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The Mason Cup is the trophy awarded to the champion of the CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, the postseason championship event of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, an NCAA Division I college ice hockey league. The Cup was awarded from 2001 until the original CCHA folded at the end of the 2012–13 season. The CCHA was revived in 2020 by seven schools that had previously announced plans to leave the Western Collegiate Hockey Association at the end of the 2020–21 season, with an eighth school being invited shortly thereafter. On May 19, 2021, the new CCHA announced that the Mason Cup would return for the 2021–22 season as the championship trophy for the revived CCHA tournament. History The cup was created in honor of Ron Mason, who coached three separate CCHA teams but is most remembered for his time at Michigan State. Mason ended his coaching career in 2002 and, at the time of his retirement, was the winningest coach in NCAA history with 924 victories. Winners See also CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament List of CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament champions References External links CCHA official site Central Collegiate Hockey Association College ice hockey trophies and awards in the United States
Ernesto Christian Enkerlin Hoeflich (born 14 December 1958 in Monterrey) is the Director of Conservation and Sustainability at Parque Fundidora. A prominent Mexican conservationist, environmentalist and researcher, he specializes in parrots' ecology, environmental policy, sustainability and biodiversity stewardship. Education Enkerlin holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Agronomy and Animal Science from Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM, 1980) and a doctorate degree in wildlife and fisheries sciences from Texas A&M University at College Station (1995). Career He has worked as a research professor at the Center for Environmental Quality (ITESM) and as an adjunct research scientist for the Center for Environmental Research and Conservation of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, in the United States. As a conservationist, Enkerlin has worked for several NGOs and co-founded Amigos de la Naturaleza and Pronatura Noreste before joining the National Commission on Protected Areas by presidential appointment. During his tenure, Mexico increased its protected area coverage by almost 50% adding over 8 million hectares in different protected area categories and also became the country in the world with the most international protected area designations which it holds to this date (2015). CONANP incorporated 26 new sites to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and received recognition for over 125 wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. Additionally, Mexico incorporated Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California (2005) and Monarch Butterfly Sanctuaries (2009) as natural sites under the World Heritage Convention. Enkerlin was also involved in negotiating and launching the first international agreement on wilderness signed by the governments of Canada, United States and Mexico in November, 2009, Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation for Wilderness and Protected Areas Conservation and in establishing the first wilderness area in Latin America. Formerly, Enkerlin was the Leader of the Legacy for Sustainability (ITESM); chair, World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA-IUCN); Scientific President for Pronatura, Mexico's largest conservation NGO; and board member of the Global Institute for Sustainability (ITESM) and Fundación Coca-Cola. He is a retired Professor of Ecology and Sustainability from Monterrey Tech and has been dedicated to his family's sustainable vineyard and winery since 2016. He is the brother of notable Mexican entomologist Walther Enkerlin. Awards His efforts at the National Commission on Protected areas of Mexico (CONANP), which he presided from 2001 to 2010, were distinguished with the 2005 Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation by UNESCO and one of the 2009 Distinguished Service Awards by the Society for Conservation Biology. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) awarded Enkerlin one of the 2008 Packard Awards and the Kenton Miller Award for Innovation in Protected Areas Conservation in 2009. See also List of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education faculty References Conservation biologists Mexican conservationists Mexican ecologists Academic staff of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni Texas A&M University alumni People from Monterrey Mexican people of German descent 1958 births Living people People associated with the International Union for Conservation of Nature
Erattupetta is a municipal town located in Kottayam district of Kerala state, India. It is located east of Kottayam, the district capital. Erattupetta panchayath was founded in 1964 and upgraded to a municipality in 2015. The "Eraaru" part in all the variations of the names arose from the geographical location, where the two rivers (aaru) merge as single one and "Petta" means town. Erattupetta is situated in the foothills of High Ranges. Hence the place is also known as "the gateway of High range/Malanadu." Etymology The "Eraaru" part in all the variation of the names arose from the geographical location, where the two rivers (aaru) merge as a single one. Erattupetta is situated in the foothills of High Ranges. 'Peta' means town in Dravidian languages. Earlier it was known as 'Erapoli' or 'Erapuzha'. It was the commercial capital of the Poonjar principality until 1949. Native Peoples The indigenous population can be broadly divided into three groups. It includes the base class, the children of the soil - the Hindu sects and the Christian Muslim sects that have converted from them. Tamil Immigrants - The most important of these were the (Rawther) Khan family Muslims who came from Madurai in Tamil Nadu in the twelfth century along with the Poonjar royal family along with their loyal servants and bodyguards. The Hindus belonging to the Chetti tribe and the Rawthers who left the country in the 14th century from Tamil areas. They still speak Malayalam mixed with Tamil. These include the Brahmin families of Tamil Nadu who came from Tamil Nadu and were converted to Christianity by St.Thomas and many Jewish families who came from Tamil Nadu and converted to Christianity. Malayali Immigrants - Christians who migrated from Kodungallur with the advent of Christianity and Nilakkal in the fourteenth century, Muslims who came from Edappally near Kochi after the advent of Islam, Mehtar sect, and later Muslims from various families who came from Malappuram and Ernakulam districts belong to this category. Apart from this, there is another sect with roots in Saudi Arabia. They are the Labbas, descendants of the previously mentioned Shaikh Saeed Bawa. While the Muslims, who depended on trade in these groups, settled in Eratupetta itself, the Christians moved to the nearby hills in search of fertile farmlands. Others who were laborers moved to different areas depending on the availability of work. This is the reason why Eratupetta became a Muslim majority area. Economy In the past, hill produce from the Cardamom Hills were brought down by the Muthuvan for trade. Erattupetta is a trading centre for spices, rubber, areca nut and other agricultural products. Wagamon, a Hill Station, lies some 22 km east of Erattupetta. Erattupetta has a large number of expatriate population living in Gulf countries, especially in United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Demographics India census, Erattupetta had a population of 29,675. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Erattupetta has an average literacy rate of 90%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 76%. In Erattupetta, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. Geography Erattupetta can be accessed easily from north Kerala via the Angamaly-Muvattupuzha-Thodupuzha-Muttom route. It is well connected to Tamil Nadu via Kottayam-Kumali (K K) Road to Madurai through the nearest town Mundakkayam via Parathanam, which is 27 kilometres from Erattupetta. It has an average elevation of 36 metres (118 feet). Politics Erattupetta is a municipality. The current municipal chairperson is Suhara Abdul Khader. Erattupetta comes under the Pathanamthitta Loksabha constituency and the Poonjar assembly constituency. Erattupetta is represented in the Loksabha by Anto Antony and in the state assembly by Sebastian Kulathunkal. Localities Aruvithura Notable people References External links https://erattupettamunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/ http://lsgkerala.in/erattupettapanchayat/ https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/ Cities and towns in Kottayam district
The national parliaments of the European Union are those legislatures responsible for each member state of the European Union (EU). They have a certain degree of institutionalised influence which was expanded under the Treaty of Lisbon to include greater ability to scrutinise proposed European Union law. Relations Originally, national members of Parliament (MPs) were appointed to the European Parliament (EP) as Member of the European Parliament (MEPs). In 1979 the first direct elections were held, however national MPs still tended to contest these leading to them holding a "dual mandate". As the work load of an MEP increased, the number of MEPs who were also national MPs decreased and since 2009 it has been banned in all member states. In 1989 MPs from national parliaments and the European Parliament established the Conference of European Community Affairs Committees (COSAC) to maintain contact between national parliaments and the MEPs. COSAC continues to meet every six months and has now gained the right to submit contributions and examine proposals on EU law relating to Justice and Home Affairs. Aside from COSAC, relations between the EP and national parliaments are dealt with by the Conference of Presidents. The EP seeks to keep national parliament's fully informed of the EPs activities and some EP committees regularly invites national MPs to discuss proposals. However COSAC itself has little institutional structure and is largely leaderless meaning it is difficult for it to exercise its powers. Any concerted response tends to be spontaneous and self organised. Role and powers Because the Maastricht Treaty of 1993 expanded the EU's competencies into areas of justice and home affairs, the treaty outlined the importance of exchanges between the European parliament and its national counterparts in a declaration attached to the treaty. This declaration asked national governments to ensure proposals for EU law were passed on to national parliaments with sufficient time for them to be scrutinised by MP and that contacts between these MPs and MEPs, began with COSAC, be stepped up. This was strengthened under the Treaty of Amsterdam in a protocol stating all European Commission consultation documents be promptly forwarded to national parliaments. They then have a six-week period to discuss legislative proposals, starting from the publication of the proposal to it appearing on the agenda of the Council of the European Union. The Treaty of Lisbon, in force from 1 December 2009, expanded the role of national parliaments. It sets out a right to information (TEU Article 12, TFEU Articles 70 and 352 and Protocol 1), monitoring of subsidiarity – see below – (TFEU Article 69), scrutinising policy in freedom, justice and security with the ability for a national parliament to veto a proposal (TEFU Articles 81, 85 and 88), taking part in treaty amendment (TEU Article 48) (including blocking a change of voting system to ordinary legislative procedure under the passerelle clause), being involved with enlargement and generally being involved in dialogue with EU institutions (TEU Article 12). Their power to enforce the principle of subsidiarity is of particular note. The principle is that, unless EU institutions have exclusive power, action will only be taken at a European level if it were to be more effective than acting at a national level. If a national parliament believes this principle has been broken, then this triggers a two-stage procedure: if one-third of national parliaments agree that a proposal breaks the principle, then the commission has to withdraw, amend or maintain it. If the commission maintains its proposal and a majority of parliaments continue to object, then the commission will have to explain its reasons. However it may still continue, as this power does not challenge the legislative role of the Council and European Parliament. The first time the objections-threshold of 1/3 was reached was in 2012 with the Monti II Regulation. Prior to the Lisbon Treaty's enforcement, COSAC ran tests on the subsidiarity system to test and improve their response time to a question subsidiarity. Tests ended once Lisbon came into force and national parliament's responses to EU legislative proposals have become minimal. Although COSAC is primarily technical, it has been started to become more political especially since the Lisbon Treaty. They have begun to discuss more general political events and foreign policy issues. It is debated whether, in the limited time COSAC meetings have, it should be discussing subjects where it has such limited influence. Defence policy As the Western European Union (WEU) was integrated into the European Union's Common Security and Defence Policy, the European Parliament took on a greater role. However, the Assembly of the Western European Union was retained to hold members to account for military missions. With the European Parliament not see as sufficient to take over this role, there was some desire to see the WEU's Assembly retained, rather than abolished as the European Parliament wished. However, with the closure of the WEU (and its assembly) in 2010, there were proposals to ensure that EU cooperation between national parliaments took over its role informally through regular meetings of defence-interested national MPs. The Lisbon Treaty calls for COSAC to establish a body to scrutinise European foreign and defence policy; however no agreement has been reached. Differences There are a number of differences between the national parliaments of member states, owing to the various historical development of each country. 15 states have unicameral parliaments, with the remainders choosing bicameral systems. Unicameral or lower houses are always directly elected, whereas an upper house may be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia). Furthermore, most states are Parliamentary democracies, hence the executive is drawn from the Parliament. However, in some cases a more presidential system is followed and hence there are separate elections for the head of government and the Parliament, leading to greater discontinuity, yet more independence, between the two branches of government. However, only Cyprus follows a fully presidential system, with France following a semi-presidential system. Overview See also European Parliament Member of the European Parliament List of legislatures by country Notes References External links COSAC official website European Parliament Politics of the European Union
Li Hongming (; born September 1957) is a former Chinese politician who spent his entire career in north China's Anhui province. He was investigated by China's top anti-graft agency in November 2022. Previously he served as chairperson of Agriculture and Rural Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress. He was a representative of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 11th National People's Congress. Early life and education Li was born in Julu County, Hebei, in September 1957, and graduated from Hefei University of Technology in 1982. He also studied at the University of Science and Technology of China. Career He entered the workforce in April 1975, and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in August 1976. He assumed various posts in Anhui Provincial Government for a long time. In September 2003, he became mayor of Huangshan City. He was appointed party secretary of Suzhou in February 2008, concurrently serving as chairperson of its People's Congress. He was party secretary of Huishang Bank in June 2013, in addition to serving as chairman. In January 2018, he was chosen as chairperson of Agriculture and Rural Committee of Anhui Provincial People's Congress, serving in the post until his retirement in November 2020. Investigation On 4 November 2022, he was put under investigation for alleged "serious violations of discipline and laws" by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), the party's internal disciplinary body, and the National Supervisory Commission, the highest anti-corruption agency of China. Up to now, the three chairmen of the Huishang Bank, Dai Hedi (), Li Hongming and Wu Xuemin (), have all sacked for graft. References 1957 births Living people University of Science and Technology of China alumni People's Republic of China politicians from Hebei Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hebei Alternate members of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress
The stevedore knot is a stopper knot, often tied near the end of a rope. It is more bulky and less prone to jamming than the closely related figure-eight knot. Naming In The Art of Knotting & Splicing, Cyrus Day explains that "the name originated in a pamphlet issued about 1890 by the C.W. Hunt Company, which sold rope under the name 'Stevedore'. It was subsequently adopted by dictionaries, engineers' handbooks, and other works of reference, and it is now firmly established in books, if not in the vocabulary of seamen." Despite this history, many sources, including The Ashley Book of Knots, presume that the knot was used by stevedores in their work loading and unloading ships. The apparent aspect of the knot favored by transmission-line workers (to which the Hunt pamphlet was targeted) is the knot's remaining easily untied after heavy loading. It should also be noted that the extra wrap that it has over the figure 8 stopper will, with flexible cordage, give better security when set. Tying The knot is formed by following the steps to make a figure-of-eight knot, but the working end makes an additional wrap around the standing part before passing back through the initial loop in the same direction it would have for a figure-of-eight knot (which yields a more secure & stable knot than were it to be a half-wrap less (a "Fig.9")). See also List of knots Figure-of-nine loop References External links
The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism is a 2010 book by Joyce Appleby. Content The book is an analysis of the rise of capitalism on a global basis and how it has changed, mutated and reinvented itself in a number of ways over the course of centuries. She argues that capitalism was a break from a set of circumstances that had prevailed over the course of 4,000 years and thus must be interpreted as a process of historical change rather than as an inevitable extension of human nature on the lines asserted by Adam Smith. It has its roots in changes in mercantile and commercial activity chiefly located in a certain period in Dutch and then British history (and then on to American history) before expanding across the world in various forms. Appleby's examination of the history of capitalism begins with the pervasive scarcity of agricultural societies up to the 16th century, and then explores the European divergence away from that pattern from then onwards. As intimated in the title, Appleby's emphasis is upon capitalism as a dynamic force that relentlessly revolutionises itself and the world around it. It therefore has a propulsive force which distinguishes it from the activity of commerce which, she argues, goes back at least as far as Hammurabi, and is distinct from the larger and more profound force of capitalism as she characterises it. She references other thinkers on a critical basis; for example, in the case of Karl Marx she argues that he was right to conceive of ways in which capital could have been better used but was wrong in failing to see the negative side of communism. She also discusses the ideas of Joseph Schumpeter in arguing that capitalism might fail by destroying institutions that act as custodians to it, reflecting on this notion in light of the 2008 financial crisis. She cites Max Weber as being most influential to her view, emphasising “his emphasis on contingency and unintended consequences in the formation of capitalism." She is broadly positive towards the dynamic nature of capitalism, describing figures such as Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Zeiss or Krupp as "swashbuckling heroes of enterprise". However, there are themes within the work that raise fundamental questions about its equity, efficiency and longevity, notably its long-term use of fossil fuels and the problems of sustainability that face humanity now; the damaging effects of imperialism; and the danger of government and public interest being stymied by the strong private interests of the free market. At the end of the book she discusses the rise of China and its particular form of statist capitalism. References External links Q&A interview with Appleby on The Relentless Revolution, April 26, 2010 2010 non-fiction books American non-fiction books Books about capitalism English-language books W. W. Norton & Company books
