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Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom () include people of Ecuadorian ancestry living in the United Kingdom, who have been born or raised in the UK. They can be either British citizens or non-citizen immigrants. Demographics Population and distribution The 2001 Census recorded 3,035 Ecuadorian-born people living in the UK. More recent estimates of the size of the Ecuadorian population in the UK vary. In 2006, The Independent newspaper put the figure at around 10,000. Several other sources estimate the population including British-born people of Ecuadorian origin to be higher. NGO representatives and community members believe it is in the range of 30,000 to 75,000, whilst the Ecuadorian Consulate in London states around 70,000. Latin American author Sofia Buchuck estimates between 70,000 and 90,000. However, Ecuadorians do not feature in Office for National Statistics estimates for the top 60 foreign countries of birth in 2008, meaning that there are fewer than 20,000 Ecuadorian-born people resident in the UK. The overwhelming majority of Ecuadorians in the UK can be found in London, with the Ecuadorian Consulate estimating that 80 to 90 per cent live in the capital. Lambeth, Southwark, Newham and Haringey are the most populous boroughs within Greater London. Ethnicity and religion The majority of Ecuadorian British people are mestizos of Andean origin. It is a predominantly Christian community, and is served by over 20 Latin American churches in London (with more across the UK). Comunidad Cristiana de Londres has over 5,000 largely Ecuadorian members. Community Culture The cultural capital of Ecuadorians in the UK is Elephant and Castle in London where the areas main shopping centre has many Ecuadorian stalls and shops that sell Ecuadorian produce and craft work. In the same district, Ecuadorian-owned hairdressers, money transfer and community centres, clothing importers and music stores can be found. Alongside Elephant and Castle, a significant number of Ecuadorian restaurants can be found in London, most notably in Seven Sisters and on Holloway Road. The Carnaval del Pueblo, which is Europe's largest celebration of Latin American culture, has a significant input from the Ecuadorian community. Notable people Pedro Vicente Maldonado - Died in London in 1748 and is interred in the St.James's Church, Piccadilly. Maldonado Walk in Southwark, was named after his memory. See also Ecuadorian diaspora Ecuadorian American External links EcuaBrit a meeting point for Ecuadorian and British people References British people of Latin American descent Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin Latin American diaspora in the United Kingdom United Kingdom
Cape Poge Light, sometimes called Cape Pogue Light, is at the northeast tip of Chappaquiddick Island that is part of Martha's Vineyard, off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. At least four towers have been built on Cape Poge, with many moves. In 1801 the first wooden Cape Poge Lighthouse was built for $2,000. During the War of 1812 the light was extinguished for a few months and its apparatus was hidden in the cellar of a Chappaquiddick house. This first lighthouse was moved in 1825 and again in 1838 due to an eroding bluff. In 1844 a new tower was built for $1,600 and in 1857 supplied with a fourth order Fresnel lens. However, in 1878 it was reported that the keeper's house would probably "fall into the sea within two years." A third lighthouse was therefore built in 1880. Finally, in 1893 the current, , white conical wood tower was constructed, inland from the previous one. The current tower has been moved four times, in 1907, 1922, 1960, and in 1987 when it became the first lighthouse to be moved by helicopter). The light was automated in 1943. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The current light is a solar powered beacon that flashes white every 6 seconds and is visible for . The light's focal plane is above mean high water. The light is currently active and is under the auspices of the United States Coast Guard, however the tower has been transferred and is now owned and operated by The Trustees of Reservations, who provide tours during the summer season. The lighthouse can be reached via a hike from the Dike Bridge or by four-wheel drive vehicle. The Cape Poge Lighthouse can be seen in the final two shots in the film "Jaws", off to the right as Roy Scheider and Richard Dreyfuss swim back to shore. List of Keepers Mathew Mayhew (1801) Benjamin C. Smith (12 days - 1834) Lott Norton (1835) Aaron Norton (1844) Edward Worth (1850) Daniel Smith (1853) George Ripley Marchant (1859) Edward Worth (1866) Edward Worth (1867), Jethro Worth, Ass't Jethro Worth (1882) George H. Fisher (1883) George E. Dolby (1898) George E. Dolby (1900), Alfred A. Howard, Ass't Wallace A. Eldredge (1902), Alfred A. Howard, Ass't ? Westron, Ass't (1904) J.E. Barrus, Ass't (1904) J.E. Barrus (1908), Charles H. MacKay, Ass't, E.H. Hopkins (1913) Ass't Henry L. Thoms (1919), ? King, Ass't Albert S. Smith (1919) Ass't Henry L. Thomas (1921) (In 1921, Cape Pogue Light becomes one-man station) Marcus Pieffer (1931) Joseph H. DuBois (1938) Light automated in 1943 See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Dukes County, Massachusetts References External links Tourist attractions on Chappaquiddick Island Lighthouses completed in 1801 Lighthouses completed in 1893 Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places in Dukes County, Massachusetts The Trustees of Reservations
Alphonse Achille Souchard (17 May 1900 – 20 September 1976) was a French cyclist who competed in the road race at the 1920 Summer Olympics. He finished tenth individually and won a gold medal in the team time trial. After winning several amateur races in 1922-23, including the French Road Championships, he turned professional, and won the national again title in 1925 and 1926. He rode the 1924 Tour de France, but did not finish. References External links Achille Souchard at databaseOlympics.com 1900 births 1976 deaths French male cyclists Olympic cyclists for France Cyclists at the 1920 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for France Sportspeople from Le Mans Olympic medalists in cycling Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics Cyclists from Pays de la Loire 20th-century French people
Kaljo Pork (March 30, 1930 - December 2, 1981) was an Estonian botanist. He was affiliated with the Estonian Institute of Zoology and Botany between 1952 and his death in 1981. Pork was born in the village of Ramma in Järva County. He initiated the creation of Laelatu Biological Station at one of the most species-rich plant community in Europe — a wooded meadow at the western coast of Estonia. He died in Tartu. References 1930 births 1981 deaths People from Järva Parish 20th-century Estonian botanists
Svengali is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Gennaro Righelli and starring Paul Wegener, Anita Dorris and André Mattoni. It was produced and written by Max Glass, an adaptation of the 1894 George du Maurier novel Trilby. This is one of the adaptations of the novel that shifts the focus of the story more to Svengali, since at this time anti-Semitism was on the rise in Germany, and Svengali was portrayed as an evil Jew in the film. German actress Anita Dorris appeared in very few other silent films, none of which are well known today. Italian director Righelli on the other hand directed numerous films during his career, although his main claim to fame today is that he was the grandfather of Italian horror film director Sergio Martino. Svengali was remade in 1931 as a sound film starring John Barrymore. Plot A pretty young artist's model named Trilby falls under the spell of a mesmerist named Svengali who turns her into a leading opera singer with no will of her own. German horror film star Paul Wegener plays Svengali, who uses hypnosis to enslave the beautiful young Trilby, preventing her marriage to her fiancée even though he cannot make her love him. The strain of controlling her and shaping her into an opera star takes a toll on both of them, and when Svengali dies suddenly, Trilby inexplicably dies with him. Cast Paul Wegener as Svengali Anita Dorris as Trilby André Mattoni as Billy (artist) Teddy Bill as Leard (artist) Hans Brausewetter as Taffy (artist) Paul Biensfeldt as Martine (model) Alexander Granach as Geiger Gecko Alice Torning as Martine's wife Hertha von Walther as Sascha (dancer) Irma Green as Student Hermann Picha as Landlord of cafe Emil Heyse Production It was shot at the Terra Studios in Berlin with sets designed by the art director Hans Jacoby. Svengali had previously been filmed in 1914 as an Austrian film directed by Luise Kolm and Jacob Fleck. There were also three notable earlier silent film versions of Trilby...Trilby (1914 film), Trilby (1915 film), and again Trilby (1923 film). Bibliography Isenberg, Noah. Weimar Cinema: An Essential Guide to Classic Films of the Era. Columbia University Press, 2009. References External links 1927 films Films of the Weimar Republic German silent feature films German drama films Films directed by Gennaro Righelli Films based on British novels Films based on works by George du Maurier Terra Film films 1927 drama films Films about hypnosis Trilby (novel) German black-and-white films Silent drama films Films shot at Terra Studios 1920s German films Antisemitic films Antisemitism in Germany
The Kilopondmetre is an obsolete unit of torque and energy in the gravitational metric system. It is abbreviated kp·m or m·kp, older publications often use mkg and kgm as well. Torque is a product of the length of a lever and the force applied to the lever. One kilopond is the force applied to one kilogram due to gravitational acceleration; this force is exactly 9.80665 N. This means 1 kp·m = 9.80665 kg·m/s2 = 9.80665 N·m. References Units of torque Units of energy Non-SI metric units
Morton Aaron Brody (June 12, 1933 – March 25, 2000) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine from 1991 to 2000. Education and career Brody was born in Lewiston, Maine. He graduated from Bates College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1955 and University of Chicago Law School with a Juris Doctor in 1958. Brody was engaged in private practice in Washington, D.C. from 1958 to 1961 and in Waterville, Maine from 1961 to 1980. Brody was then appointed as a justice of the Superior Court of Maine, serving from 1980 to 1985. Brody served as chief justice of the Superior Court from 1985 to 1990, and as an associate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine from 1990 to 1991. Federal judicial service Brody was nominated by George H. W. Bush on June 14, 1991, to a new seat on the United States District Court for the District of Maine created by 104 Stat. 5089. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 18, 1991, and received his commission on July 25, 1991. Brody's service terminated on March 25, 2000, due to death in Boston, Massachusetts. Colby College in Maine awards the Morton A. Brody Distinguished Judicial Service Award biennially. See also List of Bates College people References External links Morton Brody Award Bates College alumni University of Chicago Law School alumni 1933 births 2000 deaths Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Maine United States district court judges appointed by George H. W. Bush 20th-century American judges Maine state court judges Justices of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court People from Lewiston, Maine
The White Jurassic or White Jura ( or Weißjura) in earth history refers to the upper of the three lithostratigraphic units of the South German Jurassic, the latter being understood not as a geographical, but a geological term in the sense of a lithostratigraphic super group. Formerly and even occasionally today in the popular scientific literature, this term is equated to the chronostratigraphic series of the Upper Jurassic. This is however not quite correct, because the White Jura does not exactly coincide with the chronostratigraphic boundaries of the Upper Jurassic. In addition, the term Malm, which was formerly frequently used as a synonym should no longer be used in connexion with the South German Jurassic. Instead the term "Malm" should be reserved for the roughly equivalent lithostratigraphic unit in the North German Jurassic. The White Jurassic was deposited about 161-150 million years ago. The White Jurassic follows the lithostratigraphic unit of the Brown Jurassic. Its upper boundary is erosive. Locally the White Jurassic is overlain with a large stratigraphic hiatus of the Regensburg Green Sandstone (Cenomanian). Literature Gert Bloos, Gerd Dietl & Günter Schweigert: Der Jura Süddeutschlands in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Deutschland 2002. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 41(1-3): 263-277, Stuttgart, 2005, Eckhard Mönnig: Der Jura von Norddeutschland in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Deutschland 2002. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 41(1-3): 253-261, Stuttgart, 2005. Friedrich August Quenstedt: Das Flözgebirge Würtembergs. Mit besonderer Rücksicht auf den Jura. Verlag der Laupp'schen Buchhandlung, Tübingen, 1843. Friedrich August Quenstedt: Der Jura. Verlag der Laupp’schen Buchhandlung, Tübingen, 1856-57. External links Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission (ed.): Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland 2002, Potsdam, 2002. pdf Geologische Übersicht der Schichtenfolge in Baden-Württemberg (pdf; 183 kB) Oberjura in Baden-Württemberg (pdf; 27.6 kB) White Jura Jurassic System of Europe Geologic formations of Germany
Asia (Russian: А́зия) was a cruiser of the Imperial Russian Navy. The ship was originally the Philadelphia-built iron merchant steamship Columbus completed in 1874 The iron passenger-cargo steamship Columbus was built 1873/74 in Philadelphia by William Cramp & Sons as Yard No.184 for local shipowner William P Clyde & Co. Columbus was bought by Russia in May 1878, one of three merchant ships purchased in the United States to be transformed into naval cruisers: State of California became Europa, Saratoga became Afrika, and Columbus became Asia. After initial conversion by her builders, Cramp, in Philadelphia, she was sailed to Russia by a Russian crew for further outfitting in Kronstadt during 1878 and 1879. The cruiser saw initial duty in the Far East, but then returned to the Baltic. She was downgraded to Cruiser 2nd Class on 1 February 1892. The future Vice Admiral Karl Jessen was her commanding officer in 1895 and 1896. In 1898 she received a new engine, increasing her power from to , and adding to her top speed. In August 1911, now rather obsolete, Asia was transferred to the reserve fleet. In October 1912 she was renamed Kaukas (Russian: "Кавказ"). Following the outbreak of the First World War, she was once again renamed Asia on 11 September 1914, assigned to the Baltic Fleet's transport squadron and used as a minelayer. The ship was deactivated in May 1918 and scrapped in 1923. References External links http://www.neva.ru./EXPO96/arm/azia.html Steamships of the United States Passenger ships of the United States Cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy Naval ships of Russia World War I cruisers of Russia Ships built by William Cramp & Sons 1873 ships
Bogoliubov causality condition is a causality condition for scattering matrix (S-matrix) in axiomatic quantum field theory. The condition was introduced in axiomatic quantum field theory by Nikolay Bogolyubov in 1955. Formulation In axiomatic quantum theory, S-matrix is considered as a functional of a function defined on the Minkowski space . This function characterizes the intensity of the interaction in different space-time regions: the value at a point corresponds to the absence of interaction in , corresponds to the most intense interaction, and values between 0 and 1 correspond to incomplete interaction at . For two points , the notation means that causally precedes . Let be scattering matrix as a functional of . The Bogoliubov causality condition in terms of variational derivatives has the form: References N. N. Bogoliubov, A. A. Logunov, I. T. Todorov (1975): Introduction to Axiomatic Quantum Field Theory. Reading, Mass.: W. A. Benjamin, Advanced Book Program. N. N. Bogoliubov, A. A. Logunov, A. I. Oksak, I. T. Todorov (1990): General Principles of Quantum Field Theory. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht [Holland]; Boston. . . Axiomatic quantum field theory
The "Vocal Concerts" were subscription concerts in London, given from 1792 to 1794 and from 1801 to 1821. Leading singers of the day performed at the concerts. History Establishment The Vocal Concerts were established by Charles Knyvett and Samuel Harrison; they were singers who had both performed at the Concerts of Antient Music. The first concert was given on 11 February 1792 at Willis's Rooms. They were well received and became fashionable; a second series, as well attended as the first, took place during the same season. They were at that time "... entirely vocal, for neither overture nor concerto was played, and the whole instrumental band was limited to two violins, a tenor [viola], and a violoncello, with a pianoforte for the accompaniment of songs and glees. Mr and Mrs Harrison, and Mr Bartleman were the solo singers, and the rest of the entertainment consisted of glees and a few catches sung by the most celebrated English vocalists of the day.... Mr Knyvett presided at the pianoforte. The subscription was three guineas for eight concerts...." The concerts were influenced by the founders' background with the Concerts of Antient Music; but recent vocal works were also performed, by composers including John Wall Callcott, William Crotch and Reginald Spofforth. In the second year there were ten concerts. The concerts were discontinued in 1794, as the subscription had fallen off; the principal singers returned to the Ancient Concerts. Revival In 1801, with Thomas Greatorex and James Bartleman, Charles Knyvett revived the Vocal Concerts. There was a larger orchestra, led by Franz Kramer, and a chorus, and there were additional solosts. The general conductor was Thomas Greatorex at the organ. The subscription was four guineas for the season of nine concerts. Charles Knyvett withdrew from the management in 1803, but continued to perform at the concerts. In 1803 Elizabeth Billington became the principal female singer: "the attraction of her name was such that the subscription... closed some days before the concerts commenced". She retired in 1810, and was succeeded by Angelica Catalani. In 1814 the concerts moved to the Hanover Square Rooms. By 1821 musical tastes had changed, and instrumental music was preferred. "Glees, English ballads, and the whole ancient school of vocal music, had gone gradually out of favour.... The establishment and rapid increase of the Philharmonic, however, may be considered as the more immediate cause of the failure of the Vocal Concerts." In 1819 and 1820 the series was of six concerts, and in 1821 they came to an end. See also British Concerts Professional Concerts References British music history Concerts Classical music in London
Atlanta bombing may refer to: Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing (1958) Centennial Olympic Park bombing (1996) Otherside Lounge bombing (1997) See also Atlanta shooting (disambiguation) Crime in Atlanta
The Nikon 1 J5 is a digital mirrorless camera announced by Nikon on April 2, 2015. See also Nikon 1 series Nikon 1-mount List of smallest mirrorless cameras References Nikon MILC cameras J5 Cameras introduced in 2015
Mathias Andreas Bidstrup (25 March 1852 – 25 January 1929) was a Danish architect. Biography He was born in Rønne, Bornholm, the son of cobbler Jorgen Bernhard Bidstrup and Marie Hansine Sonne. Mathias Bidstrup attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts for a single quarter in 1876. In 1876, he worked as a teacher at an art college with the architect Johan Daniel Herholdt. From 1876 to 1916 he was a partner in the construction firm H.P. Bidstrups Byggeforretning. He was chairman of the Rønne Craft and Industry Association, a member of the Joint Representation of Danish Industry and Handicraft and chairman of the Bornholm Museum Association. Bidstrup was the head of Rønne Technical School for 46 years (1881–1927). He was also a member of the City Council Rønne 1882–1888. As an architect, he had built a huge number of buildings on Bornholm, schools, churches (including Gudhjem Church), urban and rural stations, the post office in Rønne and many private houses. Bidstrup was superintendent of Rønne Technical School for 46 years (1876–1915) and co-founder of Bornholm Museum in 1893. Personal life On 17 April 1878 he married Cecilie Margrethe Bidstrup at the Sct. Nicolai Church in Rønne. He was a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog. His interests included the arts, history, archeology, engineering and geology. Two portraits of Bidstrup are found on the Bornholm island's Museum. Bidstrup is buried at Rønne Kirkegård. See also List of Danish architects References External links Biography Bidstrup 1852 births 1929 deaths People from Bornholm Danish architects Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Grace O'Flanagan (born 7 April 1989) is an Ireland women's field hockey international. She was a member of the Ireland team that played in the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup final. In 2009 O'Flanagan also won an Irish Senior Cup final with UCD and in 2012–13 won a Women's Irish Hockey League/Irish Senior Cup double with Railway Union. O'Flanagan is also a qualified doctor and cancer survivor. Early years and education Between 2001 and 2007 O'Flanagan attended Loreto College, Foxrock. Between 2007 and 2010 she attended University College Dublin where she gained a Bachelor of Commerce in Banking And Finance. Between 2010 and 2016 she attended the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and subsequently qualified as a doctor. While attending RCSI, O'Flanagan also played for the college's hockey team. Club career UCD Between 2007 and 2010 O'Flanagan played for UCD. In addition to playing as a goalkeeper for the first team she also served as club treasurer. In 2009 she kept goal for UCD as they defeated Pegasus 4–1 in the Irish Senior Cup final. Railway Union In 2012–13 O'Flanagan was a member of the Railway Union team that won a national double, winning both the Women's Irish Hockey League and the Irish Senior Cup. In the cup final Railway Union defeated UCD 3–2. O'Flanagan's teammates at Railway Union included Cecelia and Isobel Joyce, Emer Lucey and Kate McKenna. O'Flanagan has also represented Railway Union in European club competitions, including the 2014 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup. Ireland international O'Flanagan made her senior debut for Ireland in 2012. She subsequently represented Ireland at the 2013 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship. On 22 July 2017 at the 2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals, after Ayeisha McFerran was sin-binned in the seventh and eighth place play-off against India, O'Flanagan came on as replacement. With her first touch she saved the subsequent penalty stroke. Ireland were 1–0 down at the time but eventually went onto win 2–1. Ireland's seventh-place finish in at the tournament eventually saw them qualify for the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup. At the 2017 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship, O'Flanagan was Ireland's first choice goalkeeper. O'Flanagan represented Ireland at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup and was a member of the team that won the silver medal. During the tournament she served as the reserve goalkeeper to Ayeisha McFerran. She featured in several games during the tournament, including the pool stage game against England and in the final against the Netherlands. Personal life O'Flanagan is a qualified doctor. Since January 2018 she has worked as a Senior house officer in Otolaryngology at the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital. She has previously trained at Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Northwestern Memorial Hospital and St. Vincent's University Hospital. Honours Ireland Women's Hockey World Cup Runners Up: 2018 Women's Four Nations Cup Runners Up: 2017 Railway Union Irish Senior Cup Winners: 2012–13 Women's Irish Hockey League Winners: 2012–13 UCD Irish Senior Cup Winners: 2008–09 References External links 1989 births Living people Irish female field hockey players Place of birth missing (living people) Female field hockey goalkeepers Ireland international women's field hockey players UCD Ladies' Hockey Club players Railway Union field hockey players Alumni of University College Dublin Alumni of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 21st-century Irish medical doctors Women's Irish Hockey League players Field hockey players from County Dublin People educated at Loreto College, Foxrock Irish women medical doctors 21st-century Irish women medical doctors
Tottenville High School is located at 100 Luten Avenue, in Huguenot, Staten Island, New York. Tottenville H.S. is in Administrative District 31, and is operated by the New York City Department of Education. The school's principal is Gina Battista, who assumed the role in 2020. Tottenville H.S. is within walking distance of the Huguenot station of the Staten Island Railway system. History Tottenville High School was established in 1898. Tottenville High School was originally located in the building now home to Totten Intermediate School 34 (I.S. 34). In 1937, Dr. Mary E. Meade was appointed principal of the school, becoming the first female principal of a NYC co-educational high school. In 1972, the school moved to its current location in Huguenot. In November 1987, Tottenville was selected as a "School of Excellence" by the U.S. Department of Education. John P. Tuminaro was principal from 1999 until his retirement in June 2013. Joseph Scarmato took over as principal from 2014 to 2019. Paul Zindel, a Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and novelist. taught science from 1959 to 1969. In the mid-1990s, Tottenville High School received twin murals titled Ancient and Modern Commerce (1918 A.J. Bogdanove) which were removed from Paul Robeson HS and restored. The murals can be seen in the Concert Hall. In 2006, scenes for Little Children were filmed at the school and on the football field. Overview The student population is approximately 3,856. Tottenville High School offers Regents level classes in Algebra, Algebra II & Trigonometry, American History, Chemistry, Earth Science, English, Geometry, Global History, Italian, Living Environment, Physics & Spanish. Tottenville also offers CTE (Career and Technical Education) courses in Dental Laboratory and Dental Office Careers, CISCO networking academy and Automotive Technology. Students have opportunities for paid internships with professional mentors, advanced post-secondary certifications, and college credit. Advanced Placement Classes offered at Tottenville include: U.S. History, Biology, Computer Science Principles, Computer Science A, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, English Language and Composition, English Literature & Composition, Physics 1, Psychology, U.S. Government & Politics, and World History. College Credit Classes (from St. John's University) include: College Pre-Calculus and foreign language courses. Programs The Institute Programs: The Institute program allows for academically gifted students to take an accelerated course load. All institute students are required to maintain an overall average of 88% and higher. Students are accepted to either the Science Institute or Classics Institute, depending on their academic interests. College Now: Students at Tottenville are eligible to take College Now classes from either The College of Staten Island or Kingsborough Community College on site. Successful completion of these courses allows students to obtain college credit. Students can also travel to the College of Staten Island for other College Now courses. Academy of Finance: The Academy of Finance is a partner of the National Academy Foundation, which provides a business oriented education for interested students. Science-orientated programs, including a Medical Technology Program, Dental Program, Robotics & Independent Research, offer Tottenville students opportunities gain to work in a research laboratory. Tottenville claims a large musical offering: Jazz Band, Symphonic Band, Symphonic Orchestra, Concert Choir (SATB), Concert Band, Intermediate Band, Intermediate Orchestra, Beginning Band, Beginning Strings, Guitar, Piano, Music Theory, Women's Chorus, and Vocal Training Chorus. The Tottenville Marching Band is a highly respected ensemble, performing at USBands competitions and in parades and civic events throughout the New York City Metropolitan area. In 2018 the Tottenville Marching Band won the USBands Group 6A New York State Championship. The Marching Band annually tours to Florida for performances in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom and Epcot, as well as performances at Universal's CityWalk, SeaWorld Orlando, Busch Gardens Tampa and more. In 2014 the band performed in the 88th Annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade as part of the Sino-American Culture and Arts Foundation. Members of the Tottenville HS Concert Choir were featured back-up singers for the Neon Tree's single, "Your Surrender", aired on Late Night with David Letterman (May 5, 2011). The New York State School Music Association (NYSSMA) Adjudication Festival has been hosted at Tottenville High School since 1990. This festival attracts performing groups and soloists from area public and private schools wishing to be evaluated by NYS-recognized educational entity. In the 2011 festival, the award of "Gold with Distinction" for the highest level of difficulty (Level VI) was awarded to Tottenville's Symphonic Band, Tottenville's Jazz Band, and Tottenville's Symphonic Orchestra. The three-year Architecture Program is an intensive and thorough sequence offering Technical Drawing, Interior Design, Architecture, pre-Engineering and AutoCAD. Students gain hands-on experience creating designs using t-squares, triangles, and AutoCAD technology. Many students participate in intership programs with highly respected NYC architects. The Culinary Program offers students opportunities to pursue a three-year (Career & Technical Education certified) sequence in a fully operational kitchen and dining room. The "Pirates Cafe" offers a full menu (prepared and served by students) to faculty and staff twice monthly. Many graduates have received culinary scholarships to major culinary arts colleges and work in the industry. Tottenville students in the Architecture Program created a solar-powered automobile using AutoCAD software and raced in the Summer of 2011 in Texas. The United States Marine Corps JROTC Unit is an integral and highly visible component of Tottenville life. The cadets actively train in the fundamentals of leadership, citizenship, physical fitness, and military skills. They are visible in community and school events. A Memorial Day commemoration in the school's courtyard, featuring a solemn flag-folding and wreath-laying ceremony, was attended by veterans, active military personnel, faculty, staff and students. Student activities Tottenville has extensive extracurricular programs covering a wide range of interest. The Council for Unity and Student Government are available for students interested in taking a leadership role in the school. The Tottenville Key Club’s focus is on community and school service. Academic Clubs include the National Honor Society and award-winning teams include the Lincoln–Douglas debate, Math Team, Mock Trial team and National Junior Classical League. There are many special interest clubs, including the Comic Book Club, Gender-Sexuality Alliance Club, Advertising Club, Architecture Design, Broadway Club, Irish Culture Club, Italian American Cultural Club, Jewish Culture Club, Korean Students Association, Latin-American Student Organization, Newman Club, Poetry Club, Habitat for Humanity, Marching Band, Envirothon Global Outreach and Russian Heritage. In addition, Tottenville High School has a FIRST Robotics Competition team, FRC Team #1396, the "Pyrobots." The robotics team appeals to students who are interested in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) field. Students are given six weeks to build a fully functional robot to meet that year's challenge. At the conclusion of the six weeks, the robotics team competes in the NYC Regional at the Jacob Javits Convention Center in Manhattan, NY for three consecutive days. A spring musical is produced annually. In addition, each year, the sophomore, freshmen, junior, and senior classes write and stage their own musicals in a competition called "SING!". Tottenville's Athletics Teams (PSAL Sport) include: Baseball (Boys), Softball (Girls), Basketball, Bowling, Cross Country, Fencing, Football (Boys), Golf, Gymnastics (Boys and Girls), Handball, Indoor Track, Outdoor Track, Lacrosse, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis, Volleyball, Wrestling (Boys) In 2009, the Girls Varsity Softball team has won its 6th consecutive PSAL Championship. In 2011, the Girls Varsity Lacrosse team completed an undefeated season and won the PSAL championship title. . Notable alumni Emmanuel Akah, AFL offensive lineman Joe Andruzzi, NFL offensive lineman, three-time Super Bowl champion Mike Bocchetti, stand-up comedian and radio personality Julie Bowers, baseball player Patrick Breen, actor, writer Helen Clevenger, college student murdered in 1936. Gus Edwards, Baltimore Ravens running back Zack Granite, professional baseball player for the Minnesota Twins and New York Yankees Tom Gregorio, professional baseball player and coach for the Anaheim Angels Melanie Iglesias, model and TV actress Jason Marquis, All-Star pitcher for Colorado Rockies; pitched Tottenville Pirates to New York City Public Schools Athletic League titles in 1995 and 1996 Mabel Normand, silent film actress, director, writer, producer; frequent collaborator with Charlie Chaplin Adewale Ogunleye, NFL defensive lineman 2000–2010 Bebe Rexha, singer and songwriter Glen Richardson, baseball player Rockell, singer Ricco Rodriguez, professional mixed martial arts fighter, UFC Heavyweight Champion1998 and 1999 gold medalist for ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship Nakye Sanders, basketball player Rich Scheid, professional baseball player Abdul Shamsid-Deen, basketball player Pam Sherman, columnist known as The Suburban Outlaw References External links Public high schools in Staten Island Educational institutions established in 1898 1898 establishments in New York City Tottenville, Staten Island
The Archbishopric of Moravia () was an ecclesiastical province, established by the Holy See to promote Christian missions among the Slavic peoples. Its first archbishop, the Byzantine Methodius, persuaded Pope John VIII to sanction the use of Old Church Slavonic in liturgy. Methodius had been consecrated archbishop of Pannonia by Pope Adrian II at the request of Koceľ, the Slavic ruler of Pannonia in East Francia in 870. Methodius's appointment was sharply opposed by the Bavarian prelates, especially the Archbishop of Salzburg and the Bishop of Passau, because missionaries from their dioceses had already been active for decades in the territory designated to Methodius, including Pannonia and Moravia. Methodius was soon captured and imprisoned. He was only released in 873 on Pope John VIII's order. He settled in Moravia which emerged as a leading power in Central Europe during the next decade in the reign of Svatopluk. However, most clerics, who had come from East Francia, were hostile to the archbishop, who introduced Byzantine customs and promoted the use of vernacular in liturgy. They accused Methodius of heresy, but he convinced the pope of the orthodoxy of his views. The pope also strengthened Methodious's position, declaring that all clerics in Moravia, including the newly consecrated bishop of Nitra, were to be obedient to Methodius in 880. Methodius died on 6 April 885. Wiching, Bishop of Nitra, who had always been hostile to the archbishop, expelled his disciples from Moravia. No new archbishop was appointed, and Wiching, who remained the only prelate with a see in Moravia, settled in East Francia in the early 890s. Church hierarchy was only restored in Moravia when the legates of Pope John IX consecrated an archbishop and three bishops around 899. However, the Magyars occupied Moravia in the first decade of the 10th century. Origins The Avar Khaganate, the dominant power of Central Europe in the early Middle Ages, had a decisive impact on the neighboring Slavic rulers' way of life. The Avars' power collapsed after the Franks launched military campaigns against the western territories of the Khaganate in the 790s. At a synod that Charlemagne's son, Pepin, held in 796, the bishops made decisions on several aspects of missionary work in the newly conquered Pannonia. They ruled that the local Christians who had been baptised correctly (in the name of the Trinity) should not be rebaptised in contrast with those who had not received baptism properly. Charlemagne divided the newly conquered territory along the river Drava between the Bishopric of Salzburg and the Patriarchate of Aquileia in 796 or 797, with Salzburg receiving the lands to the north of the river. The see of Salzburg became an archbishopric in 798, with five suffragan bishoprics, including the Diocese of Passau. Missionaries from Salzburg were especially active among the Slavs in Carantania; clerics dispatched by the bishops of Passau worked primarily in Moravia. Adalram, who was archbishop of Salzburg between 821 and 836, consecrated a church for Pribina "on his estate at a place over the Danube called Nitrava", according to the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum (a report, written around 870, about the missionary activities of clerics from Salzburg). Historians date this event between 828 and 832, but Pribina was only baptised in the Carolingian Empire after Mojmir I of Moravia expelled him from his homeland around 833. Pribina settled in Pannonia where he received extensive domains in the late 830s. He cooperated closely with Liupramm, Archbishop of Salzburg, who consecrated churches for him in Mosaburg, Ptuj, Pécs and other settlements in Pannonia between 850 and 859. The Notae de episcopis Pateviensibus records that Reginhar, Bishop of Passau, "baptised all Moravians" in 831. However, 21 years later, the prelates in East Francia still considered Moravian Christianity "coarse". The Life of Methodius mentions that "many Christian teachers", or missionaries, came to Moravia "from among the Italians, Greeks and Germans" who taught the local Christians "in various ways". The Life of Constantine the Philosopher emphasizes that the German missionaries "forbade neither the offering of sacrifices according to the ancient custom, nor shameful marriages". Mojmir I's successor, Rastislav of Moravia, Rastislav's nephew, Svatopluk, and Pribina's son and successor, Koceľ, approached the Holy See to ask for "a teacher" in the early 860s, according to the letter Gloria in excelsis Deo, of dubious authenticity, which was recorded in the Life of Methodius and is attributed to Pope Adrian II. Even if the report of the Slavic princes' request is reliable, they did not receive an answer. Rastislav sent his envoys to the Byzantine Emperor, Michael III, asking him to send missionaries to educate the local priests in Moravia. Rastislav's actions show that he wanted to reduce the influence of the clergy from Salzburg and Passau in his realm. Emperor Michael III dispatched two experienced diplomats and missionaries, Constantine and Methodius—the sons of a military officer from Thessaloniki—to Rastislav's court. The brothers and their retinue arrived in Moravia in 863 and 864. Constantine translated religious texts (first the Gospel of John) to Slavic, using an alphabet he had invented for this purpose. The use of the vernacular enabled the missionaries to accelerate the education of local priests. However, it contradicted trilingualism— the acceptance of Latin, Greek and Hebrew as sacred languages—which was the dominant view in Western Europe. Three or four years after their arrival, Constantine and Methodius left Moravia to achieve the consecration of their pupils, because they did not know which bishop could ordain priests in Rastislav's realm. During the journey, they spent some time in Pannonia (within the jurisdiction of the Archbishops of Salzburg) and taught the "Slavic letters" to the local ruler, Koceľ, and fifty new students. From Pannonia, they went to Venice where "bishops, priests and monks gathered against [Constantine] like ravens against a falcon", condemning the use of Slavic liturgy, but Constantine defended his case, especially referring to Paul the Apostle's First Epistle to the Corinthians. He stated that the uneducated Slavs could not understand the basic concepts of Christianity if it were presented in a foreign language to them. After learning of the brothers' activities, Pope Nicholas I summoned them to Rome. He either wanted to prevent them from returning to the Byzantine Empire because of his conflict with Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, or had decided to take advantage of the brothers' missionary activities to hinder the expansion of the Salzburg see. By the time Constantine and Methodius arrived in Rome in early 867, Pope Nicholas had died, but his successor, Pope Adrian II, sanctioned the use of the books that Constantine had translated to Slavic. Maddalena Betti proposes that the Pope regarded Slavic as a medium of instruction, limiting its use to missionary activities. On the Pope's orders, some pupils of Constantine and Methodius were ordained priests or lectors. Constantine died in Rome on 14 February 869, urging his brother on his deathbed not to abandon the mission among the Slavs. Koceľ sent his envoys to Rome, asking Pope Adrian II to send Methodius to Pannonia. In the letter Gloria in excelsis Deo, addressed to Rastislav, Svatopluk and Koceľ, the pope informed the three Slavic rulers that he made Methodius papal legate to continue the mission in their realms. The pope also sanctioned the use of Slavic liturgy. Methodius arrived in Pannonia in the summer or autumn of 869. History Methodius, bishop of Saint Andronicus's see In response to Koceľ's demand, Methodius returned to Rome where he was "consecrated to the bishopric of Pannonia, to the seat of Saint Andronicus, an Apostle of the seventy" in early 870. Most historians identify Saint Andronicus's seat with Sirmium (near modern Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia), but no primary sources associate Sirmium with the apostle. If Methodius's see was identical with Sirmium, his appointment shows that the pope wanted to strengthen his authority in the western regions of the Balkan Peninsula, because Sirmium had been the center of the church in the Diocese of Illyricum in the Roman Empire. In the early 870s, papal correspondence referred to Methodius as bishop or archbishop"a bishop dispatched by the Apostolic See" or "archbishop of Pannonia, apostolic legate", without specifying his see. Methodius was made archbishop but