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David Payne Brewster (June 15, 1801 – February 20, 1876) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from New York from 1839 to 1843. Biography Born in Cairo, New York, Brewster attended the common schools and graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1823. After that, he moved to New York City, where he studied law. In 1825, he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Oswego, New York. Career Brewster was a trustee of the Village of Oswego in 1828, 1836 and 1845; District Attorney of Oswego County from 1829 to 1833; Supervisor of the Town of Oswego in 1833; Treasurer of the Village of Oswego from 1832 to 1834; President of the Village of Oswego in 1837. He was also an associate judge of the court of Common Pleas from 1833 to 1841. Tenure in Congress Brewster was elected as a Democrat to the 26th and 27th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1839, to March 3, 1843. Later career After his political career, Brewster was appointed as Postmaster of Oswego, New York, on July 21, 1845, and served until January 10, 1849, when his successor was appointed. Returning to the practice of law, he also engaged in agricultural pursuits. Brewster served as member of the excise board commission and became its president in 1870, and held the office for three years. Death Brewster died in Oswego, Oswego County, New York, February 20, 1876; and was interred at Riverside Cemetery, Scriba town, Oswego County, New York. References External links Govtrack US Congress 1801 births 1876 deaths Union College (New York) alumni People from Cairo, New York Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state) Politicians from Oswego, New York 19th-century American politicians Oswego County District Attorneys
Contra Costa County Employees' Retirement Association (CCCERA) is a retirement association for Contra Costa County, California's public employees. It provides defined benefit plans to the county and other local agencies. The association is a system that provides retirement benefits to employees of Contra Costa County and 16 participating public employers located within the county. Member organizations As of December 31, 2007, the participating agencies/districts include: Bethel Island Municipal Improvement District Byron, Brentwood, Knightsen Union Cemetery District Central Contra Costa Sanitary District Contra Costa County Employees’ Retirement Association Contra Costa Housing Authority Contra Costa Mosquito and Vector Control District First 5 – Children & Families Commission In-Home Supportive Services Authority Local Agency Formation Commission Rodeo Sanitary District Superior Court of Contra Costa County Contra Costa Fire Protection District East Contra Costa Fire Protection District Moraga-Orinda Fire Protection District Rodeo-Hercules Fire Protection District San Ramon Valley Fire Protection District Structure The retirement benefit structure of CCCERA is based upon the County Employees Retirement Law (CERL) of 1937, commonly referred to as the “37 Act.” On March 6, 1944, the Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors voted to adopt an ordinance giving county voters the opportunity to accept or reject the CERL as the framework for retirement benefits for county employees. The measure was passed by the voters. CCCERA began functioning on July 1, 1945. As of 2008, 20 of California's 58 counties have retirement systems that follow the stipulations of the ’37 Act. The service retirement, disability, death and survivor benefits provided by CCCERA are administered by a 12 member Board of Retirement. The Board adopts regulations, procedures, policies and resolutions as permitted by and amended in the CERL. The Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors may also adopt resolutions which affect member benefits, as permitted by the County Employees' Retirement Law of 1937. The Retirement Board is responsible for general management of CCCERA while a Chief Executive Officer oversees the operations of the Association. A Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) outlines financial, investment, actuarial and statistical information about the Association in detail. The CAFR also includes an Independent Auditor’s Report focusing on CCCERA’s financial statements. As of December 31, 2012, CCCERA’s net assets were approximately 6.5 billion dollars. By comparison, as of December 31, 1945, the Association’s total assets stood at just under $45,600. At the close of 1946, the Association numbered approximately 550 members. CCCERA’s 2013 membership was approximately 20,000. This figure represents active employees, retirees, beneficiaries and deferred members. CCCERA is a contributory defined benefit plan, as mandated by the regulations of the CERL. This plan requires both employers and employees to contribute to the fund. A defined benefit retirement plan does not base future retirement benefits on how much the employee and employer contribute to the fund, nor do fluctuating investment returns play a role in determining final retirement allowances. Rather, a fixed formula, stipulated by the 1937 Act, determines members’ future retirement allowances. Retirement benefits are calculated using three important variables within the following formula: Highest Average Years of Retirement Age at Monthly Salary x Service Credit x Retirement Age Factor As of 2008, CCCERA administers 8 different benefit tiers. All tiers use the above formula, however. Highest Average Monthly Salary is computed using the highest 36 consecutive months of salary for Tier 2 and Safety Tier C members; the highest 12 consecutive months of salary are used for the remaining 6 tiers. Retirement Service Credit corresponds to the length of time a member has worked while actively contributing to the retirement system. Service credit may also comprise time with another ’37 Act County or “reciprocal” agency and may also include time “purchased” as a prior public servant (military service or federal government for example). Retired members are entitled to an annual cost of living (COLA) increase, granted by the board, effective April 1 of each year. This benefit is based on the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose area Consumer Price Index and may range up to between 2% and 4%. CCCERA is not responsible for providing health benefits to its members. These are administered by the Human Resources department of Contra Costa County. Known as “Other Post Employment Benefits” (OPEB), the County provides post retirement health benefits for employees who have retired under CCCERA and to the spouses and dependents of these retirees. The County also provides health and dental benefits to active members through contracting with various health and dental plans. Such benefits are established through negotiations between Contra Costa County and the various bargaining units that represent the County's employees. The stipulations of OPEB may be modified, altered or terminated at any time and for any reason as provided in the plan documents. Unlike OPEBs, a CCCERA member's pension is a lifetime benefit. As of 2012, it has significant underfunding liabilities in excess of $1.9 billion. An investigative series by the Contra Costa Times in 2009 highlighted pension spiking issues. Reciprocity CCCERA has reciprocity with 19 other 1937 Act counties as well as CalPERS (California Public Employees Retirement System). It also has limited reciprocity with some other California cities, public agencies, and retirement systems. The official site lists more specifics. References External links Organizations based in Contra Costa County, California Retirement plans in the United States Non-profit organizations based in California
Musa Büyük (born May 22, 1980) is a Turkish retired footballer. He played as a winger. Career He played for Zeytinburnuspor (1996–2003), İstanbulspor (2003–2004), Ankaraspor (2005–2006), Trabzonspor (2006–2008) and Kocaelispor (2008–2009). He was capped three times for the Turkey B. References 1980 births Living people Turkish men's footballers Turkey men's B international footballers Zeytinburnuspor footballers Ankaraspor footballers İstanbulspor footballers Trabzonspor footballers Kocaelispor footballers Diyarbakırspor footballers Samsunspor footballers Süper Lig players Men's association football midfielders People from Çatalca
Yves Lever (1942 – July 7, 2020) was a Canadian film critic and historian from Quebec. He was historically most noted for his 2016 biography of film director Claude Jutra, which addressed allegations that Jutra had sexually abused underage children. The statement was controversial, but Lever's publisher stood behind him, and Jutra's name was quickly removed from numerous cultural and geographic entities that had been named in his memory, including Quebec's Jutra Awards and the national Claude Jutra Award. Born and raised in Marsoui, Quebec, Lever taught film studies at a variety of institutions throughout his career, including Collège Ahuntsic, the Université de Montréal and Université Laval. His other published books included Cinéma et société québécoise (1972), Histoire générale du cinéma au Québec (1988), Les 100 films québécois qu’il faut voir (1995), Dictionnaire de la censure au Québec : littérature et cinéma (2006) and J.A DeSève, diffuseur d'images (2008). References 1942 births 2020 deaths 20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers 20th-century Canadian male writers 21st-century Canadian biographers 21st-century Canadian male writers French Quebecers Canadian male biographers Canadian film critics Canadian film historians Canadian non-fiction writers in French People from Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine Writers from Quebec
Ashot IV Bagratuni (), better known as Ashot Msaker (, "Ashot the Meat Eater / the Carnivorous"), reputedly for his refusal to refrain from eating meat during Lent, was an Armenian prince from the Bagratid family. A fugitive from the failed uprising in 775 against Arab rule in Armenia, where his father was killed, over the next decades he gradually expanded his domains and established a predominant role for himself in the country's affairs, becoming recognized by the Abbasid Caliphate as presiding prince of Armenia from 806 until his death in 826. Life Ashot IV was the son of Smbat VII, presiding prince of Arab-ruled Armenia. Smbat had participated in the rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate, and had been killed in the disastrous Battle of Bagrevand in 775. Following the battle, Ashot fled from the family's traditional lands in eastern Armenia north to his relatives near the sources of the Araxes river, where he was further from Arab power and closer to the Byzantine Empire. There he also possessed silver mines, which allowed him to buy some of the lands of the Kamsarakan family and establish a new lordship around the fortress of Bagaran, in the province of Ayrarat. The demise or exile of so many princely families (nakharar) after Bagrevand left a power vacuum in the southern Caucasus: in part this was filled by Arab settlers, who by the early 9th century had established a series of larger or smaller emirates in the region, but among the greatest beneficiaries were the Artsruni, a formerly middle-ranking nakharar family that now came to control most of south-eastern Armenia (Vaspurakan). At the same time, through skilful diplomacy and marriage alliances, Ashot managed to re-establish the Bagratids as the main nakharar family alongside the Artsrunis. As a result, in , Caliph Harun al-Rashid chose Ashot as the new presiding prince of Armenia, restoring the office that had lapsed with his father's death thirty years previously. The appointment was designed both as a counterweight to the increasingly powerful Artsruni, as well as a focus for Armenian loyalties away from Byzantium, where many families had fled after 775. At about the same time, the Caliph recognized another Bagratid branch, under Ashot I Curopalates, as princes of Caucasian Iberia. Taking advantage of the turmoil in the Caliphate after the death of Harun al-Rashid in 809 and during the ensuing civil war, Ashot was able to greatly expand his lands and authority. Ashot's rise was challenged by another ambitious family, the Muslim Jahhafids. The family's founder, Jahhaf, was a newcomer in Armenia who had established a considerable power base for himself by claiming Mamikonian lands through his marriage with a daughter of Mushegh VI Mamikonian, one of the Armenian leaders killed at Bagrevand. Ashot twice defeated the Jahhafids in Taron and Arsharunik. In the process he gained not only Taron (which Jahhaf had seized from another Bagratid, Vasak) and Arsharunik with Shirak (which he had earlier bought from the Kamsarakans), but also Ashotz, and eastern Tayk. Frustrated, Jahhaf and his son Abd al-Malik openly rebelled against the Caliphate by seizing the Armenian capital, Dvin, in 813, and unsuccessfully besieging the caliphal governor at Bardaa. Ashot defeated an army of 5,000 sent against him by Abd al-Malik, killing 3,000 of them, while Ashot's brother Shapuh raided the environs of Dvin. As Abd al-Malik prepared to march and confront Shapuh, the local populace rebelled and killed him. The death of Abd al-Malik "marked the victory of the Bagratids over their most dangerous enemies" (Ter-Ghewondyan), and left Ashot as the greatest landholder among the nakharar. He further secured his position by concluding strategic marriage alliances, giving one of his daughters to the Artsruni prince of Vaspurakan, and another to the emir of Arzen. By the time of his death in 826, Ashot had effected a remarkable transformation in his fortunes: as Joseph Laurent comments, the "proscribed and dispossessed" fugitive of Bagrevand died as the "most powerful and most popular prince of Armenia". His possessions were divided among his sons. The eldest, Bagrat II Bagratuni, received Taron and Sasun and later the title of ishkhan ishkhanats ("prince of princes"), whereas his brother, Smbat VIII the Confessor, became the sparapet (commander-in-chief) of Armenia and received the lands around Bagaran and the Araxes. References Sources 8th-century births 826 deaths 8th-century Armenian people 9th-century Armenian people 9th-century kings of Armenia 9th-century monarchs in Asia Ashot Year of birth unknown Vassal rulers of the Abbasid Caliphate Ashot
Alaqeh (, also Romanized as ‘Alāqeh) is a village in Bala Rokh Rural District, Jolgeh Rokh District, Torbat-e Heydarieh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 608, in 179 families. References Populated places in Torbat-e Heydarieh County
The Vijay TV Award for Favorite Hero is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil (Kollywood) Multiple Winners Winners and nominations 2006 Ajith Kumar Varalaru 2007 Rajnikanth - Sivaji Suriya - Vel Vijay - Pokkiri Ajith Kumar - Billa Dhanush - Polladhavan 2008 Kamal Haasan - Dasavatharam Ajith Kumar - Aegan Suriya - Vaaranam Aayiram Vijay - Kuruvi Vikram - Bheema 2009 Vijay - Vettaikaran Kamal Haasan - Unnaipol Oruvan M. Sasikumar - Naadodigal Suriya - Aadhavan Vikram - Kanthaswamy 2010 Rajinikanth - Enthiran Ajith Kumar - Aasal Vijay - Sura Kamal Haasan - Manmadan Ambu Suriya - Singam 2011 Ajith Kumar - Mankatha Dhanush - Aadukalam Suriya - 7aum Arivu Vijay - Velayudham Vikram - Deiva Thirumagal 2012 Vijay - Thuppakki Ajith Kumar- Billa 2 Dhanush - 3 M. Sasikumar - Sundarapandian Suriya - Maattrraan 2013 Vijay - Thalaivaa Dhanush - Maryan Suriya - Singam 2 Ajith Kumar - Arrambam Kamal Haasan - Vishwaroopam 2014 Rajinikanth - Lingaa Ajith Kumar - Veeram Vijay - Kaththi Dhanush - Velaiyilla Pattathari Suriya - Anjaan See also Tamil cinema Cinema of India References Favorite Hero
Jean-Claude Schindelholz (born 11 October 1940) was a Swiss football striker. Career Born in Moutier, Schindelholz began playing football with FC Moutier's first team at age 17, and would help the club gain promotion to the Nationalliga B in 1962. During his career he achieved 13 caps and 1 goal for Switzerland between 15 April 1964 and 22 October 1966. He also played in Switzerland's 0–5 loss to West Germany at the 1966 World Cup. On the club level he played for FC Moutier, Servette FC (1963–1971) and Vevey-Sports (1971–1973). References 1940 births Living people Swiss men's footballers Servette FC players Switzerland men's international footballers 1966 FIFA World Cup players Men's association football forwards
Főnix Arena (until 2021 Főnix Hall, Főnix Csarnok) is a multi-purpose arena in Debrecen, Hungary. The arena holds 8,500 people and opened in 2002. It hosted the 2002 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. The arena was named after the Phoenix, a mythical firebird which is the symbol of Debrecen. Főnix Aréna is the third largest arena in Hungary, and the largest outside Budapest. Background Főnix Hall is located in Debrecen, which is the second largest city of Hungary, in a pleasant environment: close to the Nagyerdő area, near Road 4, along the thoroughfare to Košice called Kassai út. Entering the building through the main entrance, one immediately find itself in the arena space. Along one of the longitudinal sides of the amphitheater, there are locker rooms and service facilities for the athletes, while the other side is actually a multifunctional area that can be freely divided with the help of relocatable partition walls. In the city, the demand had long been in the air for a state-of-the-art convention hall/arena with a larger than average seating capacity. The final impulse was provided by the possibility of acting as the host for the 2002 World Championship in Gymnastics. In fact, the plans for an already existing sports hall from the city of Tallinn (Estonia) were adapted to suit the local circumstances. The construction of Főnix Hall was completed in eight months. Events Since its inauguration, the hall has acted as the venue for a variety of events (such as ice hockey, indoor soccer, basketball and handball tournaments, hot air balloon and ballroom dancing championships, ballet performances, music concerts, various exhibitions, conferences and even ice shows). The long list of celebrities having performed here ranges from Olympic champion Szilveszter Csollány and the heavy metal band Iron Maiden or the rock band Deep Purple through the pianist Richard Clayderman to conductor Kobayashi Ken-Ichiro and singer Bryan Adams, including a number of other famous athletes and artists. Főnix Hall and Papp László Sportaréna are the two stadiums hosting the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship in Hungary with the final being played at the Főnix Hall. The arena will host the 2024 European Women's Handball Championship and the 2027 World Women's Handball Championship. Facilities The arena proper is fully surrounded with telescope-joint stands (and diagonally turned-in mobile bleachers in the corners). During concerts, the stage actually replaces the stand at the far end of the hall and the entire arena floor is available for the audience to occupy. The props and technical equipment required for the performances can be moved into the arena section through two larger size freight entrances that are 2.5 and 4 meters wide respectively. The gym storeroom next to the gates is accessible from several sides due to the huge sliding doors, and a configuration of several separately lockable storerooms can be arranged if necessary, including rooms for track and field, gymnastics, martial arts, or ice-skating. Even the largest sized apparatuses can be freely moved about. Behind the mobile bleachers, there is a series of other service venues: locker rooms for the athletes, doctors' rooms, changing rooms for the hall personnel, storage rooms, the electric substation room, the gym storeroom, and the fitness room. Főnix hall is connected to the adjacent Imre Hódos Sports Hall through an underground passageway, so that the facilities could also be used during certain larger events for training or changing purposes or for offices, if necessary. The elevator serves this basement level, too, so the facilities are thus accessible even for mobility impaired athletes. Technical information external width: 76.63 m external length: 108.56 m external height: 21.1 m ceiling height of the arena floor: 14.4 m clearance under the projector: 11.4 m length of the arena floor: 70 m width of the arena floor: 43.8 m arena floor total area: 3066 m2 number of floors: 4 staircase-towers: 4 elevators: 4+1 seating capacity without the arena floor: 6480 seating capacity with a stage arrangement: 7039 seating capacity of the arena floor: 1280 maximum number of spectators in the hall: 8500 locker rooms for athletes: 6 snack buffets: 7 restaurants: 2 seating capacity of the multifunctional room: 300 parking spaces for cars: 455 parking spaces for buses: 28 External links Official website Website of the Főnix Rendezvényszervező Indoor arenas in Hungary Basketball venues in Hungary Handball venues in Hungary Music venues in Hungary Sports venues in Debrecen
Grand Hotel Huis ter Duin () is a seaside hotel and congress center in Noordwijk aan Zee, South Holland, Netherlands, with views over the North Sea. It is notable for being decorated in a clown theme, with many paintings of clowns, and for housing the Michelin-starred Latour restaurant. History In 1885 the building was completed and in 1887 the hotel was bought by entrepreneur Heinrich Tappenbeck from the Noordwijk municipality, Tappenbeck immediately began to address business internationally (especially in Germany) and advertised on the good accessibility (by steam tram) and the good connections to major cities such as Amsterdam and Leiden. During the 1970s Huis ter Duin was bought by the Noorlander family. The hotel has always focused on affluent tourists. Thus, the royal families of Belgium and the Netherlands stayed there regularly. Other guests included Princess Grace of Monaco, writer Thomas Mann and film actors Liz Taylor and Richard Burton. During the Second World War the hotel was requisitioned by the Germans for the post of SS officers. That history was later used in the film Soldaat van Oranje which was partially filmed around the hotel. A fire destroyed a large historic part of the hotel at January 25, 1990, then Huis ter Duin was rebuilt and expanded in its current style. Notable residents Many internationally known guests stayed in this hotel : King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands Queen Máxima of the Netherlands Princess and former Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands Princess and former Queen Juliana of the Netherlands Dutch prime Minister Mark Rutte King Harald V of Norway U.S President Barack Obama U.S Minister of Foreign Affairs John Kerry Former UN Secretary Kofi Annan Frederik Willem de Klerk, Former President of South Africa Tony Blair, Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Mikhail Gorbachev, President of the USSR 1985-1990 Sophia Loren Shirley Bassey Grace Kelly Liz Taylor José Carreras André Hazes Freddy Heineken Dick Advocaat, also a penthouse named after Bert van Marwijk also a penthouse named after Louis van Gaal also a suite named after Dutch football team External links Official site (in English) Hotels in the Netherlands Hotel buildings completed in 1885 Noordwijk
Henry County Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located northwest of the central business district of Paris, a city in Henry County, Tennessee, United States. The current Airport Manager is Mr. Bobby Nolan. Facilities and aircraft Henry County Airport covers an area of which contains one asphalt paved runway (2/20) measuring . For the 12-month period ending July 11, 2000, the airport had 16,445 aircraft operations, an average of 45 per day: 99.5% general aviation and 0.5% air taxi. Civil Air Patrol Henry County Airport has been home to the Henry County Composite Squadron of the Tennessee Wing Civil Air Patrol for over 25 years. Founded in December 1993 at the Tennessee Army National Guard armory in Paris, the squadron constructed its own facility on the far end of the airport in 1995, opposite the terminal, at the Grant Grissom Headquarters Building. The building was dedicated in 2001 for Cadet Senior Airman Richard Grant Grissom, who was killed in a vehicular accident in Murray, Kentucky on September 10, 1999. The Squadron was 2001 Squadron of Merit, 2004 Squadron of Merit, and 2003 Tennessee Wing Squadron of the Year. References External links Airports in Tennessee Buildings and structures in Henry County, Tennessee Transportation in Henry County, Tennessee
Atrusca trimaculosa, also known as the woollybear gall wasp, is a species of gall wasp. This wasp is found on a variety of oak trees, including valley oak, blue oak, and Oregon oak. Its galls are 3-4 mm wide, round, and covered in stiff hairs. The galls are located on leaves, and often clustered together. Only females of this species are known. References External links Atrusca trimaculosa on gallformers Cynipidae Gall-inducing insects Insects of the United States Oak galls Western North American coastal fauna
The Test d'évaluation du français (TEF) is a test of fluency in French for non-native speakers. It is awarded by the CCIP. It is often required to be admitted into universities and is recognized by the Federal government of Canada as a proof of fluency in immigration procedures. The test is made up of three mandatory and two optional sections. The reading, listening, grammar and vocabulary sections are mandatory and must be taken together, while the writing and speaking sections are optional and can be taken separately. NB. The Federal Government of Canada requires both mandatory and optional section for immigration purposes. External links CCIP French language tests
Skorpa is an island in the municipality in Kinn in Vestland county, Norway. The island lies about west of the town of Florø in a large group of inhabited islands. Skorpa lies about north of the islands of Reksta and Kinn and about south of the island of Fanøya. The island is rocky, mountainous, and barren. Almost all the settlement is located on the southwestern shore. The population (2001) was about 60 residents. See also List of islands of Norway References Islands of Vestland Kinn
Santiago Frias (born January 1, 2003) is a Canadian soccer player who currently plays for Sigma FC in League1 Ontario. College career In August 2021, Frias began attending the University of Akron and was unveiled by the Akron Zips as part of their newcomer class. He made his debut on August 26, 2021 against the Wright State Raiders. He scored his first goal on September 2, 2022, also against Wright State. Club career On June 24, 2021, Canadian Premier League club Forge FC announced that they had signed Frias to a developmental contract. He made his professional debut on July 22 against Cavalry FC. He played one match with Forge's affiliate team, Sigma FC in League1 Ontario in 2021. At the end of the season, he departed Forge. For the 2022 season, he played with Sigma FC. Career statistics References External links 2003 births Living people Canadian men's soccer players Men's association football defenders Soccer people from Ontario Sportspeople from Oakville, Ontario Canadian Premier League players League1 Ontario players Forge FC players Sigma FC players Akron Zips men's soccer players
Stephen Peter Arthur Wettenhall (born 15 February 1963) was the Labor Member of the Parliament of Queensland for Barron River. He was first elected in the 2006 Queensland state election, and was defeated in the 2012 state election. Politics Born in Melbourne, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts and Laws at Monash University where he was politically active on campus and was elected by the student body as Chair of the Monash Association of Students. He established his own legal firm in Cairns in 1993. For the next 13 years he specialised in criminal defence advocacy. His firm expanded and accepted instructions in a wide variety of matters including criminal injuries compensation and discrimination and employment cases. He also continued to represent indigenous clients in Cape York and was retained periodically by Aboriginal legal services in the Torres Strait, Gulf of Carpentaria, Mount Isa and Cairns to represent their clients. He takes a very strong and active interest in environment and conservation issues and has served two terms as President of the Cairns and Far North Environment Centre. He is also a founding and honorary life member of the Cairns Community Legal Centre. After the 2009 state election, Wettenhall was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Tourism and in February 2011, he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary assisting the Premier for Economic Development in the Far North State committee service Wettenhall was a member of the panel of temporary Speakers, the Legal, Constitutional and Administrative Review Committee, the Parliamentary Crime and Misconduct Committee and the Investigation into Altruistic Surrogacy Select Committee. He also sat on various Parliamentary Caucus Committees. He was also a member of the Regional Queensland Council reporting to the Minister for Communities. In this role he was an ex officio member of the FNQ Regional Disability Council, a ministerial advisory body. He also chaired the FNQ Ministerial Regional Community Forums. Current Wettenhall has returned to legal practice in Cairns under his own name and is also a nationally accredited and Queensland Law Society approved mediator trading as Cairns Mediation. References 1963 births Living people Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland 21st-century Australian politicians
Drinić is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Anka Drinić (1924–2008), Yugoslav gymnast Damir Drinić (born 1989), Serbian footballer Darko Drinić (born 1981), Serbian footballer Drinić surname is 254,831st most common surname in the world. The most people with the surname Drinić live in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a total of 833 people. Apart from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Drinić live in 5 other countries. The surname is common in Serbia and Slovenia. References Surnames of Serbian origin
Immethridine is a histamine agonist selective for the H3 subtype. References Histamine agonists Imidazoles 4-Pyridyl compounds
Charles Norman Millican (October 9, 1916 – December 1, 2010) was an American professor and academic administrator. He was the founding president of the University of Central Florida, then named Florida Technological University. Family and Education Millican was born in Wilson, Arkansas. As a young man, he worked as a part-time reporter for Dun and Bradstreet while earning a Bachelor of Science degree in business and religion from Union University. He graduated in 1941 and was named pastor of Olive Branch Baptist Church in Mississippi. Millican later entered the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Kentucky. But, he returned to Jackson, Mississippi, to serve as a coordinator for the 44th College Training Detachment of the United States Army Air Forces from 1943 to 1945. He married Frances Hilliard on May 15, 1945 in Jackson, Tennessee. Millican returned to school, and in 1946 earned his Master of Arts degree in economics from George Peabody College, then joining the Commerce Department at his alma mater Union University. He would move south to Gainesville, Florida, in 1948, to earn a Ph.D. in business finance and economics from the University of Florida. Millican joined the university faculty, and was appointed the assistant dean of the Warrington College of Business Administration in 1956. Soon thereafter, he left for Texas where he became dean of the School of Business Administration at Hardin-Simmons University. In 1959 he moved to Tampa, Florida, to become dean of the College of Business Administration at the University of South Florida. University of Central Florida presidency On October 19, 1965, Millican was appointed as the founding president of a new state university in Florida, then without a name or even a campus. Millican, with the advice of a citizen advisory group, selected the name "Florida Technological University," though it is now known as the University of Central Florida. The campus site he selected was just east of Orlando, Florida. He is also credited with establishing twin tenets for the university, "Accent on the Individual" and "Accent on Excellence." Millican also chose the new university's motto: "Reach for the Stars." And, he was a co-designer of its distinctive "Pegasus" seal. The highlight of Millican's presidency was at his new university's commencement ceremonies in 1973, when he played host to President Richard Nixon. Millican stepped-down as university president on January 31, 1978, but remained on the faculty. He was given the title of "President Emeritus," and taught classes in finance. Due to his role in shaping the university, Millican is considered by many to be the "Father of UCF." Later years After leaving UCF, Millican served as the president of nearby Lake Highland Preparatory School from 1982 to 1985, and continued as president emeritus-consultant until 1993. Millican returned to serve the University in 1993 as president emeritus and special assistant to the chief executive officer of the UCF Foundation. Millican died on December 1, 2010, at his home in Central Florida. See also List of University of Central Florida faculty and administrators References External links President Millican's papers at the UCF Library Charles Millican Peabody College alumni University of Florida alumni Union University alumni Presidents of the University of Central Florida 1916 births 2010 deaths United States Army Air Forces soldiers United States Army personnel of World War II
Rose Lambert (September 8, 1878 – December 27, 1974) was an American missionary in the Ottoman Empire who was the Matron of the orphanage in Hadjin during and after the 1909 massacres of Armenians in Cilicia. Her accounts of the Hadjin siege and Adana massacre provide an important insight into these events. Early life Lambert was born on September 8, 1878, in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, the daughter of George and Amanda Lambert. Her father was a minister in the Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church. She graduated from the Deaconess Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, and then became a teacher in Indiana. Turkish mission On November 12, 1898, Lambert went to the Ottoman Empire to work among the Armenian orphans of the Hamidian massacres. She arrived in Hadjin on December 28. By autumn 1899, she had 175 orphans under her care. Eventually, two orphanages were opened, one for boys and another for girls. By 1905, the total number of orphans reached 305. Hadjin siege and Adana massacre In June 1908, the Ittihad or Young Turks movement overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid II and declared the return of constitutional rule, promising equality for all citizens of Turkey regardless of religion. The improved status of Armenians and other Christian groups under the new regime caused alarm among some provincial Turkish leaders, who feared the loss of their relatively privileged position in society. On 13 April 1909, a countercoup occurred and Hamid II was briefly returned to power, but although the countercoup collapsed after only a few days, turmoil continued throughout the country. Rumours that Armenians were planning an insurrection or that they were committing atrocities against Turks, spread through the countryside, and shortly after the launch of Hamid's coup, fighting broke out between Turkish and Armenian residents of Adana, which quickly turned into a massacre of Armenians in the town and surrounding villages. News of killings of Armenians soon reached the neighbouring town of Hadjin, where Lambert was still employed in her missionary work, through telegrams and via a trickle of accounts from refugees. With the central government unable to restore order in the provinces for several weeks, Hadjin fell under prolonged siege from armed Turkish villagers—many of them equipped with modern Martini rifles. Unlike Adana however—a city on a plain with a substantial Armenian minority—Hadjin, as an ethnically homogenous town of some 20,000 Armenians situated high in the mountains, was a much more defensible locality. Nonetheless, Hadjin was in a perilous position as its residents were poorly armed and isolated from help. Throughout the siege, they made frantic efforts via telegraph and messenger to enlist aid both from the central government and foreign embassies. Matters were further complicated by the fact that the defence of the town was apparently misinterpreted by some in the central government not as a defence but as a rebellion. During the siege, Lambert became an important source of news to the outside world. Her reports of the massacres and the plight of the Hadjin Armenians, telegraphed to the American consulate, were published in The New York Times. In one telegram published in the Times on April 23, 1909, Lambert wrote: A telegram was then sent from Lambert on April 26 and arrived to the United States on April 28. The telegram read in part: Lambert later wrote a book, Hadjin and the Armenian Massacres, in which she gave a more detailed account of her experiences in Hadjin during the 1909 turmoil. Lambert states that, though fired upon day and night, Hadjin's defenders were instructed not to shoot directly at their attackers unless absolutely necessary, as it was anticipated that the more Turks killed during the defence, the harsher would be retribution from the authorities and the Armenians' Turkish neighbors in the aftermath. Lambert also relates how after many attempts to raise the alarm, a regiment of 300 soldiers was dispatched from Feke to end the siege, but instead of dispersing the besiegers, the regiment apparently joined them. Finally, after several weeks, the British consul, who had been informed of the siege by telegraph, was able to organize a relief force of a Turkish regiment led by a reliable officer, which quickly dispersed the besiegers and restored order. It was at this point that news of the massacre of up to 30,000 Armenians in the neighboring locality of Adana reached Hadjin. Lambert wrote: Aftermath With the siege ended, martial law was established and "a number of the principal village Turks were called to give an account of their deeds." In their defence, these men testified that they had been driven to violence by false reports of Armenian atrocities and humiliations, and all, according to Lambert, were subsequently pardoned after being given "a little advice". In contrast with the lenient treatment extended to local Turkish offenders, 70 of the Armenian defenders of Hadjin, including the mayor and his son, city councillors, local defence leaders, and even those who supplied provisions to the defenders including the baker, were imprisoned in harsh conditions awaiting trial, some of them allegedly tortured to extract confessions. While most were released after a few months, several received ten-year jail sentences. Lambert's book closes with a number of personal stories related to her by survivors of the massacres. Of particular interest to Lambert was the fate of a number of her associates, including "our ministers, delegates, deacons, merchants and the head teacher in our girls' orphanage, numbering seventy-six in all." According to testimony supplied to Lambert, this group, after falling into the hands of a local Turkish leader, were initially promised protection in return for surrendering all their weapons and other possessions, but on doing so were brutally slaughtered by their captors. Lambert concludes her book as follows: To a friend, she wrote: "I did my utmost for [the Armenians] and at the time felt it would be much easier to be with the martyrs than to live with the memories of the atrocities." Lambert returned to the United States in 1910, and married Texas rancher David Musselman the following year, on October 4, 1911. They had five children, David, George, Paul, Rose and John. Death Rose Lambert Musselmann died in 1974 at age 96. She is buried at Memorial Park Cemetery in Victoria County, Texas. Legacy In H. Poghosyan's book, published in 1942, The General History of Hadjin (Հաճընի ընդհանուր պատմութիւնը եւ շրջակայ Գօզան-Տաղի հայ գիւղերը), Rose Lambert was described as a "Saviour Angel for many during the self-defence of Hadjin". References Bibliography External links Lambert, Rose (1911). Hadjin and the Armenian Massacres. Fleming H. Revell Company. Full text available online from Armenian House or Internet Archive. People from Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Writers from Pennsylvania Female Christian missionaries American Protestant missionaries 1909 in the Ottoman Empire History of Adana 1878 births 1974 deaths American expatriates in the Ottoman Empire Protestant missionaries in the Ottoman Empire Missionary educators Protestant missionaries in Turkey Mennonite missionaries