Commercial banks are 'A' Class Financial Institutions in Nepal. Nepal Bank Limited is the first & oldest Commercial bank in Nepal established in 1937 AD. Commercial Bank mainly provide facilities to their customer like Deposits, Loans, Letters of Credit, Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, Remittances, Debit cards, credit cards, branchless banking service & ATMs. Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) is the central bank of Nepal and is responsible for the regulation and supervision of the financial system in the country. It is also responsible for implementing monetary policy and maintaining financial stability. After 5 Mergers and 2 Acquisitions of Commercial Banks in Nepal, the number of commercial banks has been decreased on 20 as of May 2023. List of Commercial Banks (Class A) Kumari Bank (After the merger with Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank) Rastriya Banijya Bank Agriculture Development Bank Nabil Bank (After the acquisition with Nepal Bangladesh Bank) Nepal Investment Mega Bank (After the merger with Mega Bank Nepal Limited) Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Himalayan Bank (After the merger with Civil Bank Limited) Nepal SBI Bank Everest Bank Prabhu Bank (After the acquisition of Century Bank Limited) Laxmi Sunrise Bank (After the merger with Laxmi Bank) Global IME Limited (After the merger with Bank of Kathmandu) Citizens Bank International Prime Commercial Bank NMB Bank Nepal NIC Asia Bank Siddhartha Bank Sanima Bank Machhapuchchhre Bank Nepal Bank Limited References External links Nepal Rastra Bank List of Banks and Financial Institutions in Nepal Merger and Acquisition of Commercial Banks in Nepal 2023 Banks of Nepal Lists of companies of Nepal
Russian Riviera (La Riviera russe/ Русская Ривьера) is a Russian high-end lifestyle magazine launched in 2011 in France by Anton Koslov Mayr, Guela Patiachvili and Natalia Garilskaya. The publication enjoyed reputation as an intellectual magazine for the Russia’s rich. It was praised for its quality by many media commentators, including Russian social columnist and opposition figure Bozhena Rynska. In 2015 the publication was acquired by a US-based media agency GPMM. Russian Riviera was originally created as a tourist publication, providing practical information for Russian-speaking visitors in France and Monaco. However, in its second issue it began publishing interviews with opposition figures, short stories, and articles that otherwise couldn’t be published in Russia. "Russian Riviera" often featured interviews with high-profile political figures including anti-Putin activist and billionaire Bill Browder, Soviet defector and author Viktor Suvorov, Putin's spiritual mentor Bishop Tikhon Shevkunov, politician Irina Khakamada, dissident artists Eric Bulatov and Mikhail Roginsky. The magazine had a literary section and regularly published short stories by authors including Zakhar Prilepin, Lev Timofeev, George Kopelian, and Lera Tikhonova. The magazine was also reputed for its photography and illustrations: it featured the works of Gueorgui Pinkhassov, Stanley Green, Urs Bigler, Peter Lindbergh, Irina Polin, Stephen Shanabrook, Anton Koslov Mayr and others. Natalia Garilskaya Incident In May 2014, Russian Riviera correspondent Natalia Garilskaya, known for her pro-Ukrainian position, was arrested in Moscow during an anti-Putin rally. She was later expelled from the country. Notes 2011 establishments in France Magazines published in France Lifestyle magazines Magazines established in 2011 Russian-language magazines Tourism magazines
Calochortus ciscoensis is a North American species of flowering plants in the lily family first described for modern science in 2008. It was originally described as only occurring only in eastern Utah (Uintah, Duchesne, and Grand Counties) but has since also been found in Mesa County, Colorado). Calochortus ciscoensis is a bulb-forming perennial herb, each bulb producing several stalks up to 40 cm tall. Flowers range from white to pink. It typically lacks, or has a significantly reduced, chevron as compared to Calochortus nuttalli with which it is closely allied and may be confused. Unlike C. nuttalli, it tends to grow in clusters typically with multiple flowers and has long, drooping leaves that are present at the time of flowering, and it grows only at relatively low elevations on harsh substrates. References External links SEINet, Arizona Chapter, Calochortus ciscoensis S.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood several color photos ciscoensis Flora of Utah Plants described in 2008 Flora without expected TNC conservation status
Alyaksandr Skshynetski (; ; born 28 February 1990) is a Belarusian professional footballer who plays for Arsenal Dzerzhinsk. Honours MTZ-RIPO Minsk Belarusian Cup winner: 2007–08 External links 1990 births Living people People from Karelichy Footballers from Grodno Region Belarusian men's footballers Men's association football defenders FC Partizan Minsk players FC Smorgon players FC Isloch Minsk Raion players FC Krumkachy Minsk players FC Smolevichi players FC Arsenal Dzerzhinsk players
(born 10 June 1989) is a Japanese former AV idol, actress, singer and gravure model. She was also a member of Ebisu Muscats. Life and career Born in Tokyo, Kizaki made her debut in June 2008, appearing on the first image DVD Active high school student physical examination. In August 2008 she appeared in the gravure magazine Bejean. She made her AV debut with the video FIRST IMPRESSION 38 in September 2008, becoming an exclusive model for the company Idea Pocket. In December 2010 she released the book Ōrarusekkusu. In 2011 she won the Livedoor media award at the Adult Broadcasting Awards. In 2012, she took part in the music project Kiss, a J-pop group consisting of Kizaki, Mayu Nozomi and Aino Kishi. Their debut album was Touch My S.P.O.T.. For the majority of her AV career Kizaki worked exclusively with the company Idea Pocket appreaing along with the studio's most famous performers like Kaho Kasumi, Aino Kishi, Alice Miyuki and Minori Hatsune. She had a short period at S1 No. 1 Style in late 2016 before transferring back to IdeaPocket in September, 2017. Her return film was LEGEND IMPRESSION where she starred along with fellow Idea Pocket actress and AV idol Amami Tsubasa. The film was also in competition in the 2017 AV Open Awards. Kizaki continued her AV career at Idea Pocket and Attackers, and starred in over 400 adult films throughout her career. On June 10, 2019, Kizaki announced on her Twitter that she would retire from AV in December 2019. She explained: "Now that I gonna become 30 this year, I want to start a new chapter given that we only live once". She also thanked her fans for their longtime support. Kizaki's final adult film was released on December 13, 2019 titled Retirement -FINAL IMPRESSION- Last Final Passion 6 Production First 5 Hours 30 Minutes! Two-piece Super Masterpiece Special! (IPX-409), a two-disk film containing over five hours of footage. Her farewell event was held on December 22. When the major Japanese adult video distributor DMM held a poll of its customers in 2012 to choose the 100 all-time best AV actresses to celebrate the 30th anniversary of adult videos in Japan, Kizaki was voted into 17th place. Movies Ushijima the Loan Shark (Yamikin Ushijima-kun, 2012) Drama Series Ushijima the Loan Shark (Yamikin Ushijima-kun, TBS-MBS, 2010/2014) References Japanese pornographic film actresses 1989 births Actresses from Tokyo Singers from Tokyo Japanese women pop singers Japanese film actresses Japanese television actresses Japanese female adult models Japanese gravure models Japanese people of Italian descent Living people Ebisu Muscats
The Sitka Channel is a strait that separates Japonski Island from Baranof Island in Alaska. The Sitka Channel, or more commonly referred to as simply The Channel by locals, is a notable feature of Sitka, Alaska that separates vital portions of infrastructure located on the peripheral Japonski Island from the rest of the community. Until 1972 the commute was only achievable through a schedule of shore boats that carried an estimated 1,000 people a day for 26 years. The ferries were retired when the John O'Connell Bridge was constructed (named after John W. O'Connell, a former mayor of Sitka). The Sitka Channel features numerous wharfs, piers, seafood processing plants, and harbors serving its thriving seafood industries as well as port facilities for the United States Coast Guard vessel USCG Maple. References Bodies of water of Sitka, Alaska Straits of Alaska
Excalibur is the name of several superhero comic books published by Marvel Comics since 1988, generally featuring the team of the same name. The first volumes ran for 125 issues, complemented by several one-shot special editions, between 1987 and 1998. The second was a four-issue limited series published in 2001, and the third an ongoing series printed from 2004 and 2005 before being relaunched as New Excalibur. While featuring some of the same characters and concepts, the second and third series did not centre on an Excalibur team. In 2019 the series, complete with the return of the eponymous team, was revived as part of the Dawn of X X-Men relaunch. Creation The genesis of Excalibur came from Captain Britain, an initially unsuccessful attempt by Marvel to break into the British market which was co-created by American staff, including Chris Claremont. Since creating Captain Britain, Claremont's career had gone from strength to strength; Uncanny X-Men had become one of the industry's best-selling titles, and as a result he had set up spin-off New Mutants, which was itself followed by the successful X-Factor. Meanwhile the short-lived Captain Britain had been revived by British creative teams, receiving critical acclaim - albeit while struggling for sales. When Claremont read the reinvigorated Captain Britain stories he was impressed with the development of the characters and immediately planned a sequel to the Alan Moore-penned "Jaspers' Warp" arc, featuring Mad Jim Jaspers, the Fury and the rest of the Captain Britain cast that would be a major X-Men plot arc. Betsy Braddock, the title character's sister, was featured in New Mutants Annual #2 in 1986, soon joining the X-Men as Psylocke, while Jaspers made what was planned to be a teaser appearance in Uncanny X-Men #200, with the plot line of Charles Xavier's exile to the Shi'ar Empire intended to serve as a catalyst. However Claremont was then made aware of an ownership debate between Moore and Marvel, and with the publisher wary of litigation from Moore the storyline was retooled. The Jaspers cameo - during which the character had not demonstrated his powers - was not followed up on, while the role intended for the Fury was instead filled by new character Nimrod. Some of the planned storylines would later be used for the X-Men arc "Fall of the Mutants". Meanwhile while plot-lines in Uncanny X-Men had seen the popular characters Nightcrawler, Shadowcat and Colossus - as well as the Rachel Summers incarnation of Phoenix - sidelined. The new roster featuring Havok, Longshot and Dazzler proved popular and were central to Claremont's plans for the series, so Marvel wanted both a 'home' for the characters and the sales potential of a fourth X-Men book. At the time, Marvel were heavily courting Alan Davis, who had been artist for Captain Britain from 1981 and was an avowed fan of the character. After winning considerable acclaim in Britain, he was head-hunted by DC Comics, again receiving praise for his work on Batman and the Outsiders before falling out with the company. As a result, Marvel gave Davis what was for the time a very generous contract, both in terms of remuneration and creative freedom. Claremont was assigned to write the series, but allowed Davis - more used to working via the full script process rather than the 'Marvel method' considerable leeway and input. Claremont had previously wanted Davis to draw Uncanny X-Men; according to the writer the post was never available at the same time as Davis was, but the artist would later indicate he was uninterested. Ann Nocenti was given the post of editor, and the trio decided the book would be a "cosmic comedy", both to play to Davis' strengths and to offset the dark tone of the other mutant books. Claremont chose to return Colossus to Uncanny X-Men rather than use him for Excalibur, due to Captain Britain already fulfilling the team's need for a strongman type. Davis' regular collaborator Paul Neary also joined as inker. Publication history Volume 1 (1987–1998) Chris Claremont and Alan Davis The series was launched with the lavish Excalibur Special Edition, a 1987 48-page advertisement-free 'bookshelf' comic promoted with posters and promotional carrier bags for comic stories. It was followed by an ongoing series. Despite being priced higher than most of Marvel's regular titles due to using a more expensive paper stock, Excalibur was a strong sales success - #1 was Diamond Comic Distributors' best-selling title for April 1988, with #2 second-best behind the first issue of the newly-launched Wolverine in May and #3 third behind Wolverine and Uncanny X-Men in June. With the creators given a large amount of freedom by Marvel, the series soon received plaudits for its humorous tone and wit compared to the darker turn taken by both the other X-Men related titles and the wider industry at the time. The success also led to Marvel printing a trade paperback compiling the material Davis had produced for Captain Britain, which was coloured by several artists. Davis and writer Jamie Delano were required to sell their rights to the material to do so; as Alan Moore refused to do likewise, his work on the title was not included in the collection. While Claremont and Davis intended Excalibur not to cross over with the other X-Men titles, the series was broadly part of the 1989 "Inferno" event, with issues #6-7. However, Excalibur themselves were only peripherally involved in the events of the story, not encountering any of the major characters. Due to Davis falling behind schedule, issue #8 saw Ron Lim guest as artist, while #11 featured Marshall Rogers. A second special edition - Excalibur - Mojo Mayhem - was also published, featuring art from Art Adams. Excalibur #12 began the "Cross-Time Caper", a planned 9-issue arc sending the characters to a wide variety of alternative Earths. The following issue saw the debut of a new costume for Captain Britain; it had been designed for the character's primarily black-and-white British appearances, but Davis found the American colourists were frequently making mistakes and so simplified it. However, in 1990 and partway through the storyline Davis fell ill. After a fill-in issue written by Michael Higgins and drawn by Lim, Chris Wozniak provided art until Davis was fit to return on Excalibur #23. However, his return would only last for two issues - after completing the delayed "Cross-Time Caper" arc he left the title, later stating that he was unhappy with the effect compromises he was having to make to get back on schedule were having on the quality of his work. Claremont and others Soon after Davis' departure, Claremont's attention was split by the need to focus on the planned relaunch of X-Men. Other writers including Higgins, Terry Austin, Dana Moreshead and Scott Lobdell contributed issues, particularly when the title went bi-weekly over the summer of 1990. The book was also without a regular artist, instead featuring guest artists such as Barry Windsor-Smith, Colleen Doran, and David Ross. By this point sales had fallen; while still healthy they would never reach the heights of the early issues. Following the three-part "Girls' School from Heck" storyline (with art by Ron Wagner) in #32-34, Claremont left the title. A third special edition, Weird War III, was released in 1991. Alan Davis returns Claremont's replacement was meant to be a returning Alan Davis, tempted back as writer-artist from #35 onwards. However, other commitments delayed his return and Lobdell contributed a short run to bridge the gap, including a three-part arc featuring the Avengers West Coast; the events of his stories were guided by Davis. As Neary had decided to continue his more lucrative pencilling career, Davis linked up with Mark Farmer as inker - the pair had briefly worked together before, notably on the final issue of Captain Britain, and would go on to have a long partnership. They appeared as the new team on Excalibur #42; while contemporary Marvel policy did not generally tout creative teams on covers, the issue bore a strapline trumpeting the return of "You Know Who". Davis' double role also meant he could plot issues for other artists to draw when he fell behind schedule. His return allowed the conclusion of numerous unresolved plot-lines and saw the first major expansion to the comic's regular cast with the additions of Cerise, Kylun, Micromax and Feron. Having concluded his storylines, Davis left again after Excalibur #67 to focus on launching the ClanDestine. Comic Book Resources suggested the title never recovered from Davis' departure. Scott Lobdell Davis' return had not brought the expected sales increase; subsequently, after a brief tenure under Brian Ashford, the title would take a different direction under Scott Lobdell, who strengthened the title's narrative and tonal connection to the other X-Men titles under the direction of Bob Harras. The recent additions to the cast were abruptly written out, as was Captain Britain - who became lost in the time-steam off-panel before Excalibur #68, leading to Meggan also falling out of focus. The cosmic elements of the book were dropped and the team were relocated to Muir Island, with Moira MacTaggert added to the regular cast. While Captain Britain would return to the series it was at the expense of Phoenix, and he was radically altered to the aloof Britannic, and he and Meggan would take a minor role in the series, which increasingly focused on Nightcrawler, Shadowcat and MacTaggert, as well as the newly added extant X-Men supporting character Amanda Sefton. The new strategy for the title also saw it involved in the crossovers "Fatal Attractions" and "Phalanx Covenant"; the latter saw Douglock added to the regular cast. However, sales only rose slightly. Warren Ellis In late 1994 Warren Ellis - recently of Hellstorm - took over as writer from Excalibur #82. After three issues working from a plot by Lobdell he made his debut as sole writer with Excalibur #85. The following issue saw the introduction of Pete Wisdom to the series. Wisdom had originally been planned as a character in Ellis' projected Trident Comics series Electric Angel, but only got as far as the ashcan stage. To avoid any possible legal worries over this, Ellis simply didn't tell Marvel about the character's origins. After #86 the series was replaced for four months by the limited series X-Calibre as part of the "Age of Apocalypse" X-Men event. Marvel also directed Ellis to add Wolfsbane and Colossus to the title. Initially several artists worked on the title, including Ken Lashley and Casey Jones, before Carlos Pacheco took over from #95. Ellis would also pen the three-issue spin-off limited series Pryde and Wisdom. Excalibur #100 saw Brian Braddock return to the role of Captain Britain; however, Ellis would leave the title a few issues later to work on WildStorm's Stormwatch and Dv8. His work on the series has received a generally positive reception. Ben Raab and Salvador Larocca From Excalibur #106 Ben Raab became writer, with Salvador Larroca as artist. Raab swiftly wrote out Captain Britain to facilitate a storyline featuring Colossus romancing Meggan, a plot point that would also feature in a Colossus one-shot. Raab would de-emphasise and eventually write out Wisdom too, once again choosing to focus on the X-Men originated characters. However, sales were poor and the title was finally cancelled after 125 issues in 1998. Critical reception of Raab's material has not been positive, with some feeling it had become a generic X-Men title that was going through the motions. Following the cancellation the characters of Nightcrawler, Shadowcat and Colossus returned to the main X-Men titles. Volume 2 (2001) The series returned as a four-issue limited series in 2001, again featuring Raab as writer with art from Pablo Raimondi. It was originally solicited as Excalibur - Sword of Power in 2000, but the final issues made no mention of the subtitle. The series did not feature an Excalibur team or all of the original cast, instead focusing on Captain Britain, Meggan, Psylocke and the Black Knight battling to save Otherworld. Volume 3 (2004–2005) In 2004, Marvel launched a new ongoing series titled Excalibur as part of the X-Men Reload cross-line relaunch. Aside from the name and the writer (Claremont), it had no connection to Marvel's previous Excalibur titles, instead focusing on rebuilding efforts in Genosha and the relationship between Professor X and Magneto. The series' last issue was #14, released in May, 2005. The letters page of the final issue announced a relaunch of the title as New Excalibur in November, 2005. New Excalibur (2006–2007) The replacement title featured the return of an Excalibur team, consisting of Captain Britain, Pete Wisdom, Dazzler, Juggernaut, Nocturne and Sage. It was followed by X-Men: Die by the Sword. Volume 4 (2019–2022) Excalibur was relaunched as a part of Dawn of X in October 2019. The initial roster comprised Betsy Braddock as the new Captain Britain, Gambit, Rogue, Jubilee, Rictor and Apocalypse. Collected editions Epic Collections Omnibuses References 1988 comics debuts Comics by Chris Claremont Excalibur (comics) X-Men titles
