day as the day of worship and rest. Reformation At the time of the Protestant Reformation some Anabaptists, such as Oswald Glaidt, argued that the seventh day should be observed as the sabbath and that Sunday sabbath was an invention of the Pope. Andreas Karlstadt defended the observance of the seventh day of the week. Martin Luther differed from him as he believed that Christians were free to observe any day of the week, provided it was uniform. His defense of the Sabbath, and others among the Anabaptists, caused him to be censured as a Jew and a heretic. Seventh-day Sabbatarianism was revived in 17th-century England. Early advocates included the Elizabethan Seventh-Day Men, the Traskites (after John Traske, 1586–1636), Dorothy Traske, Hamlet Jackson, and Thomas Brabourne. In 1650, James Ockford published in London the book The Doctrine of the Fourth Commandment, Deformed by Popery, Reformed & Restored to its Primitive Purity, which was the first writings of a Baptist defending Sabbath observance. The book generated such a nuisance that the mayor of Salisbury, the city where Ockford lived, asked the president of Parliament for guidance on how to handle the work; a parliamentary committee determined that all copies should be burned without giving the opportunity for James Ockford to defend them. Only one copy has escaped, kept today in a library in Oxford. The majority of seventh-day Sabbatarians were part of the Seventh Day Baptist church and experienced harsh opposition from Anglican authorities and Puritans. The first Seventh Day Baptist church in the United States was established in Newport, Rhode Island in 1671. Modern churches Seventh Day Baptists Seventh Day Baptists are Christian Baptists who observe seventh-day Sabbath, as a holy day to God. They understand that observance is as a sign of obedience in a covenant relationship with God and not as a condition of salvation. They adopt a covenant Baptist theology, based on the concept of regenerated society, conscious baptism of believers by immersion, congregational government and the scriptural basis of opinion and practice. The first known Seventh Day Baptist Church was the Mill Yard Church established in London, where the first service took place in 1651, led by Peter Chamberlen. M.D. "the Third". The first records of church activities were destroyed in a fire; the second record book is in possession of the Seventh Day Baptist Historical Library and Archives, the local church continues its activities to this day. Immigration to the British colonies in North America also included Seventh Day Baptists, the couple Stephen and Anne Mumford were the first Seventh Day Baptists in the Americas and with five other Baptists who kept the Sabbath, establishing in 1672 the first Seventh Day Baptist Church in the Americas, located in Newport, expanding into other territories. It is the oldest modern Sabbatarian denomination, they are made up of churches all over the world, with over 520 churches and approximately 45,000 members, having constant interaction among themselves through conferences in each country and through the Seventh Day Baptist World Federation. Sabbatarian Adventists Seventh-day Adventists The Seventh-day Adventist Church is the largest modern seventh-day Sabbatarian denomination, with 21,414,779 members as of December 31, 2018 and holds the sabbath as one of the Pillars of Adventism. Seventh-day Adventism grew out of the Millerite movement in the 1840s, and a few of its founders (Cyrus Farnsworth, Frederick Wheeler, a Methodist minister and Joseph Bates, a sea captain) were convinced in 1844-1845 of the importance of Sabbatarianism under the influence of Rachel Oakes Preston, a young Seventh Day Baptist laywoman living in Washington, New Hampshire and a published article in early 1845 on the topic (Hope of Israel) by Thomas M. Preble, pastor of the Free Will Baptist congregation in Nashua, New Hampshire. Seventh-day Adventists observe the sabbath from Friday evening to Saturday evening. In places where the sun does not appear or does not set for several months, such as northern Scandinavia, the tendency is to regard an arbitrary time such as 6 p.m. as "sunset". During the sabbath, Adventists avoid secular work and business, although medical relief and humanitarian work is accepted. Though there are cultural variations, most Adventists also avoid activities such as shopping, sport, and certain forms of entertainment. Adventists typically gather for church services on Saturday morning. Some also gather on Friday evening to welcome in the sabbath hours (sometimes called "vespers" or "opening Sabbath"), and some similarly gather at "closing Sabbath". Traditionally, Seventh-day Adventists hold that the Ten Commandments (including the fourth commandment concerning the sabbath) are part of the moral law of God, not abrogated by the teachings of Jesus Christ, which apply equally to Christians. This was a common Christian understanding before the Sabbatarian controversy led Sunday-keepers to adopt a more radical antinomian position. Adventists have traditionally distinguished between "moral law" and "ceremonial law", arguing that moral law continues to bind Christians, while events predicted by the ceremonial law were fulfilled by Christ's death on the cross. History "Sabbatarian Adventists" emerged between 1845 and 1849 from within the Adventist movement of William Miller, later to become the Seventh-day Adventists. Frederick Wheeler began keeping the seventh day as the sabbath after personally studying the issue in March 1844 following a conversation with Rachel Preston, according to his later report. He is reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in support of the sabbath. Several members of the church in Washington, New Hampshire, to whom he occasionally ministered, also followed his decision, forming the first Sabbatarian Adventist church. These included William Farnsworth and his brother Cyrus. T. M. Preble soon accepted it from either Wheeler, Oakes, or someone else at the church. These events preceded the Great Disappointment, which followed shortly after, when Jesus did not return as Millerites expected on October 22, 1844. Preble was the first Millerite to promote the sabbath in print form, through the February 28, 1845, issue of the Adventist Hope of Israel in Portland, Maine. In March he published his sabbath views in tract form as A Tract, Showing that the Seventh Day Should be Observed as the Sabbath, Instead of the First Day; "According to the Commandment". This tract led to the conversion of John Nevins Andrews and other Adventist families in Paris, Maine, as well as the 1845 conversion of Joseph Bates, who became the foremost proponent of the sabbath among this group. These men in turn convinced James Springer White, Ellen Harmon (later White), and Hiram Edson of New York. Preble is known to have kept seventh-day sabbath until mid-1847. He later repudiated the sabbath and opposed the Seventh-day Adventists, authoring The First-Day Sabbath. Bates proposed an 1846 meeting among the believers in New Hampshire and New York, which took place at Edson's farm in Port Gibson, where Edson and other Port Gibson believers readily accepted the sabbath message and forged an alliance with Bates, White, and Harmon. Between April 1848 and December 1850, 22 sabbath conferences in New York and New England allowed White, Bates, Edson, and Stephen Pierce to reach conclusions about doctrinal issues. Also in 1846, a pamphlet written by Bates created widespread interest in the sabbath. Bates, White, Harmon, Edson, Wheeler, and S. W. Rhodes led the promotion of the sabbath, partly through regular publications. Present Truth magazine was largely devoted to the sabbath at first. In 1851, Adventists taught that the sabbath begins at 6PM Friday, and not at sunset, nor midnight, nor sunrise: The Adventists held a conference at Battle Creek, Mich., Nov. 16, 1855. At this conference, they voted to accept J.N. Andrews's decision that the Sabbath begins at sunset: Ever since that conference, the Adventists have been teaching that the Sabbath is from sunset Friday to sunset Saturday. Adventists have forever settled the matter of when the Sabbath begins, by voting at the 1855 conference to change the Sabbath from starting at 6PM Friday to starting at sunset Friday. The "sunset Friday to sunset Saturday" sabbath was confirmed by Ellen White having a vision in which an angel told her, "From even unto even, shall ye celebrate your sabbath." J. N. Andrews was the first Adventist to write a book-length defense of the sabbath, first published in 1861. Two of Andrews' books include Testimony of the Fathers of the First Three Centuries Concerning the Sabbath and the First Day and History of the Sabbath. Eschatology The pioneers of the church have traditionally taught that the seventh-day sabbath will be a test, leading to the sealing of God's people during the end times, though there is little consensus about how this will play out. The church has clearly taught that there will be an international Sunday law enforced by a coalition of religious and secular authorities, and that all who do not observe it will be persecuted, imprisoned or martyred. This is taken from the church's interpretation, following Ellen G. White, of , , , , and . Where the subject of persecution appeared in prophecy, it was thought to be about the sabbath. Some early Adventists were jailed for working on Sunday, in violation of various local blue laws that legislated Sunday as a day of rest. Seventh Day Adventist Reformers Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement, formed as the result of a schism within the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Europe during World War I over the position its European church leaders took on Sabbath observance and in committing Seventh-day Adventist Church members to the bearing of arms in military service for Germany in the war. Davidian Seventh-day Adventists The General Association of Davidian Seventh-day Adventists (Davidians) or the Shepherd's Rod is an American offshoot of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, headquartered at the Mount Carmel Center near Waco, Texas. It was founded in 1929 by Victor Houteff, its President and Prophet. Church of God (Seventh-Day) The Churches of God (Seventh-Day) movement is composed of a number of sabbath-keeping churches and represents a line of Sabbatarian Adventists that rejected the visions and teachings of Ellen G. White before the formation of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1863. Among which the General Conference of the Church of God (7th Day), or simply CoG7, headquartered in Salem, West Virginia, is the best-known organization. Armstrongism Seventh-day Sabbatarianism was a key feature of the former Worldwide Church of God, founded by Herbert W. Armstrong, and its various descendant movements. Armstrong, who began the Radio Church of God, was in 1931 ordained by the Oregon Conference of the Church of God (Seventh Day), an Adventist group, and began serving a congregation in Eugene, Oregon. The broadcast was essentially a condensed church service on the air, with hymn singing featured along with Armstrong's message, and was the launching point for what would become the Worldwide Church of God. Sabbatarian Pentecostalists Some Pentecostal churches also observe Shabbat on Saturdays. The True Jesus Church, established in Beijing, China, in 1917, supports the seventh-day sabbath, and it has approximately two million members worldwide. Early church worker Ling-Sheng Zhang adopted the seventh-day sabbath after studying Seventh-day Adventist theology, and co-worker Paul Wei was originally a Seventh-day Adventist. An American missionary named Berntsen, who was from a sabbath-keeping Church of God, was also influential among the church workers. The Soldiers of the Cross Church (officially — Evangelical International Church of the Soldiers of the Cross of Christ) is organized in the early 1920s by an American businessman named Ernest William Sellers in Havana, Cuba. Other groups Other minor Sabbatarian churches and movements include: Adventist Church of Promise Assembly of Yahweh 7th Day, formed in Holt, Michigan Assemblies of Yahweh, headquartered in Bethel, Pennsylvania Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church Hebrew Roots House of Yahweh 7th Day, headquartered in Clyde, Texas La Iglesia de Dios, Incorporada, a Pentecostal church established in Puerto Rico in 1939, they hold to the observance of the biblical sabbath day, they also have a distinct doctrine that sets them apart from mainstream pentecostalism, the women in this church use a veil during religious services, for prayer or prophesying. Jemaat Allah Global Indonesia (JAGI), internationally known as Unitarian Christian Church of Indonesia (UCCI), headquartered in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, is Unitarian church with observing some Law of Moses practices, such as dietary laws and seventh-day Sabbath Logos Apostolic Church of God, in the UK, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Sudan Messianic Judaism, some Messianic Jews observe Shabbat on Saturdays Remnant Fellowship, headquartered in Brentwood, Tennessee and founded in 1999 by Gwen Shamblin Lara Sabbath Rest Advent Church The Seventh-day Remnant Church Subbotniks, branches of Spiritual Christians in and from Russia, the majority belonged to Rabbinic and Karaite Judaism, the minority to Christianity Yehowists, a Russian Spiritual Christian millenarian movement founded in the 1840s Founded in Truth Fellowship, a non-denominational church located in Rock Hill, SC meets on Saturday and recognizes it as the Biblical Sabbath day. See also International Date Line as affecting calculations of series of days for travelers and resident Sabbath-keepers Christian views on the Old Covenant Messianic Judaism Restorationism Sabbath in Christianity Sabbath Rest Advent Church Sherbert v. Verner Notes 1. Canon of Holy Saturday, Kontakion: "Exceeding blessed is this Sabbath, on which Christ has slumbered, to rise on the third day." 2. The seventh of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England states, "Although the law given from God by Moses, as touching ceremonies and rites, do not bind Christian men, nor the civil precepts thereof ought of necessity to be received in any commonwealth; yet, notwithstanding, no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral." References Further reading External links Sabbath articles from the Biblical Research Institute "Sabbath and the New Covenant" by Roy Gane An Exegetical Overview of Col. 2:13-17: With Implications for SDA Understanding by Jon Paulien Guidelines for Sabbath Observance, document voted by the General Conference Session of 1990 Sabbath articles as cataloged in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index (SDAPI; see also Sabbath articles in the ASDAL guide) Seventh-day Adventist theology Mosaic law in Christian theology Sabbath in Christianity Saturday observances