no suffragan bishops were consecrated to serve under him. This was not unprecedented: Saint Boniface had been made "archbishop of Germania province" in a similar way in 732. Methodius's promotion to bishopric in Rome was recorded in Slavic sources (including his Life and the Encomium to Cyril and Methodius), but it was not mentioned in Pope Adrian's documents. Historian Maddalena Betti says that the absence of Roman sources implies that negotiations over Methodius's appointment between the Holy See and Koceľ were conducted confidentially, because the pope did not want to come into conflict with Louis the German, King of East Francia, who was making attempts to assert his authority over the neighboring Slavic rulers. Although the pope granted Kocel's request, no papal envoys accompanied Methodius back to Pannonia. Methodius's appointment jeopardized the interests of the Salzburg see, ignoring its jurisdiction in the domains of Koceľ. To defend Salzburg's position, clergymen from the archdiocese compiled the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, which emphasized the role of missionaries from Salzburg in the conversion of Bavaria, Carantania and Pannonia around 870. The document refers to Methodius as "a certain Greek", without mentioning his appointment to bishopric. Before 14 May 870, Svatopluk captured his uncle, Rastislav, and handed him over to the Franks. Rastislav was sentenced to prison in Regensburg and the Franks occupied his realm. The Life of Methodius describes a debate between Methodius with "all the bishops". The bishops accused him of working illicitly in their territory. Methodius refuted the allegation, stating that he had been authorized by the Pope to work in a territory that the bishops had illegally seized from the Holy See. The bishops "banished Methodius to Swabia" and imprisoned him. Taking advantage of a rebellion, Svatopluk expelled the Frankish troops from Moravia in 871. Pope John VIII, who succeeded Adrian II on 14 December 872, soon started to search for Methodius. After learning of Methodius's trial, the Pope dispatched his legate, Paul, Bishop of Ancona, to East Francia, demanding Methodius's release in his letters addressed to Louis the German and three Bavarian prelates. The Pope condemned Adalwin, Archbishop of Salzburg for Methodius's expulsion, and Ermanrich, Bishop of Passau for his capture before the trial, suggesting that Methodius had been active in territories claimed by the two prelates. The Pope imposed an interdict on their dioceses, prohibiting the celebration of Mass as long as Method was held in captivity. Pope John also sent letters to Svatopluk, Kocel' and Mutimir of Serbia. In the letters, the pope mentions Methodius's bishopric as the "Diocese of Pannonia" and declared that the three Slavic rulers' realms were included in Method's diocese. According to Maddalena Betti, the designation "has little bearing on the actual geographical context of the Methodian diocese", the pope only wanted to emphasize the right of the Holy See against the Bavarian prelates in the territory. Methodius was released in May 873. He went to Moravia, because Pope John VIII had asked Svatopluk to defend his interests. Around the same time, the Pope instructed Methodius to read the Epistle and the Gospel in Latin or Greek before repeating it in the vernacular but otherwise supported the use of Slavic in liturgy. Svatopluk and his subjects received Methodius and "entrusted to him all the churches and clergy in all the towns", according to the Life of Methodius. During the next years, as it was emphasized in the Life of Methodius, "the Moravians began to grow and multiply, and the pagans to believe in the true God ... [and] the Province of Moravia began to expand much more into all lands and to defeat its enemies successfully". The expansion of Svatopluk's realm contributed to the growth of Methodius's ecclesiastic province. For instance, Methodius's hagiography mentioned a "very powerful pagan prince" who "settled on the Vistula and began mocking the Christians and doing evil", but Svatopluk invaded his country and forced him to be baptised. Most clerics in Svatopluk's realm, especially those who had come from Bavaria, remained hostile to Methodius. The Holy See was also informed of their disobedience of the archbishop. They accused Methodius of heresy because he did not use the filioque ("and from the Son") phrase when reciting the Nicene Creed. The Bavarian clerics persuaded Svatopluk to question Methodius's orthodoxy. On Svatopluk's request, Pope John VIII summoned Methodius to Rome to answer the charges. Archdiocese of Moravia Methodius quickly convinced the pope of the orthodoxy of his views in early 880. In June 880, Pope John VIII informed Svatopluk of the validation of Methodius's orthodoxy in an apostolic letter, known as Industriae tuae. The pope also reaffirmed Methodius's position as archbishop and determined the territory of his archbishopric, associating it with Svatopluk's realm. John VIII explicitly declared that all "priests, deacons or clergy of whatever order, whether they be Slavs or any people whatsoever, who reside within the borders" of Svatopluk's realm should be "subject and obedient in all things" to Methodius. He also ordered that the Masses were to be officiated in Latin for Svatopluk if he requested it, but otherwise confirmed the limited use of Slavonic for liturgical purposes. In the letter, the pope did not mention the Diocese of Pannonia, instead referred to Methodius as the archbishop of the sancta ecclesia Marabensis ("Holy Church of Maraba"). The change in terminology suggests that the Holy See set up a territorially defined archbishopric in Moravia (or "Maraba") on this occasion, according to a widely accepted scholarly theory. In contrast with this view, historian Imre Boba says that the terminology did not change, the new title only reflects the vernacular "Maraba" form of the name of Methodius's see, Sirmium. There is no direct evidence that Sirmium was ever named "Maraba". Pope John VIII consecrated a Swabian monk, Wiching, bishop of Nitra, ordering that he be obedient to Methodius. In a letter, written about 20 years later, Dietmar I, Archbishop of Salzburg and his suffragans declared that Pope John had ordained Wiching bishop at Svatopluk's request, sending the new bishop "to a newly baptized people whom [Svatopluk] had defeated in war and converted from paganism to Christianity". Pope John VIII also urged Svatopluk to send "another useful priest or deacon" with Methodius's consent to Rome to be consecrated "as bishop to another church, in which [Svatopluk] discern that Episcopal care is needed". The latter text shows that the Holy See acknowledged Svatopluk's right to determine the ecclesiastic administration of his realm, granting him a special privilege, unprecedented in other Christian monarchies outside the Carolingian Empire. The confirmation of Methodius's position by the pope did not put an end to his conflicts with the German clerics. Wiching even tried to forge documents to convince Svatopluk that the Pope had made him archbishop and forbidden the use of vernacular in liturgy. At Methodius's request, Pope John VIII issued a new apostolic letter to Moravia, reconfirming his previous decisions. Methodius visited Constantinople in 881. After his return in 882, he dedicated himself to the translation of the Bible. However, his conflict with Wiching continued, and Methodius excommunicated his disobedient suffragan. Methodius died on 6 April 885, however, but only after he had nominated his Moravian disciple Gorazd as his successor. Collapse Wiching left for Rome shortly before or just after Methodius's death. He convinced Pope Stephen V that Methodius had disregarded Pope John VIII's orders, persuading the Pope to send a new epistle to Svatopluk. In his letter Quia te zelo, Stephen V prohibited the Slavonic liturgy, endorsed the inclusion of the filioque phrase in the Creed and expressed his disapproval of fasting on Saturdays, which was the customary practise in the Byzantine Church. Soon after returning to Moravia, Wiching tried to persuade Gorazd, Clement, Angelar and Methodius's other leading disciples to accept the pope's orders. Since they refused to obey, Wiching captured and imprisoned them, and later (before the arrival of a papal legate) expelled them from Moravia with Svatopluk's approval. Naum and some other disciples were sold to Jewish slave-traders who bought them to Venice. However, Wiching was never made archbishop. After he came into conflict with Svatopluk and fled to East Francia between 891 and 893, the church in Moravia was left without a bishop. Svatopluk died in 894 and his empire started to disintegrate, especially after the Magyars settled in the Carpathian Basin around 895. Svatopluk's son, Mojmir II of Moravia, approached Pope John IX in 898 or 899, asking him to restore church hierarchy in Moravia. The Pope agreed and sent his three legates to Moravia who consecrated an archbishop and three suffragan bishops. Neither the four prelates' names nor their sees were recorded. The Bavarian prelates—Archbishop Dietmar of Salzburg and his suffragans—protested against the papal legates' action. See also History of the Catholic Church List of medieval Slavic tribes List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the Czech Republic Moravia Roman Catholicism in Europe Slavic peoples Timeline of the Catholic Church References Sources Primary sources Secondary sources Further reading External links Marvin Kantor (1983): Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes Great Moravia Old Church Slavonic language Moravia
Jaya Varma Sinha is the current Chairman and CEO of Railway Board of the Indian Railways. Sinha assumed office on 1 September 2023 becoming the first female chairman of the Railway Board in its 118-years history. Education & career Sinha was educated at St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Prayagraj. She then graduated from Allahbad University. Her previous work experience includes a four-year tenure as Railway Advisor in the Indian High Commission in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sinha belongs to the 1988 batch of Indian Railway Traffic Service. She became the Member, (Operations & Business Development), Railway Board in February 2023. She was Additional Member (Traffic) prior to this appointment. She has also served as Divisional Railway Manager in Sealdah division. 2023 Odisha train collision Sinha was the public face of Indian Railways during the multi-train collision in Odisha in June 2023 which led to the deaths of 275 people. References External links Indian Railways Living people Indian Railways officers Chairpersons of the Railway Board Indian chairpersons of corporations Year of birth missing (living people)
Thomas Russell Sullivan (November 21, 1849 – June 28, 1916) was an American writer. He is best known for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, an 1887 stage adaptation of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. He also wrote novels and short stories, often with Gothic motifs. His posthumously published journals have been used as a historical source about the literary culture of Boston in the late 19th and early 20th century. Early life Sullivan was born on November 21, 1849, in a log cabin house on Charles Street in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of Thomas Russell Sullivan, a schoolmaster and former Unitarian minister, and Charlotte Caldwell Sullivan (née Blake). His paternal great-grandfather was Massachusetts Governor James Sullivan. Sullivan attended the Boston Latin School and expected to go to Harvard University as his father did, but both his parents died by the time he was 14, forcing him to find work instead. From 1866 to 1870, Sullivan worked as a clerk in Boston. He then took a job with Bowles Brothers, working in Paris and London from 1870 to 1873. When Bowles Brothers went out of business in 1873, he returned to Boston and found work at Lee, Higginson & Co., a Boston investment bank. Writing career While working at Lee, Higginson & Co., Sullivan began writing in his spare time. In the 1870s and early 1880s, he worked on several plays performed at the Boston Museum. His first novel, Roses of Shadow, was published in 1885. He became friends with the actor Richard Mansfield, who in 1887 acquired the theatrical rights to Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, an 1886 novella by Robert Louis Stevenson. Mansfield asked Sullivan to write the adaptation. Sullivan doubted whether the story would make a good play, but he agreed to help with the project. The play, titled Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, debuted at the Boston Museum on May 9, 1887, to a very positive reception. It went to the Madison Square Theatre on Broadway on September 12, 1887, and was a hit. Mansfield's company continued to perform the play for the next 20 years, across the United States and in England. The success of the play convinced Sullivan to quit his banking job and write full-time. He wrote three more plays, although none were successful. He also wrote several novels and a two-volume collection of short stories, many of which have Gothic elements. He attempted one more stage collaboration with Mansfield, a drama about the Roman emperor Nero, but after its failure the two became estranged. Works Non-fiction Lands of Summer (1908) Boston New and Old (1912) Passages from the Journal 1891-1903 ( 1917) Novels Roses of Shadow (1885) Tom Sylvester (1893) The Courage of Conviction (1902) Heart of Us (1912) Short story collections Day and Night Stories (1890) Ars et Vita and Other Stories (1898) The Hand of Petrarch and Other Stories (1913) Plays Hearts are Trumps (co-written with William W. Chamberlin, 1878) Midsummer Madness (co-written with William W. Chamberlin, 1880) The Catspaw (1881) Merely Players (1886) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887) Nero (1891) Notes References External links 1849 births 1916 deaths 19th-century American dramatists and playwrights 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists Writers from Boston Boston Latin School alumni Novelists from Massachusetts
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's 1943 address to Congress took place May 19 at 12:30 p.m. EWT before a joint meeting of the United States Senate and House of Representatives, roughly a year and a half after his 1941 speech to the same body. He noted that some 500 days had passed since then, during which the two Allies had been fighting "shoulder to shoulder." Sometimes called Churchill's Fighting Speech, the 55-minute address was made while Churchill and other Allied leaders were in Washington for the Trident Conference, which was organized to plan what became Operation Overlord. Churchill received strong applause for a promise of active British participation in the Pacific War, which was taking a toll on the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The New York Times correspondent W.H. Lawrence reported that "it was apparent from the press gallery that his promise of joint action to reduce the cities and munitions centers of Japan to ashes has been heavily underlined for emphasis." This emphasis was thought to be in response to a recent speech by Senator A.B. "Happy" Chandler of Kentucky, in which he suggested that once Hitler was out of the way, the British would abandon the Americans to manage Imperial Japan alone. Churchill also thanked the U.S. for rapid supply of Sherman tanks to Commonwealth troops in North Africa following the fall of Tobruk. Churchill also made a point to honor Soviet resilience in the face of Hitler's insatiable hunger for Lebensraum. As an Australian newspaper recounted, "The Russians were holding at present 190 German and 28 satellite divisions on their front, compared with the equivalent of about 15 divisions the Allies had destroyed in Tunisia after a campaign costing the Allies 50,000 casualties. That gave some measure of Russia's effort and the debt the Allies owed her." The unequal burden that had fallen on the Soviets was a major point of discussion during the ongoing Trident Conference. Some observers speculated that Churchill was laying the groundwork for a request to Stalin that Soviet airbases close to the Pacific Ocean be opened for eventual bombing runs against Japanese home islands. Churchill also met privately with members of the House and Senate Committees on Foreign Relations. In addition to the usual American legislators, judges and diplomats, the speech was attended by the Prime Minister of Canada, Mackenzie King; three British military officers assigned to India, Archibald P. Wavell, James Somerville, and Richard Pierse; the abdicated ex-King of England and his wife; Princess Märtha of Sweden and Norway; and the British Ambassador to the U.S., Edward Halifax, along with his son Lt. Richard Wood, who had recently lost both his legs in combat at Tripoli. Lt. Wood was welcomed by Connecticut Rep. William Miller, a double-amputee veteran of World War I. A Norfolk, Virginia newspaper columnist reported that there were 1,100 people present in chamber, twice capacity, and that between 5,000 and 20,000 spectators had assembled outside the United States Capitol in anticipation of Churchill's arrival. He noted, "If the volume of cheers that greeted the Prime Minister on his approach is any criterion, it is closer to the latter number. I stood by a score of Britishers and half them had tears in their eyes when that cheer went up." The speech was broadcast in the States by all four major American radio networks (meaning ABC, NBC, CBS, and MBS). A market-research firm estimated that 14 million Americans tuned into the speech on the radio, roughly equivalent to the radio audience for Roosevelt's January 7 speech opening the 78th Congress. Observers described the speech as more confident (verging on boastful) and more jocular than was typical of wartime Churchill, with less "soaring oratory." In response to the speech, the Nazi German press office released a statement to the effect that "Churchill's declaration that this war must be waged to the very end, whatever the cost, is typical for him and for his attitude to all problems." See also Winston Churchill in the Second World War Winston Churchill's address to Congress (1941) Winston Churchill's address to Congress (1952) References May 1943 events 1943 speeches Speeches by Winston Churchill World War II speeches State visits by British leaders Diplomatic visits Joint sessions of the United States Congress 78th United States Congress United Kingdom–United States relations
The Choir Practice is a Canadian indie pop band from Vancouver formed in 2005. History The Choir Practice formed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in the spring of 2005. A musical collective consisting of a rotating cast of "indie rock royalty" Coco Culbertson (The Gay), Larissa Loyva (P:ano), Ida Nilsen (Great Aunt Ida), Shane Turner (Love and Mathematics), Jenn Chycoski, Chris Kelly, Ska-T, Karin Bubas, Shira Blustein (Blood Meridian), Sidney Vermont (Hello, Blue Roses), Naomi Mepham, Marcy Emery, Kurt Dahle (Limblifter, The New Pornographers), Olivia Fetherstonhaugh and Kristen Halliday, the band performs pop songs in a choral style. The band was originally formed "as an excuse to drink wine and sing with friends", according to Turner. The band released their self-titled debut album on Mint Records on 15 May 2007. They attracted significant media notice in April when Jarvis Cocker announced that he had selected the band to open his Vancouver concert 1 May 2007. The band received critical acclaim from Exclaim! for their debut. They have been featured on CBC Radio. Discography The Choir Practice (2007) See also List of bands from Canada References Citations External links The Choir Practice page at Mint Records Musical groups established in 2005 Musical groups from Vancouver Canadian indie pop groups Mint Records artists Musical collectives 2005 establishments in British Columbia
Donald Cameron Jr. (March 6, 1901 – February 13, 1989) was a Canadian academic, author, teacher and politician. He served as a member of the Canadian Senate sitting as an Independent Liberal from 1955 to 1987. Early life Donald Cameron, Jr. was born in Devonport, Devon, England, he emigrated to Canada with his family when he was 5 years of age and settled in Elnora, Alberta. His father Donald Cameron, Sr. was a member of the Alberta Legislature from 1921 to 1935. Cameron received a Master of Science degree in agriculture from the University of Alberta in 1934 and also was a member of the Zeta Psi Fraternity. From 1936 to 1956, he was a professor at the University of Alberta and was head of the Banff School of Fine Arts. He help found the Banff School of Advanced Management in 1952. Political career Cameron was politically involved early in his life when he was part of the youth wing of the United Farmers while his dad was a Member of the Legislative Assembly. Cameron was summoned to the Senate of Canada on July 28, 1955, on the advice of Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. He designated his senatorial division Banff, Alberta. He sat as an Independent Liberal and resigned on September 19, 1987. References 1901 births 1989 deaths Canadian senators from Alberta Independent Canadian senators University of Alberta alumni Academic staff of the University of Alberta British emigrants to Canada
The Presentation of the Virgin Mary Holy Metropolitan Church is a Greek Orthodox cathedral, located in Athinagora Square in the old town of Chania in Crete. It was originally built during the late period of Ottoman rule, between 1850 and 1860. The church contains three aisles, of which the central aisle is dedicated to the Presentation of the Virgin, the south aisle to the Three Hierarchs and the north aisle to Saint Nicholas. In the church are icons by well-known Cretan icon painters of the 19th century, such as Antonios Revelakis, Antonios Vivilakis, E. Triolitakis and Ioannis Stais. Some in the iconostasis have silver covers made by local goldsmiths. Above the iconostasis of the central nave are frescos of SS Peter and Paul by the painter Kokotsis. In the dome above the sanctuary is the fresco of "She who is Wider than the Heavens" depicting the Virgin Mary and painted by Nikos Giannakakis. An epigram written in Greek on the pediment of the front wall reads "Ye who walk here see the church of the Mother of God, built by faithful children of the Church finding refuge like frightened birds in the middle of a storm under the wing of the heavenly protecting veil". History According to historical accounts there was a small church on the spot from the early 11th century. The original small church was demolished by the Venetians, who built a warehouse in its place. When the Turks conquered Crete in 1695 they converted the warehouse into a soap factory, which continued operating until 1850. The building was then donated by the Turkish authorities to the Chania Christian community, who converted it into a church, which was inaugurated by the Bishop of Kydonia in 1861. An icon salvaged from the original church, which had been housed in the Church of the Holy Unmercenaries, was transferred to the new church where it is still preserved in the narthex (or lobby area). The north aisle dedicated to Saint Nicholas replaced the Dominican church of St Nicholas in the Splantzia part of the town which the Turks had converted to a mosque. Following the building of the bishop's house, the church became the cathedral of what was then the capital of Crete. The cathedral was damaged in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897 but restored at the expense of the Tsar of Russia, who also donated the cathedral's bell. By royal decree in October, 1947 the feast of the Presentation of the Virgin (November 21) became the official feast day of Chania. A later decree in 1956 made it a bank holiday. References Greek Orthodox cathedrals in Greece Buildings and structures in Chania Churches in Crete Churches completed in the 1850s 19th-century churches in Greece
Sonlicromanol (KH176) is a clinical-stage oral drug compound developed by Khondrion as a potential treatment for inherited mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh's Disease, MELAS and LHON. Due to dysfunctional mitochondria, an increased level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is observed in these patients, causing a wide range of symptoms. The active metabolite of Sonlicromanol (KH176m, or KH183) has several mechanisms of action, acting both as antioxidant and as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-redox modulator. Through selective suppression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), Sonlicromanol even has potency as anti-cancer drug for mPGES-1 overexpressing cancer like prostate cancer. Currently, Sonlicromanol is in phase II clinical trial in the KHENERGYZE, KHENEREXT and KHENERGYC studies as potent candidate in treatment for mitochondrial diseases. Medical use Sonlicromanol was principally developed as drug to release symptoms for patients with mitochondrial diseases like Leigh's disease, MELAS (Mitochondrial, Encephalomyopathy, Lactic acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes) spectrum disorders, and LHON (Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy). Signs of these mitochondrial diseases include fatigue, loss of muscle strength and coordination, cognitive impairment, migraine, heart failure, diabetes, and stunted growth. These signs are the consequence of impairment in one of the five complexes forming the oxidative phosphorylation system, localized on the mitochondrial inner membrane. Disruption in the mitochondrial redox balance results in increased cellular oxidative stress due to increased levels of ROS. Especially superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels are elevated with mitochondrial dysfunction, which triggers inflammation. In addition to mitochondrial diseases, Sonlicromanol was also found to be potentially useful as an anti-cancer drug. Only mPGES-1 overexpressing cancer like prostate cancer can possibly be treated with Sonlicromanol. Future research will have to prove whether Sonlicromanol is indeed applicable in this field. History In vitro and in vivo animal studies showed promising pharmacokinetic and safety profiles for Sonlicromanol., allowing for randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind phase 1 clinical trials, performed in healthy male volunteers. This first human in vivo study was performed starting in 2015 and the results were published in 2017. The results of the exploratory phase IIA trial, the KHENERGY study, were published in 2019. This study included a single-center, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled 2-way crossover trial, during which patients received 100 mg Sonlicromanol and placebo in random order, both for 28 days. Currently, three phase II trials are in progress. In the KHENERGYZE study, patients receive 50 mg Sonlicromanol, 100 mg Sonlicromanol and a placebo, all for 28 days in random order. Both dose-finding and efficacy assessment are aims of this study, which is planned to be completed in May 2022. KHENEREXT is the follow-up study, which is an open-label, multi-center trial, during which patients receive either 50 or 100 mg of Sonlicromanol twice a day for an entire year to explore the long-term safety and efficacy. Lastly, the KHENERGYC study is in progress, which aims to reveal the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in children Synthesis & Structure The water-soluble form of vitamin E (Trolox) and Trolox-derived antioxidants were found to be promising mitochondrial disease drug candidates. To further investigate these properties, Khondrion synthesized 226 compounds through modification of the side chain on the carboxyl moiety while conserving the chromanyl group, thereby conserving the antioxidant capacity. The ability to scavenge cellular ROS and to protect patient-derived cells from redox perturbation were tested on mitochondrial patient cells. The calculated IC50 values from the ROS assay and the EC50 values from the Redox Stress Survival assay for all screened compounds showed that KH176 (Sonlicromanol) had the best overall performance in terms of properties such as potency, stability, water solubility, oral bioavailability, blood-brain barrier permeability and metabolism. For all research, the (S,R) stereoisomer of Sonlicromanol is used. Metabolism The most important metabolite of Sonlicromanol is formed via biotransformation catalysed by cytochrome P450 3A4, which leads to the active metabolite KH176m (KH183). A total of 20 metabolites of Sonlicromanol were found in humans and animals, most of which result from oxidation, hydration and glucuronidation. The extent of metabolism in vitro was rather low: only 2-15% of the parent compound was metabolized after 120 minutes. In vivo, however, on average 83% was converted to KH176m after 4 weeks of dosing. Mechanism of action Patients with mitochondrial diseases have increased ROS levels, leading to increased cellular stress. The in vivo metabolite of Sonlicromanol, KH176m, acts both as redox-modulator (via mPGES-1 inhibition) and as antioxidant (via Thioredoxin/Peroxiredoxin system). The redox-modulator pathway of KH176m is suggested to happen as follows. As a result of the increased ROS levels, the level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is increased, triggering inflammation. KH176m is suggested to selectively inhibit mPGES-1 activity. Thereby, the overproduction of PGE2 is blocked. If the level of PGE2 decreases, proinflammatory responses are reduced, thereby reducing symptoms of mitochondrial diseases. Apart from directly inhibiting mPGES-1 activity, KH176m also indirectly reduces mPGES-1 transcriptional expression. This is because PGE2 induces a positive feedback loop that increases mPGES1 transcription, which is reduced if the PGE2 levels are reduced. The second pathway in which KH176m reduces inflammation is as an antioxidant, targeting ROS that are important in pathogenesis of disorders regarding mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Especially ROS formation by the oxidative phosphorylation complex I is reduced by targeting the antioxidant enzymes in the Thioredoxin/Peroxiredoxin system. It was found that KH176m enhances peroxiredoxin antioxidant activity, which in turn reduces hydrogen peroxide to water. Further research is required to find out whether KH176m acts as cofactor on peroxidase activity or alters peroxiredoxin-dependent redox signaling. Efficacy The safety and efficacy of Sonlicromanol were assessed in a phase I randomized control trial (RCT) in healthy volunteers and a phase IIA RCT in patients with mitochondrial m.3243A > G spectrum disorder. The studies revealed that Sonlicromanol had an acceptable safety profile and pharmacokinetics. It was also shown that Sonlicromanol was well tolerated over a treatment period of 28 days, and had a positive effect on cognition, an important liability for patients who have mitochondrial disease. Sonlicromanol was also shown to improve motor performance in mice with a mutation mimicking Leigh disease. Furthermore, reduction was observed in the mitochondrial disease-related depressive symptoms, and a positive effect was reported on alertness and mood. The mechanism for the improvement in depressive symptoms and alertness is currently unknown and could be a consequence of other treatment effects of Sonlicromanol, such as the reduction of migraine headache, the reduction of muscle complaints, or the increase in energy. These effects are of particular importance for the treatment of patients with mitochondrial diseases, but Sonlicromanol could also be of help to people with inflammatory pain, inflammatory neurological diseases, inflammatory malignancies, and even cancer. Phase II clinical trials for Sonlicromanol further confirmed that subjects with m.3243A>G related and other mitochondrial diseases experience improvements regarding mood and alertness. Adverse effects Sonlicromanol was well tolerated in doses as high as 800 mg single dose and 400 mg twice daily. Both the Sonlicromanol- and placebo-treated groups reported headache as the most frequent adverse effect. Only if the plasma concentration gets higher than 500 ng/mL, an increased heart rate and blood pressure are observed. Although there was no evident dose-response association for any of the adverse effects after single and multiple dosage administration, a single dose of 2000 mg resulted in unexpectedly more severe adverse events. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and psychological abnormalities were described at this level, which is a factor 10 above the anticipated daily human efficacious dose of 200 mg/day, along with a prolonged corrected QT time. Sonlicromanol was found to have a dose-dependent effect on cardiac repolarization. After single-dose administration of 800 mg and 2000 mg of Sonlicromanol, as well as multiple doses of 400 mg twice daily, QTcF (Fridericia's corrected QT interval) prolongation was observed. Post-hoc studies showed that this QTcF prolongation was associated with changes in morphology and other cardiac intervals. No cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities were seen with single-dose administration of 200 mg or lower, or multiple oral dosages of 100 and 200 mg two times daily, according to a detailed study of the electrocardiograms. A dose of 100 mg twice a day was found to have a good balance between desired effect and adverse effect. Sonlicromanol has been shown to interact with P-glycoprotein (PgP), which can transport the drug out of cells. This, together with suspected inhibition of CYP3A4, can increase plasma concentrations of KH176(m). An increase in adverse effects, especially on cardiac repolarization, might be the consequence. Toxicity In 2017 a phase I study on Sonlicromanol was done on healthy male volunteers. The study concluded that a KH176 is well tolerated up to single doses of 800 mg and multiple doses of 400 mg twice daily and has a pharmacokinetic profile supportive for a twice daily dosing. At high doses however, KH176 showed clinically relevant changes in the cardiac electrophysiology. Changes included prolonged QTc interval and changes in T wave morphology. At lower doses no changes in the cardiac electrophysiology were found when compared to the placebo. In healthy volunteers no effects on redox biomarkers were observed. Furthermore, non-clinical and safety pharmacology studies revealed no mutagenic or carcinogenic effects and no phototoxic effects. Effect on animals The plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of KH176(m) after a single intravenous (2 mg/kg) or oral (10 mg/kg) dosage administration were investigated in male mice and rats. The results show that KH176 has a high oral bioavailability of 68% and 74%, respectively. KH176(m) was also found in organs such as the brain, heart, muscle, and liver. In mice and rats, both compounds displayed high plasma clearance and short half-lives due to their fast metabolic rates. In a 28-day repeat oral dose toxicity study in dogs and rats, the single- and multiple-dose toxicokinetics of KH176(m) were studied. From Day 1 to Day 28, both species showed a dose-proportional increase in KH176(m) exposure. At any dose level, no significant accumulation of KH176(m) systemic exposure was observed following repeated dosing. On Day 1 and Day 28, the KH176m to KH176 ratios in systemic exposure varied from 0.67 to 0.97 in dogs and from 0.055 to 0.091 in rats. No gender difference was found in KH176(m) systemic exposure. References Carboxamides Piperidines Chromanes Alcohols
```xml import { TextDocument } from 'vscode-languageserver-textdocument'; import { getFileFsPath } from '../utils/paths'; import { Definition } from 'vscode-languageserver-types'; import { LanguageModes } from '../embeddedSupport/languageModes'; /** * State associated with a specific Vue file * The state is shared between different modes / export interface VueFileInfo { /* * The default export component info from script section / componentInfo: ComponentInfo; } export interface ComponentInfo { name?: string; definition?: Definition; insertInOptionAPIPos?: number; componentsDefine?: { start: number; end: number; insertPos: number; }; childComponents?: ChildComponent[]; emits?: EmitInfo[]; /* * Todo: Extract type info in cases like * props: { * foo: String * } / props?: PropInfo[]; data?: DataInfo[]; computed?: ComputedInfo[]; methods?: MethodInfo[]; } export interface ChildComponent { name: string; documentation?: string; definition?: { path: string; start: number; end: number; }; global: boolean; info?: VueFileInfo; } export interface EmitInfo { name: string; /* * `true` if * emits: { * foo: (...) => {...} * } * * `false` if * - `emits: ['foo']` * - `@Emit()` * - `emits: { foo: null }` / hasValidator: boolean; documentation?: string; typeString?: string; } export interface PropInfo { name: string; /* * `true` if * props: { * foo: { ... } * } * * `false` if * - `props: ['foo']` * - `props: { foo: String }` * */ hasObjectValidator: boolean; required: boolean; isBoundToModel: boolean; documentation?: string; typeString?: string; } export interface DataInfo { name: string; documentation?: string; } export interface ComputedInfo { name: string; documentation?: string; } export interface MethodInfo { name: string; documentation?: string; } export class VueInfoService { private languageModes: LanguageModes; private vueFileInfo: Map<string, VueFileInfo> = new Map(); constructor() {} init(languageModes: LanguageModes) { this.languageModes = languageModes; } updateInfo(doc: TextDocument, info: VueFileInfo) { this.vueFileInfo.set(getFileFsPath(doc.uri), info); } getInfo(doc: TextDocument) { this.languageModes.getAllLanguageModeRangesInDocument(doc).forEach(m => { if (m.mode.updateFileInfo) { m.mode.updateFileInfo(doc); } }); return this.vueFileInfo.get(getFileFsPath(doc.uri)); } } ```
Anthony F. J. Barrow (11 May 1936 – 14 May 2016) was an English press officer who worked with the Beatles between 1962 and 1968. He coined the phrase "the Fab Four", first using it in an early press release. Life Early life In the late 1950s, when teenagers John Lennon and Paul McCartney were putting together their earliest group in one part of Liverpool, Tony Barrow was presenting jazz bands and skiffle-folk groups at local dance halls and clubs across town, in the south Lancashire suburb of Crosby. Educated locally at Merchant Taylors School he later studied languages at Durham University. In 1954, when he was still a 17-year-old sixth-form schoolboy, he landed his first regular freelance writing job as pop-rock record reviewer for the Liverpool Echo, the largest-selling provincial evening newspaper in the UK. Decca At the beginning of the 1960s, while the Beatles worked in the Hamburg clubs, Barrow moved from Crosby to London to work for the Decca Record Company, where he wrote the liner notes that appeared on the back of LP album covers. From his new London base, he continued to contribute his weekly record column to the Liverpool Echo, and when Liverpool record retailer Brian Epstein signed the Beatles to a management deal at the end of 1961, he contacted Barrow for professional advice. In a 1968 interview, Barrow recounted that Epstein asked him to write a column about the band. Barrow then arranged to get the Beatles an audition with Decca, who rejected them. That led to an informal arrangement whereby Barrow became the Beatles' part-time press-publicity consultant, which involved promoting the launch of the new EMI band from behind a desk at rival London record company Decca. His earliest task for Epstein was to co-ordinate a media publicity campaign to surround the release of the group's first UK single, "Love Me Do", on EMI's Parlophone label in October 1962. He was paid a one-off freelance fee of £20 to compile the Beatles' initial press kit. NEMS When Epstein promised to double his Decca salary, Barrow left the record company in May 1963 to join Epstein's new artists' management company, NEMS Enterprises, on a full-time basis. Barrow opened Epstein's first London office and, as head of the Press and Public Relations Division, began to promote the careers of not only the Beatles but also Epstein's other artists, such as Cilla Black, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Billy J Kramer with the Dakotas and The Fourmost. In view of his previous employment as a liner-note writer with Decca, it was taken for granted that he would do the same job for the Beatles and Epstein's other acts. Barrow saw Beatlemania as beginning with the band's appearance on Sunday Night at the London Palladium on 13 October 1963, at which point he no longer had to contact the press but had the press contacting him instead. It was Barrow's idea to give out Beatles Christmas greetings to their fan club members. Barrow thought that goodwill gesture might limit the damage done to the group's reputation by delays in replying to an ever-increasing volume of fan mail. The Beatles were three weeks behind in answering membership applications. At the time he said that he thought of how the Queen always sent out Yuletide greetings to her subjects every year on UK radio and TV, and he decided that the Beatles should "follow her fine example but in their own way". All members of the group's official fan club would receive an exclusive flexi-disc containing messages from John, Paul, George and Ringo. What started as a one-off damage limitation job grew into an eagerly anticipated annual event. In 1965 and 1966's, Barrow travelled around the globe with John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr on the Beatles' biggest, most lucrative and most dangerous international concert tours, conducting their massive daily press conferences wherever they were on the road, accompanying them on their very private "summit of the giants" meeting with Elvis Presley at his home in Bel Air, California, and setting up the Fab Four's media interviews and photo shoots when they returned home. One of Barrow's final tasks as the Beatles' Press Officer was to compile and edit the strip-cartoon story booklet which was part of the "Magical Mystery Tour" recording package at the end of 1967. After the Beatles When the Beatles set up their own self-management operation, Apple Corps, in 1968, the year after Brian Epstein's death, Barrow's job as their publicist became redundant. He left NEMS Enterprises to set up his own independent show business PR consultancy, Tony Barrow International. Headquartered in London's Mayfair district, TBI and its sister company, Tony Barrow Management, represented many of Britain's entertainers and recording artists in the 1970s, including the Kinks, the Bay City Rollers, the New Seekers, Bob Monkhouse, and Hello, as well as handling the European tours of American artists, including David Cassidy, Gladys Knight, David Soul, the Monkees, Tony Bennett, the Jackson Five, Andy Williams, and Neil Sedaka. In 1980, partly because he disliked the unsavory images portrayed by the era's new wave of punk bands, Tony Barrow quit the PR business to return to freelance journalism, writing various books, including a career guide, Inside The Music Business (co-authored with Julian Newby), and John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me, his memoir of the 1960s. By 2007, he had become the last surviving professional writer from the Beatles' original inner circle of business aides and associates, and was continuing to take on selected writing and broadcasting assignments, including some directly linked to his years with the Beatles. Contrary to newspaper reports that Barrow died at his home in Morecambe, Lancashire, he actually died in the Royal Lancaster Infirmary on 14 May 2016, three days after his 80th birthday. Books The Making of the Beatles' Magical Mystery Tour (1999) John, Paul, George, Ringo and Me: The Real Beatles Story (2006) References 1936 births 2016 deaths Alumni of Durham University The Beatles English public relations people People educated at Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby People from Crosby, Merseyside
