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Blake Malone (born March 23, 2001) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Colorado Rapids 2 in MLS Next Pro. Career Malone was part of the Seattle Sounders FC academy, and appeared for their USL affiliate side Seattle Sounders FC 2 during their 2018 season. After leaving the Seattle Sounders academy, Malone began to play college soccer at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2019. In March 2021, Orange County SC loaned Malone to USL League One club Union Omaha for the 2021 season. References External links U.S. Soccer Development Academy bio (Seattle Sounders FC) 2001 births Living people American men's soccer players Tacoma Defiance players Orange County SC players Union Omaha players Colorado Rapids 2 players Men's association football defenders USL Championship players USL League One players North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer players People from Mercer Island, Washington Soccer players from Nebraska Soccer players from King County, Washington Soccer players from Las Vegas MLS Next Pro players
The Gnome-Rhône 9K Mistral was a nine-cylinder 550 hp (405 kW) to 700 hp air-cooled radial engine, that started life as an enlarged Gnome-Rhône 7K with two extra cylinders. Design and development The Gnome-Rhône 7K itself was an enlarged version of the Gnome-Rhône 5K which was derived from a licensed version of the Bristol Titan. A redesign of the cylinders is indicated by the K suffix. The 9K was followed by the larger and more powerful 14-cylinder twin row Gnome-Rhône 14K. The 9K was license produced by Hungarian company Weiss Manfréd Repülogép- és Motorgyár Rt. (WM Rt, the aircraft engine factory of Manfred Weiss). The engine was used successfully in the MÁVAG Héja and Weiss WM-21 Sólyom aircraft. The 9K was also produced in the Soviet Union as the M-75 at GAZ-29 in Zaporozhye. Only small numbers were built and it was dropped in favor of the M-25 a version of the Wright Cyclone and the M-85 a version of the Gnome-Rhône 14K Mistral Major. Variants 9K 9Kbr 9Kdr 9Kdrs 9Kers 9Kfr I.A.R. 9KIc40Licence production in Romania by Industria Aeronautică Română (IAR). Applications Breguet Calcutta IAR-15 Loire 70 Morane-Saulnier M.S.225 SNCAC NC.510 Wibault 313 Wibault 365 Specifications (9Kd) See also References 1920s aircraft piston engines Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines 9K M-75
Magnuson Hotels (also Magnuson Worldwide) is a hotel conversion brand in the US, UK and Europe with over 1,000 hotels across six countries and four continents. Founded in 2003 by Thomas and Melissa Magnuson. In 2006, Magnuson Hotels introduced three hotel brands serving the upper midscale, midscale and economy segments; ultimately the largest customer segments globally. References Companies based in Spokane, Washington Hotels established in 2003 Hotel chains
The 2017 season is Sandefjord's first season back in the Tippeligaen following their relegation in 2015. Squad Transfers Winter In: Out: Summer In: Out: Competitions Eliteserien Results summary Results by round Results Table Norwegian Cup Squad statistics Appearances and goals \|- \|colspan="14"\|Players away from Sandefjord on loan:' ' \|- \|colspan="14"\|Players who left Sandefjord during the season:'' \|} Goal scorers Disciplinary record References Sandefjord Fotball seasons Sandefjord
The 2011 FIA Alternative Energies Cup was a season of the FIA Alternative Energies Cup, a world championship for vehicles with alternative energy propulsion organized by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The season had eight rallies, beginning with Rally Montecarlo on 3 April. For the final classifications, 50% rounded up of the best results plus one was taken into account. Calendar and winners cat. VII & VIII Driver Standings cat. VII & VIII Co-Driver Standings cat. VII & VIII Manufacturer Standings cat. VII & VIII References FIA E-Rally Regularity Cup seasons Fia Alternative Energies Cup
The Treaties of Portage des Sioux were a series of treaties at Portage des Sioux, Missouri in 1815 that officially were supposed to mark the end of conflicts between the United States and Native Americans at the conclusion of the War of 1812. Although the treaties were ostensibly to "restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all the possessions, rights, and privileges which they may have enjoyed or been entitled to in 1811" which was required in Article IX of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war, they were to be used to affirm and consolidate earlier treaties in which the United States had secured vast territory of the Midwest from tribes in agreements that had earlier not been signed by all the appropriate Native American representatives. The earlier treaties included the Treaty of St. Louis (1804) in which the Sac and Fox ceded a swath of land from Missouri through Illinois and Wisconsin and the Treaty of Fort Clark in 1808 in which the Osage Nation ceded Missouri and Arkansas east of Fort Clark. The treaties were to form the legal basis in which tribes were to be relocated west of Missouri in Indian Territory and which was to clear the way for the states to enter the Union. On March 11, 1815, President James Madison appointed William Clark (governor of Missouri Territory), Ninian Edwards (governor of Illinois Territory), and Auguste Chouteau (a St. Louis businessman who had made his fortune dealing in the fur trade with the Native Americans) to the commission to conclude the treaty. The President authorized an expenditure of $20,000 for gifts for the chiefs. The commissioners met in St. Louis, Missouri on May 11, 1815 to make the arrangements and extend 37 invitations to the Chiefs. The treaty signings at Portage des Sioux were to occur between July 18 and September 16. The most notable chief to refuse the invitation was Black Hawk who was compelled to come and was the last to sign the treaty. He was to resist its terms in the Black Hawk War. The tribes signing (in order of signatures): Potawatomi Piankeshaw Lakota Mdewakantonwan Dakota Yankton Sioux Omaha Kickapoo Osage Nation Sac Fox Iowa Other tribes were to sign the treaties in St. Louis. References See also Osage Treaty (disambiguation), several treaties Portage des Sioux 1815 in the United States Pre-statehood history of Missouri Pre-statehood history of Illinois Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin Pre-statehood history of Iowa 1815 treaties
New Zealand's former Government Buildings sit on the Government Buildings Historic Reserve, on Lambton Quay in central Wellington. The buildings were completed in 1876 on land reclaimed from Wellington Harbour to house the young New Zealand Government and its public service. The building now houses the Victoria University of Wellington's Law School. It is classified as a category I historic place by Heritage New Zealand. Until 1998 the building was the second-largest wooden building in the world (after Tōdai-ji in Nara, Japan). History Construction and style The building was commissioned in the early 1870s by the Fox Ministry, partially in anticipation of the abolition of the provincial governments. It was originally planned to have the building constructed in concrete and timber, but the cost of concrete at the time led to a decision to build in timber alone. The Italianate, Neo-Renaissance style was usually the domain of stone buildings, thus the building is designed to mimic stone. As an important symbol of nationhood, the building was constructed to resemble an Italian stone palace to help convey its strength and stability in the expanding empire. The timber is native kauri, which could not be replicated because New Zealand's remaining public kauri forests are permanently protected. If the building had been constructed out of stone as planned, it may not have survived subsequent earthquakes, as it is situated near a major fault line. The architect was William Clayton and the contractors were Scoular and Archibald. The building has 143 rooms, 64 toilets, 126 fireplaces and 22 chimneys. When it opened in 1876, after 22 months of construction, and at a cost of £39 000, it was easily the largest building in the country and is now considered to be one of New Zealand's most important historic buildings. The building was built on reclaimed land. Expansion and restoration The building was extended in 1897 and again in 1907, with additions to the wings. It was also surrounded by outbuildings, and the original interior obscured by partitions, linings and paint. Following the departure of the Education Department, the building underwent thorough restoration under the management of the Department of Conservation, which at the time included the Historic Places Trust. Although some early work was done in the 1980s, the bulk of the restoration took place from 1994 to 1996. Many original features were replicated, including fireplaces although these are now purely decorative. The original totara piles were replaced with concrete. Over 500 cubic metres of recycled kauri was used during the restoration project, to supplement the original timber. Verandahs, late Victorian and Edwardian water radiators, the original clock and coat of arms, a water-powered hydraulic lift, and the impressive staircases were all restored or preserved. The piles, originally totara, are now concrete. All structural framing is Tasmanian hardwood (now augmented with pinus radiata), while weatherboards, flooring and finishing timbers are kauri. A two year programme of restoration of the 804 sash windows in the building was completed in 2021. Smokefree policy Over concerns about the threat of fire, smoking was banned within the building from its opening, making it the first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy. Changing uses The former Government Buildings was an important symbol of nationhood, as it was completed in the same month that provincial government in New Zealand ended and central government 'finally asserted its authority'. The building initially housed the entire Wellington-based civil service as well as the entire New Zealand Cabinet. In addition, the Executive Council met there until 1948. The civil service rapidly expanded beyond the capacity of the building, with the first department leaving shortly after it was opened. By 1975 only the Education Department remained, and by 1990 the building was empty. After housing government departments for 114 years, Government funding was made available and restoration began in 1994 under the management of the Department of Conservation, which became the building's owners. Wherever possible the building was to be restored to its 1907 appearance, when the north and south wing extensions were completed. The project spanned two years and cost $25 million. The government buildings were formally reopened in January 1996 after the Law Faculty of Victoria University signed a 50-year tenancy that year and became its new occupants. Its restoration is considered a landmark government-initiated heritage conservation project. Public admission The building was reopened in January 1996. The grounds are open to the public, and contain examples of rare native New Zealand flora. The public may view the displays on the ground floor and the Cabinet room on the first floor, but the rest of the building is leased to the Victoria University School of Law. Suspected arson attack In March 2015, the buildings suffered minimal damage in a suspected arson attack. See also Ostankino Palace, third-largest wooden building in the world References External links Department of Conservation's Meet the Locals (TVNZ) segment Google 3D Warehouse Model Buildings and structures in Wellington City Government buildings completed in 1876 Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in the Wellington Region 1870s architecture in New Zealand Wooden buildings and structures in New Zealand Restored and conserved buildings William Clayton (architect) buildings Wellington Central, Wellington
The Black Rocks are a group of small islands in Waikato, New Zealand. They are south of the Mercury Islands, off the east coast of the Coromandel Peninsula. See also List of islands of New Zealand References Uninhabited islands of New Zealand Islands of Waikato Thames-Coromandel District Islands of the Mercury Islands
Montenegro is scheduled to compete at the 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris, France from 28 August to 8 September. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games. Athletics Montenegrin track and field athletes achieved quota places for the following events based on their results at the 2023 World Championships, 2024 World Championships, or through high performance allocation, as long as they meet the minimum entry standard (MES). See also Montenegro at the 2024 Summer Olympics Montenegro at the Paralympics References Nations at the 2024 Summer Paralympics 2024 2024 in Montenegrin sport
Librazhd District () was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 72,520 in 2001, and an area of . It was formed as an administrative unit in 1958. It is in the east of the country, and its capital and administrative center was the town of Librazhd. The area of the former district includes most of the regions of the ethnographic region. Its territory is now part of Elbasan County: the municipalities of Librazhd and Prrenjas. Geography Librazhd District has an administrative border of . The district is characterised by a mountainous landscape with scenic valleys, including glacial valleys above in the Polis Mountains. The Shkumbin River is sourced in and traverses through the district. The average altitude is above sea level. The highest point is at the Red Peak of Shebenik Mountain. Librazhd District has a continental climate. The average temperature is . The maximum temperature was recorded in 1957, while the minimum recorded temperature was in 1968 at . Precipitation averages 1363 mm per year. The Shkumbin River has its source in the Librazhd District at Valamra and the Guri i Topit Mountain. The river is long and flows through the district for . The Shkumbin is fed by the waters of the Dushna, Radicina, Bushtrica, Sheja, Hotolisht, Dragostunja streams. The Shkumbin flows through the town of Librazhd. The Rrapun River joins the Shkumbin at Murrash. The Shebenik-Jabllanice National Park is the Librazhd District's only national park and makes up approximately 33% of the district's area. Flora and fauna There are 1,857 species of flora in the district representing 57% of the total species of flora inhabiting Albania. Forests cover 47% of the district of which 37% are populated by oak, 20% beech and 15% pine. The remainder is made up of shrubs and other foliage. 15% of the herbaceous flora in the district fall within the group known as Balkan Flora and are particular to this part of Europe. Amongst the herbaceous plants the most notable species endemic to the district are Leontopodium alpinum and Sideritis Rhoeseri. Of particular interest is a carnivorous plant species called Pinguicula hirtflora (known locally as Luletlyni). The forests and mountains of the district are populated with bear (Ursus arctos), wild boar, red fox, hare, and supposedly the Balkan Lynx. Birds include eagles (Aquila chrysaetos and Gyps fulvus), buzzards (Nephron pesnopterus), falcons (Falcao tinnunculus) and the owl (Bubo bubo). History & Culture Evidence has been found to show the area was populated during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age from the remains of settlements found at Spathar, Rrajce, Karkavec, Berzeshte and other places. An Illyrian tribe called the Kandavët who give the region the name Kandavia populated the area in ancient times. The Romans moved into the area in around 220BCE and subjugated the tribes living there (see Illyrian Wars). During the Roman Occupation the Via Egnatia was constructed through the area, linking Rome with Constantinople which was of great importance for commerce. The route of this ancient road is now utilised by a modern highway connecting Tirana with Skopje via Lake Ohrid. Following the Fall of Rome in 476CE the region fell under the power of the Eastern Roman Empire centred at Constantinople until the arrival of the Turks in the 15th century. The Ottoman Turks began to invade the area of the modern district from about 1415 onwards under the leadership of Mehmed I. They were opposed by the local Arianitas family who ruled the area as vassals to the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. The local prince Gjergj Arianit Komneni (also known as Gjergj Golemi) was noted by the Ottoman chroniclers for his ferocious resistance to their advances, viz: With this uprising Arianiti accomplished great and unforgettable deeds which will last as long as life itself. (from Hallkokondili) Gjergj Arianiti managed to resist the Ottoman advance throughout his tenure and in 1444 rose to support the revolt led by George Kastrioti, otherwise known as Skanderbeg - the Albanian national hero. He is known to have taken part in the Albanian League in Lezha which elected Skanderbeg their king. Arianiti fought alongside Skanderbeg at Berat in 1448 and his daughter, Andronika, married Skanderbeg in 1451. Gjergj Arianiti died in 1461 and resistance to the Turks throughout the Librazhd district began to wane. Following his death the remaining members of the Arianiti family emigrated to Italy. In 1479 the Ottoman Turks succeeded in conquering the Albanians who were forced to accept the Turks as their overlords until the 20th century. The region came to achieve a significant degree of autonomy during the latter years of the Ottoman Empire due to the harshness of the terrain and the talent for diplomacy and nepotism exercised by the local Beyliks who garnered significant influence with the Porte. During the 17th century, parts of the Librazhd district achieved a measure of self-rule. This process continued up until the uprising of Tanzimati in 1834 when the whole Librazhd District attempted to throw off Ottoman rule. They were unsuccessful this time, but a local leader by the name Halit Berzeshta emerged who was to lead and inspire the Albanian resistance until his death in 1909. In 1912 the population enthusiastically rose in revolt against the Ottoman Empire and took their part in the realisation of Albanian Independence that same year. In the 1940s some 1,100 local men formed into two battalions fought the occupying Germans and helped liberate the area. Their exploits were famous throughout Albania and from their number are recognised 79 national martyrs. Life in the Librazhd District has been badly affected by the closing of many traditional industries, in particular the mining industry due to an inability to meet modern European environmental and health and safety standards. The construction of a highway linking the town with Skopje and Tirana through Durres has been a positive development. Cultural Traditions Librazhd costume is characterized by garments made from wool, hemp and flax. The choice of colours is considered in Albania to be particularly noteworthy. Garments are traditionally decorated with an eagle, star, snake, ram, geometric figures, plants and flowers. Located at the crossroads of northern and southern Albania, the wearers folk costumes in the district are a combination of those in both Gheg and Tosk culture. The flattened form of qeleshe skull cap traditional to the south is usually worn by men in the countryside. Tosk is the dominant Albanian dialect spoken in the district, although in many the villages north of the Shkumbin, Gheg can be heard. Additionally in some of the villages bordering the Bulqizë district and those near Macedonia, there are a number of Golloborda Macedonian families who speak Macedonian. Most people in the district are Muslims who live amongst smaller communities of Roman Catholics, Evangelicals, and Orthodox Christians. Economy Mining has been central to Librazhd District since Roman times, in particular the mining of nickel, chromium, platinum, copper, bauxite and gold. Large mines operated in the area, in particular at Farret, Katjel, Bushtric, Hotolisht, Prrenjas, Dardh and Qarrisht. Most of these mines are now inactive. The district used to have a nationally famous tobacco industry. Wine is still produced and some timber mills are still active. Mineral water under the brand Sopoti is bottled at Spathar and is distributed throughout Albania. Because Librazhd is renowned for the medicinal qualities of its natural mineral water, the maintenance of the water industry makes Librazhd residents particularly proud. Administrative divisions The district consisted of the following municipalities: Hotolisht Librazhd Lunik Orenjë Polis Prrenjas Qendër Qukës Rrajcë Steblevë Stravaj Notable people Gjergj Arianit Komneni Halit Berzeshta from Berzeshta Hasan Moglica from Moglicë References Most of the information on this page has come from Librazhdi Albania (2000), , Shtypur në Shtypshkronjën TOENA / CIP Katelogizimi në botim - B.K. Tiranë (A. Roçi) External links Municipality of Librazhd Librazhdi Online – In Albanian Districts of Albania Geography of Elbasan County Albanian ethnographic regions
```smalltalk using Android.App; using Android.Widget; using Android.OS; namespace UnitTestRunner { [Activity(Label = ".NET for Android UnitTestRunner", MainLauncher = true, Icon = "@mipmap/icon")] public class MainActivity : Activity { int count = 1; protected override void OnCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { base.OnCreate(savedInstanceState); // Set our view from the "main" layout resource SetContentView(Resource.Layout.Main); // Get our button from the layout resource, // and attach an event to it Button button = FindViewById<Button>(Resource.Id.myButton); button.Click += delegate { button.Text = $"{count++} clicks!"; }; } } } ```
Wing Commander Paramvir Singh (born 28 July 1975) is an Indian Air Force officer and Adventure Sports athlete. He is an open-water endurance swimmer with multiple records to his credit, having led expeditions to the English Channel, unexplored channels in the Arabian Sea, one of which broke a world record, and the historic first-ever swim down the entire stretch of the River Ganga. as well as an Ultra Triathlon and Duathlon athlete. Initial expeditions Param started as a competitive pool swimmer during his school days and later moved on to open water distance swimming. Between 26 June and 5 July 2012 he led the first-ever Indian Armed Forces open water expedition to the English Channel. The Indian Air Force team "Delphinus" led by Param swam the English Channel from England to France twice within this period. The team was awarded the Montserrat Tresserras Shield by the Channel Swimming Association for being the fastest team for the year 2012. In October–November 2013 Param led the Indian Air Force Team "Aqua Scullers" rafting down the entire stretch of the River Ganga from Gangotri in Uttarakhand to Gangasagar in West Bengal, covering a distance of over 3000 km, in 16 days, establishing several records, including the longest distance covered by raft in a single day. On 8 October 2014 Param led the first-ever medley relay open water swim in Asia, swimming from Mora Jetty to Kanheri Angre Lighthouse in the Arabian Sea. A few days later he again led the Indian Air Force team "Delphinus" during the Around Mumbai Swimathon. The team was the first to successfully swim around Mumbai in clockwise direction, covering a distance of 286 km, which was then recognised as the longest open water swim in Asia. Later Expeditions and Social Campaigning Goa to Mumbai World Record Swim In February 2015 Param led the amateur open water swim team "The Sea Hawks" swimming 433.11 km from Goa to Mumbai in 119.59 hours, breaking the World record held by Israel in the category of "longest open water 6-person relay swim." This expedition was dedicated to the "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao" national mission of the Government of India and the team campaigned extensively throughout the expedition. First Ever Swim Down the River Ganga : Expedition Ganga Avahan The historic Tri-Services expedition, "Ganga Avahan" was conceived, planned, organised and led by Param as the first-ever swim down the entire length of the River Ganga, in support of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's "Swachh Bharat" national mission, "Clean Ganga" campaign, and "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao" initiative. The team was flagged off in New Delhi by the Hon'ble Minister for Urban Development, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu. The swim commenced from Dev Prayag in Uttarakhand on 8 October 2015, and culminated at Frazerganj in West Bengal, covering a total distance of 2800 km, taking 43 days. The expedition was flagged in at New Delhi by the Hon'ble Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar. The expedition created 3 World Records, including the largest social campaign ever through an adventure event. 635 km Ultra Triathlon On 25 February 2016 Param led the team "The Sea Hawks" in an Nonstop Ultra-Triathlon event called "Endurothon Gateway Challenge." The event commenced at the Gateway of India, Mumbai with a swim leg of 65 km of open water swimming in the Arabian Sea. This was followed by 400 km of cycling and 170 km of marathon running, culminating at the starting point, Gateway of India, Mumbai. The 2-person team covered a total distance of 635 km in 71.45 hours. Throughout the event the team campaigned for Rotary International's End Polio mission and for Start-up India national mission. The Triathlon Federation of India ratified the expedition as the most challenging Triathlon ever in the World. Third Crossing of English Channel Again in June 2016, Param led the 6-person team "The Sea Hawks" for another crossing of the English Channel, in support of Rotary International's Peace and Conflict Resolution initiative. This was the third crossing of the English Channel for Param. Mumbai to Mangalore World Record Swim The Tribute Swim was Param's third expedition in 2016, leading The Sea Hawks again on their most audacious Open Water Stage Swim till date. The swim was undertaken as a tribute to the soldiers of the Indian Armed Forces, martyred during the numerous terror attacks on Indian soil through the year, in Pathankot, Uri and Nagrota, and to the victims and martyrs of the horrific 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks. Union Minister for Energy, Mr. Piyush Goyal flagged off the expedition at the majestic Gateway of India, Mumbai, handing over the flag to Wing Commander Param, in the presence of several dignitaries, including Smt. Amruta Fadnavis, the wife of the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, and consular representatives from all the countries whose nationals had lost their lives during the 26/11 events. The 6 swimmers swam non-stop from Mumbai to Mangalore, covering a distance of 1,031 kilometres taking a total of 12 days, breaking two World Records in the process, the Longest Distance Open Water Relay (team of six) held by the Night Train Swimmers of the USA, for 500.50 km and the Longest Distance Open Water Swim by a Team of Unlimited Swimmers, for 684.75 km by 200 swimmers in UK. Delhi to Dras Ultra-endurance Duathlon On 26 July 2017, he led ‘Victory Run’ the ultra-endurance 1,400 km Duathlon from Delhi to Dras, undertaken by 16 athletes from the Armed Forces, taking 31 days. The duathlon was dedicated to the martyrs of the Kargil War. Ganga Aamantran Expedition 2019 He led his third expedition on the River Ganga, the first ever Rafting and Kayaking expedition down the river, from Devprayag to Bakkhali beach. The expedition was organised and undertaken under the aegis of the Ministry for Jal Shakti, Govt. of India and the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), as an adventure sports-cum-public outreach expedition, creating awareness on Water Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation. The expedition was flagged-off in New Delhi by the Minister for Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, on 7 October 2019. The abhiyan started out from Devprayag on 10 October, crossing the five states and through the Ganga Basin. The expedition culminated 34 days later, in Frazerganj at Bakkhali beach (West Bengal) on 12 November 2019. Awards and recognition Wing Commander Paramvir Singh was conferred with the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award for the year 2014 for his outstanding contributions in Water Sports, the highest award in Adventure Sports bestowed by the Government of India, equivalent to the Arjuna Award. The World Open Water Swimming Association (WOWSA) nominated the expedition Ganga Avahan for the Best Swim Performance of the Year 2015. The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, lauded Param for his social campaigning for the Swachh Bharat National Mission during the first ever swim down the holy river Ganga, during the September 2016 telecast of his monthly radio programme "Mann Ki Baat". In recognition of his efforts to raise public awareness against terror and spreading the message of Peace, Param was awarded The Peace Award by the Global Peace Initiative 2016 on 25 November 2016, at the Welingkar Institute for Management, Mumbai. The YES Foundation conferred the YES I Am The Change award on him for the year 2017, in recognition of his social campaigning through adventure sports. Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan conferred the prestigious "Kulapati Munshi Award" for 2017 on him, in recognition of his outstanding contributions in the field of adventure sports and social campaigning. WOWSA, the World Open Water Swimming Association, included Param in their 2017 list of the World's 50 Most Adventurous Open Water Men. References 1975 births Living people Indian Air Force officers Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award
John Wermer is a mathematician specializing in Complex analysis. Wermer received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1951 under the supervision of George Whitelaw Mackey. In 1962 Wermer was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Stockholm. In 2012, Wermer became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. References Fellows of the American Mathematical Society Harvard University alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Living people
Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth is a non-fiction book written by Margaret Atwood, about the nature of debt, for the 2008 Massey Lectures. Each of the book's five chapters was delivered as a one-hour lecture in a different Canadian city, beginning in St. John's, Newfoundland, on October 12 and ending in Toronto on November 1. The lectures were broadcast on CBC Radio One's Ideas November 10–14. The book was published by House of Anansi Press, both in paperback and in a limited edition hardcover. The lectures and book had been originally scheduled for 2009, but were moved up to 2008 to avoid conflicting with Atwood's forthcoming novel after the latter book was delayed by its publisher. The content examines borrowing and lending from financial, psychological, theological, literary, and ecological points of view. Its release coincided with extensive media coverage of the recent financial crisis which led numerous critics to comment on the book's timeliness. In the Canadian market, the book peaked at #1 on The Globe and Mail bestseller list on October 25 and out-sold all previous Massey Lecture books. Critics found the book well-researched, thought-provoking, and humorous. Various reviewers found the discussions on the non-monetary aspects of debt to be the better parts of the book, while some critics identified the sections on ecological debt as the worst parts of the book. Atwood's Massey Lectures have been adapted as a 2012 documentary Payback, produced by the National Film Board of Canada, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2012. Background Toronto-based author Margaret Atwood was asked several times over numerous years to deliver a Massey Lecture, which would be broadcast over the radio on CBC Radio One's Ideas and published by the House of Anansi Press. When she finally agreed, she chose her subject to be sociobiology of literary criticism, and specifically how an author's gender and age affects critical reception. However, after delivering lectures at Oxford University and Cambridge University on similar topics she re-considered her choice. She began thinking of 'debt' as a topic after writing "Letter to America" for The Globe and Mail in March 2003 (later reprinted in The Nation) regarding the pending invasion of Iraq and asking whether Americans understood the debt to which they were committing. Atwood was scheduled to release her new novel in fall 2008 and deliver the Massey Lectures in fall 2009. At the insistence of Atwood's American editor at Doubleday, her Canadian and British editors and agents agreed in January 2008 to postpone the release of her novel by one year to avoid competing with the US Presidential election for attention. The people organizing the Massey Lectures, Sarah McLachlan of House of Anansi Press, John Fraser of Massey College, and Bernie Lucht of CBC's Ideas, discovered this rescheduling via a newspaper article. They asked Atwood to deliver her lectures in fall 2008, meaning the text would be due in June. She agreed on condition of Massey College providing research and technical assistance. The text was written between late January and June 2008, during which Atwood took time for two vacations (birding in Cuba and in France). The original title was to be Debt but Scott Griffin, owner of House of Anansi Press, convinced Atwood to change it to something less depressing. Synopsis The content is divided into five parts. The first part, Ancient Balances, considers psychological and historical aspects of debt. Atwood calls debt an imaginative human construct derived from a sense of need or greed and a sense of fairness in reciprocity and equivalent values. She cites a study by Frans de Waal that suggests a sense of fairness may be a genetic trait shared with other primates, and a study by Robert Axelrod which illustrates, given a level playing field, that the tit-for-tat strategy (or 'Do unto others as they have done onto you' strategy) was the most superior strategy in game theory. Debt and borrowing mechanisms from ancient and biblical societies are compared, including provisions from the Code of Hammurabi, Ancient Egyptians, and the Greco-Roman mythologies. The second part, Debt and Sin, explores the theological side, including moral or ethical characteristics attributed to debtors and creditors by society and religion. Debt, like certain vices, such as cigarette-smoking, have experienced times when it was considered sinful, and other times fashionable. Biblical references, like the Book of Deuteronomy, the Lord's Prayer, and sin-eating, are examined. The growth of debt is linked to the growth of the written media with the relationship symbolized by the Faustian contract with the devil. The third part, Debt as Plot, examines the "Debtor" game from Eric Berne's Games People Play and its derivative "Try and Collect". Debt as a motif and theme is explained, especially in 19th century literature, with examples from "The Devil and Tom Walker", Wuthering Heights, Vanity Fair, Madame Bovary, House of Mirth, and The Mill on the Floss. Atwood posits a theory that Charles Dickens' Ebenezer Scrooge is the reverse character of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus; although Scrooge is rich, he is unwilling to spend his money and is living miserably before he is saved., while Doctor Faustus is rich, happy, and generous but ends in hell. The fourth part, The Shadow Side, looks at what happens to debtors and creditors when debts are not re-paid. Some debts that are a matter of honour to which the debtor must repay by an equivalent value or creditor must either forgive or exact revenge. Debts to society, after committing crimes, are paid through vengeance-based imprisonment. The United Kingdom had debtors' prison for those who could not pay, but this was abolished for economic reasons as it prevented labourers from working and had a burdensome cost of operation. Other societies used the services of their family members or themselves as collateral. Sometimes the debtors overthrew the creditors, like King Philip IV of France against the Knights Templar, or the Ugandans against the Asians. Atwood applies the trickle-down economics to debt and examines the psychology side through the Jungian Shadow. In the final part, titled Payback, Atwood examines ecological debt. She recounts the journey of Scrooge in A Christmas Carol but placed in a modern setting. The modern-day Scrooge is visited by the spirits of Earth Day. In the past Scrooge witnesses debts to nature being repaid through animal and human sacrifices and through pestilence in over-crowded or unsustainable populations. In the present Scrooge witnesses current unsustainable practices, over-fishing and deforestation, creating a debt to nature being repaid through effects on the climate and impacts on people. Finally, in the future, Scrooge is shown two versions: one, an eco-friendly human society balanced with environmental systems, and the other, a dystopian future with a disaster affecting the fuel or food resources in such a way that hyperinflation sets in and renders money useless. Publication and sales The book was released in October 2008 as Atwood began the Massey lecture series in St. John's, Newfoundland, on October 12. The second lecture took place in Vancouver on the 15th, followed by Winnipeg on the 17th, Montreal on the 20th, and ending on November 1 in Toronto. The series was recorded then aired on CBC Radio One's Ideas between November 10 and 14. At each event Atwood fielded questions from the audience and participated in book signings. Payback entered The Globe and Mail bestseller list at #6 and peaked at #1 on October 25. It became the best selling Massey Lecture book to date and was in its fourth printing by the end of November. Excerpts were printed in The Times and the Financial Times. In April 2009, it was a finalist for the annual National Business Book Award and won a silver medal in the Business Ethics category of the Axiom Business Book Awards. That same month, the National Film Board of Canada acquired the film rights, with plans to adapt Payback as a feature-length documentary. They announced the involvement of Jennifer Baichwal as director and Ravida Din as producer. In June 2009, the book was awarded a Canadian Booksellers Association Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year. Almost all reviewers commented upon the timeliness of the book's release as the magnitude and causes of the most recent financial crisis were becoming apparent. Some reviewers also commented upon the timeliness of her previous books, like her novel in which society is devastated by a genetically engineered virus, Oryx and Crake, which coincided with the SARS outbreak. Playing off this theme Canadian magazine The Walrus, at a fund-raiser gala for its charitable foundation, auctioned a crystal decanter with five predictions written by Atwood sealed inside. Journalist Rebecca Eckler was the winning bidder and wrote about the predictions, which include the diminished use of fabric softener and the rise in use of industrial hemp, in an article for Maclean's magazine. Critical response Critics found the book well-researched and thought-provoking. Reviewers enjoyed Atwood's humour and conversational writing. The style was described as "eclectic", a "literary walkabout", and "anecdotally rich". Novelist David Liss wrote that the book was "delightfully engaging, smart, funny, [and] clever". Canadian writer Charles Foran called the book "serious adult fun" that "displays some of the energy of a lively dinner party, one replete with anecdotes and opinions, witticisms and barbs". The book's most entertaining parts are discussions on non-monetary debts and debts portrayed in literature. Regarding the speeches, the reviewer for The Montreal Gazette wrote: "Her delivery, as usual, was smooth, relentlessly paced, but with precise pauses for the frequent, much-appreciated laugh lines." John N. Gray, in The New York Review of Books, wrote that "Atwood has combined rigorous analysis, wide-ranging erudition, and a beguilingly playful imagination". The Library Journal recommended the book for all libraries. Negative reviews came from Salon.com and The Scotsman. Louis Bayard of Salon.com disagreed with the delivery of the final chapter, on ecological debt, writing that Atwood "forsakes artistic engagement for ideological reflex". William Skidelsky in The Guardian agreed that the chapter was "by no means the highlight of the book". He also wrote: "Because Atwood constantly veers off in new directions she doesn't always give herself time to sink her claws deep into a topic. The result is that, although Payback is packed with information, it can seem oddly thin... Still, Atwood's enthusiasm for her subject and lively style go a long way toward making up for these flaws. She can be a brilliant phrase-maker, and has a gift for summing up an idea with a single vivid image." Allan Massie, reviewing for The Scotsman, could not find a coherent argument being presented and found her writing style "veering uncomfortably between the academic and the jokily colloquial, [is] tiresome, [and] some of her writing is pretentious, much obvious and platitudinous". The reviewers in Salon.com and The Scotsman, as well as The Economist, were all uncomfortable with Atwood not distinguishing or contrasting 'good' and 'bad' debt. References General references External links Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth — CBC Radio One's Ideas Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth — House of Anansi Press 2008 non-fiction books Books about economic history Books by Margaret Atwood Massey Lectures books Works about debt House of Anansi Press books Canadian non-fiction books Non-fiction books adapted into films
```php <?php /* * * File ini bagian dari: * * OpenSID * * Sistem informasi desa sumber terbuka untuk memajukan desa * * Aplikasi dan source code ini dirilis berdasarkan lisensi GPL V3 * * Hak Cipta 2009 - 2015 Combine Resource Institution (path_to_url * Hak Cipta 2016 - 2024 Perkumpulan Desa Digital Terbuka (path_to_url * * Dengan ini diberikan izin, secara gratis, kepada siapa pun yang mendapatkan salinan * dari perangkat lunak ini dan file dokumentasi terkait ("Aplikasi Ini"), untuk diperlakukan * tanpa batasan, termasuk hak untuk menggunakan, menyalin, mengubah dan/atau mendistribusikan, * asal tunduk pada syarat berikut: * * Pemberitahuan hak cipta di atas dan pemberitahuan izin ini harus disertakan dalam * setiap salinan atau bagian penting Aplikasi Ini. Barang siapa yang menghapus atau menghilangkan * pemberitahuan ini melanggar ketentuan lisensi Aplikasi Ini. * * PERANGKAT LUNAK INI DISEDIAKAN "SEBAGAIMANA ADANYA", TANPA JAMINAN APA PUN, BAIK TERSURAT MAUPUN * TERSIRAT. PENULIS ATAU PEMEGANG HAK CIPTA SAMA SEKALI TIDAK BERTANGGUNG JAWAB ATAS KLAIM, KERUSAKAN ATAU * KEWAJIBAN APAPUN ATAS PENGGUNAAN ATAU LAINNYA TERKAIT APLIKASI INI. * * @package OpenSID * @author Tim Pengembang OpenDesa * @copyright Hak Cipta 2009 - 2015 Combine Resource Institution (path_to_url * @copyright Hak Cipta 2016 - 2024 Perkumpulan Desa Digital Terbuka (path_to_url * @license path_to_url GPL V3 * @link path_to_url * / namespace App\Enums; defined('BASEPATH') \|\| exit('No direct script access allowed'); class JabatanKelompokEnum extends BaseEnum { public const KETUA = 1; public const WAKIL_KETUA = 2; public const SEKRETARIS = 3; public const BENDAHARA = 4; public const ANGGOTA = 90; /* * Override method all() */ public static function all(): array { return [ self::KETUA => 'KETUA', self::WAKIL_KETUA => 'WAKIL KETUA', self::SEKRETARIS => 'SEKRETARIS', self::BENDAHARA => 'BENDAHARA', self::ANGGOTA => 'ANGGOTA', ]; } } ```
Mustafa Aksakal (born 1973) is a professor of history at Georgetown University. Works References Georgetown University faculty 1973 births Living people Scholars of Ottoman history Historians of World War I
The Metcalfe County Kentucky Courthouse, on Public Square in Edmonton, Kentucky, was built in 1868–69. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The courthouse is a two-story common bond brick structure, Italianate in style. It was deemed significant as "one of the oldest courthouses still standing in south central Kentucky since many have been torn down and replaced by new structures. It is the unofficial symbol or logo for Metcalfe County - the one thing all Metcalfe Countians can identify with and recognize." References Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky Italianate architecture in Kentucky Government buildings completed in 1869 National Register of Historic Places in Metcalfe County, Kentucky County courthouses in Kentucky 1869 establishments in Kentucky Edmonton, Kentucky
Edgardo Chaire Chavero (born 18 April 1977) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. From 2011 to 2012 he served as Deputy of the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato. References 1977 births Living people Politicians from Guanajuato National Action Party (Mexico) politicians 21st-century Mexican politicians Deputies of the LXI Legislature of Mexico Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Guanajuato