The Old Coroner's Court, The Rocks are heritage-listed shops and the site of the former The Rocks Visitors Centre, a former morgue, the former Coroner's Court of New South Wales and offices located at 102–104 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Walter Liberty Vernon and built from 1906 to 1908. It is also known as Coroner's Court (former) - Shops & offices, Coroners Court / City Morgue (at rear, demolished) and shops and offices. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002. History When the colony's dockyard was moved to the area in 1797, this was a prominent site stretching from approximately the site of the MCA to Campbell's Cove. The northern end, including the subject site, of the land was set aside for the residence and garden of the Master Boat Builder, Thomas Moore. This building was later converted to the Naval Office, the headquarters for the imposition of Customs until it was transferred to a new Customs House (now the east store of the Argyle Stores) in 1827. The Naval Office was demolished in 1833. By 1832, the land had been divided in two by a path descending to the water, this route was very steep and was originally known as the "Go Down" by the residents of The Rocks. The eventual street became Bethel Street, named after the Bethel Union, founders of the Mariner's Church. In June 1853 the third coroner for Sydney, Ryan Brenan, suggested to the Colonial Secretary that a Dead House or Morgue be built on crown land near Cadman's Cottage. The Colonial Secretary asked Edmund Blacket, the Colonial Architect to prepare plans and estimates for the building. Blackett disagreed with the siting, and suggested that it would be better 'located on the new landing place against the wall of the Campbell's Wharf'. The Colonial Secretary was dubious about the suggestion, as the Campbell residence was nearby and the family may object to having such a building so close. Blackett resigned in 1854 to work on the University of Sydney and it is unsure if he or his successor William Weaver prepared the plans for the building. It appears the building was dogged by problems. Weaver managed to incur the Governor's displeasure over irregularities arising out of the completion of the Dead House. In trying to resolve the problems, Weaver instructed further work to be done, which the Colonial Secretary's office refused to pay for, leading to his resignation. No plans remain for the building but a specification exists for the work. It was to be a brick building on stone foundations and floors with a slate roof. In 1856 it was requested that the glazed windows be "obscured", presumably as they allowed the public to see the morbid contents. The problems of keeping such a building in a sanitary condition in the Sydney climate proved difficult. In 1856 it was reported to have been in a "filthy state" in the same memorandum requesting the obscuring of the windows. The Coroner in 1862, John S. Parker reported to the Colonial Secretary that the ventilation was insufficient, "at the request of thirteen respectable citizens who composed the jury that had to view the body of a sailor who had been taken out of the harbour in a state of decomposition and had to be kept there two days". Three more ventilators were added and this may been the beginning to the tradition of holding the Coroner's Court proceedings in the Observer Hotel across the road. Despite its deficiencies, the building appears to have been used continuously as a morgue for more than fifty years. By 1863, the land had been reserved for a new Morgue which was not built until 1906–07, the reason for the delay is not yet known. From 1865 the Court of the Coroner was located at Chancery Square, near Hyde Park Barracks. Here the jury sat on inquests and witnesses appeared in a courtroom which was described as "unfitted for almost any public purpose". Inquests were frequently adjourned because of this and some were transferred to the nearby Riley's Hotel. Officially, the Coroner's Court remained at the Hyde Park Barracks site until the construction of the Court and Morgue in The Rocks. The Morgue was designed and completed before the Court. Before its construction, several structures on the site had to be demolished, these included the old Dead House, a caretakers cottage, and a set of stairs. Construction of the Coroners Court followed in 1907–08. In the process Bethel Street, was reduced to a narrow lane running along the wall of the Mariners' Church. Construction of the two buildings also involved the loss of a large tree which earlier photographs show next to the Sailor's Home. It may also have led to an interesting historical discovery. In 1920 Charles Bertie recorded that "some 30 years ago" a paving slab discovered in Bethel Street turned out to be the tombstone of a sailor on the "Sirius" of the First Fleet. The memorial was to George Groves, a boatswain's yeoman. The Morgue provided a receiving room for bodies, a central mortuary with seven tables, a post mortem room and a laboratory. The Court was constructed on the higher part of the site, and at the rear of the building was a flight of stairs connecting it to the Morgue below. From George Street the Court was entered through a covered arcade, the ground floor held the Courtroom, separate room for male and female witnesses, offices for the Coroner and clerks and a jury room. Above the offices was a residence. Government Architect Vernon, was in charge of the design of both the Morgue and the Coroner's Court projects. The court building demonstrates Vernon's concern and ability to design for the particular use and climate. The exterior has a domestic approachable appearance compared to the authoritarian appearance of earlier designs for similar buildings, however the interior retained the pre-eminence of the Coroners position. Several alterations were in 1911 including the addition of a washroom, and the verandah at the rear was enclosed to provide more accommodation. In 1935 the Coroner's Court was the scene of an inquest into a bizarre death which has become famous throughout Australia. It concerned the alleged murder of James Smith, and became known as "the Shark Arm Murder". On 17 April 1935 a fisherman caught a large shark which he took to the aquarium then located at Coogee. A few days later the shark became sick and regurgitated a large amount of undigested matter, including a human arm with a tattoo attached to a length of rope. The arm was identified by the tattoo as belonging to James Smith. The inquest into his death by the Coroner was challenged in the Supreme Court by arguing that an arm did not constitute a body. This led to calls for the Coroner's Act to be altered. In 1936 representations were being made that the Morgue was poorly sited. In December the Captain of the P&O; Strathaird observed that the passengers could clearly see into the post-mortem room where a body was visible. Residents around the vicinity of the Morgue, including the Superintendent of the Sailor's Home also complained about the sights and smells from the building. In 1937 the Commissioner of Police organised a conference discussing building a new morgue and the requirements needed. In 1945 the Morgue was inspected by a committee who were less than impressed by its siting and accommodation and they also recorded that at times the stench emanating from the building was offensive. Following this report, required alterations were finally made and the building was enlarged. Meanwhile, the Coroner was concerned about the state of the Court and he submitted a list of urgent repairs in 1948, but there is no record of any work being carried out. The buildings were altered twice more, in 1956 and the final alteration in 1967. The Court and Morgue underwent several alterations and additions in the period to 1971, when the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority (SCRA) resolved to demolish the Morgue and to convert the site to a bus and car park. The Morgue and Coroners Court moved to a new building in Glebe late 1971. The Morgue was demolished in 1972 after green bans and protests by local residents. In the same year the Court building was converted by SCRA to an exhibition space and offices, with a further later conversion to a Visitors Centre in 1973. The building was converted for use as a shop after the opening of the new Visitors' Centre in the Sailors Home in 1995. Since that time it has housed an antique shop and is currently used as a craft gallery. Archaeology Notes: The "Dead House" stood here from at least the 1830s. A laneway, Bethel Lane, was created in 1861 and cut diagonally from south at George Street to north at Circular Quay West. In 1871 a headstone of 1788 was discovered here opening debate that a cemetery may have been located nearby. The new morgue and coroners court were built in 1907. Description The Coroner's Court is designed in the Federation Free Style manner typical of many of the buildings credited to its designer, W. L. Vernon. The style of the building is restrained, relying on massing and modelling rather than architectural detail for decoration. The building is essentially composed of two structures: A single storey section, containing courtroom with associated witness rooms, arcade at front and verandah at rear; and A two-storey section, containing offices and residence with attic bedrooms. The interior layout on the George Street level (level 3) was designed around a centrally placed courtroom with a hallway on two sides and a verandah and arcade on the other two sides. The rest of level 3 is taken up by the two witness rooms to the south and the three offices to the north. A stairway in the north hall leads up to the original residential parts of the building on level 4, which replicates the floor below, and level 5, which contains a further two rooms. Additional rooms have been created on level 2, under the verandah. Style: Federation Free Style; Storeys: Five; Facade: Brickwork/stonework; Side Rear Walls: Brick; Internal Walls: Painted brick/plastered; Roof Cladding: Slate with lead ridge capping and copper valleys; Stairs: Timber. Condition Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Bedrock visible, with floors terraced into hill slope, and below George Street level. Basements. Rear of site level with Circular Quay West. Visible bedrock indicates that the original surface has been cut into. The evaluation of the site depends on the dating of the quarrying, as early levelling will allow the subsequent build-up of archaeological deposits. Foundations of the second morgue (), demolished in the 1970s, are present in the vacant site at the rear. It is possible that the foundations also exist for the earlier morgue and the original alignment of Bethel Street as it joins George Street. Archaeology partly disturbed. It is possible the original alignment of Bethel Street may exist under part of the building. Modifications and dates 1907–1908 (Coroners Court); 1906–1907 (City Morgue) 1911: Alterations, including the addition of a washroom, were made to the residential quarters of the Coroner's Court, and the verandah at the rear of the Court was filled in to provide additional accommodation. These alterations were constructed according to plans signed by Vernon, as Government Architect and E. L. Drew, Assistant Architect. 1946 : Government Architect's plans show that the Morgue was to be enlarged by demolishing the 1907 wall facing the Quay and extending the building to the boundary. This work was carried out in 1947-48. Other minor changes were undertaken to about 1967. 1972: Demolition of the Morgue by SCRA and conversion of the court building to an exhibition space and offices, including removal of the original courtroom fittings and furnishings. 1973: Further alterations were made to adapt the building for use as a Visitors Centre. The building has since been used as an antique store and craft gallery, minor modifications for the fitout of the shops has been carried out. Heritage listing As at 30 March 2011, the former Coroner's Court, now a pair of shops and offices, and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right. The Coroner's Court and its site are significant for the following reasons: It is the earliest surviving purpose-built Coroner's Court in NSW (and the only pre-1970 Coroner's Court), and as such has a unique ability to demonstrate through its external appearance and internal layout and fabric the history of the Coroner's office and of Coronial inquests. The surviving of the building provides the only remaining evidence of the site's association with early colonial methods of dealing with the investigation of unexplained or sudden deaths, over a continuous period from 1854 to 1971. It is a representative example of the public architecture of Walter Liberty Vernon, NSW Government Architect from 1890 to 1911, in its use of an unpretentious, almost domestic design invoking the truth-to-materials aesthetics of William Morris and the arts and crafts movement, and using picturesque elements and a dramatic roof line with restrained use of ornamentation. In conjunction with the other structures of similar date near that location (the Rawson Institute, Hickson Road and the Observer Hotel) it provides evidence of the new buildings constructed in the Rocks area after the area was taken over by the Sydney Harbour Trust. The topography of the site preserves an ability to demonstrate the steep descent from George Street north to the water which shaped the early development of the western side of Sydney Cove. The building has acted an important showcase for the work of the former Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority, and the Sydney Cove Authority, and its presentation of a public face and as a first point of visitor contact. Its design makes a major contribution to the streetscape of George Street and to a lesser extent to Circular Quay West in its form, materials and scale. The site is of archaeological significance in its ability to demonstrate, through the in-situ archaeological remains, the use and history of the site especially in relation to the previous morgue building. High Significance Fabric: In general, the Court building as originally constructed, together with alterations and additions to 1911 (i.e. the design and the alterations carried out under Vernon); all exterior brickwork and stonework inc. openings; roof structure, slate cladding, and terracotta chimney pots; all original and early joinery inc. jambs, doors, architraves, windows, sills, staircases and panelling (more see CP). Medium Significance Fabric: All original ceramic tiling and dado capping; all ripple iron ceilings. Low Significance Fabric: Alterations carried out . Coroner's Court was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The Coroner's Court and its site are significant for the following reasons: It is the earliest surviving purpose-built Coroner's Court in NSW (and the only pre-1970 Coroner's Court), and as such has a unique ability to demonstrate through its external appearance and internal layout and fabric the history of the Coroner's office and of Coronial inquests. The surviving of the building provides the only remaining evidence of the site's association with early colonial methods of dealing with the investigation of unexplained or sudden deaths, over a continuous period from 1854 to 1971. The topography of the site preserves an ability to demonstrate the steep descent from George Street north to the water which shaped the early development of the western side of Sydney Cove. The building has acted an important showcase for the work of the former Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority, and the Sydney Cove Authority, and its presentation of a public face and formally as a first point of visitor contact. Its design makes a major contribution to the streetscape of George Street and to a lesser extent to Circular Quay West in its form, materials and scale. - The site is of archaeological significance in its ability to demonstrate, through the in-situ archaeological remains, the use and history of the site especially in relation to the previous morgue building. High Significance Fabric: In general, the Court building as originally constructed, together with alterations and additions to 1911 (i.e. the design and the alterations carried out under Vernon); all exterior brickwork and stonework inc. openings; roof structure, slate cladding, and terracotta chimney pots; all original and early joinery inc. jambs, doors, architraves, windows, sills, staircases and panelling. Medium Significance Fabric: All original ceramic tiling and dado capping; all ripple iron ceilings. Low Significance Fabric: Alterations carried out . The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. The site is associated with several Colonial Architects, including Blackett, Weaver, and Barnett and the later building with Government Architect WL Vernon. The site has associations with the Colonial and later Government Coroners from 1854 until 1971. It also has association with some of NSW's most notorious cases, including the "Shark Arm Murder" and the Bogle–Chandler case. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. It is a representative example of the public architecture of Walter Liberty Vernon, NSW Government Architect from 1890 to 1911, in its use of an unpretentious, almost domestic design invoking the truth-to-materials aesthetics of William Morris and the arts and crafts movement, and using picturesque elements and a dramatic roof line with restrained use of ornamentation. In conjunction with the other structures of similar date near that location (the Rawson Institute, Hickson Road and the Observer Hotel) it provides evidence of the new buildings constructed in The Rocks area after the area was taken over by the Sydney Harbour Trust. The building's design makes a major contribution to the streetscape of George Street and to Circular Quay West in its form, materials and scale. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The site holds social significance because of the former function as a Morgue extending back to 1854 and a Coroner's Court to 1906. It is the site for investigation into deaths by other than natural causes, including some of the most notorious cases in Australian History. The history of the site highlights some of the problems encountered in the history of dealing with death, including advances in forensics, problems of sanitation and the handling of bodies. The site holds high social value as an archaeological site which may contain physical evidence related to events in Australia's history. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The site has significant research potential as an archaeological resource which can inform about early configurations of the earlier structures on site. Foundations of the second morgue (), demolished in the 1970s, are present in the vacant site at the rear. It is possible that the foundations also exist for the earlier morgue and associated buildings and the original alignment of Bethel Street. The site also contains research potential as it is the earliest surviving purpose-built Coroner's Court in NSW (and the only pre-1970 Coroner's Court), and as such has a unique ability to demonstrate through its external appearance and internal layout and fabric the history of the Coroner's office and of Coronial inquests. The surviving of the building provides the only remaining evidence of the site's association with early colonial methods of dealing with the investigation of unexplained or sudden deaths, over a continuous period from 1854 to 1971. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The site is rare because it is the earliest surviving purpose-built Coroner's Court in NSW (and the only pre-1970 Coroner's Court), and as such has a unique ability to demonstrate through its external appearance and internal layout and fabric the history of the Coroner's office and of Coronial inquests. The surviving of the building provides the only remaining evidence of the site's association with early colonial methods of dealing with the investigation of unexplained or sudden deaths, over a continuous period from 1854 to 1971. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The site, and the Coroner's Court (former), is important in demonstrating: its early historical use as part of the original Government Dockyard its visual aesthetic, positioned at the edge of Circular Quay West the evolution of governmental infrastructure associated with the care of the unexpectedly dead the architectural style of the Government Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon See also Australian non-residential architectural styles References Bibliography Attribution External links New South Wales State Heritage Register sites located in The Rocks Coroner's courts in Australia Office buildings in Sydney Tourist attractions in Sydney Former courthouses in New South Wales Retail buildings in New South Wales Defunct hospitals in Australia Walter Liberty Vernon buildings in Sydney Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register 1908 establishments in Australia Government buildings completed in 1908 New South Wales places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