Erich Wolf Segal (June 16, 1937January 17, 2010) was an American author, screenwriter, educator, and classicist who wrote the bestselling novel Love Story (1970) and its hit film adaptation. Early life and education Born and raised in a Jewish household in Brooklyn, New York, Segal was the first of three brothers. His father was a rabbi and his mother was a homemaker. His interest in writing and narrating stories developed as a child. He went to Midwood High School, during which he suffered a serious accident while canoeing. His coach advised him to jog as a part of his rehabilitation, which ended up becoming his passion and caused him to participate in the Boston Marathon more than 12 times. He attended Harvard College, graduating as both the class poet and Latin salutatorian in 1958, and then obtained his master's degree (in 1959) and a doctorate (in 1965) in comparative literature from Harvard University, after which he started teaching at Yale. Writing career In 1967, through connections on Broadway, Segal was given the opportunity to collaborate on the screenplay for the Beatles' 1968 motion picture Yellow Submarine, based on a story by Lee Minoff. He occasionally worked as an actor, having a supporting role in the French crime thriller Without Apparent Motive and a cameo appearance as a gondolier in Jennifer on My Mind, which he also wrote. His first academic book, Roman Laughter: The Comedy of Plautus (1968), published by the Harvard University Press, gave him considerable recognition and chronicled the great Roman comic playwright who inspired the Broadway hit A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962). In the late 1960s, and early '70s Segal collaborated on other screenplays. He wrote a romantic story about a Harvard student and a Radcliffe student but failed to sell it. Literary agent Lois Wallace at the William Morris Agency then suggested he turn the script into a novel, and the result was Love Story (1970). A New York Times No. 1 bestseller, the book became the top selling work of fiction for 1970 in the United States, and was translated into 33 languages worldwide. The motion picture of the same name was the number one box office attraction of 1970. The novel proved problematic for Segal. He acknowledged that its success unleashed "egotism bordering on megalomania" and he was denied tenure at Yale. Moreover, Love Story "was ignominiously bounced from the nomination slate of the National Book Awards after the fiction jury threatened to resign." Segal later said that the book "totally ruined me." He would go on to write more novels and screenplays, including the 1977 sequel to Love Story, titled Oliver's Story. Segal published scholarly works on Greek and Latin literature and taught Greek and Latin literature at Harvard, Yale and Princeton universities. He was a Supernumerary Fellow and an Honorary Fellow of Wolfson College at Oxford University. He served as a visiting professor at Princeton, the University of Munich and Dartmouth College. His novel The Class (1985), a saga based on the Harvard Class of 1958, was a bestseller, and won literary honors in France and Italy. Doctors (1988) was another New York Times bestseller. In 2001, he published a book on the history of theatre called The Death of Comedy. Marathons Segal was an accomplished competitive runner. He had been a sprinter at Midwood High School, and ran the two-mile at Harvard College. He began marathon running during his second year at Harvard, when track and field head coach Bill McCurdy was impressed with how fast he had run 10 miles. Segal ran in the Boston Marathon almost every year from 1955 to 1975. He finished in 79th place at 3 hours, 43 minutes in his first attempt, and his best performance was in 1964 when he finished 63rd with a time of 2:56:30. He recounted that, after one Boston marathon, someone yelled, "Hey, Segal, you run better than you write". Segal was featured in the 1965 documentary short Marathon, which documents the 1964 Boston Marathon and was directed by filmmakers Joyce Chopra and Robert Gardner. Segal was a color commentator for Olympic marathons during telecasts of both the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. His most notable broadcast was in 1972, when he and Jim McKay called Frank Shorter's gold-medal-winning performance. After an impostor, West German student Norbert Sudhaus, ran into Olympic Stadium ahead of Shorter, an emotionally upset Segal yelled, "That is an impostor! Get him off the track! This happens in bush league marathons! This doesn't happen in an Olympic marathon! Throw the bum out! Get rid of that guy!" When Shorter appeared to be confused by the events, Segal yelled, "come on, Frank, you won it!" and "Frank, it's a fake, Frank!" In 2000, The Washington Post included the incident among the 10 most memorable American sports calls (albeit misquoting the latter line as being "it's a fraud, Frank!"). In a 2010 posthumous tribute to Segal, marathon runner Amby Burfoot called Segal's call "one of the most unprofessional, unbridled, and totally appropriate outbursts in the history of Olympic TV commentary", taking into consideration the fact that Segal had taught Shorter at Yale. Personal life Family Segal was married to Karen James from 1975 until his death; they had two daughters, Miranda and Francesca Segal. Francesca, born in 1980, is a freelance journalist, literary critic, and columnist. Death Segal, who suffered from Parkinson's disease, died of a heart attack on January 17, 2010, and was buried in London. In a eulogy delivered at his funeral, his daughter Francesca said, "That he fought to breathe, fought to live, every second of the last 30 years of illness with such mind-blowing obduracy, is a testament to the core of who he was – a blind obsessionality that saw him pursue his teaching, his writing, his running and my mother, with just the same tenacity. He was the most dogged man any of us will ever know." Books 1970: Love Story 1973: Fairy Tale 1977: Oliver's Story 1981: Man, Woman and Child 1985: The Class 1988: Doctors 1992: Acts of Faith 1995: Prizes 1997: Only Love Filmography 1968: Yellow Submarine 1970: The Games 1970: R. P. M. 1970: Love Story 1971: Jennifer on My Mind 1978: Oliver's Story 1980: A Change of Seasons 1983: Man, Woman and Child Bibliography See also Love means never having to say you're sorry References External links Official Erich Segal Website 1937 births 2010 deaths 20th-century American novelists American classical scholars American male novelists American male screenwriters American romantic fiction novelists Writers from Brooklyn Harvard College alumni Classical scholars of Yale University Classical scholars of Harvard University Classical scholars of Princeton University Jewish American novelists Best Screenplay Golden Globe winners Scholars of ancient Greek literature Scholars of Latin literature Midwood High School alumni 20th-century American male writers Novelists from New York (state) Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from Connecticut Screenwriters from New York (state) Screenwriters from Massachusetts Screenwriters from Connecticut 21st-century American Jews
Andrew Sanger (born 1948) is a British freelance journalist and travel writer, best known for many popular travel guides to France and the French regions, although he has also authored more than 40 guides to other locations, and four novels. Sanger was educated at the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle in London, Colchester Royal Grammar School, University College London and Sussex University. Sanger is the author of The Vegetarian Traveller (1987), a guide to the foods and eating habits around Europe and the Mediterranean, which was one of the first travel guides for vegetarians and was a best-seller in the United Kingdom; and a commentary on Robert Louis Stevenson's An Inland Voyage (1991). His guide Exploring Rural France (1988 and subsequent editions) gave early encouragement to ordinary tourists visiting France to get off the beaten track and discover more about the country. The book gave a rise to a series published by A&C Black (London) urging the same approach to other countries. Sanger also published a memoir or novel, Love (2005 and 2015), describing his life in Berkeley, California during the "Summer of Love" and travels during the hippy era, including the "hippie trail" to India. Sanger's novel The J-Word (2009 and 2018), about secular Jewish identity, is not on a travel-related theme, and is set in the neighbourhood of Golders Green in his native north-west London. The J-Word featured at London's Hampstead & Highgate Literary Festival (2009) and Jewish Book Week (2009). The J-Word is a set reading list book on the "Judaism as a Lived Religion" course at Lund University, Sweden. Sanger's novel The Slave (2013), about human trafficking and slavery, is also set in Golders Green. The Unknown Mrs Rosen (2020), about a courageous former spy now elderly and in need of care, has a more evident travel connection with settings in various parts of the UK, Germany and France. In addition, Sanger has written hundreds of articles, almost all on travel, for British newspapers and other publications. From 1990 to 1999, he was editor of the French Railways (later Rail Europe) customer magazine Top Rail. In 1994 and 1996 he received Travelex Travel Writers' Awards for articles published in BBC Holiday Magazine and in Rail Europe Magazine. Sanger is a member of Travelwriters UK and the British Guild of Travel Writers. Selected bibliography The Unknown Mrs Rosen. (Focus Books, 2020. ) DK Eyewitness Top 10 Dublin. (co-author; Dorling Kindersley, new editions 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018. ) Love. (Focus Books, 2015. ) The Slave. (Focus Books, 2013. ) FootprintFocus Normandy Coast. (Footprint Handbooks, 2013. ) FootprintFocus Rouen & Upper Normandy. (Footprint Handbooks, 2013. ) Driving Guide – Provence & the Cote d'Azur. (4th edn, Thomas Cook, 2011) Driving Guide – Loire Valley. (main author, 4th edn, Thomas Cook, 2011) FootprintFrance Normandy. (1st edition, Footprint Handbooks, 2010. ) The J-Word. (Snowbooks, 2009. ; 2nd edition, Focus Books, 2018. ) Michelin Green Guide France. 2008. (principal writer, English edition) AA Essential Spiral Tenerife. AA, 2007. AA Essential Spiral Lanzarote. AA, 2007. Drive Around Loire Valley. Thomas Cook, 2007, 2009. (main author) Drive Around Burgundy. Thomas Cook, 2007, 2009. Drive Around Provence. Thomas Cook, 2007, 2009. AA Essential Channel Hopping. (AA, UK, 1999, 2001) AA Essential Lanzarote & Fuerteventura. (AA, UK, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, relaunched as Essential Spiral 2007) AA Essential Tenerife. (AA, UK, 2000, 2001, 2002, 203, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, relaunched as Essential Spiral 2007) AA Explorer Israel. (AA, UK, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2006) AA TwinPack Lanzarote & Fuerteventura. (AA, UK, 2002) AA TwinPack Tenerife. (AA, UK, 2002. ) An Inland Voyage. (Guide by AS added to book by Robert Louis Stevenson, Cockbird Press, UK, 1991. ) Discover Brussels. (WHS/Thomas Cook, UK, 1999) Exploring Rural France. (Helm/A&C Black, UK, 1988, 1990, 1993; Passport, US, 1988, 1990, 1993) Exploring Rural Ireland. (Helm/A&C Black, UK, 1989; Passport, US, 1989; Mingus, Netherlands, 1991) Eyewitness Top 10 Dublin. (Dorling Kindersley; co-author; first edition UK 2003 ) Fodors Exploring Israel. (Fodor. US. 1996, 1998, 2000) God tur til Lanzarote & Fuerteventura. (Norway. 2000. ) HotSpots Lanzarote. (Thomas Cook, UK, 2006. ) Israel – US Library of Congress Talking Book. (Book no: 1984 – RC 20605; 1998 – RC 44904) Languedoc & Roussillon. (Helm/A&C Black, UK, 1989, 1994, 1997; Passport, US, 1989; 1994, 1997) Long Weekends in France. (Penguin, UK, 1992) Must See Brussels. (Thomas Cook, UK, 1999) Ontdek Landelijk Frankrijk. (Mingus, Netherlands, 1990) Ontdek Landelijk Ierland. (Mingus, Netherlands, 1991). Rough Guide to France, The. (co-author, 1st ed'n, Rough Guides, UK, 1986) Signpost Guide Burgundy and the Rhone Valley. (Thomas Cook, UK, 2000; Globe Pequot, US. 2000) Signpost Guide Loire Valley. (Thomas Cook, UK, 2002; Globe Pequot, US. 2002) Signpost Guide: Provence & the Cote d'Azur. (Thomas Cook, UK, 2000; Globe Pequot, US. 2000) South-West France. (Helm/A&C Black, UK, 1990, 1994; Passport, US, 1990, 1994) Vegetarian Guide to Britain & Europe, The. (Simon & Schuster, UK, 1992) Vegetarian Traveller, The. (Thorsons, UK, 1987; Grafton, UK, 1991; Mingus, Netherlands, 1992) Vegetarier op Reis, De. (Mingus, Netherlands, 1992) Villages of Northern France. (Pavilion, UK, 1994) Viva Guide Israel. (Viva, Germany. 1996) Viva Twin Lanzarote & Fuerteventura. (Viva, Germany. 1999) References External links Andrew Sanger's website Andrew Sanger's entry on the travel writers' website An Inland Voyage with Andrew Sanger's introduction and commentary Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting on Fodor's Exploring Israel by Andrew Sanger An interview with Andrew Sanger on the website OyVaGoy, March 2009 Online interview with Andrew Sanger at Sketch and Travel website Snowbooks web page about The J-Word, a novel by Andrew Sanger Page of published reviews of The-J-Word Andrew Sanger on Twitter 1948 births People educated at Colchester Royal Grammar School Alumni of the University of Sussex Alumni of University College London English travel writers British male journalists Living people
Gerponville is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. Geography A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some northeast of Le Havre, near the junction of the D5 and D10 roads. Heraldry Population Places of interest The church of Notre-Dame, dating from the twelfth century. The remains of an old manorhouse. See also Communes of the Seine-Maritime department References Communes of Seine-Maritime
Premature chromosome condensation (PCC), also known as premature mitosis, occurs in eukaryotic organisms when mitotic cells fuse with interphase cells. Chromatin, a substance that contains genetic material such as DNA, is normally found in a loose bundle inside a cell's nucleus. During the prophase of mitosis, the chromatin in a cell compacts to form condensed chromosomes; this condensation is required in order for the cell to divide properly. While mitotic cells have condensed chromosomes, interphase cells do not. PCC results when an interphase cell fuses with a mitotic cell, causing the interphase cell to produce condensed chromosomes prematurely. The appearance of a prematurely condensed chromosome depends on the stage that the interphase cell was in. Chromosomes that are condensed during the G1 phase are usually long and have a single strand, while chromosomes condensed during the S phase appear crushed. Condensation during the G2 phase yields long chromosomes with two chromatids. PCC was first reported in 1968, of viral-infected cells showing strange appearance of chromosomes. It was found that the strange appearance was selectively observed in S-phase nuclei, and therefore concluded that the nuclei of cells fused in mitotic cells condensed prematurely by unknown material which accumulated in mitotic cells, and observed chromosome structures that are equivalent to those in cell fusion. This material was named as the mitosis promoting factor (MPF). The precise mechanism of chromosome condensation, as well as the premature condensation, is still in question. It is only known that MPF is a key enzyme that induces PCC in somatic cells or oocytes, as they play a key role in cell cycle regulation and cell growth control. When the interphase nuclei is exposed to activated MPF, which is supplied from the mitotic nuclei, PCC is induced. References Chromosomes Mitosis
A private security company is a business entity which provides armed or unarmed security services and expertise to clients in the private or public sectors. Overview Private security companies are defined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics as companies primarily engaged in providing guard and patrol services, such as bodyguard, guard dog, parking security and security guard services. Many of them will even provide advanced special operations services if the client demands it. Examples of services provided by these companies include the prevention of unauthorized activity or entry, traffic regulation, access control, and fire and theft prevention and detection. These services can be broadly described as the protection of personnel and/or assets. Other security services such as roving patrol, bodyguard, and guard dog services are also included, but are a very small portion of the industry. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some security companies engaged in vaccine supply chain services as well. The private security industry is rapidly growing – currently there are 2 million full-time security workers in the United States and this number is expected to increase by 21% percent through 2020, making the security industry a $100 billion a year industry, with projected growth to $200 billion by 2010. The United States is the world's largest consumer of private military and security services, and the private security industry in the U.S. began seeing a huge increase in demand in 2010. Since then, the U.S. security industry has already grown to be a $350 billion market. General terms Employees of private security companies are generally referred to either as "security guards" or "security officers", depending on the laws of the state or country they operate in. Security companies themselves are sometimes referred to as "security contractors", but this is not common due to confusion with private military contractors, who operate under a different auspice. See also Bodyguard Computer security Private Security Company Association of Iraq Private military company Private defense agency Private army List of private security companies Security guard Physical security Private police Private security industry in South Africa References External links Private Security Companies’ Firearms Stockpiles - Small Arms Survey Research Note on firearms ownership by private security companies Law enforcement Privatization
"His Wedded Wife" by Rudyard Kipling ...was published in the Civil and Military Gazette on February 25, 1887, and in book form in the first Indian edition of Plain Tales from the Hills in 1888, and in subsequent editions of that collection. It is one of the short stories that Tompkins classifies as a tale of 'revenge', but it has elements of those classified as 'farce'. Plot summary Henry Augustus Ramsay Faizanne, "for the sake of brevity" called 'The Worm', is a subaltern newly arrived in India.to join the Second Shikarris (a fictional regiment in India). His brother junior officers "soften" him (i.e. bully him, to make him conform) until all become bored, except the Senior Subaltern. One day when the latter has played a practical joker on him, the Worm turns and bets a month's pay that when the Senior Subaltern is promoted to captain, he (the Worm) will in turn play a joke on the Senior that he will never forget. The bet is accepted. After two months, the Senior Subaltern "gets his Company" (promotion), and at the same time becomes engaged to be married. One night in the hot weather, while the Senior Subaltern was singing the praises of his fiancée to the members of the Officers' Mess and their guests (wives), a voice is heard: "Where's my husband?" (Kipling's sense of farce shows: "four men jumped up as if they had been shot. Three of them were married men ... The fourth said that he had acted on the impulse of the moment.") The voice cries "O Lionel!", and all recognize the Senior Subaltern. The plot thickens, in that the woman - who obviously knows him well - seems not quite a lady. The Colonel is perturbed - the narrator says that watching the Senior Subaltern's face "was rather like seeing a man hanged, but much more interesting." When she is challenged to produce her marriage certificate, she fetches a paper from her bosom, challenging "'my husband - my lawfully wedded husband - [to] read it aloud - if he dare!'". When he does, it says: "This is to certify that I, the Worm, have paid in full my debts to the Senior Subaltern...". All laugh hard at this - which "leaned as near to a nasty tragedy as anything this side of a joke can." The Worm has established himself as a talented actor: he is elected president of the regiment's Dramatic Club, and spends his winnings on scenery and costume. He is now known as "Mrs Senior Subaltern" (for reasons of verisimilitude, Kipling is preserving the 'real names' of the characters in the Regiment), which is confusing when Lionel marries his real fiancée. All quotations in this article have been taken from the Uniform Edition of Plain Tales from the Hills published by Macmillan & Co., Limited in London in 1899. The text is that of the third edition (1890) References External links The Kipling Society's website Notes at The Kipling Society's website Short stories by Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling stories about India 1887 short stories Works originally published in the Civil and Military Gazette
The Sky's the Limit is an album by the German Progressive metal band Horizon. Track listing Personnel Patrick Hemer: guitars, vocals Vinnie Angelo : keyboards and background vocals Bruno J. Frank : bass and background vocals Krissy Friedrich: drums and background vocals References KNAC.com Rock Hard 2002 albums Horizon (band) albums Massacre Records albums
Araucaria hunsteinii (Klinki , Klinkii or "Klinky", native names Rassu and Pai) is a species of Araucaria native to the mountains of Papua New Guinea. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a very large evergreen tree (the tallest in New Guinea, and the tallest species in its family), growing to tall, exceptionally to , with a trunk up to diameter. The branches are horizontal, produced in whorls of five or six. The leaves are spirally arranged, scale-like or awl-like, long and broad at the base, with a sharp tip; leaves on young trees are shorter (under ) and narrower (under ). It is usually monoecious with male and female cones on the same tree; the pollen cones are long and slender, up to long and broad; the seed cones are oval, up to long and broad. The seed cones disintegrate at maturity to release the numerous long nut-like seeds. Cultivation and uses It is a fast-growing tree, and is being tested as a potentially important timber crop in tropical highland climates. Pests Barinae spp., Setomorpha rutella, Microlepidopteras, Cacatua galerita (the Sulphur-crested cockatoo) are pests of pine nut production in A. hunsteinii. C. galerita may cause half of the seed crop to be lost in a year, mostly by trying to eat cones that are not yet ready. However, another source describes A. hunsteinii as suffering few pests in plantations, and therefore substituting A. cunninghamii in plantations that suffer more from pests. References Howcroft, N. H. S. (1978). Data sheets on species undergoing genetic impoverishment: Araucaria hunsteinii. Forest Genetics Resources Information 8: 31–37. Russo, R. O., & Briscoe, C. B. (2002). Performance of Klinki (Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schuman) in the Humid Tropics of Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 14 (4): 13–18. hunsteinii Flora of New Guinea Flora of Papua New Guinea Near threatened plants Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Parmotrema zicoi is a species of saxicolous lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was introduced as new to science in 2002. Taxonomy It was originally described from collections made in Serra do Caraça, Brazil, where it was found growing at an elevation of . The specific epithet zicoi honours the priest Tobias Zico, who, as a former administrator for the Parque Natural do Caraça, promoted the "preservation of a most important type locality for numerous lichens, animals, and plants in Brazil". Description The lichen has a seafoam-green thallus up to wide, comprising overlapping lobes that are 2.0–5.0 mm wide. The margins of the lobes have simple cilia that are up to 1 mm long. The cortex contains atranorin, while the medulla contains protocetraric acid. Occasionally, the medullary K spot test reaction is positive, producing a very light yellow colour that indicates the presence of traces of atranorin in the upper part of the medulla near the cortex. P. zicoi has short bacilliform-shaped conidia that are less than 5 μm long. The lichen does not produce any form of vegetative propagation or pustules. See also List of Parmotrema species References zicoi Lichen species Lichens described in 2002 Lichens of Brazil
Fasciculacmocera griseovaria is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Fasciculacmocera. It was described by Breuning in 1966. References Acmocerini Beetles described in 1966 Monotypic Cerambycidae genera Taxa named by Stephan von Breuning (entomologist)
Jhenaidah Government Veterinary College (JGVC) is the 9th veterinary institution in Bangladesh. It provides Doctor of veterinary medicine (DVM) degree of 5 years that includes a 4 year long academic and 1 year internship. It was established at 2010. Currently It is a Faculty of Jashore University of Science and Technology - JUST History Dr. Liaquit Ali is the founder principal of the college. Jhenidah Govt Veterinary College, is an institution which is administered by the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) of Government of People Republic of Bangladesh and affiliated with Jessore University Of Science and Technology that is a specialised college where only the course of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (that is a 5-year course) is being taught. JGVC is about far from the main city of Jhenidah Zilla and situated on 10 acre land (100 acre occupied) beside the Jhenidah-Chuadanga main road. Academic Every year, only 60 students able to get chance in the Jessore University of Science and Technology in DVM course after passing admission test. Campus In JGVC, there are facilities such as halls for male and female students, mosque, auditorium, gymnasium, veterinary teaching hospital, medical center, rainwater plant for collecting rainwater safely, pond, playground, large-animal shed, lab-animal shed, guest house, medicinal garden, academic building, 14 laboratories, a modern 3rd generation central laboratory for biotechnological-genetical and vaccine thesis, and many other criteria. References Further reading 2010 establishments in Bangladesh Educational institutions established in 2010 Veterinary schools in Bangladesh Universities and colleges in Jhenaidah District
Selenite refers to the anion with the chemical formula . It is the oxyanion of selenium. It is the selenium analog of the sulfite ion, . Thus selenite is pyramidal and selenium is assigned oxidation state +4. Selenite also refers to compounds that contains this ion, for example sodium selenite which is a common source of selenite. Selenite also refers to the esters of selenous acid, for example dimethyl selenite . Synthesis and reactions Selenite salts can be prepared by neutralizing solutions of selenous acid, which is generated by dissolving selenium dioxide in water. The process proceeds via the hydrogenselenite ion, . Selenite reacts with elemental sulfur to form thioselenate: Most selenite salts can be formed by heating the metal oxide with selenium dioxide, e.g.: References Selenium(IV) compounds
Events from the year 2007 in South Korea. Incumbents President: Roh Moo-hyun Prime Minister: Han Myeong-sook until April 2, Han Duck-soo Events February 7: Manhunt International 2007 April 2: Han Duck-soo becomes prime minister of South Korea, replacing Han Myeong-sook June 30: The Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea is signed. July 19: 2007 South Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan August 17: Jellyfish Entertainment is founded. November 17: 2007 Mnet Asian Music Awards December 7: 2007 South Korea oil spill December 19: 2007 South Korean presidential election BBK stock price manipulation incident Sport 2007 in South Korean football 2007 Korea Professional Baseball season South Korea at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games South Korea at the 2007 Asian Winter Games South Korea at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics South Korea at the 2007 UCI Road World Championships 2007 Korea Open Super Series 2007 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships 2007 FIBA Asia Championship for Women Film List of South Korean films of 2007 List of 2007 box office number-one films in South Korea 28th Blue Dragon Film Awards 44th Grand Bell Awards Television 1st Korea Drama Awards 2007 KBS Drama Awards 2007 MBC Drama Awards The first SBS Entertainment Awards ceremony. Births March 21 - Moon Mason, actor and model Deaths January 21 - U;Nee, singer, rapper, dancer and actress (b. 1981) February 10 - Jeong Da-bin, actress (b. 1980) See also 2007 in South Korean music References South Korea South Korea Years of the 21st century in South Korea 2000s in South Korea
A bosal or bozal(, , or ) is a type of noseband used on the classic hackamore of the vaquero tradition. It is usually made of braided rawhide and is fitted to the horse in a manner that allows it to rest quietly until the rider uses the reins to give a signal. It acts upon the horse's nose and jaw. In the Mexican Charro tradition, the Bozal substituted for the serrated iron cavesson used in Spain. Though seen in both the "Texas" and the "California" cowboy traditions, it is most closely associated with the "California" style of western riding. Sometimes the term bosal is used to describe the entire classic hackamore or jaquima. Technically, however, the term refers only to the noseband portion of the equipment. Bosals come in varying diameters and weights, allowing a more skilled horse to "graduate" into ever lighter equipment. Once a young horse is solidly trained with a bosal, a bit is added and the horse is gradually shifted from the hackamore to a bit. Description Over the horse's nose the bosal has a thick, stiff wrapper, called a "nose button." Beneath the horse's chin, the ends of the bosal are joined at a heavy heel knot. The bosal is carried on the animal's head by a headstall, sometimes called a "bosal hanger." The rein system of the hackamore is called the mecate. The mecate ( or ) is a long rope, traditionally of horsehair, approximately 20–25 feet long, tied to the bosal in a specialized manner that adjusts the fit of the bosal around the muzzle of the horse, and creates both a looped rein and a long free end that can be used for a number of purposes. When a rider is mounted, the free end is coiled and attached to the saddle. When the rider is dismounted, the mecate is not used to tie the horse to a solid object, but rather is used as a lead rope and a form of longe line as needed. On a finished horse, a bosal with a properly balanced heel knot and mecate generally does not require additional support beyond the headstall. If needed, however, additional support can be provided by one or two accessories. The first is a throatlatch known as a fiador. If a fiador is used, a browband is added to hold the fiador to the headstall. Less often, the bosal may be further supported by attaching the nose button to the horse's forelock or the crownpiece of the headstall, using a single thin strap of leather called a forelock hanger. Uses Those who advocate use of the bosal-style hackamore note that many young horses' mouths are too sensitive for a bit because they are dealing with tooth eruption, replacing primary molars with permanent teeth. While designed for use on young horses, bosals are equipment intended for use by experienced trainers and should not be used by beginners, as they can be harsh in the wrong hands. The bosal is ridden with two hands, and uses direct pressure, rather than leverage. It is particularly useful for encouraging flexion and softness in the young horse, though it has a design weakness that it is less useful than a snaffle bit for encouraging lateral flexion. In the Mexican Charro tradition, the Charros would start a young horse, between four and five years old and typically wild, in a Bozal. This method of training horses was originally known in Mexico as “the Mesquital Method” because it was developed by the Charros of the Mezquital Valley in Central Mexico. The Charros would teach the horse everything, absolutely everything, with the bozal, only introducing the bit much later after the horse had learned everything. The Charros had five stages for the horse: “Caballo Bronco”: the wild horse that has never been ridden. “Caballo quebrantado”: the semi-broken horse. “Caballo de falsa rienda” or “Caballo de una rienda”: the “false-rein horse” or “one-rein horse”, or the horse being ridden only with the bozal. “Caballo de dos riendas”: the “two-rein horse”, or the horse being ridden with both the bozal and the bit. “Caballo de rienda limpia” or “rienda pelona” or “caballo hecho”: the “made horse”, the horse being ridden only with the bit, the final stage of its education. In the Charro tradition, the transition from the bozal into the bit was only a formality, as the horse had already been taught everything with the bozal. The bit only serves as a status symbol, rather than an actual need. The classic vaquero and modern practitioners of the "California" cowboy tradition started a young horse in a bosal hackamore, then over time moved to ever-thinner and lighter bosals, then added a spade bit, then eventually transitioning to a spade alone, ridden with romal style reins, often retaining a light "bosalito" without a mecate. This process took many years and required an expert trainer. The "Texas" tradition cowboy, and most modern trainers, will often start a young western riding horse in a bosal, but then move to a snaffle bit, then to a simple curb bit, and may never introduce the spade at all. Other trainers start a horse with a snaffle bit, then once lateral flexion is achieved, move to a bosal to encourage flexion, then transition to a curb. However, this sequence is frowned upon by those who use classic vaquero techniques. The combination of fiador with either a frentera or a standard headstall or hanger with browband stabilizes the bosal by supporting it with multiple attachment points. However, it also limits the action of the bosal, and thus, particularly in the California tradition, is removed once the horse is comfortable under saddle. On a finished horse, a bosal with a properly balanced heel knot and mecate generally does not require these additions. In the Texas tradition, where the bosal is placed low on the horse's face, as well as on very green horses in both the California vaquero and Texas traditions, the fiador is used to stabilize the bosal by attaching it to the headstall along the poll joint behind the ears, running under the jaw, and attaching to the bosal at the heel knot, along with the mecate. In the California vaquero tradition, the fiador is omitted once the horse is able to work without it; in other traditions the fiador is retained. Etymology The word bosal is from the Spanish bosal , also spelled bozal , meaning muzzle. See also Fiador Hackamore Bridle Horse tack References Bennett, Deb (1998) Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship. Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition. Connell, Ed (1952) Hackamore Reinsman. The Longhorn Press, Cisco, Texas. Fifth Printing, August, 1958. (no ISBN in edition consulted; other editions ) Miller, Robert W. (1974) Horse Behavior and Training. Big Sky Books, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT Williamson, Charles O. (1973) Breaking and Training the Stock Horse. Caxton Printers, Ltd., 6th edition (1st Ed., 1950). Segovia (1914) Headgear (horse)