Jacques Numa Sadoul, commonly known as Captain Sadoul (, Zhak Sadul; May 22, 1881 – November 18, 1956), was a French lawyer, communist politician, and writer, one of the founders of the Communist International. He began his career in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in Vienne, and, by the time of World War I, was serving under Albert Thomas, the Minister of Armaments. A French Army Captain, he was Thomas' envoy to the Russian Republic, keeping contact with the socialist circles and steering them toward the Entente Powers. After the October Revolution, he maintained close contacts with the Bolsheviks, pledging them his support against the Central Powers during the crisis of 1917–1918. He was unable to prevent Bolshevist Russia from signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which took her out of the war, but, having established close contacts with Leon Trotsky and other communist leaders, became a communist himself. Opting not to return to France during the Russian Civil War, Sadoul co-founded the French Communist Group in Russia, fighting for control of it against Pierre Pascal and Henri Guilbeaux. Helping to set up the Red Army, he was sent to the Ukraine, where he instigated mutinies among the French intervention troops, and then to Germany, where he set up communist cells. Sadoul also mediated between the International and the SFIO's left-wing, attracting members for what became the French Communist Party (PCF), and contributed doctrinaire essays in L'Humanité. A French military court sentenced him to death in absentia, while the SFIO presented him, symbolically, as a candidate in the 1919 elections. Finally moving back to France in 1924, and acquitted upon retrial, Sadoul remained at the center of controversy. He joined the PCF, but failed to win any elections, and was generally marginalized by the party leadership. A Stalinist apologist and Izvestia correspondent in the 1930s, he helped the Soviet Union maintain contacts with the French establishment, and represented Soviet interests in France. He was pressured into collaborationism with Vichy France during World War II, but openly returned to communism in 1944, and ended his career in politics as mayor of Sainte-Maxime. Biography Early career The son of a magistrate, Sadoul was born in Paris on May 22, 1881. He was an alumnus of Lycée Condorcet. While studying there, he met and befriended Eugène Schueller, future founder of the L'Oréal cosmetics empire. Together with Marcel Cachin, they founded a socialist people's university in the settlement of La Chapelle. In 1903, Sadoul registered with the bar association and worked for the Court of Appeal of Paris. A provincial lawyer assigned to the appellate court of Poitiers, and a reserve officer, Sadoul married Yvonne Mezzara (born 1889), who was distantly related to the historian Ernest Renan. Their son, Ary, was born in 1908. Jacques soon entered party politics, joining the SFIO. He was its secretary in Vienne during the 1910s, and also served as head of the local Confederation of Labor. In August 1912, the SFIO selected him to run for a vacated National Assembly seat in Montmorillon. He won some 3,900 votes, but lost to the Radical Party candidate. He ran a second time in the legislative election of May 1914—the last vote before the outbreak of World War I later that summer. For the next three years, he stood on the SFIO's center, but was sympathetic to its far-left wing, the "Committee for the Resumption of International Relations". In 1916, Albert Thomas, the SFIO Minister of Armaments, appointed Sadoul as his Undersecretary of State for Artillery. Thomas obtained that Sadoul be assigned to General Henri Niessel's French Military Mission in Petrograd, where he arrived in late September 1917, leaving behind his wife and son. He reached Russia by way of Scotland and Sweden, crossing in at Tornio. What Thomas hoped to obtain from Sadoul was a direct line of communication between the SFIO and the various socialist groups which either supported or opposed the Russian Provisional Government, and thus to keep Russia on the Entente side. The Thomas–Sadoul link remained especially strong, to the point where observers called him "Thomas' personal informant" or "Thomas' creature". For the next year, Sadoul was to keep a political diary, described by historian Adam Ulam as "elegantly composed in the form of letters addressed to his French protector and fellow Socialist, Albert Thomas." Other Frenchmen also joined Sadoul in his diplomatic effort, including Lieutenant Pierre ("Piotr Karlovich") Pascal. A Russian studies scholar who was otherwise known as a Christian socialist and Thomist writer, he had fought with distinction on the Western Front before being assigned to the military mission. October Revolution Upon arrival, Sadoul noticed "the [Russians'] desire for an immediate peace, at any cost". The October Revolution of late 1917 toppled the Provisional Government and brought in its stead a Council of People's Commissars entirely controlled by the Bolshevik faction. On November 8, Sadoul recorded the Red Guards' lynchings of their opponents, including Prince Tumanov, and rumors of war rape. The new Russian Soviet Republic moved toward communism and proletarian internationalism, stating its intention to withdraw from the "imperialistic" war. Not dissuaded by the events, both Niessel and Sadoul gave free lectures on the French war effort at the Alliance Française. Days after the Revolution, Sadoul had established contact with the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Leon Trotsky. Trotsky spoke to him about his efforts to pacify the Menshevik opposition on the left, while also quelling the Kerensky–Krasnov uprising. Sadoul believed that Trotsky intended to share power with the Mensheviks. Recording Trotsky's modest demeanor, he claims that the Commissar had moved out of his home because the concierge threatened to have him killed. During winter, the Bolshevik government approached the Central Powers for a peace deal, but the negotiations stalled when the Bolsheviks were confronted with the enemy's demands. Sadoul was enthusiastic about peace through nonresistance, but later switched to supporting partisan warfare against the Germans. Trotsky used his services to send out parallel offers to the Entente, in exchange for international recognition. In February 1918, as the German Army began its punitive advance on Petrograd, Sadoul offered his expertise as a military saboteur to the Chairman of the Commissars, Vladimir Lenin. As noted by Lenin, Sadoul also brought with him French monarchist officers, including Guy Louis Jean de Lubersac, who agreed to fight under a communist banner "to secure the defeat of Germany". Despite Sadoul's interventions, Lenin refused to work with Charles Dumas, personal envoy of the French Foreign Minister Stéphen Pichon. Eventually, on March 3, the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which conceded a German victory on the Eastern Front. Sadoul held the Entente's "shortsightedness" as the main cause of this pact. General Niessel's mission was not evacuated from Petrograd, but continued to negotiate its retreat with Trotsky, who took over as People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. During such talks, Sadoul offered French material support for the Bolsheviks, prompting Niessel to suspect that his subordinate was turning communist, being "very much influenced by Trotsky." David R. Francis, the American Ambassador, was more suspicious than Niessel, believing Sadoul to be an agent for the Bolshevik government. Niessel's departure Reportedly, Sadoul insisted to accompany Niessel as the latter decided to return to France, but he was ordered to stay behind and assist Niessel's replacement, General Bernard Lavergne. Lavergne resented Sadoul's radicalized socialism. Nevertheless, he also pledged assistance for Trotsky, noting that the projected Red Army remained the only credible obstacle to German advances in the East. Both Trotsky and Sadoul believed that the stage was set for an understanding between the "Russian bourgeoisie" and the Germans, which made the Bolsheviks natural allies of France. In his letters to Thomas, Sadoul also argued that the Bolshevik regime hoped to undo Brest-Litovsk, and therefore cheered for the Anglo–American–French forces during the German spring offensive on the Western Front. Decades later, he noted that "despite their [...] caste hatred for the [Bolshevik] regime of the masses, most of these officers [assigned to help Trotsky] still understood the material usefulness [...] of partaking in the construction of a new Russian army, one sooner or later capable of resuming the fight against Germany, as an Entente ally." According to Ulam, such notions reveal Sadoul as "one of the world's greatest optimists: how could a few Allied military specialists reorganize an army that did not exist?" Ulam describes Sadoul as "rather foolish", and sees his reading of the temporary Franco–Russian alliance as "idiotic". The historian also highlights Lenin's own commentary on the news: "Please add my vote to those who are in favor of receiving food and weapons from the Anglo–French imperialist robbers." Scholar Jean Delmas notes that the Bolshevik pledge to the Entente "rested solely on the personality of Trotsky": "even Sadoul acknowledged that Lenin wrote off any military adventure." According to researcher Dominique Lejeune, Niessel's offer of assistance was itself unconvincing, and mutual trust was sabotaged by the Japanese landings in the Russian Far East. Sadoul and the remainder of the mission moved to Moscow on March 13. He witnessed there the start of the Left SR uprising, including Maria Spiridonova's call to terrorist action against the Commissars. By April 1918, Sadoul was frequenting the Moscow anarchists, praising their collectivism and squatting practices. He befriended their spokesman, Alexander Gay, who told him that Bolshevism was being infected by "impure and dangerous elements", and, Sadoul claims, plotted his very own anarchist revolt. Sadoul's letters to Thomas soon doubled as protests against the Allied (including French) intervention in support of the anti-Bolshevik White movement. On August 28, he wrote an anti-French letter addressed to the pacifist Romain Rolland, and also taken up in the Bolshevik press. The Swiss correspondent Robert Vaucher read it and concluded: "[Sadoul] is an irreducible Bolshevist in French uniform." Nevertheless, a Swiss newspaper, La Feuille, reprinted it, and Jean Longuet read it out in front of the delegates to the SFIO Congress in October 1918. French Communist Group Like the American Oliver M. Sayler, Sadoul was one of the first foreign observers to compare the Bolshevik and French Revolutions, justifying the decimation of Whites, Socialist Revolutionaries, and other "puppets of the Entente", as a political expediency against counterrevolution. He also suggested that Bolshevik "despotism" was preferable to either anarchism or liberal democracy. In his letter to Rolland, he referred to the Bolshevik insurgency as "the eldest daughter" of France's 1789 uprising. Such theorizing did not quell the Bolsheviks' suspicion: Lenin "didn't think much" of Sadoul, and merely referred to him as an agent of "French imperialism". Vaucher claims that Trotsky and other high-ranking Bolsheviks "speak of Sadoul with an ironic smile" but "put him to good use." Sadoul's "weakness in front of discerning politicians such as Trotsky" is also noted by Lejeune. Over the following years, Sadoul remained a major admirer of Trotsky, celebrating his great capacity for work and intellectual achievements. In his view, Trotsky represented the Revolution's "soul of steel". The former French captain also met other Bolsheviks of note, including Yakov Sverdlov and Alexandra Kollontai. He describes Kollontai as "seductive", and, Ulam recounts, left "solicitous" records of her affair with the "ferocious" Bolshevik Pavel Dybenko. Sadoul was interested in Kollontai's free love movement, recording the spread of sex communes, but was reassured by Trotsky that these "were not to be taken seriously." His other letters comprise ample praises of Bolshevik policies in culture, art, and science. His other enthusiastic reflections on such topics were published in 1918 as Vive la République des Soviets! ("Long Live the Soviet Republic!"). During those months, Sadoul refused to return and complete his service in the French Army, although he later claimed that he had never received his orders. The People's Commissars dissolved the French mission, but Sadoul remained in Moscow, sharing a villa with Pascal (their landlord was a prestigious architect). Together with other exiles, they founded the politically unstable French Communist Group. Nominally led by Pascal, it had Sadoul for its main animator. In late 1918, Sadoul and Pascal, alongside Inessa Armand and Marcel Body, began putting out the political weekly Troisième Internationale. Due to shortages, it originally had only two pages per issue, and was printed on wrapping paper. Although introduced as the "organ of the French communists in Moscow", it was not fully Bolshevik in tone. The revolutionary Victor Serge, who spent time attending the Communist Group's sessions, Pascal was more inclined to support the anarchists and Kollontai's "Workers' Opposition". According to Body, his typographers included Menshevik opponents of the Commissars' government. The editorial staff also refused to publish official Bolshevik statistics after Pascal discovered that these had been faked. These hesitations caused a rift within the Group: Sadoul, who fought for leadership against Pascal, denounced the latter to the Cheka as a Menshevik and a Catholic dissident. Comintern Congress and Odessa episode In late 1918, a French expeditionary corps commanded by Louis Franchet d'Espèrey entered the Ukraine and attempted to contain Bolshevik penetration (see Southern Russia intervention). The Russian government dispatched Sadoul, by then an officer in the Red Army, on a mission to spread anti-war and mutinous propaganda (including Vive la République des Soviets!) among the French troops. The French commanders recorded that the effect of such work was pervasive and infuriating, leading them to capture and execute the Communist Group's Jeanne Labourde in retaliation. Upon his return to Moscow, Sadoul became directly implicated in the effort to establish the Communist International (Comintern, or "Third International"). Welcoming the Asian delegates at a public rally on December 5, he voiced his hope for a socialist revolution in France, and suggested that the Communist Group take over representation of French interests in Moscow. He was then dispatched, together with others, to assist the German revolutionary soviets, setting up Bolshevik "academies" in Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. In March 1919, Sadoul was a co-founder of the Comintern, representing a still-to-be-born French Communist Party (PCF) at the International's first-ever meeting, and forfeiting his SFIO mandate. In his speech there, he attacked the reformist leaders of French socialism, including Longuet, Alphonse Merrheim and Léon Jouhaux. Overall, his activity was minimal, as he could speak neither Russian nor German (the two working languages of the Comintern). Confirmed as the new leader, Sadoul was seconded by Henri Guilbeaux, who nevertheless resented his "Bonapartism" and complained that it was splitting the Communist Group. Serge recalls that the Group's was "completely demoralized" by the Guilbeaux–Sadoul conflict. He contrasts the two as irreconcilable characters: Guilbeaux was a "failure", while Sadoul embodied "a great charmer, a splendid raconteur, a sybarite, and a cool careerist to boot." Later that year, his Thomas diaries were published by Éditions de la Sirène of Paris, as Notes sur la révolution bolchévique ("Notes on the Bolshevik Revolution")—with prefaces by Thomas and Henri Barbusse. The publication was advised by Lenin himself, after copies of the letters had been seized from Sadoul during a random house-search. Nevertheless, as a record of Russian life under communism, the Notes received a chilly response in both France and Switzerland. Eventually, Sadoul was expelled from the Communist Group, but without losing his faith in Bolshevism. Also in 1919, he prefaced a propaganda brochure by Serge, in which he announced to the French proletariat that: "Capitalist society is definitely doomed. The war and its consequences, the impossibility, given the resources available to us, of resolving the new problems, have cleared the way for the victorious march of the Third International." Other such pieces by him and Pascal were carried in Boris Souvarine's Bulletin Communiste; Sadoul contributed an introduction to Souvarine's essay on the Comintern. He centered his polemics against the SFIO representatives in Parliament, accusing them of corruption and moderation, while publishing eulogistic portraits of the Russian Bolsheviks. Sadoul's work for the Red Army and the Comintern was branded a treasonous act in France, particularly after revelations about his activities in the Ukraine. In January 1919, a source quoted by Le Petit Parisien also noted that Sadoul had no redeeming contribution to the repatriation of French hostages in Russia. Together with another expatriate, the Marquis Delafarre, he acted as a Red Army recruiter among the captured French soldiers. In July, Christian Rakovsky, head of the Ukrainian Council of People's Commissars, assigned Sadoul to negotiate an exchange of prisoners with the French Navy at Odessa. During the Franco–Russian deliberations, he claimed that the French captives were volunteers in the Red Army and would not be released before fulfilling their duty. Such news renewed the scandal in France, and, in October, Sadoul became the subject of a military inquiry. He was tried in absentia for assisting the enemy and acts of sedition, in what the New-York Tribune described as "a precedent for the attitude of Allied and associated powers toward other nationals who have aided the Bolsheviki ." Thomas attended the proceedings as Sadoul's friendly witness. Death sentence and related scandals On November 7, 1919, Sadoul was ultimately sentenced to death. This did not prevent the SFIO from putting him up as a top candidate in the French legislative elections, on its list for the Second Sector of Paris. He was rejected by most of the local socialists, but supported by Bracke-Desrousseaux and André Berthon, and more indirectly by Léon Blum. The initiative caused national indignation. According to the Sisteron Journal, it showed that the SFIO was "duping" its voters, and adopting the "hateful principles of the Lenins and the Trotskys". As noted by historian Nicolas Texier, "the will of certain socialist to maintain the unity of the left" by granting eligible positions to Sadoul and other Bolsheviks cemented in France the notion of a "Red Peril". The revolutionary syndicalist Georges Sorel noted at the time: "in coming up with Sadoul, [the socialists] present themselves as a target for chauvinistic passions, without gaining much; this Sadoul would be a nobody in Paris were it not for his stay in Russia." Bolshevism and Sadoul's candidacy also alienated moderate leftists from the Young Republic League, who joined efforts with the mainstream conservatives of the National Bloc. As a result, the Bloc came first across the country—Sadoul himself won some 41,300 votes, short of the threshold. The news was welcomed in Europe's right-wing circles: the Romanian D. Nanu noted the socialists' "brazenness" in putting up "the traitor Sadoul"; the results, he argued, showed that "the fatherland ideal" prevailed over the Comintern. Meanwhile, Sadoul left his Ukrainian post and again headed for Berlin, where he tried to reorganize the German Communists in the wake of the Spartacist uprising. In the early months of 1920, he acted as instructor of SFIO members who attended the Second Comintern Congress, in particular Marcel Cachin and Ludovic-Oscar Frossard. Also joining them were Raymond Lefebvre, for whom Sadoul acted as guide, and the socialist organizer Lucien Deslinières, whom he introduced to Lenin. He also played a part in organizing the Congress of the Peoples of the East, but criticized Comintern Secretary Karl Radek for allowing the delegations to include anti-colonial nationalists rather than just communists. During the Comintern's negotiations with the SFIO, Sadoul approved of maintaining the unity of the party and of not stripping moderates of their membership. However, he played a part in expelling from Russia the SFIO's Ernest Lafont—he accused Lafont of not wanting to divulge information he had received about the Polish maneuvers in the Battle of Warsaw. As he put it: "Many whose conscience is clearer [than Lafont's] have had to be shot." Sadoul himself was stripped of his delegate position at the Comintern, in favor of Guilbeaux, and demoted to a consultative office. Alfred Rosmer, who sat on the Executive Committee, explains that Sadoul was still formally a SFIO member and his only other credentials were from the Communist Group. The decision angered Radek, who also "detested Guilbeaux for personal reasons". In the end, both Sadoul and Guilbeaux were given half-mandates. Although still legally married, Sadoul took an official mistress. Unaware of this liaison, Yvonne left for Moscow in May 1920, arriving there just as Sadoul's Russian son was about to be born. In January 1921, she sued for legal separation in Paris, noting that the confiscation of Sadoul's belongings by the French state had left her without an income. Jacques' brother Marcel had also settled in Moscow to do business, and worked as a Belgian representative in the Russian capital. According to his own words, he was "full of sympathy for Bolshevism, but not a communist". However, he criticized the Soviet regime for its bureaucracy and for keeping "the bulk of its population in misery"; Jacques Sadoul and Pierre Pascal were dismissive of such observations. The PCF was formally established at the Tours Congress (December 1920), of which Yvonne Sadoul was a secretary. At the time, Captain Sadoul was in Germany, returning to Moscow in 1921 on the same convoy as Radek, Enver Pasha, Curt Geyer and Paul Levi. In 1922, reinstated by the Comintern, he was admitted into its executive committee. Sadoul was also a defender of the Socialist Revolutionary Party's "second group" in the Moscow show trial, a last-minute replacement for Antonio Gramsci. Like Serge, he felt emotional about the demise of "this peasant Party of significance", his intervention ensuring that no SRs were executed. In September, Sadoul prepared for a trip to Ankara, where he was supposed to reestablish the Turkish Communist Party. The plan fell apart when Mustafa Kemal issued a warning for the Comintern not to get involved. Around 1923, he was again in Berlin, at Grunewald, playing host to Serge and Nicola Bombacci. Return and retrial During that interval, the White émigré paper Dni alleged that Sadoul had squandered the 1.4 million chervontsev that the Comintern had provided for stirring up revolt in the French colonial empire. From abroad, Sadoul published in the PCF's L'Humanité, condemning the occupation of the Ruhr as a ruse by the French industrial lobby. His other articles, outlining the core ideas of the "united front" strategy, were circulated by Longuet at the SFIO Congress of 1923, and taken as proof that the PCF was to be mistrusted. The PCF intended to present Sadoul and Guilbeaux as its main candidates in the May 1924 elections, but the authorities censured this move; the communist list was consequently changed to include Hadjali Abdelkader, an Algerian independence militant. The election marked a decisive victory for the left-wing alliance, Cartel des Gauches. Rather than promising social reforms, the Cartel focused on symbolic causes, including amnesty for Sadoul, which was also one of the PCF's key demands. On December 3, Sadoul reentered France through Belgium, just as Prime Minister Édouard Herriot was contemplating the normalization of relations with the Soviet Union. He was welcomed in the home of industrialist Albert Vidal, who had been his friend since before the world war. Following a stakeout, the Sûreté arrested Sadoul in Paris (where he was visiting the PCF's Jacques Doriot), and dispatched him to Cherche-Midi prison. By then, the government was advancing an amnesty law project, defended in Senate by René Renoult, the Justice Minister. At the time, Renoult announced that Herriot was ready to use his pardoning power in case Senate refused to pass the law. Sadoul himself made clear his intent of standing trial, and employed Berthon as his lawyer. The PCF initially took distance from Sadoul, claiming that he was merely a party sympathizer and that his return was spontaneous, but, faced with public uproar, acknowledged his membership. In early 1925, Sadoul was retried for desertion by the War Council of the 5th Army Corps in Orléans. Thomas and Rakovsky were present as defense witnesses. The latter stated that Sadoul "never participated in Soviet governance". The defense also introduced a letter from Trotsky, which claimed that Sadoul had been the only "good-faith member" of the military mission. Sadoul was ultimately acquitted, and, reportedly, was due to participate in French–Soviet negotiations. By August 1925, the Sûreté closed the file on a second charge against the former Captain, that of "collaboration with the enemy". Although he was received back into the Army and assigned to the military governor of Paris, he remained heckled and disgraced. Having obtained readmission into the bar association, he was involved in a fistfight with some of his anti-communist colleagues, then physically assaulted during a political rally in Angles-sur-l'Anglin. In March 1926, he spoke about Russian intellectual life for the French learned societies. The event ended in a brawl provoked by the far-right youth of Camelots du Roi, led into battle by Jean Tixier. The latter was found guilty of assault and sentenced to six months in prison. Shortly after, Sadoul prepared to leave for Greater Lebanon, where he was due to work as a lawyer for Syrian nationalists charged with sedition against French rule. However, in July, the bar association stripped him of his membership following a complaint addressed by a group of lawyers and war veterans. He was readmitted in February 1927, the bar having decided that the authorship of his propaganda tracts was in question (as well as covered by the 1924 amnesty). Stalinism In June 1927, Sadoul contested a city council seat at Grandes-Carrières as a PCF man, but finished third. Soon after, Sadoul found himself marginalized within the PCF, which excluded from promotion those cadres that had been directly involved in Soviet politics. Subsequently, he worked mainly as a foreign correspondent for Izvestia, briefly returning to the Soviet Union during the celebration of the October Revolution. He was an official guest of the VOKS, but also a delegate of the Amis de l'URSS society, in which capacity he was decorated by Kliment Voroshilov with the Order of the Red Banner. In Moscow, he became a first-hand witness of Joseph Stalin's attacks against Trotsky's Left Opposition. His erstwhile friend Serge, who stood by Trotsky, claimed that Sadoul was corrupted, quoting his quip to the Opposition leaders: "They're not going to eat you alive, [but] why even get yourself persecuted? Life is so beautiful!" In 1930, Pascal returned to France, to work strictly in the academic field. He privately decried Soviet rule, arguing: "No regime has ever been a regime of lies to this extent." After unsuccessfully running in the April 1928 election for a deputy seat in the 18th arrondissement, Sadoul launched political accusations against Cardinal Cerretti. The latter sued him for calumny and obtained 4,000 francs in damages. In 1930, Sadoul was in Algiers, where he addressed the railway workers. Reportedly, their trade union was banned from the Bourse du Travail as punishment for this act. Sadoul's work also took him to Toulon, where, in 1931, he defended in court a group of sailors that had been accused of mutiny. Living mainly on the French Riviera, and campaigning for the PCF in the local elections of Saint-Tropez, Sadoul was again a PCF candidate in the 1932 race, this time in Draguignan. He only won 1,800 votes. Sadoul acquired a luxurious villa and other properties in Sainte-Maxime, for which he was attacked as a hypocrite in the press. He rented this home to the composer Sergei Prokofiev. Urging Prokofiev to sever his links with the Whites and presenting him with the speeches of Lenin, Sadoul inspired him to write the Cantata for the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution. Yvonne and Ary Sadoul returned to Russia as guests of the VOKS later in the 1930s. They both worked as artists and scenic designers. Noted for his earlier work with Jean Vigo, Ary died at age 28 in December 1936, of cancer or tuberculosis. He was survived by wife Marie-Zéline, youngest daughter of the art historian Élie Faure and grandniece of geographer Élisée Reclus. She was herself involved with the PCF, which also organized Ary's funeral service. During the mid 1930s, Sadoul served as a direct link between the Soviet diplomats and Pierre Laval, the French Prime Minister and signer of the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance. Sadoul was by then an outspoken supporter of Stalinism, completely revising his earlier praise for Trotsky. Following the February 1934 riots, siding with Doriot and Eugen Fried, he endorsed the creation of a Popular Front—this barrage of anti-fascist parties was disliked by Thorez, who still centered his discourse on criticism of the SFIO. He returned to the Soviet Union during the Moscow Trials, which prosecuted both Trotsky's partisans and the Right Opposition. His own conversations with Nikolai Bukharin were being used by the prosecution as evidence of Bukharin's "bourgeois" ideas. In a February 1937 letter to Gaston Bergery, Sadoul defended the legality and accuracy of the trials, citing "irrefutable proof" that the defendants were "common criminals". Writing for L'Humanité, he also censured the Anti-Stalinist left, with attacks on Serge. The latter defended himself against Sadoul's allegations, including that he was a careerist who had supported violent French anarchism. In a show of solidarity with Serge, Trotsky referred to Sadoul as a "servile philistine" and a hypocrite: "The Comintern is doomed to destruction. The Sadouls will desert the sinking ship like rats." Rosmer, who had praised Sadoul's work in 1918, observed that his 1937 dispatches from Moscow were "grossly mendacious". World War II controversy and final years In August 1939, shortly before the start of World War II, France and the PCF were shocked by news of the Nazi–Soviet Pact. The PCF leader Maurice Thorez took up the defense of Soviet policies, and consequently the PCF was banned by the Édouard Daladier cabinet; meanwhile, other communists voluntarily broke with Stalinism and sided with the Allies. Sadoul took a conciliatory position. In a letter to diplomat Anatole de Monzie (intended for Daladier's notice), he blamed the Pact on France's "excessive distrust" of the Soviets. He suggested that the Allies could win back the support of Moscow by showing their readiness "to fight a total war" against Nazism. Historian Stéphane Courtois argues that, with Sadoul's help, Stalin sought to downplay his Nazi alliance as a "reversible strategy", and therefore to alleviate the fears of Herriot and Daladier. The German defeat of France caught Sadoul in the zone libre, which became the pro-Nazi rump state, "Vichy France". Privately, he expressed his affection for the extraterritorial armies of Free France, which, he argued, concentrated "the most clairvoyant and proud among us." His wife had escaped the country, and was in Tahiti, a Free French haven, before moving to California. According to a testimony in court by Angelo Tasca, Sadoul was arrested by the Nazis but released upon the intervention of Vichy dignitary (and former PCF cadre) Paul Marion. In return for this, Marion obtained that Sadoul agree to collaborate with Vichy. Following the Allied landings in the South and the Liberation of Paris, Sadoul returned to his old stances. In December 1944, he spoke out in support of a new pact between France and the Soviet Union, and castigated Laval and his regime for having broken the earlier one. Writing in L'Humanité, he supported the United Nations project to the point of lambasting Swiss neutrality. Nonetheless, Sadoul defended in court his old friend Eugène Schueller, who stood accused of having financed a fascist movement known as La Cagoule. On April 29, 1945, Sadoul was elected Mayor of Sainte-Maxime. In this capacity, he confiscated the Villa Massilia, owned by a collaborationist, and assigned it to the Union of Jews for Resistance and Mutual Aid, which turned it into a haven for the orphans of the Holocaust. He was working on his last political essay, Naissance de l'U.R.S.S. ("Birth of the USSR"). Published in 1946 by Éditions Charlot, it revisited his own contribution to the 1917 events, with Sadoul taking credit for General Niessel's departure from Petrograd. According to the Catholic magazine Études, its description of the Soviet state was "too beautiful to be true", as the revelations about the Soviet political repressions were becoming known. Études dismissed the work as "partial" and "simplistic". Having lost his mayor's office in 1947, Sadoul spent nine more years in retirement. He died on November 18, 1956. His conversations with journalist Dominique Desanti were used as sources in Desanti's 1969 book, L'Internationale communiste. His 1919 Notes were republished in 1971 by François Maspero. Yvonne, having published her own memoirs in 1978 at Éditions Grasset, survived her husband by almost five decades, dying in 1993, aged 103 or 104. Their direct descendants include great-grandson Eric Lemonnier, a Paris psychiatrist specializing in autism; Lemmonier's mother was a politician of the conservative Rally for the Republic in the 13th arrondissement, and his father a producer for France 3. Works Vive la République des Soviets!, 1918 Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, 1919 Quarante Lettres de Jacques Sadoul, 1922 Naissance de l'U.R.S.S. De la nuit féodale à l'aube socialiste, 1946 Notes References Marcel Body, "Petr Karlovič", in Revue des Études Slaves, Vol. 54, Issue 1, 1982, pp. 19–23. Christophe Brun, Federico Ferretti, Elisée Reclus: une chronologie familiale, 1796–2014. HAL-SHS archives, June 2014; retrieved October 25, 2015. Jean Delmas, "La paix de Brest-Litovsk et le maintien en Russie de la mission militaire française", in Jean-Marc Delaunay (ed.), Aux vents des puissances. Hommages à Jean-Claude Allain, pp. 209–227. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2008. Frédéric Dessberg, Le triangle impossible. Les relations franco-soviétiques et le facteur polonais dans les questions de sécurité en Europe (1924–1935). Brussels: Peter Lang, 2010. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed. Trotsky 1879–1921. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954. Romain Ducoulombier, "Le premier communisme français (1917–1925). Un homme nouveau pour régénérer le socialisme", in Les Notes de la Fondation Jean-Jaurès, No. 42, August 2004, pp. 7–209. Ralph Carter Elwood, Inessa Armand: Revolutionary and Feminist. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 2002. François Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Luce Langevin, Georges Cogniot, "Les premiers intellectuels communistes français", in La Pensée, No. 136, December 1967, pp. 3–23. Dominique Lejeune, "Les missions de la SFIO dans la Russie de 1917", in Revue Historique, No. 564, October–December 1987, pp. 373–386. Rachel Mazuy, Croire plutôt que voir?: Voyages en Russie soviétique (1919–1939). Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob, 2002. Simon Morrison, The People's Artist: Prokofiev's Soviet Years. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press, 2009. J. Kim Munholland, "The French Army and Intervention in Southern Russia, 1918–1919", in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, Vol. 22, Issue 1, 1981, pp. 43–66. Hubert Rouger, Encyclopédie socialiste, syndicale et coopérative de l'Internationale ouvrière ; 3, 9–12. La France socialiste. Tome 3. Paris: A. Quillet, 1921. Dmitry Shlapentokh, "The French and Russian Revolutions as Observed by Foreign Witnesses of the Russian Revolution", in Revue des Études Slaves, Vol. 65, Issue 3, 1993, pp. 493–498. Georges Sorel, "Da Proudhon a Lenin" e "L'Europa sotto la tormenta". In appendice Lettres à Mario Missiroli. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1974. Adam Ulam, The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History of the Triumph of Communism in Russia. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press, 1998. Robert Vaucher, L'Enfer bolshevik. À Petrogad. Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin et Cie, 1919. Susan Weissman, Victor Serge: The Course Is Set on Hope. London & New York: Verso Books, 2001. Alexander Werth, France 1940–1955. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1956. External links 1881 births 1956 deaths French Section of the Workers' International politicians Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France) French Communist Party politicians Executive Committee of the Communist International French Comintern people French Army officers Soviet Army officers Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner 20th-century French lawyers French civil servants French diplomats Mayors of places in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 20th-century French essayists French diarists 20th-century French memoirists French newspaper founders Communist writers Marxist journalists Soviet propagandists Politicians from Paris Lycée Condorcet alumni French military personnel of World War I French expatriates in Russia People of the Russian Civil War People of the Ukrainian–Soviet War People of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 Fugitives wanted by France People convicted of treason against France People sentenced to death in absentia Overturned convictions in France French prisoners and detainees French collaborators with Nazi Germany French politicians convicted of crimes
```kotlin package mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.photos.albums.getmultiplelinks import mega.privacy.android.icon.pack.R as iconPackR import mega.privacy.android.shared.resources.R as sharedR import android.text.TextUtils.TruncateAt.MIDDLE import android.view.View import android.widget.TextView import androidx.compose.foundation.BorderStroke import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Arrangement import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Column import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.PaddingValues import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Row import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Spacer import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.fillMaxSize import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.fillMaxWidth import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.padding import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.size import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.width import androidx.compose.foundation.lazy.LazyColumn import androidx.compose.foundation.lazy.items import androidx.compose.foundation.shape.RoundedCornerShape import androidx.compose.material.Divider import androidx.compose.material.Icon import androidx.compose.material.IconButton import androidx.compose.material.MaterialTheme import androidx.compose.material.OutlinedButton import androidx.compose.material.Scaffold import androidx.compose.material.ScaffoldState import androidx.compose.material.Snackbar import androidx.compose.material.SnackbarHost import androidx.compose.material.Surface import androidx.compose.material.Text import androidx.compose.material.TopAppBar import androidx.compose.material.rememberScaffoldState import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable import androidx.compose.runtime.DisposableEffect import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue import androidx.compose.runtime.produceState import androidx.compose.runtime.rememberCoroutineScope import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier import androidx.compose.ui.draw.alpha import androidx.compose.ui.draw.clip import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalClipboardManager import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalLifecycleOwner import androidx.compose.ui.res.painterResource import androidx.compose.ui.res.pluralStringResource import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource import androidx.compose.ui.text.AnnotatedString import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontWeight import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp import androidx.compose.ui.viewinterop.AndroidView import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat import androidx.core.os.bundleOf import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleEventObserver import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleOwner import androidx.lifecycle.compose.collectAsStateWithLifecycle import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel import coil.compose.AsyncImage import coil.request.ImageRequest import kotlinx.coroutines.launch import mega.privacy.android.analytics.Analytics import mega.privacy.android.app.R import mega.privacy.android.app.getLink.GetLinkViewModel import mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.photos.albums.getlink.AlbumSummary import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.theme.grey_alpha_012 import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.theme.grey_alpha_054 import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.theme.grey_alpha_087 import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.theme.white import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.theme.white_alpha_012 import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.theme.white_alpha_054 import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.theme.white_alpha_087 import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.photos.AlbumId import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.photos.AlbumLink import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.photos.Photo import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.controls.dialogs.ConfirmationDialog import mega.privacy.mobile.analytics.event.MultipleAlbumLinksScreenEvent private typealias ImageDownloader = (photo: Photo, callback: (Boolean) -> Unit) -> Unit @Composable fun AlbumGetMultipleLinksScreen( viewModel: AlbumGetMultipleLinksViewModel = viewModel(), getLinkViewModel: GetLinkViewModel = viewModel(), createView: (Fragment) -> View, onBack: () -> Unit, onShareLinks: (List<AlbumLink>) -> Unit, lifecycleOwner: LifecycleOwner = LocalLifecycleOwner.current, ) { val isLight = MaterialTheme.colors.isLight val state by viewModel.stateFlow.collectAsStateWithLifecycle() val scaffoldState = rememberScaffoldState() DisposableEffect(lifecycleOwner) { val observer = LifecycleEventObserver { _, event -> if (event == Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME) { Analytics.tracker.trackEvent(MultipleAlbumLinksScreenEvent) } } lifecycleOwner.lifecycle.addObserver(observer) onDispose { lifecycleOwner.lifecycle.removeObserver(observer) } } LaunchedEffect(state.exitScreen) { if (state.exitScreen) { onBack() } } if (!state.showSharingSensitiveWarning) { viewModel.fetchAlbums() viewModel.fetchLinks() } } } val albumLinks = state.albumLinks val linksValuesList = albumLinks.values.toList() val albumSummaries = state.albumsSummaries Scaffold( scaffoldState = scaffoldState, topBar = { AlbumGetMultipleLinksTopBar( links = linksValuesList, onBack = onBack, onShareLink = { onShareLinks(linksValuesList) }, ) }, snackbarHost = { snackbarHostState -> SnackbarHost( hostState = snackbarHostState, snackbar = { snackbarData -> Snackbar( snackbarData = snackbarData, backgroundColor = grey_alpha_087.takeIf { isLight } ?: white, ) } ) }, content = { contentPadding -> AlbumGetMultipleLinksContent( modifier = Modifier .padding(paddingValues = contentPadding) .fillMaxSize(), albumSummaries = albumSummaries, links = albumLinks, albumLinksList = state.albumLinksList, onDownloadImage = viewModel::downloadImage, scaffoldState = scaffoldState, ) }, ) ConfirmationDialog( title = stringResource(id = sharedR.string.hidden_items), text = stringResource(id = R.string.hidden_nodes_sharing_album), confirmButtonText = stringResource(id = R.string.button_continue), cancelButtonText = stringResource(id = R.string.button_cancel), dismissOnClickOutside = false, dismissOnBackPress = false, onConfirm = { viewModel.hideSharingSensitiveWarning() viewModel.fetchAlbums() viewModel.fetchLinks() }, onDismiss = {}, onCancel = onBack, ) } Surface { AndroidView( modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(), factory = { arguments = bundleOf("back_press" to true) } createView(fragment) }, ) } } } @Composable private fun AlbumGetMultipleLinksTopBar( modifier: Modifier = Modifier, links: List<AlbumLink> = emptyList(), onBack: () -> Unit = {}, onShareLink: () -> Unit = {}, ) { val isLight = MaterialTheme.colors.isLight TopAppBar( title = { Text( text = pluralStringResource( id = R.plurals.album_share_get_links, count = links.size ), color = grey_alpha_087.takeIf { isLight } ?: white_alpha_087, fontSize = 16.sp, fontWeight = FontWeight.W500, style = MaterialTheme.typography.subtitle1, ) }, modifier = modifier, navigationIcon = { IconButton( onClick = onBack, content = { Icon( painter = painterResource(id = R.drawable.ic_arrow_back_white), contentDescription = null, tint = grey_alpha_087.takeIf { isLight } ?: white_alpha_087, ) }, ) }, actions = { IconButton( onClick = onShareLink, modifier = Modifier.alpha(0.4f.takeIf { links.isEmpty() } ?: 1f), enabled = links.isNotEmpty(), content = { Icon( painter = painterResource(id = iconPackR.drawable.ic_share_network_medium_regular_outline), contentDescription = null, tint = grey_alpha_087.takeIf { isLight } ?: white_alpha_087, ) }, ) }, elevation = 10.dp, ) } @Composable private fun AlbumGetMultipleLinksContent( modifier: Modifier = Modifier, albumSummaries: Map<AlbumId, AlbumSummary>, links: Map<AlbumId, AlbumLink>, albumLinksList: List<String>, onDownloadImage: ImageDownloader, scaffoldState: ScaffoldState, ) { val context = LocalContext.current val clipboardManager = LocalClipboardManager.current val coroutineScope = rememberCoroutineScope() val isLight = MaterialTheme.colors.isLight Column(modifier = modifier) { LazyColumn( modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), contentPadding = PaddingValues(start = 16.dp), ) { item { Text( modifier = Modifier.padding(vertical = 14.dp), text = stringResource(id = R.string.tab_links_shares), fontSize = 14.sp, fontWeight = FontWeight.Medium, ) } items( items = albumSummaries.keys.toList(), key = { it.id } ) { albumId -> val link = links[albumId]?.link ?: "" val summary = albumSummaries[albumId] AlbumGetLinkRowItem( modifier = Modifier .fillMaxWidth() .padding(top = 16.dp, end = 16.dp, bottom = 16.dp), albumSummary = summary, albumLink = link, onDownloadImage = onDownloadImage, ) Divider( color = grey_alpha_012.takeIf { isLight } ?: white_alpha_012, thickness = 1.dp, ) } } if (links.isNotEmpty()) { AlbumGetMultipleLinksBottomBar( albumLinksList = albumLinksList, onButtonClick = { albumsLinks -> clipboardManager.setText(AnnotatedString(albumsLinks)) coroutineScope.launch { scaffoldState.snackbarHostState.showSnackbar( message = context.resources.getQuantityString( R.plurals.album_share_links_copied, links.size, ), ) } }, ) } } } @Composable private fun AlbumGetMultipleLinksBottomBar( modifier: Modifier = Modifier, albumLinksList: List<String>, onButtonClick: (String) -> Unit, ) { Surface(modifier = modifier) { OutlinedButton( modifier = Modifier.padding(all = 16.dp), onClick = { onButtonClick(albumLinksList.joinToString(System.lineSeparator())) }, shape = RoundedCornerShape(4.dp), border = BorderStroke(1.dp, MaterialTheme.colors.secondary), ) { Text( text = stringResource(id = R.string.action_copy_all), color = MaterialTheme.colors.secondary, fontSize = 14.sp, fontWeight = FontWeight.W500, style = MaterialTheme.typography.button, ) } } } @Composable private fun AlbumGetLinkRowItem( modifier: Modifier = Modifier, albumSummary: AlbumSummary?, albumLink: String, onDownloadImage: ImageDownloader, ) { val isLight = MaterialTheme.colors.isLight val album = albumSummary?.album val numPhotos = albumSummary?.numPhotos ?: 0 Row( modifier = modifier, verticalAlignment = Alignment.CenterVertically, ) { AlbumCoverImage( cover = album?.cover, onDownloadImage = onDownloadImage, ) Spacer(modifier = Modifier.width(16.dp)) Column(verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(4.dp)) { AndroidView( factory = { context -> TextView(context).apply { maxLines = 1 ellipsize = MIDDLE textSize = 16f setTextAppearance(R.style.TextAppearance_Mega_Subtitle1) setTextColor( ContextCompat.getColor( context, R.color.grey_alpha_087.takeIf { isLight } ?: R.color.white_alpha_087, ) ) } }, update = { view -> view.text = album?.title.orEmpty() }, ) Text( text = stringResource(id = R.string.link_request_status).takeIf { albumLink.isEmpty() } ?: albumLink, color = grey_alpha_054.takeIf { isLight } ?: white_alpha_054, fontSize = 14.sp, fontWeight = FontWeight.W400, style = MaterialTheme.typography.subtitle2, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis, ) if (albumLink.isNotEmpty()) { Text( text = pluralStringResource( id = R.plurals.general_num_items, count = numPhotos, numPhotos, ), color = grey_alpha_054.takeIf { isLight } ?: white_alpha_054, fontSize = 11.sp, fontWeight = FontWeight.W400, style = MaterialTheme.typography.subtitle2, ) } } } } @Composable private fun AlbumCoverImage( modifier: Modifier = Modifier, cover: Photo?, onDownloadImage: ImageDownloader, ) { val isLight = MaterialTheme.colors.isLight val context = LocalContext.current val imageState = produceState<String?>( initialValue = null, key1 = cover, producer = { cover?.also { photo -> onDownloadImage(cover) { isSuccess -> if (isSuccess) { value = photo.thumbnailFilePath } } } }, ) AsyncImage( model = ImageRequest.Builder(context) .data(imageState.value) .build(), contentDescription = null, modifier = modifier .size(48.dp) .clip(shape = RoundedCornerShape(4.dp)), placeholder = painterResource( id = R.drawable.ic_album_cover.takeIf { isLight } ?: R.drawable.ic_album_cover_d, ), error = painterResource( id = R.drawable.ic_album_cover.takeIf { isLight } ?: R.drawable.ic_album_cover_d, ), ) } ```