HD 28185 b is an extrasolar planet 128 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Eridanus. The planet was discovered orbiting the Sun-like star HD 28185 in April 2001 as a part of the CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets, and its existence was independently confirmed by the Magellan Planet Search Survey in 2008. HD 28185 b orbits its sun in a circular orbit that is at the inner edge of its star's habitable zone. Discovery HD 28185 b was discovered by detecting small periodic variations in the radial velocity of its parent star caused by the gravitational attraction of the planet. This was achieved by measuring the Doppler shift of the star's spectrum. In 2001 it was announced that HD 28185 exhibited a wobble along the line-of-sight with a period of 383 days, with an amplitude indicating a minimum mass 5.72 times that of Jupiter. Orbit and mass HD 28185 b takes 1.04 years to orbit its parent star. Unlike most known long-period planets, the orbit of HD 28185 b has a low eccentricity, comparable to that of Mars in the Solar System. The orbit lies entirely within its star's habitable zone. The amplitude of the radial velocity oscillations means that the planet has a mass at least 5.7 times that of Jupiter in the Solar System. However, the radial velocity method only yields a minimum value on the planet's mass, depending on the orbital inclination to our line-of-sight. Therefore, the true mass of the planet may be much greater than this lower limit. Characteristics Given the planet's high mass, it is most likely to be a gas giant with no solid surface. Since the planet has only been detected indirectly through observations of the star, properties such as its radius, composition, and temperature are unknown. Periastron (0.959 AU), semimajor axis (1.031 AU) and apastron (1.102 AU) irradiances are 112%, 96.6% and 84.5% that of the Earth. Since HD 28185 b orbits in its star's habitable zone, some have speculated on the possibility of life on worlds in the HD 28185 system. While it is unknown whether gas giants can support life, simulations of tidal interactions suggest that HD 28185 b could harbor Earth-mass satellites in orbit around it for many billions of years. Such moons, if they exist, may be able to provide a habitable environment, though it is unclear whether such satellites would form in the first place. Additionally, a small planet in one of the gas giant's Trojan points could survive in a habitable orbit for long periods. The high mass of HD 28185 b, of over six Jupiter masses, actually makes either of these scenarios more likely than if the planet was about Jupiter's mass or less. See also 51 Pegasi b Iota Horologii b Gliese 876 b Yavin Habitable exomoons Notes References External links Eridanus (constellation) Exoplanets discovered in 2001 Giant planets in the habitable zone Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
The ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in Argentina, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission there. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Argentine Republic. From 1853, when the United Kingdom and the Republic of Paraguay established diplomatic relations, until 1941 the British Minister or Ambassador to Argentina was usually also accredited to Paraguay. Since 1941 a British Minister or Ambassador has been resident in Paraguay. Heads of mission Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata 1824–1826: Woodbine Parish, Consul-General; Chargé d'Affaires from 1825 1826–1828: Lord Ponsonby, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 1828–1831: Woodbine Parish, Chargé d'Affaires 1831–1832: Henry Stephen Fox (appointed 1828) 1832–1834: Philip Yorke Gore (secretary of legation), Chargé d'Affaires 1834–1835: Hamilton Charles James Hamilton (appointed 1832) 1835–1844: John Mandeville Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Confederation 1844–1845: William Gore Ouseley 1845–1847: Relations suspended 1847 (May–June): Lord Howden (minister to Brazil), special mission jointly with Count Walewski of France 1847–1848: Relations suspended 1848–1851: Henry Southern 1851–1854: Captain Robert Gore, Chargé d'Affaires and Consul-General 1854–1859: William Christie, Chargé d'Affaires and Consul-General from 1854, Minister Plenipotentiary from 1856 1859–1865: Edward Thornton Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic 1865–1866: Richard Edwardes appointed but did not proceed 1866–1867: George Buckley Mathew 1867–1868: William Lowther 1868–1872: William Stuart Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic 1872–1878: Lionel Sackville-West 1878–1879: Clare Ford 1879–1881: Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet 1881–1884: George Petre 1884–1885: Edmund Monson 1885–1896: Francis Pakenham 1896–1902: William Barrington 1902–1906: William Haggard (also Minister Plenipotentiary to Paraguay) 1906–1910: Walter Townley 1910–1919: Sir Reginald Tower 1919–1922: Ronald Macleay 1923–1925: Sir Beilby Alston 1925–1927: Sir Malcolm Robertson Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic 1927–1929: Sir Malcolm Robertson 1930–1933: Sir Ronald Macleay 1933–1935: Sir Henry Chilton 1935–1937: Sir Nevile Henderson 1937–1942: Sir Esmond Ovey 1942–1946: David Victor Kelly (withdrawn for consultations 8 July 1944 – 25 April 1945) 1946–1948: Sir Reginald Leeper 1948–1952: Sir John Balfour 1951–1955: Sir Henry Mack 1955–1957: Sir Francis Evans 1957–1961: Sir John Ward 1961–1964: Sir George Middleton 1964–1969: Sir Michael Creswell 1969–1972: Sir Michael Hadow 1973–1975: Sir Donald Hopson 1975–1977: Sir Derrick Ashe 1980–1982: Anthony Williams From 1982 to 1990, following the Falklands War, there were no diplomatic relations between the UK and Argentina. There was no Ambassador, but the embassy building remained open, as the British Interest Section of the Swiss Embassy, rather than as the British Embassy. The Argentine Embassy in London came under the Brazilian flag during the same period. Diplomatic relations were restored in 1990. 1990–1993: Humphrey Maud 1994–1997: Sir Peter Hall 1997–2000: William Marsden 2000–2004: Robin Christopher 2004–2008: John Hughes 2008–2012: Shan Morgan 2012–2016: John Freeman 2016–: Mark Kent 2021–: Kirsty Hayes References External links UK and Argentina, gov.uk Argentina United Kingdom
La Femme spectacle is a film directed by Claude Lelouch in 1964. Synopsis The film is an essay regarding the "female object". Details Director: Claude Lelouch Music: Length : 100 minutes Release date: 1964 Starring Jean Yanne Gérard Sire External links French drama films 1964 films Films directed by Claude Lelouch 1960s French films
Pharco Football Club (), is an Egyptian football club based in Alexandria, Egypt. The club is related to the pharmaceutical company, Pharco Corporation, which was founded in 1983. History The club used to play in the Egyptian Second Division starting from the 2014–15 season, the second-highest league in the Egyptian football league system. However, Pharco were promoted to the 2021–22 Egyptian Premier League for the first time in their history, as they finished top of their group in the 2020–21 Egyptian Second Division. Current squad References External links Official Website Pharco FC on Soccerway Egyptian Second Division Association football clubs established in 2010 2010 establishments in Egypt Football clubs in Alexandria Egyptian Football League clubs
Ngāti Tara Tokanui is a Māori iwi of New Zealand. Treaty settlement Deed of Settlement was signed on 28 July 2022 after 13 years of negotiation. The deed saw nine culturally significant sites returned to the iwi, including Ngā Ure Tara, Mimitu Pā, Tawhitiaraia and Karangahake. As well as a compensation payout of $6 million and an apology from the crown for the confiscation of large tracts of land, as well as for its policies and laws that designed to dislocate Ngāti Tara Tokanui from their land and erode their tribal structure. See also List of Māori iwi References External links Official website
London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), Coronation Class, LMS No. 6235, British Railways No. 46235 City of Birmingham is a preserved British steam locomotive. 6235 was originally built in 1939 at Crewe, and entered LMS stock in July 1939, one of the third batch (Lot No. 150). As built it was streamlined and was the first to be fitted with a double chimney (previous locomotives being built with single chimneys and later modified). Its livery was LMS crimson lake with cheat lines, but during the Second World War it acquired austere unlined black livery. Though it carried the name City of Birmingham from new, 6235 was officially named at a ceremony at Birmingham New Street on 20 March 1945, and a special coat of arms plate was then fitted above the nameplate. The streamlining was removed for maintenance reasons in April 1946, making 6235 the first streamliner to be destreamlined, and at the same time it was fitted with smoke deflectors, and livery continued to be black. 6235 passed to British Railways ownership in 1948, and in March was given the BR number 46235, which was applied in May. It was one of the engines given the short-lived blue livery for top express passenger engines in 1950. In April 1952, the semi-streamlined sloping smokebox front was replaced with a round-topped smokebox. 46235 was repainted into BR Brunswick Green livery from April 1953, and it retained this livery through withdrawal in September 1964 and through into preservation. 46235 was prepared by BR for preservation, and after storage at Nuneaton MPD, moved to the Birmingham Museum of Science and Industry, which was built around the locomotive. After closure of that museum 46235 was moved into Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum in 1997. Unlike the other two surviving members of the class, City of Birmingham has never steamed in preservation. References Rowledge, J.W.P. LMS Pacifics. 6235 Preserved London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives Individual locomotives of Great Britain Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain Collection of Thinktank, Birmingham Railway locomotives introduced in 1939 4-6-2 locomotives
Out of the Blue is a 2022 American thriller film written and directed by Neil LaBute and starring Diane Kruger and Ray Nicholson. Plot Connor is a young man living in a small coastal New England town trying to rebuild his life following a stint in prison when he meets Marilyn, an alluring older woman to whom he finds himself attracted. The two soon become involved in a romantic affair. Connor then learns that Marilyn is actually married to an older man she claims she is unhappy with. At one point, Marilyn suggests they/he murder her husband so they can be together. Connor wants no part in any murder-for-hire scheme until he is suspected in a number of break-in robberies in town which his parole officer, Jock, wrongfully suspects him of committing, but cannot prove it. Suspecting that Marilyn might be setting him up as a fall guy, but too blinded by his infatuation with her, he agrees to the murder plot. Cast Diane Kruger as Marilyn Ray Nicholson as Connor Hank Azaria as Jock Chase Sui Wonders as Astrid Gia Crovatin as Kim Production In August 2021, it was announced that Kruger and Nicholson were set to star in the film. In September 2021, it was announced that Azaria was cast. In October 2021, it was announced that Chase Sui Wonders had joined the cast. Filming occurred in Newport, Rhode Island in September 2021. Reception The film has a 15% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 20 reviews. Robert Abele of TheWrap gave the film a negative review and wrote, "If an adulterous mystery in the Cain vein isn’t going to dazzle with its dialogue or titillate with its temptations, why is it there?" Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times also reviewed the film negatively and wrote, "A last-minute twist comes too late to rescue the plot; Connor, sadly, was always beyond saving." References External links American thriller films Films directed by Neil LaBute Films shot in Rhode Island Quiver Distribution films 2020s American films
The Jeyes Professional and Amateur Tournament was an Irish golf tournament played from 1962 to 1966. The event featured a number of amateurs who competed for separate prizes. The event was sponsored by Jeyes Group. The inaugural event in 1962 featured separate sections for professionals and amateurs who competed for separate prizes. After the first 36 holes, the leading 22 players in each section competed on the final day. An Irish amateur, David Sheahan finished on 282, winning the amateur section by 8 strokes, and ahead of all the professionals, led by Denis Hutchinson on 283. Winners References Golf tournaments in Ireland Recurring sporting events established in 1962 Recurring events disestablished in 1966
HSwMS Sälen (Sä), (Swedish for "The seal") was the second Hajen-class submarine of the Swedish Navy. Construction and career HSwMS Sälen was launched on 3 October 1955 by Saab Kockums, Malmö and commissioned on 8 April 1957. She was decommissioned on 1 July 1980 and later scrapped in Gävle in 1990. Gallery References Hajen-class submarines Ships built in Malmö 1955 ships
Marmelade (Creole: Mamlad) is an arrondissement in the Artibonite department of Haiti. It has 120,193 inhabitants. Postal codes in the Marmelade Arrondissement start with the number 45. The arrondissement consists of the following municipalities: Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye Marmelade References Arrondissements of Haiti Artibonite (department)
Exfoliating granite is a granite undergoing exfoliation, or onion skin weathering (desquamation). The external delaminated layers of granite are gradually produced by the cyclic variations of temperature at the surface of the rock in a process also called spalling. Frost and ice expansion in the joints during the winter accelerate the alteration process while the most unstable loosen external layers are removed by gravity assisted by runoff water. Geology Homogeneous granitic plutons are created in high-pressure environments and slowly solidify beneath the Earth's crust. Vertical compression of overburden releases through erosion, or removal of overlying rocks resulting in unloading. Other contributors of unloading are tectonic uplift, glacier retreat, and mass wasting. The pressure is relieved when the granite is exposed at the surface, allowing it to expand towards the atmosphere. On the surface, if the granite is not jointed, or if it has few joints, then the exposed surface usually expands faster than the underlying granite. The surface layer, often a couple hundred feet thick, separates from the underlying granite along an expansion joint to form a shell. As this continues, several concentric shells may form to depths of feet or more. Concentric slabs/shells of rock begin to break loose, onion-like layers subparallel to the exterior called exfoliating, sheet jointing, or fractures. As the granite expands the outer, most shells become susceptible to weathering by water pressure, freeze/thaw cycles, and functioning vegetation is a process called physical weathering. The sheets of granite are large enough to shave off sharp edges on the granite's surface creating a dome shape. The overall activity creates exfoliation domes. Dangers Rock falls Exfoliating rock can trigger rockfall. Rock Falls in Yosemite National Park are common and pose threats to visitors. United States Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a study over a three-year period monitoring granite cracks within the park's Valley. Data collected by Park Geologist Greg Stock, and USGS civil engineer Brian Collins using deformation and temperature gauges. They concluded that there is an outward expansion with the change in thermal temperature up to an inch. With prolonged movement, the cracks expand over time and create exfoliation. Infrastructure failure Twain Harte Lake Dam is in Tuolumne County located within the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. Engineers began construction on the dam in 1928 and placed the structure between two granite domes. In August 2014, the granite developed exfoliating joints and began to leak. The process was captured on video and is one of a couple ever to be caught on film. The lake was completely drained and the cost of reconstruction nine-hundred thousand dollars. In June 2016, the granite rock had to be closed off for a second time because of the continued exfoliation. Historic discovery Grove Karl Gilbert is considered one of the most influential geologists of his generation. He was the only president of the Geographic Society to receive the highest honor for geographic accomplishment; Hubbard Medal. Working his way down the Great Basin, Gilbert knew the general formation of mountains through a tectonic process, and are composed of different rock types. He observed that the mountain ranges in this area contained similarities in strata, resembling bubbles and blisters on the earth's surface. He concluded that the mountains were once intrusive magma that had and became visible with erosion. Gilbert presented his findings in a report and contributed significantly in what future generations would know as Geomorphology. Examples Cannon Mountain in the White Mountains of New Hampshire Enchanted Rock in Texas Half Dome, also in Yosemite Royal Arches in Yosemite National Park Characteristics of exfoliating granite Discontinuity (geotechnical engineering) Erosion surface Foliation (geology) Geography of the Yosemite area Granite dome Joint (geology) Spall Spheroidal weathering Chemical weathering occurs in granite exfoliation by changing the mineral composition. Mechanical Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments or pieces. References External links and references A granite photo Another photo Exfoliating granite spires, Granite Mts, May 2007 Exfoliating granite spires, Granite Mountains Exfoliating granite, Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Borneo A photo from the Sierra Nevada One explanation on Youtube Another Youtube Petersen, James F., Dorthy Sack, and Robert E. Gabler. "Pg. 292." Fundamentals of Physical Geography. 1st ed. Belmont: Brooks/Cole, 2010. 292–93. Print. Weathering Geological processes Granite