A steel bar, commonly referred to as a "steel", but also referred to as a tone bar, slide bar, guitar slide, slide, or bottleneck, is a smooth hard object which is pressed against strings to play steel guitar and is itself the origin of the name "steel guitar". The device can either be a solid bar which is held in the hand, or a tubular object worn around the player's finger. Instead of pressing fingertips on the strings against frets as a traditional guitar is played, the steel guitarist uses one of these objects pressed against the strings with one hand, while plucking the strings with the other to gain the ability to play a smooth glissando and a deep vibrato not possible when playing with fingers on frets. The solid bar is typically used when the instrument is played on the player's lap (across the knees) or otherwise supported in a horizontal position, historically called "Hawaiian-style". It is used in many genres of music, but commonly associated with American country music. The tubular model is typically used in blues and rock music when the player holds the guitar in the traditional position (flat against the body). It is then called a "slide" and the style called "slide guitar". Early blues musicians inserted a finger in the sawed-off neck of a bottle to use as a slide and the term "bottleneck" became an eponym for this type of blues guitar playing. References Guitar parts and accessories Steel guitar Fingers Handwear
The decade of the 1730s in archaeology involved some significant events. Explorations Excavations Formal excavations continue at Pompeii. Finds 1738: First formal excavations of Herculaneum, sponsored by Charles III of Spain Publications 1732: John Horsley - Britannia Romana (posthumous). 1735: Prospero Alpini - Historiæ Ægypti Naturalis (posthumous). 1736: Francis Drake - Eboracum (Roman York) Other events 1731: December 8 - Antiquarian John Freeman buries a 'time capsule' in the grounds of his house at Fawley Court in England. 1734: November 12 - Nicholas Mahudel reads a paper to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres on Three Successive Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron, introducing the concept of the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages. Births 1730: September 16 - William Hamilton, Scottish diplomat, antiquarian, archaeologist and volcanologist (d. 1803) 1732: Luigi Lanzi, Italian archaeologist (d. 1810) 1735: August 8 - Jérémie Jacques Oberlin, Alsatian archaeologist (d. 1806) Deaths 1732: January 12 - John Horsley, British archaeologist (b. c.1685) References Archaeology by decade Archaeology
Cheng Shifa (; 1921 – June 17, 2007) was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, and cartoonist. Cheng was born in a small Chinese village outside the city of Shanghai in 1921, in modern Fengjing township. He originally studied medicine before deciding to focus on art. He graduated from Shanghai Art College in 1941. Cheng staged his first art show in 1942. Cheng was originally known as an illustrator. He initially gained attention for illustrating short stories for Lu Xun, who is considered to be one of the 20th century's best known Chinese satirists. However, Cheng ultimately became best known for his traditional brush paintings of minority ethnic groups from Yunnan, a southwestern border province known for its ethnic diversity. Cheng's work stressed the unity and connection between different ethnic groups, winning Cheng awards from the government. Cheng died at a hospital in Shanghai on June 17, 2007, of an undisclosed illness. References 1921 births 2007 deaths 20th-century Chinese painters Painters from Shanghai 20th-century Chinese calligraphers
Umulokpa is a town in Enugu State, Nigeria. It serves as the headquarters of Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area (L.G.A) in Enugu State, and has a population of over 150,000. Description and geography Umulokpa is made up of four (4) quarters, and each of the quarters has villages. These quarters and villages are listed in alphabetical order. Namely: Akiyi: Enugwu, Enugwu-uwani, Imama, Nkwelle, Ukpali, Uwani, and Uwenu. Amagu: (Obinagu and Obin'uno), Umuchime, Umuaneke, Umuidi, and Umuokede. Eziora: Amofu, Amulu, Ukpatu, and Umuezeugwu. Ogbosu: Obodoukwu (formerly Odida), Umueze (formerly Mgbugbo), Umunaji, Umunaogene, Umuomasi (Umuoma), etc. The Town is bordered by Umumbo in the north, Umerum in the west, both in (Ayamelum) LGA and Awba Ofemmili also in the west (Awka North) LGA all in Anambra State, Nigeria, Adaba and Nkume in the east (Uzo-Uwani) LGA, and Olo town in the south (Ezeagu) LGA of Enugu State, Nigeria. Umulokpa town is predominantly rural and agrarian. The town has rich agricultural lands as a result of its location within the tropical rainforest and savannah belt; Over 85% of the population are farmers growing food crops such as rice, cassava, maize, yam, black bean, banana, plantain, etc. and a variety of fruits and vegetables. Cash crops grown include oil palm, pineapple, cashew, orange, mangoes and irvingia gabonensis (ogbono), they are also produced in large quantities. Excellent climatic conditions exist for poultry, piggery, goat, sheep and other livestock productions. The major market in Umulokpa is the "Eke Akiyi" Market. Various farm products are traded in the market on wholesale and retail basis every four days. Many of the people take their farm produce to sell in the market in exchange for other commodities they cannot produce. People from the neighbouring towns including Onitsha and Enugu urban also patronize the traders in this market especially for cassava flakes (garri), palm oil, plantain and vegetables. Brief history Umulokpa became the headquarters of Uzo-Uwani Rural District Council (RDC) also known as "County Council" in 1951. At the end of the Nigerian Civil War in 1970, the East Central State government embarked on the re-organization of the local government system in the area. The outcome was the introduction of a local government system known as the Divisional Administration Department (DAD), which was a fusion of divisional administration and government field administration. The state was carved into 35 divisions and 640 community councils. The system sought to integrate indigenous social community organizations into the state administrative framework. In 1976, Local Government Reform which coincided with the creation of new states in which Nigeria was divided into nineteen states, Umulokpa remained the Headquarters of Uzo-Uwani LGA as Nigeria's primary objective of the reform programme was to update the existing local government structure and to bring it in line with what was obtainable elsewhere, as well as to bring about uniformity in the country’s local government administration under the then first Military Governor of old Anambra state Lieutenant Colonel John Atom Kpera and military head of state for Nigeria General Olusegun Obasanjo at the time Anambra State was created from the old East Central State of Nigeria. The town is called a food basket due to its agrarian nature. Umulokpa is closely related to Olo. Religion Prior to the coming of Europeans, Umulokpa people practiced traditional religion with the worship of various deities like other Igbo people. However, they had since embraced Christianity over a century ago. Today, there are more than 90% Christians in the town. The major Christian faiths are the Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, which its current church building in Akiyi, Umulokpa is built in 1923 and the Church Mission Society (CMS), formerly known as the Church Missionary Society or called the Anglican denominations. Some other churches, especially of the Pentecostal faith, have emerged in Umulokpa in the past fifty years. References Populated places in Enugu State
is the 10th major-label single by the Japanese girl idol group Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku. It was released in Japan on September 21, 2016, on the label SME Records. This is the last single featuring Rina Matsuno, who died on February 8, 2017. Release details The CD single was released in three editions: , Limited Edition B, and Limited Edition C. The differences between the editions are the cover art and the B-sides. Reception According to Oricon, in its first week of release the physical CD single sold 14,446 copies. It debuted at number 7 in the Oricon weekly singles chart. Track listing Limited Edition A Limited Edition B Limited Edition C Charts References External links Discography on the Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku official site 2016 singles Japanese-language songs Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku songs SME Records singles 2016 songs Song articles with missing songwriters Songs written by Katsuhiko Sugiyama
Acalolepta meeki is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1982. It is known from Papua New Guinea. References Acalolepta Beetles described in 1982
Sultanah is a street with various restaurants and shops in Al Madinah Province, in western Saudi Arabia. See also List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia Regions of Saudi Arabia References Populated places in Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)
Gholamhussein Lotfi ( born 21 November 1949 in Qazvin) is an Iranian actor, film director and screenwriter. He received an M.A. degree in acting and directorship and an honorary doctorate in theater. He has been in 20 films and many soap opera and has directed three movies, The Indians in 1978 and Pakbakhteh in 1995 and Mirror in 1985. His cinematic career started with acting in The Morning of Ash directed by Taghi Mokhtar in 1978. Filmography as actor and director The Indians (1978) Mirror (1985) Pakbakhteh (1995) Filmography as actor Athar's War (1978) Rasool, Abolghasem's son (1980) The Road (1981) The Lead (1987) Ali and the Jungle Ghoul (1990) The Last Act (1990) The Pickpockets don't go to heaven (1991) The GreatCircus (1991) Atal Matal Totule (1992) The Sting (1993) Falling Down (1993) Madly (1994) In Cold Blood (1994) Sweet Smell of Life (1994) The Man of Sun (1995) Cardboard Hotel (1996) The Night of Fox (1996) The Actor (1998) In-Love (2000) Under the City's Skin (TV series) (2001) Runaway Bride (2005) Murder On-line (2006) The Doggy Afternoon (2009) Doctors' Building (2011) The relatively Bad Kids (2013) Pejman (2013) Filmography as Screenwriter My Golden Fish (2003) Notes Iranian male film actors Iranian film directors Living people 1949 births
Angèle Dubeau, (born 24 March 1962) is a Canadian classical violinist. She has devoted a large part of her career to making classical music accessible to a wide audience, but also frequently plays works by contemporary composers. Early life and education Dubeau was born in Saint-Norbert, Quebec, the seventh of eight children. She first studied the violin with Father Rolland Brunelle at the Joliette music camp, at Jean Cousineau's Les Petits Violons. She went on to graduate as a First-Prize winner from the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal. She studied at the Juilliard School of Music in New York with Dorothy DeLay and later went to Romania to work with Ştefan Gheorghiu from 1981 until 1984. Career Angèle Dubeau participated in tours organized by the non-profit Jeunesses musicales du Canada from 1977 to 1981, and then began an international career. In 1985, she recorded her first record on the Radio-Canada International label. She is the first artist to be published on the Analekta label, in 1988. Since then, she has recorded an average of two albums a year, and is regularly awarded in the category of classical albums in the Félix Awards. From 1994 to 1997, she hosted a series of concert broadcasts and weekly music programs for Radio-Canada, featuring young Quebec musicians. These include "Faites vos gammes" and "Angèle Dubeau et la Fête de la Musique". In 1995, she organized, directed, and hosted "Music in the Mountains," an event which attracts 75,000 people every Labour Day weekend. Since that year, she has also been artistic director of the Tremblant Music Festival, a festival she founded. In 1996, she was made a member of the Order of Canada. In 1997, Dubeau created the all-female, all-Canadian string ensemble "La Pietà." This group has performed in many concert halls in Canada, the United States, China, and Japan, receiving positive reviews from local papers and radio stations. In 2004, she was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. She was elevated to Officer of the Order of Canada (OC) in 2012. In 2019, she continues to perform with La Pietà; she headlined the Tremblant Music Festival in September. Dubeau has performed in concert halls in more than 25 countries and won several international competitions. In addition, she has sold more than 300,000 records as a solo classical recording artist. Some awards that she has won include the Sylva Gelber prize, Public Francophone Radio's "Soloist of the Year 1987", and the Prize of the Americas at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival. Dubeau plays the "Des Rosiers" Stradivarius violin from 1733. She received this violin in 1976 when the violinist and previous owner Arthur Leblanc met Dubeau and heard her play. The violin was classified as a national heritage by former Quebec premier René Lévesque. She sits on the board of directors of the Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec. Personal life Angèle Dubeau is married to Mario Labbé, founder of the record company Analekta. In February 2013, she had to stop performing in order to get treatment for breast cancer. She returned to the stage on 1 September 2013 and announced that she was in remission. Discography Fauré, Contant, Champagne (1985) Sibelius, Glazunov - Concertos for Violin (1991) Adoration - Les Petits chanteurs du Mont-Royal]] (1992) Œuvres d'Alexander Brott : McGill Chamber Orchestra (1993) Telemann - Twelve Fantasias for Violin Without Bass (1994) La ronde des berceuses — On Wings of Songs (1994) Fauré, Leclair, Debussy - French Sonatas for Violin and Piano with Andrew Tunis (1995) Prokofiev, Tchaïkovsky, Kabalevsky - Concertos for violin; Kiev Symphony Orchestra (1995) Schubert - 3 Sonatas for Violin and Piano (1995) Martinů - Sonatas, Promenades, Madrigal Stanzas (1995) Paganini, De Falla, Piazzolla - Works for Violin and Guitar (1995) Telemann - Sonatas for Two violins (1995) Mozart - Opera for Two - Late 18th-Century Transcriptions (1996) Mendelssohn - Two violin concertos (1997) Lullabies and Forbidden Games (1998) Opus Québec - with Louise-Andrée Baril (piano) (1999) Angèle Dubeau Solo (2007) Variations sur le thème de "Happy Birthday" (2007) Virtuose (2009) Blanc (2014) with La Pietà Vivaldi Per Archi - Concertos for Strings (1998) Let's Dance (1999) Once Upon a Time (2002) Violins of the World (2002) Infernal Violins (2003) Passion (2004) Fairy Tale (2007) Philip Glass - Portrait (2008) Joyeux Noël (2008) Gypsies (2008) Jean Françaix: Gargantua et autres plaisirs - Narrator: Albert Millaire (2009) Arvo Pärt - Portrait (2010) Noël (2010) John Adams - Portrait - Louise Bessette on piano (2011) Silence, on joue! - A Time for Us (2012) Game Music (2012) Ludovico Einaudi - Portrait (2015) Silence on joue, Prise 2 (2016) Max Richter — Portrait (2017) Ovation — Live (2018) Pulsations (2019) Portrait: Alex Baranowski (2022) Awards and recognition National recognition Calixa-Lavallée Award (1996) Member of the Order of Canada (1996) Knight of the National Order of Quebec (2004) Officer of the Order of Canada (2012) Companion of the "Ordre des arts et des lettres du Québec" (2018) Musical awards First prize in the Montreal Symphony Orchestra contest (1976) First prize in the "Concours de musique du Canada" (1976) First prize in the CBC national contest (1979) Sylva Gelber Prize, awarded annually to the most talented Canadian musician (1982) "Festival international de musique Tibor Varga" in Switzerland, laureate (1983) Prize of the Americas as the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile (1985) Soloist of the year 1987, designated by the Public Francophone Radios (1987) Classical album of the year, Félix Awards (1990) Classical album of the year - Orchestra and ensemble, Félix Awards (1993) Classical album of the year - Soloist and chamber music, Félix Awards (1994) Classical album of the year - Orchestra and ensemble, Félix Awards (1995) Classical album of the year - Soloist and small ensemble, Félix Awards (1997) Audience Award, "Prix Opus" of the "Conseil québécois de la musique" (1999) Classical album of the year - Soloist and small ensemble, Félix Awards (1999) Classical album of the year - Soloist and small ensemble, Félix Awards (2000) Audience Award, Jean Grimaldi Hall (2002) Classical album of the year - Soloist and small ensemble, Félix Awards (2007) Classical album of the year - Soloist and small ensemble, Félix Awards (2008) Classical album of the year - Orchestra and large ensemble, Félix Awards (2009) Classical album of the year - Orchestra and large ensemble, Félix Awards (2010) References External links 1962 births Living people Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal alumni Canadian classical violinists Musicians from Quebec Knights of the National Order of Quebec Officers of the Order of Canada People from Lanaudière Women classical violinists 21st-century classical violinists 21st-century women musicians Félix Award winners 20th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers 21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers Canadian women violinists and fiddlers Prix Denise-Pelletier winners
The paraphyletic subgenus Sophophora of the genus Drosophila was first described by Alfred Sturtevant in 1939. It contains the best-known drosophilid species, Drosophila melanogaster. Sophophora translates as carrier (phora) of wisdom (sophos). The subgenus is paraphyletic because the genus Lordiphosa and the species Hirtodrosophila duncani are also placed within this subgenus. Phylogeny Currently, 10 species groups are recognized, in two main groups, the New World and the Old World Old World: melanogaster species group (65 species, including D. melanogaster and D. simulans) montium species group (88) ananassae species group (24) obscura species group (44) dentissima species group (17) fima species group (23) dispar species group (2) settifemur species group (2) New World: saltans species group (21) willistoni species group (23) Unknown: populi species group (2) References Sophophora Insect subgenera
Federalist No. 81 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-first of The Federalist Papers. It was published on June 25 and 28, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist papers were published. The title is "The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority", and it is the fourth in a series of six essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Judicial branch. The Federalist Papers, as a foundation text of constitutional interpretation, are frequently cited by American jurists. Of all the essays, No. 81 is the third-most cited, behind only Federalist No. 42 and Federalist No. 78. Federalist No. 81 addresses how the powers of the judiciary should be distributed. It deals with potential fears for the irreversible effects of judicial activism. Background Before the U.S Constitution was implemented the states were held together by the Articles of Confederation, which served as a loose tie between the states during the Revolutionary War. The articles were lacking in many ways and was unsuitable to create a long lasting and effective government capable of sustaining a nation. It became apparent that the U.S. would not last long if they couldn't draft a constitution capable of offering both the people and states security. In May 1787 a national convention was held to discern what was currently wrong inside the union and how to address those issues within a new constitution which would unite the states. The outline of the constitution was promising, but it would not be very productive to simply drop an entire new system of government on a nation without first outlining the process first. John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton together collaborated on what would be known as the Federalist Papers a series of papers published in newspapers outlining exactly how the constitution would work while taking input and defending itself from criticism. The Judiciary Continued Federalist No. 81 Outlines and explains how the various courts of the U.S will work in tandem to create a system that ensures that laws are both fair and equal across the country. The Supreme Court and its relation to state legislatures is the main focus of this paper. Hamilton spends the majority of the piece defending and outlining the necessity of a supreme court in order to protect and preserve the rights of the citizens. Hamilton Wrote "The power of constituting inferior courts is evidently calculated to obviate the necessity of having recourse to the Supreme Court in every case of federal cognizance. It is intended to enable the national government to institute or AUTHORIZE, in each State or district of the United States, a tribunal competent to the determination of matters of national jurisdiction within its limits.". The main need for the supreme court was to ensure that states couldn't directly interfere with and degrade the average citizens constitutional rights. State sovereign immunity Federalist No. 81 contained the following comments on state sovereign immunity: It has been suggested that an assignment of the public securities of one State to the citizens of another, would enable them to prosecute that State in the federal courts for the amount of those securities; a suggestion which the following considerations prove to be without foundation. It is inherent in the nature of sovereignty not to be amenable to the suit of an individual without its consent. This is the general sense, and the general practice of mankind; and the exemption, as one of the attributes of sovereignty, is now enjoyed by the government of every State in the Union. Unless, therefore, there is a surrender of this immunity in the plan of the convention, it will remain with the States, and the danger intimated must be merely ideal. The circumstances which are necessary to produce an alienation of State sovereignty were discussed in considering the article of taxation, and need not be repeated here. A recurrence to the principles there established will satisfy us, that there is no color to pretend that the State governments would, by the adoption of that plan, be divested of the privilege of paying their own debts in their own way, free from every constraint but that which flows from the obligations of good faith. The contracts between a nation and individuals are only binding on the conscience of the sovereign, and have no pretensions to a compulsive force. They confer no right of action, independent of the sovereign will. To what purpose would it be to authorize suits against States for the debts they owe? How could recoveries be enforced? It is evident, it could not be done without waging war against the contracting State; and to ascribe to the federal courts, by mere implication, and in destruction of a pre-existing right of the State governments, a power which would involve such a consequence, would be altogether forced and unwarrantable. The Supreme Court quoted these paragraphs in Hans v. Louisiana (1890). Impact Federalist 81 also made mention as to how an ordinary citizen could sue their state. The first landmark case where such an event took place was Chisholm v. Georgia where Alexander Chisholm sued Georgia for holding back payments that were owed to him but Georgia refused claiming a state could only be sued if it consented, too. This was directly in opposition of the Eleventh Amendment which was outlined in Paper 81. Another major case Where Federalist 81 was put to the test was Hans v. Louisiana where Hans had tried to sue his home state on an issue that was not directly threatening his civil liberties, and the court then set precedent that the ability to sue a state would be defined by instances where a state has ignored a person's liberties as defined by their constitutional rights. Notes Ira C. Lupu, "The Most-Cited Federalist Papers." 15 Constitutional Commentary 403-410 (1998) References External links Text of The Federalist No. 81: congress.gov 81 1788 in American law 1788 essays 1788 in the United States State sovereign immunity in the United States
Zargar () is a village in Barakuh Rural District, Jolgeh-e Mazhan District, Khusf County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. As of the 2006 census, its population was 50, in 21 families. References Populated places in Khusf County
```xml import { usePreferAnyProp, usePreferProp } from './usePreferProp'; describe('usePreferProp', () => { it('prefers the prop with default true', async () => { expect(usePreferProp(true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferProp(true, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferProp(true, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(true, undefined, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferProp(true, undefined, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(true, true, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferProp(true, false, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(true, false, true)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(true, true, false)).toBe(true); }); it('prefers the prop with default false', async () => { expect(usePreferProp(false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(false, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferProp(false, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(false, undefined, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferProp(false, undefined, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(false, true, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferProp(false, false, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(false, false, true)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferProp(false, true, false)).toBe(true); }); }); describe('usePreferAnyProp', () => { it('prefers the prop with default undefined', async () => { expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined)).toBeUndefined(); expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined, undefined, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined, undefined, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined, true, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined, false, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined, false, true)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(undefined, true, false)).toBe(true); }); it('prefers the prop with default true', async () => { expect(usePreferAnyProp(true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(true, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(true, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(true, undefined, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(true, undefined, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(true, true, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(true, false, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(true, false, true)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(true, true, false)).toBe(true); }); it('prefers the prop with default false', async () => { expect(usePreferAnyProp(false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(false, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(false, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(false, undefined, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(false, undefined, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(false, true, true)).toBe(true); expect(usePreferAnyProp(false, false, false)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(false, false, true)).toBe(false); expect(usePreferAnyProp(false, true, false)).toBe(true); }); }); ```
```javascript /* your_sha256_hash-------------- * * # D3.js - zoomable treemap * * Demo of treemap setup with zoom and .json data source * * Version: 1.0 * Latest update: August 1, 2015 * * your_sha256_hash------------ / $(function () { // Create Uniform checkbox $(".treemap_actions").uniform({ radioClass: 'choice' }); // Initialize chart treemap('#d3-treemap', 800); // Chart setup function treemap(element, height) { // Basic setup // ------------------------------ // Define main variables var d3Container = d3.select(element), width = d3Container.node().getBoundingClientRect().width, root, node; // Construct scales // ------------------------------ // Horizontal var x = d3.scale.linear() .range([0, width]); // Vertical var y = d3.scale.linear().range([0, height]); // Colors var color = d3.scale.category20(); // Create chart // ------------------------------ // Add SVG element var container = d3Container.append("svg"); // Add SVG group var svg = container .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height) .append("g") .attr("transform", "translate(.5,.5)") .style("font-size", 12) .style("overflow", "hidden") .style("text-indent", 2); // Construct chart layout // ------------------------------ // Treemap var treemap = d3.layout.treemap() .round(false) .size([width, height]) .sticky(true) .value(function(d) { return d.size; }); // Load data // ------------------------------ d3.json("assets/demo_data/d3/other/treemap.json", function(data) { node = root = data; var nodes = treemap.nodes(root) .filter(function(d) { return !d.children; }); // Add cells // ------------------------------ // Bind data var cell = svg.selectAll(".d3-treemap-cell") .data(nodes) .enter() .append("g") .attr("class", "d3-treemap-cell") .attr("transform", function(d) { return "translate(" + d.x + "," + d.y + ")"; }) .style("cursor", "pointer") .on("click", function(d) { return zoom(node == d.parent ? root : d.parent); }); // Append cell rects cell.append("rect") .attr("width", function(d) { return d.dx - 1; }) .attr("height", function(d) { return d.dy - 1; }) .style("fill", function(d, i) { return color(i); }); // Append text cell.append("text") .attr("x", function(d) { return d.dx / 2; }) .attr("y", function(d) { return d.dy / 2; }) .attr("dy", ".35em") .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .text(function(d) { return d.name; }) .style("fill", "#fff") .style("opacity", function(d) { d.width = this.getComputedTextLength(); return d.dx > d.width ? 1 : 0; }); }); // Change data // ------------------------------ d3.selectAll(".treemap_actions").on("change", change); // Change data function function change() { treemap.value(this.value == "size" ? size : count).nodes(root); zoom(node); } // Size function size(d) { return d.size; } // Count function count(d) { return 1; } // Zoom function zoom(d) { var kx = width / d.dx, ky = height / d.dy; x.domain([d.x, d.x + d.dx]); y.domain([d.y, d.y + d.dy]); // Cell transition var t = svg.selectAll(".d3-treemap-cell").transition() .duration(500) .attr("transform", function(d) { return "translate(" + x(d.x) + "," + y(d.y) + ")"; }); // Cell rect transition t.select("rect") .attr("width", function(d) { return kx d.dx - 1; }) .attr("height", function(d) { return ky * d.dy - 1; }) // Text transition t.select("text") .attr("x", function(d) { return kx * d.dx / 2; }) .attr("y", function(d) { return ky * d.dy / 2; }) .style("opacity", function(d) { return kx * d.dx > d.width ? 1 : 0; }); node = d; d3.event.stopPropagation(); } // Add click event d3.select(window).on("click", function() { zoom(root); }); // Resize chart // ------------------------------ // Call function on window resize d3.select(window).on('resize', resize); // Call function on sidebar width change d3.select('.sidebar-control').on('click', resize); // Resize function // // Since D3 doesn't support SVG resize by default, // we need to manually specify parts of the graph that need to // be updated on window resize function resize() { // Layout variables width = d3Container.node().getBoundingClientRect().width; // Layout // ------------------------- // Main svg width container.attr("width", width); // Width of appended group svg.attr("width", width); // Horizontal range x.range([0, width]); // Redraw chart zoom(root); } } }); ```
Moanin' the Blues is the second album by American country musician Hank Williams, released on MGM Records in 1952. Recording and composition Like Williams' debut LP Hank Williams Sings, Moanin' the Blues contained no new music at the time of its release. Unlike his debut, which was composed mostly of B-sides that had fared poorly upon release, his second album is packed with hits, including three #1 smashes: "Lovesick Blues," "Long Gone Lonesome Blues," and "Honky Tonk Blues." "Moanin' the Blues" and "I'm a Long Gone Daddy" were also Top 10 hits, peaking at #2 and #6 respectively. Although it did not chart when it was released, "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry," which many believe to be Williams' songwriting masterpiece, is also featured on the LP. The tracks were recorded between 1947 and 1951, with the most recent cut being "Honky Tonk Blues." With the exception of "Lovesick Blues," Williams composed all the songs. The recordings were produced by Fred Rose, who also compiled the album around a blues theme. Curiously, Williams' most blues-influenced cuts, "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" and the nascent rock and roller "Move It on Over," are omitted. It was unlikely that the album was a major priority for MGM; it was axiomatic that country LPs didn't sell, and the notion of a single as a trailer for the hugely more profitable album was still more than ten years away. Track listing All songs written by Hank Williams unless otherwise indicated: "Lovesick Blues" (Cliff Friend, Irving Mills) "Moanin' the Blues" "The Blues Come Around" "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" "I'm a Long Gone Daddy" "My Sweet Love Ain't Around" "Long Gone Lonesome Blues" "Honky Tonk Blues" Personnel Hank Williams - guitar, vocal Tommy Jackson - fiddle Jerry Rivers - fiddle Robert "Chubby" Wise - fiddle Farris Coursey - drums (on "Moanin' the Blues") Don Helms - steel guitar Jerry Byrd - steel guitar Bob McNett - electric guitar Zeke Turner - electric guitar Sam Pruett - electric guitar Jack Shook - rhythm guitar Louis Innis - rhythm guitar, bass guitar Howard Watts - bass guitar Willie Thawl - bass guitar Fred Rose - piano (unconfirmed) Owen Bradley - piano (unconfirmed) References Hank Williams albums 1952 albums MGM Records albums
Robison Peak () is a snow-covered peak (2,230 m) standing 3 nautical miles (6 km) northeast of Mount Dearborn, near the north end of the Willett Range, Victoria Land. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Leslie B. Robison, a United States Geological Survey (USGS) civil engineer who surveyed the peak in December 1960. Mountains of Victoria Land Scott Coast Willett Range
The siege of Bonn took place from 3 to 12 November 1673 in Bonn, present day Germany, during the Franco-Dutch War. Having forced the armies of Louis XIV to retreat, the Dutch in 1673 went on the offensive. At Bonn, a garrison consisting of troops from France and the Electorate of Cologne was besieged by a force from the Dutch Republic (commanded by stadtholder William III), the Holy Roman Empire (commanded by Raimondo Montecuccoli), and Spain. The allied forces captured the garrison following a nine-day siege. In 1689 Bonn was again the site of a major siege. Notes References Bonn 1673 in Europe Bonn 1673 Bonn 1673 Bonn 1673 Bonn 1673 History of Bonn 1673 in the Holy Roman Empire Bonn 1673 Franco-Dutch War William III of England