Histochemistry and Cell Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of molecular histology and cell biology, publishing original articles dealing with the localization and identification of molecular components, metabolic activities, and cell biological aspects of cells and tissues. The journal covers the development, application, and evaluation of methods and probes that can be used in the entire area of histochemistry and cell biology. The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media and the official journal of the Society for Histochemistry. Earlier names of the journal are Histochemie and Histochemistry. The editors-in-chief are Jürgen Roth (University of Zurich), Takehiko Koji (University of Nagasaki), Michael Schrader (University of Exeter) and Douglas J. Taatjes (University of Vermont). References External links English-language journals Molecular and cellular biology journals Academic journals established in 1958 Histochemistry Immunohistochemistry Quarterly journals
Tribes and Empires: Storm of Prophecy () is a 2017 Chinese television series adapted from the novel of the same name written by Jin Hezai, who also wrote Legend of Winged Tribe, and directed by Cao Dun. It is part of the Novoland series, a media franchise depicting the fictional universe with a known world of three continents and nine provinces divided into the prosperous Eastern Land of Zhongzhou and the nomadic Eight Tribes in Hanzhou. It stars Huang Xuan, Shawn Dou, Zhou Yiwei, Xu Lu, Janice Man and Zhang Jianing. The series airs on iQiyi, Tencent and Youku starting November 21, 2017. The series was a hit among international fans due to its high standard of production, impressive storyline and exceptional performance. The series currently has a 6.8 rating on Douban. Synopsis The series is set in the fictional world of Novoland and tells the story of loyalty, friendship, enmity and romance between the young descendants during the twilight years of the Duan Dynasty. The Duan Dynasty has been ruled by the royal Muyun Clan for more than 300 years, assisted by the Muru Clan and its powerful army in controlling Zhongzhou and suppressing the eight nomadic tribes in Hanzhou. Our three young male protagonists find their lives and fates intertwined in historical intrigue, political turmoil, and the worlds of magical beings. With the birth of the sixth prince of the Duan Dynasty, he is prophesied to "bring chaos to the world when he holds the Emperor's sword". Though a prince and son of Emperor Ming, Muyun Sheng (Zheng Hao / Huang Xuan) lived a lonely and isolated childhood accompanied only by a personal attendant Lan Yu Er. Growing up a kind-hearted young man, he is shunned by others and seen as dangerous due to the prophecy and for being half-human and half-spirit. His life changes when Muru Hanjiang is assigned as his companion in the palace and the two becomes friends. Hanjiang encourages the prince to find out about the disappearance of his mother, a beautiful Mei spirit who became Emperor Ming's Consort Yinrong (Janine Chang). With the discovery of the truth and inheritance of a magical orb, the Muyun Pearl left behind by his mother, the young prince begins his journey in the treacherous Duan court, and becomes a master painter while discovering the world of magical arts. He eventually falls in love with a Mei spirit woman residing in the orb, whom he names Pan Xi (Janice Man). He does not believe in prophecies and uses his own will to suppress his dark side to prevent calamity. Muru Hanjiang (Shi Yunpeng / Shawn Dou), the youngest son of General Muru Shuo, is also plagued by a prophecy where he will usurp the Duan Dynasty and become future Emperor. In a display of loyalty to the Duan Dynasty, the General abandons him at a temple. He grows up as Hanjiang and becomes a resilient young man well trained in martial arts. He incidentally saves the young Su Yuning (Eleanor Lee / Xu Lu) and sends her back to the Novoland Inn, but gets mistaken as a thief and thrown in the inn's dungeon to work as a fighter slave for the entertainment of the rich and powerful. He meets and befriends a young Shuofeng Heye, who is originally from the Hanzhou nomadic tribes and sold into slavery. Without realizing the sins of the past generation, the two new friends work together to survive. Hanjiang makes it to the Muru mansion but discovers that his hero, General Muru, is the cold-hearted father that abandoned him. In despair, he willingly stabs himself in the chest at the General's request to kill himself. He survives and for his loyalty, is spared and assigned as the sixth prince's companion. He reunites and falls in love with Su Yuning, who is prophesied to be the future Empress of Duan and destined to marry a prince from the Muyun Clan. He does not care for the prophecy and eventually leaves the palace to join the army, leaving behind a dear friend and young love whom he will meet again. Shuofeng Heye (Zheng Wei / Zhou Yiwei) was the heir to the Chieftain of the Northern Hanzhou Shuofeng Clan. Under his father's leadership, the tribe finally wins over fertile land from the Suqin tribe and looks forward to a better life, but catastrophe struck. Heye's parents and almost the entire tribe was massacred by the Muru Army for unintentionally harboring a runaway convict of Duan. The surviving children were enslaved, brought to Zhongzhou to becomes a fighter. It is here where he befriends Hanjiang and meets the woman who buys over his slave contract and eventually becomes the love of his life, Muyun Yanshuang (Zhang Jianing), Princess Jing of Duan. The three young men meets in a twist of fate to discover the sins inherited from their parents. Heye eventually returns to Hanzhou and finds new family and reunite with old ones. Driven by vengeance and a desire for a better life for the people of Hanzhou, he pursues his destiny to be the "Tie Qin" to unite the eight nomadic tribes to revolt against Duan. The series also depicts the intertwined fates of the past generation: the love triangle in the royal Muyun Clan between Emperor Ming (Lu Fangsheng), Consort Yinrong (Janine Chang), and Empress Nanku (Jiang Qinqin); the rivalry amongst the Princes Muyun Han (Li Zifeng), Muyun Lu (Sun Jian), Muyun Hege (Peng Guanying); the hidden agendas of the Wanzhou Muyun Clan, led by the conniving father-son duo Muyun Luan (Wang Qianyuan), and Muyun De (Zhang Xiaochen) with the help of the mysterious Mo Yu Chen (Zhao Wei); the people seeking to reinstate the fallen Sheng Dynasty, Princess Ji Yuncong (Kan Qingzi), and Long Jinhuan (Du Yuming). Pain and sorrows of past wounds now manifest in the new generation. Can they escape from the storm of prophecies? Cast Clans in Zhongzhou The Muyun and Muru Clans signed a pact of trust 300 years ago after taking over Zhongzhou from the Sheng Dynasty. Both vowed to defend each other's status and glory as the ruling royal clan and military clan of the Duan Dynasty. Muyun Clan Invaded Zhongzhou and overthrew the Sheng Dynasty with the Muru Clan 300 years ago. The current royal family of the Duan Dynasty who has ruled Zhongzhou and subjugated Hanzhou from the capital, Tian Qi. Infighting amongst Clan members and the Duan court led to bloodshed and two attempted coups to install Muyun Hege as the new Emperor of Duan. Muru Clan Invaded Zhongzhou and overthrew the Sheng Dynasty with the Muyun Clan 300 years ago. The aides of the current royal family and entrusted with great military power, the Muru Army commands great fear amongst the Hanzhou Tribes. The Muru Clan suffers from political machinations in the war with the Helan Tribe and subsequent second coup. Despite years of meritorious service, the clan is eliminated under the rule of Muyun Hege - the army is disbanded, men are exiled to the land of the Titans to build a new city, and women and the young are beheaded. Nanku Clan A powerful clan with ministers in court and a clanswoman as Empress, the clan was eventually banished after the first coup failed. Nomadic Tribes in Hanzhou At the start of the series, the eight nomadic tribes were competing and killing one another, unable to fight against persecution by the Duan court and Muru Army. It is later revealed that the tribes were united 300 years ago, but cursed by a prophet from Duan to suffer from in-fighting and never to pose a threat to Zhongzhou ever again. Shuofeng Tribe The leader of the nomadic tribes in Hanzhou before the rise of the Duan Dynasty 300 years ago, the Tie Qin was from Shuofeng and wields the legendary sword. The Duan Dynasty's Muyun and Muru Clans were later revealed to be of nomadic lineage and rose from the sub-branches of the Shuofeng Tribe. During the start of the series, they were living in harsh conditions and eventually annihilated by the Muru Army. Helan Tribe Annihilated by the Muru Army at the start of the series, sibling Helan Tieyuan and Helan Tieduo were able to rebuild the tribe with the help of someone in Duan. Others People in Duan court Magical beings In addition to Humankind, they form the six intelligent races of Novoland: Spirits, Snow Wolves, Merfolks, Titans, Winged People, and Dwarves. People in Zhongzhou People in Hanzhou Production Produced by Novoland International Cultural Communication Ltd, Tribes and Empires: Storm of Prophecy is one of the most expensive Chinese drama produced, boasting a budget ranging from 300 Million RMB to 500 Million RMB. Filming began in August 2015 at Xinjiang, China and wrapped up on 27 May 2016 at Hikone, Japan; taking a total of 270 days. Crew The series is directed by Cao Dun, who directed the hit social commentary Dwelling Narrowness. It is co-written by Jin Hezai, the author of the original novel. Other notable cast members include artistic director Huang Wei who once worked as the creative director of Vogue and is known for his costume designs in Tiny Times and My Sunshine; as well as stunt choreographer Lin Peng who has mostly worked in Hollywood productions like Kingsman: The Secret Service and Urban Games. It is reportedly the first Chinese television series to employ the Animatronics filming technique. The special effects are handled by French company Technicolor SA. Awards and nominations International broadcast References External links Chinese fantasy television series Television shows based on Chinese novels Novoland 2017 Chinese television series debuts Chinese web series Hunan Television dramas 2017 web series debuts
Baunach is a river of Bavaria, Germany. It flows into the Main in the town Baunach. See also List of rivers of Bavaria References Rivers of Bavaria Rivers of Germany
Vera Yevstafievna Popova, Vera Bogdanovskaya (; 17 September 1867 – 8 May 1896) was a Russian chemist. She was one of the first female chemists in Russia, and the first Russian female author of a chemistry textbook. She "probably became the first woman to die in the cause of chemistry" as a result of an explosion in her laboratory. Early life and education Vera Bogdanovskaya was born in 1867 in Saint Petersburg. Her father, Evstafy Ivanovich Bogdanovsky, was a professor of surgery. Her parents arranged for their three children to be educated at home. In 1878, she began studying at the Smolny Institute at the age of 11. Starting in 1883 she spent four years at the Bestuzhev Courses and after this she worked for two years in laboratories at the Academy of Sciences and the Military Surgical Academy. In 1889 Bogdanovskaya left Russia for Switzerland, where she undertook a doctorate in chemistry at the University of Geneva. She defended her research into dibenzyl ketone in 1892. Bogdanovskaya wanted to work on H-C≡P (methylidynephosphane), but had been persuaded to concentrate instead on dibenzyl ketone by her doctoral supervisor, Professor Carl Gräbe. She also worked with Dr Philippe Auguste Guye in Geneva, who was working on stereochemistry. Career Bogdanovskaya returned to Saint Petersburg in 1892 to work at the Bestuzhev Courses, where she taught chemistry. This was an institution founded in 1878 to encourage Russian women to stay in Russia to study. She was working as an assistant to Prof. L'vov teaching the first courses in stereochemistry. Her reputation as a lecturer and her knowledge of teaching enabled her to write her first book, a textbook on basic chemistry. She wrote reviews, translated academic papers on chemistry and, together with her professor, published the works of Alexander Butlerov, who had died in 1886. Between 1891 and 1894, she published a number of papers based on her doctoral thesis. She was not just a chemist; she was also interested in entomology, writing and languages. In 1889, she published a description of work with bees. Bogdanovskaya published her own short stories, as well as her translations of the French short story writer Guy de Maupassant. Personal life Bogdanovskaya left Saint Petersburg and married General Jacob Kozmich Popov in 1895. He was older than she and a director of a military steel plant, and she demanded that he build her a laboratory where she could continue her chemistry. They lived in Izhevskii Zavod, a town under military control that was dedicated to weapon manufacture. It has been suggested that her marriage may have been one of convenience, as it was known that Russian women sometimes married just to escape the conventions of society. Death Popova died on 8 May 1896 (Gregorian calendar; 26 April in the Julian Calendar), (the date is sometimes given as 1897 in English sources) as a result of an explosion which occurred while she was attempting to synthesize H-C≡P (methylidynephosphane), a chemical similar to hydrogen cyanide. She was 28. Aftermath H-C≡P, the chemical that she was trying to synthesize at the time of her death, was not successfully created until 1961 from phosphine and carbon. It is extremely pyrophoric and polymerizes easily at temperatures above −120 °C. Its triple point is −124 °C and it burns spontaneously even at low temperatures when exposed to air. Legacy Popova was given a substantial tribute in the Journal of the Russian Physical Chemical Society. A shorter obituary appeared in the journal Nature and a brief notice in the American journal Science. One report by the chemist Vladimir Ipatieff suggested that she may have been poisoned by her experiment or have committed suicide, but this view was not supported by other reports. Her early death led to a fund being created in her memory by her husband to assist female students. Her portrait was also displayed at the Women's College where she had trained. Popova is credited with classifying dibenzyl ketone. This laid the foundation for synthetic acrylic resins created from acetone cyanohydrin. References 1867 births 1896 deaths 19th-century chemists Accidental deaths in the Russian Empire Chemists from the Russian Empire Educators from the Russian Empire 19th-century women scientists from the Russian Empire Deaths from laboratory accidents Explosions in 1896
Edward Neale Wigg (1847 – 12 December 1927), commonly referred to as E. Neale Wigg, was a prominent Australian businessman. He operated a successful bookshop and stationers started by his father, known as ES Wigg & Son, and later was a major investor or director in many important Australian mining companies, notably BHP. Early life Wigg was born in Warwickshire, son of Edgar Smith Wigg (7 June 1818 – 15 October 1899) of Tunstall, Suffolk. The family emigrated to Australia in May 1849, and Edgar founded a successful stationery and book shop at 12 Rundle Street, Adelaide. Edward and his younger brothers Alfred and Henry studied at John Lorenzo Young's Adelaide Educational Institution. Bookselling interests Edward joined his father’s business in 1867, when it became known as ES Wigg & Son. They bought out rival Charles Platts, becoming South Australia's largest bookseller. The Wiggs soon resold Platts' shop to John Howell, who died a few years later. ES Wigg & Son expanded its manufacturing facilities, opened another shop in Apollo Place, and added artists' supplies and educational material to its catalogue. They expanded their manufacturing facilities, opened another shop in Apollo Place, and added artists' supplies and educational material to their catalogue. By 1885, the elder Wigg retired. William Laidlaw Davidson (1853-25 October 1924), who married his daughter Mary Jane Wigg (born 6 April 1860) on 1 September 1885, became manager. E. Neale Wigg remained head of the business. ES Wigg & Son opened branches in Broken Hill, Perth, Fremantle and Kalgoorlie. In 1904, it built a factory at 79-85 Port Road, Thebarton. In 1910, E. Neale Wigg sold his interest in the company to the Davidson family, who retained the business name. In 1921, ES Wigg and Son moved to new premises at 65-69 Grenfell Street, on the Coromandel Place corner. Mining interests E. Neale Wigg entered the mining business as a major investor in the Wirrialpa mine in 1887. He was elected chairman of directors of the Hale River Ruby Mine in 1888. He was a director of BHP from 1890 to 1906, and chairman of directors 1897-1899. As BHP chairman, he was responsible for hiring Guillaume Delprat, BHP's General Manager for over 20 years. He was also a director of the Lady Evelyn gold mine at Coolgardie, the Ivanhoe mine at Kalgoorlie, the Bon Accord Cape York Peninsula Syndicate, and Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company. Personal Wigg married Janet Davidson on 6 September 1871, just 17 days after she arrived on the ship City of Adelaide with her aunt and uncle. Their son Frank Morewood Wigg was born July 1872. He studied at Prince Alfred College and graduated MB and BCh at the University of Edinburgh in 1900, but died of pneumonia in Edinburgh a year later. His parents received the sad news as they were en route to England to see him. Apart from a few visits, they never returned to Australia, and around 1910 E. Neale Wigg changed his name to Edward Neale. He was a strong Anglican churchman and was elected synodsman for St Matthews Church at Kensington, South Australia every year from 1884 to 1887. He left the bulk of his wealth to the University of Adelaide for medical research. Sources http://cityofadelaide.org.au/janet-davidson-wigg.html References Australian booksellers People educated at Adelaide Educational Institution 1847 births 1927 deaths Deaths from pneumonia in South Australia
Andrew III of Vitré (c. 1200 † 8 February 1250 at the Battle of Al Mansurah, in Egypt) was Baron of Vitré and Aubigné from 1211 to 1250. Life Andrew III was the eldest son of Andrew II, Baron of Vitré, and his third wife Eustacie of Rays, daughter of Harscoët of Rays. He is said to have founded the old convent of the Jacobins in Nantes in 1228 In c. 1230 he rebuilt the Château de Vitré and surrounded it with fortifications that encompassed the Vieil-Bourg and the church of Notre-Dame of Vitré. He also founded the castle of Chevré, a lordship belonging to the Barony of Vitré. He took part in the Seventh Crusade in 1248 with Louis IX of France and died at the Battle of Al Mansurah. In his last will and testament dated 1248, Andrew of Vitré gave his wife le chastel de Chasteillon, le moulin de l'estangs doud. lieu et Vendelays o touz ses appartenances (the castle of Chasteillon, the mill by the pond of the aforementioned place and Vendelays and all its dependencies). One of the executors wasGuillaume Merlin, dean of Mayenne. Marriages and issue Andrew III married twice. He married firstly in 1212 Catherine of Thouars Lady of Aubigné, daughter of Constance, Duchess of Brittany, and Guy of Thouars. They had: Philippa, who married Guy VII, Lord of Laval. She succeeded her younger brother and brought the Barony of Vitré into the House of Laval; Eustacie, who married Geoffrey I Botherel, Lord of Quintin; Alix, who married Fulk III of Mathefelon (c. 1200 † c. 1269), Lord of Azé. He married secondly around January 1240 Thomasse of La Guerche, Lady of Pouancé and Mareuil. They had: Joan; Philippa [II] nun at the Abbey of Longchamp, who received lands in Normandy; Margaret, who married Aimery of Argenton and also received lands in Normandy as her dowry; Aliette, who married William of Villiers; Eustacie [II], Lady if Les Huguetières, who married Oliver I of Machecoul around 1268; Andrew IV (c. 1247/48 † 15 March 1251). See also Seventh Crusade Château de Vitré References Sources Mairie of Vitré Amédée Guillotin de Corson Les grandes seigneuries de Haute-Bretagne II, 2 Volumes 1897-1899, new edition Le Livre d'Histoire, Paris (1999) Frédéric Morvan la Chevalerie de Bretagne et la formation de l'armée ducale 1260-1341 Presses Universitaires de Rennes, Rennes 2009, « Généalogie n°39 : les seigneurs de Vitré (Montmorency-Laval) ». 1250 deaths 13th-century French nobility Seventh Crusade Barony of Vitré
```objective-c /* * All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the * names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products * derived from this software without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. / /* * @file * This file includes compile-time configurations for the Network Diagnostics. * / #ifndef CONFIG_NETWORK_DIAGNOSTIC_H_ #define CONFIG_NETWORK_DIAGNOSTIC_H_ /* * @addtogroup config-network-diagnostic * * @brief * This module includes configuration variables for Network Diagnostics. * * @{ * / /* * @def OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_NAME * * Specifies the default Vendor Name string. * / #ifndef OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_NAME #define OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_NAME "" #endif /* * @def OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_MODEL * * Specifies the default Vendor Model string. * / #ifndef OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_MODEL #define OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_MODEL "" #endif /* * @def OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_SW_VERSION * * Specifies the default Vendor SW Version string. * / #ifndef OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_SW_VERSION #define OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_SW_VERSION "" #endif /* * @def OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_APP_URL * * Specifies the default Vendor App URL string. * / #ifndef OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_APP_URL #define OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_APP_URL "" #endif /* * @def OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_INFO_SET_API_ENABLE * * Define as 1 to add APIs to allow Vendor Name, Model, SW Version to change at run-time. * * It is recommended that Vendor Name, Model, and SW Version are set at build time using the OpenThread configurations * `OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_`. This way they are treated as constants and won't consume RAM. * However, for situations where the OpenThread stack is integrated as a library into different projects/products, this * config can be used to add API to change Vendor Name, Model, and SW Version at run-time. In this case, the strings in * `OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_` are treated as the default values (used when OT stack is initialized). * Enabled by default for reference devices, when `OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_REFERENCE_DEVICE_ENABLE` is defined. * / #ifndef OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_INFO_SET_API_ENABLE #define OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_NET_DIAG_VENDOR_INFO_SET_API_ENABLE OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_REFERENCE_DEVICE_ENABLE #endif /* * @} * */ #endif // CONFIG_NETWORK_DIAGNOSTIC_H_ ```
Markt Wald is a municipality in the district of Unterallgäu in Bavaria, Germany. Christoph Scheiner was born in Markt Wald. References Unterallgäu
John Murray Bliss (22 February 1771 – 22 August 1834) was a Canadian jurist, politician and administrator. Biography Father John Murray Bliss was born in Massachusetts, the son of Massachusetts loyalist Daniel Bliss, a lawyer and British soldier who moved his family to New Brunswick in 1784 after being appointed to the first provincial council. Daniel Bliss also became chief justice of the court of common pleas. Daniel was a Harvard graduate (1760), and had left Concord, Massachusetts, and joined the British army when he was proscribed under the Massachusetts Banishment Act of 1778. In the army, he was appointed commissary. Education and career John Bliss studied law with Jonathan Sewall and Jonathan Bliss, became a lawyer in 1792, and started his practise in Fredericton, New Brunswick. He represented the county of York in the house of assembly. In 1816 he was elevated to the bench and to a seat in his majesty's council. On the decease in 1824 of Ward Chipman, who was acting as Governor of New Brunswick after the death of Governor George Stracey Smyth, Bliss assumed the administration of the government until the arrival of Governor Howard Douglas, a period of nearly a year. Bliss was a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and was the senior justice at the time of his death. John Murray Bliss is notable for his Loyalist beliefs and ties to this influential community. As a politician and colonial administrator he influenced the growth of New Brunswick. Notes References 1771 births 1834 deaths Lawyers in New Brunswick United Empire Loyalists
Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo took place from 24 July to 6 August 2021 at the Oi Seaside Park. Twenty-four teams (twelve each for men and women) competed in the tournament. It was originally scheduled to be held in 2020, but on 24 March 2020, the Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Schedule Qualification Each of the Continental Champions from five confederations received an automatic berth. Japan as the host nation qualified automatically. In addition, the remaining six nations were to be determined by an olympic qualification event. As Japan emerged as Asian champion in both men's and women's events, a seventh berth was made available in each qualification event. Although the qualification was unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Men Women Medal summary Medal table Medalists Men's tournament The competition consisted of two stages; a group stage followed by a knockout stage. Group stage Teams were divided into two groups of six nations, playing every team in their group once. Three points were awarded for a victory, one for a draw. The top four teams per group will qualify to the quarter-finals. Group A Group B Knockout stage Final standings Women's tournament The competition consisted of two stages; a group stage followed by a knockout stage. Group stage Teams were divided into two groups of six nations, playing every team in their group once. Three points are awarded for a victory, one for a draw. The top four teams per group will qualify for the quarter-finals. Group A Group B Knockout stage Final standings See also Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Field hockey at the 2019 Pan American Games References External links Results book Field hockey at the Summer Olympics 2020 Summer Olympics events Summer Olympics 2020 Summer Olympics
Amit Shah (born 1964) is an Indian politician and cabinet minister in the Government of India. Amit Shah may also refer to: Amit Shah (actor) (born 1981), British actor Amit Shah (mayor), Indian politician, mayor of Ahmedabad Amit Shah and the March of BJP, a biography of Amit Shah.
Chamaita is a town and village development committee in Ilam District in the Province No. 1 of eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 5,229 people living in 863 individual households. References External links UN map of the municipalities of Ilam District Populated places in Ilam District
Rhagadioles edulis, commonly known as the edible star-hawkbit, is a species of annual herb in the family Asteraceae. It is found in Southern Europe, Northwest Africa, the Caucasuses and the Middle East. Distribution and habitat It is most commonly found in the months of April and May. It is most commonly found in France and Spain. The habitat they live in is Mediterranean maquis and forest. Description The flower color is yellow. The flowers gender are hermaphrodite. The flower arrangement are alternate and dissected. Ecology Puccinia rhagadioli is a fungal parasite that can live inside of the flower. References Cichorieae
Alexey Nikolayevich Dushkin (24 December 1904 – 8 October 1977) was a Soviet architect, best known for his 1930s designs of the Kropotkinskaya and Mayakovskaya stations of the Moscow Metro. He worked primarily for subway and railroads and is also noted for his Red Gate Building, one of the Seven Sisters. Early years (1904-1934) Alexey Dushkin studied chemistry in Kharkiv for three years since 1921, then transferred to architectural college and graduated in 1930. Dushkin worked in city planning, setting up zoning plans for Donbas towns; he co-designed a college building in Kharkiv in 1932. Dushkin associated himself with VOPRA, a left-wing artistic association led by Arkady Mordvinov and Karo Alabyan. In 1932, Dushkin applied for the Palace of Soviets contest. His draft did not win the main prize, but earned an invitation to Moscow to join the Palace design team, and later Ivan Fomin's Workshop No.3. Dushkin's Metro (1934-1943) Kropotkinskaya (1935) His greatest chance came with the first stage of Moscow Metro. Dushkin and Yakov Lichtenberg, two junior architects, were awarded the honorable task of designing the Palace of Soviets metro station (now Kropotkinskaya). The choice of young, unknown architects for the most important station is a mystery. Authors of Moscow Metro. 70 years speculate that Dushkin was spotted by Lazar Kaganovich, project manager for the Metro, during the Palace of Soviets contest, or even earlier, in Kharkiv (when Kaganovich headed Ukrainian branch of the Communist Party). Basic triple-span, columnar layout was fixed by the Metro master planners. Dushkin worked within this framework and very tight construction schedule (half a year from earth pit to completion). Later, in 1973, he summarized the experience: "Optical illusion is worthless. Under ground, light is the most vital structural element that livens up materials and underscores shapes... My creed is Kropotkinskaya. We referred to the Egyptian subterranean legacy, where column tops were lit by oil lamps. This choice is the best answer for the underground reality". This work earned him a Stalin Prize in 1941 and Grand Prix awards at expositions in Paris (1937) and Brussels (1958). Trivia: The columns of Kropotkinskaya look like a row of palm trees. In 1935, when the station was opened, its hall was lined up with live palm trees in wooden vats. Ploshchad Revolyutsii (1938) This deep alignment station required heavy pylons to support the vaults. In 1930s, architects were obsessed with relieving passengers' anxiety of being underground, so one of the objectives was to make these pylons look slimmer. Dushkin proposed an interesting solution - decorate the pylons with wider arches, filling the gap between the fake and real arch with sculpture. This, he presumed, would narrow the perceived width of pylons. His original draft called for bas relief sculptures of life-size standing figures on the corners and lace-like Gothic ornaments on the main vault. This, however, did not materialize. Instead, Matvey Manizer, a sculptor with a political backing, preferred classical, larger-than-life bronze sculptures, crouched between fake arches and the plinth. As a result, the station became heavyweight and dark. Mayakovskaya (1938) Mayakovskaya, 33 meters under ground, was the first deep alignment station of columnar type (numerous columnar stations of the first stage, including Kropotkinskaya, were shallow alignment type, built by open pit methode). Dushkin's design, although a Stalinist classic, is within the lines of Art deco. Columns are faced with stainless steel and pink rhodonite, floors and walls are finished in four different shades of granite and marble. 35 (33 visible) ) ceiling mosaics by Alexander Deineka "A day in the Soviet Sky". These mosaics are sometimes criticized as being inadequately small for this station and awkwardly placed in recessed soffits. Dushkin recalled later, "Mayakovskaya could have been more impressive. [We] failed to materialize all design plans". Dushkin's wife remembered that when he projected the station in 1936-1937, he asked her to play him Bach or Prokofiev. The station was awarded Grand Prize of the 1939 New York World's Fair. In 1941, it was used as a bomb shelter. November 6, 1941 it housed the Mossovet meeting were Joseph Stalin delivered his Brothers and Sisters... patriotic speech. Avtozavodskaya (1943) On January 1, 1943, in the middle of Battle of Stalingrad, Moscow Metro opened a new station, extending the Gorkovsko-Zamoskvoretskaya (now Zamoskvoretskaya) Line from Ploshchad Sverdlova (now Teatralnaya) to Zavod imeni Stalina (now Avtozavodskaya). (Two intermediate stations, Novokuznetskaya and Paveletskaya, were opened on November 20, 1943.) Planners chose Dushkin's simple columnar concept, proven by prewar practice. The columns of Avtozavodskaya are narrower than earlier (and later) examples of this type, giving the station an "airy" feel. Dushkin expressed his opinion on the project: "I like this station because it is made with one breath. It clearly manifests the constructive essence and, as with Russian temples, the clearness of the working shape" As Dushkin's wife revived, the design of the station required considerable creative efforts from the author: "I remember well how the project of station «ZIS» [Zavod imeni Stalina] was developed. My husband made some drafts, which did not satisfy him, he put off the work and was deep in the book of Timiryazev «Life of plants». He ignored my questions why he needed that and only asked to play Bach's fugue. When finished the book, he sat down at the drawing-board. He made eleven drafts of the station but chose only one, which was realized. For me the character of the station is music and polyphony. While going down by the escalator, the columns appear one by one and then as if combine in common sounding - as the finale of the cadence brought to key" Novoslobodskaya (1952) This station on the Ring Line, 40 meters deep, was Moscow's first employment of stained glass, a technology previously associated with Roman Catholic church and thus deemed unacceptable in Soviet architecture. These glass panes were produced in Latvia to drafts by Pavel Korin. Panels, integrated into white marble pylons, relieve the look of an otherwise heavy structure. According to Dushkin's wife, the architect proposed stained glass and actually travelled to Riga to inspect Latvian workshops before the war (i.e. between August, 1940 and June, 1941). These plans materialized a decade later. According to Alexander Strelkov, junior architect on this project, Dushkin originally settled for uranium glass, as he once saw in London, and picked Vera Mukhina to shape the glass. However, Gosplan management rejected his request for uranium, saying "you'd have better chances asking for gold, don't even dream of uranium". Dushkin and Strelkov followed the advice, requested and secured real gold for Pavel Korin's artwork. Architect of the Railways (1943-1955) In 1943-1955 Dushkin dedicated himself to mainline railroads and chaired the Architectural Department and Workshop of Ministry of Railways. Dushkin and his workshop designed railway stations to replace the war losses; unlike Mayakovskaya, these are true examples of heavyweight Stalinist architecture. In 1947, Dushkin received a highest credit, second class - the right to design one of Stalin's Seven sisters. Second class, because the original 8 drafts were pre-arranged into four major and four minor projects; Dushkin qualified for a minor one. He earned Stalin Prize for a conceptual draft in 1949 (with Boris Mezentsev) and completed the tower in 1951. Construction was complicated by the need for a tunnel connection to Krasniye Vorota metro station, and required ingenious cryo technology for drilling the tunnels and levelling the foundation slab. It is not surprising that later the building housed the Ministry of Railways. He returned to Metro once, for Novoslobodskaya. In November 1955, Dushkin's railroad terminals became a lightning rod of Nikita Khrushchev's famous decree "On liquidation of excesses in construction...", which spelled the end of Stalinist architecture. Khrushchev asserted that costs and volume of these buildings were inflated three times above reasonable estimates. Work of Dushkin's junior architects was ostracized too. Dushkin lost his chair of Chief Railway Architect. He remained a professor at Moscow Architectural Institute until 1974, but had not built anything significant since 1955. His granddaughter, Natalya Dushkina, is an architect and a vocal preservation advocate. Buildings 1932 Automobile and Road College, Kharkiv 1935 Kropotkinskaya station, Moscow Metro 1938 Ploshchad Revolyutsii station, Moscow Metro 1938 Mayakovskaya station, Moscow Metro 1943 Avtozavodskaya station, Moscow Metro 1947-1953 Red Gate Building (Ministry of rail transport), Moscow 1949 Railway terminal, Simferopol 1950 Railway terminal, Dnipropetrovsk (now Dnipro) 1951 Railway terminal, Sochi 1952 Novoslobodskaya station, Moscow Metro 1953 Railway terminal, Yevpatoria 1953-1957 Detsky Mir department store, Moscow Literature Berkovich, Gary. Reclaiming a History. Jewish Architects in Imperial Russia and the USSR. Volume 2. Soviet Avant-garde: 1917–1933. Weimar und Rostock: Grunberg Verlag. 2021. P. 161. See also List of Russian architects List of Russian inventors Notes References 1904 births 1977 deaths Russian inventors Soviet architects Recipients of the Stalin Prize 20th-century Russian architects Railway architects Russian scientists
An interview is a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other provides answers. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee. The interviewer asks questions to which the interviewee responds, usually providing information. That information may be used or provided to other audiences immediately or later. This feature is common to many types of interviews – a job interview or interview with a witness to an event may have no other audience present at the time, but the answers will be later provided to others in the employment or investigative process. An interview may also transfer information in both directions. Interviews usually take place face-to-face, in person, but the parties may instead be separated geographically, as in videoconferencing or telephone interviews. Interviews almost always involve spoken conversation between two or more parties. In some instances a "conversation" can happen between two persons who type their questions and answers. Interviews can be unstructured, free-wheeling and open-ended conversations without predetermined plan or prearranged questions. One form of unstructured interview is a focused interview in which the interviewer consciously and consistently guides the conversation so that the interviewee's responses do not stray from the main research topic or idea. Interviews can also be highly structured conversations in which specific questions occur in a specified order. They can follow diverse formats; for example, in a ladder interview, a respondent's answers typically guide subsequent interviews, with the object being to explore a respondent's subconscious motives. Typically the interviewer has some way of recording the information that is gleaned from the interviewee, often by keeping notes with a pencil and paper, or with a video or audio recorder. The traditionally two-person interview format, sometimes called a one-on-one interview, permits direct questions and follow-ups, which enables an interviewer to better gauge the accuracy and relevance of responses. It is a flexible arrangement in the sense that subsequent questions can be tailored to clarify earlier answers. Further, it eliminates possible distortion due to other parties being present. Contexts Interviews can happen in a wide variety of contexts: Employment. A job interview is a formal consultation for evaluating the qualifications of the interviewee for a specific position. One type of job interview is a case interview in which the applicant is presented with a question or task or challenge, and asked to resolve the situation. Candidates may be treated to a mock interview as a training exercise to prepare the respondent to handle questions in the subsequent 'real' interview. A series of interviews may be arranged, with the first interview sometimes being a short screening interview, followed by more in-depth interviews, usually by company personnel who can ultimately hire the applicant. Technology has enabled new possibilities for interviewing; for example, video telephony has enabled inteviewing applicants from afar. Psychology. Psychologists use a variety of interviewing methods and techniques to try to understand and help their patients. In a psychiatric interview, a psychiatrist or psychologist or nurse asks a battery of questions to complete what is called a psychiatric assessment. Sometimes two people are interviewed by an interviewer, with one format being called couple interviews. Criminologists and detectives sometimes use cognitive interviews on eyewitnesses and victims to try to ascertain what can be recalled specifically from a crime scene, hopefully before the specific memories begin to fade in the mind. Marketing and Academic. In marketing research and academic research, interviews are used in a wide variety of ways as a method to do extensive personality tests. Interviews are the most used form of data collection in qualitative research. Interviews are used in marketing research as a tool that a firm may utilize to gain an understanding of how consumers think. Consumer research firms sometimes use computer-assisted telephone interviewing to randomly dial phone numbers to conduct highly structured telephone interviews, with scripted questions and responses entered directly into the computer. Journalism and other media. Typically, reporters covering a story in journalism conduct interviews over the phone and in person to gain information for subsequent publication. Reporters also interview government officials and political candidates for broadcast. In a talk show, a radio or television "host" interviews one or more people, with the topic usually chosen by the host, sometimes for the purposes of entertainment, sometimes for informational purposes. Such interviews are often recorded. Other situations. Sometimes college representatives or alumni conduct college interviews with prospective students as a way of assessing a student's suitability while offering the student a chance to learn more about a college. Some services specialize in coaching people for interviews. Embassy officials may conduct interviews with applicants for student visas before approving their visa applications. Interviewing in legal contexts is often called interrogation. Debriefing is another kind of interview. Blind interview In a blind interview the identity of the interviewee is concealed so as to reduce interviewer bias. Blind interviews are sometimes used in the software industry and are standard in orchestral auditions. Blind interviews have been shown in some cases to increase the hiring of minorities and women. Interviewer bias The relationship between the interviewer and interviewee in research settings can have both positive and negative consequences. Their relationship can bring deeper understanding of the information being collected, however this creates a risk that the interviewer will be unable to be unbiased in their collection and interpretation of information. Bias can be created from the interviewers perception of the interviewee, or from the interviewee's perception of the interviewer. Additionally, a researcher can bring biases to the table based on the researcher’s mental state, their preparedness for conducting the research, and the researcher conducting inappropriate interviews. Interviewers can use various practices known in qualitative research to mitigate interviewer bias. These practices include subjectivity, objectivity, and reflexivity. Each of these practices allows the interviewer, or researcher, the opportunity to use their bias to enhance their work by gaining a deeper understanding of the problem they are studying. See also Repertory grid interview In research Telephone interview Computer assisted telephone interviewing Interview (research) Knowledge transfer Online interview Mall intercept interview Qualitative research interview Structured interview Unstructured interview In journalism and media Interview (journalism) Talk show In other contexts College interview Reference interview, between a librarian and a library user References Survey methodology