Football Power Index (abbreviated as FPI) is a predictive rating system developed by ESPN that measures team strength and uses it to forecast game and season results in American football. Each team’s FPI rating is composed of predictive offensive, defensive, and special teams value, as measured by a function of expected points added (EPA). That rating is the basis for FPI’s game-level and season-level projections. Characteristics Like most game predictions, FPI accounts for team strength, opponent strength, and home-field advantage. There are a number of unique inputs into each game prediction, such as the following: On-field performance in previous games: measured by adjusted expected points added by unit Rest: Extra days of rest has shown to make a difference, particularly when facing a team coming off short rest. Distance traveled: Extreme cases of long travel (e.g. Seattle to Miami) is worth about a half point per game, with all other factors equal. These factors are combined to create a single-game prediction, but other factors are included based upon the type of league (college football vs the NFL). Each team’s season is simulated 10,000 times to produce its chance to win its division, win its conference, make the playoffs, win the Super Bowl (NFL), pick any slot in the NFL draft, and more. In 2016, FPI favorites won 73 percent of games in the regular season, which was a higher success rate than the Las Vegas closing lines. Computation FPI’s rating is based on the average number of points by which team would beat an average NFL (or college) team on a neutral field. The model uses a Bayesian framework, using priors around the EPA rate of each team unit, derived from preseason expectations. The only single position that impacts FPI is the quarterback position (only NFL), as predictive QBR is added. EPA is the foundation for FPI. Each game play has an adjusted EPA based on historical data. EPA breaks down points added in every way, thus having different factors for the team’s offense, defense, and special teams units. Generally, the offense and defense factors are independent. NFL FPI vs College Football FPI FPI is applied to football both at the NFL level and at the college level, but their models are slightly different. In college football, each team unit has its own prior. Four of the main inputs for each prior includes data on the last 4 seasons (with an emphasis on the previous season), the number of returning starters on the offense and defense (with the QB counting as more), a binary input on the returning coach, and the strength of the team’s recruiting class (with an input for transfers). College FPI is more reliant on the priors in the model due to the regular occurrences of mismatches each week. The priors are based on the adjusted EPA so that no team dominates. The altitude of the game, seasonal effects, and any quarterback injury/suspension/absence is taken into account with NFL FPI. These effects were not significant for college football. More games are played in higher altitude in the NFL (most notably in Denver, Colorado), the NFL season goes longer into winter, and there is a stronger effect on who the quarterback is at the professional level. The quarterback factor is adjusted for the probability that the quarterback will start, injuries, rookies, and trades. Comments and criticisms FPI, along with other metrics from ESPN, have been criticized for its inaccuracy, relying more on probabilities and less on in-game action. For example, in the 2015-2016 college football playoff, FPI listed the Oklahoma Sooners as the team with the highest chance to win the playoff at 39%, while the Clemson Tigers were listed at third highest at 17%. Clemson would go on and beat Oklahoma in the first round, but eventually lose to Alabama in the national championship game. Alabama was listed second with a 33% chance to win the playoff. In addition, there is criticism of the week-by-week changes that FPI makes, rather than making one prediction for each team. College FPI was heavily criticized after week 2 of the 2017-18 college football season when the Ohio State Buckeyes were listed number one after losing big at home to the Oklahoma Sooners (Oklahoma was 2nd in FPI). Oklahoma would pass Ohio State for the top spot after week 3. See also Total quarterback rating References ESPN American football records and statistics American football terminology Forecasting
Valeriya Andreyevna Engalycheva (, Romanian: Valeria Engalîceva; born 7 April 1999), known professionally as Lerika (), is a Moldovan-Russian singer and songwriter. She represented Moldova in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song "No-No", and Russia in the 2012 contest with "Sensatsiya". This made her the second Junior Eurovision Song Contest entrant to compete twice (The first being Russia in 2009 and 2011 with Ekaterina Ryabova), and the first to represent two different countries. Life and work Engalycheva was born in Olomouc, in the Czech Republic, to a Russian family. She first began singing at the age of four. She moved to Moldova at a young age, where her grandmother lived, and then moved to Russia with her family at age 13, settling in Moscow. Throughout her childhood, Engalycheva participated in a number of European singing competitions, including Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk, Orpheus in Italy, New Wave Junior, and Kinotavrik. At age 12, Engalycheva was selected to represent Moldova at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Yerevan, with the song "No-No". She ultimately placed sixth, earning 78 points; this became Moldova's most successful participation in the contest to date. After moving to Russia in 2012, Engalycheva competed in the Russian national final for the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Amsterdam, with the song "Sensatsiya". She went on to win the competition, earning the right to represent Russia; this made Engalycheva the second artist to compete at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest twice, and the first to represent two different countries. She ultimately placed fourth, receiving 88 points. Engalycheva is a student at Moscow Art Theatre School, where she is set to graduate in 2023. She speaks Russian, English, Romanian, and French, and has released music in Russian, English, and Romanian. In 2022, Engalycheva was a contestant on the tenth season of Vocea României (The Voice of Romania). As part of Irina Rimes's team, she got to the Battles round, before being eliminated. Discography Singles References External links Unofficial website 1999 births 21st-century Russian women singers Child pop musicians Junior Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Russia Living people Moldovan child singers Moldovan emigrants to Russia Moldovan expatriates in the Czech Republic 21st-century Moldovan women singers Moldovan people of Russian descent Musicians from Moscow Musicians from Olomouc Russian child singers Russian expatriates in the Czech Republic Russian pop singers
This is a list of airports in Namibia, sorted by location. List of airports Airport names shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines. See also Transport in Namibia List of airports by ICAO code: F#FY – Namibia Wikipedia: WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Africa#Namibia References External links Namibia Airports Company Great Circle Mapper Namibia Airports Airports Namibia
Mr. Consistency (foaled 1958 in Kentucky) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who was a multiple stakes winner including the Santa Anita Handicap, California's richest race and most important for older horses. Background Mr. Consistency was bred and raced by Travis M. Kerr, best known as the owner of Hall of Fame inductee Round Table. He was trained by Jim Nazworthy. Racing career Not very sound as a two-year-old, Mr. Consistency won just once in eleven starts. At age three his only significant win came in the California Derby at Golden Gate Fields and at age four he had little success. Health problems led his owner to get out of horse racing and Mr. Consistency was purchased by Mrs. Ann Peppers at the Kerr Stable dispersal on August 27, 1962. At age five Mr. Consistency began to develop as a top runner, winning the Del Mar Handicap and running second or third in other top races for older horses. At age six, he had an outstanding year and best of his career, earning wins in the Santa Anita Handicap, San Juan Capistrano Handicap, San Marcos Handicap and the Arcadia Handicap Stud record Mr. Consistency was not successful as a sire. References Mr. Consistency's pedigree and partial racing stats 1958 racehorse births Thoroughbred family 21-a Racehorses bred in Kentucky Racehorses trained in the United States
The Wisconsin Power and Light Berlin Power Plant is located in Berlin, Wisconsin. History Built in 1925 by Wisconsin Power & Light, the power plant is located on the bank of the Fox River. It was added to the State and the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. References Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin National Register of Historic Places in Green Lake County, Wisconsin Power stations in Wisconsin Commercial Style architecture in the United States Brick buildings and structures Industrial buildings completed in 1925 Alliant Energy
Wahab Riaz (Urdu, ; born 28 June 1985) is a Pakistani politician and former cricketer. He was a left-arm fast bowler and a right-handed batsman. He frequently bowled at speeds of around 90 mph (144.8 km/h) and had reached . His all round performance in ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 earned him worldwide recognition. In August 2018, he was one of 33 players to be awarded a central contract for the 2018–19 season by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). In September 2019, Riaz announced that he would be taking a break from red-ball cricket to focus on the shorter formats of the game. In June 2020, Riaz said he was willing to play Test cricket again, ahead of Pakistan's tour to England. Early life and family Riaz was born on 28 June 1985 in a Punjabi Gujjar family to Muhammad Sikandar Riaz Kasana, who was a businessman. He was educated at the prestigious Aitchison College, Lahore. Riaz is married to Zainab Chaudhary and they have three children, two daughters, Eshal (b. 2015) and Hoorain (b. 2020), and a son, Sikandar (b. 2023), named after his late father. Cricket career Riaz was chosen in Pakistan's T20I squad for the tri-series in Bangladesh which also included India. In his first match against Bangladesh, he finished with 3 wickets for 22 runs in 7 overs. In the next match against India, he took two wickets while conceding 85 runs. Riaz made his Test debut against England in the third test of the 2010 series. England batted first and Riaz took 5/63 in the first innings. In Pakistan's first innings, he came into bat at number 3 and scored 27 runs. Riaz next played for Pakistan in the Test series against South Africa in October 2010 after he participated in 4 ODIs. He was selected to play in the first Test later in that series. He took the wickets of Graeme Smith and Hashim Amla before suffering a side strain later that day and was later ruled out from the test series. In March 2011, Riaz appeared for Pakistan for four matches. He performed notably, taking 5 wickets in the Pakistan vs India semi-final of the 2011 Cricket World Cup, where he appeared as a replacement for Shoaib Akhtar. Shortly after the World Cup, Pakistan toured the West Indies for two Tests, five ODIs, and a T20I; Riaz was included in the squad. He took two wickets in the T20I, in a losing effort, and played in four out of the five ODIs, taking seven wickets at an average of 25.28 and finishing as Pakistan's leading wicket-taker in the series. In a report to the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) on the team's performance in the West Indies, coach Waqar Younis commented that Riaz had an "average" tour. In May Pakistan toured Ireland for a two-match ODI series, and although Riaz was included in the squad he did not play a match. After the tour of Ireland, Riaz entered talks with Kent, eventually signing to play for them in county cricket. The club had suffered injuries to their fast bowlers and Riaz was drafted in to bolster their line up. He made his T20 debut for Kent against Glamorgan on 11 June. He took Chris Cooke's wicket, and guided his team to victory with a final batting score of 32 not out, hitting the winning runs after being sent in up the order. On his home debut Riaz took a hat-trick – dismissing Chris Taylor, Ed Young, and Richard Coughtrie – and recording figures of 5 wickets for 17 runs (5/17) against Gloucestershire to help his team to an eight-wicket victory. It was the second time a player had taken a T20 hat-trick for Kent, and was the first time Riaz took five wickets in the format, beating previous best bowling figures of 3/14. During his spell with Kent Riaz took 13 first-class wickets at an average of 33.53, 9 in list A cricket at 13.33, and 20 wickets in t20 matches at an average of 19.85. In August, Riaz was awarded a category B central contract with the PCB; six players were in category A, eight (including Riaz) in B, and nine in C. When Pakistan toured Zimbabwe in September, Riaz was rested with the selectors taking the opportunity to blood a number of new and inexperienced players. Though recalled to the Test squad for the three-match series against Sri Lanka, he did not play in the series and was dropped from the ODI squad to face the same opponents. Originally rested from the Test team to give younger players a chance, Riaz's hiatus from the squad extended to six months. His continued absence was not explained by the PCB. He was recalled to Pakistan's Test squad to face England for three matches in the United Arab Emirates. While he was out of the side, Riaz played for the National Bank of Pakistan in the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy. Before the squad was announced he had taken 30 wickets in the competition at an average of 24.86, and 213 runs at an average of 35.50. On 30 August 2016, he conceded 110 runs in his stipulated 10 overs, which is the second worst bowling figure ever in ODI cricket. In April 2018, he was named in Punjab's squad for the 2018 Pakistan Cup. In March 2019, he was named in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's squad for the 2019 Pakistan Cup. He was the joint-leading wicket-taker in the tournament, with ten dismissals in five matches. In June 2020, he was named in a 29-man squad for Pakistan's tour to England during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, on 23 June 2020, Riaz was one of seven players from Pakistan's squad to test positive for COVID-19. In July, he was shortlisted in Pakistan's 20-man squad for the Test matches against England. He retired from international cricket in August 2023. 2015 Cricket World Cup In January 2015, he was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2015 Cricket World Cup, after the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) named their final fifteen-man squad for the tournament. In Pakistan's opening matches, he took 1 wicket each against India & West Indies. He followed by a man of the match performance against Zimbabwe in which he scored 54 not out off 46 balls and took 4 wickets. Against UAE, took two wickets. He followed it up by taking three wickets versus South Africa. He took three wickets against Ireland in Pakistan's last group game. In the quarterfinal match against Australia, he took Australian skipper Michael Clarke's wicket and, then, showed some aggressive interaction by sarcastic clapping and a flying kiss to Shane Watson. ICC fined Riaz for the behavior. Riaz's spell against Australia won him plaudits from numerous cricketers past and present, with Michael Clarke referring to Riaz's performance 'as good as I've faced in ODI cricket for a long time' and Kevin Pietersen describing the spell as the "Best spell of bowling by a foreigner on Aussie soil for years". After the match Riaz became a trend on Twitter. Brian Lara tweeted "I want to meet with this Riaz guy," adding that he would pay the fine imposed on Riaz by the ICC for his verbal altercation with Watson. Brian Lara was later invited by Riaz to Pakistan via Twitter. 2019 Cricket World Cup In May 2019, he was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup, after the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) named their final fifteen-man squad for the tournament. He was a regular starter throughout the tournament and took 11 wickets in 8 games with an economy of 6 runs per over and a bowling strike rate of 36.3 balls. During the tournament, he became Pakistan's 2nd highest wicket-taker in World Cup history going past Imran Khan's tally of 34 wickets. T20 franchise career Riaz was allocated as a Platinum category player in the 2016 Pakistan Super League players draft. He was bought by Peshawar Zalmi for $140,000 for the 2016 competition. During a group stage match in 2016 against Quetta Gladiators, Riaz had an exchange of words and a physical tussle with batsman Ahmed Shehzad. The Pakistan Cricket Board imposed a fine on both the players and issued an official warning to them. He was retained by the Peshawar Zalmi for the second PSL season in 2017. Peshawar won the 2017 competition and, as of the end of the 2017 PSL, Riaz is the leading wicket-taker with 30 wickets in 19 matches. He has played for Zalmi in every edition so far. On 18 February 2022 Wahab took his 100th wicket in the PSL for Peshawar, becoming the first player overall to reach the milestone. In September 2018, he was named in Kandahar's squad in the first edition of the Afghanistan Premier League tournament. In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Brampton Wolves franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament. In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the Cape Town Blitz team for the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament. In November 2019, he was selected to play for the Dhaka Platoon in the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League. In October 2020, he was drafted by the Kandy Tuskers for the inaugural edition of the Lanka Premier League. In May 2021, he was named in the St Lucia Zouks squad for the 2021 Caribbean Premier League. In November 2021, he was selected to play for the Jaffna Kings following the players' draft for the 2021 Lanka Premier League. In April 2022, he was bought by the Northern Superchargers for the 2022 season of The Hundred in England. In January 2023, while playing for the Khulna Tigers in the 2022–23 Bangladesh Premier League, he became the first Pakistani bowler to take 400 T20 wickets. Political career In January 2023, Riaz was appointed as sports minister in Mohsin Raza Naqvi's caretaker Punjab government but could not take his oath due to his busy schedule. He was later appointed as the Advisor to Chief Minister Punjab for sports and youth affairs on 22 March 2023. See also List of Pakistan cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut Notes References External links Wahab Riaz at Pakistan Cricket Board 1985 births Living people Aitchison College alumni Cricketers from Lahore Wahab, Riaz Pakistan Test cricketers Pakistan One Day International cricketers Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup Lahore cricketers Lahore Whites cricketers Lahore Blues cricketers Karachi Port Trust cricketers Hyderabad (Pakistan) cricketers Lahore Ravi cricketers Lahore Lions cricketers National Bank of Pakistan cricketers Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers Kent cricketers Ruhuna Royals cricketers Lahore Shalimar cricketers Surrey cricketers Rangpur Riders cricketers Peshawar Zalmi cricketers Essex cricketers Barbados Royals cricketers Water and Power Development Authority cricketers Derbyshire cricketers Comilla Victorians cricketers Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricketers Southern Punjab cricketers Cape Town Blitz cricketers Dhaka Dominators cricketers Trent Rockets cricketers Saint Lucia Kings cricketers Central Punjab cricketers Jaffna Kings cricketers Northern Superchargers cricketers Galle Gladiators cricketers Khulna Tigers cricketers Pakistani sportsperson-politicians