The Rudston Monolith at over is the tallest megalith (standing stone) in the United Kingdom. It is situated in the churchyard in the village of Rudston () in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Description The stone is slender, with two large flat faces. It is approximately wide and just under thick. The top appears to have broken off the stone. If pointed, the stone would originally have stood about . In 1773 the stone was capped in lead; this was later removed, though the stone is currently capped. The weight is estimated at 40 tonnes. The monolith is made of gritstone. The nearest source for the stone (Cayton or Cornelian Bay) is north of the site, although it may have been brought naturally to the site as a glacial erratic. The monument dates to the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age. A possible fossilised dinosaur footprint is said to be on one side of the stone, though a study by English Heritage in 2015 concluded that the claim was unsubstantiated. There is one other smaller stone, of the same type, in the churchyard, which was once situated near the large stone. The Norman church was almost certainly intentionally built on a site already considered sacred, a practice common through the country – indeed the name of Rudston comes from the Old English "Rood-stane", meaning "cross-stone", implying that a stone already venerated was adapted for Christian purposes. The many other prehistoric monuments in the area include four cursuses, three of which appear to converge on the site of the monolith. Antiquarian accounts Sir William Stukeley found "the dimensions of the monolith within ground as large as those without". Stukeley found many skulls during his dig and suggested they might have been sacrificial. Thomas Waller states that in 1861 during levelling of the churchyard the surface of the ground near the monolith was raised . See also Menhir de Champ-Dolent in Brittany References External links Photos and history of the stone compiled by Mike Thornton Prehistory of the East Riding of Yorkshire Megalithic monuments in England Stone Age sites in England Archaeological sites in the East Riding of Yorkshire Grade I listed buildings in the East Riding of Yorkshire Bronze Age sites in the East Riding of Yorkshire
The Indian locomotive class YDM-5 is a class of diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in 1964 by General Motors (GM-EMD) for Indian Railways. The model name stands for Metre gauge (Y), Diesel (D), Mixed traffic (M) engine, 5th generation (5). They entered service in 1964. A total of 25 YDM-5 locomotives was built between 1963 and 1964. The YDM-5 served both passenger and freight trains for over 35 years. As of January 2020, all 25 locomotives have been withdrawn from service with a single locomotives being preserved. History The history of YDM-5 begins in the early 1960s with the stated aim of the Indian Railways to remove steam locomotives from Indian metre after recommendation of Karnail Singh Fuel Committee. Therefore, required building a large number of Co-Co diesel locomotives. Thus Indian Railways began looking at various diesel-electric designs. EMD gave them the model number GA12 Meter gauge, though rare gauge today, used to be a dominant gauge at that time. After the introduction of YDM-1 locomotives by North British, Indian Railway thought for more powerful ones and hence EMD and the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) submitted designs of YDM-3/YDM-5 (12-567C) and YDM-4 respectively for new diesel locomotives. Each company supplied their locomotives in 1961. So about twenty five of these YDM-5 locomotives were ordered from General Motors, USA in the year 1963–64. While YDM-5 was 1 ton heavier than the YDM-4, Indian Railways opted for the ALCO design. The YDM-4 was considered over the YDM-5 model because of these reasons. EMD would not consider transfer of technology at the time while ALCO accepted. This allowed YDM-4 locomotives to be manufactured in India. While YDM-5 had higher starting tractive effort than YDM4, the EMD locomotives were able to generate only half as much continuous tractive effort than their ALCO counterpart. The ALCO YDM-4 had the more heavier axle load. YDM-4 cab provided better view in long hood forward operation over the YDM-5 models which had cab at one end. Maximum speed on YDM-5 locomotives was only 80kmph compared to 100kmph for YDM4. YDM4 with its simpler electrics were easier to maintain. These locomotives are designed for mixed traffic operation. The initial fleet of YDM3 locomotives were allocated and homed at the diesel locomotive shed in Siliguri and were tested extensively on the Northeast Frontier Railway zone (NFR). Then the entire YDM5 fleet was transferred to Sabarmati sometime after 1963. Sabarmati serving the present day Western Railway zone. They hauled passenger trains like Girnar Express, Pink City express, Ashram express. The YDM-5 locomotives had an unusual arrangement for the traction motors. These were mounted longitudinally on the mainframe and drove the wheel-sets through cardan shafts. This required a lot of maintenance, possibly more than the axle-hung motors of the YDM-4 types. But In cab-forward mode, the YDM-5 locomotives offered an excellent view, and the cabin was more spacious than the YDM-4. By the late 1990s the locomotives were had been withdrawn from service, because of spare parts becoming difficult to source and work for the class was declining due to conversion of meter gauge to broad gauge. These locomotives were withdrawn as life-expired in February 1996 and the remainder of the batch that were not recently been overhauled followed in the next two years. All 25 were withdrawn by 1998 with the last YDM-5 (6098) Locomotives was withdrawn from service by February 1998. Preserved Locomotives Out of the 25 units built, only one locomotive has been preserved in front of BLW GM office. Former sheds Silliguri (SGUJ) Sabarmati (SBI) All the locomotives of this class has been withdrawn from service. Technical specifications See also Indian locomotive class YDM-3 Indian locomotive class WDM-4 Locomotives of India References External links YDM-4 Diesel Locomotive Internals Electro-Motive Division locomotives M, Y-5 C-C locomotives Railway locomotives introduced in 1961 Metre gauge locomotives
Juan Eduardo "El Magico" Samudio Serna (born 14 October 1978 in Asunción) is a former Paraguayan footballer. He held the record for most goals scored in the Paraguayan first division with 108 goals, and is the third maximum goal scorer of Paraguayan football with 119 goals, ahead of Fredy Bareiro (112). Career Samudio started his career in the youth divisions of Libertad and made his debut in 1996. While in Libertad the team got relegated to the 2nd division in 1998 but Samudio stayed in the team and helped in obtaining the promotion to 1st division in 2000. After the promotion, Libertad saw success in their return to first division and won two national championships back to back in 2002 and 2003 and was the topscorer of the Paraguayan league in 2002 and 2004. In 2007, he had a brief stint in Mexico playing for Querétaro FC and returned to Paraguay to play for Guaraní before returning to Libertad to play and win the Apertura 2008 tournament. In July 2008 he was offered a symbolic "lifetime" contract by Libertad because of all his contributions to the team throughout the years. In September 2008 Samudio reached 108 goals in the Paraguayan first division, passing Mauro Caballero and becoming the all-time goalscorer of Paraguayan football. His current team is Deportivo Independiente Medellin. Deportivo Independiente Medellin In the first half of 2011 Samudio signed with Deportivo Independiente Medellin of the Colombian Serie A. Becoming the last incorporation of Deportivo Independiente Medellin for this first season of La Liga Postobon. Honours Titles Individual Third maximum goal scorer of Paraguayan football with 119 goals Paraguayan 1st Division topscorer in 2002. Paraguayan 1st Division topscorer in 2004. See also Players and Records in Paraguayan Football References External links 1978 births Living people Paraguayan men's footballers Paraguay men's under-20 international footballers Paraguay men's international footballers Paraguayan Primera División players Liga MX players Ecuadorian Serie A players Club Libertad footballers Club Guaraní players Querétaro F.C. footballers Sportivo Luqueño players Paraguayan expatriate men's footballers Barcelona S.C. footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico Men's association football forwards Footballers from Asunción
St Dominic's Church, formerly St Dominic's Priory Church, is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. It was built from 1869 and opened in 1873. It was founded by the Dominican Order. It is located on New Bridge Street, east of Manors railway station, in the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. It was designed by Archibald Matthias Dunn and is a Grade II listed building. History Foundation In 1239, Blackfriars, Newcastle upon Tyne was established by the Dominican Order. However, in 1536, with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the building was demolished. In 1860, the Dominicans returned to Newcastle and in 1863 they bought the site of St Dominic's Church. The site was originally on the line of the eastern extension of Hadrian's Wall between Pons Aelius (Newcastle) and Segedunum (Wallsend). Construction In 1869, the foundation stone of the church was laid. On 11 September 1873, Cardinal Manning opened the church. The construction of the church cost £15,000, and it was designed by Archibald Matthias Dunn. According to Historic England, it was built in the Romanesque-Gothic transitional style. The altar of the church came from the original St Andrew's Church on Pilgrim Street in Newcastle, the first Roman Catholic chapel in Newcastle after the Reformation. St Andrew's Church was demolished and rebuilt on Worswick Street in 1875. In 1887, the priory next to the church was built, St Dominic's Priory. It was designed by Archibald Matthias Dunn with Edward Joseph Hansom. St Dominic's Priory is also a Grade II listed building and was registered on 30 March 1987. Developments Additions were made to the church. In 1883, the Father Willis Organ was installed. In 1895, some stalls from Peterborough Cathedral were given to St Dominic's Church. The stalls were made in 1827, designed by Edward Blore and carved by Francis Ruddle. In 1956, the upper chapel of St Dominic (the Hogg Chapel) was added to the church. In 2004, the St Dominic's Priory was given to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle. In 2016, the Dominicans announced that they would leave Newcastle. They left in 2020, and in September 2021 a community of Jesuits arrived to begin a city-centre apostolate from St Dominic's. Parish The church is part of a partnership of city-centre churches with St Mary's Cathedral and St Andrew's Church on Worswick Street. St Dominic's Church has Sunday Mass on 5:30pm on Saturday and 10:00am and 7:00pm on Sunday. References External links St Dominic's Church page on Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle Roman Catholic churches in Tyne and Wear Grade II listed churches in Tyne and Wear Churches in Newcastle upon Tyne Grade II listed Roman Catholic churches in England Roman Catholic churches completed in 1873 Dominican churches in the United Kingdom 1873 establishments in England
Milagres Church may refer to: Milagres Church (Kallianpur), a Catholic church in Kallianpur Milagres Church (Mangalore), a Catholic church in Mangalore
The 15th Pan American Games were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 13 July 2007 and 29 July 2007. Medals Bronze woman's High Jump: Levern Spencer See also Saint Lucia at the 2008 Summer Olympics External links Rio 2007 Official website Nations at the 2007 Pan American Games 2007 Pan American Games
Tomás Tierney (born 14 September 1961) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played at senior level for the Galway and Mayo county teams in the 1980s and 1990s. He played his club football for Milltown. Tierney helped St Jarlath's College in Tuam win the Hogan Cup in 1978, as well as winning three Sigerson Cups with University College Galway in 1980/81, 1982/83 and 1983/84, captaining the side in 1984. In 1981 he was a member of the Galway team who were beaten in the All-Ireland Under 21 Football Championship final by Cork after a replay. He played on the Galway team who were beaten by Dublin in the 1983 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final. He also played football for Mayo in the early 1990s, becoming one of very few people to win Connacht medals with both Galway and Mayo. Honours St Jarlath's College, Tuam Connacht Colleges Senior Football Championship : (2) 1978, 1979 Hogan Cup : (1) 1978 Runner-up : (1) 1979 Milltown Galway Senior Football Championship : (1) 1981 Runner-up : (2) 1986, 1987 UCG Sigerson Cup : (3) 1980/81, 1982/83, 1983/84 (capt.) Runner-up : (1) 1981/82 Galway Connacht Under-21 Football Championship : (1) 1981 Connacht Senior Football Championship : (5) 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 (capt.), 1987 Mayo Connacht Senior Football Championship : (2) 1992, 1993 Runner-up : (1) 1991 References 1961 births Living people Galway inter-county Gaelic footballers Mayo inter-county Gaelic footballers Milltown Gaelic footballers University of Galway Gaelic footballers People educated at St Jarlath's College
Dolby TrueHD is a lossless, multi-channel audio codec developed by Dolby Laboratories for home video, used principally in Blu-ray Disc and compatible hardware. Dolby TrueHD, along with Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3) and Dolby AC-4, is one of the intended successors to the Dolby Digital (AC-3) lossy surround format. Dolby TrueHD competes with DTS's DTS-HD Master Audio (DTS-HD MA), another lossless surround sound codec. The Dolby TrueHD specification provides for up to 16 discrete audio channels, each with a sampling rate of up to 192 kHz and sample depth of up to 24 bits. Dolby's compression mechanism for TrueHD is Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP); prior to Dolby TrueHD, MLP was used for the DVD-Audio format, although the two formats' respective implementations of MLP are not mutually compatible. A Dolby TrueHD audio stream varies in bitrate, as does any other losslessly compressed audio format. Like its predecessor, Dolby TrueHD's bitstream carries program metadata, or non-audio information that a decoder uses to modify its interpretation of the audio data. Dolby TrueHD metadata may include, for example, audio normalization or dynamic range compression. In addition, Dolby Atmos, a multi-dimensional surround format encoded using Dolby TrueHD, can embed more advanced metadata to spatially place sound objects in an Atmos-compatible speaker system. Blu-ray Disc In the Blu-ray Disc specification, Dolby TrueHD tracks may carry up to 8 discrete audio channels (7.1 surround) of 24-bit audio at 96 kHz, or up to 6 channels (5.1 surround) at 192 kHz. The maximum bitrate of an audio stream including metadata is 18 Mbit/s (instantaneous, since it is variable bitrate), and a TrueHD frame is either 1/1200 seconds long (for 48000 Hz, 96000 Hz or 192000 Hz) or 1/1102.5 seconds long (for 44100 Hz, 88200 Hz or 176400 Hz). Uncompressed (LPCM) it can be >35 Mbit/s. Any Blu-ray player or AV receiver that can decode TrueHD can also mix a multi-channel TrueHD track into any smaller amount of channels for final playback (for example, a 7.1 track to a 5.1 output, or a 5.1 track to a stereo output) by merging discrete channels' signals (except the low-frequency effects channel, the ".1," in a stereo mixdown, which is discarded due to its sound not playing back well without a dedicated subwoofer). Dolby TrueHD is an optional codec, which means that Blu-ray hardware may decode it, but also may not (for example, inexpensive or early players, Blu-ray computer software, or pre–Blu-ray AV receivers). Consequently, all Blu-rays that include Dolby TrueHD audio also include a fail-safe track of Dolby Digital (AC-3), a mandatory codec. Unlike the competing DTS-HD Master Audio, which encodes its primary (optional) track in terms of differences from the companion mandatory track, a Dolby TrueHD-equipped Blu-ray's primary and companion tracks are redundant; the Dolby TrueHD bitstream has no data in common with the AC-3 bitstream, but AC-3 is used to construct E-AC3 stream. Similarly to DTS-HD MA, however, Dolby TrueHD's dual tracks are opaque to the user; a Blu-ray player loaded with a Dolby TrueHD disc will automatically fall back to AC-3 if it cannot decode or pass through the lossless bitstream, with no explicit selection required (or offered). Dolby TrueHD's prominence relative to DTS-HD MA began to decline around 2010. It has experienced a mild resurgence as the encoding used for Dolby Atmos audio (especially in Ultra HD Blu-ray titles), but DTS-HD MA is still more common on titles with non-Atmos lossless audio. Regardless, publishers such as Paramount Home Entertainment and Funimation still use Dolby TrueHD for their releases. Transport Audio encoded using Dolby TrueHD may be transported to A/V receivers in one of three ways depending on player and/or receiver support: Over 6 or 8 RCA connectors as analog audio, using the player's internal decoder and digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Over HDMI 1.1 (or higher) connections as 6 or 8-channel linear PCM, using the player's decoder and the AV receiver's DAC. Over HDMI 1.3 (or higher) connections as the original Dolby TrueHD bitstream encapsulated in MAT (Metadata-Enhanced Audio Transport) frames, with decoding and DAC both done by the AV receiver. This is the transport mode mandated by Dolby Atmos. Because S/PDIF does not have sufficient bandwidth to carry a TrueHD bitstream, or more than two channels of PCM audio, using S/PDIF requires either falling back to a disc's Dolby Digital track or mixing the TrueHD track down to stereo. References External links Official website Blu-ray Disc Dolby Laboratories HD DVD Lossless audio codecs Surround sound
Jenna Leigh Johnson (born September 11, 1967) is an American former competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist. As a 16-year-old, Johnson represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She won three medals: a gold medal in the women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay, a gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relay, and a silver medal in the 100-meter butterfly. She attended and swam for Ursuline High School in Santa Rosa her freshman and sophomore years. She swam for the Santa Rosa Neptunes Swim Club in Santa Rosa from age 12-15. She is an alumna of Whittier Christian High School, where in 1984 she set the national record of 53.95 seconds in the 100-yard butterfly and the D1 record of 23.07 seconds in the 50-yard freestyle. While living in Southern California, she trained at the Industry Hills Aquatic Club in the City of Industry, California. She received an athletic scholarship to attend Stanford University, where she swam for the Stanford Cardinal swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Pacific-10 Conference competition. As a 19-year-old, she received the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year in 1985–86, was a runner-up for the award the following year and won again in 1988–89. Johnson made Rivals.com's list for the "Top 100 Female Athletes In State History." See also List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women) List of Stanford University people List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women) References External links 1967 births Living people American female butterfly swimmers American female freestyle swimmers Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming Sportspeople from Santa Rosa, California Stanford Cardinal women's swimmers Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics Universiade medalists in swimming FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States Universiade silver medalists for the United States Medalists at the 1985 Summer Universiade
Kali Prasad Baskota () is a Nepali singer, musician and lyricist. Baskota has also judged in first three season of Nepali Reality show Nepal Idol. Career He started his music career since 2007/8, as a lyricist and composer for the song Chahana Sakiyo Bahana Sakiyo sung by Sashi Rawal. Some of his earlier hits are Laija Re sung by Hemant Rana, Bida nai deu baru sung by Azad Dhungana. His 2017 song called Saili sung by Hemant Rana was trending worldwide on No. 14 on YouTube after the first week of its release. The song also made the record for getting more than 400,000 views in YouTube in first 24 hours of release, which was the most views any Nepali song got till that date. In feature films he gave songs like Jaalma, Nira, Lappan Chappan, Panchi, Daiba Hey. Kali did his singing debut from song Jaalma from the movie Resham filili which is of the biggest hit songs in Nepali movie industry. In recent times, his song "Thamel Bazaar" from the movie Loot 2 (a sequel to the highly successful movie Loot and directed by Nischal Basnet) is one of the most viewed Nepali songs; it ranks third amongst the most viewed Nepali songs on YouTube. Some of his most recent songs are Ajambari sung by himself and Melina Rai for the movie Gangster Blues starring Aashirman DS Joshi and Anna Sharma, and Okhati from the movie Mr. Jholay starring Dayahang Rai. Kali is a mechanical engineer by education, and worked at the famous Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology in Kathmandu for over a decade before becoming a full-time musician since 2015. In 2023, he wrote and sang a song named Chari Basyo for a film Jaari. Awards Discographys Entrance (2009) with Sashi Rawal Resham Filili (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2016) References External links Nepalese musicians 1979 births Living people
Lionel Edgar Charles Letts BEM (15 August 1918 – 23 October 2013) was an English entrepreneur notable for a 75-year career in Southeast Asia during which he took a role on the boards of more than 90 listed companies, survived torture, multiple escape attempts and a death sentence as a Japanese Prisoner of War and acted as a spy on behalf of the British Secret Intelligence Service. Personal life Letts was born in the English village of Send two months before the end of World War I, the son of Frederick James Letts, a hairdresser, and Eva Catherine Watts. While a Staff Captain in the Army he married Cecilia Monro on 29 December 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand. Military career Letts fought with the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War and with the Free Thai Movement during World War II Business career Letts played a significant role in the sale of British owned assets in Southeast Asia during the period after World War II, in the process making deep connections with numerous individuals whose families would go on to accumulate huge wealth as the British Empire rolled back in Asia. Diplomatic Roles In later life Letts acted as Honorary Consul in Singapore for Brazil and Portugal. Decorations During his lifetime Letts was awarded the British Empire Medal, became a Chevalier of the Brazilian Order of the Southern Cross and was made a Knight of the Norwegian Order of Merit. Donation To T. T. Durai Letts helped to save disgraced former Chief Executive Officer of the National Kidney Foundation Singapore, T. T. Durai, from bankruptcy, with a gift of $1 million. References 1918 births Recipients of the British Empire Medal 2013 deaths World War II spies for the United Kingdom British spies World War II prisoners of war held by Japan British World War II prisoners of war 20th-century British businesspeople British expatriates in Singapore
State was a station on the Englewood Branch of the Chicago 'L'. The station opened on November 3, 1905 and closed on September 2, 1973 as part of a group of budget-related CTA station closings. References External links State Station Page at Chicago-L.org Railway stations in the United States opened in 1905 Railway stations closed in 1973 1905 establishments in Illinois 1973 disestablishments in Illinois Defunct Chicago "L" stations Railway stations in the United States closed in the 1970s
Duff's Happy Fun Bake Time is a TV series on Discovery+ that stars Duff Goldman. The show details Duff and his friends exploring the science of different foods. It debuted on Discovery+ on April 29, 2021. Plot In his kitchen/laboratory called Bakersville, Duff Goldman explores the science of the foods that he makes with help from his puppet and robot friends. The segment "Science Bites" has Duff in his puppet form explaining food science. There is also a globe-trotting segment that showcases the cultural origins of food. Characters Duff Goldman (portrayed by himself) - A pastry chef that runs Bakersville. Couscous (performed by Donna Kimball and Kristin Charney) - A robot and Duff's sous-chef who is made of different kitchen tools. Dizzy (performed by Dorien Davies) - An elephant-shaped industrial stand mixer. She mostly sticks her mixing "nose" into everything. Dragon Oven - A dragon-shaped oven that speaks in roars, smoke, and hiccups. Edgar (performed by Kenny Stevenson) - A "crabby" blue crab that hails from Chesapeake Bay. S'Later (performed by Victor Yerrid) - A brown three-toed sloth who has a wise personality. Proof Box (performed by Amanda Maddock) - A box that takes Duff anywhere in time to learn the history of certain foods. Aliens (performed by Donna Kimball and Kristin Charney) - A pair of Aliens that threaten to destroy the planet unless Duff feeds them. Geof (portrayed by Geof Manthorne) - Duff's musically inclined grocer who would sing about the ingredient of the day. Episodes Production Duff Goldman collaborated with The Jim Henson Company to create this show on Discovery+. When Duff Goldman created this show, the inspiration he used to create this show came from the "Imagination Movers". Reception References External links Duff's Happy Fun Bake Time at Discovery+ Duff's Happy Fun Bake Time at Food Network Duff's Happy Fun Bake Time at Internet Movie Database 2020s American cooking television series 2021 American television series debuts American television shows featuring puppetry Discovery Channel original programming English-language television shows Television series by The Jim Henson Company
Fairhill is a neighborhood on the east side of the North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Fairhill is bordered by Front Street to the east, Germantown Avenue (10th Street) to the west, Allegheny Avenue to the north, and Cumberland Street to the south. The neighborhood serves as the center of the Hispanic community of Philadelphia, and is known for its "El Centro de Oro" commercial strip along North 5th Street. Fairhill is adjacent to Harrowgate and West Kensington to the east, Hartranft to the south, Glenwood to the west, and Hunting Park to the north. History The area that is now the Fairhill neighborhood was at one time home to the Isaac Norris family's Fair Hill estate. Norris was an early merchant and later mayor of Philadelphia. It is also home to the Fair Hill Burial Ground, a cemetery that Quakers established in 1703. George Fox obtained the land for the cemetery from William Penn. The cemetery is on the National Register for Historic Places. Fairhill began to develop its urban character in the 1880s. Many of the new residents at this time were German immigrants, particularly German Catholics. With the approval of the Archdiocese and the help of Fr. Henry Stommel of Doylestown, the German Catholic families in the area established Saint Bonaventure Parish (also known as Saint Bonaventura) in 1890. The original parish building was at Ninth and Auburn Streets. After establishing the parish, Fr. Stommel turned over its leadership to Fr. Hubert Hammeke, a German immigrant priest. In 1894, the parish began building a Gothic style church. Fr. Hammeke served as the project manager for the church's construction and construction on the new church finished in 1906. The finished church at Ninth and Cambria Streets included an impressive clock tower and spire. Fr. Hammeke would lead the parish until his death in 1937. In the 1950s, the demographics of the Fairhill area began to change. The German-American families began leaving the neighborhood with African-Americans and Latinos – mainly Puerto Ricans – taking their place. By 1975, the parish had initiated a Spanish mass and a Carino Center for Spanish-speaking children. The parish, including the school, closed in 1993; St. Bonaventure Parish church was demolished in 2013–14. Geography El Centro de Oro El Centro de Oro ("The Golden Downtown"), also known as "El Bloque de Oro," ("Golden Block"), is a commercial district located at 5th Street and Lehigh Avenue. It includes notable Puerto Rican businesses and organizations such as Taller Puertorriqueño (Puerto Rican Workshop), Asociación Puertorriqueños en Marcha (Association of Puerto Ricans on the March), and Artístas y Músicos Latino Americanos (Latin American Artists and Musicians). El Centro de Oro was established in the 1970s by community leaders from an older Latino community that was in the process of being displaced from the Spring Garden area as a result of gentrification. Organizations such as El Concilio de Organizaciones Hispanas de Filadelfia (Council of Spanish-speaking Organizations of Philadelphia) and the Spanish Merchants Association of Philadelphia encouraged Latino businesses and organizations to move to the Fairhill and Kensington neighborhoods and worked to develop Latino and Puerto Rican-oriented housing, cooperatives, and social service organizations. Demographics As of the census of 2010, the racial makeup of Fairhill is 80.2% Hispanic of any race, 15.1% non Hispanic Black, 2.3% non Hispanic White, 1.4% Asian, and 1% all other. It has the highest concentration of Hispanics of any neighborhood in Philadelphia, which is over 10 times larger than the overall percentage of Hispanics living in Philadelphia. The neighborhood is mainly made up of Puerto Ricans, But also has significant populations of Dominicans, Cubans, Colombians, and Brazilians, as well as other Hispanics. Its poverty rate is 61%, which is about five times the national average, as of Census 2010. The neighborhood is sometimes nicknamed "El Centro de Oro" (Spanish for "the center of gold"), and is considered to be the center of the city's Hispanic community. Fairhill, among other areas of eastern North Philadelphia, is known for having some of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the United States outside Puerto Rico (which is a US territory). Furthermore, the area west of 5th street is over two-thirds Hispanic, with the remaining nearly one-third being black, while areas of the neighborhood east of 5th street are nearly 100 percent Hispanic. In 2002 23.5% of the houses in Fairhill were occupied by the owners. 85% of the housing in Fairhill consists of row houses. 2.6% of the buildings in the area are zoned for commercial use; Steve Volk of Philadelphia Weekly stated that efforts to replace drug dealing with legitimate commercial activity have been stymied in recent years. As of Census 2010, Zip Code 19133 which encompasses most of Fairhill and portions of neighboring Glenwood and Hartranft, is the poorest zip code in Philadelphia, having a poverty rate of 61% and a median household income of $14,185. Crime Steve Lopez's novel Third and Indiana made the intersection well known. The intersection of 3rd Street and Indiana Avenue was listed number two in a 2007 list of the city's top ten recreational drug corners according to an article by Philadelphia Weekly reporter Steve Volk. Other intersections in Fairhill included in the list of the top drug corners included Fifth Street and Westmoreland Street in third place, and A Street and Westmoreland Street in seventh place. Philadelphia Badlands The Philadelphia Badlands is a section of North Philadelphia and Lower Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that is known for an abundance of open-air recreational drug markets and drug-related violence. It has amorphous and somewhat disputed boundaries, but is generally agreed to include the 25th police district. Usually, it is widely understood to be an area between Kensington Avenue to the east and Broad Street to the west, and between Hunting Park Avenue to the north and York Street to the south, mostly coinciding with the neighborhoods of Fairhill, Glenwood, Hunting Park, Harrowgate, Stanton, North Central, West Kensington, Hartranft, and Kensington. The term "The Badlands" was popularized in part by the novel Third and Indiana by then Philadelphia Inquirer columnist Steve Lopez. The neighborhood also was featured in several episodes of ABC's Nightline. The intersection of 3rd Street and Indiana Avenue was listed number two in a 2007 list of the city's top ten drug corners according to an article by Philadelphia Weekly reporter Steve Volk. The term Badlands was first used by Lt. John Gallo, who headed the East Division Narcotics Task Force. Its use spread, with many people attempting to take credit for the moniker. It was Gallo's work along with ASAC Billy Retton that worked about a dozen long-term investigations in the 25th and 26th Police Districts that preceded "Operation Sunrise". Ted Koppel, Geraldo Rivera, 20/20 and 48 Hours all rode with Gallo at one time or another, and it was during this time that Gallo was able to make the name stick. At one time a center of heavy industry, much of the Badlands' urban landscape is now characterized by vacant warehouses and tightly-packed strips of brick row houses constructed for the working class of the neighborhood. Like most industrial cities in the eastern United States, Philadelphia suffered economic decline following the movement of industry to either the suburbs or developing countries and has suffered as a result. The Philadelphia Badlands contain a diverse mix of ethnicities. Puerto Ricans are the largest group, but the area also contains large populations of Black Americans, Irish Americans, and Dominican Americans. The area encompasses El Centro de Oro, the heart of Philadelphia's Puerto Rican community. Although much of the area's crime stems from local neighborhood-based street gangs and the drug trade, larger, more organized gangs also operate in the area, including the Black Mafia, Latin Kings, and various motorcycle gangs. Aside from less-organized gang activity, the Badlands is also known as the founding location and current turf of the Irish-American organized crime group known as the K&A Gang (also known as the Northeast Philly Irish Mob). Circa 2012, Irish Americans constitute more than 12% of the population of the Badlands. The area's reputation has been countered by community activists and nonprofit organizations such as Centro Nueva Creación, which in 2010 conducted a summer children's program, "The Goodlands Photographers", aimed at helping young people photograph and display positive images of their neighborhood. Government and infrastructure The United States Post Office operates the Fairhill Post Office in Suite 2 at 217 West Lehigh Avenue. Education School District of Philadelphia operates public schools. Fairhill School, a K-8 school, serves Fairhill. Residents zoned to Fairhill School are also zoned to Thomas Alva Edison High School / John C. Fareira Skills Center. Fairhill Community High School (FCHS), an alternative charter high school for dropouts and students at risk for dropping out, is located in Fairhill. The Free Library of Philadelphia Lillian Marrero Library serves Fairhill. It was previously the Lehigh Avenue Branch, and Lillian E. Marrero had served as the library's supervisor. See also List of Philadelphia neighborhoods History of Philadelphia History of the Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia Philadelphia Badlands References External links Fairhill and St. Hugh Redevelopment Area Plan, City Planning Commission, 2003 Neighborhoods in Philadelphia Lower North Philadelphia