Cassandra MacDonald (born Cassandra Fairbanks; March 11, 1985) is an American journalist and activist. As a journalist, she has worked for the Russian state-owned international news agency Sputnik (2015–2017), far-right American conspiracy theory websites Big League Politics (2017) and The Gateway Pundit (since 2017), as well as Timcast (since 2021). A one-time supporter of Bernie Sanders, MacDonald has received attention for her political transformation to a supporter of Donald Trump. As an activist, she is best known for "Find the Dancing Man," her 2015 social media campaign against fat shaming, and for helping to organize the DeploraBall in Washington, D.C., to celebrate the 2017 inauguration of President Donald Trump. In 2020, MacDonald submitted evidence to the legal team defending WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange in his London extradition hearing. Early life Cassandra MacDonald grew up in a small town in central Massachusetts, an hour from Boston. She is of Puerto Rican descent on her mother's side, and claims to have roots in Catalonia. After high school, she enrolled at the University of Massachusetts Amherst to study physics, but dropped out after a few months. Moving to California, she attended the Los Angeles Recording School and became a sound engineer. In that capacity, she traveled the country, working for bands in what Cosmopolitan calls "the Warped Tour vein." Activism MacDonald's activism began with Greenpeace environmentalism, followed by animal rights protests at SeaWorld and circuses. In 2013, she took part in the hacktivist collective Anonymous and helped run a popular Anonymous Twitter account. By then living in Pittsburgh, she traveled to Ohio and helped organize the outcry over the Steubenville High School rape case. In 2015, MacDonald spent several months with Black Lives Matter in Ferguson, Missouri, amid civil unrest stemming from the 2014 fatal shooting of Michael Brown by a police officer. Social media In 2015, photos posted on the anonymous chat board 4chan created what the BBC called one of the year's "biggest internet sensations" by showing an obese, 47-year-old Englishman dancing exuberantly at a concert. "Spotted this specimen trying to dance the other week," the caption read. "He stopped when he saw us laughing." Incensed at the fat shaming, MacDonald launched a social media campaign to "Find the Dancing Man". With a friend, MacDonald created a GoFundMe account to locate the man and fly him to Los Angeles for a celebrity-packed party with 1,000 guests at Avalon Hollywood, one of L.A.'s hottest clubs. The viral campaign raised $70,000 for anti-bullying and positive body image charities in the U.S. and UK. Shift to right In 2016, MacDonald "underwent something of a political transformation," according to BBC News. Having begun the year as a supporter of Hillary Clinton's main rival within the Democratic Party, Vermont U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders, MacDonald was by fall rallying her 70K Twitter followers to support Donald Trump. In an October 2016 episode of BBC Television's Panorama, MacDonald said, "I'm going to be voting for Donald Trump. I think that Hillary Clinton is a terribly dangerous person." Cosmopolitan subsequently named her a leader in the defiant Deplorable movement, alluding to a campaign speech by Hillary Clinton. In January 2017, MacDonald was one of the organizers of the DeploraBall, an unofficial inaugural ball at Washington's National Press Club to celebrate Trump's victory. In January 2020, she was named as a witness and her communications were subpoenaed in the defamation lawsuit between NPR and Ed Butowsky over reporting and conspiracy theories about the murder of Seth Rich. In February 2020, MacDonald attended the America First Political Action Conference, meeting with author Michelle Malkin and white supremacist Nick Fuentes. In 2020, MacDonald claimed that trespassers set upon her house during on the night of May 31, pounding on windows, detonating fireworks directed towards her residence, and shooting firearms; she blamed Antifa for the incident. A supporter set up a GoFundMe campaign to help with moving costs, which accrued over $24,000. Right wing watch published a report contradicting MacDonald's claims, citing "conversations with eight of Fairbanks' nearby neighbors," "nonexistent coverage in local press," and a report obtained from the Metropolitan Police Department—all of which corroborated only the claim that fireworks were detonated approximately 100 feet away and no gunshots were fired. Writing career MacDonald's writing career began in 2014 as an outgrowth of her activism. At the Free Thought Project, she reported mostly about police brutality. In 2015 she wrote for PINAC News, continuing to chronicle controversial policing around the United States. That summer, she live streamed her own arrest while covering anti-police brutality protests on Interstate 70 in St. Louis. Also in 2015, MacDonald was hired as a reporter for the Russian state-funded international news agency Sputnik, and moved to Washington, D.C., for the position. In early 2016, while still with Sputnik, MacDonald also wrote 10 bylined articles for Teen Vogue. While working for Sputnik, MacDonald was often a target of conspiracy theories by Louise Mensch; MacDonald filed a complaint with the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center against Mensch for cyber stalking and harassment. In April 2017, MacDonald and Mike Cernovich posed for a photo behind the lectern in the White House briefing room, each making an OK gesture at the camera. According to Britain's The Independent, this "sparked outcry on social media" because the hand sign can symbolize white power. MacDonald denied the gesture was racist, citing her partial Puerto Rican ancestry (her mother is from San Juan). After journalist Emma Roller tweeted the photo, which she captioned "just two people doing a white power hand gesture in the White House," MacDonald sued in federal court alleging defamation. A year later, the court found that MacDonald failed to show that Roller posted the image with actual malice. Upon leaving Sputnik, MacDonald spent April–November 2017 as a senior reporter at Big League Politics. In December 2017, MacDonald became the Washington bureau chief for The Gateway Pundit. In 2021, American citizen journalist Tim Pool hired Fairbanks to run his website. WikiLeaks In October 2017, MacDonald wrote a story for Big League Politics about Julian Assange. In January 2020, National Public Radio subpoenaed MacDonald seeking documents and electronically stored information relating to her conversations with Assange, among others, including journalists. The subpoena was part of a defamation lawsuit against NPR by Texas money manager Ed Butowsky. MacDonald's attorney responded that since the subpoena requested work product protected under the District of Columbia's reporter shield law, "no documents or other things will be produced pursuant to the subpoena." On February 24, 2020, Politico reported that MacDonald had submitted evidence to the legal team defending Assange in his London extradition hearing. The evidence consists of screenshots and recorded phone calls spanning October 2018 – September 2019 that MacDonald had with Arthur Schwartz, identified by The New York Times as a "conservative consultant who is a friend and informal adviser to Donald Trump Jr.". On February 27, 2020, The Daily Dot reported that MacDonald posted audio of a September 2019 phone call from Schwartz to her in which he stated that Ambassador Grenell "took orders from the president" in brokering Assange's arrest. On September 21, 2020, MacDonald's written statement was read in a London court during extradition proceedings against Assange. She recounted receiving advanced details from Schwartz about U.S. plans to charge Assange in connection with the Manning leaks. The barrister representing the U.S. government questioned the partiality of MacDonald, an acknowledged WikiLeaks supporter, and argued that "the truth of what Ms. Fairbanks was told by Arthur Schwartz was not in her knowledge." MacDonald also said when Schwartz phoned her in October 2018 after she posted an interview with Assange's mother in a group chat that included Schwartz and others close to Trump, he "was extremely angry" and alluded to her nine-year-old child, "which I perceived as an intimidation tactic." MacDonald said he repeatedly told her to stop advocating for WikiLeaks and Assange, saying a pardon would not happen. She added that besides informing Assange of all this during her January 2019 visit with him, "I also met with Chelsea Manning in person and told her that I feared they might come after her again." Chelsea Manning MacDonald sent Chelsea Manning personal letters while Manning was in prison. After Manning's release, she and MacDonald were on opposing sides in a protest in the Bay Area, though they later met over coffee to converse. In January 2018, MacDonald provided a complimentary ticket and VIP wristband for Chelsea Manning to attend "A Night for Freedom" gala for Trump supporters. References Further reading Marantz, Andrew. Antisocial: Online Extremists, Techno-Utopians, and the Hijacking of the American Conversation. Viking, 2019. External links 1985 births Living people American activist journalists American political journalists American women journalists American nationalists American journalists of Puerto Rican descent American people of Catalan descent Articles containing video clips Far-right politics in the United States Hispanic and Latino American women journalists Puerto Rican journalists Journalists from Massachusetts People associated with WikiLeaks Activists from Pennsylvania 21st-century American women Timcast people
François Paul Latapie, also known as François-de-Paule Latapie (8 July 1739, Bordeaux – 8 October 1823, Bordeaux) was a French botanist. He was a man of the Enlightenment, philanthropist, Hellenist, inspector of manufactures of the province of Guyenne, naturalist, traveler and man of letters, and founder of the Rosière prize de La Brède, which commemorates Montesquieu every year since 1823. Life François Paul Latapie was the son of Pierre Latapie, notary feudal surveyor in La Brède, and Thérèse Berthonieu. His family had been called there by Jacques de Secondat at the end of the 17th century. He spent his childhood in La Brède where his father was employed by the philosopher Montesquieu, baron of La Brède and Montesquieu. He entered the philosopher's entourage at a young age, following him on his walks and sometimes helping him in his research. He was familiar with the Château de La Brède, where he visited the garden and the library daily. He was fifteen when Montesquieu died in Paris. He devoted himself to the study of ancient languages, history and the exact sciences. His progress was such that he was able to teach what he had just learned, and he was entrusted with the education of the philosopher's grandson, Charles Louis de Secondat. The young François de Paule Latapie benefited from the protection networks of the Montesquieu family, and he was the secretary of Montesquieu's son, Jean-Baptiste de Secondat. Education in Bordeaux and Paris Latapie left La Brède and went to Bordeaux in 1757. There he studied anatomy with the major surgeon of the Saint-André hospital, Jean Dupuy, at whose request he translated from English the treatise on the theory and practice of childbirth written by the obstetrician William Smellie. In the period 1766–1770 he acquired a solid scientific training in Paris. He took the physics course of Abbé Jean-Antoine Nollet, the chemist Guillaume-François Rouelle, the anatomist Antoine Petit and the botanist Bernard de Jussieu. At the same time he acted as tutor to the children of the intendant of finances Charles Robert Boutin. Montesquieu's son Jean-Baptiste de Secondat was reluctant to publish his father's unpublished texts, which in some cases were unfinished. In 1767, the publication of the Lettres familières du président de Montesquieu (Familiar letters of the president of Montesquieu) exchanged between Montesquieu and the Abbé de Guasco triggered a scandal because it implicated Madame Geoffrin. Montesquieu's son sought the advice of Latapie, who advised him not to publish them. It was not until 1783 that Jean-Baptiste de Secondat agreed to publish a small book of posthumous works. Journey to England (1770) Thanks to a scholarship granted by Louis XV on the recommendation of the Duke of La Rochefoucauld, he travelled to England