Joseph Shield Nicholson, FBA FRSE (9 November 1850 – 12 May 1927) was an English economist. Life Nicholson was born in Wrawby in Lincolnshire on 9 November 1850 the only son of Mary Anne Grant and her husband Rev Thomas Nicholson, minister of Banbury. He was educated at Lewisham School in London. Nicholson studied Logic and Metaphysics at King's College London and the University of Edinburgh, then studied Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge and Heidelberg University. He was a private tutor at Cambridge from 1876 to 1880 coming to fame in 1877 when he won the Cambridge Cobden Club prize for his essay "The Effects of Machinery on Wages". In 1880 he became Professor of political economy at the University of Edinburgh. At this time he lived at 15 Jordan Lane in Morningside. He was the first President of the Scottish Society of Economists, serving from its creation in 1897 until 1903. In 1884 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were George Chrystal, Alexander Crum Brown, Alexander Buchan and Peter Guthrie Tait. in 1918, he was awarded the Guy Medal in Silver by the Royal Statistical Society. In later life he lived at 3 Belford Park near Dean Village in Edinburgh. In 1925, Nicholson resigned his chair due to ill health and died in Edinburgh on 12 May 1927. He is buried with his wife, Jane (Jeannie) Walmsley Hodgson, in the 20th-century extension to Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh, in the central section. Works Nicholson's writings represent a compromise between the methods of the historical school of German economics and those of the English deductive school. In his principal work, Principles of Political Economy (three volumes, 1893–1901), he closely follows John Stuart Mill in his selection of material, but employs statistical and historical discussion, instead of the abstract reasoning from simple assumption that characterises Mill's work. References External links Portraits of Nicholson (National Portrait Gallery, England) William Augustus Guy medal John Shield Nicholson - The University of Sydney English economists 1850 births 1927 deaths Alumni of King's College London Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Academics of the University of Edinburgh Fellows of the British Academy
is a single released by Gackt on March 19, 2003 under Nippon Crown. It peaked at second place on the Oricon weekly chart and charted for ten weeks. It was certified gold by RIAJ. Track listing References 2003 singles Gackt songs
Trithuria is a genus of small ephemeral aquatic herb that represent the only members of the family Hydatellaceae found in India, Australia, and New Zealand. All of the 13 formally characterized species of Trithuria are found in Australia, with the exception of T. inconspicua and T. konkanensis, which are found in New Zealand and India, respectively. Until DNA sequence data and a reinterpretation of morphology proved otherwise, these plants were believed to be monocots related to the grasses (Poaceae). They are unique in being the only plants besides two members of Triuridaceae (Lacandonia schizmatica and L. braziliana) in which the stamens are in the center of the flower while the pistils surround them; in Hydatellaceae the resulting 'flowers' may instead represent condensed inflorescences or non-flowers. These diminutive, superficially moss-like, aquatic plants are the closest living relatives of a clade comprising two closely related water-lily families Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae. Together, these three families compose the order Nymphaeales in the APG III system of flowering plant classification. Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) diverged from the rest of Nymphaeales soon after Nymphaeales diverged from its sister taxon, although the crown clade evolved relatively recently, in the early Miocene (~19 Ma;). The order as a whole is the sister group of all flowering plants except Amborellales. Trithuria exhibits a remarkable similarity to Centrolepis and species of both genera were mistaken for members of the other genus. Taxonomy The genus Hydatella was subsumed into Trithuria as its members are phylogenetically nested in it. The family as a whole shares the following features (morphological synapomorphies) lack of a vascular cambium lack of pericyclic sclerenchyma anomocytic stomata truncate anther connective boat-shaped pollen inner integument with two cell layers palisade exotesta seed operculum formed by cell enlargement in the inner integument perisperm hypogeal germination. Species and distribution Trithuria austinensis D.D.Sokoloff - Western Australia Trithuria australis (Diels) D.D.Sokoloff - Western Australia Trithuria bibracteata Stapf ex D.A.Cooke - Western Australia Trithuria cookeana D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory of Australia Trithuria cowieana D.D.Sokoloff - Northern Territory Trithuria filamentosa Rodway - Tasmania Trithuria fitzgeraldii D.D.Sokoloff, I.Marques, T.D.Macfarl., Rudall & S.W.Graham - Western Australia Trithuria inconspicua Cheeseman - North Island of New Zealand Trithuria konkanensis S.R.Yadav & Janarth. - Maharashtra Trithuria lanterna D.A.Cooke - Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland Trithuria occidentalis Benth. - Western Australia Trithuria polybracteata D.A.Cooke ex D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia Trithuria submersa Hook.f. - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania Etymology The generic name Trithuria is composed of two parts: the Greek words treis meaning "three", and thyris meaning "window". It references the dehiscence of the fruit. Specifically, it references the pericarp valves of some Trithuria species. Cytology The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria inconspicua subsp. inconspicua is 2n = c. 24. The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria submersa is 2n = 56. The diploid chromosome count of the tetraploid species Trithuria konkanensis 2n = 40. The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria australis is 2n = 14. References Nymphaeales genera Aquatic plants Nymphaeales
Alex McEwan (born 19 July 1977) is an Australian short track speed skater. He competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics. References External links 1977 births Living people Australian male short track speed skaters Olympic short track speed skaters for Australia Short track speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Short track speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Sportspeople from Melbourne Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1860 - 1869 to Wales and its people. Incumbents Prince of Wales – Albert Edward Princess of Wales – Alexandra (from 1863) Events 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 Arts and literature Awards National Eisteddfod of Wales 1861 - Aberdare 1862 - Caernarfon 1863 - Swansea 1864 - Llandudno 1865 - Aberystwyth 1866 - Chester 1867 - Carmarthen - A crown is presented for the first time 1868 - Ruthin - The Eisteddfod Council is disbanded 1869 - Holywell New books R. D. Blackmore - Clara Vaughan (1864) George Borrow - Wild Wales (1862) Rhoda Broughton - Cometh up as a Flower (1867) Richard Davies (Mynyddog) - Caneuon Mynyddog (1866) Huw Derfel - Llawlyfr Carnedd Llywelyn (1864) Robert Jones Derfel - Traethodau ac Areithiau (1864) John Ceiriog Hughes Oriau'r Hwyr (1860) Oriau'r Bore (1862) Cant o Ganeuon (1863) Y Bardd a'r Cerddor (1865) Oriau eraill (1868) David Watkin Jones (Dafydd Morgannwg) - Yr Ysgol Farddol (1869) William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog) - Emmanuel (1861) William Thomas (Islwyn) - Caniadau (1867) Robert Williams (Trebor Mai) Fy Noswyl (1861) Geninen (1869) Alfred Russel Wallace The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection (1864) The Malay Archipelago (1867) Music William Griffiths (Ifander) - Gwarchae Harlech (cantata) (1864) Hugh Jerman - Deus Misereatur (1861) Henry Brinley Richards - "God Bless the Prince of Wales" (1863) John Thomas (Pencerdd Gwalia) Llewelyn (cantata) (1863) The Bride of Neath Valley (cantata) (1866) Sport 1860 - The first bowls club in Wales is founded at Abergavenny. Births 1860 date unknown - Sir William Price (died 1938) 1861 date unknown John Edward Lloyd, historian (died 1947) Thomas Mardy Rees, writer (died 1953) 1862 date unknown - John Daniel Evans, Patagonia settler 1863 January 17 - David Lloyd George, politician (died 1945) March 3 - Arthur Machen, writer (died 1947) 1864 January 8 - Prince Albert Victor, first child of the Prince and Princess of Wales (died 1892) October 17 - Sir John Morris-Jones, grammarian (died 1929) date unknown - Charles Alfred Howell Green, first Bishop of Monmouth (died 1944) 1865 June 3 - Prince George, second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales and himself Prince of Wales 1901–1910 (later George V) date unknown - William Brace, politician (died 1947) 1866 October 12 - James Ramsay MacDonald, politician (died 1937) date unknown - John Gruffydd Moelwyn Hughes, poet and hymn-writer (died 1944) 1867 May 2 - Eliseus Williams (Eifion Wyn), poet (died 1926) May 13 - Frank Brangwyn, artist (died 1956) May 26 - Mary of Teck, later Princess of Wales 1901-1910 (died 1953) September 29 - John Richard Williams (J.R. Tryfanwy), poet (died 1924) 1869 September 6 - Walford Davies, composer (died 1944) date unknown Thomas Rees, theologian (died 1926) Osbert Fynes-Clinton, dialectologist (died 1941) Deaths 1860 May 4 - William Ormsby-Gore, politician (born 1779) July 17 - Beti Cadwaladr, Crimea nurse (born 1789) 1861 May 8 - Thomas Lloyd-Mostyn, politician (born 1830) 1862 January 3 - Dan Jones, Mormon missionary (born 1810) date unknown - John Williams (Ab Ithel), antiquary 1863 April - George Cornewall Lewis, statesman (born 1806) 1864 March 11 - Richard Roberts, engineer August 1 - Thomas Rees, Unitarian minister (born 1777) date unknown Evan Davies, missionary Mary Jones, early owner of a Welsh Bible 1865 February 21 - Stapleton Cotton, military leader (born 1773) 1866 January 27 - John Gibson, sculptor (born 1790) 1867 April 27 - Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover, industrialist (born 1802) May 23 - William Crawshay II, industrialist (born 1788) 1868 June 22 - Owain Meirion, poet (born 1803) date unknown - Dafydd Jones (Dewi Dywyll), balladeer (born 1803) 1869 March 31 - David Rees (Y Cynhyrfwr), Nonconformist leader and author date unknown - John Jones (Talhaiarn), poet (born 1810)
Dikmetaş is a village in the Demirözü District, Bayburt Province, Turkey. Its population is 97 (2021). History The former name of the village was Ağgi. References Villages in Demirözü District
Washington Merry-Go-Round is a 1932 American pre-Code film directed by James Cruze and starring Lee Tracy, Constance Cummings, Walter Connolly, and Alan Dinehart. It was produced by Walter Wanger. Plot Button Gwinnett Brown (Lee Tracy) is a new congressman in the U.S. House of Representatives. He refuses bribes, vowing to rid Washington of corruption; but crosses swords with powerful senator Edward Norton (Alan Dinehart), who wants to enlist Brown to help Prohibition bootleggers. Norton also happens to be chasing elder senator Wylie's (Walter Connolly) granddaughter Alice (Constance Cummings), who Brown has also fallen for. In order to silence the idealistic newcomer, politicians stage a phony re-count and Brown loses his government seat. However, with the help of Senator Wylie and Alice, Brown manages to win back his place and clean up the halls of justice. Cast Lee Tracy as Button Gwinnett Brown Constance Cummings as Alice Wylie Walter Connolly as Senator Wylie Alan Dinehart as Edward T. Norton Arthur Vintonas as Beef Brannigan Arthur Hoyt as Willis Berton Churchill as Speaker of the House Frank Sheridan as John Kelleher Clay Clement as Conti Clarence Muse as Clarence Wallis Clark as Carl Tilden (uncredited) Larry Steers as Guard (uncredited) John T. Prince as Senate Clerk (uncredited) Critical reception The New York Times wrote, ""Washington Merry-Go-Round" is a sturdy piece of work with melodramatic interludes. At times it is somewhat reckless in its dealings, but, allowing for its explosive utterances and its eagerness to win popular favor as an entertainment, it arouses a certain amount of interest. There are excellent performances by the cast, headed by the vehement Lee Tracy, and Mr. Cruze's direction is for the most part genuinely able"; while more recently Allmovie called it "a ridiculously contrived political tale that even in its time must have been viewed as overly simplistic"; whereas Leonard Maltin wrote that the film "remains surprisingly relevant today, with engaging performances and strong feel for the political arena, but peters out after great first half." References External links 1932 films 1930s political drama films American black-and-white films American political drama films Columbia Pictures films 1930s English-language films Films about politicians Films directed by James Cruze Films produced by Walter Wanger Films set in Washington, D.C. Films with screenplays by Jo Swerling 1932 drama films 1930s American films
Skibsted is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Jens Martin Skibsted (born 1970), Danish designer, entrepreneur and author Peter Nicolay Skibsted (1787–1832), Danish naval officer Poul Skibsted (1753–1812), Danish Supreme Court attorney
Robert Andrew Lloyd (born 2 March 1940) is an English operatic bass. Early life and education Born in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, Lloyd was educated at Keble College, Oxford, and studied in London with the baritone Otakar Kraus. Career He made his debut with University College Opera in 1969 as Don Fernando in Leonore, the early version of Fidelio. From 1969 to 1972 he was Principal Bass with the Sadler's Wells Opera Company (now English National Opera), and from 1972 to 1982 was a member of the Royal Opera, Covent Garden. He made 195 appearances with the Metropolitan Opera, New York City, during the period 1988-2008. He has sung leading roles at Glyndebourne and with other British opera companies, and has appeared in major opera houses throughout the world. He sings roles in British, German, Italian, French and Russian works (Claggart and Superintendent Budd in Benjamin Britten's Billy Budd and Albert Herring, the Priest and Angel of Agony in Edward Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius; Sarastro in The Magic Flute, Osmin in The Abduction from the Seraglio, Rocco in Fidelio, Seneca in The Coronation of Poppea, Gurnemanz in Parsifal, Fasolt in Das Rheingold; Don Basilio in The Barber of Seville, Fiesco in Simon Boccanegra, Philippe II in Don Carlos; Arkel in Pelléas et Mélisande, Comte des Grieux in Manon, Narbal in Les Troyens; the title-role in Boris Godunov). He also sings sacred music and has recorded as bass soloist in the Mozart Requiem. Adult life He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1991 for his services to music. Lloyd has four children. The eldest is Marcus Lloyd, a playwright and dramatist. Recordings Robert Lloyd has made numerous recordings, including: Albert Herring [as Superintendent Budd] (conductor: Steuart Bedford), 1996, Naxos Il barbiere di Siviglia (conductor: Sir Neville Marriner), 1983, Philips Béatrice et Bénédict (conductor: Sir Colin Davis), 1977, Philips La bohème (conductor: Sir Colin Davis), 1979, Philips I Capuleti e i Montecchi (conductor: Giuseppe Patanè, 1975, EMI Carmen (conductor: Claudio Abbado), 1977, DG Les contes d'Hoffmann [as Crespel] (conductor: Julius Rudel), 1972, Westminster Don Giovanni (conductor: Sir Neville Marriner), 1990, Philips Don Carlo (conductor: Bernard Haitink), 1997, Philips The Dream of Gerontius (conductor: Sir Adrian Boult), 1975, EMI Die Entführung aus dem Serail (conductor: Sir Colin Davis), 1978, Philips La fanciulla del West (conductor: Zubin Mehta), 1977, DG Fidelio (conductor: David Parry), 2005, Chandos Lucia di Lammermoor (conductor: Nicola Rescigno), 1983, EMI Macbeth (conductor: Giuseppe Sinopoli), 1983, Philips Great Mass in C Minor - Mozart (chorus master: László Heltay), 1994, Philips Messiah - Haendel (conductor: Sir Neville Marriner), Dublin 1992, Philips DVD A Midsummer Night's Dream (conductor: Sir Colin Davis), 1996, Philips Missa da Requiem - Verdi (conductor: Richard Hickox), 1996, Chandos Le nozze di Figaro (conductor: Sir Neville Marriner), 1986, Philips Parsifal (conductor: Armin Jordan), 1981, Erato Requiem - Mozart (conductor: Sir Neville Marriner), 1991, Philips Das Rheingold (conductor: Sir Reginald Goodall), 1975, Chandos Werther (conductor: Sir Colin Davis), 1981, Philips Die Zauberflöte (conductor: Sir Charles Mackerras), 1991, Telarc He can be seen on video as Boris Godunov, Rocco, Gurnemanz, Seneca and as Daland in The Flying Dutchman. He sang the title role in the 1988 film (director, Lesley Megahey) of Béla Bartók's opera Duke Bluebeard's Castle. See also Massenet: Werther (Colin Davis recording) Mozart: La clemenza di Tito (Colin Davis recording) References External links Biography and photo Interview with Robert Lloyd, January 22, 1991 Singing in FIDELIO (YouTube video) King Philip II in DON CARLO 1940 births Living people English opera singers Operatic basses Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Music in Southend-on-Sea Alumni of Keble College, Oxford Fellows of Keble College, Oxford People from Southend-on-Sea Musicians from Essex English basses Presidents of the Independent Society of Musicians
Public Administration or Public Policy and Administration (an academic discipline) is the implementation of public policy, administration of government establishment (public governance), management of non-profit establishment (nonprofit governance), and also a subfield of political science taught in public policy schools that studies this implementation and prepares people, especially civil servants in administrative positions for working in the public sector, voluntary sector, some industries in the private sector dealing with government relations, regulatory affairs, legislative assistance, corporate social responsibility (CSR), environmental, social, governance (ESG), public procurement (PP), public-private partnerships (P3), and business-to-government marketing/sales (B2G) as well as those working at think tanks, non-profit organizations, consulting firms, trade associations, or in other positions that uses similar skills found in public administration. Some of the various definitions that have been offered for the term are "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies." The word public administration is the combination of two words—public and administration. In nearly every sphere of social, economic and political life there is administration. This suggests that the proper functioning of an organization or institution relies upon effective management. This concept forms a basis for the idea of studying and applying public administration. In the United States in the 1880s, civil servants and academics like Woodrow Wilson worked to reform the civil service system and bring public administration into the realm of science[6]. However, "until the mid-twentieth century, when German sociologist Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy prevailed," he said, "there was no great interest in the theory of public administration. The field is multidisciplinary in character, and one of the various proposals for sub-fields of public administration sets out six pillars, including human resources, organizational theory, policy analysis, statistics, budgeting, and ethics. Public administration is a segment of the larger field of administration. It is simply regarded as bureaucracy, heedless to the fact that bureaucracy as a particular organizational form is not only found in the government, but also in private and third sector organizations.(Dhameja,2003, p. 2). Public Administration is a discipline which is concerned with the organization and the formulation and implementation of public policies for the welfare of the people. It functions in a political setting in order to accomplish the goals and objectives, which are formulated by the political decision-makers. The focus of public administration, thus, is on public bureaucracy. The subject got its major boost after the Minnowbrook conference held at Syracuse university in the year 1968, presided over by Dwight Waldo. It was this time when the concept of New Public Administration emerged. Thus, public administration as a course of government action in relation to public policy as an outline of what government wants to do plays an important role in our society. It can be understood as the course of action or inaction by the government with regard to a particular issue or set of issues. It can be associated with formally approved policy goals and means, as well as the regulations and practices of agencies that implement the programs. The relationship between what the government (public administration) wants to accomplish and what actually occurs is carried by public policy. Therefore, the ultimate goal of all public policies is to achieve particular objectives that the government has in mind. The nation's citizens' welfare is a major consideration in the formulation and implementation of these programs. Because of this, the public's opinion, for one, exerts considerable pressure on the course of government (public administration) policies. Definitions Public administration is a field in which leaders serve communities in order to advance the common good and achieve constructive change. Professionals in public administration are trained to manage at all levels of government (local, state, and federal) as well as nonprofit organizations. In 1947, Paul H. Appleby defined public administration as the "public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action". In a democracy, it has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity, worth, and potentials of the citizen. One year later, Gordon Clapp, then Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority defined public administration "as a public instrument whereby democratic society may be more completely realized." This implies that it must "relate itself to concepts of justice, liberty, and fuller economic opportunity for human beings" and is thus "concerned with "people, with ideas, and with things". According to James D. Carroll & Alfred M. Zuck, the publication by "Woodrow Wilson of his essay, "The Study of Administration" in 1887 is generally regarded as the beginning of public administration as a specific field of study". Drawing on the democracy theme and discarding the link to the executive branch, Patricia M. Shields asserts that public administration "deals with the stewardship and implementation of the products of a living democracy". The key term "product" refers to "those items that are constructed or produced" such as prisons, roads, laws, schools, and security. "As implementors, public managers engage these products." They participate in the doing and making of the "living" democracy. A living democracy is "an environment that is changing, organic", imperfect, inconsistent and teaming with values. "Stewardship is emphasized because public administration is concerned "with accountability and effective use of scarce resources and ultimately making the connection between the doing, the making and democratic values". More recently scholars claim that "public administration has no generally accepted definition" because the "scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define". Public administration is a field of study (i.e., a discipline) and an occupation. There is much disagreement about whether the study of public administration can properly be called a discipline, largely because of the debate over whether public administration is a sub-field of political science or a sub-field of administrative science", the latter an outgrowth of its roots in policy analysis and evaluation research. Scholar Donald F. Kettl is among those who view public administration "as a sub-field within political science". According to Lalor a society with a public authority that provides at least one public good can be said to have a public administration whereas the absence of either (or a fortiori both) a public authority or the provision of at least one public good implies the absence of a public administration. He argues that public administration is the public provision of public goods in which the demand function is satisfied more or less effectively by politics, whose primary tool is rhetoric, providing for public goods, and the supply function is satisfied more or less efficiently by public management, whose primary tools are speech acts, producing public goods. The moral purpose of public administration, implicit in its acceptance of its role, is the maximization of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants. The North American Industry Classification System definition of the Public Administration (NAICS 91) sector states that public administration "... comprises establishments primarily engaged in activities of a governmental nature, that is, the enactment and judicial interpretation of laws and their pursuant regulations, and the administration of programs based on them". This includes "Legislative activities, taxation, national defense, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and international assistance, and the administration of government programs are activities that are purely governmental in nature". From the academic perspective, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) in the United States defines the study of public administration as "A program that prepares individuals to serve as managers in the executive arm of local, state, and federal government and that focuses on the systematic study of executive organization and management. Includes instruction in the roles, development, and principles of public administration; the management of public policy; executive-legislative relations; public budgetary processes and financial management; administrative law; public personnel management; professional ethics; and research methods." History India in the 600 BCE The Harappa and Mohenjo-daaro civilizations had organized bodies of public servants. There are many references to Brihaspati's works on laws and governance. An extract from Aaine-Akbari [vol.III, tr. by H. S. Barrett, pp217–218] written by Abul Fazl mentions a symposium of philosophers of all faiths held in 1578 at Akbar's instance. The account under advisement is given by the historian Vincent Smith, in his article titled "The Jain Teachers of Akbar". Some Charvaka thinkers likely participated in the symposium. Under the heading "Naastika" Abul Fazl has referred to the good work, judicious administration and welfare schemes that were emphasised by the Charvaka law-makers. Somadeva has also mentioned the Charvaka method of defeating the enemies of the nation. He referred to thirteen enemies who remain disguised in the kingdom for their selfish interests who should not be spared. Kautilya has given a detailed scheme to remove the enemies in the garb of friends. The Charvaka stalwart, Brihaspati, is more ancient than Kautilya and Somadeva. He appears to be contemporaneous with the Harappa and Mohenjo-daaro culture. The central point of traditional religious ritual is to earn ready money for its perpetrators. All unproductive, barren rites designed for various moments in human life starting from several months prior to birth and extending over several years beyond death in the form of the annual sraddha, many of which are current even today, are but channels to feed the priests. They are unreal, imagined and wasteful. While they are unreal, imagined and wasteful; the feeding is real. This cunning paradox was realized by the Charvaka for its real worth. They wanted financial causes to produce financial results. Imagined causes only produced imagined results not real ones. Antiquity to the 19th century Dating back to Antiquity, Pharaohs, kings, and emperors have required pages, treasurers, and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government. Prior to the 19th century, staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism, favouritism, and political patronage, which was often referred to as a "spoils system". Public administrators have long been the "eyes and ears" of rulers. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, add and subtract were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment. Consequently, the need for expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in such necessary activities as legal record-keeping, paying and feeding armies and levying taxes. As the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over other continents and people, the need for a sophisticated public administration grew. The field of management may well be said to have originated in ancient China, including possibly the first highly centralized bureaucratic state, and the earliest (by the second century BC) example of an administration based on merit through testing. Far in advance of the rest of the world until almost the end of the 18th century, Sinologist Herrlee G. Creel and other scholars find the influence of Chinese administration in Europe by the 12th century, for example, in Fredrick II's promulgations, characterized as the "birth certificate of modern bureaucracy". Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in Guangzhou, argued in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China (1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic. Influenced by the ancient Chinese imperial examination, the Northcote–Trevelyan Report of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase". This led to implementation of Her Majesty's Civil Service as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy. Like the British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system. Voltaire claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and François Quesnay advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese. French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model. Though Chinese administration cannot be traced to any one individual, emphasizing a merit system figures of the Fa-Jia like 4th century BC reformer Shen Buhai (400–337 BC) may have had more influence than any other, and might be considered its founder, if not valuable as a rare pre-modern example of abstract theory of administration. Creel writes that, in Shen Buhai, there are the "seeds of the civil service examination", and that, if one wishes to exaggerate, it would "no doubt be possible to translate Shen Buhai's term Shu, or technique, as 'science'", and argue that he was the first political scientist, though Creel does "not care to go this far". The eighteenth-century noble, King Frederick William I of Prussia, created professorates in Cameralism in an effort to train a new class of public administrators. The universities of Frankfurt an der Oder and University of Halle were Prussian institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines, with the goal of societal reform. Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi was the most well-known professor of Cameralism. Thus, from a Western European perspective, Classic, Medieval, and Enlightenment-era scholars formed the foundation of the discipline that has come to be called public administration. Lorenz von Stein, an 1855 German professor from Vienna, is considered the founder of the science of public administration in many parts of the world. In the time of Von Stein, public administration was considered a form of administrative law, but Von Stein believed this concept too restrictive. Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many preestablished disciplines such as sociology, political science, administrative law and public finance. He called public administration an integrating science, and stated that public administrators should be concerned with both theory and practice. He argued that public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method. Modern American public administration is an extension of democratic governance, justified by classic and liberal philosophers of the western world ranging from Aristotle to John Locke to Thomas Jefferson. US History 1880s to 1940s In the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration. He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled "The Study of Administration". The future president wrote that "it is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy". Wilson was more influential to the science of public administration than Von Stein, primarily due to an article Wilson wrote in 1887 in which he advocated four concepts: Separation of politics and administration Comparative analysis of political and private organizations Improving efficiency with business-like practices and attitudes toward daily operations Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil servants, merit-based assessment The separation of politics and administration has been the subject of lasting debate. The different perspectives regarding this dichotomy contribute to differentiating characteristics of the suggested generations of public administration. By the 1920s, scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson's solicitation and thus textbooks in this field were introduced. A few distinguished scholars of that period were, Luther Gulick, Lyndall Urwick, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor, and others. Frederick Taylor (1856–1915), another prominent scholar in the field of administration and management also published a book entitled The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). He believed that scientific analysis would lead to the discovery of the "one best way" to do things or carrying out an operation. This, according to him could help save cost and time. Taylor's technique was later introduced to private industrialists, and later into the various government organizations (Jeong, 2007). Taylor's approach is often referred to as Taylor's Principles or Taylorism. Taylor's scientific management consisted of main four principles (Frederick W. Taylor, 1911): Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. Provide "detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250). Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. Taylor had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system (approach): "It is only through enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions, and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with management alone." The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) the leading professional group for public administration was founded in 1939. ASPA sponsors the journal Public Administration Review, which was founded in 1940. Contribution of Settlement Women 1880 - 1940 Contemporary scholars are reclaiming a companion public administration origin story which includes the contributions of women. This has become known as the “alternative” or “Settlement” model of public administration. During the 19th century upper-class women in the United States and Europe organized voluntary associations that worked to mitigate the excesses of urbanization and industrialization in their towns. Eventually, these voluntary associations became networks that were able to spearhead changes to policy and administration. These women's civic clubs worked to make cities and work spaces safer (cleaner streets, water and sewage, workplace regulation) and more suited to the needs of their children (playgrounds, libraries, juvenile courts, child labor laws). These were administrative and policy spaces ignored by their fathers and husbands. The work of these clubs was amplified by newly organized non-profit organizations (Settlement Houses), usually situated in industrialized city slums filled with immigrants. Reforms that emerged from the New Deal (e.g., income for the old, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent children and the disabled, child labor prohibitions and limits on hours worked etc.) were supported by leaders of the Settlement movement. Richard Stillman credits Jane Addams, a key leader of the Settlement movement and a pioneer of public administration with “conceiving and spawning” the modern welfare state. The accomplishments of the Settlement movement and their conception of public administration was ignored in the early literature of public administration. The alternative model of Public Administration was invisible or buried for about 100 years until Camilla Stivers published Bureau Men and Settlement Women in 2000. Settlement workers explicitly fought for social justice as they campaigned for reform. They sought policy changes that would improve the lives of immigrants, women, children, sick, old and impoverished people. Both municipal housekeeping and industrial citizenship applied an ethic of care informed by feminine experience of policy and administration. While they saw the relevance of the traditional public administration values (efficiency, effectiveness, etc.) and practices of their male reformist counterparts, they also emphasized social justice and social equity. Jane Addams, for example, was a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The Settlement Model of Public Administration The Settlement movement and its leaders such as Jane Addams, Julia Lathrop, and Florence Kelley were instrumental in crafting the alternative, feminine inspired, model of public administration. This settlement model of public administration, had two interrelated components – municipal housekeeping and industrial citizenship. Municipal housekeeping called for cities to be run like a caring home. The city, should be conceived as an extension of the home where families could be safe and children cared for. Clean streets, clean water, playgrounds, educational curricular reform, and juvenile courts, are examples of reforms associated with this movement. Industrial citizenship focused on the problems and risks of labor force participation in a laissez faire, newly industrialized economy. Reforms which mitigated workplace problems such as child labor, unsanitary workplaces, excessive work schedules, risks of industrial accidents, and old age poverty were the focus of these efforts. Organized settlement women's reform efforts led to workplace safety laws and inspections. Settlement reformers went on to serve as local, state and federal administrators. Jane Addams was a garbage inspector, Florence Kelley served as the chief factory inspector for the State of Illinois, Julia Lathrop was the first director of the Women's Bureau and Francis Perkins was Secretary of Labor during the F. Roosevelt Administration US in the 1940s The separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant role in public administration today. However, the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged by second generation scholars, beginning in the 1940s. Luther Gulick's fact-value dichotomy was a key contender for Wilson's proposed politics-administration dichotomy. In place of Wilson's first generation split, Gulick advocated a "seamless web of discretion and interaction". Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick are two second-generation scholars. Gulick, Urwick, and the new generation of administrators built on the work of contemporary behavioural, administrative, and organizational scholars including Henri Fayol, Fredrick Winslow Taylor, Paul Appleby, Frank Goodnow, and Willam Willoughby. The new generation of organizational theories no longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical and enlightened theorists. Gulick developed a comprehensive, generic theory of organization that emphasized the scientific method, efficiency, professionalism, structural reform, and executive control. Gulick summarized the duties of administrators with an acronym; POSDCORB, which stands for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. Fayol developed a systematic, 14-point treatment of private management. Second-generation theorists drew upon private management practices for administrative sciences. A single, generic management theory bleeding the borders between the private and the public sector was thought to be possible. With the general theory, the administrative theory could be focused on governmental organizations. The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick. The politics-administration dichotomy remained the centre of criticism. 1950s to the 1970s During the 1950s, the United States experienced prolonged prosperity and solidified its place as a world leader. Public Administration experienced a kind of heyday due to the successful war effort and successful post war reconstruction in Western Europe and Japan. Government was popular as was President Eisenhower. In the 1960s and 1970s, government itself came under fire as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort. The costly American intervention in Vietnam along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic party headquarters (the 1974 Watergate scandal) are two examples of self-destructive government behaviour that alienated citizens. There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective, wasteful bureaucracy. Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective. Elected officials supported these reforms. The Hoover Commission, chaired by University of Chicago professor Louis Brownlow, to examine reorganization of government. Brownlow subsequently founded the Public Administration Service (PAS) at the university, an organization which has provided consulting services to all levels of government until the 1970s. Concurrently, after World War II, the entire concept of public administration expanded to include policymaking and analysis, thus the study of "administrative policy making and analysis" was introduced and enhanced into the government decision-making bodies. Later on, the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of public administration. This period witnessed the development and inclusion of other social sciences knowledge, predominantly, psychology, anthropology, and sociology, into the study of public administration (Jeong, 2007). Henceforth, the emergence of scholars such as, Fritz Morstein Marx with his book The Elements of Public Administration (1946), Paul H. Appleby Policy and Administration (1952), Frank Marini 'Towards a New Public Administration' (1971), and others that have contributed positively in these endeavors. Stimulated by events during the 1960s such as an active civil rights movement, the Vietnam war and war protests, assassinations of a president and civil rights leaders, and an active women's movement, public administration changed course somewhat. Landmark legislation such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also gave public administrators new responsibilities. These events were manifest in the public administration profession through the new public administration movement. “Under the stimulating patronage of Dwight Waldo, some of the best of the younger generation of scholars challenged the doctrine they had received”. These new scholars demanded a more policy-oriented public administrators that incorporated “four themes: relevance, values, equity and change”. All of these themes would encourage more participation among women and minorities. Stimulated by the events of the 60s, the 1970s brought significant change for the American Society for Public Administration. Racial and ethnicity minority and women members organized to seek greater participation. Eventually, the Conference on Minority Public Administrators and the Section for Women in Public Administration were established. 