Xayar County, also Shayar County or, from Mandarin Chinese, Shaya, is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aqsu Prefecture. It contains an area of . According to the 2004 census it has a population of 210,000. History In 1902, Xayar County was established. In March 1964, Tarim Farm () was founded. In 1970, Tarim Farm was renamed Nong Yi Shi 15th Regiment (). In 1973, Nong Yi Shi 15th Regiment was renamed Third Laogai Detachment (). As of 1982, the prison had a cotton processing factory. In 1985, Third Laogai Detachment was renamed Tarim Laogai Detachment (). In 1994, Tarim Laogai Detachment was renamed Tarim Prison (). On July 15, 1996, a prison rebellion in Xayar County led to the deaths of fifteen. In 1998, Tarim Prison was renamed Xayar Prison (). In June 2008, Gezqum Township (Gaizikumu) was established. On December 30, 2008, the township's government started operation. In 2011, Yantaqsheher Township (Yangtakexiehai'er) was established. In 2012, Xadadong (Hadedun) was established. On February 25, 2013, the town's government started operation. According to Radio Free Asia, in January 2014 after Uyghur residents were reportedly forced to bow to a flag of China before worshipping at Xaniqa mosque in Yengimehelle township, three Uyghur youths burned the flag. Raids on Uyghur homes searching for the youths continued into 2015. Authorities warned residents not to discuss the flagburning incident. On May 26, 2014, Gulbagh (Gulebage), then a township, was made a town. In an Agence France-Presse report, between 2017 and 2019, three cemeteries in Xayar County were among dozens of Uyghur cemeteries destroyed in Xinjiang. The unearthed human bones from the cemeteries in Xayar County were discarded. Administrative divisions Xayar County included seven towns, four townships and four other areas: Other areas: Xinken Farm (), No. 2 Pasture (), Xayar Prison (Xinjiang Shaya Prison, ), Xayar County Industrial Zone (). Climate Economy Agriculture and animal husbandry are equally strong in the county. Agricultural products include wheat, corn and cotton as well as melons, yema (), walnut, velvet antler, muskrat, and licorice root. The county is the main location for Sanbei Sheep () lambskin production. Industries include knitting, leather making, food processing and others. The seven major speciality products of the county include Tarim Huyang, cotton, red deer, dates, Karakul sheep, salt cedar, and sword-leaf dogbane. , there was about 45,900 acres (303,747 mu) of cultivated land in Xayar. Demographics As of 2015, 230,129 of the 274,382 residents of the county were Uyghur, 41,463 were Han Chinese and 2,790 were from other ethnic groups. Most residents of Xayar are Muslim Uyghurs. As of 1999, 84.05% of the population of Xayar (Shaya) County was Uyghur and 14.6% of the population was Han Chinese. Transportation China National Highway 217 Historical maps Historical English-language maps including Xayar: Notes References County-level divisions of Xinjiang Aksu Prefecture
Qais Bin Khalid Al Said (born 20 August 1979 in New York City) is an Omani Twenty20 cricketer active from 2011 who has represented Oman in several Twenty20 international matches. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium pace bowler. References 1979 births Living people Omani cricketers Sportspeople from New York City American people of Omani descent
The ERA 1101, later renamed UNIVAC 1101, was a computer system designed and built by Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in the early 1950s and continued to be sold by the Remington Rand corporation after that company later purchased ERA. Its (initial) military model, the ERA Atlas, was the first stored-program computer that was moved from its site of manufacture and successfully installed at a distant site. Remington Rand used the 1101's architecture as the basis for a series of machines into the 1960s. History Codebreaking ERA was formed from a group of code-breakers working for the United States Navy during World War II. The team had built a number of code-breaking machines, similar to the more famous Colossus computer in England, but designed to attack Japanese codes. After the war the Navy was interested in keeping the team together even though they had to formally be turned out of Navy service. The result was ERA, which formed in St. Paul, Minnesota in the hangars of a former Chase Aircraft shadow factory. After the war, the team continued to build codebreaking machines, targeted at specific codes. After one of these codes changed, making an expensive computer obsolete, the team convinced the Navy that the only way to make a system that would remain useful was to build a fully programmable computer. The Navy agreed, and in 1947 they funded development of a new system under "Task 13". The resulting machines, known as "Atlas", used drum memory for main memory and featured a simple central processing unit built for integer math. The first Atlas machine was built, moved, and installed at the Army Security Agency by December 1950. A faster version using Williams tubes and drums was delivered to the NSA in 1953. Commercialization The company turned to the task of selling the systems commercially. Atlas was named after a character in the popular comic strip Barnaby, and they initially decided to name the commercial versions "Mabel". Jack Hill suggested "1101" instead; 1101 is the binary representation of the number 13. The ERA 1101 was publicly announced in December 1951. Atlas II, slightly modified became the ERA 1103, while a more heavily modified version with core memory and floating point math support became the UNIVAC 1103A. At about this time the company became embroiled in a lengthy series of political maneuverings in Washington, D.C. Drew Pearson's Washington Merry-Go-Round claimed that the founding of ERA was a conflict of interest for Norris and Engstrom because they had used their war-time government connections to set up a company for their own profit. The resulting legal fight left the company drained, both financially and emotionally. In 1952 they were purchased by Remington Rand, largely as a result of these problems. Remington Rand had recently purchased Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, builders of the famed UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer in the US. Although ERA and UNIVAC were run separately within the company, looking to cash in on the UNIVAC's well known name, they renamed the machine to become the "UNIVAC 1101". A series of machines based on the same basic design followed, and were sold into the 1960s before being replaced by the similar-in-name-only UNIVAC 1100 family. Description This computer was long, wide, weighed about and used 2700 vacuum tubes for its logic circuits. Its drum memory was in diameter, rotated at 3500 rpm, had 200 read-write heads, and held 16,384 24-bit words (a memory size equivalent to 48 kB) with access time between 32 microseconds and 17 milliseconds. Instructions were 24 bits long, with six bits for the opcode, four bits for the "skip" value (telling how many memory locations to skip to get to the next instruction in program sequence), and 14 bits for the memory address. Numbers were binary with negative values in ones' complement. The addition time was 96 microseconds and the multiplication time was 352 microseconds. The single 48-bit accumulator was fundamentally subtractive, addition being carried out by subtracting the ones' complement of the number to be added. This may appear rather strange, but the subtractive adder reduces the chance of getting negative zero in normal operations. The machine had 38 instructions. Instruction set Conventions y is memory box at address y X = X-Register (24 bits) ( ) is interpreted as the contents of Q = Q-Register (24 bits) A = Accumulator (48 bits) Arithmetic Insert (y) in A Insert complement of (y) in A Insert (y) in A [multiple precision] Insert complement of (y) in A [multiple precision] Insert absolute value (y) in A Insert complement of absolute value (y) in A Add (y) to (A) Subtract (y) from (A) Add (y) to (A) [multiple precision] Subtract (y) from (A) [multiple precision] Add absolute value of (y) to (A) Subtract absolute value of (y) from (A) Insert (Q) in A Clear right half of A Add (Q) to (A) Transmit (A) to Q Insert [(y) + 1] in A Multiply and divide Form product (Q) * (y) in A Add logical product (Q) * (y) to (A) Form logical product (Q) * (y) in A Divide (A) by (y), (quotient forms in Q, non-negative remainder left in A) Add product (Q) * (y) to (A) Logical and control flow Store right half of (A) at y Shift (A) left Store (Q) at y Shift (Q) left Replace (y) with (A) using (Q) as operator Take (y) as next order Replace (y) with (A) [address portion only] Take (y) as next order if (A) is not zero Insert (y) in Q Take (y) as next order if (A) is negative Take (y) as next order if (Q) is negative Input Output and control Print right-hand 6 digits of (y) Optional Stop Print and punch right-hand 6 digits of (y) Intermediate Stop Final Stop See also List of UNIVAC products History of computing hardware References External links Introducing the ERA 1101: An operationally proven high-speed, electronic, general purpose digital computer, ERA, no-date. (8 pp) Oral history interviews with ERA personnel on 1101, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Interviewees include Arnold A. Cohen; Arnold Dumey ; John Lindsay Hill; Frank Mullaney; and William C. Norris . ERA 1101 Documents (archive) list of 44 scanned course notes on 1101 by H. C. Snyder USN Summary of Characteristics Magnetic Drum Binary Computer, Engineering Research Associates Pub No. 25, 30 November 1948 1101 Early computers Military computers Computer-related introductions in 1950 24-bit computers
A pocket forest or Miyawaki forest is created by planting native trees, shrubs and groundcover plants to form a canopy layer of tall trees, a shrub layer, and ground cover in small urban areas. The concept was pioneered by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki as a means of restoring native plant species in damaged ecosystems. The concept has been embraced by environmentalists as a means of teaching urban residents about native forest environments. Methods While forests naturally grow through a primary stage and then a secondary stage before reaching their climax stage, pocket forests are created by a dense planting of climax stage species which grow rapidly in competition for sunlight. The area to be planted is first covered with a layer of cardboard which is then covered with of compost and allowed to acclimate to local moisture conditions for several months. The covered area is then planted with year-old plant nursery saplings spaced approximately apart. The entire surface area should be planted at the same time with a variety of native species so no saplings of the same species are adjacent to each other. Watering is unnecessary for native plants acclimated to the local environment; although watering for the first few years after planting, and during drought periods, will reduce mortality of individual plants. Pocket forests planted with greater density than commercial timberland utilize edge lighting in addition to overhead lighting to grow faster while absorbing more carbon dioxide per acre. Three is the minimum number of different species of nursery saplings for planting a pocket forest. The arrangement below of species A, B and C illustrates avoidance of planting the same species in adjacent positions. A B C A B C A B C A B C A Examples Pocket Forests CLG assists creation of pocket forests of within urban areas of Ireland. The Yakama Nation has planted seven healing forests of 47 species totaling on their corrections and rehabilitation facility to restore harmony to body, mind and spirit. A Miyawaki forest has been planted over a landfill in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of Danehy Park. A forest has been planted as part of Griffith Park in Los Angeles. Several Miyawaki forests have been planted in Berkeley, California. A pocket forest of 20 species is being planted in the City of Brussels. The town of Ayer, Massachusetts, organized community volunteers to plant a pocket forest. Potential problems Miyawaki developed the method as a means of replenishing forest soils by allowing dead leaves and twigs to decompose in a moist, wood-rotting ecosystem. This process may be less successful in drier fire ecosystems where nutrients are recycled as ashes. The dense pocket forest forms a capture mechanism for wind-blown embers, dried ground litter is an ignition source, and the multi-layered pocket forest forms a fuel ladder with wildfire risks in urban areas. References Forests Habitats Trees Ecosystems
Blennius is a genus of combtooth blennies in the family Blenniidae. Its members include Blennius ocellaris, the butterfly blenny. Species There are currently two recognized species in this genus: Blennius normani Poll, 1949 Blennius ocellaris Linnaeus, 1758 (butterfly blenny) References Blenniinae Extant Miocene first appearances
Margaret Catherine Sheila Thompson is a fictional character in the HBO crime drama series Boardwalk Empire, portrayed by Kelly Macdonald. An Irish immigrant living in 1920s Atlantic City, New Jersey, she is the mistress and eventual wife of Atlantic County treasurer and crime boss Enoch "Nucky" Thompson (Steve Buscemi). Fictional character biography Born Margaret Catherine Sheila Rohan circa 1893 in County Kerry, Ireland, she was raised in a poor Catholic family, headed by her alcoholic father. She lived in Templenoe and was nicknamed "Peg." She becomes pregnant as a teenager by her employer's son, and her family sends her to the Magdalene asylum. Desperate to escape, she steals her brother Eamonn's (Tony Curran) inheritance and uses it to emigrate to America. She departed from Galway aboard the SS Haverford on 27 September 1909 and landed in America on 12 October. She miscarried during the voyage. Some time afterwards, she married Hans Schroeder (Joseph Sikora), with whom she had two children, Teddy and Emily. Schroeder is an abusive alcoholic who beats her, which motivates her to join the Woman's Christian Temperance League and campaign for the passage of the Volstead Act, which ushers in Prohibition. Season one In the pilot episode, Margaret is pregnant with her third child. Fearing that Hans will drink their family into poverty, she goes to Nucky and asks him to give Hans a job. Nucky is immediately taken with her and promises to help, and gives her some money. Hans finds the money, gambles it away, and subsequently beats her so badly that she has a miscarriage. Nucky is furious when he finds out what happened, and decides to have Hans killed. Nucky's brother Eli (Shea Whigham) and his deputy Ray Halloran (Adam Mucci) abduct Hans off the street and take him out to sea in a boat, whereupon they beat him to death and dump his body in the ocean. When it is recovered the following day by fishermen, he is posthumously framed for a hijacking committed by Nucky's protégé Jimmy Darmody (Michael Pitt) and Al Capone (Stephen Graham). After Margaret recovers, Nucky gets her a job as a salesgirl at La Belle Femme, a dress shop in the Ritz-Carlton. Margaret and Nucky become close, with Nucky particularly impressed by her willingness to stand up to his associate Senator Walter Edge (Geoff Pierson) during a discussion about women's suffrage. One night, Margaret notices Nucky's alderman Jim Neary (Robert Clohessy) supervising the unloading of a beer truck at a garage near her house and, when Nucky brushes aside her request for help to the Temperance League, takes this information to Prohibition officer Nelson Van Alden (Michael Shannon), who has been investigating Nucky. When Van Alden subsequently shuts down a gathering of Irish bigwigs on Margaret's information, Nucky is struck by her vindictiveness and realizes that as a woman willing to sleep with men to get ahead, he wants her as his own. They become lovers and Margaret soon finds herself housed in a den of fellow concubines. Following a tense exchange at the boutique with Nucky's former mistress, Lucy Danziger (Paz de la Huerta), Margaret quits her job. Margaret enjoys her newfound affluence and appreciates having a father figure for her children, but is troubled by Nucky's corruption. One night, when Eli is critically wounded during a robbery of one of Nucky's illegal casinos by the D'Alessio brothers, Nucky (away in Chicago at the time) asks Margaret to retrieve a ledger from a safe in his office; the ledger details Nucky's profits from bootlegging. Shortly thereafter, she is walking with Nucky on the boardwalk when two of the D'Alessios attempt to assassinate him. When his butler Eddie Kessler (Anthony Laciura) deflects the would-be shooter's gun away from Nucky, the gun goes off and hits another woman in the shoulder, who collapses onto Margaret, the blood staining Margaret's new dress. A few days later, Van Alden visits Margaret at her home and tells her that Nucky had her husband killed, and that she is risking her soul by being with him. This revelation leaves her unsure of Nucky's true feelings for her; her doubts grow worse when she realizes that he is using her connection to the Temperance League to shore up political support among female voters, and sees him talking to a former mistress. She ends the relationship after she and Nucky have an intense argument, in which he tacitly admits to having her husband killed. Margaret learns that, years before, Nucky's infant son had died of pneumonia and that his wife had committed suicide. She meets with him and expresses her sympathy, and he tells her that his time with her and the children had been the happiest of his life. Moved by Nucky's sincerity – and realizing that her family would likely starve without his support – Margaret renews the relationship, and rings in the new year at his side. Season two A few months later, Margaret and her children are living with Nucky in a palatial house in Margate, New Jersey. Nucky has informally adopted Teddy and Emily, asking them to call him Dad. Their idyll is threatened when Nucky is arrested for electoral fraud, with bribery and murder charges on the horizon. Margaret goes to Nucky's office, which is being searched by the New Jersey State Police, and steals the incriminating ledger to protect Nucky. She also accepts temporary guardianship of his real estate holdings to keep it out of the government's reach. When Nucky and Eli get into a violent argument at Nucky's house, Margaret forces Eli out at gunpoint. Margaret learns that her brother and sisters are living in Brooklyn. She visits and tries to reconnect with them, but her brother forbids her to contact them again. She returns home deeply depressed, and sleeps with Nucky's right-hand man Owen Sleater (Charlie Cox) to numb the pain. When Emily contracts polio, Margaret blames herself, believing that her daughter's illness is divine retribution. She is subpoenaed by Assistant US Attorney Esther Randolph (Julianne Nicholson) to testify against Nucky, and considers doing so to atone for her sins, even if it means sending Nucky to the electric chair. Nucky tells her that he wants to marry her and become a better man, while admitting that the marriage would benefit him by making her ineligible to testify against him. She is unsure of what to do until she sees him teaching Emily to walk in her leg braces; she realizes that he loves her and her children, and marries him the following day after making a full confession to her parish priest. Her protection from testifying – and the sudden murders of the witnesses against Nucky – destroys Randolph's case, and the US Attorney's Office is forced to drop the charges. The next morning at breakfast, Nucky tells her that he had "run into" Jimmy, with whom he had been feuding, and reconciled with him. When he tells her that Jimmy had re-enlisted in the Army, Margaret reads between the lines and realizes that Nucky personally killed him. To punish him, Margaret deeds the real estate Nucky had given her – which he had planned to use for a lucrative construction deal – to her parish. Season three By the third season, set 16 months later, Margaret and Nucky's marriage has fallen apart; the rare occasions in which they spend time together are spent arguing. The already tense situation worsens when Margaret sees Nucky with his mistress, Billie Kent (Meg Chambers Steedle). When she, Nucky and the children spend Easter Sunday with Eli and his family, she confides in her sister-in-law June (Nisi Sturgis) that she is unhappy. Margaret busies herself with philanthropic causes, having funded an entire new wing of a hospital with the land she donated to the church. When one patient miscarries right in front of her, Margaret appeals to the chief of medicine to provide better prenatal care, but he dismisses her concerns. She shows him up in front of the Bishop in charge of the Catholic hospital, and forces the chief of medicine to set up a class on reproductive health. However, Margaret faces difficulty from the head nun, who tries to censor the information the doctor teaching the class gives to patients. Ultimately, the hospital board orders the classes cancelled. Nucky's war with New York gangster Gyp Rosetti (Bobby Cannavale) and an impending indictment from the Attorney General's Office frequently keep him away from home, and he tells Owen to watch over Margaret and the children. She and Owen renew their affair, and he tells her that he wants to run away with her. When Margaret learns that she is pregnant with Owen's child, she tells him she will leave with him when the time is right. Soon afterward, however, Nucky sends Owen to New York in an attempt to kill Rosetti's boss, Joe Masseria (Ivo Nandi). The hit fails and Owen's dead body is shipped back to Nucky's hotel suite in a box. Margaret bursts into tears at the sight of Owen's body, leading Nucky to realize the affair the two had been having, but nevertheless arranges for her and the children to hide from Masseria's men. Margaret leaves Atlantic City with the children and moves to Brooklyn under her maiden name. There, she has an abortion. Nucky tracks her down and tries to convince her to come back home where they can have a fresh start. Margaret declines his offer, and refuses to accept any money from him. Season four By season four, set in 1924, Margaret is working as a secretary in an investment office. She earns extra money by helping her boss trick customers into investing in worthless properties. She has an awkward reunion with Nucky, who gives her a present for Teddy and tells her that his butler Eddie has committed suicide. She is badly shaken to find Nucky's associate Arnold Rothstein (Michael Stuhlbarg) in her boss' office, investing under another name. He pays her $100 to keep quiet. When Rothstein learns that Margaret's boss is conning him, he arranges to set her up in a new apartment in return for inside information on the deal. Season five Season five opens in 1931, with Margaret still working at the investment office, which has been hit hard by the Great Depression. After her boss commits suicide, the company's owners find evidence of her deal with Rothstein, putting her job in jeopardy. She goes to Rothstein's widow, Carolyn (Shae D'lyn), to ask for help; Carolyn instead threatens to publicly reveal Margaret's ties to Nucky unless she gives her the profits from Rothstein's illegal stock trade. Desperate, Margaret goes to see Nucky for the first time in years. He agrees to help, but she suspects that he is up to something. Sure enough, Nucky gives her the money to pay Carolyn off – on the condition that she set up an account for him for use in driving down the stock price of a competitor, Mayflower Grain Inc. When Mayflower's stock plunges, one of the firm's partners, Joseph Kennedy (Matt Letscher), shows up at her office demanding answers. She advises Kennedy to short sell the stock, thus making a huge profit for himself and Nucky. Impressed, Kennedy gives her a share of the profits and offers to start a partnership with her. Newly rich, she meets one last time with Nucky, slow dancing with him as they say goodbye. Critical recognition In 2011, Macdonald and the rest of the cast of Boardwalk Empire was awarded the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. References Boardwalk Empire Television characters introduced in 2010 Fictional immigrants to the United States Fictional Irish people Fictional secretaries Drama television characters Fictional victims of domestic abuse
José María Arizmendiarrieta Madariaga (Marquina-Xemein, Bizkaia, Spain, April 22, 1915 – Mondragon, Gipuzkoa, Spain, November 29, 1976) was a Basque Catholic priest and promoter of the cooperative companies of the Mondragon Corporation, originally located in the Basque Country and currently spread throughout the world. As of 2021, it is the second social economy business group in Spain, bringing together ninety-eight cooperatives, eight foundations, one mutual, ten coverage entities and seven international delegations, distributed in four areas: finance, industry, distribution and knowledge. Arizmendiarrieta was a seminarian in Vitoria when the Spanish Civil War began in 1936, and consequently he was mobilized by the Basque Government. Due to his knowledge of Basque language, he was assigned to the editor of the new newspaper Eguna, where he remained until the Francisco Franco’s troops entered Bilbao. He was arrested by them, and again mobilized for the Military Government of Burgos until the end of the war. After finishing his studies and his priestly ordination, he was assigned in 1941 as curate of the parish to the industrial town of Mondragon, located in the Gipuzkoan Deba Valley, where he remained until his death. A pragmatic and hard-working priest, with a great sense of social justice and human dignity, he promoted numerous entities and companies for the good of the workers and the community, in what he called the "cooperative experience of Mondragon". Thousands of people visit Mondragon every year to analyze Arizmendiarrieta's self-managed cooperative model for job creation and maintenance. He is considered Venerable in the Catholic Church. Biography Early years: 1915–1931 Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta, whose name is often shortened to "Arizmendi", was born on April 22, 1915, in the modest farmhouse called Iturbe, nestled in the Barinaga porch, in the municipality of Markina-Xemein, Biscay. His parents were José Luis and Tomasa. His father had a reputation as a man of peace among his neighbors. Good-natured, cheerful and determined, he had a social life under the wing of fairs and brotherhoods. His mother was a housewife in the spirit of the biblical woman: intelligent, orderly, hard-working and self-sacrificing. She carried the weight and style of her children's education and the administration of the farmhouse. Jose Maria was the eldest son of four brothers, the other three being Maria, Francisco and Jesus. When he was three years old he suffered a fall in front of the farmhouse, suffering a severe head injury, and taken to the Markina doctor, the physical damage to his sight was irreparable, in such a way that he lost his left eye, which was replaced by one artificial. At the age of four he began to go to the rural school attached to the parish, financed by the farmhouses and the neighbourhood residents. The aftermath of the accident influenced José María's future temperament, as well as the over-protection that his mother devoted to him from then on. Given his visual disability and his family upbringing, instead of playing and misbehaving like other children, his character was not very expansive: shy, quiet, and observant. Jose Maria was an intelligent kid with little physical strength. In this way, the boy began to adopt an austere, modest and practical character, close to his pragmatic mother, who despite being illiterate, she appreciated his inclination for letters and literature, and encouraged him when he turned twelve to go to the Minor Seminary of Castillo Elejabeitia. There he put on the glasses that hid his handicap, and his priestly vocation was strengthened. In the seminary he discovered a new world, but he remained faithful to his origin, to the peasant land in which he had grown up and where he learned from his mother the value of practical work as an element of subsistence in a modest farmhouse. Coming from a monolingual environment of his Basque language in all social spheres, in the seminary he studied above all general culture in the two permitted languages, Spanish and Latin. Four years later, he joined the recently inaugurated Diocesan Seminary of Vitoria. Seminary of Vitoria: 1931–1936 Arizmendiarrieta was at the Seminary at the time of the Second Spanish Republic, precisely when social issues re-emerged. The seminarians, in addition to studying philosophy and theology, studied the social encyclical Quadragessimo Anno by Pius XI. Consequently, he delved into the spirituality of the Priestly Movement of Vitoria, having Joaquin Goikoetxeandia and Juan Thalamas as special tutors. And he assumed the motto of the first: "Be a priest, always and in everything a priest." Great importance was attached to values such as bodily austerity, punctuality, silence, industriousness, hygiene and presentation, both physical and teaching materials. In the Seminary there were two groups, one was the youngest and most thoughtless, who played football and Basque pelota, and the other was the mature, serious and responsible group who walked thinking about the problems of the world, about peace and war, or social issues such as hunger and missions. Arizmendiarrieta belonged to this group. One of the most influential priests was Manuel Lekuona, a professor of languages and art. He defended the view that working for the cultivation of the Basque language was an urgent duty of the diocesan priests, to teach catechesis in the vernacular language. In fact, in 1933 several students in the 2nd year of philosophy decided to found the "Third level of the Kardaberaz Society" (Kardaberaz Bazkunaren hirugarren maila), and they endowed it with the motto "Always forward" (Aurrera beti). They all agreed that the best person to draft its statutes was Arizmendiarrieta, who also drew up his founding manifesto, in which he associated the work of the company with the Renaissance ideology. Likewise, he was appointed deputy director of the Society, that is, the de facto manager, since the Director, known as Lekuona, merely supervised. They held an average of three meetings per month, to which were added ordinary and extraordinary meetings. Both Lekuona and Jose Miguel Barandiaran conveyed to the seminarians the value of critical observation, being reluctant to promote mere study. In this way they countered the monastic romanticism of the Seminary, which tended to cloister the priestly vocation, such that according to Arizmendiarrieta, "from so much talking about the temptations of the world, they were absent and unaware of the real temptations: power and comfort." Civil War and priestly ordination: 1936–1941 At the beginning of the civil war in July 1936, Arizmendiarrieta was in the family farmhouse of Barinaga enjoying his annual vacation from the Seminary, and he remained there until he was mobilized by the new Basque Government of José Antonio Aguirre. But the military medical court certified his incapacity for active military service, and assigned him to an auxiliary corps, specifically to the editorial office of the newspaper Eguna (The Day), where he received a monthly salary as a soldier. The newspaper in Basque had been created in January 1937 by the new government to communicate with the Basque-speaking population, and especially with the soldiers at the front. He was a member of the Bilbao Press Association, and in May and June he also wrote in the bilingual newspaper Gudari (Soldier), aimed directly at the Basque militia battalions. In his articles, the anti-fascist, nationalist and Christian-Democratic ideology of Eguna was maintained. With Arizmendiarrieta worked several comrades from the group “Always forward" of the Vitoria seminary, such as Eusebio Erkiaga and Alejandro Mendizabal. The treatment of information sought to defend the Basque homeland and its most important components, language and religion. All this from a Christian-Democratic political orientation, with insistent references to social justice. In June 1937, the rebel troops invaded Bilbao, and Arizmendiarrieta tried to flee to France. But fearful that they would take reprisals against his family, he returned to Barinaga and was later arrested due to a complaint. He spent a month in jail accused of writing in Eguna and Gudari, and after a summary court-martial against 17 detainees, only 4 were saved from being shot, including Arizmendiarrieta, who declared that he was a soldier and not a journalist. He was finally released without charge, and mobilized by the Francoist army, being posted to the Burgos artillery regiment. He got permission to continue studying theology at the seminary in that city, passing and moving on to a new course. At the end of the year, the Bergara seminary was opened, and Arizmendiarrieta moved there to continue his priestly studies.In September 1939, he returned again to the Vitoria Seminary, under the tutelage of Professor Rufino Aldabalde, who had created some work groups where he considered that, after the upheaval of the civil war, the social question was the burning task for the new generation of priests. The stages of "Kardaberaz" and the work in "Eguna" had finished, and in December Arizmendiarrieta was appointed by Aldabalde director of the group's sheet, which was called "Pax". In March 1940, the sheet changed its name to "Arises", and the Priestly Movement of Vitoria was created, where the social apostolate, especially that of youth and workers, were the two areas of work in which Arizmendiarrieta participated in the months prior to his ordination. On January 1, 1941, he celebrated his first mass in the church of San Pedro de Barinaga in the presence of his parents and relatives. The Perosi mass was sung at the ceremony, as well as the Nun duzu amandrea (Where do you have your grandmother), by the admired president of Euskaltzaindia (Royal Academy of the Basque Language), Resurreccion Maria de Azkue. After which, and although he intended to go to the University of Leuven in Belgium to study sociology, he was assigned as an Assistant Curate to the parish Mondragon, 30 miles from his own home town, which suffered from unusual levels of unemployment and social tensions as a result of the civil war. Assigned to Mondragon: 1941–1954 He arrived in Arrasate (in Spanish, Mondragon) in February 1941, as a 26-year-old newly ordained priest. There, since the Middle Ages, iron was worked in its forges and craft workshops. And at the beginning of the 20th century it had an efficient industrial activity, dedicating the companies to the production of laminates, profiles and sheet metal, screws, locksmiths, hardware, metal furniture, malleable cast iron, household appliances, iron pipe accessories, and office furniture. Upon his arrival, these companies employed 1,500 workers, out of a population of 8,800 inhabitants. The most important company was the Locksmith Union with 800 employees. It was listed on the Stock exchange and had a commissary for its employees and its own School of Apprentices, where Arizmendiarrieta began to teach a social training class for one hour a week, as chaplain of the San Juan Bautista parish. This relationship with young apprentices led him to revitalize Catholic Action as a center for social, cultural and religious leisure. In addition, he created in 1942 new sections such as the Sports Youth, the Academy of Sociology, and the Hallelujah magazine, intended for new military recruits. In his quest for community welfare, he started to focus his efforts on vocational training, such as the school provided by the Locksmith Union, a flagship factory of Mondragon. However, his attempts to enhance and expand the school were not welcomed by the management. And Arizmendiarrieta wanted to socialize knowledge and extend the possibility of training to the children of all the workers of the town. He visited the Professional School opened in Vitoria by Pedro Anitua, and decided to do the same, creating a Professional School in precarious conditions in 1943, in the name of Catholic Action, for which he relied on donations and popular subscription. It was a private, non-cooperative school, initially governed by a Board of Trustees. During the eleven months of the course, the students had a paid job for four hours in the morning in a local company, and in the afternoon they went to class for six hours.In 1945, at the initiative of Arizmendiarrieta and through Sports Youth, the Iturripe stadium was built, financed with contributions from businesses and the local community through pools, raffles, passes for shows, etc. And continuing with his procedure of institutionalizing social projects, he himself drafted its statutes, turning it into a municipal sports society with a Delegated Board that included the main public, ecclesiastical and economic authorities of Mondragon. In the year 1946, Arizmendiarrieta made an important qualitative leap in training, by selecting the best eleven young people who had completed their High Level Vocational Cycle studies, to pursue higher studies in Industrial engineering, but enrolled in the University of Zaragoza, located 200 km away. During the day they worked 55 hours a week at the Locksmith Union, and at night they studied under the guidance of teachers from the Professional School. They were examined in person in July, and all passed the five courses. Among them were the five entrepreneurs of what in 1956 was the first cooperative, ULGOR. In addition, the same year and following his thought of "theology of reality", he managed to create an anti-tuberculosis dispensary in the small Mondragon Community health center. The year 1947 and the following years were socially convulsive, with wage claims from the workers in several companies, with the support and participation of Arizmendiarrieta in the preparation of the writings, as works of social apostolate. All this while maintaining his good relationship with the businessmen, who supported him in the creation of the League of Education and Culture foundation for the promotion of the common good. But over time, clashes arose between the paternalistic leadership of the Locksmith Union and the engineering students. In 1952 the new Zaldispe Professional School promoted by Arizmendiarrieta was inaugurated. He humbly confined himself to the audience, while the Minister of Education, the Civil Governor, the Bishop, the President of the Provincial Council and other authorities were on the platform. In the same act, the first class of Industrial Engineers received their titles from Minister Joaquín Ruiz Jiménez. Within