Asura mutabilis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Lars Kühne in 2007. It is found in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. References Moths described in 2007 mutabilis Moths of Africa
The 2000 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team's 33rd year in professional football and its 31st with the National Football League. Corey Dillon would rank fifth in the NFL with 1,435 rushing yards and set a franchise record for most rushing yards in one season. On October 22, 2000, Dillon set a franchise record by rushing for 278 yards in one game. After being shut out in two of their first three games and a home loss to the Browns 24–7 in week 1, Coach Bruce Coslet resigned; he was replaced by former All-Pro Detroit Lions DB and Bengal defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau. Under LeBeau, the Bengals dropped their first three games, with an eventual long losing streak finally coming to an end on October 22 against the Denver Broncos at the new Paul Brown Stadium. The Bengals defeated the Broncos 31–21 as RB Corey Dillon set a single-game record by rushing for 278 yards. The Bengals used it as springboard to win their next game in Cleveland despite not scoring a touchdown. The Bengals offense would continue to struggle as 2nd year quarterback Akili Smith, the team's No. 1 draft pick out of Oregon, was overwhelmed by the NFL game. Corey Dillon set a team record by rushing for 1,435 yards, but with Smith's struggles as starting quarterback, the team floundered with a season-ending record of 4–12. Offseason NFL Draft Personnel Roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings Team leaders Passing Rushing Receiving Defensive Kicking and punting Special teams Awards and records Corey Dillon, AFC Offensive Player of the Week (Week 8) Corey Dillon RB, AFC Pro-Bowl Selection Corey Dillon, Franchise Record, Most Rushing Yards in One Game (278 yards on October 22, 2000) Corey Dillon, Franchise Record, Most Rushing Yards in One Season (1,435 rushing yards) Milestones Corey Dillon, 4th 1000 yard rushing season (1,435 rushing yards) Tremain Mack, 3rd 1000-yard return season (1,036 yards) Best performances Corey Dillon, October 22, 2000, 278 rushing yards vs. the Denver Broncos Corey Dillon, December 3, 2000, 216 rushing yards vs. the Arizona Cardinals References External links 2000 Cincinnati Bengals at Pro-Football-Reference.com Cincinnati Bengals Cincinnati Bengals seasons Cincin
Damien Jefferson (born October 3, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for Filou Oostende of the BNXT League. He played college basketball for the New Mexico Lobos and the Creighton Bluejays. High school career Jefferson attended Central High School in East Chicago, Indiana. As a senior, he averaged 26.1 points and 8.1 rebounds per game and was named The Times of Northwest Indiana Player of the Year. Jefferson led his team to a Class 4A sectional title and was named an Indiana All-Star. He committed to playing college basketball for New Mexico, his father's alma mater. College career Jefferson averaged 5.3 points and 2.3 rebounds as a freshman at New Mexico. For his sophomore season, he transferred to Creighton and sat out for one year due to transfer rules. As a sophomore, Jefferson averaged 6.2 points and four rebounds per game. In his junior season, he averaged 9.4 points and 5.5 rebounds per game. Jefferson declared for the 2020 NBA draft before withdrawing and returning to college. On December 17, 2020, he flirted with a triple-double, recording 10 points, 10 rebounds and eight assists in a 94–76 win over St. John's. As a senior, Jefferson earned Second Team All-Big East honors. He averaged 11.9 points and 5.4 rebounds per game. Jefferson declared for the 2021 NBA draft, forgoing an additional season of eligibility the NCAA granted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Professional career Jefferson joined the Sacramento Kings for the 2021 NBA Summer League, winning a summer league championship. He joined the Stockton Kings as an affiliate player on October 25, 2021, but was later waived on January 29, 2022. He was acquired by the Memphis Hustle on February 14. On July 31, 2023, Jefferson signed with Filou Oostende of the BNXT League. Career statistics College \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2016–17 \| style="text-align:left;"\| New Mexico \| 29 \|\| 6 \|\| 15.1 \|\| .438 \|\| .214 \|\| .490 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .4 \|\| .1 \|\| 5.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2017–18 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Creighton \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="11"\| Redshirt \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2018–19 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Creighton \| 26 \|\| 16 \|\| 18.0 \|\| .535 \|\| .412 \|\| .634 \|\| 4.0 \|\| .8 \|\| .4 \|\| .1 \|\| 6.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2019–20 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Creighton \| 30 \|\| 29 \|\| 27.1 \|\| .533 \|\| .217 \|\| .635 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .6 \|\| .2 \|\| 9.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2020–21 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Creighton \| 31 \|\| 31 \|\| 30.9 \|\| .512 \|\| .348 \|\| .605 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .3 \|\| 11.9 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 116 \|\| 82 \|\| 23.0 \|\| .509 \|\| .304 \|\| .592 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .7 \|\| .2 \|\| 8.3 Personal life Jefferson's father, Everette, played college basketball at New Mexico. References External links Creighton Bluejays bio New Mexico Lobos bio 1997 births Living people American expatriate basketball people in Belgium American men's basketball players Basketball players from Indiana Creighton Bluejays men's basketball players Memphis Hustle players New Mexico Lobos men's basketball players Small forwards Sportspeople from East Chicago, Indiana Stockton Kings players
Ibragimkhalil Daudov (11 November 1960 – 14 February 2012), also known as Emir Salikh, was the leader of the militant Vilayat Dagestan in Dagestan after the death of Israpil Velijanov. Biography Ibragimkhalil reportedly joined Vilayat Dagestan in 2008. After serving time in Azerbaijan for possession of weapons, Daudov returned to his native village of Gubden, where he was placed under police surveillance. After his house caught fire, the villagers found a hidden weapons cache on the premises. Ibragimkhalil took with him his three sons and joined the militant group led by Magomed Vagabov. He eventually went on to become the leader of the group from 9 May 2011 until his death. Russian investigators say Daudov brought his wife and another woman to Moscow in 2009 to carry out a suicide attack on people celebrating New Year's Eve near the Kremlin, but their bomb exploded hours earlier in a Moscow suburb. Daudov's wife was killed in the explosion and several people were arrested. On 10 February 2012, Russian security forces attacked a house that contained a number of militants including Ibragimkhalil. On 14 February 2012, Ibragimkhalil Daudov was found dead in a river near the village of Gurbuki. He had apparently escaped from the scene of the earlier operation but died of his wounds and exposure. All three of his sons were killed fighting the security forces; Mohammed Daudov in the summer of 2009, Magomedshapi Daudov in April 2010 and Magamedhabib Daudov in February 2012 in the same operation that resulted in the death of their father. References 1960 births 2012 deaths People from Karabudakhkentsky District Russian Sunni Muslims Russian Islamists Caucasus Emirate members Caucasian Front (militant group) People of the Chechen wars Russian rebels Leaders of Islamic terror groups
Qasigiannguit Heliport is a heliport in the eastern part of Qasigiannguit, a town located on the southeastern shores of Disko Bay in Qeqertalik municipality, in western Greenland. Airlines and destinations Air Greenland operates government contract flights to villages in the Disko Bay region. These mostly cargo flights are not featured in the timetable, although they can be pre-booked. Departure times for these flights as specified during booking are by definition approximate, with the settlement service optimized on the fly depending on local demand for a given day. Settlement flights in the Disko Bay and Aasiaat archipelago areas are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring. During summer and autumn, communication between settlements is by sea only, serviced by Diskoline. References Airports in the Arctic Heliports in Greenland Disko Bay
Irene di Spilimbergo (17 October 1538 - 17 December 1559) was an Italian Renaissance painter and poet. Biography She is mostly known for an effusive volume of poetic elegies published two years after her death by Dionigi Atanagi and containing 279 Italian and 102 Latin poems, some anonymous, and others either penned or attributed to contemporary cultural figures including Lodovico Dolce, Torquato Tasso, Titian, Girolamo Muzio, Luigi Tanzillo, Giuseppe Bettusi, and Benedetto Varchi. Born in Spilimbergo (in the Province of Pordenone), a small town about thirty kilometers northwest of Udine, by report she demonstrated her artistic abilities at a young age. She is compared sometimes with another woman painter, Sofonisba Anguissola (born in Cremona and of greater longevity (1532–1625). Irene studied under Titian for two years. Few if any of her works are known. Her true nature and skills are difficult to sift from the poetic legend; she was for her eulogists the equivalent of the prototypical ever-innocent feminine charm, what Beatrice was to Dante and Laura to Petrarch, although girded with a paint-brush for the craft-oriented Renaissance. The National Gallery of Art (Washington D.C.) houses two paintings in relation to her: a portrait of her sister Emilia di Spilimbergo, with a landscape background, has been attributed to Gian Paolo Pace, a follower of Titian, and a pendant portrait of Irene di Spilimbergo is thought to be by Gian Paolo Pace and Titian. She died in Venice at the age of 21. References External links ArtNet biography via the Internet Archive Irene di Spilimbergo: The Image of a Creative Woman in Late Renaissance Italy, Anne Jacobson Schutte, Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 42–61 Jacobs, Fredrika Herman. Defining the Renaissance Virtuosa: Women Artists and the Language of Art History and Criticism. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Schutte, Anne Jacobson. "Commemorators of Irene Di Spilimbergo." Renaissance Quarterly 45, no. 3 (1992): 524-36. 1538 births 1559 deaths People from the Province of Pordenone Italian Renaissance painters Italian women painters 16th-century Italian painters 16th-century Italian women artists
The Ministry of National Education (), also translated as Ministry of National Enlightenment, was a government ministry in the Russian Empire which oversaw science and education. It was in existence from 1802 to 1817 and from 1824 to 1917. From 1817 to 1824, it was part of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education. Ministers List of national education ministers of Russia See also Ministry of Education (Russia) Ministry of Education (Soviet Union) Russia Russia Education 1802 establishments in the Russian Empire 1917 disestablishments in Russia
Tmesisternus nami is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt in 1984. References nami Beetles described in 1984
Calada fuegensis is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is endemic to Argentina. References External links Hepialidae genera Moths described in 1983 Hepialidae Endemic fauna of Argentina Moths of South America
The Iowa Aviation Museum is located at the Greenfield Municipal Airport in Greenfield, Iowa, and is dedicated to preserving Iowa's aviation heritage. The Iowa Aviation Hall of Fame, located at the museum, honors Iowans who have contributed significantly to the growth of aviation. Collection The Iowa Aviation Museum has eleven civil aircraft on display, including some rare examples of early flying machines from the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. The museum's collection includes: 1941 de Havilland Tiger Moth, Australian Model 1946 Piper J-3 Cub 1928 Curtiss Robin 1929 Northrop Primary Glider 1937 Piper J-2 1941 de Havilland Tiger Moth, Canadian Model 1941 Aetna-Timm Aero craft 1946 Taylorcraft, BC12 1957 Schweizer 1-20 1932 Mead Primary Glider 1968 Pitts Special S1S 1975 Easy Riser Glider A-7D Corsair II AH-1 Huey Cobra Gunship 1929 Pietenpol Replica 1931 Kari Keen 1929 Stearman 1963 Cherokee II Sailplane Iowa Aviation Hall of Fame The Iowa Aviation Hall of Fame began in 1990 and preceded the opening of the Iowa Aviation Museum. According to the museum's website, "Nominations to the Hall of Fame are accepted until February 1st of each year. A selection committee, appointed by the Museum's Board of Directors, evaluates the nominations on a point system. A permanent tribute for each Hall of Fame inductee is featured at the Museum. The Museum is the only place in Iowa which focuses on the state's aviation heritage." Iowa Aviation Hall Of Fame Inductees By Year 1990 Ann Holtgren Pellegreno: First woman to serve as a Commissioner for both the Iowa Aeronautics Commission and the Iowa Department of Transportation. John and Yvonne Schildberg: John's fascination with vintage aircraft and Yvonne's generosity resulted in the presentation of ten antique aircraft to the Greenfield community which was the foundation of the Iowa Aviation Museum. John Wesley Cable: Constructed the first airport in Waterloo, Iowa in 1927. William "Billy" Robinson Wyman Fiske Marshall: A member of the “Three Musketeers,” the first aerobatic flying team in the United States, from 1928-1929 and United States Marine Corps Brigadier General. 1991 Aden "Bite" Livingston Arthur J. Hartman Don Ultang Ila Fox Loetscher 1992 Charles A. Horner Neta Snook Southern: Taught Amelia Earhart how to fly. Sidney "Sid" Cleveland 1993 Clarence Duncan Chamberlin Clayton Folkerts Louis "Andy" Anderson Nellie Vos Ruby 1994 Eugene Burton Ely JC Pemberton Luther H. Smith Robert L. Taylor 1995 John Livingston Ralph E. Piper Robert Freyermuth 1996 Carl G. Zeliadt Grant H. Woldum Howard V. Gregory 1997 Charles W. Fink Donald A. Luscombe Herbert R. Elliott William Norman Reed 1998 Avery "Jack" Ladd Elvin F. Knotts Robert W. Williams 1999 Charles Gatschet Clifton P. "Ole" Oleson Harold B. Miller 2000 Hartley A. "Hap" Westbrook 2001 Ralph Weberg Robert Parmele Russell and Dolly Zangger 2002 Carl Bates Glenn L. Martin 2003 Louis Schalk Walter Cunningham Wilbur and Orville Wright 2004 Ellen Church Marshall Joseph P. Gomer 2005 H. Jerry Dwyer 2006 The Iowa Tuskegee Airmen: William V. Bibb, James E. Bowman, Russell L. Collins, Maurice V. Esters, Joseph P. Gomer, Robert L. Martin, George R. Miller, Clarence A. Oliphant, Robert M. Parkey, Luther H. Smith, Thurman E. Spriggs, and Robert W. Williams. 2007 Frank C. Wallace Wilmer A. Reedholm 2008 Kimberly D. Olson William J. Fox 2009 Delbert H. Clayton Jack E. Conger 2010 Clyde Cable Glen Niederhauser See also North American aviation halls of fame List of aerospace museums References Aerospace museums in Iowa Museums in Adair County, Iowa Greenfield, Iowa Museums established in 1990
Launch Complex 5 may refer to: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5, a site used for various Redstone and Jupiter launches Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 5, a launch pad at Vandenberg Air Force Base Pad 5 at Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1, an active R-7 (Soyuz) launch pad at Baikonur Site 5 at the Svobodny Cosmodrome Woomera Launch Area 5
Enginuity is an interactive design and technology centre in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England. It is the newest of the ten museums operated by the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust and was opened in 2002. The museum's exhibition floor is divided into four zones: Materials & Structures, Systems & Control, Energy and Design. Enginuity also offers workshops and interactive shows for school groups. During school holidays, the interactive shows are offered to the general public on varying themes. Zones Materials & Structures Systems & Control Energy Design FABLAB Workshops Workshops can be run for school groups or even as corporate events. The currently available workshops are: Shows Materials Forces Electricity References Tourism board web page External links Enginuity Coalbrookdale Tourist attractions in Shropshire Museums in Shropshire Science museums in England Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust Technology museums in the United Kingdom
Adrafinil, sold under the brand name Olmifon, is a wakefulness-promoting medication that was formerly used in France to improve alertness, attention, wakefulness, and mood, particularly in the elderly. It was also used off-label by individuals who wished to avoid fatigue, such as night workers or others who needed to stay awake and alert for long periods of time. Additionally, the medication has been used non-medically as a novel vigilance-promoting agent. Adrafinil is a prodrug; it is primarily metabolized in vivo to modafinil, resulting in very similar pharmacological effects. Unlike modafinil, however, it takes time for the metabolite to accumulate to active levels in the bloodstream. Effects usually are apparent within 45–60 minutes when taken orally on an empty stomach. Adrafinil was marketed in France until September 2011 when it was voluntarily discontinued due to an unfavorable risk–benefit ratio. Medical uses Adrafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent and was used to promote alertness, attention, wakefulness, and mood. It was particularly used in the elderly. Available forms Adrafinil was available in the form of 300mg oral tablets. Side effects There is a case report of two patients that adrafinil may increase interest in sex. A case report of adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia exists. Reports of this side effect also exist for modafinil. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Because α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists were found to block effects of adrafinil and modafinil in animals, "most investigators assume[d] that adrafinil and modafinil both serve as α1-adrenergic receptor agonists." However, adrafinil and modafinil have not been found to bind to the α1-adrenergic receptor and they lack peripheral sympathomimetic side effects associated with activation of this receptor; hence, the evidence in support of this hypothesis is weak, and other mechanisms are probable. Modafinil was subsequently screened at a variety of targets in 2009 and was found to act as a weak, atypical blocker of the dopamine transporter (and hence as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor), and this action may explain some or all of its pharmacological effects. Relative to adrafinil, modafinil possesses greater specificity in its action, lacking or having a reduced incidence of many of the common side effects of the former (including stomach pain, skin irritation, anxiety, and elevated liver enzymes with prolonged use). Pharmacokinetics In addition to modafinil, adrafinil also produces modafinil acid (CRL-40467) and modafinil sulfone (CRL-41056) as metabolites, which form from metabolic modification of modafinil. Chemistry Analogues of adrafinil include modafinil, armodafinil, CRL-40,940, CRL-40,941, and fluorenol. History Adrafinil was discovered in 1974 by two chemists working for the French pharmaceutical company Laboratoires Lafon who were screening compounds in search of analgesics. Pharmacological studies of adrafinil instead revealed psychostimulant-like effects such as hyperactivity and wakefulness in animals. The substance was first tested in humans, specifically for the treatment of narcolepsy, in 1977–1978. Introduced by Lafon (now Cephalon), it reached the market in France in 1984, and for the treatment of narcolepsy in 1985. In 1976, two years after the discovery of adrafinil, its active metabolite modafinil was discovered. Modafinil appeared to be more potent than adrafinil in animal studies, and was selected for further clinical development, with both adrafinil and modafinil eventually reaching the market. Modafinil was first approved in France in 1994, and then in the United States in 1998. Lafon was acquired by Cephalon in 2001. As of September 2011, Cephalon has discontinued Olmifon, its adrafinil product, while modafinil continues to be marketed. Society and culture Names Adrafinil is the generic name of the drug and its and . It is also known by its brand name Olmifon and its developmental code name CRL-40028. Regulation Athletic doping Adrafinil and its active metabolite modafinil were added to the list of substances prohibited for athletic competition according to World Anti-Doping Agency in 2004. Additive in United States dietary supplements Adrafinil is sometimes included as an ingredient to misbranded or adulterated dietary supplements. One company had attempted to get a New Dietary Ingredient pre-market notification approved for adrafinil in 2017, but the Food and Drug Administration rejected it: “For the reasons discussed above, the information in your notification is incomplete and does not provide an adequate basis to conclude that ‘Adrafinil’...will reasonably be expected to be safe. Therefore, your product may be adulterated under 21 U.S.C. § 342(f)(l){B)...Introduction of such a product into interstate commerce is prohibited under 21U.S.C.§33 1(a) and (v)”. A position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug was indicated in a warning letter by the FDA from 2019: “Your [Peak Nootropics] products [including] Adrafinil…are not generally recognized as safe and effective for the above referenced uses and, therefore, these products are “new drugs” under section 201(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate commerce without prior approval from the FDA...” A position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug was also indicated by FDA in a press release regarding a criminal action undertaken in 2019: “[Defendant] falsely represented these drugs as legal to sell in the United States. In fact, these are drugs that were illegally imported into the United States and illegal to sell in the United States because they are not approved for sale by the Food and Drug Administration... Some of the illegal drugs [defendant] was selling include the following: Adrafinil...” FDA indicated a position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug in later criminal action undertaken during 2022; “[The defendants] also illegally sold multiple other unapproved and misbranded drugs, including adrafinil crystalline powder...” Certain products, formulated with adrafinil in them, have been listed as subject to a May 2023 import alert by Food and Drug Administration because they are considered as containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Adrafinil containing products, purporting to be dietary supplements, are not allowed for use by military service members. This is because the Department of Defense considers adrafinil an unapproved drug. New Zealand In 2005 a Medical Classification Committee in New Zealand recommended to MEDSAFE NZ that adrafinil be classified as a prescription medicine due to risks of it being used as a party drug. At that time adrafinil was not scheduled in New Zealand. Research In a clinical trial with the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine and placebo as comparators, adrafinil showed efficacy in the treatment of depression. In contrast to clomipramine however, adrafinil was well-tolerated, and showed greater improvement in psychomotor retardation in comparison. The authors concluded that further investigation of the potential antidepressant effects of adrafinil were warranted. References Further reading External links CYP3A4 inducers Dopamine reuptake inhibitors Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action Hydroxamic acids Nootropics Phenyl compounds Prodrugs Stimulants Sulfoxides Withdrawn drugs World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
Christopher Michael Pilkerton (born July 6, 1973) is an American lawyer and former Acting Administrator of the United States Small Business Administration. Education Pilkerton earned a Bachelor of Arts from Fairfield University in 1995, Master of Public Administration from Columbia University in 2003, and Juris Doctor from the Columbus School of Law in 1999. Career Prior to entering government service, Pilkerton was formerly an assistant director of Law and Public Policy at the Catholic University of America from 2007 to 2011. He then served as a Senior Counselor to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from 2004 to 2006. Pilkerton has also been a compliance director at JPMorgan Chase from 2013 to 2017, an Assistant New York County District Attorney from 1999 to 2004, partner specializing in financial services law at Ruddy Gregory, PLLC from 2006 to 2008, a member of the Nasdaq, Inc. board of directors from 2011 to 2012, and partner specializing in financial services law at Butzel Long from 2008 to 2013. From 2019 to 2020, he served as a member of the Adjunct Faculty for Risk Management and Financial Controls at Catholic University of America and was a member of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary. He served as General Counsel and Regulatory Policy Officer of the Small Business Administration from 2017 to 2020 and as Acting Administrator of the agency from 2019 to 2020. From March 2020 to January 2021 he has served as the Executive Director of the Opportunity Now Initiative, a program within the White House Office. Personal life He and his wife, Amanda, live with their children in Washington, D.C. References 1973 births Administrators of the Small Business Administration Fairfield University alumni School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni Columbus School of Law alumni Living people Trump administration cabinet members Trump administration personnel New York (state) Republicans
Tradescantia sillamontana is a perennial evergreen herbaceous plant of the genus Tradescantia. This species is one of the most succulent and xerophytic, but at the same time one of the most attractive species of Tradescantia. It is endemic to dry areas of the State of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico and can also be found in Spain and Italy. Description This plant has a very recognizable and distinctive appearance. The leaves are arranged in a precise geometric shape. Almost completely white hairs cover all parts of the plant: leaves, shoots, and even the buds. These protect the plant from direct sunlight and excessive evaporation. Shoots and stems reach a height of 30–40 cm, first erect, later prostrate and rooting at the soil surface. The leaves are fleshy, ovate, 3–7 cm long, covered with grayish-white short hairs. During the summer, the flowers appear at apical growth points or in the axils of the bracts; these are typical Tradescantia flowers. The corolla consists of three bright purplish-pink to purple petals and three small sepals. Cultivation Tradescantia sillamontana is almost as easy to grow as other species of the genus Tradescantia. However, unlike most species of Tradescantia, this species is almost succulent and nearly xerophytic. T. sillamontana should be grown in a well lit position, although direct summer sun can cause burns, so gradual acclimatization is needed. While it is native to arid areas of Mexico, it does best with roughly of water per year. It will go dormant in cooler desert winters. Flowering in summer is quite abundant, if well-cultivated. The plant quickly loses its desirable appearance with excessive watering, too dark a location, and an excess of nitrogen. Spraying the leaves is not recommended at all. Soil should allow good drainage, with at least a third to a half made up of coarse sand and gravel. Moderate watering is required during the growing season; the plant should be kept almost dry in winter maintenance. The minimum temperature during the period of dormancy is 10 °C. The plant can be divided in Spring, with any shoots which are too long being trimmed. In the subtropical zone this is one of the most popular garden plants. In Europe it is sometimes cultivated in gardens and rock gardens, but in the winter it is brought into a cool greenhouse or protected from cold and moisture with a temporary shelter. Reproduction is easy by cuttings 5–8 cm long, rooted in sandy soil, or by dividing and transplanting the bush. Tradescantia sillamontana has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. References sillamontana Plants described in 1955 Endemic flora of Mexico Flora of Nuevo León Garden plants
Air Chief Marshal Dambure Liyanage Sumangala Dias, RWP, RSP, VSV, USP is a retired Sri Lanka Air Force officer and pilot who served as Commander of the Air Force from 29 May 2019 to 2 November 2020. He retired from his position as the Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force on 2 November 2020 and was replaced by Air Marshal Sudarshana Pathirana. Education Educated at Nalanda College, Colombo, he was presented with Nalanda Keerthi Sri award by his alma mater in 2019. Air force career Dias joined the Sri Lanka Air Force as part of its 13th Officer Cadet Intake on 13 December 1984. On completing basic and advanced flight training, he was commissioned as a Pilot Officer in the General Duties Pilot Branch on 15 August 1986. Dias was wounded in action over Silavaturai during the opening stages of Eelam War II in 1990, as part of the SLAF's support operations of besieged Sri Lanka Army positions. After completing a Command and Staff Course in India, he was assigned to the No. 6 Squadron operating out of SLAF Vavuniya. Having been promoted to the rank of Squadron Leader, Dias was appointed Commanding Officer of the No. 2 Heavy Transport Squadron at SLAF Ratmalana on 21 October 1996, and then CO of the No. 8 Light Transport Squadron based there. After completing a Staff Course at the Indian Defence Services Staff College in 2001, he was promoted to the rank of Wing Commander, and appointed commanding officer of the No. 6 Squadron on 26 June 2002. On 1 June 2005, Dias was appointed Base Commander at SLAF Hingurakgoda; in 2008 he was appointed Senior Air Coordinator for the final stages of Eelam War IV, coordinating SLAF operations with the ground operations of the 57-, 58 and 59 divisions of the Sri Lanka Army. He also completed a National Defence Course at the National Defence College Bangladesh. On 5 December 2009, he was appointed Base Commander at SLAF Katunayake, and promoted to the rank of Air Commodore by 2011. Dias then saw a rapid rise through the ranks, starting in 2013 when he was appointed Deputy Director of Air Operations, to Deputy Director Logistics on 28 February 2014, to Director Logistics on 1 July 2014 and then to Acting Director of Air Operations on 15 June 2016. He was finally appointed Chief of the Air Staff on 1 October 2016, formally taking up duties on 27 October. He was appointed Commander of the Air Force on 29 May 2019. He retired as Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force on 2 November 2020 and was succeeded by Air Marshal Sudarshana Pathirana. Dias has completed a Joint Air Warfare course in India, and is a trained Aircraft Accident Investigator following a course in Pakistan; he has also held the position of Chief Flight Safety Officer within the SLAF. Diplomatic career Following his retirement from the SLAF, he was named as Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Canada, which was later turned down by the Government of Canada. He has since been named Sri Lankan Ambassador to Italy. He is currently the Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Malaysia after being rejected by the Canadian and Sri Lankan governments. This is believed to be due to allegations of war crimes committed in the past but cannot be confirmed and was not stated as a reason Personal life Dias is married to Mayuri and has two children Bimsara and Visaka. He is also interested in sport, having held the Chair of SLAF Athletics in 2012, and the Chairmanship of SLAF Cycling. References External links Air Marshal Sumangala Dias promoted to the four star rank of Air Chief Marshal Sri Lankan Air Chief Marshals Sri Lankan aviators Sinhalese military personnel Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo Year of birth missing (living people) Living people
X Factor is a Danish television music competition showcasing new singing talent. Thomas Blachman and Martin Jensen returned as judges while Oh Land quitted and Kwamie Liv became her replacement and Sofie Linde returned as the host. For the first time on the Danish X Factor, all groups were eliminated in the first 3 live shows. Judges and hosts Thomas Blachman and Martin Jensen returned as judges while Oh Land decided to quit as a judge and Kwamie Liv became the new judge Sofie Linde returned as the main host. Changes For the first time on the Danish X Factor, no categories were given to the judges. Instead they mentored one act from each category, one from the 15 to 22s, one from the Over 23s and one group in the live shows. Selection process Auditions took place in Copenhagen and Aarhus. The 18 successful acts were: Thomas Blachman: Emma & Filip, Mads Moldt, Maria Ranum, Lasse Skriver, Meseret Tesfamichael, Wela & Garcia Kwamie Liv: 2 Harmonies, Oliver Antonio, Rune Duch, Mathias Julin, Lorenzo & Charlo, Tina Mellemgaard Martin Jensen: Mille Bergholtz, Kári Fossdalsá, Lotte Røntved Knudsen, Oscar, RoxorLoops & Jasmin, Sofie Thomsen Bootcamp The 9 eliminated acts were: Thomas Blachman: Emma & Filip, Lasse Skriver, Meseret Tesfamichael Kwamie Liv: 2 Harmonies, Rune Duch, Mathias Julin Martin Jensen: Lotte Røntved Knudsen, RoxorLoops & Jasmin, Sofie Thomsen Contestants Key: – Winner – Runner-up – 3rd Place Live shows Colour key Contestants' colour key: {\| \|- \| – Kwamie Liv's Contestants \|- \| – Thomas Blachmans's Contestants \|- \| – Martin Jensen's Contestants \|} Live show details Week 1 (February 26) Theme: Signature Judges' votes to eliminate Blachman: Oscar Liv: Kári Fossdalsá Jensen: Oscar Week 2 (March 4) Theme: 200th Program anniversary Musical Guest: Saveus ("Dark Vibrations") Judges' votes to eliminate Blachman: Lorenzo & Charlo Liv: Wela & Garcia Jensen: Wela & Garcia Week 3 (March 11) Theme: SoMe-Stars (Social Media Stars) Musical Guest: Ericka Jane ("Forget Being Sober") Judges' votes to eliminate Jensen: Lorenzo & Charlo Liv: Kári Fossdalsá Blachman: Lorenzo & Charlo Week 4 (March 18) Theme: TV & Movie Songs Judges' votes to eliminate Blachman: Oliver Antonio Jensen: Tina Mellemgaard Liv: Oliver Antonio Week 5 (March 25) Theme: Nordic Artists Group Performance: "Noget for nogen" Musical Guest: Molly Sandén ("Nån annan nu") Judges' votes to eliminate Blachman: Mille Bergholtz Jensen: Maria Ranum Liv: Maria Ranum Week 6: Semi-final (1 April) Theme: Party & The Day After Musical Guest: Solveig Lindelof ("Superficial") The semi-final did not feature a sing-off and instead the act with the fewest public votes, Mille Bergholtz was automacally eliminated Week 7: Final (April 8) Theme: Judges Choice, Duet with a Special Guest, Winner Song Musical Guests: Brandon Beal & Lukas Graham together with the 3 finalists Tina, Kári & Mads Moldt ("Higher"), Dean Lewis "Hurtless" Group Performance: Cover Me in Sunshine" (P!nk performed by the 9 Finalists) "Half A Man"/"Be Alright" (Dean Lewis performed by Dean Lewis & The Auditionees) References The X Factor seasons 2022 Danish television seasons
```objective-c /** * @license Apache-2.0 * * * * path_to_url * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. / /* * Header file containing function declarations for the C interface to the BLAS Level 1 routine `dswap`. / #ifndef DSWAP_H #define DSWAP_H #include "stdlib/blas/base/shared.h" / * If C++, prevent name mangling so that the compiler emits a binary file having undecorated names, thus mirroring the behavior of a C compiler. / #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif /* * Interchanges two double-precision floating-point vectors. / void API_SUFFIX(c_dswap)( const CBLAS_INT N, double X, const CBLAS_INT strideX, double *Y, const CBLAS_INT strideY ); #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif #endif // !DSWAP_H ```
Skin Pharmacology and Physiology is a peer-reviewed medical journal and an official journal of the Society for Dermopharmacy / Gesellschaft für Dermopharmazie e.V. (GD). It was established in 1988 under the title Skin Pharmacology, renamed to Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology in 1998, and obtained its current title in 2003. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 2.366. References External links English-language journals Pharmacology journals Dermatology journals Karger academic journals Academic journals established in 1988 Bimonthly journals
Esse Mbeyu Akida (born 18 November 1992) is a professional Kenyan footballer, who currently plays for PAOK in Greece, and is a member "Harambee Starlets", the Kenya National Football Team. Club career Akida joined Moving The Goalposts (MTG) in 2002 She was awarded top scorer for the 2016 COTIF Women Football Tournament in Valencia, Spain. In October 2018, Akida transferred to Israeli Ligat Nashim club FC Ramat HaSharon. In February 2020, Esse Akida joined Beşiktaş J.K. in Turkey for an undisclosed fee. After appearing in two matches of the 2019-20 Turkish Women's First Football League season's second half, which discontinued due to COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, she left Turkey on 23 February 2021 to return to her country. She currently plays for PAOK. International career She played for Kenya at the 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations, scoring for Kenya in the match against Ghana. She scored for Kenya in a 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification match against Equatorial Guinea. Currently also playing for the Kenya National Football team; "Harambee Starlets". See also List of Kenya women's international footballers References External links 1992 births Living people People from Kilifi County Kenyan women's footballers Women's association football forwards F.C. Ramat HaSharon players Beşiktaş J.K. (women's football) players Ligat Nashim players Kenya women's international footballers Kenyan expatriate women's footballers Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in Israel Expatriate women's footballers in Israel Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Expatriate women's footballers in Turkey
In investment, an annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals. Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings account, monthly home mortgage payments, monthly insurance payments and pension payments. Annuities can be classified by the frequency of payment dates. The payments (deposits) may be made weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, or at any other regular interval of time. Annuities may be calculated by mathematical functions known as "annuity functions". An annuity which provides for payments for the remainder of a person's lifetime is a life annuity. Types Annuities may be classified in several ways. Timing of payments Payments of an annuity-immediate are made at the end of payment periods, so that interest accrues between the issue of the annuity and the first payment. Payments of an annuity-due are made at the beginning of payment periods, so a payment is made immediately on issue. Contingency of payments Annuities that provide payments that will be paid over a period known in advance are annuities certain or guaranteed annuities. Annuities paid only under certain circumstances are contingent annuities. A common example is a life annuity, which is paid over the remaining lifetime of the annuitant. Certain and life annuities are guaranteed to be paid for a number of years and then become contingent on the annuitant being alive. Variability of payments Fixed annuities – These are annuities with fixed payments. If provided by an insurance company, the company guarantees a fixed return on the initial investment. Fixed annuities are not regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Variable annuities – Registered products that are regulated by the SEC in the United States of America. They allow direct investment into various funds that are specially created for Variable annuities. Typically, the insurance company guarantees a certain death benefit or lifetime withdrawal benefits. Equity-indexed annuities – Annuities with payments linked to an index. Typically, the minimum payment will be 0% and the maximum will be predetermined. The performance of an index determines whether the minimum, the maximum or something in between is credited to the customer. Deferral of payments An annuity that begins payments only after a period is a deferred annuity (usually after retirement). An annuity that begins payments as soon as the customer has paid, without a deferral period is an immediate annuity. Valuation Valuation of an annuity entails calculation of the present value of the future annuity payments. The valuation of an annuity entails concepts such as time value of money, interest rate, and future value. Annuity-certain If the number of payments is known in advance, the annuity is an annuity certain or guaranteed annuity. Valuation of annuities certain may be calculated using formulas depending on the timing of payments. Annuity-immediate If the payments are made at the end of the time periods, so that interest is accumulated before the payment, the annuity is called an annuity-immediate, or ordinary annuity. Mortgage payments are annuity-immediate, interest is earned before being paid. What is Annuity Due? Annuity due refers to a series of equal payments made at the same interval at the beginning of each period. Periods can be monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, annually, or any other defined period. Examples of annuity due payments include rentals, leases, and insurance payments, which are made to cover services provided in the period following the payment. The present value of an annuity is the value of a stream of payments, discounted by the interest rate to account for the fact that payments are being made at various moments in the future. The present value is given in actuarial notation by: where is the number of terms and is the per period interest rate. Present value is linear in the amount of payments, therefore the present value for payments, or rent is: In practice, often loans are stated per annum while interest is compounded and payments are made monthly. In this case, the interest is stated as a nominal interest rate, and . The future value of an annuity is the accumulated amount, including payments and interest, of a stream of payments made to an interest-bearing account. For an annuity-immediate, it is the value immediately after the n-th payment. The future value is given by: where is the number of terms and is the per period interest rate. Future value is linear in the amount of payments, therefore the future value for payments, or rent is: Example: The present value of a 5-year annuity with a nominal annual interest rate of 12% and monthly payments of $100 is: The rent is understood as either the amount paid at the end of each period in return for an amount PV borrowed at time zero, the principal of the loan, or the amount paid out by an interest-bearing account at the end of each period when the amount PV is invested at time zero, and the account becomes zero with the n-th withdrawal. Future and present values are related since: and Proof of annuity-immediate formula To calculate present value, the k-th payment must be discounted to the present by dividing by the interest, compounded by k terms. Hence the contribution of the k-th payment R would be . Just considering R to be 1, then: which gives us the result as required. Similarly, we can prove the formula for the future value. The payment made at the end of the last year would accumulate no interest and the payment made at the end of the first year would accumulate interest for a total of (n − 1) years. Therefore, Annuity-due An annuity-due is an annuity whose payments are made at the beginning of each period. Deposits in savings, rent or lease payments, and insurance premiums are examples of annuities due. Each annuity payment is allowed to compound for one extra period. Thus, the present and future values of an annuity-due can be calculated. where is the number of terms, is the per-term interest rate, and is the effective rate of discount given by . The future and present values for annuities due are related since: Example: The final value of a 7-year annuity-due with a nominal annual interest rate of 9% and monthly payments of $100 can be calculated by: In Excel, the PV and FV functions take on optional fifth argument which selects from annuity-immediate or annuity-due. An annuity-due with n payments is the sum of one annuity payment now and an ordinary annuity with one payment less, and also equal, with a time shift, to an ordinary annuity. Thus we have: . The value at the time of the first of n payments of 1. . The value one period after the time of the last of n payments of 1. Perpetuity A perpetuity is an annuity for which the payments continue forever. Observe that Therefore a perpetuity has a finite present value when there is a non-zero discount rate. The formulae for a perpetuity are where is the interest rate and is the effective discount rate. Life annuities Valuation of life annuities may be performed by calculating the actuarial present value of the future life contingent payments. Life tables are used to calculate the probability that the annuitant lives to each future payment period. Valuation of life annuities also depends on the timing of payments just as with annuities certain, however life annuities may not be calculated with similar formulas because actuarial present value accounts for the probability of death at each age. Amortization calculations If an annuity is for repaying a debt P with interest, the amount owed after n payments is Because the scheme is equivalent with borrowing the amount to create a perpetuity with coupon , and putting of that borrowed amount in the bank to grow with interest . Also, this can be thought of as the present value of the remaining payments See also fixed rate mortgage. Example calculations Formula for finding the periodic payment R, given A: Examples: Find the periodic payment of an annuity due of $70,000, payable annually for 3 years at 15% compounded annually. R = 70,000/(1+〖(1-(1+((.15)/1) )〗^(-(3-1))/((.15)/1)) R = 70,000/2.625708885 R = $26659.46724 Find PVOA factor as. 1) find r as, (1 ÷ 1.15)= 0.8695652174 2) find r × (rn − 1) ÷ (r − 1) 08695652174 × (−0.3424837676)÷ (−1304347826) = 2.2832251175 70000÷ 2.2832251175= $30658.3873 is the correct value Find the periodic payment of an annuity due of $250,700, payable quarterly for 8 years at 5% compounded quarterly. R= 250,700/(1+〖(1-(1+((.05)/4) )〗^(-(32-1))/((.05)/4)) R = 250,700/26.5692901 R = $9,435.71 Finding the Periodic Payment(R), Given S: R = S\,/((〖((1+(j/m) )〗^(n+1)-1)/(j/m)-1) Examples: Find the periodic payment of an accumulated value of $55,000, payable monthly for 3 years at 15% compounded monthly. R=55,000/((〖((1+((.15)/12) )〗^(36+1)-1)/((.15)/12)-1) R = 55,000/45.67944932 R = $1,204.04 Find the periodic payment of an accumulated value of $1,600,000, payable annually for 3 years at 9% compounded annually. R=1,600,000/((〖((1+((.09)/1) )〗^(3+1)-1)/((.09)/1)-1) R = 1,600,000/3.573129 R = $447,786.80 Legal regimes Annuities under American law Annuities under European law Annuities under Swiss law See also Amortization calculator Fixed rate mortgage Life annuity Perpetuity Time value of money Annuity puzzle References Other sources Finance theories