1980s–1990s In the late 1980s, yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last. The new theory, which came to be called New Public Management, was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book Reinventing Government. The new model advocated the use of private sector-style models, organizational ideas and values to improve the efficiency and service-orientation of the public sector. During the Clinton Administration (1993–2001), Vice President Al Gore adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches. In the 1990s, new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US, the UK and, to a lesser extent, in Canada. The original public management theories have roots attributed to policy analysis, according to Richard Elmore in his 1986 article published in the "Journal of Policy Analysis and Management". Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented agencies, encouraging competition between different public agencies, and encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms and using economic incentives lines (e.g., performance pay for senior executives or user-pay models). NPM treats individuals as "customers" or "clients" (in the private sector sense), rather than as citizens. Some critics argue that the New Public Management concept of treating people as "customers" rather than "citizens" is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector model, because businesses see customers as a means to an end (profit), rather than as the proprietors of government (the owners), opposed to merely the customers of a business (the patrons). In New Public Management, people are viewed as economic units not democratic participants which is the hazard of linking an MBA (business administration, economic and employer-based model) too closely with the public administration (governmental, public good) sector. Nevertheless, the NPM model (one of four described by Elmore in 1986, including the "generic model") is still widely accepted at multiple levels of government (e.g., municipal, state/province, and federal) and in many OECD nations. In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public services model in response to the dominance of NPM. A successor to NPM is digital era governance, focusing on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities, needs-based holism (executing duties in cursive ways), and digitalization (exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage). One example in the deployment of DEG is openforum.com.au, an Australian non-for-profit eDemocracy project which invites politicians, senior public servants, academics, business people and other key stakeholders to engage in high-level policy debate. Another example is Brunei's Information Department in deploying Social Media technology in improving its Digital Governance process. The book chapter work concludes that digital dividends can be secured through the effective application of Social Media within the framework of Digital Era Governance. Another new public service model is what has been called New Public Governance, an approach which includes a centralization of power; an increased number, role and influence of partisan-political staff; personal-politicization of appointments to the senior public service; and, the assumption that the public service is promiscuously partisan for the government of the day. In the mid-1980s, the goal of community programs in the United States was often represented by terms such as independent living, community integration, inclusion, community participation, deinstitutionalization, and civil rights. Thus, the same public policy (and public administration) was to apply to all citizens, inclusive of disability. However, by the 1990s, categorical state systems were strengthened in the United States (Racino, in press, 2014), and efforts were made to introduce more disability content into the public policy curricula with disability public policy (and administration) distinct fields in their own right. Behaviorists have also dominated "intervention practice" (generally not the province of public administration) in recent years, believing that they are in opposition to generic public policy (termed ecological systems theory, of the late Urie Bronfenbrenner). Increasingly, public policy academics and practitioners have utilized the theoretical concepts of political economy to explain policy outcomes such as the success or failure of reform efforts or the persistence of suboptimal outcomes. in the Philippines The Philippines was the first country to offer Public Administration (PA) degree programs in Asia beginning in 1952. PA programs were offered by the newly established Institute of Public Administration at the University of the Philippines (UP) in 1951, in line with the Bell Mission's recommendations to rebuild the civil service and facilitate recovery from World War 2. Since then, Philippine PA education has evolved with the changing political, administrative, and economic landscape. PA programs have expanded across the country, and PA professional and educational associations have grown. Branches Core branches In academia, the field of public administration consists of a number of sub-fields. Scholars have proposed a number of different sets of sub-fields. One of the proposed models uses five "pillars": Organizational theory in public administration is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them. Ethics in public administration serves as a normative approach to decision making. Policy analysis and program evaluation serves as an empirical approach to decision making. Public budgeting and Public finance Public budgeting is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce resources among unlimited demands. Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy. It is the branch of economics that assesses the government revenue and government expenditure of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones. Human resource management is an in-house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner. The basic functions of the HR system are employee benefits, employee health care, compensation, and many more (e.g., human rights, Americans with Disabilities Act). The executives managing the HR director and other key departmental personnel are also part of the public administration system. Other branches Nonprofit management is research into and the practice of operating nonprofit organizations and their effects. Emergency management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. Decision-making models Given the array of duties public administrators find themselves performing, the professional administrator might refer to a theoretical framework from which he or she might work. Indeed, many public and private administrative scholars have devised and modified decision-making models. Niskanen's budget-maximizing In 1971, Professor William Niskanen proposed a rational choice variation which he called the "budget-maximizing model". He claimed that rational bureaucrats will universally seek to increase the budgets of their units (to enhance their stature), thereby contributing to state growth and increased public expenditure. Niskanen served on President Reagan's Council of Economic Advisors; his model underpinned what has been touted as curtailed public spending and increased privatization. However, budgeted expenditures and the growing deficit during the Reagan administration is evidence of a different reality. A range of pluralist authors have critiqued Niskanen's universalist approach. These scholars have argued that officials tend also to be motivated by considerations of the public interest. Dunleavy's bureau-shaping The bureau-shaping model, a modification of Niskanen, holds that rational bureaucrats only maximize the part of their budget that they spend on their own agency's operations or give to contractors and interest groups. Groups that are able to organize a "flowback" of benefits to senior officials would, according to this theory, receive increased budgetary attention. For instance, rational officials will get no benefit from paying out larger welfare checks to millions of low-income citizens because this does not serve a bureaucrats' goals. Accordingly, one might instead expect a jurisdiction to seek budget increases for defense and security purposes in place programming. If we refer back to Reagan once again, Dunleavy's bureau shaping model accounts for the alleged decrease in the "size" of government while spending did not, in fact, decrease. Domestic entitlement programming was financially deemphasized for military research and personnel. Academic field Universities offer Undergraduate level Bachelor's degrees such as a Bachelor of Science (BS) or Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Public Administration or in Government, Political Science, and International Affairs with an academic concentration or specialization in Public Policy and Administration. Graduate school programs preparing students for advanced upper management careers in public administration typically offer the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree, although at some universities, a Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) in Public Administration is awarded for those taking the management tract, while those going for the research tract are offered the Master of Public Policy (MPP), a Master of Arts (MA), or a Master of Science (MS) in Public Policy – some universities combine both management and research tracts into a Master of Public Policy and Administration (MPPA), even though both Public Administration and Public Policy degrees have considerable overlap in both academic content and career prospects barring some differing academic requirements based on desired sub-specialties in their future careers. Doctorate programs in Public Administration, Public Policy, and Political Science with a sub-specialization in Public Policy and Administration are also offered as terminal degrees for those who want to go into academia or teach as at institutions of higher education. These education programs are collectively called public policy degrees and are generally taught at public policy schools, while some are taught within a college of arts and sciences. Most public policy and administration programs combine elements of political science, economics, statistics, law mostly in the form of public law, administrative law, and Legal management (academic discipline), international relations (including international law), international development, public finance, leadership studies, ethics, sociology, comparative research, global studies, urban planning, urban studies, nonprofit studies, program evaluation, policy analysis, public policy, and public administration. More recently, public policy schools have applied quantitative analysis, management information systems, data science and analytics, organizational behavior, organization development, knowledge management, project management, political communication, political psychology, criminology and the sociology of law, philosophy (in particular political philosophy), peace and conflict studies, geography and geographic information science, intelligence studies, emergency management, cross-cultural studies, public health, environmental science and environmental studies, business administration, civil engineering, industrial engineering, systems engineering, human resource management, and operations research, management, professional development, and liberal arts and pure sciences education as part of their public policy and public administration education programs to tackle issue in the public sector, the non-profit sector, or in the private sector, working in field such as government relations, regulatory affairs, legislative assistance, thinks tanks, non-profit organizations, consulting firms, trade associations, business-to-government marketing/sales, corporate social responsibility (CSR), environmental, social, governance (ESG), public procurement (PP), public-private partnerships (P3), and other positions that may use skills attained through public policy and public administration education. While degrees in Public Policy and Public Administration at most universities are generally taught at the graduate level (master's and PhD), some undergraduate degree program majors, concentrations, and minors either as standalone degrees or as concentrations within a degree in political science or international relations still exist, especially at research universities where research, graduate, and undergraduate faculty overlap and/or have close cooperation within an autonomous public policy school unlike liberal arts colleges (particularly liberal arts colleges in the United States) that focus on the more theoretical and philosophical sides of political science at their college of arts and sciences rather than the applied and administrative side of political science. In the United States, the academic field of public administration draws heavily on political science and administrative law. Some MPA programs (as well as undergraduate Public Administration-Political Science academic majors with an elective interdisciplinary concentration, academic minor, or program membership in Economics) include economics courses to give students a background in microeconomic issues (markets, rationing mechanisms, etc.) and macroeconomic issues (e.g., national debt). Scholars such as John A. Rohr write of a long history behind the constitutional legitimacy of government bureaucracy. In Europe (notably in Britain and Germany), the divergence of the field from other disciplines can be traced to the 1720s continental university curriculum. Formally, official academic distinctions were made in the 1910s and 1890s, respectively. The goals of the field of public administration are related to the democratic values of improving equality, justice, security, efficiency and effectiveness of public services in a non-profit venue; business administration, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with expanding market share, generating revenue and earning profit. For a field built on concepts (accountability, governance, decentralization and clientele), these concepts are often ill-defined and typologies often ignore certain aspects of these concepts. The more specific term "public management" refers to ordinary, routine or typical management that aims to achieve public good. In some definitions, "public management" refers to private sector, market-driven perspective on the operation of government. This typically involves putting senior executives on performance contracts, rather than tenured positions, instituting pay-for-performance systems for executives, creating revenue-generating agencies and so on. This latter view is often called "new public management" (NPM) by its advocates. New Public Management represents a reform attempt that emphasizes the professional nature of public administration. NPM advocates aim to replace the academic, moral or disciplinary emphasis of traditional public administration with a professional focus. Some theorists advocate a "bright line" differentiation of the professional field from related academic disciplines like political science and sociology; it remains interdisciplinary in nature. One public administration scholar, Donald Kettl, argues that "public administration sits in a disciplinary backwater", because "for the last generation, scholars have sought to save or replace it with fields of study like implementation, public management, and formal bureaucratic theory". Kettl states that "public administration, as a subfield within political science ... is struggling to define its role within the discipline". He notes two problems with public administration: it "has seemed methodologically to lag behind" and "the field's theoretical work too often seems not to define it"-indeed, "some of the most interesting recent ideas in public administration have come from outside the field". Public administration, is also sometimes known as "Administration in the Political System" due to non-partisan and apolitical civil servants and other non-governmental personnel having to interact with or take orders from politically partisan officials and institutions. Public administration theory is the domain in which discussions of the meaning and purpose of government, the role of bureaucracy in supporting democratic governments, budgets, governance, and public affairs takes place. In recent years, public administration theory has periodically connoted a heavy orientation toward critical theory and postmodern philosophical notions of government, governance, and power. However, many public administration scholars support a classic definition of the term emphasizing constitutionality, public service, bureaucratic forms of organization, and hierarchical government. Comparative public administration Comparative public administration or CPA is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries. There have been several issues which have hampered the development of comparative public administration, including: the major differences between Western countries and developing countries; the lack of curriculum on this sub-field in public administration programs; and the lack of success in developing theoretical models which can be scientifically tested. Even though CPA is a weakly formed field as a whole, this sub-field of public administration is an attempt at cross-cultural analysis, a "quest for patterns and regularities of administrative action and behavior." CPA is an integral part to the analysis of public administration techniques. The process of comparison allows for more widely applicable policies to be tested in a variety of situations. Comparative public administration emerged during the post-World War II period in order to seek international developmental strategies which aided in the containment of communism during the Cold War. (Riggs 1954, Heady 1960) The developers of this field expanded on a general theory, a research agenda, and generalized "lessons learned". (Riggs 1954, Heady 1960) A prominent figure of Public Administration, Woodrow Wilson, commented on the study by saying, "Like principles of civil liberty are everywhere fostering like methods of government; and if comparative studies of the ways and means of government should enable us to offer suggestions which will practicably combine openness and vigor in the administration of such governments with ready docility to all serious, well-sustained public criticism, they will have approved themselves worthy to be ranked among the highest and most fruitful of the great departments of political study". As the financial state of the powering countries began to stabilize toward the decline of the Cold War, the field of CPA began to diminish. The resulting decline caused the lack of further expansion of this study making it irrelevant. Comparative public administration lacks curriculum, which has prevented it from becoming a major field of study. This lack of understanding of the basic concepts that build this field's foundation has ultimately led to its lack of use. For example, William Waugh, a professor at Georgia State University has stated "Comparative studies are difficult because of the necessity to provide enough information on the sociopolitical context of national administrative structures and processes for readers to understand why there are differences and similarities." He also asserts, "Although there is sizable literature on comparative public administration it is scattered and dated." Waugh argues that public administration requires an understanding of different administrative structures and a comparison of different public administration models. The literature to build this base of knowledge is scattered and often hard to obtain. The lack or ill-formed use of comparative public administration has been detrimental for many countries, including the United States. Fred Riggs a political scientist, states that "comparisons to the United States also can be problematic, because of the tendency of many American scholars to presume the American organizational structures and processes are models for other nations to emulate, which was a failing of early developmental administrative studies." In this, he claims the misuse and misapplication of comparative public administration has led to it being underdeveloped. The development and better use comparative public administration could lead to better understanding. In 2002, the National Security Strategy was used in the battle of hearts and minds. They tried to assimilate with an Arab and Islamic audience to push American values and democracy in an attempt to stop terrorism, when in fact the lack of comparison on the public level was ineffective and backfired. The lack of willingness to understand their culture led to more tension in the Middle East. In conclusion of these events there are not enough resources directed to the study of comparative public administration. For a basic understanding of sociopolitical structure of a society or culture is a key component of comparative public administration. Despite all of its set backs there are examples of the application of well-formed Comparative Public Administration working in the world today. One of which is the comparison on the national level David Clark an author in this field states "In spite of similarities in public management reform rhetoric, it is argued that there is increasing divergence in the philosophy & practice of public service in the two nations, & and these differences reflect regimes that incorporate different ideals of citizenship." This highlights the benefit of proper comparison of public administration. By examining patterns that emerge in international public sectors one can identify similarities and differences in many things including ideals of citizenship on the local level. Although the United States failed use of Comparative Public Administration in the Middle East is noted, they did properly incorporate it domestically. "During the Clinton administration, the focus on residential energy consumption in the United States was elevated to a high level with the inauguration of the Million Solar Roofs initiative, in which the Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored workshops, developed a pool of existing federal lending and financing options, and worked with partners in the solar and building industries to remove market barriers to strengthen grassroots demand for solar technologies". This grassroots demand may have come from the comparative knowledge that concluded "In the United States, residential and commercial buildings combined now use 71% of all electricity produced and account for 79% of all electricity expenditures. Annual CO2 emission attributed to electricity consumption in these U.S. buildings constitute 43% of the country's annual total CO2 emission, which is approximately equivalent to the total CO2 emission of Japan, France, and the United Kingdom combined. These levels support the claim of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that energy use in buildings offer more potential for reducing carbon emission than any other single sector in the United States and abroad.". This example compares CO2 emission in the United States to other countries and through the buildings sector; the US could cut down on emission. The field of comparative public administration is often misunderstood for the definition itself is complex and requires layers of understanding. The field will require many more years of collaborative research before it becomes a widely recognized academic study. Bachelor's degrees, academic concentrations, and academic minors Universities offer Undergraduate level Bachelor's degrees such as a Bachelor of Science (BS) and/or Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Public Administration or Government, Political Science, and International Affairs with a academic concentration or specialization in Public Policy and Administration. At a number of universities undergraduate level public administration and nonprofit management education is packaged together (along with international relations and security studies) in a degree in political science. Master's degrees Some public administration programs have similarities to business administration programs, in cases where the students from both the Master's in Public Administration (MPA) and Master's in Business Administration (MBA) programs take many of the same courses. In some programs, the MPA (or MAPA) is more clearly distinct from the MBA, in that the MPA often emphasizes substantially different ethical and sociological criteria that pertain to administering government programs for the public good that have not been key criteria for business managers, who typically aim to maximize profit or share price. The MPA is related to similar graduate-level government studies programs including Master of Arts (MA) programs in public affairs, public policy, and political science. MPA degrees may be more likely to include program emphases on policy analysis techniques or other topical focuses such as the study of international affairs as opposed to MA degrees, which tend to focus on constitutional issues such as separation of powers, administrative law, contracting with government, problems of governance and power, and participatory democracy. Some MPA degrees may be more oriented towards training students to undertake public service work tasks, whereas some MA programs may have a more academic, theoretical focus. Some universities offer their Masters in public administration as an MA degree (e.g., Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada and the University of Kerala in India). Some universities offer mid-career Master's programs, sometimes called an MC/MPA, that can be taken part-time (often outside of business hours) by public servants and public service managers who are working full-time. Community programs may offer internships or continuing education credits. One example is the Maxwell School's mid-career Masters at Syracuse University, which was launched by Robert Iversen in the 1970s. Doctoral degrees There are two types of doctoral degrees in public administration: the Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) and the Ph.D. in public administration. The DPA is an applied-research doctoral degree in the field of public administration, focusing on the practice of public administration more than on its theoretical aspects. The DPA requires coursework beyond the Masters level and a thesis, dissertation or other doctoral project. Upon successful completion of the doctoral requirements, the title of "Doctor" is awarded and the post-nominals of D.P.A. can be used. Some universities use the Ph.D. as their doctoral degree in public administration (e.g., Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, and the University Of Kerala in India). The Ph.D. is typically sought by individuals aiming to become professors of public administration or researchers. Individuals pursuing a Ph.D. in public administration often pursue more theoretical dissertation topics than their DPA counterparts. Notable scholars Notable scholars of public administration have come from a range of fields. In the period before public administration existed as its own independent sub-discipline of political science, scholars contributing to the field came from economics, sociology, management, political science, legal—specifically administrative law—and other related fields. More recently, scholars from public administration and public policy have contributed important studies and theories. Notable Institutions For notable institutions, see the Wikipedia article on public policy schools. Career prospects Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programs as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct". Many non-elected public employees such as political appointees and especially career staff civil servants are considered public administrators. This includes political appointees, upper management-level civil servants (senior executive service), and lower-level civil servants such as heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments/agencies such as municipal budget directors, human resources (HR) administrators, city managers, census managers, state mental health directors, cabinet members (cabinet secretaries in presidential systems), as well as general population career staff such as paralegals, lawyers, legislative assistants, office secretaries, administrative assistants, project assistants, project managers, program support specialists, program assistants, program analysts, management analysts, investigators, policy analysts, research assistants, and many more non-elected positions in government; in addition, most industries in the private sector dealing with government relations, regulatory affairs, business-to-government marketing/sales, corporate social responsibility (CSR), environmental, social, governance (ESG), public procurement (PP), public-private partnerships (P3), in consulting firms, trade associations, think tanks, and nonprofit organizations in the voluntary sector, as well as those in the field of legislative assistance, also hire those with public administration and political science degrees and educational backgrounds. International organizations There are a number of international public administration organizations. The Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management (CAPAM) is diverse, as it includes the 54 member states of the Commonwealth from India and the UK to Nauru. Its biennial conference brings together ministers of public service, top public officials and leading scholars. The oldest organization is the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS). Based in Brussels, Belgium, the IIAS is a worldwide platform providing a space for exchanges that promote knowledge and good practices to improve the organization and operation of public administration. The IIAS also aims to ensure that public agencies will be in a position to better respond to the current and future expectations and needs of society. The IIAS has set up four entities: the International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA), the European Group for Public Administration (EGPA), The Latin American Group for Public Administration (LAGPA) and the Asian Group for Public Administration (AGPA). IASIA is an association of organizations and individuals whose activities and interests focus on public administration and management. The activities of its members include education and training of administrators and managers. It is the only worldwide scholarly association in the field of public management. EGPA, LAGPA and AGPA are the regional sub-entities of the IIAS. Another body, the International Committee of the US-based Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA), has developed a number of relationships around the world. They include sub regional and National forums like CLAD, INPAE and NISPAcee, APSA, ASPA. The Center for Latin American Administration for Development (CLAD), based in Caracas, Venezuela, this regional network of schools of public administration set up by the governments in Latin America is the oldest in the region. The institute is a founding member and played a central role in organizing the Inter-American Network of Public Administration Education (INPAE). Created in 2000, this regional network of schools is unique in that it is the only organization to be composed of institutions from North and Latin America and the Caribbean working in public administration and policy analysis. It has more than 49 members from top research schools in various countries throughout the hemisphere. NISPAcee is a network of experts, scholars and practitioners who work in the field of public administration in central Europe and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation and the Caucasus and Central Asia. The US public administration and political science associations like NASPAA, American Political Science Association (APSA) and American Society of Public Administration (ASPA). These organizations have helped to create the fundamental establishment of modern public administration. Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration (EROPA) is a state-membership based organization, open to other organizations and individuals, headquartered in the Philippines with centres and membership organized around the Asia Pacific region. EROPA organizes annual conferences, and publishes a journal Asian Review of Public Administration (ARPA). It has a number of centres in the region, and assists in networking experts with its members. Public management "Public management" is an approach to government administration and non-profit administration that resembles or draws on private-sector management and business techniques and approaches. These business approaches often aim to maximize efficiency and effectiveness and provide improved customer service. A contrast is drawn with the study of public administration, which emphasizes the social and cultural drivers of government that many contend (e.g., Graham T. Allison and Charles Goodsell) makes it different from the private sector. proposes a positive and negative definitions of public management. The positive approach as: "praxeological ana rightful process of public service for citizens for the sake of their and following generations good through strengthening mutual relationships, competitiveness of national economy and practical increase of social utility through effective allocation of public resorurces". Negative approach as: "Fiction, whose aim is the possibility of temporal or permanent appropriation of public goods for the implementation of the particular interests of a narrow social group". Studying and teaching about public management are widely practiced in developed nations. Organizations Many entities study public management in particular, in various countries, including: In the US, the American Society for Public Administration. Indiana University Bloomington In Canada, the Institute of Public Administration of Canada, the Observatoire de l'Administtation publique, and various projects of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and Infrastructure Canada In the UK, Institute of Local Government Studies, INLOGOV, Newcastle Business School, Warwick Business School, the London School of Economics, University College London, the UK local democracy project and London Health Observatory. In the Netherlands, Erasmus University Rotterdam In Australia, the Institute of Public Administration Australia. In France, the École nationale d'administration, the Sciences Po School of Public Affairs, the INET, National Institute of Territorial Studies, and the , Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance in Aix-en-Provence, Aix-Marseille University. In Belgium, the Public Governance Institute, KU Leuven. In Germany, the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer, the Hertie School of Governance, the Bachelor and Master of Politics, Administration & International Relations (PAIR) at the Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen, and the Bachelor and Master of Public Policy & Management and the Executive Public Management Master of University of Potsdam. In Switzerland, the University of Geneva and the Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration (IDHEAP). In Italy, the SDA Bocconi School of Management, the graduate business school of Bocconi University in Milan, Italy. In Cyprus, the Cyprus International Institute of Management or CIIM. In Ireland, the Institute of Public Administration, Dublin. In South Africa, Regenesys Business School through the Regenesys School of Public Management and MANCOSA. Comparative public management, through government performance auditing, examines the efficiency and effectiveness of two or more governments. See also Administration (government) Administrative discretion Administrative law Budgeting Bureaucracy Civil society Community services Max Weber Doctor of Public Administration List of Public Administration Journals List of public administration schools Master of Public Administration Municipal government Official Politics Professional administration Public administration theory Public policy Policy Studies Public policy schools Teleadministration Theories of administration The Study of Administration Societies International Institute of Administrative Sciences American Society for Public Administration Chinese Public Administration Society Dutch Association for Public Administration Indian Institute of Public Administration Joint University Council of the Applied Social Sciences Korea Institute of Public Administration Royal Institute of Public Administration Public management academic resources Public Policy and Administration, , (electronic) (print), SAGE Publications and Joint University Council of the Applied Social Sciences International Journal of Public Sector Management, , Emerald Group Publishing Public Management Review, (electronic) (paper) Routledge Public Works Management & Policy, (electronic) (paper), SAGE Publications Public Administration and Development, , Wiley (publisher) Notes References Further reading Dubois, H.F.W. & Fattore, G. (2009), 'Definitions and typologies in public administration research: the case of decentralization', International Journal of Public Administration, 32(8): 704–27. Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2007). Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction. Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications. Smith, Kevin B. and Licari, Michael J. (2006) Public Administration – Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government, LA: Roxbury Pub. Co. White, Jay D. and Guy B. Adams. Research in public administration: reflections on theory and practice. 1994. Donald Menzel and Harvey White (eds) 2011. The State of Public Administration: Issues, Challenges and Opportunity. New York: M. E. Sharpe. Public management Janicke, M. (1990). State Failure. Cambridge: Polity Press. Kanter, R. M. (1985). The Change Masters: Corporate Entrepreneurs at Work. Hemel Hempstead: Unwin Paperbacks. Lane, R. E. (1991). The Market Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lynn, L. E., Jr. (1996). "Public Management as Art, Science, and Profession." Chatham House, CQ Press. Lynn, L. E., Jr. (2006). "Public Management: Old and New." Routledge. Raczkowski, K. (2016). "Public Management: Theory and Practice." Springer External links Gov Monitor: A public administration, policy and public sector website Public Administration Theory Network (PAT-Net) : This is an international network of professionals concerned with the advancement of public administration theory. United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN): A body which aims to establish an Internet-based network that links regional and national institutions devoted to public administration. National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration International Public Management Network International Public Management Association for Human Resources American Society for Public Administration public-administration definition nature and dimension Management education Public policy Subfields of political science
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This is a list of Baptist churches in the U.S. state of Alabama that are notable because they are National Historic Landmarks (NHL), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage (ARLH), or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. Baptist churches have been centers of worship and leadership in the state from the Mississippi Territorial period onward. Early Baptist churches were usually biracial in membership, although the African American members were almost always slaves belonging to the white congregants. The church buildings were often simple and unadorned. As the pioneer period faded and society developed, the churches tended to reflect the social order of southern society via gender, class, and racial divisions. Sometimes there were separate entrance doors for male and female members, with members remaining separated by gender inside. In wealthier communities, the more well-to-do members usually had reserved seats in the front. Slaves were always relegated to the rear or a mezzanine gallery in the building. Baptist churches played pivotal roles in such issues as national divisions over the issue of slavery and the Civil Rights Movement. The Alabama Baptist Convention formed in 1823, only a few years after statehood, and helped lead the breakaway of southern Baptist churches from their northern counterparts many years prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War. The Alabama convention, along with Baptist conventions in other southern states, formed the Southern Baptist Convention after the breakup over the legality of slavery. Considered by Southern Baptists in Alabama as one of the most important churches during the early years of statehood is the Siloam Baptist Church in Marion. The congregation was established in 1822. The current brick Greek Revival building was completed in 1848. It is considered by Baptist leaders in the state as one of the most important mother churches of many of Alabama's Baptist institutions and churches because members of this church were instrumental in establishing both Judson College in 1838 and Howard College, now Samford University, in 1841. Judson College remains in Marion, while Howard College was moved to Birmingham in 1887 and was later renamed Samford University. Although some African American Baptist churches formed in Alabama's cities prior to the Civil War, such as the St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church that formed in 1836 in Mobile, most African Americans in Alabama separated from white-dominated churches and set up their own congregations after the war and end of slavery. African-American Baptist congregations in Alabama played an important primary role in the civil rights movement in the United States. The St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church was host to the seventh Colored Baptist Convention of Alabama in 1874, a meeting that lead to the formation of Selma University in 1878. The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church is a National Historic Landmark near the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped to organize the Montgomery bus boycott in the church's basement. The 16th Street Baptist Church is nationally known as the site of a Civil Rights-era bombing that killed four young girls. The church had served as an organizational headquarters, site of mass meetings and rallying point for blacks protesting widespread institutionalized racism in Birmingham. It is also recognized as a National Historic Landmark due to the fact that the tragedy marked a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement and contributed to the public outcry that added support for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention voted to adopt a resolution that renounced its racist roots and apologized for its past defense of slavery. Alabama Baptist Convention churches and denominational leadership were supportive of this apology. In the first decade of the 21st century, two out of every three church members in Alabama and more than two-fifths of all residents consider themselves Baptists, with 1.1 million belonging to the churches in the Southern Baptist Convention and another 750,000, primarily African Americans, belonging to a variety of other Baptist associations. Following the 2011 Super Outbreak in Alabama, many Alabama Baptist churches of all races were active in providing relief to the victims. See also History of Baptists in Alabama List of Baptist churches in the United States References Baptist churches