its social projects, in August 1953 the first stone of the new housing complex for workers in the Makatzena neighborhood was laid, after creating the charitable construction entity "Mondragon Home Association". Arizmendiarrieta put his working-class ideology into practice through an austere life: without salaries, traveling by train with a third-class ticket or in friends' cars, and moving around Mondragon with his modest bicycle, as the working class did. Illness and death: 1963–1976 In 1963 he began to suffer health problems, surely the result of his intense activity in the previous years: priestly life, classes, talks, conferences, meetings, visits to work centers, attention to people in his office at the School, trips to the ministries and official entities, trips abroad, and his inveterate dedication to training through extensive study. He did not fully recover, and in February 1967 he suffered a cardiac embolism, for which he underwent surgery in Madrid where an artificial prosthesis was placed in his heart. After several years of normal life, in January 1973 he was hospitalized for heart problems in Bilbao, where a strict recovery regimen was imposed, and after it he came back to Mondragon in a state of some weakness. His condition was, however, irreversible and in February 1974 he had to go back to the hospital to undergo another operation, given that the previously placed artificial valve had become denatured over time and needed to be replaced. The complex operation went well, but over the following days, Arizmendiarrieta suffered as the wounds became infected and did not heal: it was the so-called "sickness of the operating room". In April, he was discharged to return to Mondragon, where his wounds were treated daily. Only his priestly asceticism explains the silence with which he experienced the physical suffering that accompanied him after this last operation. Cures and medications, especially antibiotics, constituted a painful martyrdom that he endured with resignation, while, still weak, he tried to lead a normal life. After several further hospitalizations and discharges, at the beginning of November 1976 he was admitted to the Mondragon Health Center, where the doctors decided against continued treatment of his wounds, to spare him any further suffering. His death came on November 29. His body was able to be viewed for two days, and thousands of people paid homage to him. On December 1, the funeral was held, presided over by the Minister of Labor and officiated by 60 priests. Cooperative enterprises: 1955–1976 Until 1955 Arizmendiarrieta developed his work in four different areas, and in all cases with inter-class cooperation criteria: – Parish church, which included the Catholic Action Center and the Spiritual Exercises Work, – Social, with social health assistance works through anti-tuberculosis and children's clinics, or housing construction through the Mondragon Home Association, – Formative, represented by the Professional School, and – Recreational, oriented towards sport and cinema with the Sports Youth. The business area was pending, with the participation of workers in the capital and management of companies. After thirteen years of creative work in the assistance and training sectors, based more on action than on reflection, and nourished by the social doctrine of the church, Arizmendiarrieta focused his dedication on the creation of social enterprises, which he called the "cooperative experience". Organizational model Arizmendiarrieta promoted an open organizational model without distinction of race, belief, social class or gender, which was both participatory and interdependent. And it had some common elements, but also others specific to each sector of activity. Among the common elements was the General assembly of partners, where the democracy of one person/one vote prevailed, without assessing seniority or the capital owned by the partner. The Assembly elected the members of the Governing Council, equivalent to the Board of Administration, where any member could present their candidacy. The Governing Council elected the managing director, who in turn would elect his own management team. On the other hand, the workers elected the members of the Social Council, equivalent to the workers unions, in a proportion of one representative for every twenty members. Both the Governing Council and the Social Council internally elected their president. Depending on the sector, the composition of the partners changed. Thus, in industrial cooperatives only their workers were members. In credit and research cooperatives, workers and companies were partners. In the consumer cooperatives, the workers and the companies were partners, and the clients were user partners. And in the training cooperatives the workers, the companies, and the students were partners. All the cooperatives were private, self-managed and offering their services to the entire public market. On the other hand, both research and training cooperatives were non-profit. Consumer cooperatives In July 1955 the houses of the "Mondragon Home Association" had already been completed, and Arizmendiarrieta promoted the creation of the San José Consumer Cooperative among his neighbors in the assembly of partners. It was about creating a community alternative to the exclusive company stores, such as that of the Locksmith Union. He organized everything personally: he participated in the list of founding members, collected the necessary documentation to formalize the statutes, looked for theoretical references about cooperativism to familiarize the members with this business model, took care of the steps to acquire a local in the town that served as a store, and drafted the statutes of the company. They included him as a member of the Governing Board, and to finance his purchase, Arizmendiarrieta negotiated interest-free loans with several companies in exchange for them taking advantage of the cooperative as their own commissary. The San Jose Consumer Cooperative also served as a work balance by employing mostly women, since Arizmendiarrieta devoted special attention to promoting women. To do this, he expanded a teaching section in the Professional School, focused on the 400 single female workers who existed in Mondragon. Over the years, more consumer cooperatives were created, and in September 1969, as a result of the merger of the San Jose Cooperative, with several cooperatives based in the towns of Arechavaleta, Amorebieta, Marquina, Guernica, Éibar, Ermua, Matiena and Recaldeberri (Bilbo), the new company Eroski Group was created. Industrial cooperatives At the beginning of 1955, Arizmendiarrieta desisted from making any more attempts to promote worker participation in the capital and management of the Locksmith Union. He encouraged five of his closest collaborators to create a new company, ULGOR (name derived from the initials of the five founders: Luis Usatorre, Jesus Larrañaga, Alfonso Gorroñogoitia, Jose Maria Ormaetxea and Javier Ortubay). The authorization for its creation had to be given by the Government in Madrid, and when this was refused, they decided to buy a company in difficulty in Vitoria in October, with its industrial license to manufacture "appliances for domestic use", essentially cooking oil stoves. In April 1956 Arizmendiarrieta blessed the pavilion where the new company Talleres ULGOR was located in Mondragon, where in addition to continuing to manufacture the previous stoves, they launched a new product: an oil stove copied to the millimeter from an English model unknown in Spain. Likewise, in the summer they obtained a license to manufacture selenium plates under the patent of a German company. Arizmendiarrieta relied on talented young people he knew from the School, under the premise that "to create cooperatives you have to train cooperative members". On the other hand, the new businesses were promoted with a double logic: that they did not previously exist in the Alto Deba Valley, to avoid entering into competition with them, and that they were linked to their professional knowledge acquired in the Locksmith Union and the Professional School. Thus, Usatorre and Larrañaga took charge of the electrical appliances, Ormaetxea of the foundry, and Gorroñogoitia of the electronics. In August they took advantage of the summer holidays to move the machinery and dies from the Vitoria plant to Mondragon, and in November the workshop was officially opened. In 1957, after the good start represented by ULGOR, Arizmendiarrieta, with the participation of former students of the Professional School, promoted the creation in Mondragon of Talleres Arrasate Industrial Cooperative to revive the company Aranzabal Workshop, which was in bankruptcy. The statutes were drawn up by himself in collaboration with two lawyers from Madrid, one of whom was responsible for the National Union of Industrial Cooperatives. The object of the new cooperative company was "the manufacture and sale of machines, tools, punching and tooling". Credit unions In August 1958, Arizmendiarrieta went on an excursion of students and professors from the Polytechnic School to the World Exhibition in Brussels, and took advantage of his first trip abroad to visit different automobile, household appliance and machine tool companies in France, Holland, Belgium and Germany. After the trip, he decided to implement an idea that had been maturing in recent years, the creation of cooperative credit entities. At the beginning of 1959, he drafted two preliminary projects which would materialize in the creation of a financial entity and another assistance entity. Financial entity The objective of the "Labour Bank" (Laboral Kutxa, a credit cooperative financial entity) was to cover the industrial and service cooperatives in their investments and growth, and in turn, channel their profits and the savings of their members. The first office was opened in October 1959, and in addition to its financial function, it activated the Social Welfare service to cover the 314 members of ULGOR and the other industrial cooperative "Talleres Arrasate". In the statutes that he presented for the approval of the Labour Bank, he reinforced mutual cooperation by proposing that the existing cooperatives be members of the credit cooperative and that the new cooperatives be incorporated as members. In this way, they mutually reinforced their solvency. A characteristic of the Labour Bank from its very beginning, and until the creation in 1991 of the Mondragon Corporation, was the existence of two divisions: the Financial Division and the Business Division. While the former performed the ordinary functions of a savings bank, the functions of the Business Division were autonomous. On the one hand, it supported existing cooperatives in matters of internationalization, management and legal advice, and on the other, it promoted the creation of new cooperatives, both in sectors where they already existed and in new ones such as research, the primary sector, and the educational one. In addition to linking employees and industrial cooperatives as partners, Arizmendiarrieta wanted the rest of the population to get involved, and for this he used simple and popular messages. Thus, at the inauguration in 1960 of a new Labour Bank office, his motto was "O notebook, o suitcase", that is, save to invest and create jobs, or emigrate. Mutual assistance Like the financial entity, in June 1959, the EPSV (Voluntary Social Welfare Entity) known as "Lagun Aro" was created to respond to the cooperative members' need for social protection. The reason for this was that being self-employed workers, as opposed to employees, they were excluded from the General Public Social Security Scheme. Its function was, on the one hand, to provide a mixed coverage system that included benefits from the Public Social Security System through the Self-Employed Regime to which the cooperative members were affiliated, and on the other, to enable access to Lagun Aro's own benefits, such as coverage for illness, unemployment in the event that a cooperative was in difficulty, retirement, widowhood, and complementary health care. As in Laboral Kutxa, the cooperatives were members of Lagun Aro. Agricultural cooperative Arizmendiarrieta came from a family of peasants from Barínaga, and did not understand social development without the primary sector. After the first industrial cooperative, he promoted the LANA cooperative, integrating the livestock, agricultural and forestry sectors of the Alto Deba Valley. It would be a mixed cooperative with two types of partners, the producers of the villages, and the workers of the transformation cooperative. After several years of dynamic growth, specialization took place, creating three divisions: dairy, livestock and forestry. Over the years, the first two were integrated into the Erkop agro-food group, and the forestry activity into the Construction Division. Cooperative university At the beginning of 1961, Arizmendiarrieta began to structure the idea of a new Professional School with a higher academic level in the Alto Deba Valley, with opening centers in the three main towns, Mondragon, Bergara and Oñati, which together had a population of 50,000 inhabitants. As an indispensable condition for the development of industrial cooperatives, he wanted students well trained by the best teachers in workshops and laboratories who were close to the levels of research and development of the leading European countries. And this would facilitate the interrelation with companies.In 1963, work began on the new Professional School in Iturripe, designed to house 1,500 students, who would gradually reach the degree of Official, High Level Vocational Cycle Studies, and Technical Engineering, officially inaugurated in 1967. An important peculiarity was that the school's partners belonged to the cooperative and non-cooperative companies of the valley, the teachers, and also the students, having representation in the Assembly and the Governing Council. At that time, he developed the MEDUO University Project, involving the School Association of the University of Oñati, made public in 1965, and taking as its historical inspiration the old Sancti Spiritus University, created in 1545 and in operation until 1902. Its decentralizing approach involved locating engineering related to mechanics, electronics and machine tools in Mondragon, commerce and business administration degrees in Oñati, and chemicals linked to the textile industry in Bergara. In addition, he proposed a 'popular and social' university, which should pay attention to the practical application of the principle of equal educational opportunities, so that it would be a driving force for development through the institutionalization of lifelong learning. The project turned out to be too ambitious for the time, and it was not until 1997 that the current Mondragon University was established. County Cooperative Group In the Laboral Kutxa's Annual report of 1961, Arizmendiarrieta explained his ideas on intra- and inter-cooperative cooperation as an element of solidarity to achieve personal and collective advancement. He proposed an adequate process of capitalization by indirect means, and at the same time an indispensable formula of development through industrial concentration. The directors of ULGOR led and developed the idea, which resulted in the constitution of a co-brand group called Ularco, which included the industrial cooperatives of the Alto Deba Valley. Initially, it would be made up of the industrial companies ULGOR, Arrasate, Copreci and Ederlan, constituting a federal union of cooperatives, with a similar orientation to groups of capitalist companies, with the difference that in these the power was vertical and configured by the arithmetic majority of the capital, while in the Ularco Group the power was rooted in a pact of cession of sovereignty. One of the greatest achievements of collective solidarity of Arizmendiarrieta with the creation of the Group in 1964 was to implement the "reconversion of results" between all the partners of the different cooperative companies, when ULGOR achieved 30% of profits on sales and in Ederlan it was just 3%. The new business group stated in the second article of its regulations that its corporate purpose was to guarantee "the budgets of the modern company with the appropriate technical, financial and commercial deployment". Student's Industrial Cooperative Arizmendiarrieta developed the project to create an industrial cooperative for the students of the Professional School with a double purpose. On the one hand, it would provide students with limited economic resources the possibility of paying for their High Level Vocational Cycle studies. And on the other, it would promote dual training through theoretical and practical classes at the School, and the experience of working in a real company. In November 1965, he began the procedures for the administrative recognition of the company Alecoop (Cooperative School Labor Activity), which became official in April 1966. The industrial purpose of the company was the manufacture and sale of auxiliary tools for mechanical workshops and electrical installations for industrial assemblies, according to commissions or own study projects. The students would work in a cooperative regime for half a day, which had to be compatible with the school demands of the partners. Women's Industrial Cooperative In all cooperatives, women's participation was subject to rights equal to those of men. But in the mid-1960s, Arizmendiarrieta's concern for the labor emancipation of women became more apparent, since the limit of women's participation in work was marriage. In the cooperatives, the institutional associative link was the "partnership contract" and not the usual work contract, so the single members saw it terminated once they got married. For Arizmendiarrieta, marriage was almost a sentence of exile for women, which separated them from social life, and often tended to increase 'couple problems'. To improve the situation, Arizmendiarrieta promoted the construction of a female pavilion for classrooms and laboratories at the School, which would allow young female students to study chemistry and electronics, and, in parallel with this, the creation of a women's industrial cooperative, founding the Auzo Lagun company in November 1967. Its activity is the direct catering service, in which meals are prepared on site for schools, companies, residences and hospitals. Cooperative Research Center Arizmendiarrieta was aware of the technological dependency implied by the acquisition of patents abroad, and more specifically that of electronic semiconductors in Germany and that of electrical appliances in Italy. For this reason, on his trips abroad he analyzed the collaboration networks between companies, universities and research centers as a basis for economic and social development. In 1965, he began to include his ideas on the importance of research and technological development in the weekly talks at the Professional School. He considered that the competition between nations was between the companies that collaborated with the laboratories, so it was necessary to invest in human capital and technology. With his usual pragmatism, he convinced several professors at the School to dedicate part of their time to applied technological research, and after a few years of testing, in 1968 a team was created with partial autonomy from the School and with its own projects. Subsequently, he encouraged the cooperatives of the Alto Deba Valley to contract projects to the research team, and Laboral Kutxa to financially lead the construction of a separate building from the Professional School. The dual objective was to provide it with its own research capacity in the medium and long term in the style of the German Fraunhofers, under the legal tutelage of the Professional School, and eventually to set up the first cooperative company for Applied Research. In 1973 Laboral Kutxa approved the project, and in October 1974 work began on the new building. The tutelage of the teaching center lasted until 1982, when Ikerlan had its own legal personality as a cooperative, with the Valley companies and the researchers themselves being partners. Arizmendiarrieta also involved the Public administration in financing generic projects, being a source of inspiration for public-private collaboration in the field of research in the Basque Country. Cooperative Corporation In February 1966, Arizmendiarrieta spent a week in France visiting laboratories and factories in Paris, Dijon and Grenoble. And in September he made another tour of Germany, visiting different commercial, credit, consumer, and industrial cooperatives in Bonn, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich, Hamburg and Berlin. In both cases, he came back with the idea that Mondragon could also reach the degree of harmonic development that he had seen, for which it was necessary to become competitive in increasingly larger areas. All this served to reinforce his permanent discourse of cooperation. The cooperatives were integrated into Regional Groups such as Ularco, based on their geographical proximity, and it was not until December 1984 that the reorganization pre-congress was undertaken with a more business and less sociological focus, creating the Mondragon Cooperative Group. The process culminated in the first two Congresses of 1987 and 1989, approving the basic principles of what is currently the Mondragon Corporation. Thought and practical principles Precedents Arizmendiarrieta, in his quest for social justice and human dignity, was not a visionary who created business models by intuition. He had extensive historical, business and ideological knowledge based on many years of observation and reading. His uniqueness was that, with a lot of pragmatism, he knew how to help implement his theoretical ideas in concrete creations. Historical Arizmendiarrieta knew well the cooperative precedents of the Basque Country. In fact, the spirit of cooperation has long been deeply rooted among farmers, popularly known as "Auzolan" (Community Work). It is the performance of free work by neighbours that benefits everyone; through a neighborhood assembly, the place, method and people (one member for each farm) who are going to carry it out are decided, mainly the opening and/or maintenance of public roads, churches, hermitages or public buildings, or as and when a neighbor needs it. On the other hand, in the 20th century the first consumer cooperative, promoted by the nationalist union ELA/STV, was created in Bilbao in 1919, followed by others in Vizcaya. These cooperatives were also open to non-members. And they operated according to the cooperative principles of the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, founded in 1844 in England, and currently maintained by the ICA – International Co-operative Alliance. In the Vitoria Congress in 1933, the union agreed to strengthen the cooperative movement, and the first production and credit cooperatives were also created. Also, in 1920 the socialist union UGT helped several affiliates, workers of companies in crisis, to achieve self-employment by creating the ALFA cooperative in Eibar. It began manufacturing weapons, and from 1925 also sewing machines. It was the largest industrial cooperative of the time and its managing director, Toribio Echevarria, was admired and loved by Arizmendiarrieta for his professionalism and integrity. Business Since the thirteenth century, the Deba Valley and its seven towns have been linked to forges and metallurgy. Thus, in the 15th century, a large part of the 1,900 inhabitants of Mondragon dedicated themselves to obtaining steel billets, which on the one hand, they sold and exported for the manufacture of weapons, and on the other, they transformed by hand into nails and ironwork. The forges were complex installations that allowed the energy of the water to activate the machinery necessary to produce iron and steel until the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century, when blast furnaces were introduced. When Arizmendiarrieta arrived in the depressed post-war Mondragon in 1941, the largest company was the "Locksmith S.A.", created in 1906 from the merger of the companies "Vergarajauregui, Resusta y Cia", from 1869, and "The Guipuzcoan Locksmith", from 1901. It had 850 employees at its foundry and machining plants in Mondragon and Bergara, was listed on the Stock exchange of Madrid, and was the driving force behind several smaller locksmith companies. In mid-1948 it had 2,000 workers. The second most important company in Mondragon was the "Modern Locksmith ELMA", with more than 300 employees. In all the towns of the Deba Valley there were numerous small industrial companies, among which two medium-sized ones stood out. In Bergara there was "La Algodonera San Antonio, S.A.", created in 1846, which had 500 employees and was dedicated to the production of large-scale textiles. In Oñati there was "Hijos de Juan de Garay, S.A.", created in 1864, and dedicated to the production of welded steel tubes, with 400 employees. Ideological Arizmendiarrieta always had a small and austere office in the Professional School, and he was an inveterate reader of unusual topics for a modest priest, such as books by the Labour Party, or the "red bishops" such as Antonio Pildain and Vicente Enrique y Tarancón, or the new Catholic intellectuals of the ecclesia such as the Spanish Episcopal Conference, Iribarren and Rodríguez de Yrre, or the communist manifesto of Marx and Engels. In his search for a religious solution to social questions, he began to elaborate his own thoughts, which were a conjunction of the classical and social-Catholic sources of the Seminary and the new socialist and personalist theories. He bought books by thinkers with the gifts needed to make a real world impact, such as the active Catholic priest Hans Küng, or Jacques Maritain, Emmanuel Mounier, Ortega y Gasset, Jacques Leclerq and the Labor leaders, and gave copies to his disciples. For him, reading was an essential source of inspiration, and he underlined the ideas he thought were most interesting in the hundreds of books in his private library. He rigorously wrote his reflections on "pedestrian humanism" in 10,495 files and writings. After his imprisonment during the civil war he only wrote in Spanish, but in August 1968 he began to use Basque again in the magazine TU Lankide, in a total of up to 57 articles, the last three in 1976. Example in austerity Arizmendiarrieta lived his entire life in personal austerity, as a young man out of family necessity and, after the emergence of the cooperatives, out of personal conviction. He lived with the limited salary of curate of the parish. He never received anything from the cooperatives or the entities that he promoted and he worked in a small office of the Professional School. He did not drink, and ate very little. In Mondragon he traveled by bicycle like the workers, until several cooperative leaders "stole" it, replacing it later with a velosolex (bicycle with a small motor). And for trips outside, he would ask friends for favors or take the cheapest tickets. Despite being the promoter of numerous cooperatives, and often the drafter of the projects and statutes, which he personally defended before the different administrations, he gave up holding any position. In the few individual distinctions that he accepted, he included in them those who had helped him achieve his aims, just as he did in the openings of new pavilions and companies. He never acted for personal interests, and despite the fact that some class-oriented businessmen from Mondragon were detractors of the popular "priest", and were suspicious of the participation of workers in the capital and management of the new business model, Arizmendiarrieta maintained his ideology of social justice. In 1956 he was threatened by the Civil Governor with transfer, and he replied that he would obey the decision of his superior of the diocese, but that he would not become an accommodating priest. Personal closeness Arizmendiarrieta shaped his ideas into concrete achievements involving many people: politicians, businessmen, teachers, young people, etc. And he did it with empathy and respect for everyone. His daily work was based on an exercise of renunciation, of homage, submission, deference, gratitude, or the discreet charm of power. As a young man he moved around the town on a bicycle, out of affinity with the workers. He ate frugally, and when a charge from Madrid visited Mondragon for an event, Arizmendiarrieta would notify the nuns of the college to receive the visitors with a hot broth. In 1958, the Director of Professional Education in Madrid Guillermo Reyna visited Mondragon. He was surprised by the casual way the students treated Arizmendiarrieta, and he wrote to him: “It gave me a bad impression that the students did not get up, greet, or offer the slightest sign of deference towards you, who are their Director, when we passed through the room where several were sitting and others were changing their shoes". Arizmendiarrieta, after apologizing, replied "I don't allow them to treat me as a Director, because I am just one amongst the rest in the School. It has been a procedure that has given me good results so far." In fact, Arizmendiarrieta was never listed as Director. In 1965 the Minister of Labor arrived to award him the gold medal for Merit at Work, and in the speeches, the President of the Mondragon Education League highlighted the desire of the curate to detach his work from any personal interest, "He is still as poor as when he arrived 25 years ago, and just like then, his mother continues to send him beans and potatoes from the farmhouse." To conclude, he said, "He has created a mentality, a way of doing things. People have turned to him for everything, and he always has a free moment, a word of encouragement, an idea to solve a problem." The honoree's answer did not surprise anyone. He had no merit, he always spoke in the plural, losing his individuality in the anonymous work of the hundreds of people who had worked with him in the activities for which he was awarded: “I say without modesty that these merits that have been attributed to me for official purposes are due to each and every one of those who have worked during these past years”. Sowing years From the time Arizmendiarrieta arrived in Mondragon in 1941 with his wooden suitcase, until the first industrial cooperative ULGOR began operating, 15 years of preparation passed. The cycle began with the creation of the precarious Professional School in 1943, where the children of all the workers could study, unlike the Locksmith Union Apprentice School. Arizmendiarrieta did not yet have a defined cooperative model, but he did have a clear idea: that the worker can only emancipate himself through education and his own work. Therefore, he encouraged the spirit of responsibility and cooperation. Other actions of Arizmendiarrieta were the organization of a library for youth, the organization of study circles for older people, and the foundation in June 1943, under his direction, of a Social or Sociology Academy with the inspiration of Catholic Action. The objective of his circles or meetings was "to train future worker leaders." In addition to his teaching at the Professional School, Arizmendiarrieta taught more than two thousand study circles, some for religious and human formation; others for social formation. This is equivalent to saying that he gave at least one conference every 2.7 days, for fifteen consecutive years, not discounting holidays and vacations. In any case, the Professional School was his favorite place of catholic and social apostolate. Every day at two in the afternoon he gave his 20-minute talk in the auditorium to professors and students of the 2nd year of Master's and Technical Engineering. The topics were diverse and unknown to the audience, such as Russian kolkhoz peasant cooperatives, Yugoslav self-management or German co-management. In addition to the content, his talks were difficult to understand, due to his monotonous tone and difficult language. Aware of this, he used short quotes that were easy to remember such as "Knowledge is Power", "knowledge must be socialized to democratize power", "it is easier to educate a young person than to reform a man", or "give a fish to a man and he will eat that day; teach him to fish and he will eat for the rest of his life". In the sermons at his daily mass in the parish he also used short quotations to compensate for his difficult oratory. Once, the parishioners asked the bishopric to replace him because they did not understand him, but the bishop did not agree to do this, valuing his social work more. And in July 1967, when he was invited to Madrid as a speaker in the debates on the future status of Spanish cooperativism, chaired by the General Director of Social Promotion, the attendees listened to him in silence because his oratory was difficult for them. To alleviate the situation, the director told them "Keep in mind that Father Arizmendiarrieta thinks in Basque, and translates it into Spanish." Training and work Arizmendiarrieta led his collaborators by example. His training curriculum vitae, written by himself, shows his dedication to his studies: "Philosophy and Theology" at the Seminary of Vitoria, "Ethical-Social" at the University of Comillas, enrolled in special intensive courses. And "Economics" in intensive courses at the Social School of Vitoria, from 1948 to 1952. He maintained close contact with the Vitoria Seminary, where year after year he attended the courses organized at the Social School. His interests ranged from economics and sociology to philosophy and pedagogy. He understood his own role as chaplain of Catholic Action as someone who spurred others to do good, and above all, as an educator. He made an effort to convince others, especially young people, of the importance of training, and often repeated quotes such as "Teaching and education are the first requirements of a community, if you do not want all kinds of companies to become stagnant or half developed", "Man is made through training", "It is better to light a match than to curse the darkness", or "Sowing in time is professionally training our young people. This is the expense that is transformed into seed that produces a hundredfold." The argument of the profitability of investments made in education appears many times in Arizmendiarrieta's writings. And his insistence on community responsibility for education has two roots. One is his personal experience of the insufficiency of the State, and the other is his general idea that society should tend to self-management in all its forms, solving its own problems on its own. But he advocated dual training, so as not to leave the entire burden of the cost of studies to the community, but rather the student himself had to assume a part. In addition, Arizmendiarrieta was opposed to the division of life into two periods, one of study (at the expense of those who work), and another of work. He thought that study and work, rather than consecutive stages, should constitute combined activities that would last. The young person should combine study and work, and the mature person should have the right and duty to combine work and study. Work and union Arizmendiarrieta created in September 1960 the cooperative magazine that he always edited, "TU-Work and Union", initially called "Cooperation". He said that "Work is the firm basis for development and promotion, the Union is the lever that multiplies the forces of all, and Cooperation is for us a system of solidarity, to make work the appropriate instrument for advancement, personal and collective." Therefore, he insisted on collecting these concepts in the Statutes of the cooperatives. He conceived the magazine as "a constant invitation to dialogue, relationship and cooperation for the practical application of the postulates of social justice in the business environment in a climate of freedom and love, indispensable in a work community". He considered work as a means of personal self-realization and solidarity, of individual improvement and collective improvement, the basis for a more unquestionable humanistic and social conscience. He repeatedly explained that work dignifies people, and that different levels of development in regions and countries depend on work. He noted that a study by experts showed that in the United States, the contribution of nature, land, forests, rivers, seas, and mines to the level of development was estimated at one-eighth, and that the labour factor was seven-eighths. The Deba Valley itself, where Mondragon is located, is not notable for its natural wealth, but its development is driven and created by the work of its inhabitants. As for the union, it was seen as a sign of solidarity in a democracy, so cooperatives should be democratic, with each member having only one vote. At the same time, unity demanded the responsibility of all, because unity is the strength of the weak, and solidarity is a powerful lever that multiplies strength. The reform of the company Arizmendiarrieta sought the dignity of workers through the reform of the company, inspired by the postulates of Christian Social doctrine. As early as 1933, the program of the Basque trade union ELA / STV established that the rights of the worker were not limited to a fair wage, so he demanded his participation in the company, making him share in the profits by issuing shares in the capital, as well as recognising him as a co-manager of