between February and June 1770. On his return he actively promoted the aesthetics of the English garden on the continent, with his translation and comments on Thomas Whately's book Observations on modern gardening. Journey to Italy (1774-1777) He became a member of the Academy of Bordeaux in 1773 and obtained in 1774 the promise of a position as inspector of arts and manufactures of Guyenne. Thanks to the protection of Philibert Trudaine de Montigny, Latapie undertook a long journey in the Italian peninsula between 1774 and 1777. During this he corresponded in particular with Jean-Baptiste de Secondat and sent memoirs to the Bordeaux Academy. The fourteen notebooks of his travel diary in Italy, which he called Éphémérides, have recently been found in the family archives: they have enabled researchers, in particular Gilles Montègre, to characterize the international circulations associated with the scholarly and diplomatic networks of the Europe of the Enlightenment. At the beginning of his journey Latapie met Johann III Bernoulli who was also on a journey to Italy. They sailed together in the Mediterranean, stopping off in Nice, which they left on January 29, 1775 to go to Savona, where they lived until February 2 before continuing to Genoa. In Italy Latapie met many scholars and diplomats. He stayed twice in Rome, in 1775 and in 1776. In Rome, he met the religious mathematician François Jacquier, the Abbé Correia, secretary of the Academy of Lisbon, and Jean Demeste, surgeon, mineralogist and botanist. In Naples he met the British ambassador William Hamilton, who asked him to edit the French translation of his work Campi Phlegræi. During his trip he became a member of the Academy of Arcades in Rome, of the academies of Padua and Florence and of several Italian learned societies. Latapie was a precise observer. All the objects that caught his eye were the subject of precise notes. The density and precision of Latapie's Ephemerides also documents Italy's participation in the Enlightenment movement. In 1776, he was the first to produce a topographic map of the excavations of the ancient city of Pompeii "from memory", at a time when the Neapolitan monarchy prohibited visitors from taking notes on the site. The innovative nature of this plan and the description of the remains associated with it have been highlighted by archaeologists and historians of science. He met Voltaire in Ferney on his way back. Career in Bordeaux before 1789 He was elected a member of the Bordeaux Academy of Sciences in 1775, to which he transmitted his account of the excavations of Pompeii. He distinguished himself then by his lectures, his public courses in botany, attended by the botanist Jean Thore, amongst others, and his publications on the practical culture of gardens. He was Inspector General of Arts and Manufactures of Guyenne from 1777, and in this capacity he made three inspection tours in Guyenne, in 1778, 1782 and 1789, about which he wrote journals. He gave lessons in botany from 1780. He was commissioned by the intendant Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur to "form a field for the study of vine varieties", whereupon he studied the countless varieties of vines grown in the region, their origins and their hybridizations. This field was destroyed during the Revolution. He was one of the associates in the founding of the cultural society called Le Musée de Bordeaux founded in 1783, and created the garden of plants of Bordeaux. A botanist trained by Bernard de Jussieu, he adopted the Linnaean classification of species while in Rome. The Academy commissioned him to demonstrate botany in the garden of plants. He wrote studies on the plants of Gironde: Hortus burdigalensis in 1784. He gave his lessons there until the Revolution, which were followed by students in medicine and pharmacy as well as amateurs of all ages. He wrote a Description of the town of Brède, in 1786. He was appointed judge adviser to the Admiralty Court of Guyenne in 1788. Career in Bordeaux after 1789 After the Revolution Latapie no longer had a post, and offered his natural history cabinet and his library to the commune of Bordeaux in exchange for an annuity and a post as professor of botany. He founded the Musée du Jardin public in 1791. His important and precious herbarium was often cited by botanists in Paris and given in its entirety to his adoptive city after his death. Personal life In 1792, he bought a shop to house his young wife, Louis Marie Menoire, when he was 52 and she was 25. References 1739 births 1823 deaths 19th-century French botanists 18th-century French botanists
Smuggling in pre-revolutionary France was a reaction to the economic hardships and internal Taxations throughout the country. Though the trade of contraband was lucrative throughout Europe, it was especially so in France and contributed to national tensions. While tobacco was commonly smuggled, common items such as salt and calico were carried across provincial borders to avoid high taxes. The smuggling trade was very profitable, and it allowed families to increase their income while subverting corrupt tax farmers. The prevalence of smuggling and the economic motivations surrounding the trade helped lead France towards revolution. Economic factors Several economic factors contributed to the prevalence of smuggling in the second half of the eighteenth century. Of the twenty-six million people in France, twenty-one million worked within the agricultural sector. However, most peasants who owned land held less than twenty acres, enough to support a single family. France strongly relied on its agricultural sector, and this over dependence left the population susceptible to droughts and other natural disasters. Urban peasants faced similar problems, as most of Paris's population served as Manual workers. The census of 1791 revealed that there were 118,784 paupers, unskilled laborers, and beggars in Paris, about a quarter of the population. Therefore, most of the urban and rural populations were limited to lower-class occupations. There was also economic disparity between the sexes, as a male servant might earn 90 livres a year while a woman earned only 35–50 livres. Peasants dedicated half of their household income to food, leaving little money for other expenses. Foreign trade Despite this wealth inequality, French foreign trade was widely successful until the beginning of the revolution, as the sugar trade in the West Indies brought great wealth to France's elite. The monarchy capitalized on this wealth by imposing trade monopolies with its Caribbean colonies. However, the Eden Treaty with England of May 1787 hindered the French manufacturing sector, as the agreement lowered internal tariffs on English goods. This trade agreement outraged French Merchants because they could not compete with British prices. Such Trade agreements contributed to poverty within France and encouraged illicit economic activity. Smuggling within France was an extremely lucrative business due to high demand for expensive products, specifically tobacco, salt, and calico. Smugglers devised means of subverting the authorities. For example, female smugglers would often stuff salt into their dresses. Smugglers also trained dogs to carry salt, though no records exist on their prevalence or incarceration rates. In addition, many smuggling bands formed; French authorities were aware of at least 38 large smuggling bands in the second half of the eighteenth century. As indirect taxes were uniform throughout France, certain provinces charged vastly more for some items. For example, 49 kilos of salt cost 31 sous in Brittany but 591 sous in Anjoy. Crossing the Loire River, which separated the two territories, became a common means of transporting contraband. Salt smuggling was particularly problematic for the authorities, as smugglers abused the gabelle, or salt tax. Many provinces mandated that every citizen buy at least seven pounds of salt per year. This salt could only be used for cooking, so many would have been required to buy more. As a result, many relied on purchasing contraband salt to escape these heavy fines. Calico was also a popular contraband item, as the French prized genuine Indian calico. Although calico's prohibition ended in 1759, calico's taxation remained high enough to justify smuggling. France's public monopoly and internal tax system also upset foreigners. Irish lawmaker Edmund Burke stated that the system was "unwisely, with being ill-contrived, [and] oppressive." Burke’s views show an international disapproval of France’s practices and an awareness that smuggling would be the taxes’ unintended consequence. Authorities Smuggling posed a significant problem for authorities. French law considered smuggling a direct offense against the King; smugglers avoided paying indirect taxes which composed 47% of the government's income, so it was as if they were stealing from the monarch. Smugglers also undermined the ferme générale, or the "Five Great Farms." This was a tax farming institution which collected and profited off indirect taxes. Therefore, the law dealt harshly with offenders to discourage further smuggling. Punishments for smuggling varied across France's provinces but always worsened with repeat offenses. Offenders were always fined and often served additional time depending on the region. In Provence, smuggling bands of five and larger received fines of 500 livres and served nine years in galleys for a first offense. The law was especially harsh on nobles who dealt in contraband; commonly, those elites who were caught were stripped of their Titles and their houses were razed. The severe punishment of the contraband industry shaped France's prison infrastructure. From 1685 to 1791, over 100,000 men went to the galleys for illegal trade. The government needed to build more prisons to meet demands, and this influx of prisoners would lead the French government to create the modern French prison. Increased regulations French authorities also reacted by imposing increased regulations on the business practices and movements of peasants. Officers viewed travelers with suspicion and demanded that merchants show their paperwork to prove the legitimacy of their wares. The government also increased the Farm police to 20,000 guards which became the largest paramilitary force of the time in Europe. They patrolled the river Loire and prohibited fishing at night. Officers would also physically search any suspects. For example, they would squeeze women where salt could be hidden, often the padding within their dresses. Due to the heightened repression on underground trade, smugglers often played integral roles in inciting armed rebellions against taxation officers. From 1660 to 1789, tax rebellion was the primary form of revolt within France. Notably, these rebellions were larger than the bread riots which propelled the beginning of the French Revolution. The most prominent of these revolts occurred from 11 to 14 July in 1789, when smugglers and common workers destroyed forty customs gates. Occurring before the Storming of the Bastille, this was one of the first demonstrations of popular support for the French Revolution. Public support Smugglers garnered large public support, and influential revolutionary figures and liberals defended these rebellions. Mirabeau, a noble and leader of the Revolution, argued that the true antagonist wasn't the smuggling trade but the Farm; he called these men "vampires" who control a system which "bleeds the people at the throat." These smuggler's rebellions also influenced physiocrats, liberal economic supporters for fair trade; they advocated for a completely altered fiscal system which replaced taxes on goods with other taxes. Others such as the President of the Paris "Cour des Aides" Malesherbes asserted in 1775 that this crime didn't warrant such severe punishment. He argued that the King could resolve this form of despotism by calling the Estates General, an institution last seen in 1614. Louis XVI would form the Estates General four years later. References French history timelines 18th century in France Law of the Ancien Régime Social history of France Smuggling Crime in France
The Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Sebastian () is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Church in the Archdiocese of Cochabamba. It is located in the Plaza 14 de Septiembre in Cochabamba, Bolivia. History The original structure was begun in 1571, atop the foundations of the 14th century Villa de Oropeza, making it the oldest structure in the valley. In 1618, the church administrators agreed to build a bigger church, both to renovate the deteriorating building and to accommodate the increasing populace. The current building was built in 1701 atop the foundation of the previous one. Construction was completed in 1735. In September 2012, the cathedral was declared a National Heritage Site by the Senate of Bolivia. Architecture The cathedral's facade is a fusion of Spanish baroque and indigenous Bolivian styles. It has a Renaissance Latin Cross style groundplan. The structure itself is built of stone and adobe masonry, with the domes and vaults made with brick and lime mortar, ornamented with ceramic tiling. References Roman Catholic cathedrals in Bolivia Buildings and structures in Cochabamba