The Progressive National Baptist Convention (PNBC), incorporated as the Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc., is a mainline predominantly African-American Baptist denomination emphasizing civil rights and social justice. The headquarters of the Progressive National Baptist Convention are in Washington, D.C. Since its organization, the denomination has member churches outside the United States, particularly in the Caribbean and Europe. It is a member of the National Council of Churches and the Baptist World Alliance. History The Progressive National Baptist Convention formed in 1961 after civil-rights-oriented Baptist ministers led by L. Venchael Booth of Zion Baptist Church in Cincinnati, failed to replace Joseph H. Jackson, the long-time head of the National Baptist Convention (NBC USA). The older group stood aloof from the civil rights movement which was often led by local Baptist ministers; the National Baptist Convention (NBC USA) often preached spiritual salvation rather than political activism. The dissidents nominated Gardner C. Taylor as president of the NBC USA. After a fist fight between reformers and stand-patters, in which one elderly minister was accidentally killed, Jackson's supporters won. King was ousted from the NBC USA and his goal of using the united power of the black Baptist community to promote civil rights came to nothing. His defeat prompted the formation of the new predominantly African American Baptist denomination. Thirty-three delegates from 14 states gathered at Zion Baptist Church in Cincinnati to discuss the issue. The vote to organize passed by one vote. L. Venchael Booth, pastor of Zion Baptist in Cincinnati, was elected first president of the convention. The convention was originally formed as the "Progressive Baptist Convention" and the word "National" was added to the name in 1962. The convention has grown from the original founding numbers to member congregations throughout the United States, the Caribbean, Europe and Africa. Following a path of political activism, the Progressive National Baptist Convention supported groups such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and methods such as affirmative action. Famous civil rights leaders who were members of the PNBC include Martin Luther King Jr., Benjamin Mays, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and Gardner C. Taylor. The Progressive National Baptist Convention bills the "progressive concept" as "fellowship, progress, and peace." In 1969, Uvee Mdodana Arbouin became the first ordained woman pastor in the convention. The Progressive National Baptist Convention celebrated its 50th Annual Session in Washington, D.C., in August 2011. The PBNC has partnered with the predominantly white mainline American Baptist Churches USA since 1970. In 1995, one study asserted the convention had 741 affiliated churches, while another claimed they had over 2,500,000 members in 2,000 churches. A number of the churches are dually aligned with the National Baptist Convention (NBC USA) and American Baptist Churches in the USA. In 2023, the Baptist World Alliance reported the convention's membership declined to 1,500,000 members in 1,362 churches. In 2022, the Progressive National Baptist Convention elected Jacqueline A. Thompson as second vice president, which made her the first woman to hold an elected leadership role in the Progressive National Baptist Convention. Doctrine In this denomination, many members identify with Progressive Baptist theology—being theologically moderate to liberal; this contrasts with the theologically conservative to moderate National Baptist Convention and National Baptist Convention of America. The Progressive National Baptist Convention collectively recognizes the ordination of women, a practice not widely followed by Baptist groups. Contrasting, its predecessor—the NBC USA—has no official position on women's ordination, though women do serve as pastors in the convention. According to the PNBC, it creates "opportunities for women in ministry to learn and serve." Likewise, the Progressive National Baptist Convention allows locally autonomous congregations to determine policy regarding same-sex marriages, and the PNBC has not taken an official stance on the issue, leaving room for diversity of opinion. See also Christianity in the United States Notes Further reading William Booth, A Call to Greatness: The Story of the Founding of the Progressive National Baptist Convention, Gilbreath, Edward, The Forgotten Founder, Christianity Today, Vol. 46, No. 3, 11 March 2002 Albert W. Wardin, Jr., Baptists Around the World, Bill J. Leonard, editor, Dictionary of Baptists in America, Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, & Craig D. Atwood, Handbook of Denominations, National Council of Churches, Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches External links Official website Historically African-American Christian denominations Baptist denominations in the United States Members of the World Council of Churches Christian organizations established in 1961 Baptist denominations established in the 20th century Members of the National Council of Churches 1961 establishments in Ohio
Église Saint-Jean de Cinarca is a ruined church in Sari-d'Orcino, Corse-du-Sud, western Corsica. The building was classified as a Historic Monument in 1976. References Churches in Corsica Monuments historiques of Corsica Ruins in France
Kerry Cohen (born September 15, 1970, in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American author. She also writes as Kerry Cohen Hoffmann. Cohen grew up in suburban New Jersey. She received an MFA in creative writing from the University of Oregon, a MA in counseling psychology from Pacific University, and a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) from California Southern University. A counselor (LPC Intern) and writing instructor, she lives with her children and boyfriend in Portland, Oregon. She is the author of Loose Girl: A Memoir of Promiscuity, based on her own promiscuity during her teens. In 2006, she published Easy, a young adult novel.”Lush” 2018 She teaches creative writing for Gotham Writers Workshop in New York City, the Red Earth low-residency MFA at Oklahoma City University, and the low-residency MFA at Goddard College. Bibliography The Truth of Memoir: How To Write About Yourself and Others with Honesty, Emotion, and Integrity (Writer's Digest Books, 2014) Easy (Simon & Schuster, 2006) 2006 ALA Quick Pick for Young Adults and 2006 Oregon Book Award finalist Loose Girl: A Memoir of Promiscuity (Hyperion, 2008) The Good Girl (Delacorte, 2008) It's Not You, It's Me (Delacorte, 2009) 2010 Oregon Book Award finalist Seeing Ezra (Seal Press, 2011) Dirty Little Secrets (Sourcebooks, 2011) Spent (Seal Press, 2014) . “Lush” (Sourcebooks, 2018) References External links Official site 1970 births Living people Writers from New Jersey University of Oregon alumni Pacific University alumni 21st-century American novelists American psychotherapists Writers from Portland, Oregon American women novelists 21st-century American women writers Novelists from Oregon
The Geodermatophilaceae are an actinomycete family of bacteria. Phylogeny The currently accepted phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project References Actinomycetia Bacteria families
The Massena blood libel was an instance of blood libel against Jews in which the Jews of Massena, New York, were falsely accused of the kidnapping and ritual murder of a Christian girl in September 1928. On September 22, 1928, two days before Yom Kippur, four-year-old Barbara Griffiths went for a walk and did not come back home. After a long search by townspeople and state police, a rumor began to circulate that the girl had been kidnapped and killed by the town's Jews for a religious ritual associated with the impending holiday. The following day, the state police questioned Morris Goldberg, a Jew. Goldberg left police with the impression that there might be some truth to the rumors that Jews engaged in ritual murder. At that point, the state police sought to interrogate Rabbi Berel Brennglass, leader of the town's Adath Israel synagogue. When asked about the allegations of ritual murder, Brennglass told the police and the town's mayor, who was present, that they should be ashamed for asking such questions. He expressed outrage that people believed such lies in the United States in the 20th century. Barbara Griffiths was found in the woods later that afternoon roughly a mile from her home. She told authorities she had become lost during her walk and slept in the forest. Nevertheless, some citizens of Massena continued to believe that Griffiths had been kidnapped by the Jews. They attributed her safe return to the discovery of the Jews' plot. The mayor may have led a boycott of businesses owned by Jews. The Massena blood libel drew national attention. Through the efforts of Rabbi Brennglass, the American Jewish Committee and the American Jewish Congress denounced the town's leaders, prompting apologies from the mayor and the state police to the rabbi, the town's Jews, and all Jews of the United States. In his apology, the mayor wrote: In light of the solemn protest of my Jewish neighbors, I feel I ought to express clearly and unequivocally ... my sincere regret that by any act of commission or omission, I should have seemed to lend countenance ... to what I should have known to be a cruel libel imputing human sacrifice as a practice now or at any time in the history of the Jewish people. The Blood Lie, a novel about the incident by Shirley Reva Vernick, was published in 2011 by Cinco Puntos Press. References Further reading External links 1928 in Judaism 1928 in New York (state) September 1928 events Blood libel Jewish-American history History of New York (state) Antisemitic attacks and incidents in the United States Antisemitism in New York (state) Yom Kippur
Taronites (), feminine form Taronitissa (Ταρωνίτισσα), was the name of a noble Byzantine family, descended from the ruling family of the Armenian principality of Taron. In Georgian it is rendered 'Tornikes' or ‘Tornikios’. It was founded by the brothers Gregory and Bagrat (Pankratios in Greek), who ceded the principality to the Byzantines in 968 in exchange for estates and high dignities. The wife of Theodosios Monomachos, and mother of his son, Constantine IX, was a (Irene?) Tornikaina/Taronitissa. The family is prominent among the military aristocracy in the late 10th/early 11th centuries, and later became related to the Komnenian dynasty through the marriage of Michael Taronites to Maria, the sister of Alexios I Komnenos. In the 12th century, the Taronitai became mainly civilian bureaucrats, many occupying high posts in the central government in Constantinople. The family lost its status and influence after the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. References Sources
Sulo Armas Hostila (27 August 1920 – 2 December 2002) was a Finnish politician, born in Petrograd. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1956 to 1975, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP). He served as Minister of Defence from 23 February to 4 September 1972. He was a presidential elector in the 1962 and 1968 presidential elections. References 1920 births 2002 deaths People from Saint Petersburg Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians Ministers of Defence of Finland Members of the Parliament of Finland (1954–1958) Members of the Parliament of Finland (1958–1962) Members of the Parliament of Finland (1962–1966) Members of the Parliament of Finland (1966–1970) Members of the Parliament of Finland (1970–1972) Members of the Parliament of Finland (1972–1975) Finnish military personnel of World War II
Riva San Vitale is a municipality in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland, located in the district of Mendrisio. History Riva San Vitale is first mentioned in 774 as Primo Sobenno. In 1115 it was mentioned as Ripa Sancti Vitalis. The area around Riva San Vitale has probably been settled since the Neolithic. Due to the number of Roman era finds, it appears that there was a significant Roman settlement. A stele from some time before the 3rd century AD mentions that it was made for the inhabitants of vicus subinates. In 1115, the Benedictine abbey of S. Abbondio in Como owned property in Riva San Vitale. During the ten-year war between Como and Milan (1118–27) its port was an important base for the Comasker ships. Riva San Vitale was mentioned in the Charter of Como from 1335 as a burgus. In the Late Middle Ages, it lost its leading position in trade to Capolago, but still enjoyed far-reaching privileges and tax exemption. In the 15th century it was a market town for a short time. The Parish Church of St. Vitale is first mentioned in 962–966. However, the church likely dates back to the Christianization of the southern foothills of the Alps. It was rebuilt in the late Baroque style in 1756-59 and renovated in 1993–95. The Baptistery of San Giovanni is built on the foundations of a Roman building and is from the early Christian era (c. 500 AD). It was renovated in 1919-26 and again in 1953-55 and is the oldest fully preserved churches in Switzerland. The church of S. Croce was endowed by the Della Croce family and was built in 1582–91. It is one of the most important religious buildings of the late Renaissance in Switzerland. Agriculture, fisheries and brick works were once the main sources of income. In 1869 a silk weaving plant opened in Segoma, which employed about 100 workers in 1889. In the second half of the 20th century, Riva San Vitale saw an industrial boom that was accompanied by an increase in population. In 2000, approximately three-quarters of workers in the municipality were commuters, especially going to Lugano, Mendrisio and Chiasso. In 2005, the manufacturing sector provided 45% and the services sector 52% of all jobs. The Collegio Baragiola building was used as a secondary school from 1855 until 1925. In 1926, the Istituto Canisio, a special school for the disabled, opened in the building. In 1910, the Mendrisio electric tramway opened, linking a northern terminus in Riva San Vitale with Capolago, Mendrisio, Balerna and Chiasso. The section of the line in Riva San Vitale closed in 1948 and was replaced by a bus service. The Pieve of Riva San Vitale Riva San Vitale was one of the oldest centers of the diocese of Como, to which it belonged until 1884/88. From here, Christianity spread into the Ticino. Together with the Pieves of Balerna and Uggiate (Como) in the 12th century, the parish formed a consortium. A canon priest is first mentioned in 1190, when Lafrancus de Mellano (died 1254) is called to that position. The number of resident and non-resident canons, is difficult to determine. In 1190 and 1321 two are mentioned. In 1786, Pope Pius VI dissolved the college of canons. Originally the Pieve included Rovio, Bissone, Meriden, Tremona, Brusino, Arsizio, Rancate, Arzo, Besazio, Melano, Arogno, Maroggia and Saltrio (Varese). The Pieve was also a secular administrative unit which, in contrast to the church, included Capolago after 1416, but not Saltrio. In 1170 it was part of the county of Seprio, and in the 13th century it was under the city of Como. At the beginning of the 15th century it formed, together with the Pieves of Agno, Balerna and Capriasca, the Lugano Valley Community. In 1517, under Swiss Confederation rule, it became part of the bailiwick of Lugano. The Pieve of Riva San Vitale was represented both at the General Conference of the valley (which had power over financial and tax matters as well the salt supply), and in the Landschaftsrat, the valley's administrative body. After the failed attempt on 15 February 1798 for the bailiwick of Lugano to join the Cisalpine Republic, the Pieve formed the Republic of Riva San Vitale. The Republic only existed a few weeks, from 23 February until 16 March 1798. In 1803 the Pieve of Riva San Vitale was added to the district of Lugano and divided into two sections, Ceresio and Riva San Vitale. In 1814 they became part of the district of Mendrisio. Geography Riva San Vitale has an area, , of . Of this area, or 19.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 73.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 14.7% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.3% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.5% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.3% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 9.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.7%. Out of the forested land, 71.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 5.9% is used for growing crops, while 4.0% is used for orchards or vine crops and 9.7% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.7% is in lakes and 0.7% is in rivers and streams. The municipality is located in the Mendrisio district, on the southern end of Lake Lugano and at the foot of Monte San Giorgio. It consists of the village of Riva San Vitale and the hamlet of Poiana. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules an arm issuant from dexter armoured argent embowed holding a sword hilted and pommed or. Demographics Riva San Vitale has a population () of . , 16.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between 1997 and 2007, the population changed at a rate of 10.4%. As of 2000, most of the population spoke Italian (2,089 or 91.1%), with German being second most common (117 or 5.1%) and French being third (24 or 1.0%). There was one person who spoke Romansh. , the gender distribution of the population was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. The population was made up of 1,008 Swiss men (40.5% of the population), and 210 (8.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,082 Swiss women (43.5%), and 190 (7.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 890 or about 38.8% were born in Riva San Vitale and lived there in 2000. There were 648 or 28.3% who were born in the same canton, while 199 or 8.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 491 or 21.4% were born outside of Switzerland. In there were 20 live births to Swiss citizens and three births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 17 deaths of Swiss citizens and two non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by three while the foreign population increased by one. There were three Swiss men and four Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 12 non-Swiss men and two non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of one, and the non-Swiss population change was a decrease of four people. This represents a population growth rate of -0.2%. The age distribution, , in Riva San Vitale was 209 children or 8.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 291 teenagers or 11.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 255 people or 10.2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 319 people or 12.8% are between 30 and 39, 476 people or 19.1% are between 40 and 49, and 328 people or 13.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 300 people or 12.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 210 people or 8.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 102 people or 4.1% who are over 80. , there were 938 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,142 married individuals, 119 widows or widowers and 93 individuals who are divorced. , there were 924 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 247 households that consist of only one person and 44 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 926 households that answered this question, 26.7% were households made up of just one person and 17 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 230 married couples without children, 359 married couples with children There were 50 single parents with a child or children. There were 21 households that were made up unrelated people and two households that were made some sort of institution or another collective housing. there were 472 single family homes (or 67.5% of the total) out of a total of 699 inhabited buildings. There were 192 multi-family buildings (27.5%), along with 18 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (2.6%) and 17 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.4%). Of the single family homes 8 were built before 1919, while 74 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (100) were built between 1919 and 1945. there were 1,137 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was four rooms of which there were 361. There were 24 single room apartments and 307 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 913 apartments (80.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 215 apartments (18.9%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (0.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.6 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Heritage sites of national significance The Baptistery of S. Giovanni, the Bianchi House, the Church of S. Croce and the Palazzo della Croce are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire town of Riva San Vitale is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. Politics In the Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 1,698 registered voters in Riva San Vitale, of which 1,249 or 73.6% voted. 29 blank ballots and four null ballots were cast, leaving 1,216 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD+GenGiova which received 358 or 29.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 214 or 17.6%), the LEGA (with 190 or 15.6%) and the SSI (with 189 or 15.5%). In the Consiglio di Stato election, 19 blank ballots and seven null ballots were cast, leaving 1,223 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD which received 366 or 29.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 241 or 19.7%), the PLRT (with 205 or 16.8%) and the PS (with 186 or 15.2%). In the 2007 federal election (National Council) the most popular party was the PPD which received 28% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the PLRT (17%), the LEGA (15.2%) and the PS (13.5%). In the federal election, a total of 982 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.1%. In the Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 1,802 registered voters in Riva San Vitale, of which 1,258 or 69.81% voted. 