Müezzinzade Ali Pasha (; also known as Sofu Ali Pasha or Sufi Ali Pasha or Meyzinoğlu Ali Pasha; died 7 October 1571) was an Ottoman statesman and naval officer. He was the Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) in command of the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto, where he was killed in action. He also served as the governor of Egypt from 1563 to 1566. Background His date of birth and exact place of birth are unknown. However, it is known that his father worked in Edirne, and that he grew up in the provinces. He was an ethnic Turk, and would later marry an Ottoman Turk princess. His father was a muezzin, hence his epithet Müezzinzade ("son of a muezzin"). He was trained in Enderûn.<ref name="yaşamyapıt">Yayın Kurulu, "Ali Paşa (Müezzinzade)" (1999), Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. C.1 s.229 ISBN 975-08-0072-9</ref> He was a favorite of Sultan Selim II and of the women of the seraglio who admired his voice as a muezzin, and he married one of Selim II's daughters. He would rise in Ottoman society as a member of the Janissaries. From 1563 to 1566, Ali Pasha served as the Ottoman governor of Egypt. He was reportedly a very ascetic Sufi man, wearing only "coarse woolen clothes" and paying many visits to the tombs of saints in the City of the Dead necropolis in Cairo. Ottoman conquest of Cyprus Ali Pasha, with a fleet eventually numbering 188 galleys, fustas, transports and other ships, carried the main land force, commanded by Lala Mustafa Pasha, for the Ottoman invasion and conquest of Cyprus from Constantinople on 16 May 1570 to Cyprus, where they landed on 3 July. While Lala Mustafa commanded the eventual capture of the island from Venice, Ali Pasha took the bulk of his fleet to Crete and then to Morea, thereby effectively preventing any Christian relief fleet from coming to the aid of the besieged defenders of Cyprus. Ali Pasha ordered the Massacre in Nicosia. Also the brutally torturing of the captain of the Kingdom of Cyprus Marco Antonio Bragadin. He had Bragadin mutilated and flayed alive, while his companions were executed. Bragadin's skin was then paraded around the island, before being sent to Constantinople. Battle of Lepanto and death Ali Pasha was Grand Admiral, or Kapudan Pasha, of the Ottoman naval forces at the Battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571. Selim had entrusted him with one of the most precious possessions of the Ottoman Sultans, the great "Banner of the Caliphs", a huge green banner heavily embroidered with texts from the Qur'an and with the name of Allah emblazoned upon it 28,900 times in golden letters. It was intended to provide an incentive for him and his men to do their best in battle. Ali Pasha initiated the battle, however his reasoning for doing so has been disputed. Some believe that he may have been encouraged by the Holy League's smaller numbers and underestimated the Christians, while others believe he may have feared displeasing the Sultan who had previously commanded him to engage the enemy. Others however point to his lack of naval experience as what caused the defeat at Lepanto. His flagship, the galley Sultana, battled head-to-head with Don Juan's flagship La Real, was boarded and, after about one hour of bloody fighting, with reinforcements being provided to both sides by other galleys in their respective fleets, was captured. In the ensuing battle, Ali Pasha was slain and his head was then displayed upon a pike. This, and the capture of the Banner of the Caliphs by La Real, led to a collapse in Turkish morale, greatly contributing to their rout in the battle. Author Oliver Warren in the book Great Sea Battles describes the capture and death of Ali Pasha; "The climax came when Don John gave the order to board; once, twice, parties were driven back, but at last they carried the Turkish poop [aft deck]. There Ali Pasha, already wounded in the head by a ball from an arquebus [long gun], tried to buy his life with a promise of treasure. It was in vain. Even his protective talisman, the right canine of Mahomet contained in a crystal ball, did not avail him. A soldier cut him down, hacked off his head, and carried it to Don John. The admiral, recoiling in horror, ordered the man to throw the grisly trophy into the sea; but he disobeyed. The Spaniard mounted it on a pike, which was then held aloft on the prow of the Turkish flagship. Consternation spread among the Moslems, and, within a few moments, resistance was over. The Ottoman standard, a sacred emblem inscribed with the name of Allah twenty-nine thousand times and never before lost in battle, was lowered from the maintop." (Pg. 21 & 23) His subordinate Occhiali, who had led a successful flank at Lepanto, would replace him as Kapudan Pasha. See also List of Ottoman governors of Egypt List of Kapudan Pashas Literature Currey, E. Hamilton, Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean, John Murrey, 1910 Bicheno, Hugh, Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571, Phoenix, London, 2003 T.C.F. Hopkins, Confrontation at Lepanto'', Tom Doherty, New York, 2006 References 1571 deaths 16th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt Kapudan Pashas Pashas Ottoman military personnel killed in action Deaths by firearm in Greece People who died at sea Year of birth unknown Ottoman governors of Egypt Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars Battle of Lepanto Janissaries Turks from the Ottoman Empire
Levin Bufkin (about 1533 – 1617) was an English landowner who served as MP for the borough of Maidstone. Origins He was the second but eldest surviving son of and heir to Ralph Bufkin (buried 11 January 1551), a mayor of Dover who in 1550 bought the estate of Gore Court in the parish of Otham, and his first wife Alice Gregory. His paternal grandfather, also Levin Bufkin, was an immigrant from Flanders. He had a legal training, entering Gray's Inn in 1555. Career His main activity was acquiring and managing real estate, mostly around Maidstone and sometimes in co-operation with the Archbishopric of Canterbury. In 1576 he obtained a grant of arms, his shield being Or, a chevron between three close helmets or. At the general election of 1593, he and Sir Thomas Fludd were the two MPs chosen for Maidstone, both being appointed to the Committee on Kerseys. In 1595 he was one of the local notables appointed to administer a large bequest to the poor of the town. He did not stand again in the 1597 election and seems to have played no further part in public life. Family In about 1561 he married Mary, the daughter of Christopher Roper of Lynsted and his wife Elizabeth Blore and the sister of John Roper, 1st Baron Teynham. After her death, he married Anne, widow of Walter Mayne of Biddenden and daughter of Sir John Guildford of Hemsted in Biddenden and his wife Barbara West. His third wife was Sybil Cranmer, widow of Stephen Fullwell, who survived him. Children of Mary were Elizabeth, who married Sir Ralph Weldon of Swanscombe and had a son named Levin, and two girls who died young, Mary and Jane. Children of Anne were: Catherine, who on 19 January 1600 at Bearsted married Thomas Fludd, heir of Sir Thomas, and had three children, including a son named Levin. Barbara, buried unmarried in 1625 at Otham. Henry, who on the same day as his sister Catherine married Thomas' sister Sarah Fludd, the pair having five children including a son named Levin. He died before his father, in 1612, and Sarah then married James Bromfield of Ewhurst. Ralph (died 22 December 1638), who in 1621 married Anne Berners and had five children, including a son named Levin. Death and legacy His will dated 4 October 1616 asked for burial without pomp and, after a small bequest to the poor of the parish, provided first for his wife Sybil and his unmarried daughter Barbara. The rest of his lands and goods went to the children of his eldest son Henry and to his heir and executor, the surviving son Ralph. Dying on 24 November 1617, he was buried on 25 November in Otham parish church, where a monument to him has been erected. References 1530s births 1617 deaths Politicians from Maidstone English landowners English MPs 1593
Lubomierz () is a town in Lwówek Śląski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Lubomierz. It lies approximately south-west of Lwówek Śląski, and west of the regional capital Wrocław. As of 2019, the town has a population of 1,979. Notable people Hieronymus Vietor (ca. 1480 – 1546/1547), printer and publisher Twin towns – sister cities See twin towns of Gmina Lubomierz. References Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship Lwówek Śląski County Cities in Silesia
"Junior Salesman" is the thirteenth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 189th episode overall. It originally aired on NBC on January 31, 2013. The episode was written by Carrie Kemper and directed by David Rogers. The episode features the return and introduction of several guest stars, including Chris Diamantopoulos, Beth Grant, Chris Gethard, Matt L. Jones, Lance Krall, Will McCormack, Mark Proksch, Michael Schur, James Urbaniak and Eric Wareheim. The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Dunder Mifflin CEO David Wallace (Andy Buckley) tasks Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) with finding a part-time replacement for Jim Halpert (John Krasinski), and Dwight must choose among Clark (Clark Duke) and several of his close friends, including his cousin Mose (Schur). The episode received mixed reviews from television critics, however many considered it superior to "Vandalism", particularly for the lessened presence of Brian. "Junior Salesman" was viewed by 4.45 million viewers and received a 2.1/5 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. Although The Office, ranked third in its timeslot, it ranked as the highest-rated NBC series of the night. Synopsis Dunder Mifflin CEO David Wallace (Andy Buckley) has tasked Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) with finding a part-time replacement for Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) is concerned about this, as Jim's replacement will be her new "deskmate". Clark Green (Clark Duke) feels he is ready for the position, citing his key role in various sales, but Dwight wants someone who he can be sure will not team up with Pam against him. To that end, he brings in a bizarre gallery of his relatives and close friends, including his cousin Mose (Michael Schur), best friend Rolf (James Urbaniak), part-time private investigator Trevor (Chris Gethard), former Corporate executive Troy Underbridge (Noel Petok), and his karate teacher Sensei Ira (Lance Krall). To Dwight's horror, though, none of his candidates are competent enough to even make it through the full job interview, much less be paper salesmen. Clark ends his interview after answering Dwight's complicated questions perfectly, pointing out that he has no choice but to hire him if he wants someone who can do the job. Jim calls Wallace to pitch for the CEO to invest in Athlead. Dwight puts the conversation on speaker phone, allowing him to hear Wallace first tell Jim his salary is going to be cut to reflect his part-time status, and then bluntly shoot down the idea of investing in Athlead. Dwight, though praising his friends' outlandish delinquent behavior to the cameras, gradually comes to realize his professional integrity will not allow him to hire any of them, and sadly notes that he outgrew all of his friends in just three hours. Afraid they will hate him if he does not pick one of them, he asks Jim to pretend to take over the hiring decision and make the call to hire no one. Being willing to do anything to save Pam from being stuck with an unbearable deskmate, Jim agrees. However, when Jim announces the decision, Rolf immediately intuits that Dwight is using Jim as a scapegoat. Dwight's friends storm off to play paintball without him, later sending an e-mail with a photo of their paintball outing and the message "Glad you're not here" while giving Dwight the finger. Clark gets the salesman job. Pam is grateful to Jim for arranging this but says she still misses her "old deskmate" Jim. Pam briefly lifts Dwight's spirits by suggesting they "haze the new guy", though she makes Dwight stop that plan when he nearly suffocates Clark with shrink wrap. It is also hinted that Brian (Chris Diamantopoulos), the boom mike operator for the documentary crew, has developed a crush on Pam, paired with audio of Jim’s talking head, “Because of where my desk was, I spent all those years looking at Pam, and I fell in love.” Production "Junior Salesman" was written by executive story editor Carrie Kemper, who is the younger sister of cast member Ellie Kemper, making it her fourth writing credit for the series, following the ninth-season entry, "The Whale". The episode was directed by series editor David Rogers, marking his eighth directing credit for the series, following the ninth season entry, "Andy's Ancestry". The episode features guest appearances from Matt L. Jones as Dwight's cousin, Zeke. Jones had initially been cast for a proposed Office spin-off centered on Dwight titled "The Farm". A backdoor pilot was filmed, but upon review, the spin-off was not picked up by NBC. The episode also features the first time appearance of Eric Wareheim as Gabor and Will McCormack as Wolf. In addition to new guest stars, the episode saw the return of several minor characters, including Lance Krall as Sensei Ira, Chris Gethard as Trevor, Noel Petok as Troy Underbridge, Beth Grant as Dwight's babysitter, Melvina, and James Urbaniak as Rolf. The press release for the episode included, "Erin tries to find her birth parents with Pete's help", although this plotline was completely absent from the episode. David Rogers, who is also an editor on the series, said that storyline was cut because "we had so much great comedy and needed the time for Dwight and his freaky friends and how Jim and the gang reacted". Rogers also commented since they shoot in a documentary style, they can shoot faster than regular single-camera comedies, meaning their first cut of the episodes can be 15–21 minutes longer than the 22-minute air length, and several scenes need to be cut. Broadcast and reception Ratings "Junior Salesman" originally aired on NBC on January 31, 2013, alongside the following episode, "Vandalism". The hour-long timeslot for The Office followed the one-hour series finale of 30 Rock. In its original American broadcast, "Junior Salesman" was viewed by 4.45 million viewers and received a 2.1 rating/5 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, marking a slight rise in the ratings from the previous episode, "Customer Loyalty". This means that it was seen by 2.1 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 5 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The Office ranked third in its timeslot, and was the highest-rated NBC series of the night, although the hour-long installment of 30 Rock received more viewers. 1.91 million viewers watched the episode through DVR playback, bringing the total viewership to 6.36 million. Reviews The episode received mixed reviews from television critics. Michael Tedder of Vulture awarded the episode—along with "Vandalism"—four stars out of five. He called it "one of the silliest episodes in recent memory", and complimented the break from the dramatic ending of "Customer Loyalty". He also complimented the maturation of Dwight throughout the episode, calling this episode a "mile-marker" for his character. He considered it superior to the succeeding episode, "Vandalism". IGN writer Roth Cornet said the Dwight plotline yielded the "funniest and most disturbing moments of the night", but that the episode did not allow for much work to be given to the rest of the ensemble cast. Cornet also went on to criticize Brian's infatuation towards Pam and the potential "other-man" outcome for their storyline, stating that it would ultimately just be a "gimmick". She gave the episode a 7.5/10, calling it "Good". Bonnie Stiernberg of Paste considered the episode to be a build-up to the "gut-punch" scene between Brian and Pam in "Vandalism", considering the only other important plot from the episode to be the Dwight-Jim one. Stiernberg considered the Dwight-Jim subplot to be "moderately funny", but "predictably bizarre". She gave the episode a seven out of ten, along with "Vandalism". Brett Davinger of The California Literary Review called Brian's antics "creepy", particularly his smile at the end of the episode. Despite this, Davinger complimented the episode for focusing on one single plot. Nick Campbell of TV.com wrote that "Junior Salesman"—along with "Vandalism"—was "so much sharper than last week's trial in Dullsville". Campbell also complimented the return of Michael Schur as Mose and the performances of Matt L. Jones and Brian Baumgartner. Multiple critics considered the episode superior to "Vandalism", particularly due to their displeasure with the Brian-Pam storyline, which was more prevalent in "Vandalism". References External links "Junior Salesman" at NBC.com 2013 American television episodes The Office (American season 9) episodes
Breaking Things is the fifth studio album by the American punk rock band All, released August 16, 1993 through Cruz Records. It was the band's first album with singer Chad Price and their last released through Cruz. The songs "Shreen" and "Guilty" were both released as singles from the album, the former supported by a music video. Background Singer Scott Reynolds had left All following their 1992 album Percolater. As their new singer they recruited Chad Price, a friend and fan of the band who had sung backing vocals on Percolater. "Chad had been sort of a fan that we just got to be friends with", said guitarist Stephen Egerton. "I'd say there are few people with more of a lucky, natural gift for singing than Chad." Bassist Karl Alvarez remarked that "Chad was really good to have come into play at that time, because he was very laid back. Chad's very laconic, to the point of speechlessness. We didn't really know he was that good of a singer." Drummer Bill Stevenson contacted Milo Aukerman, singer of All's precursor band the Descendents, for his opinion of Price's singing: "Bill said 'Hey, we're trying this guy out for All, what do you think?' and I heard his voice and was like 'Yeah! Get that guy! "It was killer", remembered Price. "I was a huge All fan, I grew up with Descendents and stuff." Writing As with their prior records, all four band members contributed to the songwriting of Breaking Things. "When Chad joined, we had kind of a backlog," recalled Egerton, "and we all learned each other's songs to get ready for what became Breaking Things. Price wrote "Original Me" and "Stick", as well as lyrics to "Crucified" and "Politics". Alvarez wrote five of the album's songs, more than he had on any previous All album. Egerton wrote the nine-second "Strip Bar" as well as the music for "Rosco" and "Crucified". Rob Williamson of the Tacoma, Washington band My Name, who had opened for All on tour the previous year, wrote the lyrics for "Rosco". In addition to the album's two singles, "Shreen" and "Guilty", Stevenson penned "Birthday I.O.U." which described his feelings after Sarina Matteucci, his girlfriend of several years, had an abortion: "There really wasn't a choice / Seventeen was just too young [...] I know you could have been a girl, baby / Now you can't be anything / We needed you to prove our love / We used you, then we killed you". "I remember Sarina got real mad about that song", he said in 1996. "That song is about abortion, and she and I went through this thing where she had an abortion, and that's just my feelings about it. She wasn't too stoked, because she kind of thought I was being right wing about it. It's like, 'Dude, it's not politics; it's just my feelings about it.' I don't give a fuck about politics." Stevenson and Price's lyrics to "Politics" demand "Keep your politics out of my life / Your politics out of my face / Your politics out of my music". Alvarez described the intent of the song: I think maybe one of the purposes of music is to transcend politics, and I think when you're judging music with a political criteria, you're ignoring a lot, because music is not political. Music is notes and things swirling around in the air. I think that the bulk of the critical establishment favorably reviews music because of a political slant, not because of the music at all, and it kind of misrepresents what the thing is about. Also, I feel like any time a magazine favorably reviews a left-wing band, à la maybe The Mekons or The Clash, that just opens up the door to the right-leaning bands, "Oh, it's cool to be political in a rock band? Cool, we'll start Skrewdriver.” It gets so asinine, and it was only our statement to keep your politics out of our music and my music. Musically, Breaking Things leaned toward a more aggressive sound than the band's previous efforts. Alvarez later said "In the '90s, the bands The Lemons and Zeke came into our orbit. It definitely was a much-needed bitch slap in the face to our band musically, because it was very cool to hear bands addressing the stuff with the right amount of aggression." "We fused that really well on Breaking Things with some interesting melodies", said Stevenson. "Breaking Things was an accomplishment for us. I think I was harboring some yearning for that kind of Black Flag power in the guitars, but I don't think it has the intrigue of musical diversity that Allroy Saves (1990) or Allroy's Revenge (1989) has. You're comparing and contrasting these things, but it doesn't work that way, because ultimately it's just us expressing our ideas in our bedroom and then playing them in a garage together, and there's no direction for that." Recording and release Breaking Things was recorded in March and April 1993 at Ardent Studios in Memphis, Tennessee with record producer and recording engineer John Hampton. Stevenson and Egerton also produced the album, and Skidd Mills and Jeffrey Reed served as assistant engineers. Milo Aukerman, who was living in Madison, Wisconsin at the time, joined the band in the studio to sing backing vocals on the album. Breaking Things was mastered by John Golden at K-Disc in Hollywood, and released August 16, 1993 through Cruz Records in LP, cassette, and CD formats. "Shreen" and "Guilty" were released as the album's singles, and a music video was released for "Shreen". Breaking Things was All's last album for Cruz; they would sign to Interscope Records for their next release, 1995's Pummel. Reception The album received mixed reception. Mike Daly of The Aquarian Weekly called the album "Loud, fast, rough, serious, funny, [and] beautiful [,,,] Not since Bad Religion's Recipe for Hate have I heard a record that kicked such major ass, yet had such sweet melodies." Suburban Voice called it "a return to form after the somewhat disappointing Percolator." Mike DaRonco of Allmusic gave Breaking Things three stars out of five, saying "With Chad Price handling the microphone in a deeper, more powerful tone in comparison to previous singer Scott Reynolds, the music has a bit more of a backbone to it. Not to say that All have gone heavy metal (although they do come pretty close with 'Guilty' and 'Crucified'), they're still the same playful, heartbroken teenagers (in the bodies of middle-aged men by now) who continue to share their love for food and fishing. The only significant difference is that the tone isn't as wimpy while they sing about their latest girl trauma." Julie River from Punk News gave the album three out of five stars, saying, "Breaking Things doesn’t hold up to a lot of the best albums in the Descendents/All catalogue, but it has some really great moments and really did churn out a number of All’s greatest classic hits." Track listing Personnel Band Karl Alvarez – bass guitar Stephen Egerton – guitar, producer Chad Price – vocals Bill Stevenson – drums, producer Additional performers Milo Aukerman – backing vocals Production John Golden – mastering John Hampton – producer, recording engineer Skidd Mills – assistant engineer Jeffery Reed – assistant engineer References External links Breaking Things at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed) All (band) albums 1993 albums Cruz Records albums Albums produced by Bill Stevenson (musician)
National Highway 727A, commonly referred to as NH 727A is a national highway in India. It is a spur road of National Highway 27. NH-727A traverses the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India. Route Uttar Pradesh Gorakhpur, Deoria, Salempur - Bihar border. Bihar U.P. border - Mairwa. Junctions Terminal near Gorakhpur. Terminal near Mairwa. See also List of National Highways in India List of National Highways in India by state References External links NH 727A on OpenStreetMap National highways in India National Highways in Bihar National Highways in Uttar Pradesh
Barzan Abdul Ghafoor Sulaiman Majid al-Tikrit () (born 1 July 1960 in Saladin Governorate) is an Iraqi ex-Republican Guard Commander under Saddam Hussein and member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. He was the Queen of Hearts in the Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards issued to U.S. military troops to help identify most wanted members of Saddam's government during the Second Iraq War. He was captured on July 23, 2003. Barzan was released from prison on 29 June 2020. References 1960 births Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region politicians People from Tikrit Living people Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards Iraq War prisoners of war Iraqi prisoners of war
is a 2010 Japanese drama film directed by Lee Sang-il, based on Shuichi Yoshida's crime noir novel of the same name. It was nominated for numerous awards at the 2011 Japan Academy Prize, including Best Film and Best Director (which was director Lee's second nomination, after his 2006 win for Hula Girls), and won five, which included all four acting awards and for the score by Joe Hisaishi. Plot Abandoned by his mother at an early age, Yuichi Shimizu (Satoshi Tsumabuki) is a young man who lives with and takes care of his grandparents in a decaying fishing village near Nagasaki. He works as a blue-collar day-labourer and leads a lonely life: his only real interest is his car. Looking for companionship through online dating sites, Yuichi meets Yoshino Ishibashi (Hikari Mitsushima) a young insurance saleswoman from Fukuoka. But it is clear that Yoshino has no respect for Yuichi. She looks down on him, and even demands money for their encounters, which—as she candidly tells her friends—are just about sex. It becomes apparent that Yoshino keenly feels her own lack of social status (as the daughter of a barber), and has her real sights set on a spoiled rich university student by the name of Keigo Masuo (Masaki Okada), whom she met in a bar and subsequently pesters with emails. During a fateful evening when Yoshino has just met Yuichi for one of their regular trysts (and also to collect money from him), she by chance runs into Masuo, and unceremoniously dumps Yuichi (who has driven hours from Nagasaki to see her) with hardly a word spoken. But, in his turn, Masuo has no respect for Yoshino, whom he feels is beneath him. He agrees to take her for a drive (and presumably something more), but is increasingly disgusted by her, insults her, and ends up violently throwing her out of his car on an isolated mountain road, leaving her stranded in the middle of the night. The humiliated Yuichi, however, has secretly followed the couple in his own car, and attempts to come to the aid of the abandoned Yoshino. But—far from being grateful—Yoshino scorns and abuses Yuichi in much the same way that Masuo has just scorned and abused her. The abuse turns into ugly threats, a tussle ensues, and in a fit of rage Yuichi strangles Yoshino and then flees. Since Yoshino had openly bragged to her friends beforehand that she was to meet the rich playboy Masuo that evening (and not her shameful working-class sex partner Yuichi), Masuo becomes the prime suspect in the murder. In a state of silent anguish, Yuichi attempts to go on with his daily life. The following day, however, Yuichi receives an email. The message is from Mitsuyo Magome (Eri Fukatsu), a woman from Saga. Yuichi and Mitsuyo had exchanged emails once before, after meeting through the same online dating site. Mitsuyo also lives a lonely and mundane life, working at a men's clothing store and living with her younger sister. Looking for companionship, Mitsuyo decided to re-contact Yuichi several months after their initial correspondence. Their first encounter is far from romantic—Yuichi is obviously troubled and only interested in sex. It seems unlikely they will meet again, but some days later he turns up at her place of work to apologise for his behaviour. In this impossible and doomed situation, a passionate love springs up between Yuichi and Mitsuyo: they run off to a seaside resort town, where Yuichi confesses his crime to her. By this time, however, Masuo has been cleared of the murder, and evidence has surfaced of Yuichi's involvement—Yuichi is now the wanted criminal: his face appears on the news, and his family are hounded by the media. Nevertheless, Mitsuyo persuades Yuichi to stay on the run with her and not turn himself in. This act places a heavy burden on their own families as well as the victim's family. Themes Even though the official English title of the film is 'Villain', the literal meaning of 悪人 is closer to 'evil person'. An undercurrent of threatened violence runs throughout the movie, exploding without warning at key points in the story - the violence of Masuo toward Yoshino, the murder itself, the initial encounter between Yuichi and Mitsuyo, the bereaved father attacking an unsympathetic relative at the funeral wake, then stalking Masuo. And, in the end, Yuichi himself revealing his truly violent nature. The themes of the film — class, status, the disintegration of family ties, the loneliness of modern life — are universal, and not particular to Japan. As Yoshino's father (who is perhaps the moral voice of the film) says: Awards 34th Japan Academy Prize Winners Best Actor - Satoshi Tsumabuki Best Actress - Eri Fukatsu Best Supporting Actor - Akira Emoto Best Supporting Actress - Kirin Kiki Best Music - Joe Hisaishi Nominations Best Film Best Director - Lee Sang-il Best Supporting Actor - Masaki Okada Best Supporting Actress - Hikari Mitsushima (etc.) 2010 Kinema Junpo Awards Won: Best Film Won: Best Director - Lee Sang-il Won: Best Supporting Actor - Akira Emoto 65th Mainichi Film Awards Won: Best Film References External links 2010 films 2010s Japanese-language films 2010 drama films Films directed by Sang-il Lee Best Film Kinema Junpo Award winners Films based on Japanese novels Films scored by Joe Hisaishi Japanese drama films 2010s Japanese films
Cabinet of Tadeusz Mazowiecki, led by Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki, came to power following the 1989 legislative election. He was nominated by the President as the Prime Minister on 24 August 1989 in order to form a new government after the Sejm rejected the Communist cabinet of Czesław Kiszczak, and subsequently obtained the mandatory motion of confidence in the Sejm on 12 September 1989. The cabinet resigned on 25 November 1990, and the Sejm accepted the resignation of the cabinet on 14 December, though it continued to perform its duties until the formation of the Cabinet of Jan Krzysztof Bielecki on 4 January 1991. Inaugural composition of the government Tadeusz Mazowiecki (Solidarity) - Prime Minister Leszek Balcerowicz (Solidarity) - Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Czesław Janicki (ZSL) - Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Agriculture, Food and Forestry Jan Janowski (SD) - Deputy Prime Minister, Minister - Head of the Office of Scientific and Technical Progress and Implementation Czesław Kiszczak (PZPR) - Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Internal Affairs Jacek Ambroziak (Solidarity) - Minister - Head of the Cabinet Office Artur Balazs (Solidarity) - Minister, member of the Council of Ministers (the social and cultural villages) Aleksander Bentkowski (ZSL) - Minister of Justice Izabella Cywińska (Solidarity) - Minister of Culture and Art Aleksander Hall (Solidarity) - Minister, member of the Cabinet (for work with political organizations and associations) Bronisław Kamiński (ZSL) - Minister of Environment and Natural Resources Andrzej Kosiniak-Kamysz (ZSL) - Minister of Health and Welfare Marek Kucharski (SD) - Minister, member of the Council of Ministers (the organization of the Ministry of Communications) Jacek Kuroń (Solidarity) - Minister of Labour and Social Policy Aleksander Mackiewicz (SD) - Minister of Internal Market Jerzy Osiatyński (Solidarity) - Minister - Head of Central Planning Office Aleksander Paszyński (Solidarity) - Minister of Planning and Construction Henryk Samsonowicz (Solidarity) - Minister of Education Florian Siwicki (Communist) - Minister of National Defence Krzysztof Skubiszewski (nonpartisan) - Minister of Foreign Affairs Tadeusz Syryjczyk (Solidarity) - Minister of Industry Marcin Święcicki (Communist) - Minister of Foreign Economic Cooperation Witold Trzeciakowski (Solidarity) - Minister-Member of the Council of Ministers, from December 1989 Chairman of the Economic Council Franciszek Wielądek (Communist) - Minister of Transport, shipping and communications Małgorzata Niezabitowska served as government spokesman. Composition of the government on its resignation Tadeusz Mazowiecki (Solidarity, Democratic Union) - Prime Minister Leszek Balcerowicz (Solidarity) - Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Jan Janowski (SD) - Deputy Prime Minister, Minister - Head of the Office of Scientific and Technical Progress and Implementation Jacek Ambroziak (Solidarity) - Minister - Head of the Cabinet Office Artur Balazs (Solidarity) - Minister, member of the Council of Ministers (the social and cultural villages) Aleksander Bentkowski (PSL) - Minister of Justice Janusz Byliński (Solidarity) - Minister of Agriculture and Food Izabella Cywińska (Solidarity) - Minister of Culture and Art Aleksander Hall (Solidarity) - Minister, member of the Cabinet (for work with political organizations and associations) Bronisław Kamiński (Minister) (Polish Peasant Party) - Minister of the Environment, Natural Resources and Forestry Piotr Kołodziejczyk (nonpartisan) - Minister of National Defence Andrzej Kosiniak-Kamysz (PSL) - Minister of Health and Welfare Krzysztof Kozłowski (Solidarity) - Interior Minister Jacek Kuroń - Minister of Labour and Social Policy Waldemar Kuczyński (Solidarity) - Minister of Privatization Aleksander Mackiewicz (SD) - Minister of Internal Market Jerzy Osiatyński (Solidarity) - Minister - Head of Central Planning Office Aleksander Paszyński (Solidarity) - Minister of Planning and Construction Henryk Samsonowicz (Solidarity) - Minister of Education Krzysztof Skubiszewski - Minister of Foreign Affairs Jerzy Slezak (SD) - Minister of Communications Tadeusz Syryjczyk (Solidarity) - Minister of Industry Marcin Święcicki (DIRECT) - Minister of Foreign Economic Cooperation Witold Trzeciakowski (Solidarity, Democratic Union) - Minister-Member of the Council of Ministers, from December 1989 Chairman of the Economic Council Ewaryst Waligórski (Solidarity) - Transport and Maritime Affairs Changes in Composition December 20, 1989 Minister for Agriculture, Food and Forestry Czesław Janicki took office as minister of agriculture and food industries. Minister of Environment and Natural Resources Bronisław Kamiński took office as minister of environmental protection, natural resources and forestry. Minister of Transport, shipping and communications Franciszek Wielądek took office as Minister of Transport and Maritime Affairs. Minister for the organization of the Ministry of Communications Marek Kucharski took office as minister of communications. January 1990 Transformation of the Ministry of Environment and natural resources in the department of environmental protection, natural resources and forestry. July 6, 1990 Dismissed: Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Agriculture and Food Czesław Janicki. Deputy Interior Minister Czesław Kiszczak. Defense minister Florian Siwicki. Minister of Transport and Maritime Affairs Franciszek Wielądek. Appointed: Krzysztof Kozłowski for the office of Interior Minister. Piotr Kołodziejczyk at the office of minister of national defense. Ewaryst Waligórski for the office of Minister of Transport and Maritime Affairs. July 13, 1990 Ministry of Privatization created. September 14, 1990 Dismissed: Communications Minister Marek Kucharski. Appointed: Jerzy Slezak for the office of minister of communications. Janusz Byliński for the office of minister of agriculture and food industries. Waldemar Kuczyński (Solidarity) in the office of the minister of privatization. Polish government cabinets History of Poland (1989–present) 1989 establishments in Poland 1991 disestablishments in Poland Cabinets established in 1989 Cabinets disestablished in 1991
Michael T. Anderson (born November 18, 1950 in Boulder, Colorado) is an American mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. His research concerns differential geometry including Ricci curvature and minimal surfaces. After doing his undergraduate studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Anderson received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1981 under the supervision of H. Blaine Lawson. In 2012, Anderson became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Major publications Anderson, Michael T.; Schoen, Richard. Positive harmonic functions on complete manifolds of negative curvature. Ann. of Math. (2) 121 (1985), no. 3, 429–461. Anderson, Michael T. Ricci curvature bounds and Einstein metrics on compact manifolds. J. Amer. Math. Soc. 2 (1989), no. 3, 455–490. Anderson, Michael T. Convergence and rigidity of manifolds under Ricci curvature bounds. Invent. Math. 102 (1990), no. 2, 429–445. References 1950 births Living people Fellows of the American Mathematical Society Stony Brook University faculty University of California, Santa Barbara alumni University of California, Berkeley alumni 20th-century American mathematicians 21st-century American mathematicians
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1982 in the Men's hammer throw. One of the main events during this season were the 1982 European Athletics Championships in Athens, Greece, where the final of the men's competition was held on September 10, 1982. (The women did not compete in the hammer throw until the early 1990s.) Soviet Union's Sergey Litvinov broke the world record in 1982 season. Records 1982 World Year Ranking References apulanta hammerthrow.wz 1982 Hammer Throw Year Ranking, 1982