```gas ; libFLAC - Free Lossless Audio Codec library ; ; Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ; modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ; are met: ; ; - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ; notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ; ; - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ; notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the ; documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ; ; - Neither the name of the Xiph.org Foundation nor the names of its ; contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from ; this software without specific prior written permission. ; ; THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ; ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT ; LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR ; A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR ; CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, ; EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ; PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR ; PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF ; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING ; NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS ; SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .text .align 2 .globl _FLAC__lpc_restore_signal_asm_ppc_altivec_16 .globl _FLAC__lpc_restore_signal_asm_ppc_altivec_16_order8 _FLAC__lpc_restore_signal_asm_ppc_altivec_16: ; r3: residual[] ; r4: data_len ; r5: qlp_coeff[] ; r6: order ; r7: lp_quantization ; r8: data[] ; see src/libFLAC/lpc.c:FLAC__lpc_restore_signal() ; these is a PowerPC/Altivec assembly version which requires bps<=16 (or actual ; bps<=15 for mid-side coding, since that uses an extra bit) ; these should be fast; the inner loop is unrolled (it takes no more than ; 3(order%4) instructions, all of which are arithmetic), and all of the ; coefficients and all relevant history stay in registers, so the outer loop ; has only one load from memory (the residual) ; I have not yet run this through simg4, so there may be some avoidable stalls, ; and there may be a somewhat more clever way to do the outer loop ; the branch mechanism may prevent dynamic loading; I still need to examine ; this issue, and there may be a more elegant method stmw r31,-4(r1) addi r9,r1,-28 li r31,0xf andc r9,r9,r31 ; for quadword-aligned stack data slwi r6,r6,2 ; adjust for word size slwi r4,r4,2 add r4,r4,r8 ; r4 = data+data_len mfspr r0,256 ; cache old vrsave addis r31,0,hi16(0xfffffc00) ori r31,r31,lo16(0xfffffc00) mtspr 256,r31 ; declare VRs in vrsave cmplw cr0,r8,r4 ; i<data_len bc 4,0,L1400 ; load coefficients into v0-v7 and initial history into v8-v15 li r31,0xf and r31,r8,r31 ; r31: data%4 li r11,16 subf r31,r31,r11 ; r31: 4-(data%4) slwi r31,r31,3 ; convert to bits for vsro li r10,-4 stw r31,-4(r9) lvewx v0,r10,r9 vspltisb v18,-1 vsro v18,v18,v0 ; v18: mask vector li r31,0x8 lvsl v0,0,r31 vsldoi v0,v0,v0,12 li r31,0xc lvsl v1,0,r31 vspltisb v2,0 vspltisb v3,-1 vmrglw v2,v2,v3 vsel v0,v1,v0,v2 ; v0: reversal permutation vector add r10,r5,r6 lvsl v17,0,r5 ; v17: coefficient alignment permutation vector vperm v17,v17,v17,v0 ; v17: reversal coefficient alignment permutation vector mr r11,r8 lvsl v16,0,r11 ; v16: history alignment permutation vector lvx v0,0,r5 addi r5,r5,16 lvx v1,0,r5 vperm v0,v0,v1,v17 lvx v8,0,r11 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v9,0,r11 vperm v8,v9,v8,v16 cmplw cr0,r5,r10 bc 12,0,L1101 vand v0,v0,v18 addis r31,0,hi16(L1307) ori r31,r31,lo16(L1307) b L1199 L1101: addi r5,r5,16 lvx v2,0,r5 vperm v1,v1,v2,v17 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v10,0,r11 vperm v9,v10,v9,v16 cmplw cr0,r5,r10 bc 12,0,L1102 vand v1,v1,v18 addis r31,0,hi16(L1306) ori r31,r31,lo16(L1306) b L1199 L1102: addi r5,r5,16 lvx v3,0,r5 vperm v2,v2,v3,v17 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v11,0,r11 vperm v10,v11,v10,v16 cmplw cr0,r5,r10 bc 12,0,L1103 vand v2,v2,v18 addis r31,0,hi16(L1305) ori r31,r31,lo16(L1305) b L1199 L1103: addi r5,r5,16 lvx v4,0,r5 vperm v3,v3,v4,v17 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v12,0,r11 vperm v11,v12,v11,v16 cmplw cr0,r5,r10 bc 12,0,L1104 vand v3,v3,v18 addis r31,0,hi16(L1304) ori r31,r31,lo16(L1304) b L1199 L1104: addi r5,r5,16 lvx v5,0,r5 vperm v4,v4,v5,v17 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v13,0,r11 vperm v12,v13,v12,v16 cmplw cr0,r5,r10 bc 12,0,L1105 vand v4,v4,v18 addis r31,0,hi16(L1303) ori r31,r31,lo16(L1303) b L1199 L1105: addi r5,r5,16 lvx v6,0,r5 vperm v5,v5,v6,v17 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v14,0,r11 vperm v13,v14,v13,v16 cmplw cr0,r5,r10 bc 12,0,L1106 vand v5,v5,v18 addis r31,0,hi16(L1302) ori r31,r31,lo16(L1302) b L1199 L1106: addi r5,r5,16 lvx v7,0,r5 vperm v6,v6,v7,v17 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v15,0,r11 vperm v14,v15,v14,v16 cmplw cr0,r5,r10 bc 12,0,L1107 vand v6,v6,v18 addis r31,0,hi16(L1301) ori r31,r31,lo16(L1301) b L1199 L1107: addi r5,r5,16 lvx v19,0,r5 vperm v7,v7,v19,v17 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v19,0,r11 vperm v15,v19,v15,v16 vand v7,v7,v18 addis r31,0,hi16(L1300) ori r31,r31,lo16(L1300) L1199: mtctr r31 ; set up invariant vectors vspltish v16,0 ; v16: zero vector li r10,-12 lvsr v17,r10,r8 ; v17: result shift vector lvsl v18,r10,r3 ; v18: residual shift back vector li r10,-4 stw r7,-4(r9) lvewx v19,r10,r9 ; v19: lp_quantization vector L1200: vmulosh v20,v0,v8 ; v20: sum vector bcctr 20,0 L1300: vmulosh v21,v7,v15 vsldoi v15,v15,v14,4 ; increment history vaddsws v20,v20,v21 L1301: vmulosh v21,v6,v14 vsldoi v14,v14,v13,4 vaddsws v20,v20,v21 L1302: vmulosh v21,v5,v13 vsldoi v13,v13,v12,4 vaddsws v20,v20,v21 L1303: vmulosh v21,v4,v12 vsldoi v12,v12,v11,4 vaddsws v20,v20,v21 L1304: vmulosh v21,v3,v11 vsldoi v11,v11,v10,4 vaddsws v20,v20,v21 L1305: vmulosh v21,v2,v10 vsldoi v10,v10,v9,4 vaddsws v20,v20,v21 L1306: vmulosh v21,v1,v9 vsldoi v9,v9,v8,4 vaddsws v20,v20,v21 L1307: vsumsws v20,v20,v16 ; v20[3]: sum vsraw v20,v20,v19 ; v20[3]: sum >> lp_quantization lvewx v21,0,r3 ; v21[n]: residual vperm v21,v21,v21,v18 ; v21[3]: residual vaddsws v20,v21,v20 ; v20[3]: residual + (sum >> lp_quantization) vsldoi v18,v18,v18,4 ; increment shift vector vperm v21,v20,v20,v17 ; v21[n]: shift for storage vsldoi v17,v17,v17,12 ; increment shift vector stvewx v21,0,r8 vsldoi v20,v20,v20,12 vsldoi v8,v8,v20,4 ; insert value onto history addi r3,r3,4 addi r8,r8,4 cmplw cr0,r8,r4 ; i<data_len bc 12,0,L1200 L1400: mtspr 256,r0 ; restore old vrsave lmw r31,-4(r1) blr _FLAC__lpc_restore_signal_asm_ppc_altivec_16_order8: ; r3: residual[] ; r4: data_len ; r5: qlp_coeff[] ; r6: order ; r7: lp_quantization ; r8: data[] ; see _FLAC__lpc_restore_signal_asm_ppc_altivec_16() above ; this version assumes order<=8; it uses fewer vector registers, which should ; save time in context switches, and has less code, which may improve ; instruction caching stmw r31,-4(r1) addi r9,r1,-28 li r31,0xf andc r9,r9,r31 ; for quadword-aligned stack data slwi r6,r6,2 ; adjust for word size slwi r4,r4,2 add r4,r4,r8 ; r4 = data+data_len mfspr r0,256 ; cache old vrsave addis r31,0,hi16(0xffc00000) ori r31,r31,lo16(0xffc00000) mtspr 256,r31 ; declare VRs in vrsave cmplw cr0,r8,r4 ; i<data_len bc 4,0,L2400 ; load coefficients into v0-v1 and initial history into v2-v3 li r31,0xf and r31,r8,r31 ; r31: data%4 li r11,16 subf r31,r31,r11 ; r31: 4-(data%4) slwi r31,r31,3 ; convert to bits for vsro li r10,-4 stw r31,-4(r9) lvewx v0,r10,r9 vspltisb v6,-1 vsro v6,v6,v0 ; v6: mask vector li r31,0x8 lvsl v0,0,r31 vsldoi v0,v0,v0,12 li r31,0xc lvsl v1,0,r31 vspltisb v2,0 vspltisb v3,-1 vmrglw v2,v2,v3 vsel v0,v1,v0,v2 ; v0: reversal permutation vector add r10,r5,r6 lvsl v5,0,r5 ; v5: coefficient alignment permutation vector vperm v5,v5,v5,v0 ; v5: reversal coefficient alignment permutation vector mr r11,r8 lvsl v4,0,r11 ; v4: history alignment permutation vector lvx v0,0,r5 addi r5,r5,16 lvx v1,0,r5 vperm v0,v0,v1,v5 lvx v2,0,r11 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v3,0,r11 vperm v2,v3,v2,v4 cmplw cr0,r5,r10 bc 12,0,L2101 vand v0,v0,v6 addis r31,0,hi16(L2301) ori r31,r31,lo16(L2301) b L2199 L2101: addi r5,r5,16 lvx v7,0,r5 vperm v1,v1,v7,v5 addi r11,r11,-16 lvx v7,0,r11 vperm v3,v7,v3,v4 vand v1,v1,v6 addis r31,0,hi16(L2300) ori r31,r31,lo16(L2300) L2199: mtctr r31 ; set up invariant vectors vspltish v4,0 ; v4: zero vector li r10,-12 lvsr v5,r10,r8 ; v5: result shift vector lvsl v6,r10,r3 ; v6: residual shift back vector li r10,-4 stw r7,-4(r9) lvewx v7,r10,r9 ; v7: lp_quantization vector L2200: vmulosh v8,v0,v2 ; v8: sum vector bcctr 20,0 L2300: vmulosh v9,v1,v3 vsldoi v3,v3,v2,4 vaddsws v8,v8,v9 L2301: vsumsws v8,v8,v4 ; v8[3]: sum vsraw v8,v8,v7 ; v8[3]: sum >> lp_quantization lvewx v9,0,r3 ; v9[n]: residual vperm v9,v9,v9,v6 ; v9[3]: residual vaddsws v8,v9,v8 ; v8[3]: *residual + (sum >> lp_quantization) vsldoi v6,v6,v6,4 ; increment shift vector vperm v9,v8,v8,v5 ; v9[n]: shift for storage vsldoi v5,v5,v5,12 ; increment shift vector stvewx v9,0,r8 vsldoi v8,v8,v8,12 vsldoi v2,v2,v8,4 ; insert value onto history addi r3,r3,4 addi r8,r8,4 cmplw cr0,r8,r4 ; i<data_len bc 12,0,L2200 L2400: mtspr 256,r0 ; restore old vrsave lmw r31,-4(r1) blr ```
The 2017–18 Coupe de France preliminary rounds, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes are football competitions. First round The matches in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes were played on 18, 19 and 20 August 2017. First round results: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Second round These matches were played between 26 August and 3 September 2017. Second round results: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Third round These matches were played on 7 and 8 October 2017. Fifth round results: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Fourth round These matches were played on 23 and 24 September 2017. Fourth round results: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Fifth round These matches were played on 7 and 8 October 2017. Fifth round results: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Sixth round These matches were played on 21 and 22 October 2017. Sixth round results: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes References 2017–18 Coupe de France preliminary rounds
is a city park in Chūō-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. The park has a lake, two streams, a museum, a concert hall, an observatory, a historical building housing a tea shop, and several lawns and forests. At the south end, there are two shrines. Overview The park has about 5,000 trees, including Japanese red spruce, yew, ginkgo, Sargent's cherry, black acacia, and Japanese elm. The largest feature of the park is Shobu Pond, located near the center of the park. The park contains the Sapporo Concert Hall, also known as "Kitara". Opened on 1997, it is the largest concert hall in Hokkaido, and houses a large main hall, small chamber music hall, and rehearsal rooms. A restaurant, nursery room, and museum shop are also located in the building. The Sapporo Astronomical Observatory, Nakajima Sports Center, Puppet Theatre, Children's Hall, Hokkaido Museum of Literature, a Japanese Garden, Hasso-an (tea house), and Hōheikan, (historical building and wedding venue), are among the attractions of the Park. The park also contains some sports grounds (tennis courts). These are open between April and November every year. The park is also popular for boating in summer, on the Shobu Pond, and cross-country skiing in winter. History Prior to the construction of Nakajima Park, in 1874, a sluice gate was constructed on the Kamokamo River and a lumberyard was open. Lumber felled from the mountain were stored in the lumberyard before being floated down the Toyohira River. In 1887, the lumberyard and its surrounded area, were converted into an amusement park. In 1957, Nakajima Park officially became a City Park. Access Namboku Line: Nakajima-Kōen Station and Horohira-Bashi Station Sapporo Streetcar: Nakajima-Kōen-Dōri Station Gallery External links Sapporo Parks' website Park website Chūō-ku, Sapporo Parks and gardens in Sapporo
Kafr Laqif () is a Palestinian village in the Qalqilya Governorate in the western West Bank, located 22 kilometers southwest of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 1,039 inhabitants in 2017. Location Kafr Laqif is located (horizontally) east of Qalqiliya. It is bordered by Hajja to the east, Wadi Qana to the south, ‘Azzun to the west, and Khirbet Sir and Baqat al Hatab to the north. History Ceramics from the Byzantine era has been found here. Ottoman era Kafr Laqif, like all of Palestine was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the 1596 tax registers, it was part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Bani Sa'b, part of the larger Sanjak of Nablus. It had a population of 15 households, all Muslims. The inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a fixed tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 10,740 akçe. 37.5% of the revenue went to a Muslim charitable endowment. In 1838, Robinson noted Kefr Lakif as a Muslim village in the Beni Sa'ab district, west of Nablus. In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Bani Sa'b. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Kefr Lekif as resembling Kafr Jammal, that is: "a small stone village on a knoll, with cisterns." British Mandate era In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufr Laqef had a population of 95 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 141 Muslims, in 27 houses. In the 1945 statistics the population of Kafr Laqif was 210 Muslims, while the total land area was 2,854 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 477 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 840 for cereals, while 19 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas. Jordanian era In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Kafr Laqif came under Jordanian rule. The Jordanian census of 1961 found 304 inhabitants. Post 1967 During the Six-Day War in 1967, Kafr Laqif came under Israeli occupation. After the 1995 accords, 28.2% of village land is classified as Area B land, while the remaining 71.8% is classified as Area C land. The Israelis have expropriated land in Kafr Laqif for its settlements, most notably Karne Shomron and its environs. In addition, according to the plans, (as of 2007) the Israeli West Bank barrier will isolate 657 dunums (22.8% of the village’s total area) on the western Israeli side of the wall. References Bibliography External links Welcome To Kafr Laqif Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: IAA, Wikimedia commons Kafr Laqif Village (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ) Kafr Laqif Village Profile, ARIJ Kafr Laqif, aerial photo, ARIJ Development Priorities and Needs in Kafr Laqif, ARIJ Villages in the West Bank