The halfback in Canadian football, and most commonly the Canadian Football League, currently refers to the defensive back rather than the running back, as in American football. The defensive halfback lines up inside covering the slotback. They are usually slightly larger than the cornerback to assist the linebackers in stopping the run. They can also be seen backing off the line early, to counter the forward motion of a slotback, which is allowed before the snap in Canadian football. The cause of the difference in naming between the two positions between the American and Canadian game, which otherwise uses the same names for positions, stems from the early history of the game. In both games, the early formations featured identical offensive and defensive formations, with seven down linemen and four players (five in Canada) in the backfield. Thus, both the offence and defence had quarterbacks, halfbacks and fullbacks. Over the course of the 20th century, the American and Canadian games both placed an increased emphasis on forward passing, resulting in both offensive and defensive formations spreading out and morphing into modern formations. Furthermore, the abolition of the one-platoon system in the 1940s led to a tendency for position names being used on only one side of the ball. The American game, which still held a significant running component (modern American football is more balanced between both running and passing), kept two running backs, which led to the retention of the "halfback" and "fullback" identifications on that side of the ball. In Canadian football, however, passing was (and still is) a greater portion of the game (due in part to the larger field and one less down in that game) and only one running back was regularly used, leading to the offensive distinction between halfback and fullback eventually becoming obsolete. Historically, the offensive halfback was similar to a slotback and lined up off the tight end, running sweeps, pass patterns and performing blocking duties, but could also run out of the backfield in front of the fullback, much like a standard running back in American football. The rough equivalents of the halfback position in American football are the strong safety and nickelback. Canadian football terminology
The Prayer Book Rebellion or Western Rising was a popular revolt in Cornwall and Devon in 1549. In that year, the first Book of Common Prayer, presenting the theology of the English Reformation, was introduced. The change was widely unpopular, particularly in areas where firm Catholic religious loyalty (even after the Act of Supremacy in 1534) still existed, such as Lancashire. Along with poor economic conditions, the enforcement of the English language led to an explosion of anger in Cornwall and Devon, initiating an uprising. In response, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset sent John Russell to suppress the revolt, with the rebels being defeated and its leaders executed two months after the beginning of hostilities. Background One probable cause of the Prayer Book Rebellion was the religious changes recently implemented by the government of the new king, Edward VI. In the late 1540s, Lord Protector Somerset, on behalf of the young king, introduced a range of legislative measures as an extension of the Reformation in England and Wales, with the primary aim of changing theology and practices, particularly in areas of traditionally Catholic religious loyalty – for example, in Cornwall and Devon. When traditional religious processions and pilgrimages were banned, commissioners were sent out to remove all symbols of Catholicism, in line with Thomas Cranmer's religious policies favouring Protestantism ever more. In Cornwall, this task was given to William Body, whose perceived desecration of religious shrines led to his murder on 5 April 1548 by William Kylter and Pascoe Trevian at Helston. This pressure on the lower classes was compounded by the recent poll tax on sheep. This would have affected the region significantly, with the West Country being an area of sheep farming. Rumours circulating that the tax would be extended to other livestock might have increased the discontent. A damaged social structure then meant this local uprising was not sufficiently dealt with by nearby landowners. The Marquess of Exeter, a large landowner in Sampford Courtenay, had recently been attainted. His successor, Lord Russell, was based in London and rarely came out to his land. It is possible this created a lack of local power that would have normally been expected to quell the revolt. It is possible that the roots of the rebellion can be traced back to Cornwall's own ancient wish for independence from England, meaning they were loath to accept new laws from a central government geographically distant from them. More recently, the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 and the subsequent destruction of monasteries from 1536 through to 1545 under King Henry VIII had brought an end to the formal scholarship, supported by the monastic orders, that had sustained the Celtic Cornish and the Catholic Devonian cultural identities. The dissolution of Glasney College and Crantock College as well as Tavistock Abbey in Devon played a significant part in fomenting opposition to future cultural reforms. It has been argued that the Catholic Church had "proved itself extremely accommodating of Cornish language and culture" and that government attacks on the traditional religion had reawakened the spirit of defiance in Cornwall, and in particular the majority Cornish-speaking far west. Immediate retribution followed with the execution of twenty-eight Cornishmen at Launceston Castle. One execution of a "traitor of Cornwall" occurred on Plymouth Hoe – town accounts gave details of the cost of timber for both gallows and poles. Martin Geoffrey, the pro-Catholic priest of St Keverne, near Helston, was taken to London. After Geoffrey's execution, his head was impaled on a staff erected upon London Bridge as was customary. Sampford Courtenay and the immediate beginnings of the uprising The new prayer book was not uniformly adopted and in 1549, the Act of Uniformity made it unlawful to use the Latin liturgical rites from Whitsunday 1549 onwards. Magistrates were given the task of enforcing the change. Following the enforced change on Whitsunday, on Whitmonday the parishioners of Sampford Courtenay in Devon compelled their priest to revert to the old service. The rebels argued that the new English liturgy was "but lyke a Christmas game." This claim was probably related to the book's provision for men and women to file into the quire on different sides to receive the sacrament, which seemed to remind the Devon men of country dancing. Justices arrived at the next service to enforce the change. An altercation at the service led to a proponent of the change (William Hellyons) killed by being run through with a pitchfork on the steps of the church house. Following this confrontation, a group of parishioners from Sampford Courtenay decided to march to Exeter to protest at the introduction of the new prayer book. As the group of rebels moved through Devon, they gained large numbers of Catholic supporters and became a significant force. Marching east to Crediton, the Devon rebels laid siege to Exeter, demanding the withdrawal of all English liturgies. Although a number of the inhabitants in Exeter sent a message of support to the rebels, the city refused to open its gates. The gates were to stay closed because of the siege for over a month. "Kill all the gentlemen" In Cornwall and Devon, the issue of the Book of Common Prayer proved to be the final indignity that the people could peaceably bear. Two decades of oppression were followed by two years of rampant inflation, in which wheat prices had quadrupled. Along with the rapid enclosure of common lands, the attack on the Church, which was felt to be central to the rural community, led to an explosion of anger. In Cornwall, an army gathered at the town of Bodmin under the leadership of its mayor, Henry Bray, and two staunch Catholic landowners, Sir Humphrey Arundell of Helland and John Winslade of Tregarrick. Many of the gentry sought protection in old castles. Some shut themselves in St Michael's Mount where they were besieged by the rebels who started a bewildering smoke-screen by burning trusses of hay. This, combined with a shortage of food and the distress of women, forced them to surrender. Sir Richard Grenville found refuge in the ruins of Trematon Castle. Deserted by many of his followers, the old man was enticed outside to parley. He was seized and the castle ransacked. Sir Richard and his companions were imprisoned in Launceston gaol. The Cornish army then proceeded to march east across the Tamar border into Devon to join with the Devon rebels near Crediton. The religious aims of the rebellion were highlighted in the slogan "Kill all the gentlemen and we will have the Six Articles up again, and ceremonies as they were in King Henry's time." However, it also implies a social cause (a view supported by historians such as Guy and Fletcher). That later demands included limiting the size of households belonging to the gentry – theoretically beneficial in a time of population growth and unemployment – possibly suggests an attack on the prestige of the gentry. Certainly such contemporaries as Thomas Cranmer took this view, condemning the rebels for deliberately inciting a class conflict by their demands: "to diminish their strength and to take away their friends, that you might command gentlemen at your pleasures". Protector Somerset himself saw dislike of the gentry as a common factor in all of the 1549 rebellions: "indeed all hath conceived a wonderful hate against the gentlemen and taketh them all as their enemies." The Cornish rebels were also concerned with the use of the English language in the new prayer book. The language-map of Cornwall at this time is quite complicated, but philological studies have suggested that the Cornish language had been in territorial retreat throughout the Middle Ages. Summarising the research, Mark Stoyle says that by 1450, the county was divided into three main linguistic blocs: "West Cornwall was inhabited by a population of Celtic descent, which was mostly Cornish speaking; the western part of East Cornwall was inhabited by a population of Celtic descent, which had largely abandoned the Cornish tongue in favor of English; and the eastern part of East Cornwall was inhabited by a population of Anglo-Saxon descent, which was entirely English speaking." This tripartite model is however not borne out by modern genetic evidence which shows distinctly Cornish and Devonian genetic identities separate from, but closely related to, both each other and the 'Anglo-Saxon' English. The West Cornish, outraged by the introduction of English in their 1549 services, wrote the Demands of the Western Rebels the eighth Article of which states: "...and so we the Cornyshe men (whereof certen of us understande no Englysh) utterly refuse thys newe Englysh". Responding to this, however, Archbishop Cranmer asked why the Cornishmen should be offended by holding the service in English rather than Cornish when they had before held it in Latin and not understood that. Confrontations In London, King Edward VI and his Privy Council became alarmed by this news from the West Country. On instructions from the Lord Protector the Duke of Somerset, one of the Privy Councillors, Sir Gawen Carew, was ordered to pacify the rebels. At the same time, Lord John Russell was ordered to take an army to impose a military solution. The rebels were of many different backgrounds, some farmers, some tin miners, and some fishermen. Cornwall appears to have had a significantly larger militia than other areas of a similar size. Crediton confrontation After the rebels passed Plymouth, Devonian knights Sir Gawen and Sir Peter Carew were sent to negotiate with the Devon rebels at Crediton. They found their approaches blocked and they were attacked by longbowmen. Shortly before, the Cornish rebels arrived and Arundell had to divide his combined force, sending one force to Clyst St Mary to assist the villagers and the other with the main army to advance upon Exeter, where it besieged the city for 5 weeks. The siege of Exeter The rebel commanders unsuccessfully tried to persuade John Blackaller, Exeter's pro-Catholic mayor, to surrender the town. The city gates were closed as the initial force of some 2,000 men gathered outside. Battle of Fenny Bridges On July 2, Lord John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford's initial force had reached Honiton. It included 160 Italian arquebusiers and 1,000 landsknechts, German foot soldiers, under the command of Lord William Grey. With promised reinforcements from Wiltshire and Gloucestershire, Russell would have had more than 8,600 men, including a cavalry force of 850 men, all of whom were well armed and well trained. Russell had estimated the combined rebel forces from Cornwall and Devon at only 7,000 men. On July 28, Arundell decided to block their approach to Exeter at Fenny Bridges. The result of this conflict was inconclusive. Approximately 300 men on each side were reported to have died with Lord Russell and his army returned to Honiton. Battle of Woodbury Common Lord Russell's reinforcements arrived on August 2 and his army of 5,000 men began a march upon Exeter, westward, across the downs. Russell's advance continued on to Woodbury Common where they pitched camp. On August 4, the rebels attacked, but the result was inconclusive with large numbers of prisoners taken by Lord Russell. Battle of Clyst St Mary Arundell's forces re-grouped with the main contingent of 6,000 soldiers at Clyst St Mary, but they were attacked by a central force led by Sir William Francis on August 5. After a ferocious battle, Russell's troops gained the advantage and left a thousand Cornish and Devonians dead and many more taken prisoner. Clyst Heath massacre Russell pitched camp on Clyst Heath where he had 900 bound and gagged rebel prisoners killed, with their throats slit in 10 minutes, according to the chronicler John Hayward. Battle of Clyst Heath When news of the atrocity reached Arundell's forces, a new attack took place early on August 6. Lord Grey later commented that he had never seen the like nor taken part in such a murderous fray. As he had led the charge against the Scots in the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, this was a telling statement. Some 2,000 soldiers had died at the battle of Clyst Heath. A group of Devon men went north, up the valley of the Exe, where they were overtaken by Sir Gawen Carew who left the corpses of their leaders hanging on gibbets from Dunster to Bath. Relief of Exeter Lord Russell continued his attack with the relief of Exeter. In London, a proclamation was issued, allowing the lands of those involved in the uprising to be confiscated. Arundell's estate was transferred to Sir Gawen Carew, and Sir Peter Carew was rewarded with John Winslade's estate in Devon. Battle of Sampford Courtenay Lord Russell was under the impression that the rebels had been defeated, but news arrived that Arundell's army was re-grouping at Sampford Courtenay. This interrupted his plans to send 1,000 men into Cornwall by ship to cut off his enemy's retreat. Russell's forces were strengthened by the arrival of a force under Provost Marshal Sir Anthony Kingston. His army now numbered more than 8,000, vastly outnumbering what had remained of his opposition. Lord Grey and Sir William Herbert led the attack, and the contemporary Exeter historian John Hooker wrote that "the Cornish would not give in until most of their number had been slain or captured". Lord John Russell reported that his army had killed between five and six hundred rebels, and his pursuit of the Cornish retreat had killed a further seven hundred. Aftermath Many had escaped, including Arundell who fled to Launceston. There, he was captured and taken to London together with Winslade, who was caught at Bodmin. In total, over 5,500 people lost their lives in the rebellion. Further orders were issued on behalf of the king by the Lord Protector the Duke of Somerset and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer for the continuance of the onslaught. Under Sir Anthony Kingston, the English and mercenary forces had moved into Devon and Cornwall where they executed or killed many people before the bloodshed finally ceased. Proposals to translate the Prayer Book into Cornish were also suppressed. The loss of life in the Prayer Book Rebellion and subsequent reprisals as well as the introduction of the English Prayer Book is seen as a turning point in the Cornish language, for which – unlike Welsh – a complete bible translation has not been produced. Research has also suggested that, prior to the rebellion, the Cornish language had strengthened and more concessions had been made to Cornwall as a "nation", and that anti-English sentiment had been growing stronger, providing additional impetus for the rebellion. Bishop of Truro's sorrow for the response to the Rebellion In June 2007, the then Bishop of Truro, the Right Revd Bill Ind, was reported as saying that the massacre during the vicious suppression of the Prayer Book Rebellion more than 450 years ago was an "enormous mistake" for which the Church of England should be ashamed. Speaking at a ceremony at Pelynt, he said: See also Cornish Rebellion of 1497 Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Rising of 1549, which took place at the same time and for the same reasons as the Prayer Book Rebellion Pilgrimage of Grace Rising of the North Religion in the United Kingdom Jenny Geddes, precipitator of a later rebellion in Scotland leading to the Wars of the Three Kingdoms including the English Civil War List of topics related to Cornwall History of Devon References Bibliography Primary sources Holinshed, Raphael (1586) The ... Chronicles, comprising the description and historie of England, the description and historie of Ireland, the description and historie of Scotland; first collected and published by Raphaell Holinshed, William Harrison, and others. Now newlie augmented and continued (with manifold matters of singular note and worthie memorie) to the yeare 1586 by John Hooker, alias Vowell Gent, and others. 3 vols. London: John Harrison, 1586–87 (includes an account of the rebellion by John Hooker) John Hooker, Description of the citie of Excester, ed. Walter J. Harte, J. W. Schopp and H. Tapley-Soper, (Devon and Cornwall Record Society Publications, vol. 11), 3 pts., Exeter: Devon and Cornwall Record Society, 1919–1947 Nicholas Pocock, (ed.), Troubles connected with the Prayer Book of 1549, Camden Society, new series, vol. 37, 1884 Secondary sources Arthurson, Ian. "Fear and loathing in west Cornwall: seven new letters on the 1548 rising," Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, new series II, vol. 3, pts. 3/4, 2000, pp. 97–111 Aston, Margaret, "Segregation in church," in: W. J. Sheils and Diana Wood, (eds.), Women in the Church, (Studies in Church History, 27), Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990, pp. 242–281. Beer, B. L. “London and the Rebellions of 1548–1549.” Journal of British Studies, 12.1 1972, pp. 15–38. online Charlesworth, Andrew, ed. An atlas of rural protest in Britain 1548–1900 (Taylor & Francis, 2017). Cornwall, Julian. The Revolt of the Peasantry, 1549, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977 Couratin, A.H. "The Holy Communion, 1549," Church Quarterly Review, vol. 164, 1963, pp. 148–159 Eamon Duffy, The Voices of Morebath: reformation and rebellion in an English village, New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 2001. Fletcher, Anthony, and Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions, 5th ed., Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004 (pp. 52–64). Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: a life, New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 1996 (pp. 429–432, 438–440). Manning, Roger B. "Violence and social conflict in mid-Tudor rebellions," Journal of British Studies, vol. 16, 1977, pp. 18–40 Mattingly, Joanna. "The Helston Shoemakers Guild and a possible connection with the 1549 rebellion," Cornish Studies, vol. 6, 1998, pp. 23–45 Rose-Troup, Frances. The western rebellion of 1549: an account of the insurrections in Devonshire and Cornwall against religious innovations in the reign of Edward VI, London: Smith, Elder, 1913 online Mark Stoyle. "The dissidence of despair: rebellion and identity in early modern Cornwall," Journal of British Studies, vol. 38, 1999, pp. 423–444 Mark Stoyle. "‘Fullye Bente to Fighte Oute the Matter’: Reconsidering Cornwall's Role in the Western Rebellion of 1549." English Historical Review 129.538 (2014): 549–577. Whittle, Jane. "Peasant Politics and Class Consciousness: The Norfolk Rebellions of 1381 and 1549 Compared." Past and Present 195.suppl_2 (2007): 233–247. Youings, Joyce. "The south-western rebellion of 1549," Southern History, vol. 1, 1979, pp. 99–122 Mark Stoyle A Murderous Midsummer: The Western Rising of 1549, Yale University Press, 2022. External links 1549 Prayer Book Rebellion Prayer Book Rebellion March The Prayerbook Rebellion – Etched in Devon's memories The Western Rebellion in Devon Keskerdh Kernow 500 Prayer Book Rebellion 1497 and 1549 Rebellions Britain's radical past Lyver Pysadow Kemyn (1980) Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Cornish 1549 in England History of Cornwall History of Devon Christianity in Cornwall Christianity in Devon Tudor rebellions Cornish nationalism Counter-Reformation Military history of Cornwall Book of Common Prayer Battles involving the Cornish Conflicts in 1549 16th-century rebellions Edward VI of England Sectarian violence 16th century in Cornwall 16th century in Devon Catholic rebellions
Albert Bosquet (born 1882) was a Belgian sport shooter. Competing for Belgium, he won a silver medal in team clay pigeons at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. References 1882 births Date of death missing Belgian male sport shooters Olympic shooters for Belgium Olympic silver medalists for Belgium Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in shooting 20th-century Belgian people
Carmen Meléndez de Cálix was a Honduran politician. In 1957 she was elected to the Constituent Assembly, becoming one of the first female deputies in Honduras. Biography A prominent member of the National Party in Atlántida Department, Meléndez was nominated as a candidate by the party for the 1957 Constituent Assembly elections. She was one three women elected, becoming the first female deputies in Honduras. References Deputies of the National Congress of Honduras 20th-century Honduran women politicians 20th-century Honduran politicians National Party of Honduras politicians Possibly living people
Established in 1984, and published monthly by Mondiale Publishing Ltd, NIGHT magazine covered operational, technical and design developments within bars, clubs, student unions, casinos and live venues across the UK. Through its partnership with nightclub association Noctis and research arm CGA the magazine was able to provide legal, political and operational guidance alongside information from installers, manufacturers and service providers working within the nightclub industry. The magazine also provided an overview of the culture and community of clubbing, conducting interviews with key industry figures and artists, creating features and commissioning its own photography. The website of the magazine, launched in June 2007, carried all the information from the magazine, as well as daily news, technology and drinks bulletins. NIGHT magazine hosted an annual awards night entitled 'NIGHT presents... the beda's'. The event aimed to recognise high standards of UK nightclub operation, design and technology NIGHT magazine had an ABC certified circulation of 10,499 copies between 1 July 2007 and 30 June 2008. In 2009 NIGHT magazine ended publication. References External links Night magazine official website Business magazines published in the United Kingdom Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom Magazines established in 1984 Magazines disestablished in 2009 Mass media in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport Professional and trade magazines Magazines published in Manchester
Mark of the Christian is a work by Francis Schaeffer concerning the spiritual life of the Bible. Overview This short work by Dr. Schaeffer is not deep into theology or philosophy. It is simple and to the point. There are two passages of Scripture that are primarily utilized as the context. One is John 13:34, 35 where Jesus says, "A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another, even as I have loved you, that you also love one another. By this all men will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another" (NASB). The other is John 17:21 where Jesus is praying to the Father "that they all may be one; even as Thou, Father, art in Me, and I in Thee, that they also may be in Us; that the world may believe that Thou didst send Me" (NASB). The Mark of the Christian, as Schaeffer says the Bible defines it, is Christian Love. It is not a mushy, gooey, romantic love, but one that is practical and that a watching (sinful) world can see. This love is one that knows how to say, "I’m sorry," and that knows how to openly forgive. This love should also not be equated to organizational unity. In contrast to that it means unity stemming from the common bond of caring for each other. Schaeffer sites the Catholic Church as one that has organizational unity. Yet it is cutting itself to ribbons from within. Many Protestant denominations could fall into this same type of unity. Schaeffer also writes (p. 184) that, while this particular category of love is just for other Christians alone, Christians are also to love humans outside the Church as well: All men bear the image of God. They have value, not because they are redeemed, but because they are God's creation in God's image. Modern man, who has rejected this, has no clue as to who he is, and because of this he can find no real value for himself or for other men. Hence, he downgrades the value of other men and produces the horrible thing we face today — a sick culture in which men treat men as inhuman, as machines. As Christians, however, we know the value of men. All men are our neighbors, and we are to love them as ourselves. We are to do this on the basis of creation, even if they are not redeemed, for all men have value because they are made in the image of God. Therefore they are to be loved even at great cost. The most important thing, however, that Schaeffer says in this work is what he calls The Final Apologetic. If we as Christians do not love each other, than the world will say that God did not send Christ as the gospel proclaims. Within the framework of the Final Apologetic, we as Christians have a responsibility to live the gospel and in such a way that the dying and hurting world may see it and seek after it. Schaeffer then concludes this short book (p. 204) by saying: What then shall we conclude but that as the Samaritan loved the wounded man, we as Christians are called upon to love all men as neighbors, loving them as ourselves. Second, that we are to love all true Christian brothers in a way that the world may observe. This means showing love to our brothers in the midst of our differences-great or small-loving our brothers when it costs us something, loving them even under times of tremendous emotional tension, loving them in a way the world can see. In short, we are to practice and exhibit the holiness of God and the love of God, for without this we grieve the Holy Spirit. Love-and the unity it attests to-is the mark Christ gave Christians to wear before the world. Only with this mark may the world know that Christians are indeed Christians and that Jesus was sent by the Father. The work is then ended with a short poem called Lament by Evangeline Paterson (p. 205): Weep, weep for those Who do the work of the Lord With a high look And a proud heart. Their voice is lifted up In the streets, and their cry is heard. The bruised reed they break By their great strength, and the smoking flax They trample. Weep not for the quenched (For their God will hear their cry And the Lord will come to save them) But weep, weep for the quenchers For when the Day of the Lord Is come, and the vales sing And the hills clap their hands And the light shines Then their eyes shall be opened On a waste place, Smouldering, The smoke of the flax bitter In their nostrils, Their feet pierced By broken reed-stems . . . Wood, hay, and stubble, And no grass springing. And all the birds flown. Weep, weep for those Who have made a desert In the name of the Lord. Schaeffer considered this booklet to be one of his most important works. This is shown by the fact that in his lifetime it was published in four different forms. First it was published by itself (InterVarsity, 1970). Then an essay from it was written for Christianity Today (September 11, 1970). It was published as an appendix to The Church At The End of the Twentieth Century (InterVarsity, 1970). It was included in The Complete Works... as cited above. Then it was included as an appendix to The Great Evangelical Disaster (Crossway, 1984) which was the last book Schaeffer wrote before his death in May 1984. One reviewer (Robinson, 1971) wrote that "Excellent reading is offered Christians who want to practice and exhibit both the holiness of God and the love of God." Yet maybe the greatest tribute to its importance to evangelicals was when Christianity Today published it again in the March 6, 1995 issue (pp. 27–33), eleven years after his death. In the preface to that reprint (p. 27) the editor writes of how Schaeffer was not a stranger to controversy and to schisms in Protestant denominations. "He did, however," writes the editor, "articulate a theology of disagreement...His pointed challenges remind us that we must not only choose the right battles, but also choose the right way to fight" (italics added for emphasis). References Robinson, H.W. (January 1971). [Review of the book Mark of the Christian]. Bibliotheca Sacra, No. 128, p. 86. External links Schaeffer, Francis A. (1970). Mark of the Christian. Complete and authorized version on line from The Evangelical Christian Library. Accessed September 4, 2006. 1970 non-fiction books Books about Christianity
Mae Win () is a tambon (subdistrict) of Mae Wang District, in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 10,879 people. The tambon contains 19 villages. References Tambon of Chiang Mai province Populated places in Chiang Mai province
Rana amurensis (Khabarovsk frog, Siberian wood frog, Heilongjiang brown frog or Amur brown frog) is a species of true frog found in northern Asia. Rana coreana was previously included in this species as a subspecies. Distribution and habitat It ranges across western Siberia, as well as northeastern China, northeastern Mongolia, and on the northern Korean Peninsula and on Sakhalin. Found at latitudes up to 71° N, it is the northernmost wild amphibian species. Favoring lowlands, it is seldom encountered at elevations of more than 600 m. A habitat generalist, Rana amurensis favors open ground, but is also found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. In the winter, it hibernates on pond bottoms. Conservation According to the IUCN, the chief threat to the species is habitat loss, as it is only mildly tolerant of disturbance. In addition, it has become a frequent subject of hunting in Russia since the 1990s. It is not considered threatened on a global scale though. Description Adults are light brown with smooth skin and irregular dark brown and yellow stripes, with a body length of . Diet and breeding Rana amurensis favors beetles, and consumes of food per day. The average lifespan is three years. Their breeding season is very early, starting in late February in Korea. An egg sac contains 30-60 eggs. Gallery References External links Rana (genus) Amphibians described in 1886 Amphibians of China Amphibians of Korea Amphibians of Mongolia Amphibians of Russia Fauna of Siberia
Tishomingo County is a county located in the northeastern corner of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 18,850. Its county seat is Iuka. History Tishomingo County was organized February 9, 1836, from Chickasaw lands that were ceded to the United States. The Chickasaw were forced by Indian Removal to relocate to lands in the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Jacinto was the original county seat of Tishomingo County and its historic courthouse building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Parts of the northeastern side of Tishomingo county are part of the Battle of Shiloh Civil War battlefield. In 1870 the area was divided into Alcorn, Prentiss and Tishomingo counties. Tishomingo's county seat was relocated to Iuka. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (4.6%) is water. The highest natural point in Mississippi, the Woodall Mountain, is located in the county. Tishomingo County is the only county in Mississippi with outcroppings of natural limestone formations. Adjacent counties Hardin County, Tennessee (north) Lauderdale County, Alabama (northeast) Colbert County, Alabama (east) Franklin County, Alabama (southeast) Itawamba County (south) Prentiss County (southwest) Alcorn County (northwest) Major highways U.S. Route 72 Mississippi Highway 4 Mississippi Highway 25 Mississippi Highway 30 Mississippi Highway 172 Mississippi Highway 350 Mississippi Highway 364 Mississippi Highway 365 Mississippi Highway 366 Mississippi Highway 760 Natchez Trace Parkway National protected area Natchez Trace Parkway Demographics 2020 census As of the 2020 United States census, there were 18,850 people, 7,635 households, and 5,035 families residing in the county. 2010 census As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 19,593 people living in the county. 94.5% were White, 2.6% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 1.7% of some other race and 0.8% of two or more races. 2.8% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 2000 census As of the census of 2000 there were 19,163 people, 7,917 households, and 5,573 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 9,553 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 94.93% White, 3.11% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.06% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. 1.79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. By 2005 the population was 93.4% non-Hispanic white. 3.6% of the population was African-American. 2.6% of the population was Latino. At 93.4% of the county's population, Tishomingo County has the highest percentage of Non-Hispanic whites in the state of Mississippi. In 2000 there were 7,917 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males. The median income for a household in the county was $28,315, and the median income for a family was $34,378. Males had a median income of $28,109 versus $19,943 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,395. About 11% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.6% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over. Recreation Tishomingo State Park is located in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains in Tishomingo County, Mississippi, north of Tupelo, Mississippi. Activities in the park including canoeing, rock climbing, fishing and hiking. The park was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s. Many of the original buildings are still standing. The park is named for an early leader of the Chickasaw nation, Tishomingo (1734-1838). J.P. Coleman State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is located north of Iuka off Mississippi Highway 25. It sits along the banks of the Tennessee River and Pickwick Lake. The park is named for James P. Coleman, a former governor of Mississippi. Activities include sailing, swimming, camping, hiking, skiing, and fishing for smallmouth bass. Bay Springs Lake is a reservoir on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is impounded by the Jamie Whitten Lock and Dam. The lake is approximately nine miles long, between waterway mile markers 412 at the dam, and 421 near the entrance to the divide cut. The Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway (popularly known as the "Tenn-Tom") is a artificial waterway that provides a connecting link between the Tennessee and Tombigbee rivers. The waterway begins at Pickwick Lake on the Tennessee River, then flows southward through northeast Mississippi and west Alabama, finally connecting with the established Warrior-Tombigbee navigation system at Demopolis, Alabama. Communities City Iuka (county seat) Towns Belmont Burnsville Golden Tishomingo Villages Paden Census-designated place Dennis Unincorporated communities Bloody Springs Doskie Eastport Midway Mingo Oldham Pittsburg Short Ghost town Holcut Government and politics Board of supervisors Eric Booker, District 1 Nicky McRae, District 2 Michael Busby, District 3 Jeff Holt, District 4 Greg Collier, District 5 Chancery clerk Peyton Cummings Circuit Clerk Josh McNatt State representatives Representative Lester Carpenter, Mississippi House of Representatives - District 1 Representative Mark DuVall, Mississippi House of Representatives - District 19 Senator Eric Powell, Mississippi State Senate - District 4 Senator Daniel Sparks, Mississippi State Senate - District 5 Presidential election results Tishomingo County is solidly Republican at the Presidential level, having last voted for a Democrat in 1992 when it voted for Bill Clinton. Since then the closest a Democrat has come to winning the county was in 1996 when Clinton narrowly lost to Bob Dole. In 2020 Donald Trump received 86.8 percent of the vote, the best result for a Republican since 1972 when Richard Nixon received 89.2 percent of the vote. See also Battle of Iuka Natchez Trace Parkway National Register of Historic Places listings in Tishomingo County, Mississippi Woodall Mountain References Further reading External links Tishomingo County Development Foundation Tishomingo County Historical and Genealogical Society Tishomingo County Tourism Council Mississippi counties 1836 establishments in Mississippi Mississippi placenames of Native American origin Counties of Appalachia Populated places established in 1836
is a gymnasium located in Hiroshima, Japan. Overview The gymnasium was built in 1989, in memory of Katsutoshi Nekoda, the volleyball setter. It is the home gymnasium of the JT Thunders, a men's volleyball team in Hiroshima. See also JT Thunders Katsutoshi Nekoda References Sports venues in Hiroshima Indoor arenas in Japan
Lochan a' Garbh Coire is a small freshwater loch located below the summit of Ben Alder in the Highlands of Scotland. At over above sea level, it is among the highest named bodies of water in the British Isles. References Freshwater lochs of Scotland Lochs of Highland (council area)
is a 2011 Japanese film directed by Noboru Iguchi. The film is a remake of the 1970s show Denjin Zaborger. Plot An evil criminal organisation called Sigma kidnap prominent business leaders to harvest their DNA and only Karate-Robo Zaborgar can save them. Cast Itsuji Itao as Yutaka Daimon Akira Emoto as Dr. Akunomiya Yasuhisa Furuhara as The Younger Daimon Naoto Takenaka as Daimon's father Hiroyuki Watanabe as Detective References External links 2011 films 2010s Japanese-language films Japanese action films Fictional karateka Films directed by Noboru Iguchi Films based on television series Nikkatsu films Tokusatsu films Films scored by Shunsuke Kikuchi 2010s Japanese films
John Ching'andu (born 11 December 1993) is a Zambian footballer who plays as a midfielder for ZESCO United F.C. and the Zambia national football team. Career Club Ching'andu is a graduate of the ZESCO United youth system. During the 2021–22 season, he was the club's top scorer with nine goals and was voted the players' player of the year. International Ching'andu made his senior international debut on 6 July 2012, tallying 45 minutes before being subbed off for Kasongo Mwepya in a 1-0 friendly defeat to Malawi. In 2015, Ching'andu was a part of the Zambia U23 squad that competed in the Africa U-23 Cup of Nations, making one appearance, a 66-minute stint off the bench in a 2-1 group stage defeat to Tunisia. He was also included in Zambia's squad for the 2018 COSAFA Cup, appearing in all three matches against Namibia, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe as they finished runners-up. Career statistics International Honors International Zambia COSAFA Cup Runner-Up: 2018 References External links John Ching'andu at Sofa Score 1993 births Living people ZESCO United F.C. players Zambia Super League players Zambian men's footballers Zambia men's international footballers Men's association football midfielders
Lehan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Adam Lehan, British guitarist James Lehan (1856–1946), American baseball player Michael Lehan (born 1979), American football player See also Behan Lohan
George Stentiford (7 May 1900 – 1976) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Stockport County and Stoke. Career Born in Brentford, Stentiford started his career with non-league Kingstonian in the Athenian League. He impressed at right half and he earned a move north to Football League side Huddersfield Town. Without making an appearance for the "Terriers", he joined Stoke and played eight matches during the 1923–24 season and three more in the following campaign before joining Stockport County in 1924. He spent two years at Edgeley Park and returned to the south with Guildford United. Career statistics References 1900 births 1976 deaths Footballers from Brentford English men's footballers Men's association football wing halves Kingstonian F.C. players Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Stoke City F.C. players Stockport County F.C. players Guildford City F.C. players English Football League players