Last Year at Marienbad (), released in the United Kingdom as Last Year in Marienbad, is a 1961 French New Wave film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by Alain Robbe-Grillet. Set in a palace in a park that has been converted into a luxury hotel, it stars Delphine Seyrig and Giorgio Albertazzi as a woman and a man who may have met the year before and may have contemplated or started an affair, with Sacha Pitoëff as a second man who may be the woman's husband. The characters are unnamed. Plot In an ornate baroque hotel populated by wealthy individuals and couples who socialize with each other, a man approaches a woman and claims they met the year before at a similar resort (perhaps at Frederiksbad, Karlstadt, Marienbad, or Baden-Salsa) and had a romantic relationship, but she responded to his request to run away together by asking him to wait a year, which time has now elapsed. The woman insists she has never met the man, so he proceeds to attempt to remind her of their shared past, while she rebuffs him and contradicts his account. Between interactions with the woman, a second man, who may be the woman's husband, asserts his dominance over the first man by repeatedly beating him at a mathematical game (a version of Nim). Through ambiguous flashbacks and disorienting shifts of time and location, the film explores the relationships between the three characters. Conversations and events are repeated in different places in the building and grounds, and there are numerous tracking shots of the hotel's corridors with ambiguous and repetitive voice-overs. No certain conclusion is offered regarding what is real and what is imagined, but at the end of the film, the woman submits and leaves the hotel with the first man. Cast Giorgio Albertazzi as the man Delphine Seyrig as the woman Sacha Pitoëff as the second man, who may be the woman's husband While the characters are unnamed in the film, in Robbe-Grillet's published "ciné-novel" of the screenplay, the first man is referred to with the letter "X", the woman with the letter "A", and the second man with the letter "M". Production Last Year at Marienbad was created out of an unusual collaboration between its writer, Alain Robbe-Grillet, and its director, Alain Resnais. Robbe-Grillet described its basis: The screenplay Robbe-Grillet wrote was very detailed, specifying not only the dialogue and gestures and décor, but also the placement and movement of the camera and the sequencing of shots in the editing. Resnais filmed the script with great fidelity, and when Robbe-Grillet, who was not present during the filming, saw the rough cut, he said he found the film just as he had intended it, while recognizing how much Resnais had added to make it work on the screen and fill out what was absent from the script. Robbe-Grillet published his screenplay, illustrated by shots from the film, calling it a "ciné-roman" (ciné-novel). Despite the close correspondence between the written and filmed works, numerous differences between them have been identified. Two notable examples are the choice of music in the film (Francis Seyrig's score introduces extensive use of a solo organ), and a scene near the end of the film in which the screenplay explicitly describes a rape, whereas the film substitutes a series of repeated overexposed tracking shots moving towards the smiling woman. In statements by the two authors of the film in the decades after its release, it was partly acknowledged that they did not entirely share the same vision of it. According to Resnais, Robbe-Grillet used to insist that it was he who wrote Marienbad, without question, and that Resnais's filming of it was a betrayal—but that since he found it very beautiful he did not blame Resnais for it. Filming took place, using black-and-white film and the Dyaliscope widescreen process, over a period of ten weeks between September and November 1960. Most of Delphine Seyrig's dresses in the film were designed by Chanel. The locations used for most of the interiors and the gardens were the palaces of Schleissheim and Nymphenburg, including the Amalienburg hunting lodge, and the Antiquarium of the Residenz, all of which are in and around Munich. Additional interior scenes were filmed in the Photosonore-Marignan-Simo studios in Paris. No filming was done in the Czech spa town of Marienbad, nor does the film allow the viewer to know with certainty which, if any, scenes are supposed to be located there. Style In determining the visual appearance of the film, Resnais said he wanted to recreate "a certain style of silent cinema", which he sought to produce through his direction, as well as the actors' make-up; he even asked Eastman Kodak if they could supply an old-fashioned filmstock that would "bloom" or "halo" to create the look of a silent film, but they could not. Resnais showed his costume designer photographs from Marcel L'Herbier's L'Inhumaine (1924) and L'Argent (1928), for which great fashion designers of the 1920s had created the costumes, and asked members of his team to look at other silent films, particularly G. W. Pabst's Pandora's Box (1929), as he wanted Seyrig's appearance and manner to resemble that of Louise Brooks in that film (a plan that was undermined somewhat when Seyrig cut her hair, necessitating the development of her own iconic hairstyle). The style of certain silent films is also suggested by the manner in which the characters who populate the hotel are mostly seen in artificial poses, as if frozen in time, rather than behaving naturalistically. The film continually creates an ambiguity in the spatial and temporal aspects of what it shows and creates uncertainty in the mind of the spectator about the causal relationships between events. This is achieved through editing by giving apparently incompatible information in consecutive shots, or within a single shot that seems to show impossible juxtapositions, or by means of repetitions of events in different settings. These ambiguities are matched by contradictions in the narrator's voice-over commentary. Among the notable images in the film is a scene in which two characters (and the camera) rush out of the château and are faced with a tableau of figures arranged in a geometric garden; although the people cast long dramatic shadows (which were painted on the ground), the trees in the garden do not (and are, in fact, not real trees, but constructions). The manner in which the film is edited challenged the established classical style of narrative construction. It allowed the themes of time and the mind and the interaction of past and present to be explored in an original way. As spatial and temporal continuity is destroyed by the methods of filming and editing that are used, the film offers instead a "mental continuity", a continuity of thought. While films that immediately preceded and followed Marienbad in Resnais's career showed a political engagement with contemporary issues (the atomic bomb, the aftermath of the occupation of France, the then-taboo subject of the war in Algeria), Marienbad was seen as going in a completely different direction and focusing principally on style. Commenting on this departure, Resnais said: "I was making this film at a time when I think, rightly, that one could not make a film, in France, without speaking about the Algerian War. Indeed I wonder whether the closed and stifling atmosphere of L'Année does not result from those contradictions." Reception Contemporary critical response to the film was polarized. The controversy was fueled when Robbe-Grillet and Resnais appeared to give contradictory answers when asked whether the man and woman had actually met at Marienbad last year or not, as this was used as a means of attacking the film by those who disliked it. In 1963, filmmaker and writer Ado Kyrou declared the film a total triumph in his book Le Surréalisme au cinéma, recognizing the ambiguous environment and obscure motives within the film as representing many of the concerns of surrealism in narrative cinema. Another early supporter, actor and surrealist Jacques Brunius, declared that "Marienbad is the greatest film ever made". Less reverently, film critic Pauline Kael called Marienbad "the high-fashion experimental film, the snow job at the ice palace ... back at the no-fun party for non-people". The film was included in The Fifty Worst Films of All Time (1978), in which authors Harry Medved and Randy Dreyfuss lampooned its surrealistic style and quoted numerous critics who found it to be pretentious or incomprehensible. Although it remains disparaged by some critics, Last Year at Marienbad has come to be regarded by many as one of Resnais' greatest works. Review aggregation website They Shoot Pictures, Don't They has determined it to be the 83rd most acclaimed film in history, and it received 23 votes in the British Film Institute's decennial Sight and Sound polls. Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited it as one of his favorite films. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Last Year at Marienbad holds an approval rating of 93% based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Elegantly enigmatic and dreamlike, this work of essential cinema features exquisite cinematography and an exploration of narrative still revisited by filmmakers today." Accolades The film was refused entry to the Cannes Film Festival, reportedly because Resnais had signed Jean-Paul Sartre's Manifesto of the 121 against the Algerian War, but it won the Golden Lion at the 22nd Venice International Film Festival in 1961. In 1962, it was chosen as the best French film of the previous year by the French Syndicate of Cinema Critics. It was selected as the French entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 34th Academy Awards in 1962 and, though it was not chosen as one of the five nominees for that award, Robbe-Grillet was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay the following year for his work on the film. The film was also nominated for a Hugo Award in the Best Dramatic Presentation category. Interpretations Numerous explanations of the film's events have been put forward, among them: that it is a version of the Orpheus and Eurydice myth, that it represents the relationship between patient and psychoanalyst, that it all takes place in the woman's mind, that it all takes place in the man's mind and depicts his refusal to acknowledge he has killed the woman he loved, and that the characters are ghosts or dead souls in limbo. Some have noted the film has the atmosphere and the form of a dream, and claim the structure of the film may be understood by the analogy of a recurring dream, or even that the man's meeting with the woman is the memory (or dream) of a dream. Others have heeded, at least as a starting point, the indications given by Robbe-Grillet in the introduction to his "ciné-novel" of the screenplay: "Two attitudes are then possible: either the spectator will try to reconstitute some 'Cartesian' scheme—the most linear, the most rational he can devise—and this spectator will certainly find the film difficult if not incomprehensible; or else the spectator will let himself be carried along by the extraordinary images in front of him ... and to this spectator, the film will seem the 'easiest' he has ever seen: a film addressed exclusively to his sensibility, to his faculties of sight, hearing, feeling." As a suggestion of how one might view the work, he offered, "The whole film, as a matter of fact, is the story of a persuasion: it deals with a reality which the hero creates out of his own vision, out of his own words." Resnais, for his part, gave a more abstract explanation of the film's purpose: "For me this film is an attempt, still very crude and very primitive, to approach the complexity of thought, of its processes." Influence The impact of Last Year at Marienbad upon other filmmakers has been widely recognized and variously illustrated, extending from French directors (such as Agnès Varda, Marguerite Duras, and Jacques Rivette) to international figures (such as Ingmar Bergman and Federico Fellini). Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980) and David Lynch's Inland Empire (2006) are two films that are cited with particular frequency as showing the influence of Marienbad. Terence Young stated that he styled the pre-credits sequence of the James Bond film From Russia with Love (1963) after Marienbad, and Peter Greenaway said the film had been the most important influence upon his own filmmaking (and he himself would go on to establish a close working relationship with its cinematographer, Sacha Vierny). The film's visual style has been imitated in many TV commercials and fashion photography, and the music video for English rock group Blur's 1994 single "To the End" is based on it. The film inspired a brief craze for the variation of Nim played by the characters. Marienbad served as the main inspiration for Karl Lagerfeld's Chanel spring–summer 2011 collection, as Coco Chanel designed the costumes for the film. The setting for Lagerfeld's show consisted of a fountain and a modern replica of the film's garden. For Chanel's spring–summer 2023 collection, designer Virginie Viard reused Lagerfeld's idea of basing a collection around the film. Home media and restoration On 23 June 2009, The Criterion Collection released Last Year at Marienbad in the United States, on both Region 1 DVD and Blu-ray. Alain Resnais participated in this release, and he insisted it include an unrestored soundtrack in addition to the restored one, saying: The Criterion packaging of the film went out of print in March 2013. In July 2018, a restored version of Last Year at Marienbad was selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section of the 75th Venice International Film Festival. The restored version was released theatrically in France on 19 September 2018 by Tamasa Distribution, followed by a DVD and Blu-ray release on 25 September by StudioCanal. In the United States, it was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 25 August 2019 by Kino Classics. Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Last Year at Marienbad – comprehensive collection of articles, production information, bibliography, gallery and script details, at Neugraphic Last Year at Marienbad: Which Year at Where? – an essay by Mark Polizzotti at The Criterion Collection 1961 films 1960s avant-garde and experimental films 1960s French films 1960s French-language films 1960s Italian films Films directed by Alain Resnais Films produced by Anatole Dauman Films produced by Robert Dorfmann Films set in hotels Films shot in Munich French avant-garde and experimental films French black-and-white films French nonlinear narrative films French-language Italian films Golden Lion winners Italian avant-garde and experimental films Italian black-and-white films Italian nonlinear narrative films
Lucas Macie (born 2 July 1960) is a Mozambiquan-Swazi painter. Biography Macie was born in Maputo, Mozambique, in 1960 and grew up as an admirer of Malagatana, a renowned Mozambican painter. His brother Valentine is also a painter. Macie began showcasing his work in Maputo but left the country as a refugee and moved to Swaziland. There he continued paintings and showcased his work in the Indingilizi Gallery in Mbabane and gained recognition from the Swaziland Art Society. His paintings have since been bought by private collectors from South Africa, Spain, Portugal, Mozambique, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Israel, Zanzibar and Tanzania. His nephew is Valentim Macie, a painter like his father and uncle who has done much work to raise awareness for AIDS. Style Macie is noted for his gentle use of color, painting mainly people. His reason for this he says is "The Big Master did the same - He created Adam and Eve". He also utilizes the use of symbolism in his works with rings or bracelets or round clay pots. References Swazi painters People from Maputo People from Mbabane 1960 births Living people Immigrants to Eswatini Mozambican emigrants 20th-century Mozambican painters 21st-century Mozambican painters
Leonardo Acevedo Ruiz (born 18 April 1996) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Primeira Liga club Rio Ave F.C. Formed at Atlético Nacional, he spent most of his career in Portugal, being on the books of Porto and Sporting CP without making a senior appearance for either. He represented Boavista, Estoril and Rio Ave in the Primeira Liga, and Porto B, Sporting CP B and Varzim S.C. in the second tier, winning a title with Porto B in 2015–16. Club career Porto Born in Medellín, Acevedo began his career at hometown club Atlético Nacional. In August 2014, he was loaned to Portugal's FC Porto for a year. Acevedo played in the 2014–15 UEFA Youth League with Porto U19, scoring 5 goals in 5 matches, as well as 29 goals in 36 matches in the domestic season. On 24 May 2015, the last game of the Segunda Liga season, he played the first 56 minutes on his professional debut before being substituted for Dim in a goalless draw at relegated C.S. Marítimo B. Again loaned to the same club in 2015–16, Acevedo scored nine goals in 25 games as Porto B became the first reserve team to win the second division. These included braces in home November wins over Gil Vicente F.C. (4–2) and C.D. Mafra (2–0). Sporting In July 2016, Acevedo was loaned for a year to another Portuguese club, Sporting CP, and again assigned to the reserve team. He scored 12 goals in his first season, joint ninth in the whole league. Acevedo returned to the city of Porto in July 2017, being loaned for a year to Primeira Liga club Boavista F.C. after Sporting signed him permanently. He scored only once in his debut top-flight season, opening a 1–1 draw with C.D. Tondela at the Estádio do Bessa the following 30 March. In August 2018, Acevedo was loaned to FC Zorya Luhansk of the Ukrainian Premier League. He went goalless in 11 total matches in Eastern Europe. On 2 September 2019, Acevedo went back to Portugal's second tier, joining Varzim S.C. on loan. He scored on 17 December as they defeated Anadia F.C. 2–1 after extra time to reach the quarter-finals of the Taça de Portugal. Acevedo joined Spanish Segunda División newcomers UD Logroñés on a one-year deal on 11 September 2020. He opened his account for the team from La Rioja on 28 October, with two goals at the start of the second half in a 3–2 win at Real Oviedo; he played 31 total games, scoring five times as his team were relegated. Estoril and Rio Ave On 21 July 2021, with his Sporting contract having expired, Acevedo signed a two-year deal with G.D. Estoril Praia, who were newly promoted to the same league. A year later, he moved for the same length for free to Rio Ave F.C. who were also freshly returned to the top level; Estoril kept 50% of his economic rights. Honours Club Porto Campeonato Nacional de Juniores A: 2014–15 Porto B LigaPro: 2015–16 Individual Segunda División Player of the Month: November 2020 References External links 1996 births Living people Footballers from Medellín Colombian men's footballers Men's association football forwards Categoría Primera A players Atlético Nacional footballers Primeira Liga players Liga Portugal 2 players FC Porto B players Sporting CP B players Boavista F.C. players Varzim S.C. players G.D. Estoril Praia players Rio Ave F.C. players Ukrainian Premier League players FC Zorya Luhansk players Segunda División players UD Logroñés players Colombian expatriate men's footballers Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
In Ancient Greek Tamil loanwords in Ancient Greek came about due to the interactions of Mediterranean and South Indian merchants. Tamil loanwords entered the Greek language throughout different periods in history. Most words had to do with items of trade that were unique to South India. Although there is general consensus that there are Tamil loanwords in Ancient Greek, few of the words have competing etymologies as well. In Biblical Hebrew The importance of Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew is that linguistically these words are the earliest attestation of the Tamil language. These words were incorporated into the writing of the Hebrew Bible starting before 500 BCE. Although a number of authors have identified many Biblical and post-Biblical words of Tamil, Old Tamil, or Dravidian origin, a number of them have competing etymologies and some Tamil derivations are considered controversial. In English In Malay (including Malaysian and Indonesian) Interaction between Tamil speakers and Malay speakers has been established from ancient time. Tamil influence has been around such as Palava usage as ancient script in Indonesia (Palava dynasty was existed on 275 CE–897 CE) and Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025. Tamil mainly entered the lexicon of Classical Malay (and by extension, its modern Malaysian and Indonesian standard variants) with the immigration of South Indian traders and labourers who settled around the Strait of Malacca. Henceforth, loanwords from Tamil, while also an Indian language (though not Indo-European like Sanskrit), mainly exist in the fields of commerce and cuisine, the latter like Chinese and unlike Sanskrit. See also Wiktionary:Appendix:Malay words of Tamil origin. In Mauritian Creole In Tagalog Close contact through commercial networks between India and Maritime Southeast Asia for more than two millennia, bolstered by the establishment of Tamil as a literary language in India starting from the 9th century, allowed the spread of Dravidian loanwords in several local languages of Southeast Asia, including Old Malay and Tagalog. A list of Tagalog words with Tamil origins are shown below. In Russian In Sinhala Sinhala words of Tamil origin came about as part of the more than 2,000 years of language interactions between Sinhala and Tamil in the island of Sri Lanka, as well as through Dravidian substratum effect on the Sinhala Language. In Sinhala words In the following list, Tamil words are romanised in accordance with Tamil spelling. This results in seeming discrepancies in voicing between Sinhala words and their Tamil counterparts. Sinhala borrowing, however, has taken place on the basis of the sound of the Tamil words; thus, the word ampalam, [ambalam], logically results in the Sinhala spelling ambalama, and so forth. However, the Tamil language used here for comparison is Tamil as spoken in Sri Lanka. In Sinhala verbs Several verbs have been adopted into Sinhala from the Tamil language. The vast majority of these are compound verbs consisting of a Tamil origin primary verb and a Sinhala origin light verb. See also Wiktionary:Appendix:Malay words of Tamil origin List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language Tamil population by cities Tamil population per nation Tamil language Tamil people Tamilisation References Lists of loanwords Tamil language
```python """ Basic Weld element-wise operations supported in Grizzly. """ import weld.lazy def _unary_apply(op, value): """ Constructs a Weld string to apply a unary function to a scalar. Examples -------- >>> _unary_apply("sqrt", "e") 'sqrt(e)' """ return "{op}({value})".format(op=op, value=value) def _binary_apply(op, leftval, rightval, cast_type, infix=True): """ Applies the binary operator 'op' to 'leftval' and 'rightval'. The operands are cast to the type 'cast_type' first. Examples -------- >>> _binary_apply("add", "a", "b", "i64", infix=False) 'add(i64(a), i64(b))' >>> _binary_apply("+", "a", "b", "i64") '(i64(a) + i64(b))' """ if infix: return "({cast_type}({leftval}) {op} {cast_type}({rightval}))".format( op=op, leftval=leftval, rightval=rightval, cast_type=cast_type) else: return "{op}({cast_type}({leftval}), {cast_type}({rightval}))".format( op=op, leftval=leftval, rightval=rightval, cast_type=cast_type) @weld.lazy.weldfunc def make_struct(*args): """ Constructs a struct with the provided args. Examples -------- >>> make_struct("weldlazy1", "2", "3").code '{weldlazy1, 2, 3}' >>> make_struct("weldlazy1").code '{weldlazy1}' """ assert len(args) > 0 return "{" + ", ".join(args) + "}" @weld.lazy.weldfunc def unary_map(op, ty, value): """ Constructs a Weld string to apply a unary function to a vector. Examples -------- >>> unary_map("sqrt", "i32", "e").code 'map(e, \|e: i32\| sqrt(e))' """ return "map({value}, \|e: {ty}\| {unary_apply})".format( value=value, unary_apply=_unary_apply(op, "e"), ty=ty) @weld.lazy.weldfunc def binary_map(op, left_type, right_type, leftval, rightval, cast_type, infix=True, scalararg=False): """ Constructs a Weld string to apply a binary function to two vectors 'leftval' and 'rightval' elementwise. Each element in the loop is cast to 'cast_type' first. Examples -------- >>> binary_map("+", "i32", "i32", "l", "r", "i32").code 'map(zip(l, r), \|e: {i32,i32}\| (i32(e.$0) + i32(e.$1)))' >>> binary_map("max", "i32", "i16", "l", "r", 'i64', infix=False).code 'map(zip(l, r), \|e: {i32,i16}\| max(i64(e.$0), i64(e.$1)))' >>> binary_map("+", "i32", "i16", "l", "1L", 'i64', scalararg=True).code 'map(l, \|e: i32\| (i64(e) + i64(1L)))' """ if scalararg: return "map({leftval}, \|e: {left_type}\| {binary_apply})".format( leftval=leftval, left_type=left_type, right_type=right_type, binary_apply=_binary_apply(op, "e", rightval, cast_type, infix=infix)) else: return "map(zip({leftval}, {rightval}), \|e: {{{left_type},{right_type}}}\| {binary_apply})".format( leftval=leftval, rightval=rightval, left_type=left_type, right_type=right_type, binary_apply=_binary_apply(op, "e.$0", "e.$1", cast_type, infix=infix)) @weld.lazy.weldfunc def lookup_expr(collection, key): """ Lookup a value in a Weld vector. This will add a cast for the key to an `I64`. Examples -------- >>> lookup_expr("v", "i64(1.0f)").code 'lookup(v, i64(i64(1.0f)))' >>> lookup_expr("[1,2,3]", "1.0f").code 'lookup([1,2,3], i64(1.0f))' >>> lookup_expr("[1,2,3]", 1).code 'lookup([1,2,3], i64(1))' """ return "lookup({collection}, i64({key}))".format( collection=collection, key=key) @weld.lazy.weldfunc def slice_expr(collection, start, count): """ Lookup a value in a Weld vector. This will add a cast the start and stop to 'I64'. Examples -------- >>> slice_expr("v", 1, 2).code 'slice(v, i64(1), i64(2))' """ return "slice({collection}, i64({start}), i64({count}))".format( collection=collection, start=start, count=count) @weld.lazy.weldfunc def mask(collection, collection_ty, booleans): """ Returns a masking operation that filters values from 'collection' using the bitvector 'booleans'. Examples -------- >>> mask("v", "i64", "mask").code 'map(filter(zip(v, mask), \|e: {i64,bool}\| e.$1), \|e: {i64,bool}\| e.$0)' """ struct_ty = "{{{collection_ty},bool}}".format(collection_ty=collection_ty) template = "map(filter(zip({collection}, {mask}), \|e: {struct_ty}\| e.$1), \|e: {struct_ty}\| e.$0)" return template.format(collection=collection, mask=booleans, struct_ty=struct_ty) ```
```smalltalk using System; using System.Threading; using System.Threading.Tasks; using FluentFTP.Helpers; namespace FluentFTP { public partial class FtpClient { /// <summary> /// Modify the permissions of the given file/folder. /// Only works on NIX systems, and not on Windows/IIS servers. /// Only works if the FTP server supports the SITE CHMOD command /// (requires the CHMOD extension to be installed and enabled). /// Throws FtpCommandException if there is an issue. /// </summary> /// <param name="path">The full or relative path to the item</param> /// <param name="owner">The owner permissions</param> /// <param name="group">The group permissions</param> /// <param name="other">The other permissions</param> public void Chmod(string path, FtpPermission owner, FtpPermission group, FtpPermission other) { SetFilePermissions(path, owner, group, other); } /// <summary> /// Modify the permissions of the given file/folder. /// Only works on NIX systems, and not on Windows/IIS servers. /// Only works if the FTP server supports the SITE CHMOD command /// (requires the CHMOD extension to be installed and enabled). /// Throws FtpCommandException if there is an issue. /// </summary> /// <param name="path">The full or relative path to the item</param> /// <param name="permissions">The permissions in CHMOD format</param> public void Chmod(string path, int permissions) { SetFilePermissions(path, permissions); } } } ```
The year 1899 in science involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy December 2 – During the new moon, a near-grand conjunction of the classical planets and several binocular Solar System bodies occur. The Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars and Saturn are all within 15° of each other, with Venus 5° ahead of this conjunction and Jupiter 15° behind. Accompanying the classical planets in this grand conjunction are Uranus (technically visible unaided in pollution-free skies), Ceres and Pallas. The 80 cm refracting telescope is completed at Potsdam Observatory. Biology May 1 – The National Trust in the United Kingdom acquires its first part of Wicken Fen, making it the country's oldest wetland nature reserve. November 8 – The New York Zoological Society opens the Bronx Zoological Park to the public in New York City under the direction of William Temple Hornaday. Chemistry Actinium is discovered by André-Louis Debierne. International Committee on Atomic Weights established. Exploration January 23 – The British Southern Cross Expedition crosses the Antarctic Circle. Later in the year, it first charts Duke of York Island. Mathematics Élie Cartan first defines the exterior derivative in its modern form. David Hilbert publishes Grundlagen der Geometrie, proposing a formal set, Hilbert's axioms, to replace Euclid's elements. Georg Alexander Pick publishes his theorem on the area of simple polygons. Medicine Bubonic plague enters Brazil through the seaport of Santos. March 6 – Felix Hoffmann patents Aspirin and Bayer registers its name as a trademark. October 2 – The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine is established by Patrick Manson at the Albert Dock Seamen's Hospital. Physics May 8 - Ernest Rutherford publishes his discovery of two different types of radiation, alpha rays and beta rays. Henri Becquerel discovers that radiation from uranium consists of charged particles and can be deflected by magnetic fields. Hertha Ayrton becomes the first woman to read her own paper (on the electric arc) before the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London, of which soon afterwards she is elected the first female member. Psychology Sigmund Freud's Die Traumdeutung (The Interpretation of Dreams) is published (dated 1900). Technology February 14 – Voting machines are approved by the U.S. Congress for use in federal elections. March 22 – London inventor Edward Raymond Turner applies for a patent for his additive colour process for colour motion picture film. The first modern step-type escalator is designed by Charles Seeberger in the United States. Hugo Lenz first demonstrates Lenz poppet valve gear, for stationary steam engines. The world's first successful self-propelled steam fire engine, the 'Fire King', is built by Merryweather & Sons in London and dispatched to Port Louis on Mauritius. Awards Copley Medal: Lord Rayleigh Wollaston Medal for Geology: Charles Lapworth Births January 12 – Paul Hermann Müller (died 1965), Swiss chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948. February 27 – Charles Best (died 1978), American-born medical scientist. April 11 – Percy Lavon Julian (died 1975), African American research chemist. April 28 – Mary Loveless, née Hewitt (died 1991), American immunologist. May 8 – Charles Illingworth (died 1991), English surgeon. May 14 – Charlotte Auerbach (died 1994), German-Jewish Scottish geneticist and zoologist. July 3 – Ludwig Guttmann (died 1980), German-born neurologist and pioneer of paralympic games. July 7 – Anna Baetjer (died 1984), American toxicologist. July 26 – Bill Hamilton (died 1978), New Zealand mechanical engineer. September 3 – Frank Macfarlane Burnet (died 1985), Australian virologist best known for his contributions to immunology, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1960. September 29 – László Bíró (died 1985), Hungarian inventor. October 5 – Elda Emma Anderson (died 1961), American nuclear and health physicist. October 18 – Janet Vaughan (died 1993), English physiologist. October 27 – Nikolay Dollezhal (died 2000), a key figure in Soviet atomic bomb project and chief designer of nuclear reactors. November 10 – Helen Porter (died 1987), English plant physiologist. Deaths January 4 – Henry Alleyne Nicholson (born 1844), British palaeontologist and zoologist. February 18 – Sophus Lie (born 1842), Norwegian mathematician. March 18 – Othniel Charles Marsh (born 1831), American paleontologist. July 16 – Margaretta Riley (born 1804), British botanist. August 9 – Edward Frankland (born 1825), English chemist. August 16 – Robert Bunsen (born 1811), German chemist, perfector of the bunsen burner. October 28 – Ottmar Mergenthaler (born 1854), German American inventor. References 19th century in science 1890s in science
This is a list of notable reggaeton artists (musicians, singers and producers) and groups. Argentina Bizarrap Cazzu Duki Emilia J Mena Khea Lali Lit Killah María Becerra Nathy Peluso Nicki Nicole Oriana Paulo Londra Tiago PZK Tini Trueno WOS Brazil Anitta Francinne Chile Denise Rosenthal Paloma Mami Polimá Westcoast Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Crooked Stilo Heavy Clan Pescozada Mexico Alemán Belinda C-Kan Danna Paola Ingratax Junior H Kenia Os Kim Loaiza MC Davo Natanael Cano Peso Pluma Sofia Reyes Thalía Nicaragua Torombolo Panama Peru Leslie Shaw Faraón Love Shady Wendy Sulca La Tigresa del Oriente Puerto Rico Spain Abraham Mateo Aitana Ana Mena Bad Gyal Enrique Iglesias K-Narias Lola Indigo Mala Rodriguez Omar Montes Quevedo Rosalía United States Venezuela Calle Ciega Chino & Nacho Corina Smith Danny Ocean Mau y Ricky References Reggaeton
The Bengal Subah (, ), also referred to as Mughal Bengal (), was the largest subdivision of Mughal India encompassing much of the Bengal region, which includes modern-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, and some regions from the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha between the 16th and 18th centuries. The state was established following the dissolution of the Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world, when the region was absorbed into the Mughal Empire. Bengal was the wealthiest region in the Indian subcontinent. Bengal Subah has been variously described the "Paradise of Nations" and the "Golden Age of Bengal". It alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. The eastern part of Bengal was globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding, and it was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, saltpeter, and agricultural and industrial produce in the world. The region was also the basis of the Anglo-Bengal War. By the 18th century, Bengal emerged as a semi-independent state, under the rule of the Nawabs of Bengal, who acted on Mughal sovereignty. It started to undergo proto-industrialization, making significant contributions to the first Industrial Revolution, especially industrial textile manufacturing. In 1757 and 1764, the Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey and the Battle of Buxar, and Bengal came under British influence. It was deindustrialized after being conquered by the British East India Company. In 1765, Emperor Shah Alam II granted revenue rights over Bengal to the Company and the judicial rights in 1793. In 1803, the Emperor ceased to be the suzerain of the Company and the "Province of Bengal, Behar and Orissa" of the Mughal Empire was thus formally annexed into the Presidency of Fort William of the East India Company. In 1813, the East India Company Act 1813 transferred sovereignty of the Company's territories to the Crown. History Mughal Empire Bengal's physical features gave it such a fertile soil, and a favourable climate that it became a terminus of a continent-wide process of Turko-Mongol conquest and migration, informs Prof. Richard Eaton. The Mughal absorption of Bengal began during the reign of the first Mughal emperor Babur. In 1529, Babur defeated Sultan Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah of the Bengal Sultanate during the Battle of Ghaghra. Babur later annexed parts of Bengal. His son and successor Humayun occupied the Bengali capital Gaur, where he stayed for six months. Humayun was later forced to seek in refuge in Persia because of Sher Shah Suri's conquests. Sher Shah Suri briefly interrupted the reigns of both the Mughals and the Bengal Sultans. The Mughal conquest of Bengal began with the victory of Akbar's army over Sultan of Bengal Daud Khan Karrani, the independent ruler of the province, at the Battle of Tukaroi on 3 March 1575. After the final defeat of Daud Karrani at the Battle of Rajmahal the following year, Mughal Emperor Akbar announced the creation of Bengal as one of the original twelve Subahs (top-level provinces), bordering Bihar and Orissa subahs, as well as Burma. It took many years to overcome the resistance of ambitious and local chiefs. By a royal decree in November 1586, Akbar introduced uniform subah administration throughout the empire. However, in historian Tapan Raychaudhuri's view, "the consolidation of Mughal power in Bengal and the pacification of the province really began in 1594". Many of the chiefs subjugated by the Mughals, some of the Baro-Bhuyans in particular, were upstarts who grabbed territories during the transition from Afghan to Mughal rule, but others, such as the Rajas of Chandradwip, Malla, and Shushang, were older families who had ruled independently from time immemorial. By the 17th century, the Mughals subdued opposition from the Baro-Bhuyans landlords, notably Isa Khan. Bengal was integrated into a powerful and prosperous empire; and shaped by imperial policies of pluralistic government. The Mughals built a new imperial metropolis in Dhaka from 1610, with well-developed fortifications, gardens, tombs, palaces and mosques. It served as the Mughal capital of Bengal for 75 years. The city was renamed in honour of Emperor Jahangir. The Mughal conquest of Chittagong in 1666 defeated the (Burmese) Kingdom of Arakan and reestablished Bengali control of the port city, which was renamed as Islamabad. The Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier region was made a tributary state of Mughal Bengal and a treaty was signed with the Chakma Circle in 1713. Between 1576 and 1717, Bengal was ruled by a Mughal Subahdar (imperial governor). Members of the imperial family were often appointed to the position. Viceroy Prince Shah Shuja was the son of Emperor Shah Jahan. During the struggle for succession with his brothers Prince Aurangazeb, Prince Dara Shikoh and Prince Murad Baksh, Prince Shuja proclaimed himself as the Mughal Emperor in Bengal. He was eventually defeated by the armies of Aurangazeb. Shuja fled to the Kingdom of Arakan, where he and his family were killed on the orders of the King at Mrauk U. Shaista Khan was an influential viceroy during the reign of Aurangazeb. He consolidated Mughal control of eastern Bengal. Prince Muhammad Azam Shah, who served as one of Bengal's viceroys, was installed on the Mughal throne for four months in 1707. Viceroy Ibrahim Khan II gave permits to English and French traders for commercial activities in Bengal. The last viceroy Prince Azim-us-Shan gave permits for the establishment of the British East India Company's Fort William in Calcutta, the French East India Company's Fort Orleans in Chandernagore and the Dutch East India Company's fort in Chinsura. During Azim-us-Shan's tenure, his prime minister Murshid Quli Khan emerged as a powerful figure in Bengal. Khan gained control of imperial finances. Azim-us-Shan was transferred to Bihar. In 1717, the Mughal Court upgraded the prime minister's position to the hereditary Nawab of Bengal. Khan founded a new capital in Murshidabad. His descendants formed the Nasiri dynasty. Alivardi Khan founded a new dynasty in 1740. The Nawabs ruled over a territory which included Bengal proper, Bihar and Orissa. Independent Nawabs of Bengal The Nawab of Bengal was the hereditary ruler of Bengal Subah in Mughal India. The Nawab of a princely state or autonomous province is comparable to the European title of Grand Duke. In the early 18th-century, the Nawab of Bengal was the de facto independent ruler of some part of Bengal and other parts were ruled by Bengal Rajas such as Bardhaman Raj, Cooch Behar State which constitute the modern-day sovereign country of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal. They are often referred to as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The nawabs were based in Murshidabad which was centrally located within Bengal. The nawabs continued to issue coins in the name of the Mughal Emperor. But for all practical purposes, the nawabs governed as independent monarchs. Under the early nawabs, Bengal became the financial backbone of the Mughal court, contributing more than half the funds that flowed into the imperial treasury in Delhi. The Rajas of Bengal, Nawabs of Bengal oversaw a period of proto-industrialization. The Bengal-Bihar-Orissa triangle was a major production center for cotton muslin cloth, silk cloth, shipbuilding, gunpowder, saltpetre, and metalworks. Factories were set up in Murshidabad, Dhaka, Patna, Sonargaon, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Cossimbazar, Balasore, Pipeli, and Hugli among other cities, towns, and ports. The region became a base for the British East India Company, the French East India Company, the Danish East India Company, the Austrian East India Company, the Ostend Company, and the Dutch East India Company. The British company eventually rivaled the authority of the Nawabs. In the aftermath of the siege of Calcutta in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by Robert Clive who defeated the last independent Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab. His successor Mir Qasim attempted in vain to dislodge the British. The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh, and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India. The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan overtook the Nawab of Bengal as the subcontinent's wealthiest monarchy; but this was short-lived and ended with the Anglo-Mysore War. The British then turned their sights on defeating the Marathas and Sikhs. The Nawabs of Bengal entered into treaties with numerous European colonial powers, including joint-stock companies representing Britain, Austria, Denmark, France and the Netherlands. Maratha rule The resurgent Maratha Empire launched raids against Bengal in the 18th century, which further added to the decline of the Nawabs of Bengal. A decade of Maratha conquest of Bengal from the 1740s to early 1750s forced the Nawab of Bengal to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the chauth of Bengal and Bihar to the Marathas, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again The expeditions, led by Raghuji Bhonsle of Nagpur, also established de facto Maratha control over Orissa, which was formally incorporated in the Maratha Empire in 1752. The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of chauth for the preceding years. The chauth was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal to the Marathas up to 1758, until the British occupation of Bengal. British colonization By the late-18th century, the British East India Company emerged as the foremost military power in the region, defeating the French-allied Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, that was largely brought about by the betrayal of the Nawab's once trusted general Mir Jafar. The company gained administrative control over the Nawab's dominions, including Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. It gained the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Mughal Court after the Battle of Buxar in 1765. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa were made part of the Bengal Presidency and annexed into the British colonial empire in 1793. The Indian mutiny of 1857 formally ended the authority of the British East India Company, when the British Raj replaced Company rule in India. Other European powers also carved out small colonies on the territory of Bengal, including the Dutch East India Company's Dutch Bengal settlements, the French colonial settlement in Chandernagore, the Danish colonial settlement in Serampore and the Habsburg monarchy Ostend Company settlement in Bankipur. Military campaigns According to João de Barros, Bengal enjoyed military supremacy over Arakan and Tripura due to good artillery. Its forces possessed notable large cannons. It was also a major exporter of gunpowder and saltpeter to Europe. The Mughal Army built fortifications across the region, including Idrakpur Fort, Sonakanda Fort, Hajiganj Fort, Lalbagh Fort and Jangalbari Fort. The Mughals expelled Arakanese and Portuguese pirates from the northeastern coastline of the Bay of Bengal. Throughout the late medieval and early modern periods, Bengal was notable for its navy and shipbuilding. The following table covers a list of notable military engagements by Mughal Bengal: Architecture Mughal architecture proliferated Bengal in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, with the earliest example being the Kherua Mosque in Bogra (1582). They replaced the earlier sultanate-style of architecture. It was in Dhaka that the imperial style was most lavishly indulged in. Its Lalbagh Fort was an elaborately designed complex of gardens, fountains, a mosque, a tomb, an audience hall (Diwan-i-Khas) and a walled enclosure with gates. The Great Caravanserai and Shaista Khan Caravanserai in Dhaka were centres of commercial activities. Other monuments in the city include the Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah (1640), the Sat Gambuj Mosque (–76), the Shahbaz Khan Mosque (1679) and the Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque (1704). The city of Murshidabad also became a haven of Mughal architecture under the Nawabs of Bengal, with the Caravanserai Mosque (1723) being its most prominent monument. In rural hinterlands, the indigenous Bengali Islamic style continued to flourish, blended with Mughal elements. One of the finest examples of this style is the Atiya Mosque in Tangail (1609). Several masterpieces of terracotta Hindu temple architecture were also created during this period. Notable examples include the Kantajew Temple (1704) and the temples of Bishnupur (1600–1729). Art An authentic Bengali art was reflected in the muslin fabric of Jamdani (meaning "flower" in Persian). The making of Jamdani was pioneered by Persian weavers. The art passed to the hands of Bengali Muslim weavers known as juhulas. The artisan industry was historically based around the city of Dhaka. The city had over 80,000 weavers. Jamdanis traditionally employ geometric designs in floral shapes. Its motifs are often similar to those in Iranian textile art (buta motif) and Western textile art (paisley). Dhaka's jamdanis enjoyed a loyal following and received imperial patronage from the Mughal court in Delhi and the Nawabs of Bengal. A provincial Bengali style of Mughal painting flourished in Murshidabad during the 18th century. Scroll painting and ivory sculptures were also prevalent. Demographics Population Bengal's population is estimated to have been 30 million prior to the Great Bengal famine of 1770, which reduced it by as much as a third. Religion Bengal was an affluent province with a Bengali Muslim majority, along with a large Bengali Hindu minority. Immigration There was a significant influx of migrants from the Safavid Empire into Bengal during the Mughal period. Persian administrators and military commanders were enlisted by the Mughal government in Bengal. An Armenian community settled in Dhaka and was involved in the city's textile trade, paying a 3.5% tax. Economy and trade The Bengal Subah had the largest regional economy in that period. It was described as the paradise of nations. The region exported grains, fine cotton muslin and silk, liquors and wines, salt, ornaments, fruits, and metals. European companies set up numerous trading posts in Bengal during the 17th and 18th centuries. Dhaka was the largest city in Bengal and the commercial capital of the empire. Chittagong was the largest seaport, with maritime trade routes connecting it to Arakan, Ayuthya, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mocha and the Maldives. Parthasarathi estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in Bengal and Britain were comparable in the mid 18th century. However, due to the scarcity of data, more research is needed before drawing any conclusions. Bengal had many traders and bankers. Among them was the Jagat Seth Family, who were the wealthiest bankers in the region. Agrarian reform The Mughals launched a vast economic development project in the Bengal delta which transformed its demographic makeup. The government cleared vast swathes of forest in the fertile Bhati region to expand farmland. It encouraged settlers, including farmers and jagirdars, to populate the delta. It assigned Sufis as the chieftains of villages. Emperor Akbar re-adapted the modern Bengali calendar to improve harvests and tax collection. The region became the largest grain producer in the subcontinent. There are sparse accounts of the Bengal revenue administration in Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari and some in Mirza Nathan's Baharistan-i-Ghaibi. According to the former, In contrast, the Baharistan says there were two collections per year, following the spring and autumn harvests. It also says that, at least in some areas, revenue demands were based on survey and land measurement. Bengali peasants were quick to adapt to profitable new crops between 1600 and 1650. Bengali peasants rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world. The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices. In turn, this benefited the Indian textile industry. Compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver coinage. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets. Industrial economy In the 17th century, Bengal was an affluent province that was, according to economic historian Indrajit Ray, globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding. Bengal's capital city of Dhaka was the empire's financial capital, with a population exceeding a million people, and with an estimated 80,000 skilled textile weavers. It was an exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, saltpeter, and agricultural and industrial produce. Bengal's industrial economy in this era has been described as a form of proto-industrialization. Many historians have built on the perspective of R. C. Dutt who wrote, "The plunder of Bengal directly contributed to the Industrial Revolution in Britain." This analysis states that the capital amassed from Bengal was used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution and greatly increase British wealth, while at the same time leading to deindustrialization in Bengal. According to Indrajit Ray, domestic industries expanded for decades even after Plassey. Although colonial-based price manipulation and state discrimination initiated from the 1790s, Bengal's industries retained some comparative advantages. Ray states that "Bengali entrepreneurs continued in industries such as cotton and silk textiles where there were domestic market supports", and major deindustrialisation occurred as late as the 1830s to 1850s. Textile industry Bengal was a centre of the worldwide muslin, jute and silk trades. During this era, the most important center of jute and cotton production was Bengal, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets such as Central Asia. Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks. From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan. The jute trade was also a significant factor. Shipbuilding industry Bengal had a large shipbuilding industry. Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design. The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution. Administrative divisions In the revenue settlement by Todar Mal in 1582, Bengal Subah was divided into 24 sarkars (districts), which included 19 sarkars of Bengal proper and 5 sarkars of Orissa. In 1607, during the reign of Jahangir Orissa became a separate Subah. These 19 sarkars were further divided into 682 parganas. In 1658, subsequent to the revenue settlement by Shah Shuja, 15 new sarkars and 361 new parganas were added. In 1722, Murshid Quli Khan divided the whole Subah into 13 chakalahs, which were further divided into 1660 parganas. Initially the capital of the Subah was Tanda. On 9 November 1595, the foundations of a new capital were laid at Rajmahal by Man Singh I who renamed it Akbarnagar. In 1610 the capital was shifted from Rajmahal to Dhaka and it was renamed Jahangirnagar. In 1639, Shah Shuja again shifted the capital to Rajmahal. In 1660, Muazzam Khan (Mir Jumla) again shifted the capital to Dhaka. In 1703, Murshid Quli Khan, then diwan (prime minister in charge of finance) of Bengal shifted his office from Dhaka to Maqsudabad and later renamed it Murshidabad. In 1656, Shah Shuja reorganised the sarkars and added Orissa to the Bengal Subah. The sarkars (districts) and the parganas/mahallahs (tehsils) of Bengal Subah were: Sarkars of Orissa: Government The state government was headed by a Viceroy (Subedar Nizam) appointed by the Mughal Emperor between 1576 and 1717. The Viceroy exercised tremendous authority, with his own cabinet and four prime ministers (Diwan). The three deputy viceroys for Bengal proper, Bihar and Orissa were known as the Naib Nazims. An extensive landed aristocracy was established by the Mughals in Bengal. The aristocracy was responsible for taxation and revenue collection. Land holders were bestowed with the title of Jagirdar. The Qadi title was reserved for the chief judge. Mansabdars were leaders of the Mughal Army, while faujdars were generals. The Mughals were credited for secular pluralism during the reign of Akbar, who promoted the religious doctrine of Din-i Ilahi. Later rulers promoted more conservative Islam. In 1717, the Mughal government replaced Viceroy Azim-us-Shan due to conflicts with his influential deputy viceroy and prime minister Murshid Quli Khan. Growing regional autonomy caused the Mughal Court to establish a hereditary principality in Bengal, with Khan being recognised in the official title of Nazim. He founded the Nasiri dynasty. In 1740, following the Battle of Giria, Alivardi Khan staged a coup and founded the short-lived Afsar dynasty. For all practical purposes, the Nazims acted as independent princes. European colonial powers referred to them as Nawabs or Nababs. List of Viceroys (Governor or Subahdar) List of independent Nawab Nazims References Further reading Mughal subahs Nawabs of Bengal