```thrift /* * * This software may be used and distributed according to the terms of the */ include "eden/mononoke/mononoke_types/serialization/id.thrift" # If you change this, you need to bump CODEVAR in caching.rs struct PathHash { 1: binary path; 2: bool is_tree; } (rust.exhaustive) struct MutableRenameEntry { 1: id.ChangesetId dst_cs_id; 2: PathHash dst_path_hash; 3: id.ChangesetId src_cs_id; 4: binary src_path; 5: PathHash src_path_hash; 6: id.Blake2 src_unode; 7: byte is_tree; } (rust.exhaustive) struct CachedMutableRenameEntry { 1: optional MutableRenameEntry entry; } (rust.exhaustive) struct ChangesetIdSet { 1: list<id.ChangesetId> cs_ids; } (rust.exhaustive) ```
Tami Lancut Leibovitz () is an Israeli consultant and author on matters of etiquette and personal image presentation. Career Lancut Leibovitz worked as an interior decorator. In 1979, her etiquette career started with mentoring from , who had been in charge of manners training for the Israeli Foreign Ministry. Since 1985, Lancut Leibovitz has been the president of the Institute for Personal Image, Manners, & International Etiquette. The institute provides consultation services on etiquette for Israeli executives and politicians. Lancut Leibovitz developed what she calls the International Business Language (IBL) Code. This provides advice on how to take into account different cultures and geographical locations when doing business or conducting political campaigns. The IBL code also contains hospitality protocols and a code of services that Leibovitz recommends for use in hotels, restaurants, and event managers while hosting state officials and key figures. She is the president of the Israeli Confrérie de la Chaîne des Rôtisseurs. Selected publications References External links Living people Etiquette writers 20th-century Israeli women writers 20th-century Israeli writers 21st-century Israeli women writers 21st-century Israeli writers Year of birth missing (living people)
Robin Hooper (born 14 June 1934) is a British alpine skier. He competed in the men's giant slalom at the 1956 Winter Olympics. References 1934 births Living people British male alpine skiers Olympic alpine skiers for Great Britain Alpine skiers at the 1956 Winter Olympics Place of birth missing (living people)
Bert Lord (December 4, 1869 – May 24, 1939) was an American politician from New York. A Republican, he served several terms in the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate, and was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1935 until his death. Life Born in the town of Sanford, Broome County, he attended the public schools and the Afton Union School and Academy. He engaged in the mercantile business at Afton from 1893 to 1918, when he entered the lumber business and operated sawmills. He was Afton's town supervisor from 1905 to 1915; and a member of the New York State Assembly (Chenango Co.) in 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. He was New York State Commissioner of Motor Vehicles from 1921 to 1923. He was again a member of the State Assembly in 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928 and 1929. On November 5, 1929, he was re-elected to the Assembly; on November 25 State Senator B. Roger Wales died, and Lord ran to succeed him. On January 3, 1930, Lord was elected to the New York State Senate (40th D.). He served in the Senate until 1934, sitting in the 153rd, 154th, 155th, 156th and 157th New York State Legislatures. Lord was elected as a Republican to the 74th, 75th and 76th United States Congresses; he served from January 3, 1935 until his death. Lord suffered two heart attacks in May 1939. The second one proved fatal, and he died in Washington, D.C., on May 24, 1939. He was buried at Glenwood Cemetery in Afton. Family Lord was married twice; his first wife was Lillian (Kniskern) Lord (1872-1937), and in December 1938 he married Margaret T. Gregg, who survived him. Lord had no children. See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49) References Sources Newspapers Books External sources 1869 births 1939 deaths People from Broome County, New York Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly Republican Party New York (state) state senators People from Afton, New York Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
SS-36, SS 36 or SS36 may refer to: In military BAP Arica (SS-36), a submarine of the Peruvian Navy commissioned in 1970 and currently in service USS K-5 (SS-36), a submarine of the United States Navy which saw service during World War I In transportation SS36, a road in Italy and also: USS S-36 (SS-141), a submarine of the United States Navy which saw service during the 1920s
Kerala's 14 revenue districts in 2015 were further divided into 6 municipal corporations, 87 municipalities and 941 grama panchayats. { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "properties": { "fill": "#32CD32", "stroke": "#0000ff", "stroke-width": 2 }, "query": "\nSELECT ?id ?idLabel (concat('', ?idLabel, '') as ?title) WHERE\n{\n?id wdt:P31 wd:Q6936225. # is a district\n?id wdt:P361 wd:Q17069989.\nSERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language 'en'.\n?id rdfs:label ?idLabel .\n}\n}"} History The urban councils of Kerala date back to the 17th century when the Dutch Malabar established the municipality of Fort Kochi. In 1664, the municipality of Fort Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar, making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in 18th century. However, the first modern kind of municipalities were formed in the state in 1866 in Malabar District. In 1866, Fort Kochi municipality was reestablished. Kannur, Thalassery, Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Fort Kochi, which were parts of Malabar District until 1956, were made the first modern municipalities of Kerala on 1 November 1866, according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850) of the British Indian Empire. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920. After two decades, during the reign of Sree Chithira Thirunal, Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940, making it the oldest Municipal Corporation of Kerala. The first Municipal Corporation formed after the independence of India as well as the second-oldest Municipal Corporation of the state is Kozhikode Municipal Corporation established in the year 1962. Municipal Corporations There are six Municipal Corporations in Kerala: 2 in South Kerala, 2 in Central Kerala and 2 in North Kerala. Proposed Municipal Corporations Alappuzha Kottayam Palakkad Malappuram See also Taluks of Kerala Municipalities of Kerala References Sources Government of Kerala List Of Corporations And Municipalities of Kerala – www.c4civil.com Kerala at a glance Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala Kerala politics-related lists Municipal corporations
Afro-pessimism is a critical framework that describes the ongoing effects of racism, colonialism, and historical processes of enslavement in the United States, including the trans-Atlantic slave trade and their impact on structural conditions as well as the personal, subjective, and lived experience and embodied reality of African Americans; it is particularly applicable to U.S. contexts. According to the 2018 Oxford Bibliography entry on Afro-pessimism written by Patrice Douglass, Selamawit D. Terrefe, and Frank B. Wilderson III, Afro-pessimism can be understood as "a lens of interpretation that accounts for civil society's dependence on anti-black violence—a regime of violence that positions black people as internal enemies of civil society". They argue this violence "cannot be analogized with the regimes of violence that disciplines the Marxist subaltern, the postcolonial subaltern, the colored but nonblack Western immigrant, the nonblack queer, or the nonblack woman". According to Wilderson, the scholar who coined the term as it functions most popularly today, Afro-pessimism theorizes blackness as a position of, using the language of scholar Saidiya Hartman, "accumulation and fungibility", that is as a condition of, or relation to, ontological death, as opposed to a cultural identity or human subjectivity. Jared Sexton locates the foundational thread of Afro-pessimism in the "motive force of a singular wish inherited in no small part from black women's traditions of analysis, interpretation, invention, and survival". As opposed to humanist anthropologists, historians, sociologists, and political scientists who engage the history of black subjectivity as one of entrenched political discrimination and social ostracization, Afro-pessimists across disciplines have argued that Black people are constitutively excluded from the category of the self-possessing, rights-bearing human being of modernity. Wilderson writes that "Blacks do not function as political subjects; instead, our flesh and energies are instrumentalized for postcolonial, immigrant, LGBT, and workers' agendas." History and influences Wilderson has cited the work of Saidiya Hartman, Zakiyyah Iman Jackson, Joy James, Achille Mbembe, Christina Sharpe, Hortense Spillers, and Sylvia Wynter as influences and predecessors of the framework, although not of all these scholars agree with such characterization of their own work. Sharpe has named Dionne Brand, particularly her 2001 work A Map to the Door of No Return: Notes to Belonging, as writing in conversation with the concepts of Afro-pessimism by "mapping and creating a language for thinking, for articulating black (social) life lived alongside, under, and in the midst of the ordinary and extraordinary terror of enforced black social death". Other accounts have traced similar lines of thinking to Frantz Fanon and 20th-century black revolutionary movements, such as the Black Power movement. In the late 20th century, scholars including Derrick Bell, Lewis Gordon, and Cornel West developed concepts of antagonism and abjection that bear similarities to components of Afro-pessimism but without reaching the same conclusions. Reception Orlando Patterson's book Slavery and Social Death, first published in 1982, forms a theoretical point of departure for almost all strands of Afro-pessimism. In a 2018 interview on the Kerner Report, Patterson had this to say about Afro-pessimism: "We're going through a period of extreme despair about the situation of African-Americans. The most extreme form of this despair is a movement called Afro-pessimism, which holds that Black Americans are still viewed as they were viewed in the slavery days as different, inferior, and as outsiders. I find myself in an odd situation because the Afro-pessimists draw heavily on one of my books, 'Slavery and Social Death,' which is ironic, because I'm not a pessimist. I don’t think we're in a situation of social death, because one of the elements of social death is that you're not recognized as an integral member of the civic community, the public sphere, and we certainly are, on the political and cultural levels. And we're very integrated in the military, which is the quintessence of what defines who belongs. The Afro-pessimists are right, though, to point to persisting segregation in the private sphere." See also Black Skin, White Masks References Further reading External links African diaspora African slave trade Concepts in social philosophy Pan-Africanism Africana philosophy
The 10th SS Police Regiment () was initially named the 10th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 10) when it was formed in 1942 by the redesignation of Police Regiment South for security warfare in the occupied Soviet Union. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943. Formation and organization The regiment was ordered formed in July 1942 in Southern Russia from Police Regiment South. Police Battalion 45, Police Battalion 303 and Police Battalion 314 were redesignated as the regiment's first through third battalions, respectively. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943, while retaining its existing organization and strength. On 11 March, the 10th Police Panzer Company was formed with two platoons of ex-French Panhard 178 armored cars and a platoon of captured Soviet tanks, but there were no tanks available. The company was transferred to Russia to join the regiment shortly afterwards. It was attached to the 11th SS Police Regiment in June and never returned to the 10th Regiment. In July 1944, the regiment was stationed in Eastern Italy and Slovenia for security operations and it had been reinforced by an artillery battery and a cavalry squadron. Notes References Arico, Massimo. Ordnungspolizei: Encyclopedia of the German Police Battalions, Stockholm: Leandoer and Ekholm (2010). Blood, Phillip W. Hitler's Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe, Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books (2006). Regenberg, Werner. Armored Vehicles and Units of the German Order Police, 1936–1945. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer (2002) Tessin, Georg & Kannapin, Norbert. Waffen-SS under Ordnungspolizei im Kriegseinsatz 1939–1945: Ein Überlick anhand der Feldpostübersicht, Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag (2000).