is a Japanese rock band formed in 2000. While their music can be mostly categorized as alternative rock or power pop, their music usually consists of an eclectic mix of genres, including jazz, disco and progressive rock. Name origin Before the band made their formal debut they were originally known as , in homage to the textile company which former band drummer, Takayuki Watanabe's, father owned. Just before moving to Tokyo and reforming the band, the spelling was changed to . History Formation and indie period (2000-2004) Originally a cover band consisting of several junior high school friends, Fujifabric was founded by Masahiko Shimura and Takayuki Watanabe. After graduating from high school, the Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi natives began to take their musical interests more seriously and moved to Tokyo, and recruited Sachiko Tadokoro, Yūichi Katō and Akira Hagiwara for the band. The first Fujifabric performance was in October 2001 at Club Eggsite (now known as Shibuya Eggman). After playing several successful club gigs, Fujifabric was signed to Song-Crux. Before the release of their debut mini-album, À la carte guitarist Akira Hagiwara and bassist Yūichi Katō left the band, and keyboardist Sachiko Tadokoro soon followed, leaving Shimura and Watanabe. Daisuke Kanazawa and Shinichi Katō were recruited into the band and in June 2003 the band released their second mini-album À la mode. Major albums and hiatus (2004-2010) The band soon caught the attention of several major record labels and a bidding war over the band ensued; finally in 2004 Fujifabric was signed to Toshiba-EMI and Sōichirō Yamauchi was brought into the band as lead guitarist. In January 2004 original founding member Takayuki Watanabe left the band due to creative differences; consequently Fusafumi Adachi joined and took over as drummer. In February 2004 Fujifabric completed the "À la.." trilogy and released their first major release, EP À la molto. Fujifabric released their first full (and self-titled) studio album on November 10, 2004. Fujifabric peaked at No. 17 on Japan's Oricon Chart. In 2005 the band released three more singles including the popular "Ginga" and "Akaneiro no Yūhi", the latter which featured the song "Shinkirō" and was used as the ending theme in the film Scrap Heaven. In November 2005, Fujifabric released their second full album Fab Fox which went on to peak at No. 8 on the Oricon charts, selling 13,152 units in its first week. After a two-year hiatus, Fujifabric released the single "Aoi Tori", which peaked at No. 9 on the Oricon Chart and was the ending theme of the film Nightmare Detective. The band's subsequent single "Surfer King", featured Masahiko Kitahara, Nargo, and Gamo of Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra, and marked Fujifabric's first collaboration. The tracks were included on Fujifabric's third studio album, Teenager. The album came out on January 3, 2008, and peaked at No. 11. Their second most recent single, entitled "Sugar!!" was used as the theme music for J-Sports' Nippon Professional Baseball broadcasts for the 2010 season. On December 24, 2009, vocalist Masahiko Shimura died due to unknown causes. His final album as lead vocalist, titled Music, was released on July 28, 2010. Memorial concert, label change, and new vocalist (2010-present) Despite the death of their lead singer, the band continued with the remaining three members. In 2010, the band switched labels from EMI Music Japan to Sony Music Associated Records. The three remaining members performed a memorial concert in August 2010, Fujifabric Presents Fuji Fuji Fuji Q, which featured many friends of the band substituting as lead vocalist including Quruli, Kishidan, Puffy, Tamio Okuda, Polysics, and more. The DVD and Blu-ray from this concert was released on July 20, 2011. In August 2011, they announced that their sixth album, titled Star, would be released September 21 with lead guitarist Sōichirō Yamauchi as the new vocalist. The lead track from their twelfth single, , released on May 15, 2012, was the opening song for the anime Tsuritama. The limited edition of this single includes a live DVD featuring the current lineup of Fujifabric performing tracks from Star. Their latest album, Voyager, was released on March 6, 2013. One of the singles promoting the album, "Small World", was used as the 4th opening to the anime Space Brothers. In 2014 they released two songs that were featured in anime: "Life" for the second season of Silver Spoon and "Blue" for the anime Blue Spring Ride. Members Current joined the band in January 2003, replacing the former keyboardist. joined the band at the same time as Kanazawa, in January 2003. He is the bassist of the band. joined Fujifabric in January 2004 as lead guitarist, and took over lead vocals following Shimura's death. Former was the only remaining original member of Fujifabric, he was the lyricist, lead vocalist, and rhythm guitarist of the group. He died on December 24, 2009, of an unknown ailment. joined Fujifabric in January 2004 as a drummer. He was an employee of Ringo Shiina's individual office kuronekodow before joining. He left the band on March 27, 2006, and is now front man for his band "Marvelous." Support - drummer for Kenichi Asai's JUDE and unkie - drummer for Tokyo Jihen Discography Studio albums Fujifabric (2004) Fab Fox (2005) Teenager (2008) Chronicle (2009) Music (2010) Star (2011) Voyager (2013) Life (2014) Stand!! (2016) F (2019) I Love You (2021) Mini albums À la carte (2002) À la mode (2003) À la molto (2004) Compilations Singles 2004-2009 (2010) Singles "Sakura no Kisetsu" (2004) "Kagerō" (2004) "Akakiiro no Kinmokusei" (2004) "Ginga" (2005) "Niji" (2005) "Akaneiro no Yūhi" (2005) "Yaon Live Vol. 1" (2006, digital download) "Yaon Live Vol. 2" (2006, digital download) "Aoi Tori" (2007) "Surfer King" (2007) "Passion Fruit" (2007) "Wakamono no Subete" (2007) "Sugar!!" (2009) "Tsuredure Monochrome / Ryūsenkei" (2012) "Light Flight" (2012) "Small World" (2013) "LIFE" (2014) "Blue/WIRED" (2014) "Polaris" (2016) "Super!!" (2016) "Golden Time" (2019) "Rakuen (Fujifabric single)" (2021) References External links Fujifabric Official website Fujifabric at EMI Music Japan Fujifabric at Capitol Music Japanese power pop groups Japanese alternative rock groups Japanese indie rock groups Musical groups established in 2000 Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists Musical groups from Yamanashi Prefecture
The Great Blizzard of 1899, also known as the Great Arctic Outbreak of 1899 and the St. Valentine's Day Blizzard, was an exceptionally severe winter weather event that affected most of the United States, particularly east of the Rocky Mountains. On February 11, Swift Current in present-day Saskatchewan reported a record-high barometric pressure of . Temperatures and records For the 1895–2017 period of record: February 1899 was the second-coldest February in the contiguous U.S. (behind only 1936). The average temperature was , which was colder than the 1895–2017 average of and warmer than February 1936. December 1898 through February 1899 was the third-coldest meteorological winter in the contiguous U.S. (behind the coldest and second-coldest winters of 1978/79 and 1935/36, respectively). The average temperature was , which was colder than the 1895–2017 average of and warmer than the 1978/79 winter. February 1899 was the coldest February in Kansas, Missouri, and Wyoming. February 1899 was the second-coldest February in Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Winter weather On February 12, snow flurries were reported in areas from New Orleans eastward to Tampa. The storm crossed the Florida peninsula and intensified as it moved rapidly up the east coast. High Point, North Carolina, recorded of snow. Washington, D. C. recorded a single-day snowfall of , which was a record for the time. (On January 28, 1772, of snow fell in the Washington area during the "Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm"; however that was before official record-keeping began.) On February 19, ice floes were reported to be moving out of the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. On February 14, New Orleans dropped to , an all-time record. The previous day, the city experienced its coldest-ever Mardi Gras low temperature of . The Rex parade was delayed while snow was removed from the route. The low temperature in Miami, Florida, on February 14 dropped to with a high of only . The city has only recorded a lower temperature twice since record-keeping commenced on September 6, 1895. The low temperature in Tallahassee, Florida dropped to on February 13, 1899 with a record low maximum of on the 14th. This is the only time in Florida history that sub-zero temperatures have been ever recorded in Florida and these records stand to this day. Casualties, damages and inconveniences The Great Arctic Outbreak of 1899 had disastrous impact across many areas of the continental U.S. and Cuba as people, livestock, and wildlife succumbed to the frigid cold. U.S. bird populations were decimated across the nation. Henderson County, Tennessee saw nearly the complete extinction of its bluebird population and Culpeper County, as well as most northern and central Virginia counties lost nearly all of its quail, having to import new birds in the late teens and 1920s to repopulate the areas. Some of the bird species affected: Bluebird, Blue-headed vireo, Catbirds, Chipping sparrow, Dark-eyed junco (also known as snowbird), Fox sparrow, Grass finch, Hermit thrush, Killdeer, Meadowlark, Mourning dove, Pine warbler, Quail, Savannah sparrow, Song sparrow, Swamp sparrow, and Woodcock. It has been estimated that over 100 people died. In Brooklyn, 31 year-old Mary Goodwin was frozen to death and a thinly clad, unidentified woman in The Dalles, Oregon, was found frozen to death in a hallway in an attempt to find warmth. Mail carriers Palmer and Hawkins of New York were thought to have drowned attempting to deliver the mail. It is believed that their boat, overturned by the high winds, was crushed by the floating ice. Crops were ruined, and orchards were utterly destroyed in Georgia. Walla Walla, Washington's majority of wheat was destroyed by the frost with Eureka Flat seeing the most damage. Traffic was brought to a complete standstill in all parts of the country. Barges on the Mississippi river, which was in some parts entirely frozen through and the Great Lakes, were brought to a complete standstill. Traffic across all railroads were delayed or paralyzed indefinitely while steamers and liners were likewise delayed. See also Great Freeze References 1899-2 1899 meteorology 1899 natural disasters in the United States 1899 in the environment February 1899 events
Dominik Reimann (born 18 June 1997) is a German professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for 1. FC Magdeburg. Club career In May 2018, Reimann moved from Borussia Dortmund II to 2. Bundesliga club Holstein Kiel, signing a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021. He made his professional debut for Kiel in the 2. Bundesliga on 15 March 2019, starting in the home match against Erzgebirge Aue, which finished as a 5–1 win. International career In October 2014, Reimann was called up to the Poland under-18 national team, though he did not make an appearance. Following this, he switched to representing Germany, making his under-18 debut on 13 November 2014 in a 4–0 friendly win against the Netherlands. Reimann was included in hosts Germany's squad for the 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship in July 2016. He made two appearances in the group stage, with Germany being eliminated from title contention but ultimately still qualifying for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup. In 2017, Reimann was included in Germany's squad for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup in South Korea. He made one appearance in the group stage of the tournament, a 2–0 loss to eventual runners-up Venezuela in Germany's opening match. Germany went on to reach the round of 16 of the tournament, where they were eliminated by Zambia following a 4–3 loss after extra time. Personal life Reimann was born in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia and is of Polish descent. Honours 1. FC Magdeburg 3. Liga: 2021–22 References External links 1997 births Living people German people of Polish descent Footballers from Münster Polish men's footballers German men's footballers Men's association football goalkeepers Germany men's youth international footballers Borussia Dortmund II players Borussia Dortmund players Holstein Kiel players Holstein Kiel II players 1. FC Magdeburg players 2. Bundesliga players 3. Liga players Regionalliga players
James Sweeney (1901–1957) was an American film editor. Sweeney was born in Illinois and started his Hollywood career in 1929. After starting as a film editor for Columbia, including a number of Three Stooges short subjects, Sweeney spent most of the rest of his career on Columbia features and programmers. He was active through 1957, and worked on about 100 films and some early television series. Filmography Shadow Ranch, 1930 The Dawn Trail (1930) The Lone Rider (1930) The Lightning Flyer (1931) Woman Haters, 1934 (the first Three Stooges short) Three Little Pigskins, 1934 (Three Stooges short) Horses' Collars, 1935 (Three Stooges short) Hoi Polloi, 1935 (Three Stooges short) Pop Goes the Easel, 1935 (Three Stooges short) Pardon My Scotch, 1935 (Three Stooges short) Killer at Large (1936) Trapped by Television, 1936 Venus Makes Trouble, 1937 Smashing the Spy Ring (1938) Parents on Trial (1939) Beware Spooks! (1939) So You Won't Talk, 1940 Atlantic Convoy 1942 Is Everybody Happy?, 1943 The Return of Rusty (1946) Last of the Redmen (1947) Best Man Wins, 1948 Rusty Leads the Way (1948) Mary Ryan, Detective, 1949 Prison Warden (1949) The Blazing Sun, (1950) Flame of Stamboul (1951) The Hills of Utah (1951) The Old West (1952) Winning of the West, 1953 Gun Fury, 1953 The Incredible Petrified World, 1958 References External links 1901 births 1957 deaths Place of death missing People from Illinois American film editors
Rutherford House is a historic building and museum in the Strathcona area of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The structure was the home of the first Premier of Alberta, Alexander Cameron Rutherford, from 1911 to 1941, and has subsequently been designated as an Alberta provincial historic site. Overview Rutherford House was built by Alexander Cameron Rutherford in 1911 on a large lot in the former City of Strathcona near the University of Alberta campus for $25,000. The residence, initially called Achnacarry by the Rutherford family, after their ancestral castle in Scotland, is now known as Rutherford House Provincial Historic Site. In 1966 the house was designated for demolition as the University of Alberta made plans for expansion. It quickly became a public concern to save the structure. The University Women's Club played a key role in saving this historic resource and in 1970 the Alberta government announced its decision that the house would be preserved. The Rutherford House is operated by Alberta Culture and Community Spirit, Historic Sites and Museums Branch and is assisted by the Friends of Rutherford House, a non-profit, charitable society, formed in 1985 to assist the province with the preservation and presentation of this historic site. Architecture The two-storey structure features Elizabethan and Jacobean motifs, with red brick exterior with sandstone trim, tall chimneys, columned porches and two-storey bay windows. The interior of Rutherford House was designed to serve as both a residence and for reception, with ceilings, and a grand central hall staircase detailed in oak, with oak panelling and a stained glass skylight. The dining room is the largest room in the house at featuring a bay window with fir wainscotting and decorative fir ceiling beams. History On 29 May 1909, Alexander Cameron Rutherford became the owner of a superset of the lot now occupied by Rutherford House. The description of him on the certificate title of ownership reads "a gentleman of Strathcona". By late 1909 plans for the house were drawn up by the firm of A.G. Wilson and D.E. Herrald, British-trained architects and civil engineers, and excavation completed by Strathcona contractors James Smith and J.T. Radford. During the following spring of 1910 Thomas Richards, another Strathcona contractor and master bricklayer, prepared the foundation, which was poured by the end of May 1910. The double brick walls were built during the summer of 1910, with some of the work being done by Thomas Richards himself. Work proceeded on the elegant hardwood interior over the winter, with the house being fit for occupancy by February 1911. Rutherford House when completed in 1911 had a number of modern features including hot running water, electric lighting, flush toilets, and telephones. The Rutherford family of four, including Alexander Cameron Rutherford, Mattie Birkett Rutherford, Cecil Alexander Rutherford and Hazel Elizabeth Rutherford moved in by the end of March 1911. The Rutherfords occupied the house until September 1940, when Mattie Birkett Rutherford died on September 13, 1940. In June 1941, Rutherford House was sold, by Alexander, to the University of Alberta – Delta Upsilon fraternity, for $9500, corresponding to the cost of construction. The Delta Upsilon fraternity vacated the house in 1969, after expropriation by the University of Alberta in 1968. The Board of Governors of the University of Alberta agreed to lease the house to the Alberta government for forty years in late 1970 following an agreement with Minister of Public Works Albert W. Ludwig, following a successful campaign for preservation as an historic site by the University of Alberta Women's Club, including the assistance of the Women's Canadian Club, the Northern Alberta Pioneers and Old Timers Association, the Historical Society of Alberta, the Edmonton Historical Board, Provincial Museum and the City of Edmonton. Rutherford House Provincial Historic Site opened to the public in mid 1973, after three years of restoration. Many of the historic artifacts currently in the house are originals, donated by Hazel Elizabeth Rutherford and Helen Reid Rutherford (Cecil Alexander Rutherford's wife). Friends of Rutherford House Society The society was created on April 22, 1985, as a registered charitable society. Its mandate is to assist in the preservation and promotion of Rutherford House as an important historical site; by fundraising and providing opportunities for the public to learn about Alberta's cultural, social and political history. Up until recently it ran a tea room called the Arbour Restaurant as well as a small gift shop (currently operated by the museum), and through contractual agreement with the province coordinates all after-hour, private function bookings. See also Achnacarry North American fraternity and sorority housing Notes References External links University of Alberta Alumni Association Alberta Heritage – Rutherford House Historic house museums in Alberta Museums in Edmonton Provincial historic sites of Alberta Museums established in 1970 Houses completed in 1911 Delta Upsilon houses Historic buildings and structures in Edmonton
The 1961-62 season was the 70th season in Liverpool F.C.'s existence and their eighth and final season in Division Two. They finished the season as Second Division champions and sealed promotion to the First Division under the management of Bill Shankly, who had been in charge since December 1959. Their top scorer was centre-forward Roger Hunt, who scored 41 goals in the league and 42 in all competitions. They also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup. The signings of Ron Yeats and Ian St. John in the close season would also be influential in their championship, and would become part of the team for the rest of the decade. Squad Goalkeepers Jim Furnell Bert Slater Defenders Gerry Byrne Phil Ferns Alan Jones John Molyneux Ronnie Moran Dick White Ron Yeats Midfielders Alan A'Court Ian Callaghan Tommy Leishman Kevin Lewis Jimmy Melia Gordon Milne Johnny Morrissey Forwards Gordon Wallace Johnny Wheeler Alf Arrowsmith Willie Carlin Bobby Graham Roger Hunt Ian St. John Second Division Table Results FA Cup References LFC History.net – 1961-62 season Liverweb - 1961-62 Season The magnificent 1961/62 promotion season The magnificent 1961/62 promotion season Liverpool F.C. seasons Liverpool
Tom Dana Cohen (born August 13, 1953) is an American media and cultural theorist, currently a professor at the University at Albany, State University of New York. He has published books on film studies, comparative literature, theory, cultural studies, Alfred Hitchcock, and Paul de Man. Cohen has also published broadly on American authors and ideology, including Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Mikhail Bakhtin, William Faulkner and pragmatism, as well as on Alfred Hitchcock, Greek philosophy and continental philosophy. He is the editor (with Claire Colebrook) of the Critical Climate Change Book Series at Open Humanities Press and has lectured and taught internationally, including in China and Fulbright sponsored work in Thailand. He has been awarded a Distinguished Visiting Professorship by Shanghai Municipality in Shanghai. Biography Cohen's education consists of a M.A. from the University of Chicago in Comparative Literature and a Ph.D. from Yale University in Comparative Literature. Thus Cohen’s work began in literary theory and cultural politics but he has then explored as a philosopher areas of critical theory, cinema studies, digital media and climate change. Selected bibliography Books Reviewed in: References External links Personal page: Tom Cohen College of Arts and Sciences, University of Albany, State University of New York 1953 births Living people University at Albany, SUNY faculty Philosophers of art 20th-century American philosophers 21st-century American philosophers 20th-century American writers 21st-century American writers Critical theorists Poststructuralists
Packard Motor Car Showroom and Storage Facility is a historic automobile showroom located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is a three-story, reinforced concrete frame structure with restrained Neo-classical detailing. It was designed by Albert Kahn in about 1926 and served as a Packard dealership for 30 years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. See also Packard Motor Car Dealership (Dayton, Ohio) Packard Motor Car Dealership (Philadelphia) References External links Packard Motor Car Showroom and Storage Facility - U.S. National Register of Historic Places on Waymarking.com Preservation Studios Buffalo, NY: historic building rehabilitation and preservation consultants Buildings and structures in Buffalo, New York Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Neoclassical architecture in New York (state) Commercial buildings completed in 1927 Packard Auto dealerships on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places in Buffalo, New York Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Gordon Kerry (born 1961) is an Australian composer, music administrator, music writer and music critic. Career Kerry studied composition at the University of Melbourne under Barry Conyngham. He then worked for the Sydney Festival and resided in Sydney for the next 16 years. After the retirement of Fred Blanks, Kerry was invited to become a music critic for the Sydney Morning Herald. In April 1997 he was appointed artistic administrator for Musica Viva Australia, a post he held for 18 months but left as he had too little time to compose. He then became the organisation's musical adviser. He also contributes pieces for Limelight and The Australian's Review of Books. Bright Meniscus was inspired by J. R. Rowland's poem "Canberra in April" and was premiered by the Canberra Symphony Orchestra in May 1997. In 2009, he was awarded the Ian Potter Established Composer Fellowship. His book New Classical Music: Composing Australia was published by UNSW Press in 2009. His Clarinet Concerto was commissioned by Symphony Australia and was premiered on 21 August 2002, with soloist Francesco Celata and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under Sir Mark Elder. It includes a short quotation from Kerry's "Fioritura", a short solo piece written for Celata. In 2012 he was Musica Viva Australia's Composer-in-Residence. On 16 May 2012, Kerry's opera Midnight Son was premiered at the Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne, by Victorian Opera. Its libretto was by Louis Nowra, and it was directed by Nicki Wendt. The opera was based on the 2005 murder of Maria Korp by her husband Joe Korp's lover Tania Herman, and Joe Korp's subsequent suicide (it was originally to be called Korp). Principal soloists were Antoinette Halloran and Byron Watson. Although all the names were changed, members of the Korp family and victims of crime organisations criticised the production for lack of sensitivity. His Violin Concerto "So Dreams Thy Sails" was commissioned by Andrew and Fiona Johnston, and scored for solo violin, harp, horns and strings. It was written as a homage to Kerry's father's 90th birthday, and was premiered on 30 October 2016, with soloist Helena Rathbone and the Australian Chamber Orchestra. His opera The Snow Queen (libretto by John Kinsella, based on the fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen) was commissioned by Victorian Opera, and was premiered in Wodonga on 3 November 2017, conducted by Richard Mills. Since 2002 he has lived with his partner in Sandy Creek, overlooking Lake Hume in northern Victoria, not far from Wodonga. Selected other works Sinfonietta (1992, for the Perth International Arts Festival) Opera Medea (1993; libretto by Justin Macdonnell); it has been staged in Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra, Washington, Berlin, Düsseldorf Variations for Orchestra (1998; Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, Markus Stenz Cello Concerto (1997–98; Truls Mørk, Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra, Michael Halász) Piano Sonata for Ian Munro (1997–98) Harmonie, wind quintet (1997–98, Canberra Wind Soloists) Seven Improvisations for Cello and Percussion, April 1999, Sue-Ellen Paulsen and Tom O'Kelly, Tasmanian Conservatorium of Music Viola Concerto, SSO, 28 April 1999 Such Sweet Thunder, 30 September 1999, Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Markus Stenz Piano duo, for Michael Kieran Harvey and Bernadette Harvey Balkus, 2000 Breathtaking, mezzo-soprano, piano, 4 winds, 9 May 1999, Southern Cross Soloists Blue Latitudes, 29 January 2000, Wigmore Hall, London, Nash Ensemble Cantata Through the Fire, commemorating the 2002/3 northern Victorian bushfires, Opera in the Alps Festival, Beechworth, 24 January 2004 Opera Snow White and Other Grimm Tales (2015; libretto by John Kinsella) Clarinet Quintet (2019, for clarinetist David Rowden and Omega Ensemble) Splendera Completion of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Requiem, commissioned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Awards and nominations APRA Music Awards The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). They include the Art Music Awards, which are distributed by APRA AMCOS and the Australian Music Centre (AMC). ! \|- \| 2018 \|\| "String Quintet No. 2" (Gordon Kerry) for Australian String Quartet and Pieter Wispelwey \|\| Work of the Year – Instrumental \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2021 \|\| Clarinet Quartet (Kerry) for Omega Ensemble \|\| Work of the Year: Chamber Music \|\| \|\| References External sources Australian Music Centre "Inside the Musician. Gordon Kerry: The undiscovered continent" by Australian Music Trust 1961 births Living people Date of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) Australian arts administrators Australian composers Australian music critics Musicians from Victoria (state) University of Melbourne alumni
Districts of Ethiopia, also called woredas (; woreda), are the third level of the administrative divisions of Ethiopia – after zones and the regional states. These districts are further subdivided into a number of wards called kebele neighbourhood associations, which are the smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia. Overview Districts are typically collected together into zones, which form a region; districts which are not part of a zone are designated Special Districts and function as autonomous entities. Districts are governed by a council whose members are directly elected to represent each kebele in the district. There are about 670 rural districts and about 100 urban districts. Terminology varies, with some people considering the urban units to be woreda, while others consider only the rural units to be woreda, referring to the others as urban or city administrations. Although some districts can be traced back to earliest times—for example, the Yem special woreda, the Gera and Gomma woreda which preserve the boundaries of kingdoms that were absorbed into Ethiopia, and the Mam Midrina Lalo Midir woreda of a historic province of Ethiopia (in this case, two of the districts of Menz)— many are of more recent creation. Beginning in 2002, more authority was passed to woreda by transferring staff and budgets from the regional governments. Structure In Ethiopia, the woredas comprise three main organs: a council, an executive and a judicial. The Woreda Council is the highest government organ of the district, which is made up of directly elected representatives from each kebele in the woredas. The representative of the people in each kebele is accountable to their electorate. The woreda chief administration is the district's executive organ that encompasses the district administrator, deputy administrator, and the head of the main sectoral executive offices found in the district, which are ultimately accountable to the district administrator and district council. The quasi-judicial tasks belong to the Security and Justice administration. In addition to woredas, city administrations are considered at the same level as the woredas. A city administration has a mayor whom members of the city council elected. As different regional constitutions govern woredas, the names of the bodies may differ. Special woredas "Special woredas" are a subgroup of woredas (districts) that are organized around the traditional homelands of an ethnic minority, and are outside the usual hierarchy of zones in their respective Region. These special woredas have many similarities to autonomous areas in other countries. List of districts (by region, then zone) References External links Regional maps of Ethiopia from UN-OCHA States of Ethiopia at Statoids Subdivisions of Ethiopia Ethiopia 3 Districts, Ethiopia
Denford Magora was born in Harare, Zimbabwe. He is a novelist, playwright, analyst, advertising/marketing professional, politician and spokesman for Simba Makoni, presidential candidate in the Zimbabwe elections held in March 2008. Writing career Magora first became known in the early 1990s after his play, Dr Government, was banned by the government of Robert Mugabe. Magora himself was harassed by state security agents and this eventually led him to move to the United Kingdom, where he wrote the novel Dancing Under A Stormcloud, published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson. He is also a columnist with The Financial Gazette, writes analysis and opinion articles for the Zimbabwe Independent, The Standard and the Mail & Guardian of South Africa. He maintains a blog on which he writes news, opinion and analysis articles on Zimbabwe. Political career Magora's political career seems to have started seriously with his involvement in the campaign of Simba Makoni, when he was appointed spokesman and frequently commented on the presidential elections of March 2008. Prior to this, he did not identify with any political party, but was often criticised by readers of his articles for his criticism of Morgan Tsvangirai, the main opposition leader in Zimbabwe who beat Mugabe in March 2008 but failed to get enough votes to take office. References Zimbabwean writers Living people People from Harare Year of birth missing (living people)
Kuiterichthys pietschi is a species of fish in the family Antennariidae. It was described in 2013 by Rachel J. Arnold from 20 specimens collected at depths of 60 to 89 m (197 to 292 ft) off New South Wales, Australia. It differs from its congener K. furcipilis in number of fin rays, number of vertebrae, and escal morphology. It is named in honor of Theodore Wells Pietsch. Kuiterichthys pietschi measure in standard length. References Antennariidae Fish of the Pacific Ocean Marine fish of Australia Endemic fauna of Australia Fish described in 2013
Miroslav "Mika" Antić (; 14 March 1932 – 24 June 1986) was a Serbian poet, film director, journalist and painter. He was a major figure of the Yugoslav Black Wave. He had six children. Biography He wrote poems, articles, dramas, movie and TV scripts and documentaries. As a film-maker, he was considered as a part of the "Black Wave" of Yugoslav film. His films, in particular Breakfast with the devil in which Antić criticized the double morality of the communists during Tito’s time, were forbidden and destroyed. They were rediscovered and restored in the end of the 1990s. He acted in several movies and was a painter. In addition to poems about Romani people with whom he identified (despite being of Serbian ancestry), because of his bohemian lifestyle, and the long poem on Vojvodina published as a separate book, he is especially well known for much recited at poetry gatherings and competitions poems about teenagers Plavi čuperak (A Blond Lock of Hair). His oldest son, Igor, is a visual artist. Works Vojvodina Ispričano za proleće, 1951 Roždestvo tvoje Plavo nemo Nasmejani svet, 1955 Psovke nežnosti Koncert za 1001 bubanj, 1962 Mit o ptici Šašava knjiga, 1972 Izdajstvo lirike Plavi čuperak, 1965 Na slovo, na slovo, 1965 Horoskop, 1983 Prva ljubav, 1978 Garavi sokak, 1973 Živeli prekosutra, 1974 Na slovo, na slovo, 1975 Plava zvezda Na slovo, na slovo, 2010 References External links Translated works by Miroslav "Mika Antić" Miroslav Antic-pesme za decu 1932 births 1986 deaths Writers from Kikinda Serbian journalists Serbian male poets Golden Arena winners 20th-century Serbian poets Serbian film directors Serbian painters Serbian editors Serbian screenwriters Male screenwriters Serbian children's writers 20th-century screenwriters 20th-century journalists
Oba Osinlokun or Eshinlokun (died 1829) reigned as Oba of Lagos from 1821 to 1829 . His father was Oba Ologun Kutere and his siblings were Obas Adele and Akitoye, making the Ologun Kutere Obaship line the dominant one in Lagos. Among Osinlokun's children were Idewu Ojulari, Kosoko, and Opo Olu. Ascendancy Around 1820 or 1821, Osinlokun seized on the unpopularity of his younger brother Oba Adele, who was frowned upon for the introduction of the Egun masquerade, which at the time was seen as unbecoming. by forcibly taking the throne in a violent coup. Adele was exiled to Badagry where he assumed headship of the town. While in Badagry, Adele attempted to violently retake the Lagos throne but his efforts were futile. Death Osinlokun died in 1829 and was succeeded by his son Idewu Ojulari. References 1829 deaths 19th-century Nigerian people Obas of Lagos People from Lagos Nigerian royalty Year of birth unknown History of Lagos 19th century in Lagos People from colonial Nigeria Yoruba monarchs 19th-century monarchs in Africa Slave owners African slave traders Ologun-Kutere family African slave owners
Kurugöl is a village in the Akçakoca District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 433 (2022). References Villages in Akçakoca District
Jainagar may refer to: Jainagar, Bihar, a town of the Madhubani district in the Indian state of Bihar. Jainagar, Maharashtra, a town of the Nandurbar district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Jainagar, Koderma, a village in Jharkhand Jainagar (community development block), in the Koderma district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jainagar, Ramgarh, a census town , in Ramgarh district, Jharkhand Jai Nagarkatti, an American chemist and businessman who served as the president of the Sigma Aldrich Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines, a set of the three railway lines in the Indian Railways See also Jaynagar (disambiguation)
The flame hawkfish (Neocirrhites armatus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a hawkfish belonging to the family Cirrhitidae. It is native to tropical reefs of the Pacific Ocean at depths of from . This species is also found in the aquarium trade. It is the only known member of its genus. Taxonomy The flame hawkfish was first formally described in 1873 by the French naturalist Francis de Laporte de Castelnau with the type locality given as Noble Island in the Torres Strait off Queensland. Laporte placed the new species he was describing in its own monotypic genus. The genus name is a compound of neo meaning “new” and Cirrhites, an alternative spelling of the type genus of the family Cirrhitidae, Cirrhitus. The specific name armatus means "armed" a reference to the spines on the preoperculum. Description The flame hawkfish has a very deep, highly compressed body, its standard length being two to two and a half times its depth with a moderately long snout. The mouth has an outer row of canine teeth and an inner row of much smaller villiform teeth, the canines are notably larger at the front of the upper jaw and side of the lower jaw but there are no teeth on the palatine. There is a tuft of cirri and a flap on the posterior edge of the anterior nostril. The preoperculum has large serrations on at least its upper three quarters. The dorsal fin contains 10 spines and 13 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 6-7 soft rays. The dorsal fin spines are short, at the tip of each spine there is a tassel of cirri and the membranes between the spines are only weakly incised. The caudal fin is weakly rounded. The six lowest pectoral fin rays are unbranched and robust and the longest rays do not reach past the tips of the pelvic fins. This fish reaches a maximum total length of . This species is bright red with areas of black around eyes and beneath the dorsal fin. Distribution and habitat The flame hawkfish is found in the western Pacific where its range extends as far north as the Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands of Japan across the Pacific as far as the Pitcairn Islands and south to the Great Barrier Reef off Queensland. This species may be found as deep as , but is more commonly encountered between . It is a common species on reef fronts with exposure to tidal surge and on underwater terraces. Biology The flame hawkfish is typically observed using the branches of live corals to hide among. The preferred species are Stylophora mordax, Pocillopora elegans, P. eydouxi, or P. verrucosa and it flees deep into the coral if approached. Their diet comprises small crustaceans. It is an oviparous pelagic spawner which breeds in monogamous pairs. The adults do not have a swim bladder and use their robust pelvic fins as supports when perching on corals. Utilisation The flame hawkfish is collected for the aquarium trade and it can be quite commonly available and is one of the more popular species of hawkfish for the hobby aquarium, however, it is reportedly expensive and difficult to properly maintain. References External links Cirrhitidae Monotypic fish genera Fish described in 1873
Kirkdale ward was an electoral division of Liverpool City Council centred on the Kirkdale and Vauxhall areas of Liverpool. Background The ward was first established in 1895 before being dissolved in 1952, it was later reconstituted for the 2004 Municipal elections and again made defunct following boundary changes in 2023. 2004 boundaries A review by the Boundary Committee for England recommended that the council was formed of a reduced number of 90 members elected from 30 wards. The reconstituted Kirkdale ward was formed from most of the former Vauxhall and Melrose wards and a small part of Everton ward. The ward was part of the Liverpool Riverside Parliamentary constituency. The population of the ward at the 2021 Census was 18,657. 2023 elections Following a 2022 review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England which decided that the existing 30 wards each represented by three Councillors should be replaced by 64 wards represented by 85 councillors, the ward was split up into the new Kirkdale East, Kirkdale West, Vauxhall and Waterfront North wards. Councillors indicates seat up for re-election after boundary changes. indicates seat up for re-election. indicates change in affiliation. indicates seat up for re-election after casual vacancy. Notes Cllr Pat Holleran (Labour, 2007) resigned from the council on 19 March 2008 on health grounds. Cllr Beatrice Fraenkel (Labour, 2015) resigned from the council in March 2017 to focus on her role as chair of the Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust. Cllr Malcolm Kennedy (Labour, 2018) resigned from the council in October 2021 after being resident in Spain since March 2020. Election results Elections of the 2020s Elections of the 2010s Elections of the 2000s Two councillors were returned in the 2008 election. After the boundary change of 2004 the whole of Liverpool City Council faced election. Three Councillors were returned. • italics denotes the sitting Councillor • bold denotes the winning candidate See also Liverpool City Council Liverpool City Council elections 1880–present Liverpool Town Council elections 1835 - 1879 References External links Liverpool City Council: Ward profile Defunct wards of Liverpool
Baekunsan (lit. White Cloud Mountain) is a mountain located in Duseomyeon, Ulju County, Ulsan, South Korea. It was previously named Albaksan () during the Silla Dynsasy. It has an elevation of . See also Geography of Korea List of South Korean tourist attractions List of mountains in Korea Mountain portal South Korea portal References Mountains of Ulsan Mountains of South Gyeongsang Province Ulju County Mountains of South Korea
```java package com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.render.effect; import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView; import com.shuyu.gsyvideoplayer.render.view.GSYVideoGLView.ShaderInterface; /** * Converts video to Sepia tone. * * @author sheraz.khilji / public class SepiaEffect implements ShaderInterface { /* * Initialize Effect / public SepiaEffect() { } @Override public String getShader(GLSurfaceView mGlSurfaceView) { float weights[] = {805.0f / 2048.0f, 715.0f / 2048.0f, 557.0f / 2048.0f, 1575.0f / 2048.0f, 1405.0f / 2048.0f, 1097.0f / 2048.0f, 387.0f / 2048.0f, 344.0f / 2048.0f, 268.0f / 2048.0f}; String matrixString[] = new String[9]; matrixString[0] = " matrix[0][0]=" + weights[0] + ";\n"; matrixString[1] = " matrix[0][1]=" + weights[1] + ";\n"; matrixString[2] = " matrix[0][2]=" + weights[2] + ";\n"; matrixString[3] = " matrix[1][0]=" + weights[3] + ";\n"; matrixString[4] = " matrix[1][1]=" + weights[4] + ";\n"; matrixString[5] = " matrix[1][2]=" + weights[5] + ";\n"; matrixString[6] = " matrix[2][0]=" + weights[6] + ";\n"; matrixString[7] = " matrix[2][1]=" + weights[7] + ";\n"; matrixString[8] = " matrix[2][2]=" + weights[8] + ";\n"; String shader = "#extension GL_OES_EGL_image_external : require\n" + "precision mediump float;\n" + "uniform samplerExternalOES sTexture;\n" + " mat3 matrix;\n" + "varying vec2 vTextureCoord;\n" + "void main() {\n" + matrixString[0] + matrixString[1] + matrixString[2] + matrixString[3] + matrixString[4] + matrixString[5] + matrixString[6] + matrixString[7] + matrixString[8] + " vec4 color = texture2D(sTexture, vTextureCoord);\n" + " vec3 new_color = min(matrix color.rgb, 1.0);\n" + " gl_FragColor = vec4(new_color.rgb, color.a);\n" + "}\n"; return shader; } } ```