the company. After the Civil war of 1936 unions were banned, but the Christian Social doctrine was present in Catholic workers' organizations, gaining further development in the 1960s. In fact, it was the Catholic labour movements in Germany and Belgium that, taking advantage of the post-war reconstruction situation, had more vigorously demanded workers' access to the company's management, profits, and shareholding, with harsh criticism of the predominance of capital over man. In 1956, after fifteen unsuccessful years proposing changes to the leadership of the Locksmith Union, Arizmendiarrieta made the momentous decision to encourage a group of professionally well-trained young people to leave their well-established jobs in the Locksmith Union to create a cooperative. He set out to realize his ideas on the primacy of work over capital, on self-management, and on democracy. Of course, Arizmendiarrieta's relations with some employers worsened markedly, and difficulties arose even in relation to the Professional School, where until then the collaboration had been optimal and generous. After the initial success of the cooperatives, in the following years he wrote that one of the noblest and most spiritual tasks that could be undertaken was to awaken in the people the consciousness of their own potential. It was necessary for the workers to be able to be revitalised with the hope of a true emancipation of their own through work and Christian peace. Henceforth, he stopped alluding explicitly to the reform of the company. Leadership and ascendancy Arizmendiarrieta's working method was based on teaming up with young people he trusted. The teaching work that he carried out in the first Professional School of Zaldispe and the creation of the Sports Youth entity as well as his participation in the Catholic Action, made him know the most applied young people. Thus, in 1946 he selected eleven young to continue their Industrial engineering studies on their own, but enrolled in the University of Zaragoza, distant 200 km., and in 1955 five of them who were already outstanding professionals in the Locksmith Union, were encouraged to create the create the first industrial cooperative named ULGOR. In such a way that his successes in the creation of entities from 1941 to 1955 generated enough security in young people, newlyweds and paying the mortgages on their houses, so that they would abandon secure jobs in the best company in Mondragon, and embark on an adventure with uncertain future, but confident in the mentor. In 1959 ULGOR was growing successfully and had established itself in the market. From the beginning, the partners had elected the electronic engineer Alfonso Gorroñogoitia as president of the Governing Council, and in turn the Council had appointed the chemical engineer José María Ormaetxea as managing director. But Arizmendiarrieta had in mind the idea of creating a cooperative credit entity, and after drafting the project and the statutes of the Labour Bank on his own, he managed to get the ministries to approve its creation. To manage it, he sought above all merit the honesty, and proposed to Ormaetxea to be his director, going from managing director of a large company to a modest office on Ferrerías street, where he began working with another employee. Ormaetxea pointed out that "I accepted, despite being completely unaware of the Banking Business, and barely knowing how to interpret a balance sheet". Likewise, Arizmendiarrieta convinced Gorroñogoitia to combine the two presidencies, given his great ascendancy in the Governing and Social Councils of ULGOR. In 1965 Arizmendiarrieta personally promoted the Alecop student industrial cooperative. To finance his installations, he requested subsidies from public bodies and a loan from the Labour Bank, which requested guarantors. Arizmendiarrieta went to several professors of the Professional School to sign them, one of them being the future founder and director of the Ikerlan Research Center, Manolo Quevedo, "I replied that I would sign, but after obtaining the approval of my wife, because we already had three small daughters. Endorsing a company in which the partners and managers were going to be the students, and the guarantors would not have any connection, was certainly unusual". Controversies Arizmendiarrieta developed his concept of human enterprise through action and practice, which generated controversies that can be grouped into five areas: – In 1941 Arizmendiarrieta arrived to Mondragon with his ideology of the social doctrine of the church, where the worker finds satisfaction in his job, as an intelligent and responsible human being. He began his career in the Locksmith Union Apprentice School and in the Catholic Action, and at that time he wrote that the workers saw the church at the service of the state: “The Army, the clergy and the Falange (the fascist party of the head of the government, the dictator Franco) are the three claws of the capitalist». Likewise, they saw the church on the side of the winners of the civil war. For this reason, he established a catalog of three virtues for the priest who wanted to act in the working environment: freedom, austerity and diligence. – In 1956 he was about to be deported by the Civil Governor of Gipuzkoa, as he was considered the main person responsible for the workers' strikes of that year. Also, in 1965 and 1969 he was accused by the Governor that the Professional School was a focus of politicization and subversion, when the students participated in the acts of the "Day of the Basque Homeland" (Aberri Eguna). And also in 1969, the Governor intended to "put the arrogant cooperativists of Mondragon on the verge and get them to surrender at his feet, engaged in unspeakable and dangerous desires for emancipation, whose rebellious attitude could infect the rest of the Basque Country." – In 1960 the first criticisms of the local and regional capitalist businessmen began, directly and through the Official Chamber of Industry of Gipuzkoa, suspicious of the growth of the cooperatives. Arizmendiarrieta had an excellent relationship with many businessmen, whom he encouraged to become members of the Professional School, such as Juan Celaya from the Cegasa company in Oñati or José María Altuna from the JMA company in Mondragon. But the critics argued on the one hand that there was a transfer of workers from their companies to the new cooperatives, and on the other hand that the fiscal benefits of these were the basic reason for its growth. It was the deduction of 10% of corporate tax, which was dedicated to the Promotion and Employment Fund for the community. This second argument was recurrent for many years. – In the cooperatives there were no worker' unions, assuming its functions the Social Council, and in 1966 the first criticisms from leftist and union sectors began, considering that cooperativism was an insufficient solution for society, being a socialism "from the inside". These critics accepted as positive aspects of cooperativism the democratic government of the company of one partner/one vote and not based on capital, the imputation of the surplus value of work to the community, or the solidarity through the limited salary range that prevented the formation of privileged classes. But his great objection was that cooperativism admitted the principles of the capitalist free market. - In 1970 other criticisms arose from the new Basque Left, linked to the various ETA groups, and their successive splits. They considered that a leading technocratic class had emerged in the cooperatives, directly including Arizmendiarrieta, who called himself a cooperative but prevented the liberation of the Basque working class. And that, in fact, was one of the reasons why the Ministry of Labor in Madrid had distributed Medals of Merit for Labor to cooperative members. In 1972 there were controversies of this nature in Alecop and in the "Basque School" (Ikastola) of Mondragon. And in June 1974, a cooperative strike took place for the first time at the ULGOR and Fagor Electronic plants, as a result of new job evaluation regulations. After unpleasant incidents, the strike ended with the expulsion of 24 partners, approved in the General Assembly. Several years later they were given the option of readmission, which some of them accepted. Likewise, from that environment the cooperativism was reproached for its lack of sensitivity to the Basque question. Influence and legacy – In 1952, after the inauguration of the new Professional School, he received from the hands of the Minister of Education Mr. Ruiz Giménez, the Commendation of the Civil Order of Alfonso X el Sabio. – In April 1966 Mondragon paid homage to three worthy figures by naming them adoptive sons of the town: the doctor Don Mariano Briones, the parish priest Don Jose Luis Iñarra and Don Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta. The three honorees were celebrating 25 years of work at Mondragon. – In August 1966, after the Alecoop student industrial cooperative was inaugurated, the Minister of Labor Romero Gorria personally awarded him the gold medal for Work. – The Olandixo hillside road, opened in 1972, where Lagun Aro, Ikerlan and Laboral Kutxa are located, is called Paseo Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta. – In 1992 a monument was inaugurated in his honor in the native district of Barinaga, in Markina-Xemein. – In 1997, Arizmendi Bakery opened in San Francisco, California, named after Arizmendiarrieta. – On May 6, 2009, the diocesan phase of his canonization process concluded. – On 14 December 2015, Arizmendiarrieta was decreed to be of heroic virtue by Pope Francis and became Venerable in the Catholic Church. – In April 2016, the Square Laubide in Mondragon was renamed Square Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta, with a plaque in Basque and Spanish with the following legend: “Square Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta (1915–1976). Founder of the Arrasate-Mondragon cooperativism. Associated work model that extends universally. 100 years after his birth”. See also 127 photos of Arizmendiarrieta Mondragon Corporation Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers ICA-International Cooperative Alliance References External links Friends of the Arizmendiarrieta Association (In Basque) Arizmendiarrieta Christian Foundation (In Basque) Arizmendiarrieta Christian Foundation (In Spanish) Canonization of Arizmendiarrieta Video: Jose Maria Ormaetxea about Arizmendiarrieta (In Spanish) Video: Joxe Azurmendi about Arizmendiarrieta José María Arizmendiarrieta: Archive, writings, photographs (Euskomedia) 1915 births 1976 deaths People from Lea-Artibai Basque-language writers Basque Roman Catholic priests Spanish cooperative organizers 20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests Mondragon Corporation 20th-century venerated Christians Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis
WormBook is an open access, comprehensive collection of original, peer-reviewed chapters covering topics related to the biology of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). WormBook also includes WormMethods, an up-to-date collection of methods and protocols for C. elegans researchers. WormBook is the online text companion to WormBase, the C. elegans model organism database. Capitalizing on the World Wide Web, WormBook links in-text references (e.g. genes, alleles, proteins, literature citations) with primary biological databases such as WormBase and PubMed. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced and is a model organism for studying developmental genetics and neurobiology. Contents The content of WormBook is categorized into the sections listed below, each filled with a variety of relevant chapters. These sections include: Genetics and genomics Molecular biology Biochemistry Cell Biology Signal transduction Developmental biology Post-embryonic development Sex-determination systems The germ line Neurobiology and behavior Evolution and ecology Disease models and drug discovery WormMethods References Bioinformatics Biology books Cell biology Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins Animal developmental biology
Charles Vedder Sitton (September 22, 1881 – September 11, 1931), also known as Carl, C. V. and Vet Sitton, was a baseball player and coach. He attended Clemson College, where he also played football, and later coached baseball for the Tigers. In his first two years as a pitcher in the minor leagues, he led his teams to a regional pennant. He then played major-league baseball in with the Cleveland Naps before returning to the minors. Early years Sitton was born to Henry Philip and Amy Wilkinson Sitton in Pendleton, South Carolina on September 22, 1881, the second of five children. He was named after a renowned Charleston Presbyterian minister. Known on the sports pages as Carl or C. V., his family called him Vedder. Sitton's grandfather, John B. Sitton, built the first brick building in the town square of the Old Pendleton district; his father and an uncle, Augustus, fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War. Augustus was later prominent in the Red Shirt movement. Clemson College Sitton enrolled in Clemson College in 1901, attending through 1903 but never graduating. He played football and baseball for coach John Heisman's Clemson Tigers. Football According to one source, "Vetter Sitton and Hope Sadler were the finest ends that Clemson ever had perhaps". Sitton played on the left and Sadler on the right on Clemson's football teams. Both were All-Southern football players in 1902 and 1903. 1902 saw a 44–5 beatdown of Georgia Tech in which Sitton scored first on an 80-yard end run. The day before the game, Clemson sent in scrubs to Atlanta, checked into a hotel, and partied until dawn. The varsity sat well rested in Lula, Georgia as those who bet on Tech were fooled. In 1903, Sitton was reportedly injured before the Georgia Tech contest. Tech rooters thought perhaps it was another ruse from Heisman. It was no ruse, but Sitton's substitute Gil Ellison played well enough for a 73–0 rout. The 24–0 win over Davidson saw one writer note "Clemson playing against eleven wooden men, would attract attention;" and Sitton had a 60-yard touchdown run. The 1903 Tigers went on to play in the South's first conference championship game, tying Cumberland 11–11. The tying score came after Cumberland muffed a punt. Cumberland expected a trick play when Fritz Furtick simply ran up the middle for a touchdown. One account of the play reads "Heisman saw his chance to exploit a weakness in the Cumberland defense: run the ball where the ubiquitous Red Smith wasn't. So the next time Sitton started out on one of his slashing end runs, at the last second he tossed the ball back to the fullback who charges straight over center (where Smith would have been except that he was zeroing in on the elusive Sitton) and went all the way for the tying touchdown." Baseball He was also a starting pitcher for the baseball team, "one of the best pitchers Clemson ever had". and "one of the best twirlers in the country." According to one account, "Sitton is considered one of the best college twirlers in the south ... He is a heady pitcher, and knows just what to do in every emergency." He posted an 18–4 career record, including records of 5-2, 7-2, and 6-0 in his three years on the varsity. Pro baseball After college Sitton played baseball in a number of cities, batting and throwing right-handed. He had his pitching debut with the Jacksonville Jays, leading the team to the South Atlantic League (SALLY) championship. Nashville Vols Sitton was then a starting pitcher for the Southern Association champion 1908 Nashville Vols. The club, under manager Bill Bernhard, entered the final day of that season with an opportunity to win the league pennant. The championship would be decided by the last game of the season, between the Vols and the New Orleans Pelicans at Sulphur Dell. Both teams had the same number of losses (56), but the Pelicans were in first place with 76 wins to the Vols' second-place 74. A crowd of 11,000 saw Sitton use his spitball to outpitch Ted Breitenstein for a complete-game, nine-strikeout, three-hit, 1–0 shutout, giving Nashville its third Southern Association pennant by .002 percentage points. The Nashville team and the fans mobbed the pitcher on the mound. Grantland Rice called it "the greatest game ever played in Dixie". According to one account, "By one run, by one point, Nashville has won the Southern League pennant, nosing New Orleans out literally by an eyelash. Saturday's game, which was the deciding one, between Nashville and New Orleans was the greatest exhibition of the national game ever seen in the south and the finish in the league race probably sets a record in baseball history". Nashville Banner sportswriters Fred Russell and George Leonard created all-time team lists of the top Nashville players from 1901 to 1919 and from 1920 to 1963. Sitton was named a pitcher on the former team. Cleveland Naps Nap Lajoie's Cleveland Naps soon lured Sitton from the Nashville club, making him the first Clemson player to play in the major leagues. Sitton was optimistic when he arrived at spring training to replace the ailing Glenn Liebhardt. He pitched well in the preseason, including a shutout against Mobile. Sitton made his major-league debut on April 24, 1909 against Rube Waddell and the St. Louis Browns, winning the game. He also won his second game, against Walter Johnson and the Washington Senators. Although Sitton had an early 3–0 record, he was overshadowed by other pitchers on the club such as Cy Young and Addie Joss. With his high hits–to–innings ratio, he was relegated to the bullpen. Sitton played his last game in the majors on September 2, 1909, against the New York Yankees; he did not finish the game, losing 6–1. He appeared in a total of 14 games (five as a starter), posting a 3–2 record and a 2.88 ERA. Sitton had as many hits as innings pitched and a 1:1 strikeout-to-walk ratio. Return to minors Sitton then returned to the minors, playing with the Montreal Royals, Atlanta Crackers, Troy Trojans, and Binghamton Bingoes. Clemson as coach He was head baseball coach of the Clemson Tigers in 1915 and 1916. Before his hiring, Sitton was known as a frequenter of Clemson games. Sitton posted a 26–18–1 career coaching record. Traveling salesman After 1916, Sitton's career as baseball player and coach apparently ended. He surfaced again in the 1920s as an employee of the California-based Hercules Powder Company, a former munitions firm which manufactured fertilizer. Sitton lived in the Daniel Ashley Hotel in Valdosta, Georgia at the beginning of the Great Depression, and lost his job around 1931. Death On the morning of September 11, 1931, two weeks before his 50th birthday, Sitton borrowed a car from a Valdosta native and drove to the Lowndes County Fairgrounds. There, parked near the baseball diamond, he shot himself in the head. Although no motive was directly stated, his suicide was most likely because he lost his job. Notes References Bibliography External links 1881 births 1931 suicides 1931 deaths American football ends Major League Baseball pitchers Atlanta Crackers players Binghamton Bingoes players Clemson Tigers baseball coaches Clemson Tigers baseball players Clemson Tigers football players Cleveland Naps players Columbus Senators players Jacksonville Jays players Montreal Royals players Nashville Vols players Troy Trojans (minor league) players All-Southern college football players People from Pendleton, South Carolina Players of American football from Anderson County, South Carolina Baseball players from Anderson County, South Carolina Suicides by firearm in Georgia (U.S. state) Baseball coaches from South Carolina
Senator Fay may refer to: Francis B. Fay (1793–1876), Massachusetts State Senate Frank B. Fay (1821–1904), Massachusetts State Senate John J. Fay Jr. (1927–2003), New Jersey State Senate Wallace M. Fay (1896–1976), Vermont State Senate
Štaglinec is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D2 highway. References Populated places in Koprivnica-Križevci County
```javascript /** * @license Apache-2.0 * * * * path_to_url * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. */ 'use strict'; // MODULES // var bench = require( '@stdlib/bench' ); var uniform = require( '@stdlib/random/iter/uniform' ); var isnan = require( '@stdlib/math/base/assert/is-nan' ); var isIteratorLike = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-iterator-like' ); var pkg = require( './../package.json' ).name; var iterAhaversin = require( './../lib' ); // MAIN // bench( pkg, function benchmark( b ) { var rand; var iter; var i; rand = uniform( 0.0, 1.0 ); b.tic(); for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) { iter = iterAhaversin( rand ); if ( typeof iter !== 'object' ) { b.fail( 'should return an object' ); } } b.toc(); if ( !isIteratorLike( iter ) ) { b.fail( 'should return an iterator protocol-compliant object' ); } b.pass( 'benchmark finished' ); b.end(); }); bench( pkg+'::iteration', function benchmark( b ) { var rand; var iter; var z; var i; rand = uniform( 0.0, 1.0 ); iter = iterAhaversin( rand ); b.tic(); for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) { z = iter.next().value; if ( isnan( z ) ) { b.fail( 'should not return NaN' ); } } b.toc(); if ( isnan( z ) ) { b.fail( 'should not return NaN' ); } b.pass( 'benchmark finished' ); b.end(); }); ```
The men's team foil was one of eight fencing events on the fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics programme. It was the twelfth appearance of the event. The competition was held from 18 to 19 October 1968. 79 fencers from 17 nations competed. Rosters Argentina Orlando Nannini Guillermo Saucedo Omar Vergara Evaristo Prendes Canada Magdy Conyd Peter Bakonyi Gerry Wiedel John Andru Cuba Eduardo Jhons Orlando Ruíz Jesús Gil Dagoberto Borges Egypt Ahmed El-Hamy El-Husseini Mohamed Gamil El-Kalyoubi Moustafa Soheim Ahmed Zein El-Abidin France Jean-Claude Magnan Daniel Revenu Christian Noël Gilles Berolatti Jacques Dimont Great Britain Allan Jay Graham Paul Nick Halsted Mike Breckin Bill Hoskyns Hungary Sándor Szabó Jenő Kamuti László Kamuti Gábor Füredi Attila May Ireland Fionbarr Farrell John Bouchier-Hayes Michael Ryan Colm O'Brien Italy Pasquale La Ragione Alfredo Del Francia Nicola Granieri Arcangelo Pinelli Michele Maffei Japan Masaya Fukuda Heizaburo Okawa Fujio Shimizu Kazuhiko Wakasugi Kazuo Mano Mexico Vicente Calderón Román Gómez Carlos Calderón Gustavo Chapela Héctor Abaunza Poland Zbigniew Skrudlik Witold Woyda Egon Franke Ryszard Parulski Adam Lisewski Romania Ion Drîmbă Mihai Țiu Ștefan Haukler Tănase Mureșanu Iuliu Falb Soviet Union Yury Sisikin Viktor Putyatin German Sveshnikov Yury Sharov Vasyl Stankovych United States Herbert Cohen Albie Axelrod Uriah Jones Larry Anastasi Jeffrey Checkes Venezuela Silvio Fernández Félix Piñero Freddy Salazar Luis García West Germany Jürgen Theuerkauff Friedrich Wessel Tim Gerresheim Jürgen Brecht Dieter Wellmann Results Round 1 Pool A Pool B Pool C Pool D Pool E Elimination rounds Main bracket Consolation Final ranking References Foil team Men's events at the 1968 Summer Olympics
The 2003 World Marathon Cup was the tenth edition of the World Marathon Cup of athletics and were held in Paris, France, inside of the 2003 World Championships. Results See also 2003 World Championships in Athletics – Men's Marathon 2003 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon References External links IAAF web site World Marathon Cup World 1993 in Spanish sport Marathons in France International athletics competitions hosted by France
```java /* / package docs.javadsl; import akka.actor.ActorSystem; // #imports import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.javadsl.HmsPushKit; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.AndroidConfig; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.AndroidNotification; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.BasicNotification; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.ClickAction; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.ErrorResponse; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.PushKitNotification; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.PushKitResponse; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.Response; import akka.stream.alpakka.huawei.pushkit.models.Tokens; // #imports import akka.stream.javadsl.Sink; import akka.stream.javadsl.Source; import scala.collection.immutable.Set; import java.util.List; import java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage; public class PushKitExamples { public static void example() { ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create(); // #simple-send HmsSettings config = HmsSettings.create(system); PushKitNotification notification = PushKitNotification.fromJava() .withNotification(BasicNotification.fromJava().withTitle("title").withBody("body")) .withAndroidConfig( AndroidConfig.fromJava() .withNotification( AndroidNotification.fromJava() .withClickAction(ClickAction.fromJava().withType(3)))) .withTarget(new Tokens(new Set.Set1<>("token").toSeq())); Source.single(notification).runWith(HmsPushKit.fireAndForget(config), system); // #simple-send // #asFlow-send CompletionStage<List<Response>> result = Source.single(notification) .via(HmsPushKit.send(config)) .map( res -> { if (!res.isFailure()) { PushKitResponse response = (PushKitResponse) res; System.out.println("Response " + response); } else { ErrorResponse response = (ErrorResponse) res; System.out.println("Send error " + response); } return res; }) .runWith(Sink.seq(), system); // #asFlow-send } } ```
Bulbophyllum gracile is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. References The Bulbophyllum-Checklist The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia gracile
Goodenough College is a postgraduate residence and educational trust in Mecklenburgh Square in Bloomsbury, central London, England. Other names under which the college has been known are London House, William Goodenough House, and the London Goodenough Trust. Profile Goodenough College is an educational charity that provides residential accommodation for talented British and international postgraduates and their families studying in London. The College attempts to provide community through a programme of intellectual, cultural, and social activities that aims to provide students with an international network and a global outlook. Goodenough has residential and study facilities and provides a programme of activities whose goal is to enhance students' personal, social and intellectual development. In a typical year, the College is home to approximately 700 international postgraduate students and their families, from approximately 80 different nations. The College is located in London and set on Mecklenburgh Square. Director of the College since April 2021 has been Alice Walpole. History Foundation Goodenough College was set up in 1930 by a group of prominent Londoners, including the chairman of Barclays Bank and founder of Barclays Bank DCO (Dominion, Colonial, and Overseas) Frederick Craufurd Goodenough. Goodenough and his friends wanted to provide collegiate life along Oxbridge lines to young men coming to London from the British dominions and colonies, who could be seen as prospective leaders of what was then a large empire. The College aimed to serve as a moot hall for its residents, and a place where they could form lasting friendships in a spirit of tolerance and understanding. The search for a site for the new college was centred on Bloomsbury, to which the University of London was preparing a move from South Kensington. A site for sale as freehold was found between Guilford Street and Mecklenburgh Square, and the College bought it in 1930. London House There were plans to design and build a new college, but this would have taken time which the governors did not want to waste. In the traditional manner of Bloomsbury's philanthropic institutions, they made a start in a small way in some of the roomy old houses on the site. London House first opened its doors in October 1931, in Nos. 4–7 Caroline Place (now Mecklenburgh Place) on the west side of the site. The house was soon full, with a long waiting list, and by the start of World War II it occupied all the Caroline Place properties. A new London House for 300 single students was built between 1935 and 1963 to the designs of the architect Herbert Baker, his partner Alexander Scott, and their successor Vernon Helbing. It was completed in three stages: Stage 1 (1935–37). The southeast corner includes the Great Hall, Charles Parsons Library, common rooms, and the Guilford Street entrance. This was the only part to be completed in Herbert Baker's lifetime. Stage 2 (1948–53). The rest of the south wing, the west wing, and the northwest corner. Alexander Scott continued in Baker's style, with some simplification of detail. Stage 3 (1961–63). The north wing, including the northeast corner. It was built to a lower cost than the other stages, without flint-work. At the same time, architect Vernon Helbing created the college chapel out of former offices. William Goodenough House In the 1940s, at the instigation of the Chairman of the College Governors, William Goodenough, the Lord Mayor of London launched a Thanksgiving Fund to raise money in the U.K., and to thank people of Commonwealth countries and the United States for gifts, including food parcels, during and after World War II. The money raised was used to build William Goodenough House for women and married students from those countries, replacing houses destroyed or badly damaged in the war on the northeast of the Square. At the same time, the bombed houses in adjacent Heathcote Street were rebuilt as an annex, and the House was completed in 1957. Later wings, Julian Crossley Court (1974) and Ashley Ponsonby Court (1991), brought the capacity of the House up to 120 rooms for single students and 60 flats for married couples and families. The two parallel institutions developed their characters over time – the quiet surroundings of the WGH common rooms appealed to some LH residents, and various "Willie G" girls preferred the noisier atmosphere of the London House bar. Traditions developed, such as the LH rugby team singing lullabies to the inhabitants of WGH after the annual sports dinner, and many LH-WGH romances flourished, and in some cases resulted in marriage and children. The two houses, London House and William Goodenough House eventually became mixed in 1991. The Goodenough on Mecklenburgh Square Nos. 22–25 Mecklenburgh Square survived the war and were used as a nurses’ home until 1989 when they were handed back in a dilapidated state. At first, the houses were repaired and used as inexpensive accommodation for short-stay visitors, mostly returning alumni and other academics in London to attend conferences and seminars. By 1997, however, it was apparent that the building required modernisation if they were to meet the standards that would be required in the 21st century. The houses were closed, and plans were made to add No. 21 and renovate and upgrade for £3.5 million. There were delays because the Georgian houses are listed buildings in a conservation area, and the work required the approval of both English Heritage and the London Borough of Camden planning department. Eventually, the plans were passed, and the Goodenough Club opened in April 2001. The hotel is open to academic and professional visitors as well as conference delegates from around the world and was renamed The Goodenough on Mecklenburgh Square in 2018. List of heads of Goodenough College Directors of the College, 1945–present As the name of the College and the Director's equivalent position has changed over time, the title of each appointee is given. Wardens of London House, 1947–2008 Up until the 1970s, London House was a single-sex men-only building. The position of London House warden was abolished in 2008. Controllers and wardens of William Goodenough House, 1950-–2007 From the instigation of William Goodenough House in 1950, it was run by a separate warden. Up until the 1970s, William Goodenough House was a single-sex women-only building, while London House was a men-only building. The position of William Goodenough House warden was abolished in 2007. Chairmen of the board of governors, 1931–present Notable alumni 1940s Sir Sydney Kentridge QC, barrister 1950s The Hon. F. W. de Klerk (LH 58), former President of South Africa 1960s Dame Norma Restieaux (WGH 65), Associate Professor of Cardiology at the University of Otago Gordon Thiessen (LH 65–67), former Governor of the Bank of Canada The Rt Revd George Cassidy (LH 66), Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham 1970s The Rt Hon Sir David Lloyd Jones (LH 74–75), Lord Justice of Appeal in England and Wales and Chairman of the Law Commission Dr Helen Clark (WGH 75–76), former Prime Minister of New Zealand 1980s Paul Zed (LH 80–81), member of Canadian parliament Professor Edward Byrne (WGH 80–82), President and Principal of King's College, London Dr Jennifer Barnes (WGH 82–83), President of Murray Edwards College, Cambridge The Hon. Dr. Greg Selinger (LH 83–85), former Premier of Manitoba Karan Bilimoria, Baron Bilimoria (LH 85–87), co-founder and chairman of Cobra beer Dr Max Price (WGH 86–87), Vice Chancellor of the University of Cape Town Professor George Ellis (WGH 87–88), Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Complex Systems in the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Cape Town The Rt Hon Carwyn Jones (LH 88–89), First Minister of Wales 1990s David McGuinty MP (WGH 90–93), member of Canadian parliament Stuart Shilson (LH 91–93), former Assistant Private Secretary to The Queen in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom Stephanie Nolen (LH 93–94), journalist Nicole Krauss (LH 97–98), author Sergei Stanishev (LH 99–00), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria 2000s Ashvin Kumar (LH 01–03), filmmaker Llŷr Williams (WGH 02–06), pianist Scott MacIntyre (LH 05–06), former American Idol contestant Lewis Pugh (WGH 05–06), environmental campaigner Eoghan Murphy (LH 0 04-05), former member of Irish parliament and Irish Government Minister. 2010s Kola Tubosun (WGH 19-20), Nigerian writer and linguist. See also International Students House, London International House of New York International Student House of Washington, D.C. References External links Goodenough College website Universities and colleges established in 1930 Educational charities based in the United Kingdom Higher education colleges in London Education in the London Borough of Camden Buildings and structures in Bloomsbury Herbert Baker buildings and structures Goodenough family Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden 1930 establishments in England
Ethmia brevistriga is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is in California, United States. The length of the forewings is . The ground color of the forewings is dark brown; with a distinct white line. The ground color of the hindwings is dark brown, but the costal area is paler. Subspecies aridicola has a darker ground color owing to a reduction of the whitish overscaling, especially on the costal half. Adults are on wing from March to mid-May. The larvae feed on Phacelia distans. Subspecies aridicola only feeds on Phacelia distans var. australis. Subspecies Ethmia brevistriga brevistriga (along the immediate coastal strand in central California) Ethmia brevistriga aridicola Powell, 1973 (inland California) References Moths described in 1950 brevistriga
Livv Headphones is a wireless headphone brand designed specifically for athletes. The company was founded in 2013 by former NFL wide receiver Mark Clayton. Products Livv Headphones is targeted for the active lifestyle demographic. The product is primarily intended for athletes and made with audiophile-quality components. The company goes by the motto “designed for the athlete, made by an athlete.” References External links Official site ProHeadphones American companies established in 2010 Headphones manufacturers Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States
SS Experiment Camp (also known as SS Experiment Love Camp; original release title: Lager SSadis Kastrat Kommandantur) is a 1976 Nazi exploitation film directed by Sergio Garrone. The plot concerns non-consensual sexual experimenting with female prisoners of a concentration camp run by Colonel von Kleiben (Giorgio Cerioni), a Nazi officer who needs a testicle transplant after being castrated by a Russian girl. It gained infamy in the 1980s for its controversial themes and a public advertising campaign that involved obscene, suggestive posters. The film was banned in some countries, including the United Kingdom, where the film was subject to prosecution as one of the films known as "video nasties"; a title used in the press and by campaigners that came to be used for a list of films that could be found obscene under the Obscene Publications Act. Cast Mircha Carven as Helmut Giorgio Cerioni as Col. Von Kleiben Paola Corazzi as Mirelle Giovanna Mainardi as Serafino Profumo as The Sergeant Attilio Dottesio as Dr. Steiner Patrizia Melega Dr. Renke Almina De Sanzio Matilde Dall'Aglio as Agnes Kalpagos as Margot Controversy Bizarre Magazine, in a 2004 overview of the Naziploitation genre, said the following: "Its advertising campaign, an image of a semi-naked woman hanging upside-down from a crucifix, was instrumental in bringing unwanted attention to the Nasties, although, beyond that, its infamy is unwarranted". A similar view of it was taken by the British Board of Film Classification, who passed it uncut the next year, noting "Despite the questionable taste of basing an exploitation film in a concentration camp, the sexual activity itself was consensual and the level of potentially eroticised violence sufficiently limited". However, it was denounced in by the Sunday Times and Sunday Express at the time of Holocaust Memorial Day, and cited by MPs Julian Brazier and Keith Vaz as part of their attempts to tighten the film banning system. References External links SS Experiment Camp at Variety Distribution 1976 films Italian sexploitation films 1970s Italian-language films Italian thriller films 1970s thriller films Nazi exploitation films Obscenity controversies in film Video nasties Films scored by Roberto Pregadio 1970s Italian films