Warszawa Śródmieście WKD (Polish pronunciation: ) is the city terminus of the Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa (WKD) suburban light rail line in Warsaw. It is situated in Aleje Jerozolimskie to the south-west of Warszawa Centralna railway station. The station was opened on 8 December 1963. The station platform is located below the ground level to the south of the approach tracks to Warszawa Centralna, which can be seen from the platform. The station has an unusual layout and method of operation, with a single long platform alongside the southern (city-bound) track. Inbound trains stop at the west end of the platform to unload passengers, before pulling forward to the east end to allow boarding. Once trains are ready to depart, they do so via a mid-platform cross-over onto the northern track. The station has no above ground buildings, save for concrete shelters offering some weather protection to the staircases linking the platform to the street. Alternative access is provided via an underground shopping mall, which connects the station to Warszawa Centralna and the street-level tram stops. Warszawa Śródmieście WKD station should not be confused with its near namesake Warszawa Śródmieście PKP station, which is a Polskie Koleje Państwowe (Polish State Railway) suburban station situated to the east of Warszawa Centralna. External links Official WKD web page Retrieved on October 13, 2007 Railway stations in Poland opened in 1963 Srodmiescie WKD Railway stations served by Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa Śródmieście, Warsaw
Stuart Mitchell (born April 1, 1950), known professionally as Heywood Banks, is an American comedian, and writer and performer of humorous songs. Career In the 1970s and 1980s, Mitchell used to perform under his own name, doing comedy and playing guitar. His wife suggested he develop a few characters after they visited Los Angeles in 1987 and found many other comedians doing similar things as him. He ended up developing the character Heywood Banks and started performing as him in 1987. In 1988, he won the Johnnie Walker Comedy Search national finals, which gave him a television appearance on A&E's An Evening at the Improv, aired on October 19, 1988. Later the same year, he won the Miller Lite Comedy Search regional finals held in Clinton Township, Michigan. His songs include "Toast", "Fly's Eyes", "Wiper Blades", "Pancreas", "Big Butter Jesus" (a song about the King of Kings statue), "18 Wheels (on a Big Rig)", "The One Eye Love" & "The Cat Got Dead". The story of his song "Toast" goes back to around 1986, when he was browsing at a Salvation Army store for props for his act. He bought an old toaster, thinking maybe he would make toast during his act. Later, his wife said she was looking forward to having toast the next morning, and he started improvising a song about toast while playing a bongo. Heywood frequently appears on the nationally syndicated radio program The Bob and Tom Show. His most popular and widely known song is called "Toast", played on a toaster with a pair of forks. Another recurring song that B&T occasionally play is "Trauma to the Groin". Heywood's songs have also been played on the Dr. Demento Show. In 1993, he starred in a pilot called The Heywood Banks Show, which was aired on WJBK. He played the manager of a trailer park's convenience store called the Toast Basket. He also played a resident at the trailer park named Hyphen (Dash) Ampersand. He performed his song "Toast" on the pilot. Comedy writer B. K. Taylor also appeared on the show. Banks' "The Revenge Song" (also known as "You Can Be Mean to Me") was performed on American Idol on January 16, 2007, by an "urban Amish" singer called Troy. Personal life Banks is originally from Birmingham, Michigan. He attended Western Michigan University. He lives near Howell, Michigan. Albums If Pigs Had Wings & Other Favorite Songs (1990) Treated and Released (1992) Picky Picky Picky (1998) difErnt (1999) Pretending I'm Not Home (2003) Big Butter (2006) Heywood Banks Live! Never Trust a Puppet (2012) Television appearances A & E's Evening at The Improv with Richard Moll A & E's Evening at The Improv with John Davidson 6 MTV Big @!#% Shows MTV ½ Hour Comedy Hour CNN Hollywood Minute Caroline's Comedy Hour Entertainment Tonight Showtime Comedy Club Network 12th Annual HBO Young Comedians Special with Paul Rodriguez Harmony House television commercials References External links Heywood Banks' show schedule Heywood Banks audio on the Bob & Tom show 1951 births Living people American comedy musicians Place of birth missing (living people) People from Livingston County, Michigan Michigan State University people Michigan culture
Charles John Blood Meacham (20 December 1850 – 16 January 1930) was an English organist and composer. Education Charles John Blood Meacham, was born on 20 December 1850 and baptised on 2 February 1851. He was the son of John Meacham (1819–1887) and Elizabeth Blood (1814–1877). He was educated at St John’s College, Cambridge where he was awarded Mus.B. in 1871. He then trained at Ely Cathedral. He married Eliza Melson on 28 August 1877 in Lapworth Parish Church. They had one son, Hugh St. Alban Meacham (1881–1967). He died on 16 January 1930 in Edgbaston, Birmingham. A legacy from his estate was used to create The C J B Meacham Trust, which is now administered by the Diocese of Coventry. It provides credit to the Diocesan stipends fund. Appointments Organist of St Philips Church, Birmingham 1871–1888 Organist of St George's Church, Edgbaston 1888–1930 Compositions He wrote Song: Oh lady, leave they silken thread 1878 Song: Lead kindly light 1879 Anthem: Come unto me 1883 Benedictus and Agnus Dei 1886 Song: England’s Glory 1889 Solemn Processional March 1893. Andante Religioso 1894 Anthem: It is a good thing to give thanks 1896 Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in F 1896 Anthem: The Lord is my Shepherd References 1850 births 1930 deaths English organists British male organists English composers Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
"Tonight Looks Good on You" is a song written by Rhett Akins, Ashley Gorley, and Dallas Davidson and recorded by American country music artist Jason Aldean. It was released on March 23, 2015 as the third single from Aldean's 2014 album Old Boots, New Dirt. Critical reception A review in Taste of Country was favorable, saying that "There’s something dangerous about Jason Aldean’s new single 'Tonight Looks Good on You,' and many of the love songs found on Old Boots, New Dirt. The story is familiar, but his delivery is unique and sincere." and "Lyrically the song separates itself from his previous late-night love songs". Music video The music video was directed by Mason Dixon and premiered in May 2015. It shows Aldean performing the song by himself in a warehouse back lot at night, and in a separate scene surrounded by many strobe lights. Between this is a storyline about a man who is working overtime at a factory who desperately longs to go home to his wife. After he is scolded by his boss for not paying attention to his job, he notices another worker (played by Aldean) who is just getting off. After discussing his issue, Aldean agrees to finish the job for him so he can get home. Meanwhile, his wife is seen at home desperately waiting for his return as she is getting ready to go out with him. After packing up his things, he finally returns home in a pickup truck and she jumps into his arms; the two then enjoy their date. Back at the factory, the boss returns only to see Aldean finishing the job the main character was supposed to finish. Shocked, the boss leaves without saying a word, leaving Aldean to finish the job. Chart performance The song has sold 529,000 copies in the US as of September 2015. Year-end charts References 2014 songs 2015 singles Jason Aldean songs BBR Music Group singles Songs written by Dallas Davidson Songs written by Rhett Akins Songs written by Ashley Gorley Song recordings produced by Michael Knox (record producer)
```javascript define("ace/ext/elastic_tabstops_lite",["require","exports","module","ace/editor","ace/config"],function(e,t,n){"use strict";var r=function(e){this.$editor=e;var t=this,n=[],r=!1;this.onAfterExec=function(){r=!1,t.processRows(n),n=[]},this.onExec=function(){r=!0},this.onChange=function(e){r&&(n.indexOf(e.start.row)==-1&&n.push(e.start.row),e.end.row!=e.start.row&&n.push(e.end.row))}};(function(){this.processRows=function(e){this.$inChange=!0;var t=[];for(var n=0,r=e.length;n<r;n++){var i=e[n];if(t.indexOf(i)>-1)continue;var s=this.$findCellWidthsForBlock(i),o=this.$setBlockCellWidthsToMax(s.cellWidths),u=s.firstRow;for(var a=0,f=o.length;a<f;a++){var l=o[a];t.push(u),this.$adjustRow(u,l),u++}}this.$inChange=!1},this.$findCellWidthsForBlock=function(e){var t=[],n,r=e;while(r>=0){n=this.$cellWidthsForRow(r);if(n.length==0)break;t.unshift(n),r--}var i=r+1;r=e;var s=this.$editor.session.getLength();while(r<s-1){r++,n=this.$cellWidthsForRow(r);if(n.length==0)break;t.push(n)}return{cellWidths:t,firstRow:i}},this.$cellWidthsForRow=function(e){var t=this.$selectionColumnsForRow(e),n=[-1].concat(this.$tabsForRow(e)),r=n.map(function(e){return 0}).slice(1),i=this.$editor.session.getLine(e);for(var s=0,o=n.length-1;s<o;s++){var u=n[s]+1,a=n[s+1],f=this.$rightmostSelectionInCell(t,a),l=i.substring(u,a);r[s]=Math.max(l.replace(/\s+$/g,"").length,f-u)}return r},this.$selectionColumnsForRow=function(e){var t=[],n=this.$editor.getCursorPosition();return this.$editor.session.getSelection().isEmpty()&&e==n.row&&t.push(n.column),t},this.$setBlockCellWidthsToMax=function(e){var t=!0,n,r,i,s=this.$izip_longest(e);for(var o=0,u=s.length;o<u;o++){var a=s[o];if(!a.push){console.error(a);continue}a.push(NaN);for(var f=0,l=a.length;f<l;f++){var c=a[f];t&&(n=f,i=0,t=!1);if(isNaN(c)){r=f;for(var h=n;h<r;h++)e[h][o]=i;t=!0}i=Math.max(i,c)}}return e},this.$rightmostSelectionInCell=function(e,t){var n=0;if(e.length){var r=[];for(var i=0,s=e.length;i<s;i++)e[i]<=t?r.push(i):r.push(0);n=Math.max.apply(Math,r)}return n},this.$tabsForRow=function(e){var t=[],n=this.$editor.session.getLine(e),r=/\t/g,i;while((i=r.exec(n))!=null)t.push(i.index);return t},this.$adjustRow=function(e,t){var n=this.$tabsForRow(e);if(n.length==0)return;var r=0,i=-1,s=this.$izip(t,n);for(var o=0,u=s.length;o<u;o++){var a=s[o][0],f=s[o][1];i+=1+a,f+=r;var l=i-f;if(l==0)continue;var c=this.$editor.session.getLine(e).substr(0,f),h=c.replace(/\s*$/g,""),p=c.length-h.length;l>0&&(this.$editor.session.getDocument().insertInLine({row:e,column:f+1},Array(l+1).join(" ")+" "),this.$editor.session.getDocument().removeInLine(e,f,f+1),r+=l),l<0&&p>=-l&&(this.$editor.session.getDocument().removeInLine(e,f+l,f),r+=l)}},this.$izip_longest=function(e){if(!e[0])return[];var t=e[0].length,n=e.length;for(var r=1;r<n;r++){var i=e[r].length;i>t&&(t=i)}var s=[];for(var o=0;o<t;o++){var u=[];for(var r=0;r<n;r++)e[r][o]===""?u.push(NaN):u.push(e[r][o]);s.push(u)}return s},this.$izip=function(e,t){var n=e.length>=t.length?t.length:e.length,r=[];for(var i=0;i<n;i++){var s=[e[i],t[i]];r.push(s)}return r}}).call(r.prototype),t.ElasticTabstopsLite=r;var i=e("../editor").Editor;e("../config").defineOptions(i.prototype,"editor",{useElasticTabstops:{set:function(e){e?(this.elasticTabstops\|\|(this.elasticTabstops=new r(this)),this.commands.on("afterExec",this.elasticTabstops.onAfterExec),this.commands.on("exec",this.elasticTabstops.onExec),this.on("change",this.elasticTabstops.onChange)):this.elasticTabstops&&(this.commands.removeListener("afterExec",this.elasticTabstops.onAfterExec),this.commands.removeListener("exec",this.elasticTabstops.onExec),this.removeListener("change",this.elasticTabstops.onChange))}}})}); (function() { window.require(["ace/ext/elastic_tabstops_lite"], function(m) { if (typeof module == "object" && typeof exports == "object" && module) { module.exports = m; } }); })(); ```
Dilshod Juraev (born 21 April 1992) is an Uzbekistani professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Uzbekistan Super League club Qizilqum Zarafshon, and the Uzbekistan national team. Career He was called up for 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification match on 15 November 2013 against Vietnam. International goals Scores and results list Uzbekistan's goal tally first. Honors Bunyodkor Uzbek League: 2011, 2013 Uzbek Cup: 2012, 2013 Uzbekistan Super Cup: 2014 References External links 1992 births Living people Uzbekistani men's footballers Uzbekistan men's international footballers Men's association football defenders Men's association football midfielders FK Dinamo Samarqand players Place of birth missing (living people) Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games Uzbekistan Super League players Asian Games competitors for Uzbekistan
```java /* * * * path_to_url * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY * specific language governing permissions and limitations / package toml.parser.test.validator; import io.ballerina.toml.syntax.tree.DocumentMemberDeclarationNode; import io.ballerina.toml.validator.BoilerplateGenerator; import io.ballerina.toml.validator.schema.Schema; import org.testng.Assert; import org.testng.annotations.Test; import java.io.IOException; import java.nio.file.Files; import java.nio.file.Path; import java.nio.file.Paths; /* * Contains test cases to to boilerplate toml generation functionality. * * @since 2.0.0 */ public class BoilerplateGeneratorTest { @Test public void testC2cSchema() throws IOException { Path schemaPath = Paths.get("src", "test", "resources", "validator", "boilerplate", "c2c-schema.json"); Schema rootSchema = Schema.from(schemaPath); BoilerplateGenerator generator = new BoilerplateGenerator(rootSchema); StringBuilder actual = new StringBuilder(); for (DocumentMemberDeclarationNode s : generator.getNodes().values()) { actual.append(s.toSourceCode()); } Path expectedToml = Paths.get("src", "test", "resources", "validator", "boilerplate", "c2c-schema.toml"); String expected = Files.readString(expectedToml); Assert.assertEquals(actual.toString(), expected); } @Test public void testBasicSchema() throws IOException { Path schemaPath = Paths.get("src", "test", "resources", "validator", "boilerplate", "basic-schema.json"); Schema rootSchema = Schema.from(schemaPath); BoilerplateGenerator generator = new BoilerplateGenerator(rootSchema); StringBuilder actual = new StringBuilder(); for (DocumentMemberDeclarationNode s : generator.getNodes().values()) { actual.append(s.toSourceCode()); } Path expectedToml = Paths.get("src", "test", "resources", "validator", "boilerplate", "basic-schema.toml"); String expected = Files.readString(expectedToml); Assert.assertEquals(actual.toString(), expected); } } ```