22 blank ballots and 3 null ballots were cast, leaving 1,233 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD+GenGiova which received 304 or 24.66% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 245 or 19.87%), the SSI (with 218 or 17.68%) and the PLRT (with 191 or 15.49%). In the Consiglio di Stato election, 24 blank ballots and seven null ballots were cast, leaving 1,227 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD which received 325 or 26.49% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 316 or 25.75%), the SSI (with 185 or 15.08%) and the PLRT (with 181 or 14.75%). In the 2011 federal election (National Council) the most popular party was the PPD which received 28.61% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the LEGA (20.17%), the PLRT (15.52%) and the SSI (9.41%). In the federal election, a total of 1,065 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 59.04%. In the Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 1,865 registered voters in Riva San Vitale, of which 1,340 or 71.85% voted. 41 blank ballots and 6 null ballots were cast, leaving 1,293 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD+GenGiova which received 303 or 23.43% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 302 or 23.36%), the SSI (with 235 or 18.17%) and the PLRT (with 187 or 14.46%). In the Consiglio di Stato election, 38 blank ballots and 12 null ballots were cast, leaving 1,291 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the LEGA which received 349 or 27.03% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD (with 289 or 22.39%), the SSI (with 226 or 17.51%) and the PLRT (with 181 or 14.02%). In the 2015 federal election (National Council) the most popular party was the PPD which received 26.72% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the LEGA (26.16%), the PLRT (13.88%) and the PS (11.99%). In the federal election, a total of 1,082 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 58.61%. In the Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 1,924 registered voters in Riva San Vitale, of which 1,219 or 63.36% voted. 48 blank ballots and eight null ballots were cast, leaving 1,163 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD+GenGiova which received 238 or 20.46% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 235 or 20.21%), the SSI (with 231 or 19.86%) and the PLRT (with 172 or 14.79%). In the Consiglio di Stato election, 59 blank ballots and eight null ballots were cast, leaving 1,152 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the LEGA which received 317 or 27.52% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD (with 236 or 20.49%), the SSI (with 216 or 18.65%) and the PLRT (with 173 or 15.02%) In the 2019 federal election (National Council) the most popular party was the PPD which received 24.18% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the LEGA (17.55%), the PLRT (13.37%) and the PS (9.80%). In the federal election, a total of 1,006 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 53.85%. Economy , Riva San Vitale had an unemployment rate of 3.25%. , there were 31 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 322 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 43 businesses in this sector. 370 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 72 businesses in this sector. There were 1,099 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.3% of the workforce. the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 656. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 32, of which 18 were in agricultureand 14 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 343, of which 214 or (62.4%) were in manufacturing and 120 (35.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 281. In the tertiary sector; 69 or 24.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 10 or 3.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 30 or 10.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 1.8% were in the information industry, 5 or 1.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 26 or 9.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 101 or 35.9% were in education and 8 or 2.8% were in health care. , there were 843 workers who commuted into the municipality and 817 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.0 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 35.1% of the workforce coming into Riva San Vitale are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.4% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 9.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 62.1% used a private car. , there was one hotel in Riva San Vitale. Transport Riva San Vitale is served by the Capolago-Riva San Vitale railway station on the Gotthardbahn railway, which is situated about away in the adjoining community of Capolago. Buses of the Autolinea Mendrisiense provide a link to the station, as well as services to Brusino Arsizio, Mendrisio and Porto Ceresio. Religion From the , 1,914 or 83.5% were Roman Catholic, while 86 or 3.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 7 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.31% of the population), there were 4 individuals (or about 0.17% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 11 individuals (or about 0.48% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 7 (or about 0.31% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 7 individuals who were Buddhist, 14 individuals who were Hindu and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 133 (or about 5.80% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 107 individuals (or about 4.67% of the population) did not answer the question. Education In Riva San Vitale about 932 or (40.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 231 or (10.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 231 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.1% were Swiss men, 30.3% were Swiss women, 13.4% were non-Swiss men and 5.2% were non-Swiss women. In Riva San Vitale there were a total of 428 students (). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Riva San Vitale there were 59 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 117 students attended the standard primary schools and 4 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 114 students in the two-year middle school and 2 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 52 students were in the four-year advanced program. The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 31 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 44 who attend part-time. The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There were 5 students in the professional program. , there were 321 students in Riva San Vitale who came from another municipality, while 95 residents attended schools outside the municipality. A branch of an American university, Virginia Tech's Steger Center for International Scholarship, is located in a historic villa in Riva San Vitale. Formerly known as the Center for European Studies and Architecture (CESA), it is Virginia Tech's European campus center and base for operations and support of its programs in the region. Housed in the 250-year-old Villa Maderni, the provides various academic programs for the undergraduate and graduate students of Virginia Tech. The main offering of the Steger Center is its semester-long student residence program. In this program, students live in the municipality, attend classes in the Villa Maderni learning facilities, and participate in field trips around Europe that complement the academic program. The university also offers summer study-abroad programs at the center. References Cities in Switzerland Cultural property of national significance in Ticino Populated places on Lake Lugano
```javascript import YouTubePlayerRemoteBridge from "./io/YouTubePlayerRemoteBridge.js" function YouTubePlayer(communicationConstants, communicationChannel) { const UNSTARTED = "UNSTARTED" const ENDED = "ENDED" const PLAYING = "PLAYING" const PAUSED = "PAUSED" const BUFFERING = "BUFFERING" const CUED = "CUED" const YouTubePlayerBridge = new YouTubePlayerRemoteBridge(communicationConstants, communicationChannel) let player let lastState let lastVideoId function initialize() { YouTubePlayerBridge.sendYouTubeIframeAPIReady() player = new YT.Player('youTubePlayerDOM', { height: '100%', width: '100%', events: { onReady: () => YouTubePlayerBridge.sendReady(), onStateChange: event => sendPlayerStateChange(event.data), onPlaybackQualityChange: event => YouTubePlayerBridge.sendPlaybackQualityChange(event.data), onPlaybackRateChange: event => YouTubePlayerBridge.sendPlaybackRateChange(event.data), onError: error => YouTubePlayerBridge.sendError(error.data), onApiChange: () => YouTubePlayerBridge.sendApiChange() }, playerVars: { autoplay: 0, autohide: 1, controls: 0, enablejsapi: 1, fs: 0, origin: 'path_to_url rel: 0, showinfo: 0, iv_load_policy: 3 } }) } function restoreCommunication() { YouTubePlayerBridge.sendYouTubeIframeAPIReady() sendPlayerStateChange(lastState) YouTubePlayerBridge.sendVideoId(lastVideoId) } function sendPlayerStateChange(playerState) { lastState = playerState let timerTaskId clearInterval(timerTaskId) switch (playerState) { case YT.PlayerState.UNSTARTED: sendStateChange(UNSTARTED) return case YT.PlayerState.ENDED: sendStateChange(ENDED) return case YT.PlayerState.PLAYING: sendStateChange(PLAYING) timerTaskId = setInterval( () => YouTubePlayerBridge.sendVideoCurrentTime( player.getCurrentTime() ), 100 ) sendVideoData(player) return case YT.PlayerState.PAUSED: sendStateChange(PAUSED) return case YT.PlayerState.BUFFERING: sendStateChange(BUFFERING) return case YT.PlayerState.CUED: sendStateChange(CUED) return } function sendVideoData(player) { const videoDuration = player.getDuration() YouTubePlayerBridge.sendVideoDuration(videoDuration) } function sendStateChange(newState) { YouTubePlayerBridge.sendStateChange(newState) } } // JAVA to WEB functions function seekTo(startSeconds) { player.seekTo(startSeconds, true) } function pauseVideo() { player.pauseVideo() } function playVideo() { player.playVideo() } function loadVideo(videoId, startSeconds) { lastVideoId = videoId player.loadVideoById(videoId, startSeconds) YouTubePlayerBridge.sendVideoId(videoId) } function cueVideo(videoId, startSeconds) { lastVideoId = videoId player.cueVideoById(videoId, startSeconds) YouTubePlayerBridge.sendVideoId(videoId) } function mute() { player.mute() } function unMute() { player.unMute() } function setVolume(volumePercent) { player.setVolume(volumePercent) } function setPlaybackRate(playbackRate) { player.setPlaybackRate(playbackRate) } function nextVideo() { player.nextVideo() } function previousVideo() { player.previousVideo() } function playVideoAt(index) { player.playVideoAt(index) } function getActions() { return actions } function setLoop(loop) { player.setLoop(loop) } function setShuffle(shuffle) { player.setShuffle(shuffle); } const actions = { seekTo, pauseVideo, playVideo, loadVideo, cueVideo, mute, unMute, setVolume, setPlaybackRate, nextVideo, previousVideo, playVideoAt, setLoop, setShuffle } return { initialize, restoreCommunication, getActions } } export default YouTubePlayer ```
Aruattus is a monotypic genus of Indonesian jumping spiders containing the single species, Aruattus agostii. It was first described by D. V. Logunov & G. N. Azarkina in 2008, and is only found in Indonesia. The name is a combination of the Aru Islands, and attus, a prefix often used for salticid genera , meaning "jumper". The species is named after its collector, D. Agosti. References Monotypic Salticidae genera Salticidae Spiders of Indonesia
Simon Called Peter is a novel by Robert Keable (1887–1927) which was a best-seller in 1921. The title is a reference to Simon Peter the apostle and first Pope of the Catholic Church. In 1921 it was met with astonishing success, and its runaway popularity won Keable a level of celebrity. The book reportedly sold over 600,000 copies during the 1920s, reaching a 66th edition by 1922. A largely autobiographical work, Simon Called Peter is the tale of a priest, Peter Graham, who has an affair in wartime France with a nurse named Julie. The title character almost abandons his faith for love, but experiences a direct revelation of Christ while watching a Catholic mass and is given up by his lover, who sees his sincerity. The book was controversial at its introduction due to its sexual and religious content. It was made into a play in 1924 by Jules Eckert Goodman and Edward Knoblock; which had a short run on Broadway. This book is referred to in The Great Gatsby. Nick Carraway, the narrator, reads a chapter and claims that "either it was terrible stuff or the whisky distorted things, because it didn't make any sense to me." The novel was followed by a sequel, Recompense, published in 1924, which was made into a 1925 motion picture with the same title. References External links 1921 American novels
A folk museum is a museum that deals with folk culture and heritage. Such museums cover local life in rural communities. A folk museum typically displays historical objects that were used as part of the people's everyday lives. Examples of such objects include clothes and tools. Many folk museums are also open-air museums and some cover rural history. History The concept of open-air museums originated in Scandinavia in the late 19th century. The Swedish folklorist Artur Hazelius founded what was to become the Nordic Museum in 1873 to house an ethnographic collection of peasant furniture, clothes, tools, toys and other objects. He later set up the open-air museum Skansen in Stockholm in 1891, where he erected about 150 houses and farmsteads from all over Sweden, transporting them piece by piece and rebuilding them to provide a unique picture of traditional Sweden. Skansen became a model for other open-air establishments in Northern Europe. Examples The National Folk Museum of Korea was established in 1945 and provides a history of the Korean people from prehistory to the early 20th century, with over 98,000 artefacts housed in three main exhibition halls. It includes open-air exhibits, such as replicas of typical village structures, grinding mills, huts for rice storage, and pits where kimchi pots were stored over winter. Among the most notable folk museums are: Craft and Folk Art Museum, on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, California, now also known as "Craft Contemporary" Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, adjacent to historic Williamsburg, Virginia, asserted to be the earliest-opened still-operating museum of American folk art See also Local museum Open-air museum References External links Types of museums
St. Mary's Church is the parish church of Aldridge, a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall, England. It is operated by the Church of England. The church is grade-II* listed. Records show that it was built before 1257. Other than the 14th-century tower, all the exterior walls were added or rebuilt between the years 1841–1853. A south vestry was added in 1975. Between 1991 and 1995, the pews and choir stalls were removed. The church has two medieval effigies, of Sir Robert de Stapleton (active 1282–1301), lord of the Manor of Great Barr and Aldridge; and of a 14th-century priest, possibly Roger de Elyngton. The church's historic records are held at Staffordshire Record Office. Aldridge's war memorial stands on the green next to the church. The current Rector is the Revd Steve Doel. A 1955 painting of the church by the then Rector, the Rev Ronald William Cartmel, is in the collection of The New Art Gallery Walsall. References External links Saint Mary's Church of England church buildings in the West Midlands (county) 13th-century church buildings in England Buildings and structures in Walsall
St Paul's, Old Ford, is a late 19th-century church in Old Ford, London, England. It is an Anglican church in the Diocese of London. History St Paul's church was built in 1878 in Stratford-at-Bow (Stratford) and adjacent to a primary school with over 650 children on the official school roll. In 1991, the building was closed due to maintenance and safety concerns. The Parochial Church Council (PCC) and the locals were determined to see that the church remained open and, in fact, was improved. The "A New Heart for Bow" project was born. More than £3,000,000 was raised from more than a dozen sources and philanthropies. Matthew Lloyd Architects was appointed to refurbish the building and enable it to serve the wider community as well as the church. Originally designed to seat 600 worshippers, the worship space was reordered, retaining original features and furnishings, to seat approximately 150. A 'building within a building' was inserted in the nave: a four-storey steel frame clad in tulipwood is supported on curving steel columns to sit above the worship space. Dubbed the Ark, this insertion in effect adds two new floors to accommodate flexible community spaces. In the attic, above the Ark, a ‘universal access’ gymnasium has been inserted along with an office and changing rooms. Balfour Beatty served as the main contractor, and work began in March 2003 and ended over a year later, in May 2004. References Pevsner Architectural Guides, London: East vol 5, ed Bridget Cherry, Yale University Press 2005 Architectural Voices: Listening to Old Buildings, David Littlefield and Saskia Lewis, John Wiley Publishers 2007 Old Ford Diocese of London Old Ford
Jock Taylor (1954–1982) was a Scottish motorcycle sidecar racer. Jock Taylor may also refer to: Jock Taylor (footballer, born 1886) (1886–1916), played for Peterhead, Hull City, New Brompton and Leith Athletic Jock Taylor (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1964), played for St Johnstone, Cowdenbeath, Raith Rovers, Bristol City, Halifax Town and Clapton Orient Sir Jock Taylor (diplomat) (1924–2002), British diplomat See also John Taylor (disambiguation)
This article lists the oldest buildings in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States of America, including the oldest houses in Massachusetts and any other surviving structures. Some dates are approximate (indicated with a "") and based on architectural studies and historical records, while other dates are based on dendrochronology. All entries should include citation with reference to: 17th century architectural features; a report by an architectural historian; or dendrochronology. Sites on the list are generally from the First Period of American architecture. Only First Period houses built prior to 1728 are suitable for inclusion on this list or the building must be the oldest of its type. The Fairbanks House (built 1641) is the oldest house verified using dendrochronology, followed by the James Blake House (built in 1661), but most First Period structures in Massachusetts have not yet been tested with dendrochronology surveys. Verified through survey The following structures have been verified using dendrochronology or some other type of architectural survey. Estimates The following structures are claimed to have been built at or around the time attested. See also List of historic houses in Massachusetts First period houses in Massachusetts (1620–1659) First period houses in Massachusetts (1660–1679) Oldest buildings in the United States Notes References Further reading Massachusetts Architecture in Massachusetts Oldest Colonial architecture in Massachusetts Massachusetts history-related lists
Anjela Toma (born 11 August 1972) is a Moldovan former footballer who played as a midfielder. She has been a member of the Moldova women's national team. International career Toma capped for Moldova at senior level during the UEFA second categories of two FIFA Women's World Cup qualifiers (2003 and 2007). References 1972 births Living people Women's association football midfielders Moldovan women's footballers Moldova women's international footballers