In the United States, the forest cover by state and territory is estimated from tree-attributes using the basic statistics reported by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the Forest Service. Tree volumes and weights are not directly measured in the field, but computed from other variables that can be measured. This is only the total amount of timberland. Actual forest cover for each state may be significantly higher. List by state, district, or territory List by region See also Forests of the United States Forest cover by province or territory in Canada Forest cover by federal subject in Russia Forest cover by state or territory in Australia Forest cover by state in India References Notes Further reading US Department of Agriculture. US Forest Resource Facts and HIstorical Trends. 2012. 64 p. Forest United States, Forest cover Forestry-related lists
Heraldry in Scotland, while broadly similar to that practised in England and elsewhere in western Europe, has its own distinctive features. Its heraldic executive is separate from that of the rest of the United Kingdom. Executive The Scottish heraldic executive is separate from that of the remainder of the United Kingdom and is vested in the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The earliest reference to the Lyon, as such, dates to the reign of Robert the Bruce in 1318, although with respect to certain of his functions he is considered the successor of royal officials dating to ancient Celtic times. The Lord Lyon exercises general jurisdiction over all matters armorial in Scotland and serves as a Judge of the Realm. He also decides on questions relating to family representation, pedigrees and genealogies. In addition, he supervises all state, royal and public ceremonies in Scotland. The Lord Lyon also asserts the right to decide who is Head of the Clan or Chief of the Family or Name, although his authority to determine chiefships has been challenged. In carrying out his duties, he has been assisted, in recent times, by a staff of three heralds and pursuivants along with a Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records. Pursuant to Chapter 47 of the Act of 1672, the Lord Lyon is empowered to grant arms to "vertuous [virtuous] and well deserving persons." According to Innes of Learney: "A [Scottish] coat of arms is the outward indication of nobility and arms are officially described as 'Ensigns of Nobility'. A patent of arms is . . . a Diploma of Nobility . . . ." Clarifying this statement, a later writer on Scottish heraldry has noted: "Technically, a grant of arms from the Lord Lyon is a patent of nobility; the grantee is thereby 'enrolled with all nobles in the noblesse of Scotland'. This does not constitute a peerage or any title. It is a social distinction, and has no legal privileges." Principles The principal function of heraldry, whether personal or corporate, is to symbolise the identity of the owner of the armorial bearings. In Scotland the Clan, the Family, and the Name have survived as significant entities in the social organization of Scottish society. In Scottish heraldry there is no such thing as a "family coat of arms". Junior members of a family are assigned specific and relevant differences to the armorial bearings of an ancestor. Scottish heraldry operates under the supposition that all those who share the same surname are related, however distantly. Consequently, where a coat of arms for the head of a family already exists, new grants of arms to individuals with the same surname will generally be variations on those arms. "[T]he salient feature of Scottish heraldry is that, as compared with England and other countries, the basic coats of arms are relatively few in number, but numerous differenced versions of each basic shield exist. The basic, or simple undifferenced arms and crest, are the property, not of the 'family', but of the 'Chief' of each clan or house …." The strict adherence to cadency, or the need for cadets to difference their arms from the chief of the family, is due to the permanence of the old families. From an early period the leading families of England were extinguished in the male line. Some continue to exist in the male line, but are comparatively obscure, having sprung from untitled cadets of the ancient families. On the other hand, the Scottish families were remarkable for their numerous progeny. Subinfeudation, which had been prohibited in England since the time of the Plantagenet kings, was largely practised in Scotland. Whole districts of Scotland have their predominant names, which are generally those of the old families. Surnames were for a long time after their introduction, used only by the gentry; and when they began to be assumed by the lower orders, the clansman almost invariably took the name of his chief, considering himself a member of his family, at least by adoption, if not by blood. In England new men emerged, and founded new families; it was easier to adopt new arms rather than trace a connection with those who had died. Hence it came to pass that while in England the multitude of entirely distinct coats of arms is enormous, in Scotland the number of original coats is small. The earliest existing examples of Scots heraldry are Stewart coats of arms from seals of the last half of the 12th century and the first half of the 13th, and show the fess chequy, which is still a feature of 21st century Scots heraldry. The Lord Lyon King of Arms has a vital and continuing influence on the family organization in Scotland. Depending on the terms of the original grant, armorial bearings are succeeded to by the heir—who may be the heir male, the heir female, or the heir by tailzie (an heir nominated within the blood relationship). Characteristics Mottoes One of the most obvious visual distinctions of Scottish heraldry from heraldic styles used elsewhere is that the scroll on which the motto is displayed is almost always positioned above the crest in Scottish bearings, as depicted in the illustration of the Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland above. This difference is more than merely visual, however. In Scottish heraldry mottoes are considered a component of the grant of arms and can be altered only by re-matriculating the arms. In English heraldry, while a motto is usually illustrated in the patent of arms, with very rare exceptions, it is not included in the verbal grant of armorial bearings. Consequently, English mottoes may be changed at will. Cadency Another difference between Scottish and English heraldry that may be discerned from the appearance of the shield itself lies in the systems employed to distinguish younger sons of an armiger, known as cadency. English heraldry uses a series of small symbols, termed brisures, to differentiate between the senior representative of an armigerous family and junior lines known as "cadet branches". In Scotland, except for the line of the immediate heir, this function is served by a series of bordures (borders) surrounding the shield of varying, specified colors and designs, named the "Stodart" system. In Scottish practice brisures function only as "temporary house marks of cadency used by children . . . without formal authority of the Lyon Office, until they establish houses of their own." Badges Heraldic badges are treated differently in Scottish heraldic practice than in English armoury. A badge may be defined as "An armorial device, not part of the coat of arms, but . . . available to an armigerous person or corporation for the purpose of identification." Badges may consist of no more than a charge from the shield of arms, but others were emblems adopted for their hidden meaning or in allusion to a name, title or office. In England, the granting of badges to armigers by the College of Arms has become "commonplace" in recent years. In Scottish heraldry, however, the grant of badges is limited to those categories of individuals who may be expected to have a "numerous following", that is to say a significant body of adherents or supporters. Generally badges are awarded only to peers, the baronage, clan chiefs and chieftains and the older landed houses and only when the Lord Lyon is satisfied that the grant of a badge is warranted on practical grounds. Corporate bodies, such as local governments, schools, companies or sports clubs may also obtain badges as a means for their members to display their affiliation. Scottish heraldry, however, also recognizes a unique form of badge, the crest badge. In the case of an armiger, this device is composed of his crest, encircled by a plain circle on which is inscribed the individual's motto. As a mark of allegiance to their chief, members of a clan are permitted to wear a clansmen's badge, consisting of their chief's crest surrounded by a strap and buckle device on which the chief's motto is inscribed. Crests In English heraldic practice the crest, the device or emblem that appears above the helmet or chapeau in a full coat of arms, should not duplicate any crest previously granted. Just as each shield should be unique, so too should each crest. In Scotland, however, it is permissible, and not uncommon, for two or more different families to bear the same crest. As Scottish heraldry joins the crest and motto in the crest badge, however, the combination of crest and motto should, in each case, be unique. Heiresses In traditional heraldic practice coats of arms pass through the male line. Where a woman's father bears arms and, at his death, there are no surviving sons or surviving children of sons, the woman is an heraldic heiress and can transmit her father's arms to her descendants. In England, if there is more than one surviving daughter, each transmits her father's arms on equal terms. In Scotland, only the eldest surviving daughter transmits her father's undifferenced arms to her offspring. Quarterings In heraldry a basic shield can be divided into four, essentially equal, sections or quarterings. In recent times this typically occurs as the result of the marriage of an armiger to an heraldic heiress. English heraldry appears to put no limit on such divisions, which continue to be termed "quarterings" no matter how many more are added., Scottish practice favours a simplicity of design and permits each quarter to itself be quartered, but no more. A Scottish shield, therefore, is limited to sixteen quarterings. Important works "Scotland has no ancient rolls of arms as in England and its earliest document of any importance is the Armorial de Gelré 1369–1388 preserved in Brussels - a European manuscript with a section on Scottish arms." The first truly Scottish armorial dates only from 1508. Two of the oldest and most important works on the subject of Scottish heraldry are The Science of Herauldry by George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, first published in 1680, and A System of Heraldry by Alexander Nisbet, first published in 1722. Mackenzie is regard as legal authority in matters of Scottish heraldry. Whether Nisbet is likewise regarded as of "institutional authority" is unclear, but "his work has been treated with very great respect since it appeared in 1722." Perhaps the most celebrated work of Scottish heraldry is the Public Register of all Arms and Bearings in Scotland, known more simply as the Public Register or even Lyon Register. It has been said that: "There is no better evidence of the diversity and splendour of heraldic art anywhere in the world than is to be found in the [Lyon Register]. . . ." The work was created under the authority of the Statute of 1672, which provided that it record all arms properly registered with the Lord Lyon. The first volume was bound in 1677 and it has been faithfully maintained from that time. Each of the series of massive volumes contains 120 pages of vellum, and it includes the work of some of Scotland's greatest heraldic artists over nearly three and one-half centuries. Civic heraldry Scotland's civic heraldry is particularly rich with burgh arms from the 15th century still in use in the 21st. The earliest civic heraldry seems to have been the arms of Dundee which date back 600 years. In January 2008 a petition to matriculate armorial bearings for the City of Inverness was refused by Lord Lyon King of Arms on the grounds that there is no legal persona to which arms can be granted. Notes References Works referenced Agnew of Lochnaw, Sir Crispin. "Heraldic Bibliography." The Highlander. (March/April 1991). Brooke-Little, J.P. (revisor). Boutell's Heraldry. Frederick Warne & Co., Ltd., London, 1970. Burnett, Charles J and Dennis, Mark D. Scotland's Heraldic Heritage; The Lion Rejoicing The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, 1997. Cox, Noel. "Commonwealth Heraldic Jurisdiction." The Coat of Arms (Autumn 2005). Dennis, Mark. Scottish Heraldry: An Invitation Heraldry Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1999. Fox-Davies, A.C. A Complete Guide to Heraldry. (revised, Brooke-Little, J.P.) Orbis Publishing Limited, London, 1985 (originally published 1909). (of dubious authority and accuracy in matters Scots) Friar, Stephen (editor). A Dictionary of Heraldry. Harmony Books, New York, 1987. Friar, Stephen and Ferguson, John. Basic Heraldry. The Herbert Press, London, 1993. Innes of Learney, Sir Thomas (revisor Innes of Edingight, Malcolm R.). Scots Heraldry. Third edition. Johnston & Bacon, London & Edinburgh, 1978 (originally published 1934). Innes-Smith, Robert. An Outline of Heraldry in England and Scotland. Pilgrim Press Ltd., Derby, 1980. Nisbet, Alexander A System of Heraldry. T & A Constable, Edinburgh, 1984, first published 1722. Slater, Stephen. The Complete Book of Heraldry. Lorenz Books, London, 2002. Way of Plean, George and Squire, Romilly. Collins Scottish Clan and Family Encyclopedia. HarperCollins, Glasgow, 1994 Additional bibliography Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, G. Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated as a part of the Civil law and Law of Nations. Heir of Andrew Anderson, Edinburgh, 1680 Moncreiffe of Easter Moncrieffe, Iain (Kintyre Pursuivant) & Pottinger, Don (Herald Painter). Simple Heraldry - Cheerfully Illustrated. Thomas Nelson and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1953 Paul, Sir James Balfour (Lord Lyon King of Arms). An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons, 1903 Reid of Robertland, David and Wilson, Vivien. An Ordinary of Arms, volume 2 [1902–1973], Lyon Office, Edinburgh 1977 Schweitzer, Leslie A and Hunter of Montlawan, David. Annotated Bibliography of Scottish Heraldic Materials - see at Stevenson, John H and Wood, Margaret: Scottish Heraldic Seals (3 vols.), Glasgow, 1940 Urquhart, R M. Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry Heraldry Today, London, 1973; Scottish Civic Heraldry: Regional - Islands - District Heraldry Today, London, 1979; Scottish Civic Heraldry 2 Scottish Library Association, Hamilton, 2001 External links Court of the Lord Lyon website Heraldry Society of Scotland website and forum A Celebration of Scottish Heraldry www.rtbot.net/Lord_Lyon_King_of_Arms The Hamilton Armorial, Heraldry Society of Scotland The Scots Roll, Heraldry Society of Scotland
Ukrainian presidential elections determine who will serve as the President of Ukraine for the next five years. Since the establishment of the position of the President of Ukraine in 1991, the presidential elections have taken place seven times: in 1991, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2010, 2014 and 2019. Procedure The presidential election rules are defined by the Ukrainian Constitution and the Ukrainian law "On the Elections of the President of Ukraine" from 25 March 1999 (as amended on 18 March 2004). Eligibility requirements A candidate for the President's office must: be a citizen of Ukraine; be at least 35 years of age on the election day; have the right to vote; speak the official language (Ukrainian); be living in Ukraine for the last ten years. The same person cannot be elected President more than twice in a row. Nominating process A candidate can be nominated by a political party or be self-nominated. Campaigning A presidential candidate may start his or her election campaign the next day after he or she is registered by the Central Election Commission. The presidential election campaign ends at 24:00 of the last Friday before the election day. Popular vote Regular presidential elections are held on the last Sunday of March (formerly in October) of the fifth (and last) year of the incumbent President's term of office. If a president's term in office ends prematurely, the election of a new president must take place within ninety days of the previous president leaving office. The president is elected by direct popular vote in a two-round majoritarian contest: if no candidate receives a simple majority (over 50%) of the votes in the first round, the two candidates with the most votes advance to a run-off. The second (run-off) round is held within two weeks after the first. If one of the two remaining candidates drops out of the race less than 12 days before the second round, the other must still win over 50% of the second-round vote to be elected president. The voter must be a Ukrainian citizen and be at least 18 years old on the election day. There are no requirements for a certain minimum voter turnout. List of Ukrainian presidential elections 1991 Ukrainian presidential election 1994 Ukrainian presidential election 1999 Ukrainian presidential election 2004 Ukrainian presidential election 2010 Ukrainian presidential election 2014 Ukrainian presidential election 2019 Ukrainian presidential election 2024 Ukrainian presidential election Voter turnout The highest voter turnout–84 percent–was recorded during the first election in December 1991. See also Elections in Ukraine References
This is a List of rivers of Asia. It includes major, notable rivers in Asia. Alphabetical order Amu Darya - Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan - Aral Sea Amur - Northeastern China, Russia (Siberia) - Sea of Okhotsk Angara Argun River (Asia) Aras -Iran Badulu Oya - Sri Lanka Bentara River - Sri Lanka Bhima River (maharastra)-India Buriganga River - Bangladesh Büyük Menderes River Chao Phraya - Thailand - Gulf of Thailand Chenab River - Pakistan and India Deduru Oya River - Sri Lanka Devi River - India Euphrates (Fırat) - Turkey, Syria, Iraq Gal Oya River - Sri Lanka Ganges River - India and Bangladesh Ghaggar River Gin River - Sri Lanka Ga'aton River- Israel Godavari - India Hai - China - Yellow Sea Han River - Korea - Yellow Sea Hari River, Afghanistan - Afghanistan and Turkmenistan Helmand River - Afghanistan and Iran Hatton Oya - Sri Lanka Hongshui River - China Huai - China - Yellow Sea Huang He (Yellow River) - China Huangpu River - China Hulan River - China Hululu Ganga - Sri Lanka Indus - China (Tibet) and Pakistan Irrawaddy - Burma Irtysh - China Jamuna -Bangladesh Jhelum River - Pakistan Jordan - Israel, Jordan Kabul River - Pakistan and Afghanistan Kala Oya River - Sri Lanka Kalu River - Sri Lanka Paras River - Russia Kampar River - Indonesia Kanakarayan Aru - Sri Lanka Kapuas - Borneo Karakash - China (Takla Makan) Karatash River - Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China Karnaphuli - India, Bangladesh Karun - Iran Kaveri River - India Kelani River - Sri Lanka Khabur Turkey, Syria Kishon River - Israel Kızılırmak River, Halys - Turkey Krishna - India - Bay of Bengal Kolyma - Russia (Siberia) Kotmale Oya - Sri Lanka Küçük Menderes (Cayster) - Turkey Lena - Russia (Siberia) Lijiang Lishui (Li)- China Liao - Northeast China - Bohai Gulf Litani River - Lebanon Loboc River - Bohol, Philippines Luni River - Rajasthan, India Maduru Oya River - Sri Lanka Mae Sai River -Myanmar (Tachileik) -Thailand (Mae Sai) Maha Oya River - Sri Lanka Malwathu Oya River - Sri Lanka Marikina River - Philippines (Marikina, Metro Manila) Meghna-Bangladesh Mekong - China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia. Menik River - Sri Lanka Mindanao - Philippines Mahaweli River - Sri Lanka Mahanadhi River (Orissa)- India Naf River- Myanmar, Bangladesh Nagavalli River-India Nakdong River - South Korea - Korea Strait Nan River - Thailand Narmada River - India (Gujarat) Nilwala River - Sri Lanka Nizhnyaya Tunguska River (Lower Tunguska) - Russia Ob - Russia (Siberia) - Gulf of Ob of the Arctic Ocean Om - Russia Orontes ('Asi) - Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Pasig River - Philippines (Pasig and Manila, Metro Manila) Pearl River - China - South China Sea Penna River-India Periyar River-India-Kerala Rajang River - Malaysia - South China Sea Ravi River - Pakistan and India Red River - China, Vietnam - South China Sea Rio Grande de Mindanao - Philippines Sabarmati River -India Sakarya River - Turkey Salween - China (Tibet, Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand - Andaman Sea Sefid River Iran Selenge River - Mongolia, Russia (Siberia) Shatt al-Arab - Iraq, Iran - Persian Gulf Singapore River-Singapore, Singapore-Marina Reservoir Songhua - Northeast China, Russia (Siberia) Sutlej river - Pakistan and India Syr Darya - Kazakhstan Tapti River (Maharashtra)-India Tigris - Turkey, Syria, Iraq Tumen River - China, North Korea, Russia - Sea of Japan Tuo river - China Thungabhadra River - India Thamarabarani River-India Ural River - Russia - Kazakhstan Vaigai River - India Wa River - Thailand Walawe River - Sri Lanka Xi - China Xiang - China Yamuna River-India Yangtze (Chang Jiang) - China - East China Sea Yalu - North Korea, China - Korea Bay of the Yellow Sea Yarkon River- Israel Yellow River (Huang He) - China - Yellow Sea Yenisei - Russia (Siberia) Yeşilırmak -Turkey Yuan- China Yurungkash - China (Takla Makan) Zayanderud - Iran Zeravshan - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Zijiang (Zi)- China See also Lists of rivers List of rivers of Africa List of rivers of the Americas List of the longest Asian rivers List of rivers of Europe List of rivers of Oceania Major rivers of India External links Asia, list of rivers of River
Riksmålsforbundet (; official translation: "The Riksmaal Society - The Society for the Preservation of Traditional Standard Norwegian") is the main organisation for Riksmål, an unofficial variety of the Norwegian language, based on the official Bokmål standard as it was before 1938 (see Norwegian language conflict). The society was founded by subsequent Nobel laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson on April 7, 1907. History Although Riksmålsforbundet was founded in 1907 by poet Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, efforts to organize in support of riksmål date back to 1899. It served as opposition to efforts by Norwegians who were organized to promote landsmål as the single language for the country. Riksmålsforbundet works to preserve and promote riksmål, a conservative form of written Norwegian, based on the Danish-Norwegian written language tradition. It consistently opposed the government samnorsk (roughly translated "collective Norwegian" or "together Norwegian"; the sam- prefix is related to English same) policy, a now-abandoned project to merge the two main standards of Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk) into one standard that would be used everywhere. Prominent members of the riksmål movement included the author Jens Bjørneboe, his cousin André Bjerke, Terje Stigen, Carl Keilhau, Agnar Mykle, Arnulf Øverland, Sigurd Hoel, Johan Bernhard Hjort, Knut Wigert, Margrete Aamot Øverland, Sofie Helene Wigert and Varg Vikernes. Among other spokespersons for the riksmål cause are authors such as Claes Gill, Nils Kjær, Knut Hamsun, Gabriel Scott and Henrik Ibsen. In recent years a series of language reforms, particularly those of 1981 and 2005, have shown that many of the Riksmålsforbundet goals have been achieved. The Samnorsk policy has been officially abandoned. Although not necessarily used by most people, most Riksmål spellings are now considered correct in Bokmål too, after being banned from schools and the government for several decades as a consequence of the Samnorsk policy. The reform of 2005 was not purely a partial reversal of previous reforms; some new spellings were introduced or excluded too, based on actual use. In addition, there is now a political majority in favor of discontinuing mandatory speech policy in Norway. Riksmålsforbundet publishes the magazine Ordet (“The Word”). Leaders 1907–1910 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1910–1911 Ragna Nielsen 1911–1916 Alfred Eriksen 1916–1918 I. M. Platou 1918–1919 Jens Jørgen Mørland 1919–1929 Gerhard Holm 1929–1936 Ragnar Ullmann 1936–1937 Alf Harbitz 1939–1945 Harald Bakke 1945–1947 Jonas Hestnes 1947–1956 Arnulf Øverland 1956–1959 Sigurd Hoel 1959–1961 Ernst Sørensen 1961–1969 Johan Bernhard Hjort 1969–1974 Aksel Lydersen 1974–1983 Knut Wigert 1983–1988 Jan Willoch 1988–1990 Erling Granholt 1990– Trond Vernegg External links Riksmålsforbundet website References Language organisations of Norway
Holderbank is a municipality in the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. History Archeological discoveries indicate that the area around Holderbank has been occupied since the Neolithic era. Discoveries include; individual items from both the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, Roman era ruins and ceramics, and Alamanni graves. The modern municipality of Holderbank is first mentioned in 1259 as in Halderwange though this is from a 14th Century copy of the original. Around 1273 it was mentioned as de Halderwanch. Portions of the village were owned by Murbach Abbey, though they sold their holdings to the Habsburgs in 1291. The Habsburgs promptly transferred the land around Holderbank to their vassals the von Wildegg family. In addition to land, the von Wildeggs also acquired the right to low justice in the village. The parish church in Holderbank is mentioned for the first time in 1275. It served as grave church for the Twingherren of Wildegg. They also held the rights to collect the church taxes until 1805 when they ceded those rights to the canton. After the Reformation, in 1565 the villages of Möriken and Wildegg became part of the Holderbank parish. In 1701-02 the present church was built by Samuel Jenner. The municipality appears to have been small initially. There were only 10 fireplaces recorded in 1559 and only 11 in 1653. By 1595-96 it is unclear whether Holderbank was considered a village or just a farm. The inhabitants lived mainly from agriculture, though the Aare often washed away their land. Until the 19th Century there were vineyards in the village (about in 1764 and in 1880). In the 18th and 19th Centuries textile processing provided an additional income opportunity. From 1835 to about 1890 there was a cotton printing industry. In 1858 a railway line was built through the village, though a train station was only added in 1999. In 1912 a lime processing factory and a portland cement factory were built. An earthenware factory was founded in 1933, which produced until the 1970s. In 1950 three quarters of the workforce worked in the industrial sector, while in 2000 roughly three-fourths work in the services sector. Geography Holderbank has an area, , of . Of this area, or 19.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 36.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 30.6% is settled (buildings or roads), or 6.9% is either rivers or lakes and or 7.3% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 6.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 10.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 3.9% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.3%. Out of the forested land, 32.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 6.0% is used for growing crops and 12.1% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 3.4% is unproductive vegetation and 3.9% is too rocky for vegetation. The municipality is located in the Lenzburg district. It consists of the linear village of Holderbank and the hamlets of Kernenberg (also known as Heilanstalt). Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules an Elder-tree proper issuant from a circular Bench Argent. This is an example of canting with the elder tree () and the bench () symbolizing the name of the municipality." Demographics Holderbank has a population () of . , 24.5% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 4.4%. Most of the population () speaks German (83.7%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 5.1%) and Italian being third ( 5.0%). The age distribution, , in Holderbank is; 90 children or 10.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 77 teenagers or 8.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 101 people or 11.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 122 people or 14.1% are between 30 and 39, 148 people or 17.1% are between 40 and 49, and 147 people or 17.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 97 people or 11.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 49 people or 5.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 30 people or 3.5% who are between 80 and 89,and there are 3 people or 0.3% who are 90 and older. the average number of residents per living room was 0.55 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 59.4% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement). , there were 22 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 176 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 115 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. , there were 320 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. there were 156 single family homes (or 38.1% of the total) out of a total of 409 homes and apartments. There were a total of 8 empty apartments for a 2.0% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.2 new units per 1000 residents. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 58.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (11.2%), the FDP (10.4%) and the CVP (5.1%). The historical population is given in the following table: Economy , Holderbank had an unemployment rate of 3.38%. , there were 14 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 3 businesses involved in this sector. 72 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 12 businesses in this sector. 602 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 28 businesses in this sector. there were 411 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 324 or about 78.8% of the residents worked outside Holderbank while 473 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 560 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 7.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 59% used a private car. Religion From the , 231 or 28.7% were Roman Catholic, while 388 or 48.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Transport Holderbank sits on the Baden–Aarau line and is served by trains at Holderbank railway station. Education The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Holderbank about 63.3% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population (), there are 49 students attending primary school in the municipality. References External links Municipalities of Aargau
Tang-e Khoshk () is a village in Padena-ye Sofla Rural District, Padena District, Semirom County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 244, in 64 families. References Populated places in Semirom County
Charles Herndon may refer to: Charles Herndon (1877-1927), American politician from Arizona Charles Herndon, American artist
Doğubelenören is a village in the Yenipazar District, Bilecik Province, Turkey. Its population is 47 (2021). References Villages in Yenipazar District, Bilecik
Miljoona Rock was a rock festival in Tuuri held annually since 2004. Tuuri is a village in Töysä, a municipality of Finland. Artists by year 2004 Scorpions, Leningrad Cowboys, Anssi Kela, Popeda, Miljoonasade, Jani Wickholm, Maija Vilkkumaa, Pizza Enrico 2005 Deep Purple, Jani Wickholm, Pelle Miljoona & Rockers, Kirka, Aino 2006 Lordi, Dio, Billy Idol, Normaali Homma! 2007 HIM, Scorpions, Eppu Normaali, Popeda, Neljä Ruusua, Jani Wickholm, Apulanta, Lauri Tähkä & Elonkerjuu, Normaali Homma!, Fakta Beat 2008 Nightwish, Twisted Sister, Jani Wickholm, Dingo, Movetron 2009 Viilto, Mustat Enkelit, Europe, Yö, Danny, Popeda, Paula Koivuniemi, Jani Wickholm, Scorpions, Eppu Normaali 2010 Lauri Tähkä & Elonkerjuu, The Rasmus, Herra Ylppö & Ihmiset, Kim Wilde, Alexander Rybak, Kivimetsän Druidi, D’Black, Dinturist, Mustat Enkelit, Hevisaurus 2011 Scorpions, Jenni Vartiainen, Negative, Flinch, Moottörin Jyrinä, Hevisaurus References External links Official Miljoona Rock Website Miljoona Rock 2006 MiljoonaRock video deep-purple.net diorocks.com Tickets Töysä Rock festivals in Finland Recurring events established in 2004 Tourist attractions in South Ostrobothnia
Hanger is a 2009 Canadian horror film directed by Ryan Nicholson and written by Nicholson with Patrick Coble. The film is banned in Australia and Germany. Plot Unable to bring in any more money for Leroy, her abusive pimp, the pregnant Rose tries to run away in the middle of the night, but is caught by Leroy. Using a clothes hanger, Leroy performs an impromptu abortion on Rose, unintentionally killing her in the process. Leroy disposes of Rose's baby in a dumpster, where its cries attract the attention of a homeless man, who raises the disfigured child as "Hanger". On his eighteenth birthday, the vagrant sends Hanger off to live with John, his biological father, who the man had earlier met at a junkyard. John informs Hanger that he has gotten him a job at the junkyard, and that he will be working there and living with Russell, an acquaintance with Down syndrome. As he drives away with Hanger, John runs over the homeless man (who was defecating in his tent) and joyously tells his long-lost son "Welcome to the rest of your life!" John gives Hanger a picture of Rose, and picks up a prostitute for him to have sex with, but upon seeing Hanger's mutilated face, the woman goes into hysterics, so John crushes her head in his truck door. While Hanger is watching pornography with Russell in their home, a Jehovah's Witness visits, and Hanger mauls and partially eats her while being cheered on by Russell. Later, John drops by, and reveals to Hanger that he has a plan to get revenge on Leroy for what he did to Rose. On his way out, John is approached by Foxy White, Leroy's girlfriend, who offers to help John kill Leroy. John turns down Foxy's offer, but says he will make Leroy suffer "a little extra" if Foxy watches over Hanger. While Hanger is at work, John is captured by Leroy and a prostitute named Trashy, who disfigure him with a blow torch, and a hanger. Foxy finds John and tries to release him, but Leroy walks in on this, and shoots Foxy in the head. As that occurs, Russell and Hanger are drugged by Phil, a co-worker, who rapes them while wearing a Santa suit; at one point, Phil inserts his penis into Hanger's leaking colostomy. Russell and Hanger get their revenge on Phil at the junkyard, knocking him out, and placing him under a pile of garbage. Russell goes home and drinks tea made from used tampons, but after getting a call from Hanger, Russell goes to the junkyard, and finds Nicole (the owner's daughter) unconscious in her office, Hanger having knocked her out with Phil's drugs. Russell takes Nicole's tampon, and she is later found by Leroy, who rapes her while she is unconscious, and threatens her into luring away Russell so Leroy can be alone with Hanger. Once he is in Nicole's office, Russell is seemingly killed by Leroy, who chokes him with one of Nicole's tampons. Outside, Hanger stomps Phil's head in, and is confronted by Leroy, but John (who was left for dead, but recovered and killed Trashy by shoving a douche up her nose) appears and calls Leroy out. Leroy and John fatally shoot each other, and a distraught Hanger runs off with the hysterical Nicole. Cast Release Hanger was released Direct-to-Video by Breaking Glass Pictures on Nov 17, 2009. Reception Film Bizarro found Hanger to be "a great entertaining trash-fest that has come the closest to being a true throwback to grindhouse cinema that any movie has so far" despite the ending feeling erratic and anticlimactic. A three and a half was awarded by Severed Cinema, which wrote that "Hanger is as entertaining as it is repulsive" and "the film is a fun campy horror comedy". Independent Flicks commended the camerawork, editing, gore, and Dan Ellis's performance, but gave a four and half out of seven after deeming the film "a bit too bizarre" and "something of a let down" due to the "cartoonish style" that lessened its impact. A three out of five was awarded by Digital Retribution, which stated "Hanger is hard to rate because it sets out to offend and will probably do so for virtually everyone, but that doesn't make it good" and "I found Hanger's padding and surrealism distracting and a bit boring". The film was called "Nicholson's nastiest piece of work yet" by The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre, which deemed it "worthless" and one of the most "vile" films the website has covered. See also The Suckling, a similar film from 1990. References External links 2009 films 2009 horror films 2009 LGBT-related films 2000s Canadian films 2000s English-language films 2000s exploitation films 2000s pregnancy films Canadian black comedy films Canadian comedy horror films Canadian crime thriller films Canadian films about revenge Canadian independent films Canadian LGBT-related films Canadian pregnancy films Canadian splatter films Censored films Down syndrome in film English-language Canadian films Films about abortion Films about cannibalism Films about disability Films about homelessness Films about prostitution Films directed by Ryan Nicholson Films set in Vancouver Films shot in Vancouver LGBT-related horror films Rape and revenge films Transgender-related films Canadian slasher films 2000s slasher films
Variations in Blue is an album by saxophonist Bill Barron which was recorded in 1983 and first released on the Muse label. Reception In his review on Allmusic, Scott Yanow stated "Bill Barron, who spent much of his life as a music educator, played inventive solos that sounded both spontaneous and well thought-out. Barron, who was underrated throughout his career, cut three records for Muse during 1978–1987, of which this set was the second". Track listing All compositions by Bill Barron except where noted. "Variations in Blue" – 6:15 "September 1979" – 7:09 "Be Who You Are" – 7:03 "The Name of This Is" – 7:44 "Swingin' in Bushnell Park" – 9:10 "Minority" (Basheer Qusim) – 6:36 Personnel Bill Barron – tenor saxophone Jimmy Owens – trumpet Kenny Barron – piano Ray Drummond – bass Ben Riley – drums References 1984 albums Muse Records albums Bill Barron (musician) albums
The FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1974 were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland, at Piz Nair from February 3–10, 1974. St. Moritz hosted again in 2003, and the event is scheduled to return in 2017. It also hosted the Winter Olympics in 1948 and 1928 (no alpine skiing). Men's competitions Downhill Saturday, 9 February Giant Slalom Tuesday, 5 February Slalom Sunday, 10 February Combined At the World Championships from 1954 through 1980, the combined was a "paper race" using the results of the three events (DH, GS, SL). Women's competitions Downhill Thursday, 7 February Giant Slalom Sunday, 3 February Slalom Friday, 8 February Combined At the World Championships from 1954 through 1980, the combined was a "paper race" using the results of the three events (DH, GS, SL). Medals table See also Italy at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1974 References External links FIS-ski.com - results 1974 World Championships - St. Moritz, Switzerland FIS-ski.com - results - World Championships FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1974 A Sport in St. Moritz 1974 in Swiss sport Alpine skiing competitions in Switzerland February 1974 sports events in Europe
The 1994 Basque Pelota World Championships were the 12th edition of the Basque Pelota World Championships organized by the FIPV. Participating nations Others Events A total of 14 events were disputed, in 4 playing areas. Trinquete, 6 events disputed Fronton (30 m), 3 events disputed Fronton (36 m), 4 events disputed Fronton (54 m), 1 event disputed Medal table References World Championships,1994 1994 in sports Sport in Pyrénées-Atlantiques International sports competitions hosted by France 1994 in French sport World Championships,1994 World Championships
Hu Liu (a/k/a Tiger Liu; born July 6, 1961, in Xining, Qinghai, China) is a retired FIFA referee and the current Canadian Soccer Association's Director of Referees. References 1961 births Living people Canadian soccer referees CONCACAF Champions Cup referees People from Xining Chinese emigrants to Canada
John Borden Hamilton, (May 16, 1913 – November 24, 2005) was a Canadian lawyer and Member of Parliament. Born in Barrie, Ontario, he was first elected in a by-election in 1954 in the Toronto riding of York West as a Progressive Conservative. He was re-elected in 1957 and 1958. He lost to Red Kelly in 1962. From 1957 to 1958, he was the Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration. In 1992, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He is also a member of the Etobicoke Hall of Fame. References 1913 births 2005 deaths Lawyers in Ontario Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario Members of the Order of Canada People from Barrie Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