Youssef Ahmed Ali (; born 14 October 1988) is a Qatari international footballer who plays as a striker . Ahmed was born in Saudi Arabia. He began playing football in the streets of Jeddah, but eventually left Saudi Arabia due to the lack of possibility of obtaining citizenship. He then emigrated to Qatar and played with the youth teams of Al-Sadd before obtaining Qatari citizenship. He is known for his speed and pace, earning him the nickname "The fastest man in Asia". Career In 2010, Ahmed won the 2010 Qatari Stars Cup with Al-Sadd. He was the top scorer of the tournament, with 8 goals in 7 games, including the only goal in the final against Umm Salal. He was offered a contract with Belgian club Standard Liège in February 2011, after his brilliant performance in the 2011 Asian Cup, but rejected the offer. Ahmed was sidelined with injury for most of the 2010/11 season, as a result he missed Al Sadd's historic triumph in the 2011 AFC Champions League. He returned from injury for the 2011/12 season. International goals Under–17 Under–23 Senior team Scores and results list Qatar's goal tally first. Honors Individual Qatari Stars Cup Top Scorer 2011 Club Al-Sadd Qatari League: 2006–07 Sheikh Jassem Cup: 2007 Qatari Stars Cup: 2010–11 Qatar Crown Prince Cup: 2007, 2008 External links Yusef Ali – QSL.com.qa References 1988 births Living people Qatari men's footballers Naturalised citizens of Qatar Qatar men's international footballers Men's association football forwards Al Sadd SC players Al-Arabi SC (Qatar) players Qatar SC players Al-Shamal SC players Umm Salal SC players Al-Khor SC players Al Bidda SC players 2011 AFC Asian Cup players Qatar Stars League players Qatari Second Division players Qatari people of Somali descent Asian Games medalists in football Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games Asian Games gold medalists for Qatar Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Audoen (sometimes Audin or Ouen) was a medieval Bishop of Évreux in Normandy. He was the son of Anger, a canon of London, and brother of Thurstan, the Archbishop of York. Audoen served as bishop from 1113 to 1139. Citations References Bishops of Évreux 12th-century French Roman Catholic bishops 1139 deaths Year of birth unknown
Clannad () are an Irish band formed in 1970 in Gweedore, County Donegal by siblings Ciarán, Pól, and Moya Brennan and their twin uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan. They have adopted various musical styles throughout their history; beginning as an acoustic folk group mainly performing rearranged traditional Irish songs in Gaelic, they expanded their sound with original songs in English, vocal harmonies, electronic keyboards, and elements of rock, Celtic, new age, smooth jazz, and Gregorian chant. Initially known as Clann as Dobhar (Irish for 'Family from Dore'), they shortened their name to Clannad in 1973. By 1979 they had released three albums and toured Europe and the US. From 1980 to 1982 they operated as a six-piece with their sister and niece Eithne (Enya). In 1982 they gained international attention with their single "Theme from Harry's Game". They experimented with New Age and pop-influenced sounds in the 1980s and 1990s and their music came to be defined as almost purely Celtic, making them innovators of that genre. In 1997, after 15 albums, they took a break and pursued solo projects. The band regrouped in 2007 as a four piece with Moya, Ciarán, Noel and Pádraig and completed a world tour in 2008. In 2013, Pól rejoined and they released their first studio album in fifteen years. Pádraig Duggan died in 2016 and the group embarked on their farewell tour in 2020 as a quartet. Clannad have won numerous awards throughout their career, including a Grammy Award, a BAFTA, an Ivor Novello Award, and a Billboard Music Award. They have recorded in six different languages and scored eight UK top 10 albums. They were often more popular abroad than in their native Ireland, and are considered to have brought Irish music and the Irish language to a wider audience. History Formation Clannad was formed by siblings Ciarán, Pól, and Máire Brennan and their twin uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan. They grew up in Dore, a remote parish in Gweedore, County Donegal in north-western Ireland, a Gaeltacht region where Irish was the main spoken language. They were raised as a Roman Catholic family of musicians: the Brennans' mother, Máire "Baba" Brennan (née Duggan), the daughter of the local headmaster, was a music teacher and their father, Leo Brennan, who played saxaphone and accordion, was a member of the Slieve Foy, an Irish showband that had toured Scotland and Ireland. In 1968, the Brennan and Duggan fathers bought and restored a dilapidated old tavern in nearby Meenaleck and ran it as a music bar called Leo's Tavern. Their children performed there together and developed their own act, with Ciaran and Pol Brennan on bass, vocals and bongos, Padraig and Noel Duggan on guitars, and elder Brennan sister Moya on harp and vocals. The five young musicians made their live debut in 1970 at a music competition held during the inaugural Slógadh Youth Festival in Letterkenny. Máire, the eldest member, who had learned the harp and could play "holy songs and Brian Boru", was elected lead vocalist. They had not intended to enter the competition, but were encouraged to try by the local police sergeant and family members, and they submitted their entry form with ten minutes to spare before the post was to be collected. They won the Slógadh competition prize of £500, a trophy and a recording contract with Polydor Records, although the band members were too young to sign it. With help from a grandfather they had named themselves 'Clann as Dobhar', Irish for 'Family from Dore', and they used this name until 1973, when they removed the 'a' and the 'D' and shortened the name to 'Clannad'. They established themselves as an acoustic folk group, collecting material from old singers and story-tellers in Donegal and building a repertoire of traditional Irish songs, arranged in a contemporary style for a full band. This approach attracted criticism at first because the Gaelic language was associated with poverty, but as Pól Brennan recalled: "Once they said that [...] we just had to do it even more." They also wrote original material, and covered songs by the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Joni Mitchell. 1973–1982: early years and six-piece band with Enya In 1973, Clannad came in first place in the annual folk festival in Letterkenny, County Donegal, and were offered a deal with Philips Records, which they negotiated themselves. Having secured a label, the group prepared material for a debut album. They recorded at Eamonn Andrews Studios in Dublin, choosing Gaelic and English songs and a cover of "Morning Dew" by Bonnie Dobson. Released in 1973, Clannad was met with initial resistance from the label because of the use of Gaelic, and the group soon found themselves more popular outside Ireland, particularly in Germany. Later in 1973, Clannad competed for Ireland in the heat stages of the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "An Pháirc". In 1974, the band followed their debut album with Clannad 2, released by Gael Linn Records and produced by Dónal Lunny, the founder of Planxty and The Bothy Band. Like their first album, Clannad 2 featured a mixture of English and Gaelic songs, with Lunny and members of the Bothy Band on additional instruments. It also featured the band's first use of a synthesizer. Their next album, Dúlamán (Seaweed), was released in 1976. It was named after the Irish folk song "Dúlamán", which became a stage favourite. The album was recorded at Rockfield Studios in Wales and was their first to be produced by Nicky Ryan. Clannad capitalised on their growing popularity in Europe by including liner notes in German and French and undertaking a tour of Europe. At one show, the standing ovation the band received after an extended rendition of "Níl Sé Ina Lá (Níl Sé'n Lá)" from Clannad convinced them to continue as full-time musicians. Recordings from a tour of Switzerland in 1978 were released in the following year as Clannad in Concert. Also in 1979, Clannad undertook a 36-date tour of North America, the most extensive by an Irish band at that time. In 1980, Clannad became a six-piece band with the addition of younger sister Enya Brennan on keyboards and additional vocals. Ryan had invited her to join in order to expand the group's sound with extra vocals and electronic instruments. Enya's first recordings with Clannad were made as a guest musician on their fifth studio album, Crann Úll (Apple Tree), which was recorded in Cologne, Germany and released in 1980 on Tara Music. "Ar a Ghabháil 'n a 'Chuain Domh" featured a particularly full band arrangement which reflected their live jams, while "Lá Cuimhthíoch Fán dTuath" showed early hints of a more atmospheric side to the band's arrangements. By the time Clannad entered Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin to record their next album, Fuaim (Sound), Enya had become a full-time member. This album continued the group's experimentation with electronic instruments, and Enya was featured on lead vocals on "An tÚll" and "Buaireadh an Phósta". Neil Buckley played clarinet and saxophone, with Noel Bridgeman on percussion and Pat Farrell on electric guitar. Fuaim was released by Tara Music in 1982. Nicky Ryan had brought Enya into the group to expand their sound, but felt they had reverted to their original musical style. After a band meeting during a 1982 European tour, managers Nicky Ryan and Roma Ryan left the group. Enya was feeling increasingly restricted in a band setting, and departed to pursue a solo career with the Ryans as collaborators. 1982–1985: "Theme from Harry's Game" and Magical Ring In 1982, the now five-piece Clannad signed to RCA Records and acquired Dave Kavanagh as their new manager. They accepted an invitation to record the title music for Harry's Game, a three-part television drama depicting The Troubles in Northern Ireland, based on the novel of the same name by Gerald Seymour. Seymour suggested that the band record music for the show. Ciarán, Pól, and Máire wrote "Theme from Harry's Game" in a few hours. It was recorded in two days and became an atmospheric piece featuring a Prophet-5 synthesizer and over 100 tracked vocals, a departure from their usual acoustic folk sound. Released as a single in October 1982, "Theme from Harry's Game" became the band's commercial breakthrough and caught international attention. It peaked at No.2 in Ireland and No.5 in the UK, and reached the top-20 in the Netherlands and Sweden. It remains the only UK hit single to have been sung entirely in Gaelic. Clannad's national exposure increased further when they performed the song on Top of the Pops. From 1983 to 1987, Irish rock band U2 used the song at the end their concerts. Following this success, the group released their seventh studio album, Magical Ring, in March 1983. In addition to "Theme from Harry's Game", it featured a mix of original and traditional Irish songs plus a cover of "I See Red" by Jim Rafferty. The album peaked at No.26 in the UK, and became the group's first album to be certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Two singles were released from the album: "I See Red" went to No.19 in Ireland and No.81 in the UK, and "Newgrange" reached No.30 and No.65, respectively. In April 1983, Clannad were awarded a Hot Press Music Award for their impact on Irish music in the previous year. Around this time, Maire noted that although the group had lost fans of their traditional folk sound, they had gained new ones as a result of their commercial success. A month after Magical Ring was released, the band were commissioned to score the 26-episode television drama series Robin of Sherwood, which was broadcast on ITV from 1984 to 1986. They created music for a range of characters and events related to the legend of Robin Hood and, for the first time, they recorded entirely in English. In May 1984, a soundtrack album from the series was released as Legend and reached No.9 in New Zealand and No.15 in the UK. The theme tune of the series was released as a single entitled "Robin (The Hooded Man)" that went to No.19 in Ireland and No.42 in the UK. Clannad won a BAFTA for Best Original Television Music, the first Irish band to win it, in 1985. In 1984, the band embarked on their first major concert tour of the UK, which was followed by a 18-month world tour, including dates across the US and USSR. 1985–1989: Macalla and Sirius In 1985, Clannad released their next album, Macalla (Echo), which was recorded in Switzerland, England and Ireland. Apart from one traditional song the album contained all original material, and yielded a hit single, "In a Lifetime", a duet with U2 singer Bono, which began with Máire teaching Gaelic to Bono during the introduction. The album featured numerous backing musicians, who continued to work with the band on tour, including ex-King Crimson saxophonist Mel Collins, Moving Hearts' guitarist Anthony Drennan, and drummer Paul Moran. Also on board was producer Steve Nye, who oversaw the pop-flavoured "Closer to Your Heart" and the ballad "Almost Seems (Too Late to Turn)" which became hit singles. "Almost Seems" served as the Children in Need charity single in 1985. In 1986 the band put out their first compilation album, The Collection. In October 1987, Clannad worked with American producers Greg Ladanyi and Russ Kunkel, drummer of James Taylor's band, on their next album, Sirius. The album was given a contemporary pop-influenced sound and production, creating the impression that it was recorded in the US, although it was recorded in the UK and mixed in Los Angeles. Máire Brennan recalled that the band had been at an experimental stage at the time and said Ladanyi and Kunkel had not listened to their previous records. Ciaran thought the music had been "sandpapered down to be a radio-friendly album", and that the production had relied too heavily on a computer. Sirius featured "Something to Believe In", a duet with Bruce Hornsby on vocals and keyboards, and guest appearances by Steve Perry and J.D. Souther. In February 1988, the band began a world tour which included dates across Europe, Australia and the US, to commemorate their fifteenth anniversary. In between their 1988 tour dates, the group scored three episodes of the BBC wildlife documentary series Natural World about the Atlantic Ocean, which were broadcast in January 1989. A soundtrack album of the score was released as Atlantic Realm and went to No.41 in the UK. In addition, Clannad released a second compilation album, Pastpresent, which focused on their output 1982-on, with two new tracks: "The Hunter" and "World of Difference". The album was a commercial success, peaking at No.5 in the UK, where it was certified Platinum for over 300,000 copies sold. It was promoted with a sell-out UK tour and the release of a double A-side single, "Hourglass" with "Theme from Harry's Game", although "Harry's Game" was not on the compilation. Clannad provided music for The Angel and the Soldier Boy, an animated film narrated by actor Tom Conti. Ciarán and Pól Brennan wrote the music, which was performed by the band. A soundtrack with the same name was released in 1989. Also in 1989, Clannad won four Clio Awards for their music used in a US advertisement produced by An Bord Fáilte. 