Junqiao Wu is a Chancellor's professor and Department Chair of materials science at the University of California, Berkeley. Wu's materials science research focuses on semiconductors, electronic materials and thermal energy transport. Wu's research in semiconductors has led to major discoveries in the field, such as indium gallium nitride alloys have bandgaps spanning the entire near infrared to ultraviolet spectrum, electrons in vanadium dioxide conduct energy without conducting heat, a temperature adaptive radiative coating that automatically switches thermal emissivity, as well as a range of applications in solar cells, infrared imaging, photonics, and thermoelectrics. He received a BS degree from Fudan University, a MS degree from Peking University, and a PhD degree under Prof. Eugene Haller from UC Berkeley. He received postdoctoral training under Prof. Hongkun Park from Harvard University. His honors include the Berkeley Fellowship, the 29th Ross N. Tucker Memorial Award, the U.C. Regents' Junior Faculty Fellowship, the Berkeley Presidential Chair Fellowship, the US-NSF Career Award, the US-DOE Early Career Award, the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) from the White House, the Outstanding Alumni Award from Peking University China, the Bakar Faculty Fellows Award, elected Fellow from the American Physical Society (APS) and the 2023 John Bardeen Award from the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS). He is currently on the Chair Line of the Division of Materials Physics at the American Physical Society (APS), and holds joint appointment at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Awards and honors Ross N. Tucker Award, 2003 Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers, 2013 Fellow of American Physical Society (APS), 2018 John Bardeen Award from the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2023 References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American materials scientists UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty Chinese materials scientists Fellows of the American Physical Society
Isaachsen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Daniel Isaachsen (physicist) (1859–1940), Norwegian physicist Daniel Otto Isaachsen (1806–1891), Norwegian businessman and politician Isaach Isaachsen (1774–1828), Norwegian politician Olaf Isaachsen (1835–1893), Norwegian painter
Quantum mechanics was first applied to optics, and interference in particular, by Paul Dirac. Richard Feynman, in his Lectures on Physics, uses Dirac's notation to describe thought experiments on double-slit interference of electrons. Feynman's approach was extended to -slit interferometers for either single-photon illumination, or narrow-linewidth laser illumination, that is, illumination by indistinguishable photons, by Frank Duarte. The -slit interferometer was first applied in the generation and measurement of complex interference patterns. In this article the generalized -slit interferometric equation, derived via Dirac's notation, is described. Although originally derived to reproduce and predict -slit interferograms, this equation also has applications to other areas of optics. Probability amplitudes and the -slit interferometric equation In this approach the probability amplitude for the propagation of a photon from a source to an interference plane , via an array of slits , is given using Dirac's bra–ket notation as This equation represents the probability amplitude of a photon propagating from to via an array of slits. Using a wavefunction representation for probability amplitudes, and defining the probability amplitudes as where and are the incidence and diffraction phase angles, respectively. Thus, the overall probability amplitude can be rewritten as where and after some algebra, the corresponding probability becomes where is the total number of slits in the array, or transmission grating, and the term in parentheses represents the phase that is directly related to the exact path differences derived from the geometry of the -slit array (), the intra interferometric distance, and the interferometric plane . In its simplest version, the phase term can be related to the geometry using where is the wavenumber, and and represent the exact path differences. Here the Dirac–Duarte (DD) interferometric equation is a probability distribution that is related to the intensity distribution measured experimentally. The calculations are performed numerically. The DD interferometric equation applies to the propagation of a single photon, or the propagation of an ensemble of indistinguishable photons, and enables the accurate prediction of measured -slit interferometric patterns continuously from the near to the far field. Interferograms generated with this equation have been shown to compare well with measured interferograms for both even () and odd () values of from 2 to 1600. Applications At a practical level, the -slit interferometric equation was introduced for imaging applications and is routinely applied to predict -slit laser interferograms, both in the near and far field. Thus, it has become a valuable tool in the alignment of large, and very large, -slit laser interferometers used in the study of clear air turbulence and the propagation of interferometric characters for secure laser communications in space. Other analytical applications are described below. Generalized diffraction and refraction The -slit interferometric equation has been applied to describe classical phenomena such as interference, diffraction, refraction (Snell's law), and reflection, in a rational and unified approach, using quantum mechanics principles. In particular, this interferometric approach has been used to derive generalized refraction equations for both positive and negative refraction, thus providing a clear link between diffraction theory and generalized refraction. From the phase term, of the interferometric equation, the expression can be obtained, where . For , this equation can be written as which is the generalized diffraction grating equation. Here, is the angle of incidence, is the angle of diffraction, is the wavelength, and is the order of diffraction. Under certain conditions, , which can be readily obtained experimentally, the phase term becomes which is the generalized refraction equation, where is the angle of incidence, and now becomes the angle of refraction. Cavity linewidth equation Furthermore, the -slit interferometric equation has been applied to derive the cavity linewidth equation applicable to dispersive oscillators, such as the multiple-prism grating laser oscillators: In this equation, is the beam divergence and the overall intracavity angular dispersion is the quantity in parentheses. Fourier transform imaging Researchers working on Fourier-transform ghost imaging consider the -slit interferometric equation as an avenue to investigate the quantum nature of ghost imaging. Also, the -slit interferometric approach is one of several approaches applied to describe basic optical phenomena in a cohesive and unified manner. Note: given the various terminologies in use, for -slit interferometry, it should be made explicit that the -slit interferometric equation applies to two-slit interference, three-slit interference, four-slit interference, etc. Quantum entanglement The Dirac principles and probabilistic methodology used to derive the -slit interferometric equation have also been used to derive the polarization quantum entanglement probability amplitude and corresponding probability amplitudes depicting the propagation of multiple pairs of quanta. Comparison with classical methods A comparison of the Dirac approach with classical methods, in the performance of interferometric calculations, has been done by Travis S. Taylor et al. These authors concluded that the interferometric equation, derived via the Dirac formalism, was advantageous in the very near field. Some differences between the DD interferometric equation and classical formalisms can be summarized as follows: The classical Fresnel approach is used for near-field applications and the classical Fraunhofer approach is used for far-field applications. That division is not necessary when using the DD interferometric approach as this formalism applies to both the near and the far-field cases. The Fraunhofer approach works for plane-wave illumination. The DD approach works for both, plane wave illumination or highly diffractive illumination patterns. The DD interferometric equation is statistical in character. This is not the case of the classical formulations. So far there has been no published comparison with more general classical approaches based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle or Kirchhoff's diffraction formula. See also Beam expander Dirac's notation Fraunhofer diffraction (mathematics) Free-space optical communications Grating equation Laser communication in space Laser linewidth Multiple-prism dispersion theory -slit interferometer References Equations Interference Interferometers Interferometry Quantum mechanics Wave mechanics
Melampsora pulcherrima is a Mediterranean plant pathogen. It is a rust that infects Mercurialis annua, causing galls, pycnia, and aecia over leaves and stem in winter, seen as a golden yellow swelling over several centimeters, as well as Populus alba, causing uredia and telia on leaves from spring until autumn. References External links in Penetration and earlycolonization in basidiospore-derived infection of Melampsora pulcherrima (Bub.)Maire on Mercurialis annua L. Pucciniales Fungi described in 1914 Fungi of Europe Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Taxa named by René Maire
Dazastah is one of the MCs of the Perth, Western Australia-based hip-hop group Downsyde. History Dazastah (Darren Reutens) joined Downsyde when he met MCs Optamus (Scott Griffiths) and Dyna-mikes (Shahbaz Rind) at Leederville TAFE in the late 1990s. Dazastah is also a producer and as well as working on beats for Downsyde he has produced for interstate performers and is a prominent local producer, working on albums with Hunter and Clandestien. He is also a member of Western Australia hip hop crew, Syllabolix. As well as the four studio albums he has been a part of with Downsyde, Dazastah produced his first album in 2002, Done DL with Hunter which featured many guest appearances from other Syllabolix Crew members. He played a large part in production of the Clandestien Album Dynasty, and also worked on the Hilltop Hoods' breakthrough 2003 album, The Calling. Six tracks with Dazastah's involvement have been on the Australian hip hop compilations albums, Culture of Kings, two on volume one and four on volume two. Discography Downsyde Epinonimous – Syllaboliks (2000) Land of the Giants – Hydrofunk/Virgin (2003) When the Dust Settles – Obese (2004) All City – Illusive Records (2008) Production Hunter Done DL – Syllaboliks (2002) Tracks 1–10, 12–19 Clandestien Dynasty – Syllaboliks (2003) Tracks 1, 3, 10, 13, 15 MC Layla Heretik – Obese (2004) "Favourite Hour" – (2013) Task Force & Pegasus 12" Apostles – Obese (2002) Tracks B1-B2 Hilltop Hoods The Calling – Obese (2003) Tracks 3, 13 Drapht Pale Rider – Obese (2003) Who Am I – Obese (2005) Mystro Who You Gonna Blame – Grindin (2006) Omni Batterie – NatAural High Records (2007) Tracks B1-B3 Guest appearances 2001: "A.T.O.M.S" (from Clandestien album Clandestien) 2003: "Front Line" (from Drapht album Pale Rider) 2005: "Sugar Trails" (from MC Layla album Heretik) 2005: "Muiltiple Choice" (from MC Layla album Heretik) 2005: "Ya Think" (from Drapht album Who Am I) 2005: "Wet T-Shirts" (from Drapht album Who Am I) 2005: "Inspiration Island" (from Drapht album Who Am I) 2005: "Dusty Fingers" (from Fdel album Audiofdelity) 2007: "Game Over" (from Bias B album Been There Done That) 2008: "Rest In Peace" (from Drapht album Brothers Grimm) Awards All listed for Downsyde. 2003 Australian Dance Music Awards – Nominee – Best Hip-Hop act 2003 Australian Dance Music Awards – Winner – Best Debut Artist 2003 Australian Dance Music Awards – Nominee – Best Album – Land of the Giants 2003 Australian Dance Music Awards – Nominee – Best Single – "Gifted Life" 2003 Australian Dance Music Awards – Nominee – Best Australian Hip Hop Act 2003 WAMi Awards – Winner – Most Popular Local Original Urban Music Act 2003 WAMi Awards – Winner – Most Popular Local Original Music Video – "El Questro" 2003 WAMi Awards – Winner – Most Popular Original Local Album – Land of the Giants 2005 WAMi Awards – Winner – Best Live Electronic Act 2005 WAMi Awards – Winner – Best Urban Music Act 2006 WAMi Awards – Winner – Best Urban Music Act 2007 WAMi Awards – Winner – Best Urban Music / Hip Hop Act 2008 WAMi Awards – Winner – Best Urban Music / Hip Hop Act References External links Downsyde's official website Dazastah Myspace page Dazastah Discogs page Australian hip hop musicians Living people Rappers from Perth, Western Australia Year of birth missing (living people)
The 2002 FIFA World Cup UEFA–AFC qualification play-off was a two-legged home-and-away tie between a group runner-up of the European qualifying tournament, the Republic of Ireland, and the winners of the AFC play-off, Iran. The games were played on 10 November and 15 November 2001 in Dublin and Tehran, respectively. Ireland beat Iran 2–0 in the first leg held in Dublin, while in the second leg, Iran defeated Ireland 1–0 in Tehran. The Irish side won the series 2–1 on aggregate, therefore qualifying to the World Cup. Venues Background Match details First leg Second leg Aftermath The elimination saw Iran manager Miroslav Blažević step down to be replaced by his assistant, Branko Ivanković. The Republic of Ireland qualified to the 2002 FIFA World Cup and were drawn into Group E with Germany, Cameroon and Saudi Arabia. They drew with Cameroon and Germany with a score of 1–1 and in the final match, they won 3–0 against Saudi Arabia. This qualified them to the Round of 16 but they were eliminated by Spain on penalties (2–3) after the match ended in a 1–1 draw. References FIFA FIFA Play-off UEFA-AFC 2002 Republic of Ireland national football team matches Iran national football team matches qual November 2001 sports events in Europe November 2001 sports events in Asia 2000s in Dublin (city) 21st century in Tehran Football Sport in Tehran International association football competitions hosted by the Republic of Ireland International association football competitions hosted by Iran
An energy service company (ESCO) is a company that provides a broad range of energy solutions including designs and implementation of energy savings projects, retrofitting, energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing, power generation, energy supply, and risk management. A newer breed of ESCO includes innovative financing methods, such as off-balance sheet mechanisms, a range of applicable equipment configured in such a way that reduces the energy cost of a building. The ESCO starts by performing an analysis of the property, designs an energy efficient solution, installs the required elements, and maintains the system to ensure energy savings during the payback period. The savings in energy costs are often used to pay back the capital investment of the project over a five to twenty years period or reinvested into the building to allow the capital upgrades that may otherwise be unfeasible. If the project does not provide returns on the investment, the ESCO is often responsible to pay the difference. History The beginning The start of the energy services business can be attributed to the energy crisis of the late 1970s, as entrepreneurs developed ways to combat the rise in energy costs. One of the earliest examples was a company in Texas, Time Energy, which introduced a device to automate the switching of lights and other equipment to regulate energy use. The primary reason that the product did not initially sell was because potential users doubted that the savings would actually rise. To combat this doubt, the company decided to install the device upfront and ask for a percentage of the savings that was accumulated. The result was the basis for the ESCO model. Through this process, the company achieved higher sales and more return since the savings were large. Industry growth through the 1970s and 1980s As more entrepreneurs saw this market grow, more companies came into creation. The first wave of ESCOs were often small divisions of large energy companies or small, upstart, independent companies. However, after the energy crisis came to an end, the companies had little leverage on potential clients to perform energy-saving projects, given the lower cost of energy. This prevented the growth experienced in the late 1970s from continuing. The industry grew slowly through the 1970s and 1980s, spurred by specialist firms such as Hospital Efficiency Corporation (HEC Inc.), established in 1982 to focus on the energy intensive medical sector. HEC Inc., later renamed Select Energy Services, was acquired in 1990 by Northeast Utilities, and sold in 2006 to Ameresco. The 1990s: Utilities and consolidated energy companies become the major players With the rising cost of energy and the availability of efficiency technologies in lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), and building energy management, ESCO projects became much more commonplace. The term ESCO has also become more widely known among potential clients looking to upgrade their building systems that are either outdated and need to be replaced, or for campus and district energy plant upgrades. With deregulation in the U.S. energy markets in the 1990s, the energy services business experienced a rapid rise. Utilities, which for decades enjoyed the shelter of monopolies with guaranteed returns on power plant investments, now had to compete to supply power to many of their largest customers. They now looked to energy services as a potential new business line to retain their existing large customers. Also, with the new opportunities on the supply side, many energy services companies (ESCOs) started to expand into the generation market, building district power plants or including cogeneration facilities within efficiency projects. For example, in November 1996 BGA, Inc., formerly a privately held, regional energy performance contracting and consulting company was acquired by TECO Energy, and in 2004 was acquired by Chevron Corporation. In 1998, BGA entered the District Energy Plant business, completing construction on the first 3rd-party owned and operated district cooling plant in Florida. Decade of the 2000s: Consolidation, exit of many utilities In the wake of the Enron collapse in 2001, and the sputtering or reverse of deregulation efforts, many utilities shut down or sold their energy services businesses. There was a significant consolidation among the remaining independent firms. According to the industry group NAESCO, revenues of ESCOs in the U.S. grew by 22% in 2006, reaching $3.6 billion. ESCO operating principles Introduction An energy service company (ESCO) is a company that provides comprehensive energy solutions to its customers, including auditing, redesigning and implementing changes to the ways the customer consumes energy, the main goal being improved efficiency. Other possible services provided include energy infrastructure outsourcing, energy supply, financing and risk management. It is this comprehensiveness of services that differentiates an ESCO from a common energy company, whose main business is solely providing energy to its customers. Typically compensation to the ESCO is performance based so that the benefits of improved energy efficiency are shared between the client and the ESCO. ESCOs often use performance contracting, meaning that if the project does not provide returns on the investment, the ESCO is responsible to pay the difference, thus assuring their clients of the energy and cost savings. Therefore, ESCOs are fundamentally different from consulting engineers and equipment contractors: the former are typically paid for their advice, whereas the latter are paid for the equipment, and neither accept any project risk. The risk-free nature of the service the ESCOs provide offers a convincing incentive for their clients to invest. Some typical characteristic of ESCOs are as follows: Ownership – ESCOs may be privately owned companies, either independent or part of a large conglomerate, state-owned, nonprofits, joint ventures, manufacturers or manufacturers' subsidiaries. Clients – ESCOs typically specialize on market niches by sector (industries, utilities, real estate, etc.) and by size (large or small projects). Technology – Some ESCOs have a technological specialization (e.g. lighting, HVAC, a particular industrial process) whereas others are aim for a holistic approach. Project financing – Financing capabilities vary with the financial situation of the ESCO. Some have large parent companies, which allows them to self-finance projects. However, all ESCOs rely to some extent on third-party financing. Developing a project The energy savings project often begins with the development of ideas that would generate energy savings, and in turn, cost savings. This task is usually the responsibility of the ESCO. The ESCO often approaches a potential client with a proposal of an energy savings project and a performance contract. This ESCO is said to “drive” the project. Once the owner is aware of the possibility of an energy savings project, he or she may choose to place it out for bid, or just stick with the original ESCO. During the initial period of research and investigation, an energy auditor from the ESCO surveys the site and reviews the project's systems to determine areas where cost savings are feasible, usually free of charge to the client. This is the energy audit, and the phase is often referred to as the feasibility study. A hypothesis of the potential project is developed by the client and the auditor, and then the ESCO's engineering development team expands upon and compiles solutions. This next phase is referred to as the engineering and design phase, which further defines the project and can provide more firm cost and savings estimates. The engineers are responsible for creating cost-effective measures to obtain the highest potential of energy savings. These measures can range from highly efficient lighting and heating/air conditioning upgrades, to more productive motors with variable speed drives and centralized energy management systems. There is a wide array of measures that can produce large energy savings. Once the project has been developed and a performance contract signed, the construction or implementation phase begins. Following the completion of this phase, the monitoring and maintenance or Measurement and Verification (M & V) phase begins. This phase is the verification of the pre-construction calculations and is used to determine the actual cost savings. This phase is not always included in the performance contract. In fact, there are three options the owner must consider during the performance contract review. These options are, from least to most expensive: No warranty other than that provided on the equipment. ESCO provided M & V to show the projected energy savings during the short term following completion. ESCO provided M & V to show the projected energy savings during the entire payback period. A typical transaction involves the ESCO borrowing cash to purchase equipment or to implement energy-savings for its clients. The client pays the ESCO its regular energy cost (or a large fraction of it), but the energy savings enable the ESCO to pay only a fraction of that to their energy supplier. The difference goes to pay the interest on the loan and to profit. Typically, ESCOs are able to implement and finance the efficiency improvements better than their client company could by itself. Choosing an ESCO Once the project has been defined, but before much of the engineering work has been completed, it may be necessary to choose an ESCO by putting the project “out to bid”. This is usually the case when the client has developed the project on his or her own or is required to allow others to bid on the work as required by the government. The latter is the case on any state or federally funded project. The typical process includes a Request for qualifications (RFQ) in which the interested ESCO's submit their corporate resumes, business profiles, experience, and initial plan. Once received, the client creates a “short list” of 3-5 companies. This list is of the companies whose profile for the project best matches with the owners’ ideas in the RFQ. The client then asks for a Request for Proposal (RFP) that is a much more detailed explanation of the project. This document contains all cost savings measures, products, M & V plans, and the performance contract. The client often allows a minimum of six weeks to compile the information before having it submitted. Once submitted, the Proposals are then reviewed by the client, who may conduct interviews with the applicants. The client then selects the ESCO that presents the best possible solution to the energy project, as determined by the client. A good ESCO will help the owner put all the pieces together from start to finish. According to the Energy Services Coalition, “A qualified ESCO can help you put the pieces together: Identify and evaluate energy-saving opportunities; Develop engineering designs and specifications; Manage the project from design to installation to monitoring; Arrange for financing; Train your staff and provide ongoing maintenance services; and Guarantee that savings will cover all project costs.” Energy savings tracking methods After installing energy conservation measures (ECMs), ESCOs often determine the energy savings resulting from the project and present the savings results to their customers. A common way to calculate energy savings is to measure the flows of energy associated with the ECM, and then to apply spreadsheet calculations to determine savings. For example, a chiller retrofit would require measurements of chilled water supply and return temperatures and kW. The benefit of this approach is that the ECM is isolated, and that only energy flows associated with the ECM itself are considered. This method is described as Option A or Option B in the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP). Table 1 presents the different options. Option A requires some measurement and allows for estimations of some parameters. Option B requires measurement of all parameters. In both options, calculations are done (typically in spreadsheets) to determine energy savings. Option C uses utility bills to determine energy savings. There are many situations where Option A or Option B (Metering and Calculating) is the best approach to measuring energy savings, however, some ESCOs insist upon only using Option A or Option B, when clearly Option C would be most appropriate. If the ESCO was a lighting contractor, then Option A should work in all cases. Spot measurements of fixtures before and after, agreed upon hours of operation, and simple calculations can be inserted into a spreadsheet that can calculate savings. The same spreadsheet can be used over and over. However, for ESCOs that offer a variety of different retrofits, it is necessary to be able to employ all options so that the best option can be selected for each individual job. Controls Retrofits, or retrofits to HVAC systems are typically excellent candidates for Option C. After installing the energy conservation measures (ECMs), the savings created from the project must be determined. This process, termed Measurement and Verification (M&V), is frequently performed by the ESCO, but may also be performed by the customer or a third party. The International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) is the standard M&V guideline for determining actual savings created by an energy management program. Because savings are the absence of energy use, they cannot be directly measured. IPMVP provides 4 methods for using measurement to reliably determine actual savings. A plan for applying the most appropriate of the 4 general methods to a specific project is typically created and agreed upon by all parties before implementation of the ECMs. IPMVP Option A – Retrofit Isolation: Key Parameter Measurement Savings are determined by field measurement of the key performance parameter(s) which define the energy use of the ECM's affected system(s). Parameters not selected for field measurement are estimated. IPMVP Option B – Retrofit Isolation: All Parameter Measurement Savings are determined by field measurement of the energy use of the ECM-affected system. IPMVP Option C – Whole Facility Savings are determined by measuring energy use at the whole facility or sub-facility level. IPMVP Option D – Calibrated Simulation Savings are determined through simulation of the energy use of the facility, or of a sub-facility. The simulation model must be calibrated so that it predicts an energy pattern that approximately matches actual metered data. Table 1 provides suggested IPMVP options for different project characteristics. For each project, an M&V approach which balances the uncertainty in achieved savings and the cost of the M&V plan should be selected. Some plans include only short term verification approaches and others include repeated measurements for an extended period. Because the expense of determining the amount of savings achieved erodes the benefit of the savings themselves, IPMVP suggests not spending more than 10% of the expected savings on M&V. Often M&V approaches are bundled with other monitoring, support, or maintenance services that help achieve or ensure the savings performance. These costs should not be considered M&V expenses and depending on the project and services details, may greatly exceed 10% of the savings. Utilizing the savings Once the project is completed the immediate results of energy savings (often between 15 and 35 percent), and the long term maintenance costs can be put towards the capital investment of upgrading the energy system. This is often how ESCOs and performance contracts work. The initial implementation is done, in a sense, free of charge, with the payment coming from the percentage of the energy savings collected by a financing company or the ESCO. The client may also wish to use some capital investment money to lower that percentage during the payback period. The payback period can range from five to twenty years, depending on the negotiated contract. Most state or federally funded projects have a max payback of 15 years. Once the equipment and project have been paid for, the client may be entitled to the full amount of savings to use at their will. It is also common to see large capital improvements financed through energy savings projects. Upgrades to the mechanical/electrical system, new building envelope components, or even restorations and retrofits may be included in the contract even though they have no effect on the amount of energy savings. By utilizing the energy savings, the client may be able to put the funds once used to pay for energy towards the capital improvement that would otherwise be unfeasible with the currently allotted funding. U. S. Federal Program: "Super-ESPC" Since its creation in the 1990s, a single U. S. government program known as "Super-ESPC" (ESPC stands for Energy Savings Performance Contracts) has been responsible for $2.9B in ESCO contracts. The program was modified and reauthorized in December 2008, and sixteen firms were awarded Indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts for up to $5B each, for total potential energy-savings projects worth $80B. Grouping the sixteen firms provides a convenient illustration of the industry structure and the ways that each firm generates value through projects that use the ESCO model of energy-savings performance contracts. Equipment-affiliated firms use performance contracting as a sales channel for their products. Utility-affiliated firms offer ESCO projects as a value-added service to attract and retain large customers and generally focus only on their utility footprint. Non-utility energy services companies are product neutral, tend to have a larger geographic footprint, and typically offer a wide range of services from energy retrofits to renewable energy development. Equipment affiliated NORESCO (Carrier) Honeywell Building Solutions SES Johnson Controls Government Systems, L.L.C. (York) Schneider Electric Siemens Government Services, Inc. Trane Utility affiliated ConEdison Constellation FPL Energy Services Pepco Energy Services Energy Systems Group Non-utility energy services Ameresco (Ennovate, Exelon Services Federal Group, E3, APS...Acquired) The Benham Companies, LLC (SAIC Acquired) CEG Solutions LLC (formerly Clark Energy Group LLC) Lockheed Martin Services, Inc. McKinstry Brewer Garrett ESCO 2.0 In June 2005, the GAO released a report, “Energy Savings: Performance Contracts Offer Benefits, But Vigilance Is Needed To Protect Government Interests.” The Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Technology, Acquisition, and Logistics agreed with the GAO findings. “While these complicated contracts are structured to ensure that savings will exceed costs,” the DOD noted, “we recognize that our measurement and verification procedures must be improved to confirm estimates with actual data.” Unverified savings, often stipulated rather than proven, do not put more oil in the ground, take CO2 out of the air or reduce operating budgets The GAO ESPC study brings into question whether or not there is sufficient data to prove that the gains delivered by ESCOs are sustainable over time. The study further questions the practice of having ESCOs monitoring and validating the performance of their own projects. In fact, most buildings and facilities exhibit the same basic limitations with respect to energy conservation and optimum maintenance. US Federal studies show that major and minor building systems routinely fail to meet performance expectations, and these faults often go unnoticed over time. The functions of a building, the number of tenants, and the configuration of the space change over time in unanticipated manners that adversely affect the systems that control building performance. Surprisingly, almost all buildings, building complexes, and systems inside buildings still operate in a disconnected, stand-alone manner. Proprietary systems result in buildings that needlessly waste energy. Recent studies have found that roughly 30% of LEED certified buildings perform substantially better than anticipated, while 25% perform substantially worse than anticipated. In general, LEED certified buildings perform 25-30% better than non-LEED certified buildings with regards to energy use. It is ultimately difficult or impossible for customers to construct a single integrated picture that correlates energy usage and maintenance costs to control system performance, space usage, conservation measures, and the behavior of those using the facility space. A more recent phenomenon is the concept of combining the benefits of performance contracting with the benefits of green buildings, affectionately described as green performance contracting. The reason the concept makes sense is because for green buildings, the costliest prerequisites to meet are usually the energy efficiency requirements. The LEED rating system requires buildings to be benchmarked using the EPA EnergyStar system. The minimum score to meet the LEED prerequisites is a score of 75 or greater (meaning the building is in the top 75 percentile of benchmarked buildings). Since performance contracting attempts to find all the sources of energy waste, then a building that has gone through the performance contracting process should meet the LEED prerequisite. Green performance contracting can be used to achieve sustainability goals in new building design and construction as well as in existing buildings. New Buildings: Higher-efficiency choices are compared to the modeled performance of the as-designed less-efficient building. Applying performance contracting to buildings being designed and built is the perfect cure for pressure to “value engineer” the efficiency and sustainability out of new buildings as they are designed. In new buildings, performance contracting bridges the gap between the first-cost and life-cycle-cost perspectives by using long-term energy savings to pay for the incremental first-cost of high-efficiency measures. Existing buildings: Green performance contracting provides a mechanism for implementing and financing the building's efficiency and sustainability upgrades, including improved operations. Achieving sustainable building performance in existing buildings can be done at reasonable costs. If needed, system or building upgrades can be spread out over time and implemented when capital dollars become available. Green performance contracting provides comprehensive integrated solutions to a wide variety of building, site and infrastructure improvements, and it allows building owners to pay for these building sustainability improvements, including capital improvements or renewable energy, with funds in the organization's expense budget. The result is a better performing building along with all the public relations and marketing benefits of green buildings. Retro-commissioning Studies show that virtually every building suffers from incompletely installed controls systems, excessive chilling and heating capacity, and an inability to obtain the data needed to let senior decision makers understand how a building is really performing. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) found that an average building lasts only two-thirds of its forecast life before it needs to be replaced or substantially retrofitted. Often the explanation for this cluster of problems is incomplete or improper building commissioning at the beginning of the building's life cycle. (Building commissioning is the start-up process by which every new building's systems are initially configured and calibrated to its occupancy loads to get it up and running.) According to NIST, the time needed to do building commissioning right is rarely available, defects and opportunities are overlooked, and system potential goes unrealized. Over time equipment performance and control sequences naturally degrade, and substandard performance or even failures of systems and components go unrecognized. The ultimate result is almost universal waste of various kinds, including substantial energy and maintenance cost. Independent Measurement and Verification Few, if any, of these factors are addressable by the Energy Services Companies or through ESPCs because the information needed to define the real problems is not captured. There is a clear need for integrated solutions that offer the kind of accountability and transparency — and plenty of the “actual data” — that is currently lacking in the ESPC process. What is needed in fact is an independent means of continuously monitoring performance so that buildings reach peak performance sooner and maintain peak performance over time (as represented by the yellow field in the figure) despite changes in use, maintenance, energy cost, and user behavior. Key components of ESCO 2.0 Real-time integration and visibility of building management systems, metering subsystems, and asset management applications. Automated, real-time analysis and reporting of key performance indicators associated with subsystem operations, energy use, and equipment maintenance management. Recommendations for results-oriented energy usage and maintenance program refinements that will enable energy reduction targets to be met or exceeded. On-going monitoring of subsystems to continually expand energy conservation efforts and maintenance management improvements for further cost reductions. Independent verification of ESCO and other Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) programs. US Federal reporting into OMB Scorecard UK and European based ESCOs A number of firms have started offering ESCO services in Europe. As in the US, some belong to utilities, some belong to manufacturers and others are independent. See also Efficient energy use Industrial Assessment Center RESCO – renewable energy service company References External links AssoESCo - Associazione italiana delle Energy Service Company e degli Operatori dell'Efficienza Energetica ESCO Europe conference, 20-21, Milan, Italy New York Times, Sept 1, 2008 Ambit and other ESCOs for consumers Energy companies Energy conservation
Walter Claus-Oehler (7 May 1897 – 8 November 1941) was a German footballer who played as a midfielder for Arminia Bielefeld and the Germany national team. Personal life Claus-Oehler served as a Hauptmann (captain) in the German Army during the Second World War and died on active service on 8 November 1941. He is buried in Mont-de-Huisnes German war cemetery. References External links 1897 births 1941 deaths Men's association football midfielders German men's footballers Germany men's international footballers Arminia Bielefeld players German Army officers of World War II German Army personnel killed in World War II Sportspeople from Gera Footballers from Thuringia Military personnel from Thuringia