In the Latter Day Saint movement, the Quorum of the Twelve (also known as the Council of the Twelve, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Council of the Twelve Apostles, or the Twelve) is one of the governing bodies (or quorums) of the church hierarchy organized by the movement's founder Joseph Smith and patterned after the Apostles of Jesus (Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles). Members are called Apostles, with a special calling to be evangelistic ambassadors to the world. The Twelve were designated to be a body of "traveling councillors" with jurisdiction outside areas where the church was formally organized (areas of the world outside of Zion or its outlying Stakes). The Twelve were designated as being equal in authority to the First Presidency, the Seventy, the standing presiding high council, and the High Councils of the various stakes. After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, permanent schisms formed in the movement, resulting in the formation of various churches, many of which retained some version of the Quorum of the Twelve. Members of the Quorum, prior to 1844 In 1835, the Three Witnesses were asked by Smith to select the original twelve members of the church's Quorum of the Twelve. They announced their choices at a meeting on February 14, 1835. The Three Witnesses also ordained the twelve chosen men to the priesthood office of apostle by the laying on of hands, with the ordinations taking place in February through April 1835. Below is a list of members of the Quorum prior to the succession crisis of 1844 (including those ordained after the original Twelve). A total of 18 different men were members of the Quorum during this period. In 1838, four members of the Quorum were excommunicated and the President of the Quorum resigned. (President Marsh was-excommunicated in absentia in 1839). Of the five, two of them would later rejoin with Brigham Young and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the 1844 schism, but they would never resume their former places in the Quorum. Two others would join various sects (with varying degrees as to the acceptance of their apostleship) and never returned to the LDS Church, while the fifth member left the Mormon movement completely. A sixth member of the Quorum was killed in 1838. After the 1844 schism, ten of the then-Quorum members followed Young to the Salt Lake Valley. Two others left and joined other sects. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) In the LDS Church, the Quorum of the Twelve is officially referred to as the "Quorum of the Twelve Apostles" or "Council of the Twelve Apostles". The group normally has a leadership role in the church that is second only to the church's First Presidency. The Quorum implicitly follows the First Presidency's policies and pronouncements and its members are chosen by the First Presidency. However, when the First Presidency is dissolved—which occurs upon the death of the President of the Church—the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the church's governing body (led by the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles) until they ordain a new President of the Church and he chooses counselors, which completes the reorganization of the First Presidency. Membership in the Quorum of the Twelve is typically a lifetime calling. Community of Christ In the Community of Christ, the Council of Twelve Apostles is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. They hold the priesthood office of apostle and are responsible for the evangelistic witness of the church. Apostles are also high priests in the Melchisedec priesthood of the church. The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) is the third largest denomination that resulted from the 1844 succession crisis. At a conference in Green Oak, Pennsylvania, in July 1862, leaders of several branches in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Virginia came together and formally organized what they called "The Church of Jesus Christ". William Bickerton presided over the conference. Bickerton's two counselors in the newly organized First Presidency were George Barnes and Charles Brown who were ordained apostles. The members of the Quorum of the Twelve at that organization (ordered by seniority) were Arthur Bickerton, Thomas Bickerton, Alexander Bickerton, James Brown, Cummings Cherry, Benjamin Meadowcroft, Joseph Astin, Joseph Knox, William Cadman, James Nichols, John Neish and John Dixon. At the conference George Barnes reported receiving the "word of the Lord," which he related: In this church, the "Quorum of Twelve Apostles" are the chief governing officers. Currently, the president of the church and his two counselors are not separated from the quorum, as the total number of apostles in the quorum is twelve, as specified in the scriptures. Apostles (and all ministers—commonly called "elders") in this church are volunteers and are not given any compensation for their ministry. Church of Christ (Temple Lot) In the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) the Council of Twelve serves as the head of the church. The church seeks to strictly follow the church organization of the Bible and the Book of Mormon, and teaches that church offices added by Joseph Smith after publication of the Book of Commandments, such as a President of the Church and a First Presidency, were not consistent with the Bible and Book of Mormon, and therefore were not revelations from God . Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints The Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints has an Apostolic Quorum that is, as yet, incomplete by design. As the Remnant Church seeks to be a "renewal" of the Latter Day Saint movement resulting from the 1850s Reorganization, it is attempting to follow similar patterns of that prior reorganization. The First Presidency of the Remnant Church is not drawn from the apostles. Instead, the president of the church is chosen by Jewish Laws of Inheritance. The current members of the Quorum are: Don Burnett (President of the Quorum), Robert Murie Jr., Terry W. Patience, Roger Tracy, and Mark Deitrick. Notes References . . . . Further reading Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) Types of Latter Day Saint organization Latter Day Saint leaders 1835 establishments in the United States de:Kollegium der Zwölf Apostel fi:Kahdentoista apostolin koorum
Seth Sikes (born January 30, 1984) is an American cabaret singer based in New York City. Early life Born in Paris, Texas, the son of educators Bill and Candi Sikes, much of his youth was spent acting, playing trumpet and dreaming of Broadway. New York and 54 Below After graduating from North Laramore Highschool, Sikes moved to New York City and attended Circle in the Square Theater School. He was later employed on Broadway as Assistant Director for The Nance, by Douglas Carter Beane, starring Nathan Lane, at the Lyceum Theatre (Broadway), and Associate Director for The Band's Visit (musical), by David Yazbek and Itamar Moses, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. Appearing before "a sold-out house screaming for more," according to American film critic, journalist, and media personality Rex Reed, Sikes made his cabaret debut at 54 Below. Many return engagements followed, as well as appearances in cabarets, nightclubs and cafes throughout the United States, in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, and in London and Sitges. Specializing in show tunes, Sikes interprets songs associated with Judy Garland, Liza Minnelli, Bernadette Peters and Barbra Streisand, among others. References 1984 births Living people Cabaret singers American singers
Intermediate-term memory (ITM) is a stage of memory distinct from sensory memory, working memory/short-term memory, and long-term memory. While sensory memory persists for several milliseconds, working memory persists for up to thirty seconds, and long-term memory persists from thirty minutes to the end of an individual's life, intermediate-term memory persists for about two to three hours. This overlap in the durations of these memory processes indicates that they occur simultaneously, rather than sequentially. Indeed, intermediate-term facilitation can be produced in the absence of long-term facilitation. However, the boundaries between these forms of memory are not clear-cut, and they can vary depending on the task. Intermediate-term memory is thought to be supported by the parahippocampal cortex. In 1993, Rosenzweig and colleagues demonstrated that, in chicks conditioned with an aversive stimulus, percent avoidance of the stimulus (and, by implication, memory of the aversive nature of the stimulus) reached relative minima at one minute, fifteen minutes, and sixty minutes. These dips were theorized to correspond to the time points in which the chicks switched from working memory to intermediate-term memory, from intermediate-term memory to the early phase of long-term memory, and from the early phase of long-term memory to the late phase of long-term memory, respectively—thus demonstrating the presence of a form of memory that exists between working memory and long-term memory, which they referred to as "intermediate-term memory". Though the idea of intermediate-term memory has existed since the 1990s, Sutton et al. introduced a novel theory for the neural correlates underlying intermediate-term memory in Aplysia in 2001, where they described it as the primary behavioral manifestation of intermediate-term facilitation. Characteristics In 2001, Sutton and colleagues proposed that intermediate-term memory possesses the following 3 characteristics: Its induction requires translation, but not transcription Its expression requires the persistent activation of protein kinase A and protein kinase C It declines completely before the onset of long-term memory Mechanism Induction Because intermediate-term memory does not involve transcription, it likely involves the translation of mRNA transcripts already present in neurons. Comparison with short-term/working memory Unlike short-term memory and working memory, intermediate-term memory requires changes in translation to occur in order to function. Comparison with long-term memory While ITM requires only changes in translation, induction of long-term memory requires changes in transcription as well. The change from short-term memory to long-term memory is thought to dependent on CREB, which regulates transcription, but because ITM does not involve a change in transcription, it is thought to be independent of CREB activity. According to the definition of ITM proposed by Sutton et al. in 2001, it disappears completely before long-term memory is induced. References Memory
Colpospira australis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turritellidae. Description Distribution References External links Turritellidae Gastropods described in 1822
Nathan Burl Cain (born July 2, 1942) is the commissioner of the Mississippi Department of Corrections and the former warden at the Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola in West Feliciana Parish, north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He worked there for twenty-one years, from January 1995 until his resignation in 2016. Biography Cain was reared in Pitkin in Vernon Parish in western Louisiana. He is the brother of James David Cain, a former Republican member of the Louisiana House of Representatives and the Louisiana State Senate, and Alton Cain. Commissioner Cain holds a degree from Louisiana State University and a master's degree in criminal justice from Grambling State University in Lincoln Parish. He began his career with the Louisiana branch of the American Farm Bureau Federation. He was appointed as the assistant secretary of agribusiness for the Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections. In 1981, he was appointed as the warden of the Dixon Correctional Institute (DCI). After fourteen years there, he was elevated to warden of the Louisiana State Penitentiary. After accepting the job at Angola, he continued to live on the grounds of Dixon. Until 2011, Cain served as the vice chairperson of the Louisiana Civil Service Commission. Tenure at Angola Louisiana State Penitentiary, also called Angola after the name of the slave plantation that formerly occupied its land, is the largest maximum-security prison in the United States. Many of the inmates are imprisoned for life or for equivalently long terms and are unlikely ever to be released. Commissioner Cain claims that under his tenure violent incidents decreased significantly among the inmate population as the prison transitioned to a model based on a Christian religious atmosphere and manual labor, enforced in part with threats of solitary confinement and other punishments. But his claims are highly disputed. During his tenure he became the most famous warden in U.S. history, but before he retired he also became one of the most controversial wardens in U.S. history. As warden, Cain created an exclusively Christian religious environment in which inmates who displayed adherence to the faith were rewarded and those who did not were punished. A branch of the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary was established at Angola during Cain's tenure, one of the prison's eight churches. In August 2006, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit accusing then-Warden Cain and the Louisiana state prison system of hindering a Mormon inmate's access to religious texts. At least one Catholic inmate was also allegedly harassed for requesting to receive Mass while imprisoned on Death Row. Cain increased media access to the prison, and several documentaries were filmed at the prison during his tenure. He also established a television station at the prison and supported the newsmagazine and radio. Filmed events at the prison include the Angola Prison Rodeo, football, and boxing matches. Cain established a prison-run hospice program in 1997. In 2008, Cain became the longest-serving warden in the history of Angola. While at Angola, in September/October 2005, Cain also became the warden of Camp Greyhound, a temporary jail in New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. In 2016, when he resigned, the prison had 3,600 inmates on 18,000 acres. Gordon Russell and Maya Lau of The Advocate reported that Cain's salary, $167,211 per year was $30,000 higher than that of James LeBlanc, Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Corrections and a previous subordinate and personal friend of Cain. According to Russell and Lau, many observers said that Cain was de facto the head of the department. In 2008 Cain said he supported continuing solitary confinement for the men known as the Angola 3, stating: Cain has been compared by both supporters and detractors to the Dukes of Hazzard character Boss Hogg. In 2010, Cain was among the speakers in a series at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In December 2013, a federal judge ruled that death row at Angola is so hot during part of the year that the temperatures undermine the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which forbids "cruel and unusual punishment". The judge demanded a plan to cool death row. Prison officials appealed the order. Resignation Cain's resignation as warden came amid allegations about his private real estate dealings raised by The Baton Rouge Advocate. The capital city newspaper claimed that Cain sold interest in land that he owned in West Feliciana Parish to two developers who were reportedly either family or friends of two Angola inmates incarcerated for conviction of murder. The state legislative auditor and the state Department of Public Safety & Corrections began investigations into the issue. In May 2016, Cain was exonerated of any wrongdoing, with respect to using his employees to perform home renovations. In January 2017, a separate report from the office of Daryl G. Purpera, the state legislative auditor, said that some ten correctional department employees performed work on Cain's private residence near Central in East Baton Rouge Parish. One worked for Cain for three weeks while on official duty at his regular state job. In addition to the labor which Cain received, the audit alleges that the former warden obtained appliances and furnishings, such as iron gates, and food and lodging at the penitentiary for a number of his relatives, mostly his children. Corrections Secretary Jimmy LeBlanc, Cain's long-term friend and business partner, said that Cain was "personally liable" for $20,000 for the costs of the food, lodging and gates; and that the department will file a civil suit or seek restitution if Cain faces prosecution in the matter. Cain discounted the findings of the Purpera report, saying it had misinterpreted his "creative" approach to handling his duties as warden. Cain claims to have transformed the long-running Angola Prison Rodeo into a self-sustaining facility, resulting in a financial windfall for the state. He also authorized the construction of five new chapels built with privately raised funds. Cain said that it was his being creative and thinking outside the box that got me in trouble. These kinds of things discourage state employees from being entrepreneurial. … I stole nothing. I gave. … I should be tossed off rather than condemned. Ultimately Cain was cleared by the Daryl Purpera investigation and by another probe into his activities by the Department of Public Safety and Corrections. Cain said that he never doubted that he would be cleared because he had stolen nothing, had merely "thought outside the box" to bring needed changes to the penitentiary. He said that prayers from his fellow Southern Baptists assured that he would receive justice in the investigations. The district attorney for the Louisiana 20th Judicial District, Sam D'Aquilla, indicated that he would refer the case to a grand jury. Mississippi As of 2020 he became the head of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. Governor of Mississippi Tate Reeves chose Cain as the agency head. In June 2020 a Mississippi legislative committee approved Cain's nomination. The Mississippi Senate confirmed Cain that month. Personal life According to a biography by Ridgeway, Cain "enjoys hunting and traveling around the country on his motorcycle." Both he and his brother, former state senator James David Cain, are Republicans. Cain's eldest son, Nathan "Nate" Cain, II (born April 1967), and his younger son, Marshall Arbuthnot Cain (born October 1971), of Ouachita Parish, also have had careers with the Louisiana Department of Corrections. Cain, II, had advanced to become warden of Avoyelles Correctional Center in Cottonport, a facility since named for former state Representative Raymond Laborde of Marksville. He vacated the warden's position in Cottonport on May 24, 2016. Marshall Cain is a manager of Prison Enterprises. Cain's son-in-law, Seth Henry Smith, Jr. (born January 1974), of East Feliciana Parish, also works for the corrections department, as a "confidential assistant" to one of the appointed officials. Prior to Nate Cain's decision to resign from Avoyelles Correctional Center, his wife, the former Tonia Bandy, business manager of the prison and another top official, also stepped down. Tonia Cain's attorney cited her client's health issues as the principal reason for the resignation. Meanwhile, the state corrections department said that it had halted the construction of the "Ranch House" building at the Avoyelles prison, a structure for which some $76,000 had already been spent. Nate Cain had built an identical structure at the C. Paul Phelps Correctional Center in DeQuincy in Calcasieu Parish, where he was earlier the deputy warden. Nate and Tonia Cain divorced in 2017, and she resumed her maiden name of Bandy. She agreed to plea bargain and admitted to some of the seventeen wire fraud charges (and an additional count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud) in hopes of getting a lighter sentence than she would have received if convicted of the crimes. The two stood accused of purchasing personal items, including television sets, furniture, and guns and ammunition, on a state credit card. As it developed, Bandy pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud in the federal corruption case against both her and her former husband. The government then dropped seventeen fraud charges pending against her. Sentencing was originally scheduled for October 9, 2018, with Tonia Cain facing up to twenty years in a penitentiary, though she was expected to receive a more lenient sentence. On June 17, 2019, Tonia Cain received an eight-month sentence in federal prison, while Nate Cain received a 38-month sentence in federal prison; both were also ordered to serve two years of supervised release and to pay more than $42,000 in restitution. Representation in media The Execution of Antonio James (1996), documentary at LSP directed by Liz Garbus and Jonathan Stack The Farm: Angola, USA (1998), documentary directed by Garbus and Stack The Farm: 10 Years Down (2009), documentary directed by Stack Serving Life (2011), documentary about LSP's hospice care of inmates, a program established in 1997. It is directed by journalist Lisa R. Cohen; the narrator and executive producer is Academy Award-winning actor Forest Whitaker. Appeared in Season 1, Episode 3 of the 2008 series: Stephen Fry in America References Further reading (Opinion) External links Burl Cain quotes Violence to Peace, A Conversation With Burl Cain billygraham.org (Archive) Joel Stein. "The Lessons of Cain." Time. 1942 births American Christians American prison wardens Grambling State University alumni Living people Louisiana Republicans Louisiana State University of Alexandria alumni Penal system in Louisiana People from Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana People from East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana People from West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana People from Central, Louisiana People from Vernon Parish, Louisiana State cabinet secretaries of Mississippi Mississippi Republicans
Juneau Park, located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is situated on a bluff overlooking Lake Michigan. It is popular for its short distance to downtown Milwaukee, lakefront walking path, and vantage point for fireworks displays. Early history Located within the park is a tribute to the city's first mayor, Solomon Juneau. The Juneau Monument, designed by Richard Park, was built in 1887. Also within the park is the 1887 statue, Leif, the Discoverer of Leif Erikson made by sculptor Anne Whitney. It is a replica of a statue in Boston. Gertie the Duck Gertie the Duck, an icon of Milwaukee history, was moved with her ducklings to the lagoon at Juneau Park in the mid-1940s for their safety. The story of a duck, Gertie, and her efforts to watch over nine eggs— and ultimately hatch six ducklings on a wood piling below the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge—was reported by Gordon MacQuarrie of the Milwaukee Journal and became an inspiration for many war-weary Americans near the end of World War II. Passers-by, the Boy Scouts, and a Wisconsin Humane Society officer watched over Gertie and her growing family. Besides local newspapers, the story was picked up in national and U.K. press. After surviving bad weather and a nearby fire, the ducks were relocated to the Juneau Park lagoon. References Further reading External links Juneau Park Friends Map of Juneau Park Geography of Milwaukee Tourist attractions in Milwaukee Parks in Wisconsin
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hartford, Connecticut, USA. Prior to 19th century 1623 – Fort Hoop built by Dutch West India Company. 1635 – English settlers arrive. 1636 – First Church congregation relocates to "Newtown", Connecticut, from New Town, Massachusetts. 1637 Settlement renamed Hartford. Town square laid out. 1638 – Latin school founded. 1640 – Burying Ground established (approximate date). 1647 – Alse Young hanged for witchcraft. 1662 – Hartford serving as capital of Connecticut Colony. 1670 – Indian treaty signed. 1701 – Hartford and New Haven designated joint capitals of Connecticut Colony. 1720 - “Hartford Hills” separate to form the town of Bolton. 1758 - Noah Webster born here, publisher of Grammatical Institute of the English Language 1764 – Connecticut Courant newspaper begins publication. 1774 – Library Company formed. 1775 – 4th Connecticut Regiment organized. 1783 – Town of East Hartford separates from Hartford. 1784 City chartered. American Mercury newspaper begins publication. 1788 – Woollen mill in operation. 1790 – Population: 2,683. 1792 – Hartford Bank incorporated. 1796 American Cookery published. State House built. 1797 – Joseph Steward's museum opens. 19th century 1810 – Hartford Fire Insurance Company incorporated. 1812 – Chauncey Goodrich elected mayor. 1814 Hartford Convention. Phoenix Bank incorporated. 1818 Bridge over Connecticut River built. American Asylum for Deaf-mutes incorporated. 1819 – Aetna Insurance Company and Society for Savings incorporated. 1820 – Population: 4,726. 1823 Washington College founded. Hartford Female Seminary established. Connecticut River Steamboat Co. incorporated. 1824 Nathaniel Terry becomes mayor. Connecticut Retreat for the Insane opens. 1825 Connecticut Historical Society established. Times & Hartford Advertiser newspaper begins publication. Connecticut River Banking Co. and Protection Insurance Co. incorporated. 1826 The Hartford Times newspaper begins publication. African Religious Society church built on Talcott Street. 1827 – Christ Church Cathedral built. 1830 – Population: 7,074. 1833 Miss Draper's Seminary for Young Ladies in operation (approximate date). Hartford Literary and Religious Institution and Colored Methodist Episcopal congregation formed. Farmers & Mechanics Bank incorporated. 1834 – Exchange Bank incorporated. 1835 – Patriot and Democrat newspaper begins publication. 1836 Firemen's Benevolent Society organized. Northern Courier newspaper begins publication. 1837 – Daily Courant newspaper begins publication. 1838 – Hartford Young Men's Institute formed. 1840 Hartford Times newspaper begins publication. Population: 9,468. 1841 – Washington Temperance Society, Martha Washington Temperance Society, and Young Men's Temperance Society organized. 1843 – Hartford Journal newspaper begins publication. 1844 Hartford and New Haven Railroad and Hartford and Springfield Railroad begin operating. Wadsworth Atheneum opens. 1847 – I. & G. Fox Co. established. 1848 – Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company founded. 1849 – The Republican newspaper begins publication. 1850 – Population: 13,555. 1853 – Aetna Life Insurance Company incorporated. 1854 Henry C. Deming becomes mayor. West Hartford municipality splits from Hartford. Connecticut State Library and Hartford Hospital established. 1856 City rechartered. Charter Oak felled in storm. Hartford Evening Press newspaper begins publication. Armsmear built for Samuel Colt. 1858 – Hartford Daily Post newspaper begins publication. 1860 Boys' Club founded. Population: 26,917. Police department established. 1864 – Travelers Insurance Company founded. 1865 – Theological Institute of Connecticut relocates to Harford. 1866 – Charles R. Chapman becomes mayor. 1868 Bushnell Park laid out. Cedar Hill Cemetery consecrated. 1869 – Travelers Journal newspaper begins publication. 1872 New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and Ados Israel Synagogue founded. Windsor Avenue Congregational Church built (approximate date). 1873 – Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church built. 1874 – Mark Twain's house built on Farmington Avenue. 1876 – Cheney Building constructed. 1877 – Hartford Society for Decorative Art formed. 1878 George G. Sumner elected mayor. State Capitol building constructed. Pope Manufacturing Company in business, making Columbia Bicycles. 1880 – Morgan Bulkeley becomes mayor. 1881 – Watkinson School founded. 1882 – Post Office and Custom House built. 1883 Hartford Telegram newspaper begins publication. Hartford Electric Light Co. organized. 1884 – The Wooden Nutmeg begins publication. 1885 – Hartford Camera Club organized. 1886 – Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch dedicated. 1888 – Hartford Morning Record newspaper begins publication. 1889 – Union Station built. 1890 – Population: 53,230. 1892 – Hartford Public Library opens. 1896 – City consolidated. 1897 – Elizabeth Park laid out (approximate date). 1898 Pope Park laid out. La Salette Missionary college in operation. Sage-Allen building constructed. 1899 – Corning Fountain in Bushnell Park dedicated. 1900 - Population: 79,850. 20th century 1901 – Underwood Typewriter Company factory in operation. 1908 Bridge over Connecticut River rebuilt. Royal Typewriter Company manufactory in operation. Morgan art gallery built. 1909 – Flood. 1910 Connecticut State Library and Supreme Court Building constructed. Population: 98,915. 1919 – Travelers Tower built. 1920 – The Hartt School founded. 1921 – University of Connecticut School of Law established. 1925 – WTIC (AM) radio begins broadcasting. 1930 – Horace Bushnell Memorial Hall opens. 1931 – Society of the Descendants of the Founders of Hartford organized. 1934 February 7: Premiere of Thomson's opera Four Saints in Three Acts. Symphony Society of Greater Hartford formed. 1935 – Thomas J. Spellacy elected mayor. 1938 – Hurricane. 1941 – Windsor Locks airfield active. 1942 – Connecticut Opera formed. 1944 Interstate 84 constructed. Circus fire. 1945 Hartford Collection of local history established at the public library. State governor's residence locates to Prospect Avenue in Hartford. 1947 Edward N. Allen becomes mayor. Bradley International Airport established. Hillyer College established. 1950 – Population: 177,397. 1955 – Hartford Graduate School established by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 1957 – University of Hartford chartered. 1962 – Cathedral of St. Joseph rebuilt. 1963 Hartford Stage founded. Phoenix Life Insurance Company Building constructed. 1964 – Constitution Plaza built. 1967 – Greater Hartford Community College established. 1968 – Harriet Beecher Stowe House museum opens. 1970 Racial unrest. Cinestudio founded. 1974 Mark Twain House museum opens. Hartford Advocate begins publication. 1975 Hartford Civic Center opens. Real Art Ways established. Valley Advocate and Hartford Inquirer newspapers begin publication. 1976 – Connecticut Transit Hartford founded. 1979 Hartford Whalers hockey team active. Charter Oak Cultural Center established. 1980 Population: 136,392. City Place I built. 1987 Hartford Karma Thegsum Choling established. Carrie Saxon Perry elected mayor. Hartford News begins publication. 1992 Capital Community College established. Connecticut Forum founded. 1998 – City website online (approximate date). 1999 – Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy established. 21st century 2001 – Eddie Perez elected mayor. 2004 – University High School of Science and Engineering established. 2005 – Connecticut Convention Center opens. 2008 – Global Communications Academy opens. 2009 – Connecticut Science Center opens. 2010 Population: 124,775. Pedro Segarra becomes mayor. 2011 – Hurricane Irene. 2016 – Hartford Connecticut Temple of The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints dedicated in Farmington, Connecticut, a suburb. It is the second Latter-day Saint temple dedicated in New England. See also History of Hartford, Connecticut National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut References Bibliography published in the 19th century published in the 20th century . + Chronology (fulltext via Open Library) published in the 21st century External links Connecticut History Online. Items related to Hartford. http://www.courant.com/sports/hockey/hartford-whalers/hc-whalers-historical-timeline,0,5898691.story Items related to Hartford, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America). Hartford hartford Years in Connecticut
The 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), formally the Political Bureau of the 10th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee of the CCP on 30 August 1973 in the aftermath of the 10th National Congress. This electoral term was preceded by the 9th Politburo and succeeded by the 11th. 11 of the 22 members served concurrently in the 10th Politburo Standing Committee. Composition Members Alternates Explanatory notes References External links Gazette of the 1st Session of the 10th CCP Central Committee 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party 1973 in China
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} function shareContactsScroll() { $('.share-dialog-contacts').jScrollPane({ enableKeyboardNavigation: false, showArrows: true, arrowSize: 8, animateScroll: true }); } dialogPositioning(); shareContactsScroll(); //$('.share-multiple-input').tokenInput([ // { id: 7, name: "Ruby" }, // { id: 11, name: "Python" }, // { id: 13, name: "JavaScript" }, // { id: 17, name: "ActionScript" }, // { id: 19, name: "Scheme" }, // { id: 23, name: "Lisp" }, // { id: 29, name: "C#" }, // { id: 31, name: "Fortran" }, // { id: 37, name: "Visual Basic" }, // { id: 41, name: "C" }, // { id: 43, name: "C++" }, // { id: 47, name: "Java" } //], { // theme: "mega" // }); $('.share-dialog-permissions').unbind('click'); $('.share-dialog-permissions').bind('click', function () { var m = $('.permissions-menu'), scrollPos = 0; if ($('.share-dialog-contacts .jspPane')) scrollPos = $('.share-dialog-contacts .jspPane').position().top; m.removeClass('search-permissions'); if ($(this).attr('class').indexOf('active') == -1) { var x = $(this).position().left + 50; 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$('.permissions-icon').addClass(p); } $(this).addClass('active'); } else $(this).removeClass('active'); $('.permissions-menu').addClass('hidden'); $('.permissions-icon.active').removeClass('active'); $('.share-dialog-permissions.active').removeClass('active'); }); //Pending info block $('.pending-indicator').bind('mouseover', function () { var x = $(this).position().left, y = $(this).position().top, infoBlock = $('.share-pending-info'), scrollPos = 0; if ($('.share-dialog-contacts .jspPane')) scrollPos = $('.share-dialog-contacts .jspPane').position().top; infoHeight = infoBlock.outerHeight(); infoBlock.css({ 'left': x, 'top': y - infoHeight + scrollPos }); infoBlock.fadeIn(200); }); $('.pending-indicator').bind('mouseout', function () { $('.share-pending-info').fadeOut(200); }); //Personal message $('.share-message textarea').bind('focus', function () { var $this = $(this); $('.share-message').addClass('active'); if ($this.val() == 'Include personal message...') { $this.select(); window.setTimeout(function () { $this.select(); }, 1); function mouseUpHandler() { $this.off("mouseup", mouseUpHandler); return false; } $this.mouseup(mouseUpHandler); } }); $('.share-message textarea').bind('blur', function () { var $this = $(this); $('.share-message').removeClass('active'); }); function shareMessageResizing() { var txt = $('.share-message textarea'), txtHeight = txt.outerHeight(), hiddenDiv = $('.share-message-hidden'), pane = $('.share-message-scrolling'), content = txt.val(), api; content = content.replace(/\n/g, '<br />'); hiddenDiv.html(content + '<br/>'); if (txtHeight != hiddenDiv.outerHeight()) { txt.height(hiddenDiv.outerHeight()); if ($('.share-message-textarea').outerHeight() >= 50) { pane.jScrollPane({ enableKeyboardNavigation: false, showArrows: true, arrowSize: 5 }); api = pane.data('jsp'); txt.blur(); txt.focus(); api.scrollByY(0); } else { api = pane.data('jsp'); if (api) { api.destroy(); txt.blur(); txt.focus(); } } } } $('.share-message textarea').on('keyup', function () { shareMessageResizing(); }); $('.qr-dialog-label .dialog-feature-toggle').on('click', function () { var me = $(this); if (me.hasClass('toggle-on')) { me.find('.dialog-feature-switch').animate({ marginLeft: '2px' }, 150, 'swing', function () { me.removeClass('toggle-on'); }); } else { me.find('.dialog-feature-switch').animate({ marginLeft: '22px' }, 150, 'swing', function () { me.addClass('toggle-on'); }); } }); var QRoptions = { width: 222, height: 222, correctLevel: QRErrorCorrectLevel.H, // high foreground: '#D90007', text: 'path_to_url }; // Render the QR code $('.qr-icon-big').text('').qrcode(QRoptions); }); </script> </head> <body id="bodyel" class="bottom-pages"> <div class="fm-dialog-overlay"></div> <div class="fm-dialog qr-contact"> <div class="fm-dialog-header"> <div class="fm-dialog-title">MEGA Contact</div> <div class="fm-dialog-close"></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="qr-dialog-content-block"> <div class="vatar-wrapper avatar"> <img src="path_to_url" /> </div> <div class="qr-contact-name">Khaled Daifallah</div> <div class="qr-contact-email">kd@mega.co.nz</div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="default-red-button right links-button " id="qr-ctn-add"> <div class="big-btn-txt">Add Contact</div> </div> <div class="qr-ct-exist hidden">Contact exists in your contact list </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> ```
```javascript module.exports = require('./data.json') ```
Anselmus de Boodt or Anselmus Boetius de Boodt (Bruges, 1550 - Bruges, 21 June 1632) was a Flemish humanist naturalist, Rudolf II physician's gemologist. Along with the German known as Georgius Agricola with mineralogy, de Boodt was responsible for establishing modern gemology. De Boodt was an avid gems and minerals collector who travelled widely to various mining regions in Belgium, Germany, Bohemia and Silesia to collect samples. His definitive work on the subject was the Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia (1609). De Boodt was also a gifted draughtsman who made many natural history illustrations and developed a natural history taxonomy. Early life De Boodt descended from an aristocratic family. His ancestors had come from Dortrecht in the 13th century. His father Anselmus de Boodt (1519-1587) was a renowned broker who also provided overseas insurance coverage. De Boodt studied artes at the University of Louvain. He left to study canonical and civil law at the University of Orléans from the end of 1572. After completing his studies, he went to study for a while in Padua where his presence is confirmed in 1576. In 1579 he was appointed to the city council of Bruges and was involved in the financial administration of the city of Bruges. However, he had to leave the city after the Calvinists took power. At the imperial court Court physician De Boodt went to Bohemia where in 1583 he was appointed the personal physician of Wilhelm Rosenberg, an important diplomat and military leader of Bohemia, who lived in the Renaissance Castle of Český Krumlov in southern Bohemia. In january 1579 until 1580, he studied medicine and natural philosophy in the university of Heidelberg where he formally received lessons until 1580 from the Swiss doctor of medicine Thomas Erastus. In 1584 he was appointed canon of St. Donat's Church in Bruges. He held the position until 1595 without leaving Prague. In 1586 de Boodt returned to Padua to continue his medicine study and obtained a doctorate the next year. In 1587 the Flemish doctor and pioneering botanist Carolus Clusius left the imperial botanical garden of Emperor Rudolph II in Prague, de Boodt took over his position. De Boodt was also appointed the medical court doctor of the Emperor. Various works De Boodt prepared a Theatrum Instrumentarum Mechanicorum for Emperor Rudolph II (unpublished), which described a wide range of scientific instruments. When the court engraver Martino Rota died in 1583 de Boodt obtained an engraving licence in 1588 to complete the third part of Rota's Last Judgement (Albertina, Vienna). When the Flemish court historian Jacobus Typotius died after completing the second part of his Symbola Divina et Humana, a collection of emblems and imprese (the first volume had appeared in Prague with engravings by Aegidius Sadeler), de Boodt completed the third and most voluminous part. The book appeared in 1603 and was reprinted at least 10 times up to 1972 (Academia, Graz). Natural history studies De Boodt also made many watercolours of native and exotic animals and plants. He filled twelve volumes with 728 illustrations of quadrupeds, reptiles, birds, fish, insects and plants. He thus aimed to depict all creatures of the natural world as his compatriot Joris Hoefnagel who was also working at Rudolph II's court had done earlier in his series of the Four Elements. De Boodt's volumes can be regarded as a paper museum. He developed a taxonomy and standardisation, which he added in many languages to his drawings. These drawings predate the Academy of the Lynxes around Galileo Galilei for which usually primacy of such material is claimed. De Boodt made most of the drawings himself but also engaged the services of other artists such as his compatriot Elias Verhulst from Mechelen. This Historia Naturalis remained in the hand of his heirs until 1844 and was partially published in 1989 (De Albums van Anselmus De Boodt, door M.C. Maselis, A. Balis, R. Marynissen; Lannoo Tielt; The Boodt Watercolours, 1999). Gemological studies The principal assignment of de Boodt was the study and cataloguing of all known gems, rocks and minerals. He summarized his work in the Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia (The History of Gems and Stones), the finest gemological treatise and encycopedia ever written for this time. The first edition, Latin, of which appeared in 1609 and was dedicated to the emperor. It was published in Latin in Hanoviae (Hanau, now Germany). Two further editions in Latin were published in Leiden, the Dutch Republic, in 1636 and in 1647. These were organized by a physician of Leiden, Adriaan Toll, a commentator of the works of Galenus. The book was translated into French in 1644 : Le Parfaict Jouaillier ou Histoire des Pierreries. The book was used for many centuries for its information on the splitting of diamonds, how to recognize fake gems, colour-fast mixes for painters, exploration sites for geologists, the hardness of rocks and the health benefits of certain minerals. The first part of the book gives an account of the various causes of minerals. De Boodt's views on this were influenced by earlier scholastic authors and the Greek philosopher Aristotle. He was still able to arrive at a unique account for the causes of the formation of minerals and several of his ideas became well accepted throughout the seventeenth century. The book contains important contributions to the theory of colour. The publication of the Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia ensured de Boodt's European reputation and he could afford to live in luxury. He still decided to leave the imperial court after the death of Rudolf II in 1612. Return to Bruges He returned to Bruges in 1614. Here he remained active as a physician, painted and performed on string instruments songs from his own Luteboec (Book of the Lute). He composed various literary works in his native Dutch as a member of the local Chamber of Rhetoric. He translated the Consolatione Philosophiae of Boethius into Dutch verse and for the youth he published spiritual liedekens (songs) such as De Baene des Deugds (The Way of Virtue) (1624) and De Baene des Hemels ende der Deughden (The Way of Heaven and the Virtues) (Nicolaes Breyghel, 1628). He compiled the first herbal book in Bruges with sixty plates, published posthumously by his young friend Vredius in 1640 under the title Anselmi Boëtii de Boot I.C. Brugensis & Rodolphi II. imp. Roman. medici a cubiculis florum, herbarum, ac fructuum selectiorum icones, & vires pleraeq. hactenus ignotae. Anselm de Boodt died on 21 June 1632 in Bruges. Selected works Gemmarum et lapidum historia : qua non solum ortus, natura, vis & precium, sed etiam modus quo ex iis olea, salia, tincturae, essentiae, arcana & magisteria arte chymica confici possint, ostenditur : opvs principibvs, medicis, chymicis, physicis, ac liberalioribus ingeniis vtilissimum : cum variis figuris, indiceq. duplici & copioso, Anselmus Boetius de Boot, Hanoviae, Typ. Wechelianis apud C. Marnium et heredes J. Aubrii, 1609 Le Parfaict joaillier ou l'histoire des pierreries sont amplement descrites, Ans. Boece de Boot, Lyon, Huguetan, 1644 Gemmarum et lapidum historia : quam olim edidit Anselmus Boetius de Boot ... / Postea Adrianus Tollius ... recensuit; figuris melioribus, & commentariis pluribus illustravit, & indice auxit multo locupletiore, de Boodt Anselmus Boëtius 1550–1632. -- Tollius Adrianus, 17th century, ed. -- De Laet Joannes 1581-1649—Theophrastus 372-287 BC, Lugduni Batavorum, ex officina Ioannis Maire, 1647. Anselmi Boëtii de Boot I.C. Brugensis & Rodolphi II. imp. Roman. medici a cubiculis florum, herbarum, ac fructuum selectiorum icones, & vires pleraeq. hactenus ignotae. E bibliotheca Olivari Vredi I.C. Brugensis, 1640 Symbola Diuina & Humana Pontificvm Imperatorvm Regvm. Accessit breuis, & facilis Isagoge Iac. Typotii. Ex Mvsaeo Octavii De Strada. 3. Symbola Varia Diversorvm Principvm. Cvm Facili Isagoge D. Anselmi De Boodt Brvgensis Sac. Caes. Malavlae Medici, Francofvrti: Schönwetter; 1652 References External links Galileo Project on Anselmus de Boodt Curiosities from Bruges and Cologne Anselmus de Boodt (1609) Gemmarum et lapidum historia - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library Flemish scientists Flemish botanists Flemish Renaissance painters Physicians of the Habsburg Netherlands Physicians of the Spanish Netherlands Natural history illustrators Mineralogists Flemish illustrators Botanical illustrators Flemish geologists 1550 births 1632 deaths Scientists from Bruges Physicians from Bruges

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