1989–2000: four-piece band, Anam, Banba, and Lore In 1989, Pól Brennan left Clannad to work with Peter Gabriel as a producer for the WOMAD arts festival and as an acoustic specialist. The band continued as a four-piece and wrote, arranged and recorded their next album, Anam (Soul), in under three months, with Ciarán Brennan becoming their producer and primary songwriter. Released in October 1990, the album peaked at No.14 in the UK. Its US release followed in 1992 and included "In a Lifetime" and "Theme from Harry's Game", which had appeared in the film Patriot Games (1992) and a Volkswagen television advert, boosting the group's recognition. The interest generated by the Volkswagen advert saw Anam reach No.46 on the US Billboard 200, the group's highest position on the chart. In 1996, the album reached gold certification in the US after selling 500,000 copies. The track won a Billboard Music Award for World Music Song of the Year. "Rí na Cruinne" was included on One World One Voice, a charity album intended to raise awareness of environmental issues. In 1990, the group's sister/niece Bridin Brennan joined the group for live performances, supplying additional instruments and backing vocals. Around this time a documentary on the band's 20-year history was produced, entitled Clannad in Donegal. In 1991, Clannad released a cover version of "Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell on which they duetted with singer Paul Young. The track had been recorded for the Blake Edwards film Switch. In late 1992, the group started working on material for their next album, Banba. Ciarán wrote fifteen songs in his home studio, and he and Maire picked out tracks to develop further and produced demos, then arranged the best parts into complete songs. Released in May 1993, the album went to No.5 in the UK and No.110 in the US. It featured "I Will Find You", written for the film The Last of the Mohicans (1992) and had Máire singing in English, Mohican, and Cherokee. Maire said director Michael Mann had liked their Gaelic songs, but they were unsure of writing a song about early American history in Gaelic and opted instead to use native languages. An English version was also recorded. Banba was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Age Album and, like its predecessor, it achieved Gold certification in the US after selling 500,000 copies. The album was supported by Clannad's 20th anniversary UK tour, which ended in July 1993 with a concert at Lincoln Castle. By early 1996, Clannad had recorded and finished the next album, Lore, but its release was delayed after the band tried to leave BMG and sign a worldwide deal with Atlantic Records, their US distributor. Released in March 1996, the album, which featured American drummer Vinnie Colaiuta, reached No.14 in the UK and debuted at No.1 on the Billboard Top World Albums chart, displacing Gipsy Kings after their 24-week run at the top. "Croí Cróga" ("Brave Heart") was originally written for the Mel Gibson film Braveheart (1995), but did not make the final cut. "Farewell Love" was used in the soundtrack of the Irish drama film A Further Gesture (1997). Clannad's tour to promote the album included their first sell-out shows in Japan. In 1996, Clannad received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Irish Recorded Music Association. In April 1996, the group split with their manager, Dave Kavanagh, after 14 years. Clannad returned in 1997 with the album Landmarks. In the song "Of This Land", Máire sang about Ireland's past and future. The track "Fadó" ("Long Ago") demonstrated the influences of Celtic history on the band's music. In 1999 Landmarks won the group a Grammy award for Best New Age Album. Also in 1999, the group wrote "What Will I Do" for the Kevin Costner romantic drama film Message in a Bottle. 2000–present: hiatus, five-piece reunion, Nádúr, and final tour Between 1999 and 2007, Clannad were largely inactive while individual members pursued solo projects. In 2003, BMG/RCA released the greatest hits album The Best of Clannad: In a Lifetime, which peaked at No.23 in the UK. In the following year, the Duggan twins recorded together for the first time outside of Clannad and released an album, Rubicon, under the name The Duggans. Clannad reunited for a one-off performance in 2006 during Moya Brennan's solo concert in De Doelen, the Netherlands, which was dedicated to their parents, Leo and Máire Brennan. The whole of Clannad, including former member Pól Brennan and sister Deirdre, performed five songs together in the second half of the concert. Leo and Máire, who were present, did not know that this was planned. The performance was greeted with standing ovations from the audience. In January 2007, the five original members of Clannad performed at the Celtic Connections Festival in Glasgow. In the following month, the group received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the annual Meteor Ireland Music Awards in Dublin. In March 2008, Clannad began their first UK tour in over 12 years. In May 2008, Clannad's version of the traditional song "Down by the Salley Gardens" was featured in the listening paper for Music GCSE from the Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations exam board. Also in 2008, two compilation albums were released: Celtic Themes: The Very Best of Clannad and Beginnings: The Best of the Early Years. In 2009, Clannad were nominated for an IMA Award for Best Revival Act. In 2011, Pól Brennan returned to the group as a full-time member for the first time since 1990. He said later that the most exciting thing about his return was writing songs with his brother Ciarán again. In January 2011, two additional concerts were scheduled at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin after high demand for tickets. The group appeared on RTÉ's The Late Late Show on 21 January, performing "Theme from Harry's Game" with vocal ensemble Anúna. It was their first appearance on the show in 14 years. In September 2013, Clannad released Nádúr, their first studio album since 1998. It was the band's final album before the death of Padraig Duggan in 2016. They began an international tour in October 2013 which started in Australia and New Zealand and continued through 2014. In 2016, Moya Brennan announced she had been diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive lung disease that required her to rephrase the vocals to some songs. In February 2020, BMG announced the release of In a Lifetime, a greatest hits set to commemorate the band's fiftieth anniversary. Released on April 3 by BMG, the album was available on CD, vinyl, digital platforms, and a deluxe edition that contained over 100 tracks spanning their career. The set included two new tracks, "A Celtic Dream" and "Who Knows Where the Time Goes", their first recordings since Padraig Duggan's passing. The album coincided with the In a Lifetime Tour, their final tour as a group, which was to take place in the UK and North America between March and October 2020. The tour was postponed after several shows because of the COVID-19 pandemic and resumed in 2021. Noel Duggan died on 15 October 2022, aged 73. The band performed a farewell concert at the 3Arena in Dublin on 18 February 2023. The tour concluded in Seattle, Washington on October 9, 2023, after which Clannad planned to disband, with individual members pursuing solo projects. Musical style and legacy When Clannad first started out in the early 1970s, their music and sound stemmed solely from their traditional Gaelic background. They popularised such old songs as "Dúlamán", "Teidhir Abhaile Riú" and "Coinleach Glas An Fhómhair", and these songs remained favourites at their concerts. After departing from their folk and traditional background in 1982, they created a new sound that was to define the meaning of New Age and Celtic music. When "Theme from Harry's Game" and "Newgrange" were first heard, radio stations all over the world were fascinated by an unearthly and spiritual sound that they had not heard before. One critic said "the tunes were steeped in the old ways, but the production and the arrangement was fresh and inventive". This transition in Clannad's career is often seen as the birth of Celtic music, and they are regarded as pioneers of the genre. They are also noted for their melodious harmonies, which have been at the heart of their music since their first album. Legend (1984) was based on English folklore, and with later albums Clannad delved further into the realms of electronica and pop. Many of their singles entered pop charts around the world and widened their fan base. Despite their success with this genre of music, the group maintained a link with their Gaelic roots, giving traditional Irish songs such as "Tráthnóna Beag Aréir" and "Buachaill Ón Éirne" the Clannad treatment. While the rock-infused Sirius and the pop-inclined Macalla were successful, the style that the band created themselves has left the greatest legacy. Its influence can be found in the soundtrack of the film Titanic, where composer James Horner imitated Clannad's musical style and the soundtrack sounded so much like Clannad that it has been mistakenly attributed to them. The band's 'Celtic mysticism' is a recurring theme in the film Intermission. Lead singer Moya Brennan said that Clannad's "otherworldly" and "ethereal" sound came from the ancient hills and glens that surrounded Gweedore. Traces of Clannad's legacy can be heard in the music of many artists, including Enya, Altan, Capercaillie, The Corrs, Loreena McKennitt, Anúna, Riverdance, Órla Fallon and U2. Bono said Moya had "one of the greatest voices the human ear has ever experienced". A Japanese visual novel released in 2004, which spawned a 2007 film and a 2007–08 television series based on it, was named after the band because screenwriter Jun Maeda mistakenly believed it to mean the word "family" in Irish. Brennan family The Brennans are Ireland's most successful music family; in 2005, the combined record sales of Clannad and Enya exceeded 70 million. Leo Brennan (born Leopold Henry Brennan-Hardin) and Máire "Baba" Duggan are the parents of the Brennan siblings Máire (Moya), Ciarán, Pól, Deirdre, Leon, Eithne (Enya), Olive, Bartley, and Brídín. Brennan was a musician who played in an Irish showband, the Slieve Foy, and Duggan was an amateur musician who taught music at Gweedore Community School and lead the local choir, Cór Mhuire Doire Beaga. The family lived in Dore, a parish in Gweedore, County Donegal. In 1968, the pair bought Leo's Tavern in Meenaleck for £1,500. Members Current members Ciarán Brennan – bass, guitar, keyboards, mandolin, vocals (1970–present) Moya Brennan – vocals, harp (1970–present) Pól Brennan – flute, guitar, percussion, whistles, vocals (1970–1990, 2011–present) Former members Noel Duggan – guitar, vocals (1970–2022; his death) Pádraig Duggan – guitar, mandola, mandolin, vocals (1970–2016; his death) Enya Brennan – keyboards, percussion, vocals (1980–1982) Discography Studio albums Clannad (1973) Clannad 2 (1974) Dúlamán (1976) Crann Úll (1980) Fuaim (1982) Magical Ring (1983) Legend (1984) Macalla (1985) Sirius (1987) Atlantic Realm (1989) The Angel and the Soldier Boy (1989) Anam (1990) Banba (1994) Lore (1996) Landmarks (1997) Nádúr (2013) EPs Christmas Angels (1997) Live albums Clannad in Concert (1979) Clannad: Live in Concert (2005) Clannad: Christ Church Cathedral (2012) Turas 1980 (2018) Videography Pastpresent (1989) Clannad: Christ Church Cathedral (2012) Bibliography Pastpresent (1989) Sheet music book for 'Past Present' A Woman's Voice (1991) Eddie Rowley in conversation with Máire Brennan Ireland: Landscapes of God's Peace, Máire Brennan (2002) sometimes called God of Peace The Other Side of the Rainbow, Máire Brennan with Angela Little (2001) Later subtitled: The Autobiography of the Voice of Clannad Moments in a Lifetime, Noel Duggan (2008) Detailing Clannad's journey as a band Awards and nominations Won 1982: 1982 Ivor Novello Awards, Best Soundtrack for "Theme From Harry's Game" 1984: 1984 BAFTA Awards, Best Television Music for "Robin of Sherwood" 1992: Billboard Music Award, World Music Song of the Year for "Rí na Cruinne" 1999: Grammy Awards of 1999, Best New Age Album for "Landmarks" 2007: Meteor Music Awards, Lifetime Achievement Award 2014: BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards, Lifetime Achievement Award Nominations 1982: 1982 BAFTA Awards, Best Television Music for "Harry's Game" 1994: Grammy Awards of 1994, Best New Age Album for "Banba" 1996: Grammy Awards of 1996, Best New Age Album for "Lore" 2009: Ireland's Music Awards, Best Revival Act References External links Official Clannad website BAFTA winners (people) Celtic fusion groups Celtic rock groups Culture in Gweedore Family musical groups Grammy Award winners Irish folk musical groups Irish folk rock groups Ivor Novello Award winners Musical groups established in 1970 Musical groups from County Donegal RCA Records artists

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