Maria Gruber, Irene Leidolf, Stephanija Meyer, and Waltraud Wagner were four Austrian women who worked as nurse's aides at the Geriatriezentrum am Wienerwald in Lainz, Vienna, and who murdered scores of patients between 1983 and 1989. The group killed their victims with overdoses of morphine or by forcing water into the lungs. By 2008, all four of the women had been released from prison. Background Wagner, 23, was the first to kill a patient with an overdose of morphine in 1983. She discovered in the process that she enjoyed playing God and holding the power of life and death in her hands. She recruited Gruber, 19, and Leidolf, 21, and eventually the "house mother" of the group, 43-year-old Stephanija Meyer. Soon they had invented their own murder method: while one held the victim's head and pinched their nose, another would pour water into the victim's mouth until they drowned in their bed. Since elderly patients frequently had fluid in their lungs, it was an unprovable crime. The group killed patients who were feeble, but many were not terminally ill. Investigators criticized the hospital for meeting them with "a wall of silence" as they attempted to look into a suspicious 1988 death. The aides were caught after a doctor overheard them bragging about their latest murder at a local tavern. In total, they confessed to 49 murders over six years but may have been responsible for as many as 200. In 1991, Wagner was convicted of 15 murders, 17 attempts, and two counts of assault. She was sentenced to life in prison. Leidolf received a life sentence as well, on conviction of five murders, while Meyer and Gruber received 20 years and 15 years respectively for manslaughter and attempted murder charges. In 2008, the Justice Ministry in Austria announced that it would release Wagner and Leidolf from prison due to good behaviour. Mayer and Gruber had been released several years earlier and had assumed new identities. References External links Crime Library, Angels of Death -- The Female Nurses by Katherine Ramsland Austrian female serial killers Austrian people convicted of murder Health care professionals convicted of murdering patients Hospital scandals Living people Medical controversies in Austria Medical serial killers People convicted of murder by Austria Poisoners Quartets Year of birth missing (living people)
The Order of the Hop (Latin: Ōrdō lupuli) was a medieval Burgundian order of merit instituted c. 1406 by John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (1371–1419). According to Jean-Jacques Chifflet (1588–1660), John awarded the honour to curry the favour of his subjects in the County of Flanders. He may have established the order in 1406—a year after he inherited the title of Count of Flanders. Flanders was a major beer-producing jurisdiction. By the early 15th century, hops (the seed cones of Humulus lupulus) had gradually replaced the herbal blend gruit for brewing in the Low Countries. The order's emblem is a wreath of hop cones and leaves surrounding a simplified version of the coat of arms of the Duchy of Burgundy. The order's motto was "Ego sileo" ("I keep silent"). In 1971, the International Hop Growers Bureau established a new Order of the Hop, to honour great achievers in the hop industry. See also Beer in Belgium Gambrinus References Further reading These authors cite Chifflet (the principal source of information about the order): Beer culture History of beer Orders, decorations, and medals of France Humulus
Nelson was a community in Durham County, North Carolina, United States. The community was centered at the intersection of Miami Boulevard and North Carolina Highway 54. It was largely a farming community, with several tobacco and livestock farms as well as a tight knit family oriented community. Though still on the map, it has been all but erased by the growth surrounding the Research Triangle Park. All of the farms have been paved over and old farmhouses and barns torn down to accommodate the huge corporations and other business entities. A few of the older small homes are still there, as well as the Cedar Fork Baptist church, but the community itself essentially no longer exists. History The area eventually comprising Nelson was settled by English colonists as early as 1773. Nelson originally formed as the Cedar Fork community, centered around the Cedar Fork Baptist Church, which was established in 1805. From 1860 to 1866 a post office operated there under the name of Cedar Fork, and in 1882 a post office operated under the name of Llewellyn. In 1880s, a small rail station was established along the North Carolina Railroad line in the area, and the post office was reestablished as Nelson in 1885. The post office was ordered closed in April 1915. By 2010, the original community had been largely overtaken by urban development centering around the Research Triangle Park. References Works cited Unincorporated communities in Durham County, North Carolina Unincorporated communities in North Carolina
Cryptolechia viridisignata is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Strand in 1913. It is found in Equatorial Guinea. References Moths described in 1913 Cryptolechia (moth) Insects of Equatorial Guinea
This is a list of listed buildings in Skive Municipality, Denmark. The list References External links Danish Agency of Culture Skive
Somnath Khara (born 28 December 1986) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Mohammedan S.C. in the I-League. References 1986 births Living people Indian men's footballers Footballers from West Bengal United SC players Men's association football goalkeepers I-League players
Lake Pythias is a circular freshwater lake in northern Highlands County, Florida. It is north of Pioneer Lake and just east of Lake Damon. Lake Pythias has a surface area of 270.45 acres. Rivers Greens Golf Course is just beyond the west shore of this lake. However, there is no public access to this lake. References Pythias Pythias
Jeff Lipsky is an American photographer specializing in celebrity and lifestyle photography. Lipsky has photographed many well-known actors and actresses for high-profile magazines, including Elliot Page for the Los Angeles Times Magazine, Mark Wahlberg for Men's Journal, Dustin Hoffman for AARP Magazine, Jonathan Rhys Meyers for Cosmopolitan, Jeremy Renner, Harrison Ford, and Jerry Seinfeld. Before moving from Colorado to Los Angeles to pursue photography, Lipsky worked as fly-fishing guide and snowboarder. He has carried over his love of the outdoors into his work as a photographer, having shot more than 30 stories for Outside magazine. In advertising, he has photographed campaigns for Baume & Mercier, J Brand, and MTV. Lipsky is based in Los Angeles and is represented by foureleven. Notes References Chris Orwig interviews Jeff Lipsky, A Photo Editor, August 15, 2012 “Paps Go Undercover to Snap Secret Pics of Hills Cast,” MTV Remote Control Blog, July 9, 2008 "The Hills (Season 4) Photo Shoot: Behind the Scenes," MTV.com, August 25, 2008. “City Guide: Los Angeles,” PDN, April 2, 2009 “Jeff Lipsky,” Texas Monthly, May 2005 External links Jeff Lipsky official site “Since She’s Been Gone,” feature story on Kelly Clarkson in Texas Monthly, May 2005, photographed by Jeff Lipsky “Bon Appetit Magazine Photoshoot at Kichisen,” September 26, 2009 Living people American photographers Year of birth missing (living people)
The John Perkins House was a historic First Period house in Wenham, Massachusetts. The 2.5-story wood-frame house was built in stages, beginning c. 1710 with the right side and the chimney. This was followed by the left side and the rear leanto, which were probably added in the following decades. It is possible that the house was built with a single story porch, which would have been a quite rare feature. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The home was demolished on May 13, 2011. In 2018, the property was sold and developed into a single-family dwelling. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts List of the oldest buildings in Massachusetts References Houses completed in 1710 Houses in Wenham, Massachusetts Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts 1710 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Longtown Castle, also termed Ewias Lacey Castle in early accounts, is a ruined Norman motte-and-bailey fortification in Longtown, Herefordshire. It was established in the 11th century by Walter de Lacy, reusing former Roman earthworks. The castle was then rebuilt in stone by Gilbert de Lacy after 1148, who also established the adjacent town to help pay for the work. By the 14th century, Longtown Castle had fallen into decline. Despite being pressed back into use during the Owain Glyndŵr rising in 1403, it fell into ruin. In the 21st century the castle is maintained by English Heritage and operated as a tourist attraction. History Earlier sites The first fortification at Longtown was a Roman fort, close to a Roman road that ran along the borderlands. The fort was square, and protected by a ditch and a timber palisade. The Roman defences were reinforced, probably in 1055, after a Welsh attack on Hereford. Initial construction After the Norman invasion of England and Wales in 1066, a small castle began to be built at Pont Hendre, close to the site of the current castle, by Walter de Lacy in order to protect the river crossing there. Following Welsh attacks, Walter abandoned Pont Hendre and instead started to build a castle at Longtown, on the site of the old Roman fort. The early castle was occasionally also called Ewias Lacey, named after the wider lordship; "Ewias" was a term meaning "sheep district". Longtown Castle was designed as a motte and bailey castle, on high ground alongside the River Monnow. More defensible sites on higher ground existed nearby, but this location was strategically well located close to the River, an important transport route. It had a high motte and an unusual rectangular bailey design around by , divided into three parts, two baileys in the west and one in the east, each capable of being defended independently and enclosing around in total. The 12th-century castle was built primarily of timber with at least some stone in its design, but this stone was then reused when the castle was rebuilt in the 13th century. Two circuits of earthworks to the north and south of the castle, possibly with wooden palisades, enclosed the early settlement of Longtown. The region was troubled for the rest of the century, with revolts by the local Welsh against Anglo-Norman rule. The de Lacys lost their lands in the region after conspiring against William II, but around 1148, Gilbert de Lacy regained the estates. Gilbert probably then rebuilt the castle in stone, at a considerable cost of £37, financed by the construction of a new borough alongside it. The stone keep was constructed in the form of a circular great tower, with walls thick and three turrets spaced evenly around the outside and a hall on the first floor. This circular design is particular to the Welsh Marches, and is also seen at Skenfrith and Caldicot. The reason for this choice is unclear, as it appears to have carried few military advantages. The stonework is made up of sandstone rubble with cut ashlar detailing; the walls are around thick, but the keep's foundations are extremely shallow. An inner gate to the western baileys was built to a simple design with two small turrets, and seems to have been fitted with a portcullis, while a thick wall encircled the rest of the inner western bailey; another stone wall seems to have protected the outer half of the bailey. Inside the inner western bailey appears to have been the castle's great hall and other service buildings. Expansion and decline The de Lacy family controlled Longtown Castle until Walter de Lacy's death in 1234. John Fitzgeoffrey then acquired the castle, during a period of increased conflict and tension between the Welsh princes Llywelyn the Great and Dafydd ap Llywelyn and the English marcher lords. The castle reverted to the de Lacy family and became part of the inheritance of Margery (or Margaret) de Lacy, daughter of Gilbert de Lacy, who had predeceased his father Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath, and his wife Isabel Bigod, daughter of Sir Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk. Marjory married John de Verdun of Alton, son of Theobald le Botiller and Roesia de Verdun. The de Verduns struggled with local lawlessness and the Welsh revolts which continued until the end of the century. King Edward I temporarily confiscated the castle and estates from John's son, Theobald de Verdun, 1st Baron Verdun. On Theobald's death, the castle passed to his son Theobald de Verdun, 2nd Baron Verdun, who died in 1316 without surviving male heirs, whereupon the castle became part of the inheritance of his 2nd daughter Elizabeth and by right of his wife passed to her husband Bartholomew Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh. The castle continued to be used as a fortification, and in 1317 orders were given to garrison it with 30 men. The castle began to decline in importance, however, and in 1369 passed to the Despensers and then the Beauchamps, neither of whom used the castle. It was temporarily refortified by Henry IV in response to the Owain Glyndŵr uprising in North Wales in 1403. The Nevilles acquired the property in the 15th century and it remained in the control of the Lords of Abergavenny until the 1970s. After the Black Death the town's population fell away sharply as well, the protected area north of the castle was abandoned, and by the 16th century it was no longer a functioning trading centre. It is unclear if the castle and town played any part in the English Civil War between 1642–45, although cannonballs from the period have been discovered within the castle. Local oral tradition states that the castle was slighted, or deliberately destroyed, during the war. Stones from the castle were used for local building work by the 17th century onwards, and by the 18th century a house and shop had been constructed in the eastern bailey of the castle, along with a yard and garden. A gallows operated at the castle until 1790. Buildings continued to encroach on the castle. By the end of the 19th century a school and a house, Castle Lodge, had been built in the castle grounds. Other buildings were built as lean-tos against the castle walls. 20th - 21st centuries Longtown Castle was acquired by the Ministry of Works in the 1970s. It was in a poor condition and extensive restoration work was carried out, including the removal of many of the buildings that had encroached on the walls. In the 21st century, the central parts of Longtown Castle, including the ruined keep, the internal gatehouse and fragments of the curtain wall, are maintained by English Heritage as a tourist attraction, although the wider earthworks lie on common land. In 2016, the Longtown and District Historical Society obtained Heritage Lottery Funding for a community archaeology project to research Longtown Castle over the next two years. The castle is protected as a scheduled monument. See also Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of castles in England References Bibliography External links 3D survey of Longtown Castle Longtown Castles Project English Heritage English Heritage sites in Herefordshire Ruins in Herefordshire Castles in Herefordshire Castle, Longtown
Pirkənd (also, Pirkend) is a village in the Agdash Rayon of Azerbaijan. References Populated places in Agdash District
Siderocalin (Scn), lipocalin-2, NGAL, 24p3 is a mammalian lipocalin-type protein that can prevent iron acquisition by pathogenic bacteria by binding siderophores, which are iron-binding chelators made by microorganisms. Iron serves as a key nutrient in host-pathogen interactions, and pathogens can acquire iron from the host organism via synthesis and release siderophores such as enterobactin. Siderocalin is a part of the mammalian defence mechanism and acts as an antibacterial agent. Crystallographic studies of Scn demonstrated that it includes a calyx, a ligand-binding domain that is lined with polar cationic groups. Central to the siderophore/siderocalin recognition mechanism are hybrid electrostatic/cation-pi interactions. To evade the host defences, pathogens evolved to produce structurally varied siderophores that would not be recognized by siderocalin, allowing the bacteria to acquire iron. Iron requirements of host organisms Organisms require iron for a variety of chemical reactions. Although iron can be found throughout the biosphere, free ferric iron forms insoluble hydroxides at physiological pH, limiting its accessibility in aerobic conditions to living organisms. In order to preserve homeostasis, organisms have evolved specific protein networks, with proteins and receptors translated in accordance with intracellular iron levels. Export and import are supplemented by a cycling process between the ferrous Fe(II) available in the reducing environment of the cell, and ferric Fe(III) found primarily under aerobic conditions. The iron acquisition mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria demonstrate the role of iron as a key component at the interface between pathogens and hosts. Lipocalin family of iron binding proteins The lipocalin family of binding proteins are produced by the immune system and sequester ferric siderophore complexes from the siderophore receptors of bacteria. The lipocalin family of binding proteins typically have a conserved eight-stranded β-barrel fold with a calyx binding site, which are lined with positively charged amino acid residues, allowing for binding interactions with siderophores. Clinical significance Mycobacterial infections The lipocalin siderocalin is found in neutrophil granules, uterine secretions, and at particularly high levels in serum during bacterial infection. Upon infection, pathogens use siderophores to capture iron from the host organism. This strategy is, however, complicated by the human protein siderocalin, which can sequester siderophores, and prevent their use by pathogenic bacteria as iron delivery agents. This effect has been demonstrated by studies with siderocalin-knock-out mice, which are more sensitive to infections under iron-limiting conditions. Mycobacterial virulence Siderophores are iron chelators, allowing organisms to acquire iron from their environment. In the case of pathogens, iron can be acquired from the host organism. Siderophores and ferric iron can associate to form stable complexes. Siderophores bind iron using a variety of ligands, most commonly as α-hydroxycarboxylates (e.g. citrate), catecholates, and hydroxamates. As a defence mechanism, siderocalin can substitute ferric bis-catechol complexes (formed under physiological conditions) with a third catechol, in order to achieve a hexacoordinate ferric complex, resulting in higher affinity binding. As a mediator of mammalian iron transport Mammalian siderophores, specifically catechols, can be found in the human gut and in siderophores, such as enterobactin, and serve as iron-binding moieties. Catechol resembling molecules can act as iron ligands in the cell and in systematic circulation, allowing siderocalin to bind to the iron-catechol complex. Catechols can be bound by siderocalin, in the form of free ligands, or in the iron complex. 24p3 is a vertebrate lipocalin-2 receptor which allows for import of the ferric siderophore complex into mammalian cells. During kidney embryogenesis, siderocalin mediated iron transport occurs, as iron concentration has to be highly controlled in order to restrict inflammation. Following secretion by neutrophils, siderocalin can bind to pathogenic siderophores, such as bacillibactin, and prevent siderophore trafficking. Siderocalin has been linked with various cellular processes apart from iron transport, including apoptosis, cellular differentiation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Structure The avian orthologs of siderocalin (Q83 and Ex-FABP) and NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-2) contain calyces with positively charged lysine and arginine side chains. These side chains interact via cation-pi and coulombic interactions with the negatively charged siderophores that contain aromatic catecholate groups. Crystallographic studies of siderocalin have shown that the ligand binding domain of Scn, known as the calyx, is shallow and broad, and is lined with polar cationic groups from the three positively charged residues of Arg81, Lys125, and Lys134. Scn can also bind non-ferric complexes and has been identified as a potential transporter for heavy actinide ions. Scn crystal structures containing heavy metals (thorium, plutonium, americium, curium, and californium) have been obtained. Scn has been found as a monomer, homo-dimer, or trimer in human plasma. The siderocalin fold is exceptionally stable. The calyx is structurally stable and rigid, and conformational change does not typically occur upon a change in pH, ionic strength, or ligand binding. Binding pocket The structural stability of the calyx has been attributed to the three binding pockets within the calyx that sterically limit which ligands are compatible with siderocalin. The Scn calyx can accommodate three aromatic rings of the catecholate moieties, in the three available binding pockets. Solid-state and solution structural results demonstrated that bacteria-derived enterobactin is bound to the binding pocket of Scn, allowing for Scn to be involved in the acute immune response to bacterial infection. One method by which pathogens can circumvent immunity mechanisms is by modifying the siderophore chemical structure to prevent interaction with Scn. One example is the addition of glucose molecules to the enterobactin backbone of salmochelin (C-glucosylated enterobactin) in order to increase the hydrophilicity and bulkiness of a siderophore and inhibit binding to Scn. Binding interactions Siderophores are typically bound to siderocalin with subnanomolar affinities, and interact with siderocalin specifically. The Kd value of the siderocalin/siderophore interaction, measured by fluorescence quenching (Kd= 0.4 nM), indicates that siderocalin can capture siderophores with high affinity. This Kd value is similar to that of the FepA bacterial receptor (Kd= 0.3 nM). Siderophore/siderocalin binding is directed by electrostatic interactions. Specifically, the mechanism involves hybrid electrostatic and cation-pi interactions in the positively charged protein calyx. The siderophore is positioned in the centre of the siderocalin calyx, and is associated with multiple direct polar interactions. Structural analysis of the siderocalin/siderophore interaction has shown that the siderophore is accompanied by a poor and diffuse quality of electron density, with the majority of the ligand exposed to the solvent when the siderophore is fit in the calyx. Siderocalin typically does not bind hydroxamate-based siderophores because these substrates do not have the necessary aromatic electronic structure for cation-pi interactions. In order to acquire iron in the presence of siderocalin, pathogenic bacteria utilize several siderophores that do not bind to siderocalin, or structurally modify siderophores to inhibit siderocalin binding. Siderocalin can bind soluble siderophores of mycobacteria, including carboxymycobactins. In vivo studies have shown that the binding interactions between carboxymycobactin and siderocalin serve to protect the host organism from mycobacterial infections, with siderocalin inhibiting mycobacterial iron acquisition. Siderocalin can sequester ferric carboxymycobactins by employing a polyspecific recognition mechanism. The siderophore/siderocalin recognition mechanism primarily involves hybrid electrostatic/cation-pi interactions. The fatty acid tails of carboxymycobactin reside in a ‘tail-in’ or ‘tail-out’ conformation within pocket 2. The ‘tail-in’ conformation of the fatty acid chain lengths introduces a significant interaction between the calyx and the ligand, increasing the affinity of the siderocalin calyx and carboxymycobactin. The fatty acid tails of short lengths have a correspondingly less favorable binding to siderocalin, and cannot maintain the necessary interaction with the binding pocket. Since lipocalin-2 cannot bind the long fatty acid chain carboxymycobactins of mycobacteria, it is apparent that a number of pathogens have evolved to avoid the activity of lipocalin-2. Recognition mechanism Electrostatic interaction play a key role in the recognition mechanism of siderophores by siderocalin. The binding of the siderophore and the siderocalin binding pocket is primarily directed by cation-pi interactions, with the positively charged binding pocket of siderocalin attracting the negatively charged complex. A structural factor involved in the siderocalin mediated recognition mechanism of phenolate/catecholate-type siderophores includes a backbone linker which allows for siderocalin to interact with different phenolate/catecholate siderophores. While siderocalin recognition is minimally affected by the substitution of different metals, methylating the three catecholate rings of enterobactin can impede the recognition of siderocalin. A strategy used by pathogens to overcome immune response is the production of siderophores that will not be recognized by siderocalin. For example, siderocalin cannot recognize the siderophores of the C-glucosylated analog of enterobactin, as the donor groups are glycosylated, introducing steric interactions at the position 5-carbons of the catechol groups. History The requirement for iron by humans and pathogens has been known for many years. The link between iron and mycobactins, iron-chelating growth factors from mycobacteria, was first made in the 1960s. At the time, interest was growing in resolving an application of mycobactins as target molecules for a rational anti-tuberculosis agent. Experiments in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated that iron deficiency in mycobacteria was the cause of 'anaemic’ cells. The majority of the genes and systems necessary for high affinity iron acquisition have been identified in pathogenic and saprophytic mycobacteria. These genes encode proteins for iron storage, uptake of ferric-siderophores, and heme. Humans have evolved a defense for siderophore-mediated iron acquisition by developing siderocalin. To combat this, various pathogens have evolved siderophores that can evade siderocalin recognition. Siderocalin has been shown to bind to siderophores and inhibit iron acquisition, and prevent the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in extracellular cultures; however, the effect of siderocalin on this pathogen within macrophages remains unclear. See also LCN2 LCN1 Animal pathogens Mycobacteria References Proteins Human genes
The IJssel (; ) is a Dutch distributary of the river Rhine that flows northward and ultimately discharges into the IJsselmeer (before the 1932 completion of the Afsluitdijk known as the Zuiderzee), a North Sea natural harbour. It more immediately flows into the east-south channel around the Flevopolder, Flevoland which is kept at 3 metres below sea level. This body of water is then pumped up into the IJsselmeer. It is sometimes called the Gelderse IJssel (; "Gueldern IJssel") to distinguish it from the Hollandse IJssel. It is in the provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. The Romans knew the river as Isala. It flows from Westervoort, on the east side of the city of Arnhem. Similar to the Nederrijn which shares its short inflow, the Pannerdens Kanaal, it is a minor discharge of the Rhine. At the fork where the Kanaal is sourced the Rhine becomes named the Waal. This splitting-off is west of the German border. The Waal in turn interweaves with other rivers and the lower course of the Nederrijn, which altogether is known as the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. The name contains the digraph ij, used throughout modern Dutch orthography, which is why both letters appear capitalized (as in: IJmuiden and IJsselmeer). History The name IJssel (older Isla, Isala, from Īsalō), is thought to derive from a Proto-Indo-European root eis- "to move quickly" (Old Norse eisa "to race forward", Latin ira "anger"). Before the Roman Warm Period, the Zuiderzee in highly glaciated times was a brackish, sometimes tidal, very broad set of mudflats, the Vlies (Latin: Flevo). The IJssel and Amstel kept a saline-freshwater balance, and northward flow, enabling islands and banks to build up. Among these are rare zones just above sea level: Kampen, Elburg and north-east bank once wooded strip from Nijemirdum to Stavoren. However, the North Sea, locally to form (or re-form) the Zuiderzee, reasserted itself – the so-called Dunkirk transgressions. By the time these were tamed (terraformed) the IJssel had formed many of its new short distributaries to dissipate its flow. The submerged old delta is traceable out from its sea level elevation point at Zwolle throughout the broadest parts of the IJsselmeer; the lands of Emmeloord, Lelystad and south of Dronten are relatively recent reclamations. They were continuations of these old, broad troughs, and lie six metres below sea level. The name Vlie refers to a strait between sea islands, Vlieland and Terschelling. It seems that the firmly below-sea-level excoriations in the far north (the Groote Vliet) by Medemblik and the IJ (near Amsterdam) were all deep parts of the same body of water in the height of the Roman Warm Period and Medieval Dark Age sea rises (transgressions). Most of the surrounding basin of the vast harbour-like body of water of the Netherlands is reclaimed from it (nationally called polderisation; in England called the making of a fen). The river was a natural barrier and in April 1945 was stormed by assault troops of the Allied armies liberating the Netherlands from the occupying forces of Nazi Germany. The IJssel as the lower part of the Oude IJssel Most of the IJssel was the lower part of the small river Oude IJssel (lit. "Old IJssel", German Issel), that rises in Germany and is now a 70 km tributary. The connection between Rhine and IJssel was probably artificial, allegedly dug by men under the Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus 12 BCE as a defence against Germanic tribes and to let Roman ships carry troops along it. The Oude IJssel is the second-largest contributor to the flow of the river, after the Rhine. The source of the Oude IJssel is near Borken in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. First it flows south-west until it nearly reaches the Rhine near Wesel; then it turns west northwest. After skirting Isselburg it crosses the border with the Netherlands. The river then flows through Doetinchem and joins the IJssel at Doesburg. Characteristics The average daily discharge can change greatly. It has been, over long periods, averaged as about 300 cubic meters per second. It can be as low as 140 and as high as 1800, depending on the velocity of the water arriving from upstream and the weirs west of Arnhem, which control the water taken in. These control the Pannerdens Kanaal, the sole inflow (shared with the Nederrijn). As a lowland river in which velocity decreases, the IJssel meanders. Some bends (and spurs of land, hank) have been cut off by man such as near Rheden and Doesburg, reducing the length from 146 km to 125 km, but not as radically as the Meuse nor Great Ouse. Deposition of sediment to form islands in the outside of bends has been curtailed since the late nineteenth century. The IJssel as a Rhine distributary Since the connection between the Rhine and IJssel was dug, the Rhine became the main contributor to the flow of the IJssel – a small fraction of the former's flow makes up the upper IJssel. Various tributaries add a little or much water to the flow of the IJssel, such as the Berkel and Schipbeek streams from relatively local precipitation. The IJssel, if accepted as a branch of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta, is the only one that takes up tributary rivers rather than giving rise to distributaries. It has no contact with the Meuse, nor Scheldt, nor their resultant watercourses. In the last few miles of the river's run, near the city of Kampen, distributaries form, resulting in a quite small delta. Some of these have been dammed up to lower the risk of flooding. Some have silted up. Others flow without interruption. Most of the damming-up was done before 1932, when the Zuiderzee was turned into the freshwater IJsselmeer lake. The whole delta had been prone to flooding in times of northwestern gales, pushing back the saline Zuiderzee water into the delta. The modern-day names of the delta branches are, west to east, the: Keteldiep Kattendiep Noorddiep (local drainage ditch only) Ganzendiep Goot Of these, the first-stated two are the main navigations. The Noorddiep has been stopped up at both ends. Another branch, De Garste, had already completely silted up by the middle of the nineteenth century. Until about 1900, the Ganzendiep up to the Goot fork was known as IJssel proper as was the historical main channel. The present main channel was named the Regtediep or Rechterdiep until well into the twentieth century. The IJssel, now mainly a Rhine branch as to its water, has retained most of the character of a distinct river in its own right. It has its own tributaries and, as to the Old IJssel (Oude IJssel), a former headstream. Tributaries and connecting canals The following canals, long ditches and tributary streams feed the IJssel, in downstream order: Apeldoorns Kanaal (west) near the town of Dieren river Oude IJssel (east) at the city of Doesburg the Berkel stream (east) at the city of Zutphen the Twentekanaal (east) between Zutphen and the village of Eefde (municipality of Gorssel) the Schipbeek stream (east) near the city of Deventer the Grift stream (west) at the town of Hattem; its lower reaches have been channelised to form the mouth of the Griftkanaal the Willemsvaart canal (east) at the city of Zwolle the Zwolle-IJsselkanaal (east) near Zwolle River crossings Road bridges Road bridges across river IJssel (with nearest places on the left and right bank): Arnhem – Westervoort Arnhem – Duiven (A12 motorway) Ellecom – Doesburg (N317) Brummen – Zutphen (N348) Zutphen – Zutphen Wilp – Deventer (A1 motorway) Deventer – Deventer (N344) Hattem – Zwolle Hattemerbroek – Zwolle (A28 motorway) Kampen – Kampen (N764) Kampen – Kampen Kampen – Kampereiland (N50) Railroad bridges Railroad bridges (with nearest train station on the left and right bank): Arnhem Velperpoort – Westervoort Brummen/Klarenbeek – Zutphen Twello – Deventer Wezep/Kampen Zuid – Zwolle Cable ferries Only those ferries capable of carrying motorised vehicles are included. Dieren – Olburgen Brummen – Bronkhorst Welsum – Olst Vorchten – Wijhe References Rivers of Gelderland Rivers of Overijssel Distributaries of Europe Rivers of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta Rivers of the Netherlands Tributaries of the IJsselmeer
The Gospel in Solentiname () is a collection of commentary on the Christian gospels, written by Ernesto Cardenal. Originally published in four Spanish-language volumes between 1975 and 1977, English translations appeared in 1976, 1978, 1979, and 1982 and became available in a single volume in 2010. The commentary was made by a group of peasants in Solentiname, an archipelago in Nicaragua. Cardenal held these discussions during the peak of the Cold War, when Nicaragua was ruled by the Somoza dictatorship. These discussions became a way to address issues such as class conflict and government suppression through gospel-centred discussions, analysis, and action. The Gospel in Solentiname contained radical readings of the gospels, stating that the God of the Bible is a God that sides with the poor, because God is love, and love can only exist with accordance with equality and justice. See also Christian socialism Liberation theology Nicaraguan Revolution References Footnotes Bibliography 1976 books Books about Christianity Christian socialist publications Socialist works Spanish-language books
Zev Wolf is a Jewish name doublet. "Zev" () means "wolf", and "Wolf" has the same meaning in Yiddish and German. Zev Wolf may refer to: Zev Wolf of Zbaraz (died 1822), Hasidic rabbi Zev Wolf of Zhitomyr (died 1798), Hasidic rabbi Zev Wolf Buchner (1750–1820), Hebrew-language grammarian and poet Zev Wolf Gold (1889–1956), rabbi and Jewish activist Zev Wolf Kitzes (born c. 1685, died between 1764 and 1775), Hasidic rabbi Zev Wolf Mendlin (1842–1912), Russian economist See also Ze'ev Wolf (disambiguation)

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