Xiaomi Mi 5s Plus is a flagship smartphone from the Chinese company Xiaomi, which is a modification of the Xiaomi Mi 5. It was presented on September 27, 2016 together with Xiaomi Mi 5s. This is the first smartphone of the Mi series to receive a dual main camera module. Design The screen is made of glass. The body of the smartphone is made of polished aluminum. At the bottom there is a USB-C connector, a speaker and a microphone stylized as a speaker. On top are 3.5 mm audio jack, a second microphone and IR port. On the left side of the smartphone there is a slot for 2 SIM cards. On the right side are the volume buttons and the smartphone lock button. The fingerprint scanner is located on the back panel. In Ukraine, Xiaomi Mi 5s Plus was sold in 4 colors: gray, silver, gold and Rose Gold. Specifications Platform The smartphone received a more overclocked processor Qualcomm Qualcomm Snapdragon 821 (2×2.35 GHz Kryo & 2×2.2 GHz Kryo) and graphics processor Adreno 530. Battery The battery received a volume of 3800 mAh and support for 18-watt Quick Charge 3.0 fast charging. Camera The smartphone received a dual main camera 13 Mp, f/2.0 + 13 Mp, f/2.0 (black and white) with phase autofocus and the ability to record video in resolution 4K@30fps. The front camera received a resolution of 4 MP, an aperture of f/2.0 and the ability to record video in a resolution of 1080p@30fps. Screen Screen IPS, 5.7", FullHD (1920 × 1080) with an aspect ratio of 16:9 and a pixel density of 386 ppi. Memory The smartphone was sold in configurations of 4/64 and 6/128 GB. Software Xiaomi Mi 5s Plus was launched on MIUI 8 based on Android 6.0 Marshmallow. The global version of the firmware has been updated to MIUI 10 and the Chinese version to MIUI 11. Both are based on Android 8.0 Oreo. Controversy The rear fingerprint sensor and non-metal integrated design of Xiaomi 5s Plus have been criticized by many netizens. Some technology media even said, "When we simply compare Xiaomi 5s and Xiaomi 5s Plus, it is difficult for us to believe that they are a series of models." Named Xiaomi phone 5s The Plus version has almost no similarities in appearance and design, which is the most controversial aspect of Xiaomi 5s Plus. The dual-camera imaging quality of Xiaomi 5s Plus has dropped significantly compared to Xiaomi 5 and Xiaomi 5s. DXO Mark, a well-known French image evaluation media, gave Xiaomi 5s Plus a score of 78 points, including 80 points for static images and 80 points for video. 74 points. Xiaomi mobile phone 5s Plus did not activate the NFC-based bus card simulation service when it was launched, causing netizens to complain. and Due to system scheduling reasons, the lag is more obvious in high-load scenarios such as games. References Xiaomi smartphones Mobile phones introduced in 2016 Android (operating system) devices Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Horní Maršov () is a municipality and village in Trutnov District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. It lies in the Giant Mountains. Administrative parts Villages of Dolní Albeřice, Dolní Lysečiny, Horní Albeřice, Horní Lysečiny and Temný Důl are administrative parts of Horní Maršov. Geography Horní Maršov is located about northwest of Trutnov and north of Hradec Králové, on the border with Poland. It lies in the Giant Mountains. The highest point is at above sea level. Most of the municipal territory lies in the Krkonoše National Park. The Úpa river flows through the municipality. History During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in the World War II, the Germans established and operated the E584 forced labour subcamp of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the village. Sights The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is the landmark of Horní Maršov. This neo-Gothic parish church was built by Josef Schulz in 1895–1899. The Horní Maršov Castle belongs to the most valuable buildings of the village. It was built in the late Baroque style in 1792. In 1869, it was rebuilt in the Neorenaissance style and the tower was added. References External links Villages in Trutnov District
Lyon's Whelp or Lion's Whelp is the name of a historical British ship, it is also found in the Bible in Genesis 49:9 “Judah is a lion’s whelp." Popular today, the name was given to a series of 16th-century naval ships, then in the 17th century to a fleet of ten full rigged pinnaces commissioned by the first Duke of Buckingham. Introduction The 10 Lion's Whelps built by the 1st Duke of Buckingham in 1628 are exemplars of the 'war' pinnace, a war ship that was built for several European navies for more than two centuries (c.1550-c.1750). The Whelps had sweeps (propelling oars) as well as sails (G R Balleine, All for the King, The Life Story of Sir George Carteret, Societe Jersiase, 1976, p10). England, the Netherlands, Sweden and Poland deployed the war pinnace on a regular basis. The largest war pinnaces, also known as frigates, approximated England's fifth rate and sixth rate small warships. A few war pinnaces were built to fourth-rate hull dimensions. However, these war pinnaces carried fewer cannon and had smaller crews than English fourth, fifth, and sixth rates. Fast and maneuverable when compared to a typical ship of the line, when they were under the command of an experienced captain with a crew that retained discipline during battle, many war pinnaces compiled impressive fighting and espionage records. Ten ships of the name Lyon's Whelp were built in 1628 by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and each was constructed to the same design. Although masted and armed from the stores of the Royal Navy, the fleet was paid for by the Duke. The entire fleet of ten Lion's Whelps cost Buckingham about £7,000 and for several years, they were his private fleet. With the exception of the Earl of Pembroke, the Duke of Buckingham was the wealthiest nobleman in England at this time. This shipbuilding program indicates that the Duke of Buckingham could access very significant funds. The Duke spent £7000 in 1628 to build his fleet which in the first quarter of 2011 would be worth £624,120.00. Under the Duke's command, the Lion's Whelps were privateers dedicated to increasing his considerable personal fortune. The fleet of ten Lions Whelps was not taken over by the Navy until 1632, after Buckingham's assassination in 1628, and compensation of at least £4000 was paid to his estate. The Earl of Nottingham Lyon's Whelp was the name given to several British naval ships dating back to the 16th century, including at least two that were not financed or built by the Duke of Buckingham. The immediate predecessor to Buckingham's fleet of 10 Lion's Whelps was a war ship named Lion's Whelp that was owned by Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, who was the Lord High Admiral of England (1585–1619) and who was succeeded by the Duke of Buckingham. This Lion's Whelp was loaned to Sir Walter Raleigh and joined the English fleet for the combined Anglo-Dutch attack and expected capture of Cadiz in 1596. Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh were among the commanders of landing forces while Sir Charles Howard as admiral led the fleet. Victory was swift because the Spanish fleet had been set afire in order not be captured and their land army was badly organized. The Dutch and English sacked and pillaged Cadiz all the while respecting its citizens much to the astonishment of the Spanish. This Lion's Whelp was sold to the state in 1602, and then repaired at Chatham by the ambitious young shipwright Phineas Pett (see below). The Duke of Buckingham received this Lion's Whelp as a gift from King James VI in 1625, shortly before the King died. Ratification of the transfer of ownership occurred under King Charles. Warrants, contracts, and shipbuilders Several years ago, John Wassell worked with the Public Record Office in London and England's Calendars of State Papers to research the ten Lion's Whelps built by the Duke of Buckingham in 1628. His web page presents the most important information obtained - original period documents from the archive "State Papers, Domestic". Each Whelp had one gun deck, two masts with a rig that included square sails and lateen. There are only a few contemporary drawings and paintings of English war pinnaces or frigates of the Jacobean era. Details of hull design, armament and rigging are usually inferred using prints and hull designs of warships in the Dutch Navy. The Duke of Buckingham's project to build 10 Lion's Whelps began with his warrant to two well-placed friends. Captain Sir John Penington and Phineas Pett ensured that the ablest shipwrights of the region would be available for the building of this fleet. Their basic design was a warship of 125 tons with both sails and oars ('sweeps'). Ship construction would be done on the banks of the River Thames, particularly at Ipswich and Shorum. The Lord Admiral was to oversee the "preparation and setting out" for 10 pinnaces of 120 tons each. (Each Lion's Whelp was built to 186 tons.. see below.) Each ship was to have a tender, and adequate supplies of oars, cable, anchors, sails, canvas and 'all other tackling and rigging to be furnished from his 'Majesties Stores', likewise for ordnance and ammunition. "Their Lordships well approving of the said motion did think fit and order the same accordingly." The motive for building these ten ships was the 'enterprise of La Rochelle'. These ten ships would be added to the English fleet that would undertake to relieve the siege of the French Huguenot (Protestant) center of power at La Rochelle imposed by King Louis XIII. Considerable resources must have been available because Phinaeus Pett left this employment at the end of July, which indicates that the ten ships had been completed and launched by that time (~6 months) or shortly thereafter. Thereupon the Duke's fleet set sail for Portsmouth and assignments with the Royal Navy.>ref group=Note>The group that met at Whitehall on 27 February 1627 was impressive. The heart of England's political and military power was present: Lord Keeper (of the privy seal)- Lord Treasurer - Lord President (of the council) - Lord Admiral - Lord Steward - Earl of Suffolk - Earl of Dorset - Earl of Exeter - Earl of Morton - Earl of Kelley - Viscount Wimbledon - Viscount Grandison - Mr. Treasurer – Master of the Ward(robe) - Mr. Chanc(ellor) of the Exchequer - Mr Chanc. of the Duchy (of Lancaster). Although there are no surviving remains of any of the ten Lion's Whelps built by the Duke of Buckingham, it is possible to obtain a portrait of these ships. Dutch marine painters of the period often included detailed examples of Dutch, English and Spanish ships in their paintings. A small oil-on-copper painting by Abraham de Verwer c.1625, that is now in the England's National Maritime Museum, shows Dutch and English war pinnaces saluting each other outside a harbour. The English ship is a good fit to the reconstructed profile for a Buckingham Lion's Whelp as a three-masted war pinnace with a single gun deck that had eight broadside cannon ports. There is a grating or 'flying deck' over the waist, and Royal Arms decorated the stern. There is another and similar painting of an English single-deck war pinnace in the National Maritime Museum. The Anglo-French War At least one of Buckingham's ten Lion's Whelps saw service with the British Fleet in England's attempt to relieve the Huguenot citadel of La Rochelle. English action in the Anglo-French War began with a siege of the fortress of Saint-Martin-de-Re in 1627. The English fleet was not able to lay siege to La Rochelle until several months later. Historians are indebted to Jacques Callot who published a series of prints illustrating the English landing on the Isle de Re at the beach of Sablanceau, the Siege of Saint Martin-de-Re and the Siege of La Rochelle. Callot's technical innovations enhanced the detail in his prints. In his portrayal of the English fleet, it is possible to differentiate galleons, carracks, pinnaces and perhaps shallops because each ship type had the same minute iconic image. Perhaps one of the pinnaces in these prints is Buckingham's sixth Lion's Whelp. The besotted King James I assigned a central role to his favorite courtier with the expedition to relieve the Huguenot stronghold of La Rochelle. England hoped that a success would bring the French Protestants into an alliance against Catholic Spain and provide a demonstration of English naval power that would leave King Louis XIII hesitant and fearful. English King James I had made George Villiers, Lord Admiral of the Royal Navy in 1619. As an important commander during the Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (1627) and the attempt to relieve La Rochelle, the Duke of Buckingham revealed a serious lack of understanding and expertise when faced with both army and naval strategic challenges. The siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré was the first action in this attempt to take La Rochelle and it began when Buckingham's fleet landed troops on the beach at Sablanceau. Apparently Buckingham insisted on an orderly, slow and methodical organization of his army on the exposed beach, even as French troops and cavalry made repeated lightning attacks, emerging from the protection of the sand dunes. About 100 English casualties on the beach were unnecessary. Later, it was revealed that Buckingham's preparations for the siege of Saint Martin included ladders that proved too short to reach the top of Saint-Martin-de-Re's walls. English strategy correctly viewed the fortress of Saint-Martin-de-Re as a serious impediment to an assault on La Rochelle. With 80 ships and 7,000 men, Buckingham failed to take the fortress city. After three months and a final failed assault on 27 October 1627, he ended the siege and left for England from Loix with a demoralized, disease ridden force of 2,000 men, the survivors of his original army of 7,000 men. A Lion's Whelp to Massachusetts In 1629 a Lion's Whelp sailed with four other ships from Gravesend on 25 April 1629 for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Arrived and greeted by Governor John Endecott on 30 June 1629. All ships were armed merchantmen. Eight cannon were listed for this Lion's Whelp which is the number carried by the Duke of Buckingham's Lion's Whelps and most armed pinnaces as well. Is this ship Buckingham's second Lion's Whelp, diverted for a cross Atlantic run with settlers and provisions to the Massachusetts Bay Colony? A careful scrutiny of the record is not supportive of this conclusion. This Lion's Whelp is tentatively identified as the 120-ton ship that brought William Dodge, along with the Sprague family and others to Salem, Massachusetts in 1629. The Lyon's Whelp left Gravesend 24/25 April 1629 and arrived in Salem mid-July 1629, under Master John Gibbs (or Gibbon). It was one of six ships in a small fleet; the others including Talbot, George Bonaventure, Lyon, and a ship called Mayflower (though not the Mayflower of the Pilgrims). This Lion's Whelp and her sister ships the Talbot and the George carried goods and new settlers to Naumkaeg, the Indian name for the territory settled by England's Massachusetts Bay Company at Salem. Appendix: 10 Lion's Whelps Final costings for each Lion's Whelp are believed to have been in excess of the contracted rate, thereby raising the possibility that shipwrights deliberately built ships larger than agreed upon in order to inflate the final invoice. The worse example of this was Peter Pett and the sixth Whelp. The Duke wanted each Whelp to weigh 120 tonnes, and cost £139.5. After the Duke was assassinated in 1632, his fleet of ten Lion Whelps was taken into the Royal Navy and the estate reimbursed £4,500 according to Captain Penington who had supervised their construction. Had the fleet been sold to England, as the Earl of Nottingham had done with his Lion's Whelp in 1602, very likely much more money would have accrued to the Buckingham estate. Buckingham's first Lion's Whelp was built by William Castell of Southwark St Saviour in 1628. After the Duke was assassinated in 1632, she was taken into the Royal Navy and then converted into a chain ship for the Chatham "barricado" c. 1641. She was sent to Harwich as a careening hulk in August 1650, and then drops out of the historical record. Lion's Whelp may be the hulk at Harwich that was ordered to be sold in October 1651. The second Lion's Whelp was also built by William Castell of St. Savior's in Southwark. She was converted into a chain ship for the Chatham 'barricado' c.1641, then was ordered to be sold in August, 1650 together with the Defiance and Merhonour as having become too decayed, even to be a careening hulk at Harwich. The third Lion's Whelp was built by John Dearsley of Ipswich at Wapping. She was listed as unfit for service in Batten's survey of 1647 and 'cast' before February, 1643. The fourth Lion's Whelp was built by Christopher Malim of Redriff. She was used for experimental constructions in the Project Dutchman, c.1633. These works in the hold were ordered for removal in March 1643 because they were of no use in a man-o-war. Details of the experimental constructions are lacking, although Warrell's research points to Cornelius Drebbel as having executed the removal order. The fourth Lion's Whelp struck a rock in St. Aubrey's Bay, Jersey on 4 August 1636 and sank without any loss of life. The fifth Lion's Whelp was built by Peter Marsh of Wapping and spent most of her life in service in Ireland. She foundered in the North Sea on 28 June 1637 and sank with the loss of 17 men. Cause of this tragedy was placed with the shipyard who built her of 'mean, sappy timbers'. The sixth Lion's Whelp was built by Peter Pett of Ratcliffe. Peter Pett (1610-?1672) was an English Master Shipwright, the second Resident Commissioner of the Chatham Dockyard. Phinaes Pett was viewed as the greatest shipbuilder of his time, indeed perhaps the finest to have ever lived and worked in England. The reputation of the Pett dynasty ensured that the sixth Lion's Whelp was designed and constructed to the highest standards. Her captain was John Pett (1601/2 – 1628), the eldest son of Phineas Pett who died when the ship went down off the coast of Brittany when returning from the La Rochelle expedition in 1628. The seventh Lion's Whelp was built by Matthew Graves of Limehouse, She and the famous ship-of-the-line' Mary Rose got into a dispute with a Dutch warship from Enkhuisen over a Dutch privateer captured off the Suffolk coast. Negligence in the powder store led to a fierce explosion that destroyed the seventh Lion's Whelp amidst action involving several ships from both countries. There is speculation that Captain Cooper became severely disoriented immediately after the loss of the ship, and thereafter was mentally incompetent. The eighth Lion's Whelp was built in the yard of John Graves of Limehouse. In 1633 she was given to George Carteret as his first independent command. His first task was to attend the Vauntguard which Penington commanded (Balleine, op. cit, p10). Later, in 1644 she was used to transport gold to the Scottish parliament. The Eighth is another pinnace in the Duke's fleet that went 'rotten'. In July 1645, she was judged too decayed to repair and ordered to be laid up on the Woolwich shore. The ninth Lion's Whelp was also built by John Graves of Limehouse and spent her active years in the Irish service, where she was mainly used to put down piracy in Dublin Bay, and sometimes to ferry important visitors to Ireland. Her captain was Dawtrey Cooper in 1632/33, who had been the captain of the seventh Lion's Whelp when a seaman's negligence caused a fearful explosion and loss of life. During the ninth Lion's Whelp service at Ireland, there were continual disputes and near mutinies. She came to an end as a wreck in the River Clyde with the pinnace Confidence while taking supplies from Ireland to Dumbarton Castle (which is on the Clyde near Glasgow) in April, 1640. There is an incorrect record that the eighth and ninth Lion's Whelps were lost in a storm in 1628 that had wrecked the sixth. After a brief period of out of contact, the eighth and ninth returned to Portsmouth. The tenth Lion's Whelp was built by Robert Tranckmore of Shoreham, went over to the Royalists after the fall of Bristol in 1643, then was recaptured by Parliament's forces in 1645. She was at Helvoetsluys with the Earl of Warwick's fleet in 1648, then was fitted out as a fireship for Blake's pursuit of Prince Rupert to Lisbon in 1650. Later the tenth Lion's Whelp was used for convoy work and communications during the First Anglo-Dutch War. The last historical mention of the tenth Lion's Whelp is on 19 October 1654 when she was sold to Jacob Blackpath for £410. With sale of the tenth, this fleet of Lion's Whelps passes from recorded history. Their fragmentary historical record has provided additional information about the building of small war ships in the 17th century, and activities of the Royal Navy in the Anglo-French War. Footnotes External links Lion's Whelp, 1628 three-masted pinnace, Virginia Historical Society, retrieved 12 December 2010. 16th century large English pinnace - early print. Lacking identity and provenance as depicted on Dr. J.P. Sommerville's page about Elizabeth I: Exploration and Foreign Policy (University of Wisconsin), n.d. Retrieved 18 September 2008. References Mystery of the Lion's Whelps, by Bennett Blumenerg, 23 March 2011. Lion's Whelp 1628 three-masted pinnace, by New Zealand National Maritime Museum, nd. Retrieved 12 December 2010. Hooker, Hourcre, Hourque, Hoeker Retrieved on Sept.1, 2008. History of Ten Lions Whelps, by John Wassells, nd. Retrieved 11 February 2011. The Lion's Whelps – Introduction, History, Construction, What Did They Look Like? by James Wassell, 23 February 2003. Retrieved 11 February 2011. Mathew Baker and the Art of the Shipwright (in German). Baker was royal ship builder under Elizabeth I. His Fragments of Ancient Shipbuilding (1586) is considered a ground breaking work and invaluable for the study of 16th century shipbuilding. Sept.15, 2005. When Galleons Ruled the Waves, by Ken Johnson, 30 July 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 1620s conflicts 1627 in France 17th century in France Anglo-French wars History of the Royal Navy Naval architecture Pinnaces Ships of the Royal Navy Sieges involving France Thirty Years' War
Robert Anwood is the pseudonym of the author of the humour book Bears Can't Run Downhill. It was followed by a sequel in September 2007, Emus Can't Walk Backwards. A third book, Damp Squids & Card Sharks, was announced for publication in October 2023. Writes for the web under the pen name of Siegfried Baboon. As of October 2007, Robert Anwood appeared as a character called "Fact Man" on Lorna Milton's afternoon show on BBC Three Counties Radio. Anwood has been the keyboard player for Oxford-based indie band Jody and the Jerms since 2019. References External links robertanwood.com official site myspace.com/robertanwood MySpace page gearchange.org Truck Driver's Gear Change Hall of Shame (written as Siegfried Baboon) author page on Random House website British humorists Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
Robert Edwin Hall (14 January 1961 – 11 May 1996) was a New Zealand mountaineer. He was the head guide of a 1996 Mount Everest expedition during which he, a fellow guide, and two clients died. A best-selling account of the expedition was given in Jon Krakauer's Into Thin Air, and the expedition has been dramatised in the 2015 film Everest. At the time of his death, Hall had just completed his fifth ascent to the summit of Everest, more at that time than any other non-Sherpa mountaineer. Hall met his future wife, physician Jan Arnold, during his Everest summit attempt in 1990. Hall and Arnold climbed Denali for their first date and later married. In 1993, Hall and Arnold climbed to the summit of Everest together. In the catastrophic 1996 season, Arnold would have accompanied Hall on his Everest expedition, but she was pregnant. Mountaineering Hall grew up in New Zealand where he climbed extensively in the Southern Alps. In 1989, Rob Hall met Gary Ball, who became his climbing partner and close friend. As with most other mountain climbers, Hall and Gary Ball sought corporate sponsorships to fund their expeditions. The partners decided to climb the Seven Summits, but upped the ante by ascending to the summits of all seven in seven months. They started with Everest in May, and climbed the last mountain, Antarctica's Vinson Massif, on 12 December 1990, hours before the deadline. After this success they realised that to retain their sponsorships, each successive climb would have to be ever riskier and more spectacular, increasing the chances of an accident. Hall and Ball therefore decided to quit professional climbing and form a high-altitude guiding business. Their company, Adventure Consultants, was incorporated in 1992 and quickly became a premier expedition guiding company. That year they guided six clients to the top of Everest. In October 1993, Gary Ball died of pulmonary edema on a Himalayan mountain, leaving Hall to run Adventure Consultants on his own. By 1996, Hall had guided thirty-nine climbers up to the top of Everest. Although the price of a guided summit attempt – US$65,000 – was considerably higher than that of other expeditions, Hall's reputation for reliability and safety attracted clients from all over the world. Rob Hall was well known in the mountaineering world as the "mountain goat" or the "show". In the 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours, Hall was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to mountaineering. 1996 Everest disaster Adventure Consultants' 1996 Everest expedition consisted of eight clients and three guides (Hall, Mike Groom, and Andy Harris). Among the clients was Jon Krakauer, a journalist on assignment from Outside magazine. Hall had brokered a deal with Outside; he would guide one of their writers to the summit in exchange for advertising space and a story about the growing popularity of commercial expeditions to Everest. Shortly after midnight on 10 May 1996, the Adventure Consultants expedition began a summit attempt from Camp IV, atop the South Col. They were joined by climbers from Scott Fischer's Mountain Madness company, as well as expeditions sponsored by the governments of Taiwan and India. The expeditions quickly encountered delays. Upon reaching the Hillary Step, the climbers discovered that no fixed line had been placed, and they were forced to wait for an hour while the guides installed the ropes (Rob nonetheless "fixed most of the mountain in 1996"). Since some 33 climbers were attempting to reach the summit on the same day, and Hall and Fischer had asked their climbers to stay within 150 m of each other, there were bottlenecks at the single fixed line at the Hillary Step. Many of the climbers had not yet reached the summit by 2:00 pm, the last safe time to turn around to reach Camp IV before nightfall. Hall's Sardar, Ang Dorje Sherpa, and other climbing Sherpas waited at the summit for the clients. Near 3:00 pm, they began their descent. On the way down, Ang Dorje encountered client Doug Hansen above the Hillary Step, and ordered him to descend. Hansen refused. When Hall arrived at the scene, he sent the Sherpas down to assist the other clients, and stated that he would remain to help Hansen, who had run out of supplementary oxygen. At 5:00 pm, a blizzard struck the Southwest Face of Everest, diminishing visibility and obliterating the trail back to Camp IV. Shortly afterward, Hall radioed for help, saying that Hansen had fallen unconscious but was still alive. Adventure Consultants guide Andy Harris began climbing to the Hillary Step at 5:30 pm with water and supplementary oxygen. On 11 May, at 4:43 am, close to twelve hours after the blizzard had started, Hall radioed down and said that he was on the South Summit. He reported that Harris had reached the two men, but that Hansen had died sometime during the night and that Harris was missing as well. Hall was not breathing bottled oxygen, because his regulator was too choked with ice. By 9:00 am, Hall had fixed his oxygen mask, but indicated that his frostbitten hands and feet were making it difficult to traverse the fixed ropes. Later in the afternoon, he radioed to Base Camp, asking them to call his wife, Jan Arnold, on the satellite phone. During this last communication, he reassured her that he was reasonably comfortable and told her, "Sleep well my sweetheart. Please don't worry too much." He died shortly thereafter. His body was found on 23 May by mountaineers from the IMAX expedition, and still remains just below the South Summit. In the 1999 New Zealand bravery awards, Hall was posthumously awarded the New Zealand Bravery Star for his actions. Media coverage Jon Krakauer published an article in Outside and a book called Into Thin Air shortly after the disaster. In both, he speculated that the delays caused by the fixed ropes, as well as the guides' decision not to enforce the 2:00 pm turnaround time, were responsible for the deaths. Krakauer was criticised by Hall's widow for publishing their last conversation. Hall's radio transmission from the summit ridge was patched through and connected to his wife at home. The transcription of Hall's final conversation with his wife was reprinted in the book. Into Thin Air: Death on Everest, a TV movie on the 1996 Everest disaster, starred Nathaniel Parker as Rob Hall. The series Seconds From Disaster published an episode about the 1996 incident called "Into The Death Zone". Rob Hall's ordeal is heavily covered in the episode. The Neil Finn song "The Climber" was inspired by Rob Hall's death. Another documentary directed by David Breashears, who was on Everest in 1996, "Storm Over Everest" aired on the PBS program Frontline in 2008. A feature film based on the events titled Everest (2015) was developed by Working Title Films and Universal Pictures, and directed by Baltasar Kormákur. Rob Hall is portrayed by Jason Clarke. Rob Hall is a character in the opera Everest (2015) by British composer Joby Talbot, which follows the major episodes of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster. The Anjan Dutt song "Mr. Hall" from the album Keu Gaan Gaye is based on Rob Hall's legacy. List of major climbs 1990 – Seven Summits (the Bass list: Aconcagua, Mount Everest, Elbrus, Kilimanjaro, Denali, Kosciuszko, Vinson) 1992 – K2 attempt (Scott Fischer, Ed Viesturs, and Charley Mace helped Hall save his climbing partner Gary Ball from edema) 1992 – Mount Everest 1993 – Dhaulagiri (reached 7300m with Gary Ball and Veikka Gustafsson. Veikka and Rob tried to rescue Gary, who got edema and later died on mountain.) 1993 – Mount Everest (with his wife, Jan Arnold) 1994 – Mount Everest 1994 – Lhotse 1994 – K2 1994 – Cho Oyu 1994 – Makalu 1995 – Cho Oyu 1996 – Mount Everest (died on descent) See also List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest List of people who died climbing Mount Everest References External links Rob Hall Biography EverestHistory.com Rob Hall Biography Rob Hall Biography at 7summits.com Adventure Consultants 2013: Portrait Painting of Rob Hall 1961 births 1996 deaths Mountaineering deaths on Mount Everest New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire New Zealand mountain climbers Summiters of the Seven Summits Recipients of the New Zealand Bravery Star Mountain guides
"Teen Beat" is a 1959 instrumental number by Sandy Nelson. Released on Original Sound Records, it rose to number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1959. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In addition, the song made #17 on the R&B Singles Chart and #9 on the UK Singles Chart. The song also made #36 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1959. The guitar was played on the recording by co-writer Richard Podolor, later a songwriter and record producer, and the piano was by Bruce Johnston. A re-recorded version, released as a single in 1964 and titled "Teen Beat '65", also made the Billboard and Cashbox charts. DTV, in 1984, set the instrumental number to the playing cards from Alice in Wonderland and Thru the Mirror. References 1959 singles 1950s instrumentals Sandy Nelson songs 1959 songs
Eric J Dubowsky also known as Eric J, is a Grammy, Emmy, ARIA, and APRA award-winning mixer, songwriter and record producer. Eric grew up in the New York City suburb of Tenafly, New Jersey and graduated from Tenafly High School. After attending Syracuse University he worked at Greene St. Recording in New York City, the home of early hip-hop artists Run-DMC, and Public Enemy. It was here Eric assisted engineer/producer, Rod Hui. That led to a job working with Atlantic Records producer Arif Mardin. Eric has worked with artists such as Flume, Weezer, ODESZA, Twenty One Pilots, Kylie Minogue, Dua Lipa, Chet Faker, Brandy, Jeff Bhasker, Andy Grammer, Tove Lo, St. Vincent, The Chemical Brothers, Alessia Cara, Demi Lovato, Angus & Julia Stone, Freeform Five, Ruel, Kimbra, The Teskey Brothers, Mansionair, Panama, Hayden James, Meg Mac, Yuka Honda, Flight Facilities, Joss Stone, The Rubens, Marc Kinchen, Lisa Mitchell, Carolina Liar, and actress Emmy Rossum. Eric received the 2014 ARIA award for Best Engineer for his work mixing the Chet Faker album, Built on Glass. He received the 2016 ARIA award for Best Engineer, alongside Flume, for his work on Skin. He also won a Grammy Award. In 2021 Eric won an APRA award for Most Played Electronic work for the song "Rushing Back" which he co-wrote with Flume and Vera Blue. He was the lead singer of the New York City-based band Essex, which he formed with Jeff Buckley drummer, Matt Johnson. He sang and played guitar and keyboards in The Relationship with Weezer guitarist Brian Bell. He also produced and recorded their self-titled album. Eric worked as an engineer for the Los Angeles-based rock band Weezer on The Red Album produced by Rick Rubin. He composed the theme song to VH-1's Metal Mania and the theme for World Extreme Cagefighting on Versus and later the UFC. Awards and nominations ARIA Music Awards The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. \|- \| 2014 \| Built on Glass by Chet Faker \| Engineer of the Year \| \|- \| 2016 \| Skin by Flume \| Engineer of the Year \| \|- \| 2020 \| Free Time by Ruel \| Engineer of the Year \| \|- \| 2021 \| 0202 by The Rubens \| Engineer of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2"\| 2022 \| Dann Hume & Eric J Dubowsky for Conversations by Budjerah \| rowspan="2"\| Mix Engineer – Best Mixed Album \| \|- \| Eric J Dubowsky for Palaces by Flume \| \|- \| 2023 \| Eric J Dubowsky, Sam Teskey, Wayne Connelly for The Teskey Brothers – The Winding Way \| Best Engineered Release \| \|- References External links SoundCloud Living people Record producers from New Jersey People from Tenafly, New Jersey Syracuse University alumni Tenafly High School alumni Year of birth missing (living people)
The Unthinkable (Polish: O czym się nie myśli) is a 1926 Polish silent drama film directed by Edward Puchalski and starring Józef Węgrzyn, Igo Sym and Mira Zimińska. The film marked the debut of Jan Kiepura who went on to international success. It was made as a follow-up to the 1924 film The Unspeakable by the same director. The film's sets were designed by the art director Józef Galewski. Cast Józef Węgrzyn as Wierciak Maria Modzelewska as Zofia Wierciakówna Mania Malukiewicz as Jadzia Wierciakówna Igo Sym as Orlicz, composer Władysław Grabowski as Borski, violinist Mira Zimińska as Wanda, pianist Stefan Szwarc as Czernik Władysław Walter as Knajpiarz Witold Roland as Taki sobie gosc Ignacy Miastecki as Felczer Janusz Star as Slepy inspicjent Jan Kiepura Józef Sliwicki Paweł Owerłło Zofia Czaplińska References Bibliography Skaff, Sheila. The Law of the Looking Glass: Cinema in Poland, 1896-1939. Ohio University Press, 2008. External links 1926 films 1926 drama films Polish drama films Films directed by Edward Puchalski Polish silent films 1920s Polish-language films Polish black-and-white films Silent drama films
Rudy Dhaenens (10 April 1961 – 6 April 1998) was a Belgian professional road bicycle racer who is most famous for winning the road race at the 1990 UCI Road World Championships as a member of the Belgian national team. Dhaenens excelled several times in the Paris–Roubaix classic race; finishing second in 1986 and third the following year. Dhaenens won the 1990 World Championship Road Race, held in Utsunomiya, Japan, ahead of Dirk De Wolf of Belgium and Gianni Bugno of Italy. In 1992, Dhaenens was forced to stop his career because of heart problems. For a long time, he was in the service of the PDM cycling team, usually as tactical captain. Dhaenens was known for his calm, reserved attitude. He died in 1998, at the age of 36, from head injuries sustained in a car accident in Aalst while driving to the finish of the Tour of Flanders bicycle race. From 1999 to 2007, the Grand Prix Rudy Dhaenens was held in his honour in late March, in Nevele, Belgium. Career achievements Major results 1981 2nd Ronde van Vlaanderen Beloften 1984 3rd Overall Tour de Luxembourg 4th Amstel Gold Race 8th Gent–Wevelgem 1985 1st Druivenkoers Overijse 3rd Gent–Wevelgem 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 5th Paris–Roubaix 10th Overall 4 Jours de Dunkerque 10th Overall Tour of Belgium 10th Paris–Tours 1986 1st Stage 11 Tour de France 2nd Paris–Roubaix 2nd De Kustpijl 6th Overall Tour de Luxembourg 1st Stage 1 7th Gent–Wevelgem 10th Overall 4 Jours de Dunkerque 1987 3rd Paris–Roubaix 4th Trofeo Laigueglia 6th Gent–Wevelgem 1988 4th Omloop Het Volk 8th Tour of Flanders 8th Gent–Wevelgem 1989 5th Grand Prix de la Libération (TTT) 7th Milan–San Remo 9th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico 10th Overall Ronde van Nederland 1990 1st Road race, UCI Road World Championships 1st Stage 2a Vuelta a Asturias 2nd Tour of Flanders 2nd Druivenkoers Overijse 3rd Wincanton Classic 4th Liège–Bastogne–Liège 5th Tre Valli Varesine 8th GP des Amériques 9th Paris–Roubaix 10th Gent–Wevelgem Tour de France record 1985: 101st overall 1986: 122nd overall; 1 stage win 1988: 87th overall 1990: 43rd overall Notes External links Official Tour de France results for Rudy Dhaenens 1961 births 1998 deaths People from Deinze Belgian male cyclists Belgian Tour de France stage winners UCI Road World Champions (elite men) Road incident deaths in Belgium Cyclists from East Flanders
Aline Milene de Lima (born 8 April 1994), simply known as Aline, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Série A1 club São Paulo FC and the Brazil women's national team. College career De Lima moved to the United States and attended the Northwest College, the Monroe College and the Baylor University. International goals Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first Honours National team Copa América Femenina: 2018 References External links 1994 births Living people Footballers from Belo Horizonte Brazilian women's footballers Women's association football midfielders Baylor Bears women's soccer players Associação Ferroviária de Esportes (women) players São Paulo FC (women) players Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino Série A1 players Brazil women's international footballers Brazilian expatriate women's footballers Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States
Floresta (meaning Forest in Portuguese) is a neighbourhood (bairro) in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It was created by Law 2022 from December 7, 1959. In the past, the area of Floresta was a hill covered with a dense vegetation, but it became urbanized and industrial as a result of logging and the arrival of companies. Nowadays, it is mainly residential and commercial. Floresta also hosts many nightclubs, therefore prostitution, violence and vandalism became major problems in the region. References External links Porto Alegre Homepage Neighbourhoods in Porto Alegre Populated places established in 1959
The Enclos Fouqué is the most recent caldera build by the Piton de la Fournaise, the active volcano of the isle of la Réunion. References Landforms of Réunion Calderas of Réunion
Arzat is a village in Dhofar Governorate, in southwestern Oman. References Populated places in the Dhofar Governorate
Zapotitlán Tablas is one of the 81 municipalities of Guerrero, in south-western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Zapotitlán Tablas. The municipality covers an area of 820.9 km². In 2005, the municipality had a total population of 9,601. References Municipalities of Guerrero
The Lausitzring (formally known as the Dekra Lausitzring for ownership reasons) is a race track located near Klettwitz (a civil parish of Schipkau, Oberspreewald-Lausitz district) in the state of Brandenburg in northeast Germany, near the borders of Poland and the Czech Republic. It was originally named Lausitzring as it is located in the region of Lusatia, known as Lausitz in German, but was renamed EuroSpeedway Lausitz for better international communication from 2000 to 2010. The EuroSpeedway has been in use for motor racing since 2000. Among other series, DTM (German Touring Car Championship) takes place there annually. It also used to host the Superbike World Championship. The Lausitzring has a feature which is unique in continental Europe: a high-speed oval race track, as used in the United States by NASCAR and IndyCar. The tri-oval (similar to Pocono Raceway) was used twice in 2001 and 2003 by open seater CART races named German 500 (won by Kenny Bräck and Sébastien Bourdais), plus a few British SCSA races. In 2005 and 2006, the German Formula Three Championship held races at the oval, with a pole position lap average speed of and a race average of . History As far back as 1986, in the former communist East Germany, it was planned to convert one of the huge open coal mine pits into a race track. In the late 1990s, this idea was taken up again in order to build a replacement for the AVUS in Berlin. The construction of the EuroSpeedway Lausitz began on 17 June 1998. The facility was officially opened during a public ceremony on 20 August 2000. Winding in the infield of the high-speed tri-oval, there is a regular road race track for automobile and motorbike racing, using various track configurations up to roughly . The stands around the tri-oval have a capacity of 120,000, while the huge main grandstands have 25,000 seats, and unlike many circuits, the entire circuit can be seen from the main grandstand. Next to the racing facility, there is a test oval with two long straights connecting two steeply banked U-shaped corners. The test oval has a total length of , with each of its two straights measuring about in length. All tracks can be connected to form an long endurance racing course, but so far this option has been used only for testing and never as part of a major event. There were three serious accidents at the facility in its first year of operation. On 25 April 2001, former Formula One driver Michele Alboreto was killed on the test oval after crashing at high speed due to a tyre failure. Alboreto was testing an Audi R8 in preparation of his participation at the 2001 24 Hours of Le Mans. Just over a week later, on 3 May 2001, a track marshal was killed when he was hit by a touring car during a test session. The third serious accident occurred on 15 September 2001, when the venue's tri-oval hosted the 2001 American Memorial. It was the first race of the American CART series to be held in Europe, but it was eventually overshadowed by the accident in which the series' two-time champion Alex Zanardi was involved. Zanardi lost control of his car at the pit exit following a late stop for fuel and the car slid onto the tri-oval, where it was hit from the side by Alex Tagliani's car at full speed. The impact split the front of Zanardi's car from the rest of it and caused the driver to suffer a traumatic amputation of both of his legs. Tagliani was not seriously injured, having suffered some bruising as a result of the crash. The official EuroSpeedway anthem "Speed Kings" was recorded by the veteran East German band Puhdys in 2000. The last concert of German hard rock band Böhse Onkelz took place on 17 and 18 June 2005 at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz under the name Vaya Con Tioz, in front of approximately 120,000. It was the biggest open air show by a German band ever. On 9 October 2005, the EuroSpeedway played host to the A1 Grand Prix series on its road course. The fastest lap of the meeting was set by Nicolas Lapierre and was 0.45 seconds slower than the lap record for the circuit held by Heikki Kovalainen. The EuroSpeedway played host to Round 6 of the 2010 Red Bull Air Race World Championship. As the last two events of the 2010 Championship (Rounds 7 and 8) were cancelled, the 2011 series was cancelled as well. The series then suffered an overall three-year hiatus before finally returning in September 2016 and September 2017. On 1 November 2017, the entire facility was sold to the vehicle inspection company Dekra, which announced plans to modernize it and use it as a proving ground for road car innovations. Amid fears that the purchase would mark the end of public racing events at the circuit, Dekra announced that it would not organize such events, but other companies would remain welcome to organize them and Dekra would rent the circuit to them for the purpose. The DTM has continued to organize races at the circuit ever since. Layout configurations Lap records As of August 2023, the fastest official race lap records at Lausitzring are listed as: Commercial use Test site On 1 November 2017, Dekra acquired the Lausitzring as a test site, especially for autonomous driving. In April 2019 test and verification of communication elements took place on the Lausitzring. Participants were Ford, Samsung, Vodafone, Huawei, LG Electronics and others. Topics were communication matters. Entertainment Dekra organised also an Open-air festival, that took place in May 2019. Events Complementary racing events, such as DTM are on the agenda. Current June: ADAC Racing Weekend Lausitzring August: Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, Porsche Carrera Cup Germany, DMV Goodyear Racing Days Former 3000 Pro Series (2005) A1 Grand Prix (2005) ADAC Formula 4 (2015–2018, 2020, 2022) ADAC GT Masters (2007–2017, 2020–2022) ASCAR Racing Series (2002–2003) Champ Car German 500 (2001, 2003) EuroBOSS Series (2004–2005, 2009) European Truck Racing Championship (2001–2002) FIA GT Championship (2000) FIA Sportscar Championship (2003) Formula Three Euroseries (2005–2006, 2009) Red Bull Air Race World Championship (2010, 2016–2017) Sidecar World Championship (2001–2002) World SBK (2001–2002, 2005–2007, 2016–2017) World Series by Nissan (2003–2004) See also AVUS References External links Official website of Lausitzring e-Tracks: EuroSpeedway Lausitz A1 Grand Prix circuits Champ Car circuits Motorsport venues in Brandenburg Superbike World Championship circuits Buildings and structures in Oberspreewald-Lausitz Sports venues in Brandenburg 2000 establishments in Germany
British singer and songwriter Lisa Stansfield has released eight solo studio albums and one with her band Blue Zone, four compilation albums, three remix albums, one soundtrack album, one extended play and forty-four singles. As of 2004, Stansfield has sold over 20 million records worldwide, including 5 million of Affection. Her biggest hits include "People Hold On", "This Is the Right Time", "All Around the World", "Live Together", "What Did I Do to You?", "Change", "All Woman", "Time to Make You Mine", "Set Your Loving Free", "Someday (I'm Coming Back)", "In All the Right Places", "The Real Thing" and "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up". Stansfield released her latest studio album titled Deeper on 6 April 2018. Albums Studio albums Live albums Compilation albums Remix albums Soundtrack albums Extended plays Singles Home videos Music videos Notes References Lisa Stansfield Discographies of British artists Pop music discographies Rhythm and blues discographies Soul music discographies

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