Free silver was a major economic policy issue in the United States in the late 19th century. Its advocates were in favor of an expansionary monetary policy featuring the unlimited coinage of silver into money on-demand, as opposed to strict adherence to the more carefully fixed money supply implicit in the gold standard. Free silver became increasingly associated with populism, unions, and the struggle of ordinary Americans against the bankers, monopolists, and robber barons of the Gilded Age. Hence, it became known as the "People's Money". Supporters of an important place for silver in a bimetallic money system making use of both silver and gold, called "Silverites", sought coinage of silver dollars at a fixed weight ratio of 16-to-1 against dollar coins made of gold. Because the actual price ratio of the two metals was substantially higher in favor of gold at the time, most economists warned that the less valuable silver coinage would drive the more valuable gold out of circulation. While all agreed that an expanded money supply would inevitably inflate prices, the issue was whether this inflation would be beneficial or not. The issue peaked from 1893 to 1896, when the economy was suffering from a severe depression characterized by falling prices (deflation), high unemployment in industrial areas, and severe distress for farmers. It ranks as the 11th largest decline in U.S. stock market history. The "free silver" debate pitted the pro-gold financial establishment of the Northeast, along with railroads, factories, and businessmen, who were creditors deriving benefit from deflation and repayment of loans with valuable gold dollars, against farmers who would benefit from higher prices for their crops and an easing of credit burdens. Free silver was especially popular among farmers in the Wheat Belt (the western Midwest) and the Cotton Belt (the Deep South), as well as silver miners in the West. It had little support among farmers in the Northeast and the Corn Belt (the eastern Midwest). Free silver was the central issue for Democrats in the presidential elections of 1896 and 1900, under the leadership of William Jennings Bryan, famed for his Cross of Gold speech in favor of free silver. The Populists also endorsed Bryan and free silver in 1896, which marked the effective end of their independence. In major elections, free silver was consistently defeated, and after 1896 the nation moved to the gold standard. The debate over silver lasted from the passage of the Fourth Coinage Act in 1873, which demonetized silver and was called the "Crime of '73" by opponents, until 1963, when the Silver Purchase Act of 1934, which allowed the U.S. President and U.S Department of Treasury to regulate U.S silver, was completely repealed by Public Law 88-36. Definitions and explanation Under the gold specie standard, anyone in possession of gold bullion could deposit it at a mint where it would then be processed into gold coins. Less a nominal seigniorage to cover processing costs, the coins would then be paid to the depositor; this was free coinage of gold by definition. The objective of the free silver movement was that the mints should accept and process silver bullion according to the same principle, although the market value of the silver in circulating coins of the United States was substantially less than face value. As a result, the monetary value of silver coins was based on government fiat rather than on the commodity value of their contents, and this became especially true following the huge silver strikes in the West, which further depressed the silver price. From that time until the early 1960s the silver content in United States dimes, quarters, half-dollars, and silver dollars was worth only a fraction of their face values. Free coinage of silver would have amounted to an increase in the money supply, resulting in inflation. Response Many populist organizations favored an inflationary monetary policy because it would enable debtors (often farmers who had mortgages on their land) to pay their debts off with cheaper, more readily available dollars. Those who would suffer under this policy were the creditors such as banks and landlords. The most vocal and best-organized supporters were the silver mine owners (such as William Randolph Hearst) and workers, and the western states and territories generally, as most U.S. silver production was based there and the region had a great number of highly indebted farmers and ranchers. Outside the mining states of the West, the Republican Party steadfastly opposed free silver, arguing that the best road to national prosperity was "sound money", or gold, which was central to international trade. They argued that inflation meant guaranteed higher prices for everyone, and real gains chiefly for the silver interests. In 1896 Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado led many western Republicans to bolt and form a third party that supported Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, the short-lived Silver Republican Party. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, while falling short of free silver's goals, required the U.S. government to buy millions of ounces of silver (driving up the price of the metal and pleasing silver miners) for money (pleasing farmers and many others). However, the U.S. government paid for that silver bullion in gold notes—and actually reduced their coinage of silver. The result was a "run" on the U.S. Treasury's gold reserves, which was one of the many reasons for the Panic of 1893 and the onset of the 1890s Depression. Once he regained power, and after the Panic of 1893 had begun, Grover Cleveland engineered the repeal of the act, setting the stage for the key issue of the next presidential election. Climax The Populist Party had a strong free-silver element. Its subsequent combination with the Democratic Party moved the latter from the support of the gold standard which had been the hallmark of the Cleveland administration to the free-silver position epitomized by 1896 presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan in his Cross of Gold speech. Bryan's 1896 candidacy was supported by Populists and "silver Republicans" as well as by most Democrats. The issue was over what would back the US currency. The two options were: gold (wanted by the "Goldbugs" and William McKinley) and silver (wanted by the Silverites and Bryan). Unbacked paper (wanted by the Greenbacks) represented a third option. A fourth option, a currency backed by land value, was advocated by Senator Leland Stanford through several Senate bills introduced in 1890–1892, but was always killed by the Senate Finance Committee. Silver fraternal orders Three fraternal organizations rose to prominence during the mid-1890s and supported the silver campaign in 1896. They all disappeared after the failure of the campaign. List of Silverite fraternal orders Freemen's Protective Silver Federation - Founded in 1894 in Spokane, Washington, it adopted a constitution, bylaws, and a ritual at Pullman, Washington late that year. Their stated goal was "to unite the friends of silver under one banner to battle for the white metal and to wage war against the gold monopoly". It was reportedly an outgrowth of the National Order of Videttes. The order spread through the Pacific Coast states and east to the Missouri River. It claimed as many as 800,000 members in late 1896, though Stevens considered this "extravagant". Nevertheless, there was no doubt about its popularity and influence west of the Rocky Mountains during the 1896 free silver campaign. The obligation of the order was said to be "most emphatic and binding" and lawyers and bankers were barred from membership. The order was apparently defunct by the early 1920s. Silver Knights of America - Founded early in 1895 to campaign for free silver, it was headquartered in Washington, D.C., where it had a literary bureau. The governing body, the Supreme Temple, was incorporated as a stock company with $100,000 capital. Senator W. M. Stewart of Nevada was president, James Pait was vice-president, Oliver Sabin secretary, James A. B. Richard treasurer, and S. S. Yoder was the director-general. Many well-known current and former members of the House of Representatives were members. The organization was "pushed simultaneously" in Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, and Arkansas, from which it invaded the Democratic-leaning areas. There was a female branch, the Silver Ladies of America, which was "intended to strongly develop the social feature of the organization". The order had a ritual, grips, passwords, and a burial service. The order became defunct after 1896. Patriots of America - It was founded in late 1895 by William Harvey to organize for free silver in the 1896 campaign. Officers of the order included First National Patriot William Harvey, National Recorder Charles H. McClure of Michigan, and National Treasurer James F. Adams of Michigan. Each state was also expected to have a First State Patriot and these officers would constitute the Congress of Patriots. Each county was also supposed to have a First Patriot. The "First Patriots" of the national, state, and county level were expected to make an oath refusing to ever serve in elective or appointive offices or to have property over $100,000. There was an auxiliary organization, the Daughters of the Republic, which was tasked with looking after the poor of the Patriots of America. There were no dues and the order was financed through voluntary contributions. The order's object was to swing one of the parties to a free silver platform in 1896 and, if that failed, to launch an independent free silver ticket. The order was expected to hold a ballot every four years to determine what cause and candidate it would support, however, the order appeared to become defunct after 1896. Headquartered in Chicago. Result The city voters—especially German Americans—overwhelmingly rejected the free-silver cause out of the conviction that it would lead to economic disaster, unemployment, and higher prices. The diversified farmers of the Midwest and East opposed it as well, but the cotton farmers in the South and the wheat farmers in the West were enthusiastic for free silver. Bryan tried again in 1900 to raise the issue but lost by larger margins, and when he dropped the issue it fell out of circulation. Subsequent actions to revive the issue were unsuccessful. Symbolism Free silver became increasingly associated with populism, unions, and the fight of ordinary Americans against the bankers, railroad monopolists, and the robber barons of the Gilded Age capitalism era and was referred to as the "People's Money" (as opposed to the gold-based currency, which was portrayed by the Populists as the money of "exploitation" and "oppression"). William H. Harvey's popular pamphlet Coin's Financial School, issued in the aftermath of the Panic of 1893, illustrated the "restorative" properties of silver; through the devaluation of the currency, closed factories would reopen, darkened furnaces would be relit, and the like. But progressive activist Henry Demarest Lloyd held a harshly critical view, writing: "The free silver movement is a fake. Free silver is the cowbird of the reform movement. It waited until the nest had been built by the sacrifices and labor of others, and then it lay its own eggs in it, pushing out the others which lie smashed on the ground." Silver Purchase Act of 1934 In 1934, the passage of the Silver Purchase Act revived the debate stirred by Grover Cleveland's 1893 repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. The new law granted the U.S. President and U.S. Secretary of Treasury the authority to purchase silver, issue silver certificates, and also nationalize U.S. mines. The law also included a 50¢ tax on profits from the transfer of silver bullion and financing a "Silver Tax Stamp". After the law was passed, the U.S. Treasury paid rates for silver well over its 1934 value, achieving the hoped-for result, raising the price of silver from 45¢ to 81¢ an ounce. However, overprints on the Silver Stamp Taxes, which ranged from 1¢ to $1,000, also presented a problem for free, nationally owned silver. These were stamps attached to transfer memoranda to indicate payment of the silver tax. In 1943, the overprints were discontinued, and the Silver Purchase Act of 1934 would be fully repealed in 1963. See also Alexander del Mar Gresham's law Inflation Silver Party References Further reading Coletta, Paolo E. "Greenbackers, Goldbugs, and Silverites: Currency Reform and Politics, 1860-1897," in H. Wayne Morgan (ed.), The Gilded Age: A Reappraisal. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1963; pp. 111–139. Kazin, Michael. A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan (2007) Gramm, Marshall. "The Free Silver Movement in America: A Reinterpretation," Journal of Economic History, vol. 64, no. 4 ( Dec 2004), pp. 1108–1129. Ritter, Gretchen. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America. (1997) Rockoff, Hugh. "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a monetary allegory," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 98, no. 4 (Aug. 1990), pp. 739–60 in JSTOR Wells, Wyatt. "Rhetoric of the Standards: The Debate over Gold and Silver in the 1890s," Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, (Jan. 2015) 14#1 pp. 49–68. Weiss, Colin. 2019. "Contractionary Devaluation Risk: Evidence from the Free Silver Movement, 1878-1900." The Review of Economics and Statistics Williams, R. Hal. Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2010. External links The Money Question of the 51st Congress: Speeches before the 51st Congress (1889-1891) regarding "free silver", digitized and available on FRASER The Money Question of the 52nd Congress: Speeches before the 52nd Congress (1891–1893) regarding "free silver", digitized and available on FRASER The Money Question of the 53rd Congress: Speeches before the 53rd Congress (1893–1895) regarding "free silver", digitized and available on FRASER Free silver cartoons from Judge Economic history of the United States Economic ideologies Silver Metallism
Prince Ata (Viliami 'Unaki-'o-'Tonga Lalaka moe 'Eiki Tuku'aho; born 27 April 1988 in Nukuʻalofa) is a Tongan royal and Prince of Tonga, younger son of Tupou VI, King of Tonga. Biography Ata is the son of Tupou VI, King of Tonga, and Queen Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho. He has a brother Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala and a sister Princess Lātūfuipeka Tukuʻaho. He belongs to the line of succession to the Tongan throne and he is not married. He was appointed to the title of Ata in September 2006. He was educated at Canberra Grammar, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia. In 2014 King Tupou VI sent Prime Minister Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō and a group of soldiers to a church in Haveluloto to prevent him from being baptized as a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 2015, he became a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in a ceremony in Hawaii without his father's knowledge. Title, styles and honours Title 27 April 1988 – present: His Royal Highness Prince Ata of Tonga Honours National Honours : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of Pouono : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Queen Salote Tupou III : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Tonga : Recipient of the King Tupou VI Coronation Medal : Recipient of the King George Tupou V Coronation Medal References 1988 births Living people Tongan royalty Princes Tongan Latter Day Saints Converts to Mormonism from Methodism Former Methodists People from Nukuʻalofa People educated at Canberra Grammar School Sons of kings
Mark Lawrence (born 1966) is an American-British novelist who wrote The Broken Empire trilogy. In 2014, Lawrence won the David Gemmell Legend Award for best novel for Emperor of Thorns. He operates the annual Self-Published Fantasy Blog-Off. Biography Mark Lawrence was born in 1966, in the United States. While he was young, his parents moved to the United Kingdom. Lawrence has a degree in physics and holds a PhD in mathematics. He is married and has four children. Lawrence is the primary carer of his disabled child Celyn, and for this reason he does not travel to promote his books or attend conventions. He works as a novelist and was a research scientist in the field of artificial intelligence. He has held secret level clearance with both US and UK governments. Since 2015, Lawrence has operated the annual Self-Published Fantasy Blog-Off, a literary contest intended to bring greater visibility to self-published English-language fantasy authors. In 2021 Lawrence was nominated and shortlisted for the Nobel Peace Prize as a contributor to a North Carolina committee on justice reform. Reception Lawrence's first work, Prince of Thorns, was a finalist in the Goodreads Choice Award for "Best Fantasy 2011", a David Gemmell Morningstar Award Finalist in 2012 and short listed for the Prix Imaginales (Roman étranger) in 2013. Prince of Thorns was also one of Barnes & Noble's "Best Fantasy Releases of 2011". His second book, King of Thorns was again a finalist in the Goodreads Choice Award for "Best Fantasy 2012." King of Thorns was also one of Barnes & Noble's "Best Fantasy Releases of 2012", and a David Gemmell Legend Award Finalist in 2013. The final book in the Broken Empire trilogy, Emperor of Thorns, was published in August 2013 and was on the Sunday Times Bestseller list. It also made the final of the Goodreads Choice Award (2013) and won the David Gemmell Legend Award (2014). His second trilogy, The Red Queen's War, is set in the same world as the Broken Empire trilogy. Prince of Fools was a semi-finalist in the Goodreads Choice Award for "Best Fantasy 2014" in an expanded category. It was also a David Gemmell Legend Award Finalist in 2015. The Liar's Key was a semi-finalist in the Goodreads Choice Award for "Best Fantasy 2015", and won Lawrence a second David Gemmell Legend Award (2016). The Wheel of Osheim was a semi-finalist in the Goodreads Choice Award for "Best Fantasy 2016". In April 2015, Harper Voyager acquired the rights for his next fantasy trilogy – The Red Sister Trilogy – for a six-figure sum from Ian Drury at Sheil Land. This trilogy is not set in the world of the Broken Empire. His work is translated into 25 languages and he has sold around two million books worldwide. Bibliography The Broken Empire Prince of Thorns (August 2011) King of Thorns (August 2012) Emperor of Thorns (August 2013) A short story entitled Sleeping Beauty set in the Broken Empire was released in April 2014. The Red Queen's War Prince of Fools (June 2014) The Liar's Key (June 2015) The Wheel of Osheim (June 2016) Book of the Ancestor trilogy Red Sister (April 2017) Grey Sister (April 2018) Holy Sister (April 2019) Impossible Times One Word Kill (May 2019) Limited Wish (June 2019) Dispel Illusion (November 2019) The Book of the Ice The Girl and the Stars (April 2020) The Girl and the Mountain (April 2021) The Girl and the Moon (April 2022) The Library Trilogy The Book That Wouldn't Burn (May 2023) Short and standalone works Dark Tide (2012) released in Fading Light Anthology Quick (2013) released in Triumph Over Tragedy Anthology Select Mode (2013) released in Unfettered Bad Seed (2014) released in Grimdark Magazine issue No. 1 During the Dance (2014) A free standalone short story that is available on his Website A Rescue (2015)- Available in Legends II: Stories in Honour of David Gemmell The Dream-Taker's Apprentice (2015) First published in Fantasy Faction's 2015 anthology and one of three winners to be included in the Remastered Words 2017 audio anthology, eventually titled "Fabled Journey II" Christmas Tale - A free standalone short story that is available on his Website Locked In - A free standalone short story that is available on his Website No Second Troy - A short story that is available in the Broken Empire Omnibus Road Brothers - A short story collection that has 10 stories all set in The Broken Empire world. Gunlaw (2015) A Standalone book that is serially released on Wattpad Blood of the Red - A standalone books that is serially released on Wattpad The Hero of Aral Pass (2017) released in Art of War: Anthology for Charity Poetry Free poems available on his website: Sea Song Stumble Blue Shouting for the Echo High, Cold, Silent, Alone References External links Mark Lawrence Homepage Personal Blog Mark Lawrence Goodreads Page The Unofficial Website of Mark Lawrence Interview with Isaac Hooke Interview with Shadowlocked Grimdark Magazine interviews Mark Lawrence 1966 births Living people 21st-century American novelists 21st-century British novelists American fantasy writers American male novelists British fantasy writers British male writers 21st-century American male writers
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact. Classification Chacon (2014) There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan. Western Tucanoan ?Cueretú (Kueretú) † Napo Orejón ( M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá) Correguaje–Secoya Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá) Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca) ?Macaguaje ( Kakawahe, Piohé) † Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete) Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé) ?Tama † Eastern Tucanoan South Tanimuca (a.k.a. Retuarã) ?Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna) † West Barasana–Macuna Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna) Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano) Cubeo–Desano Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa) Yupua–Desano ?Yupuá † Desano–Siriano (a.k.a. Desano) East Central Tucano (Tukana, a.k.a. Dasea) Waimaha–Tatuyo Waimajã (a.k.a. Bara, Northern Barasano) Tatuyo North Kotiria–Piratapuyo Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá) Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina) Pisamira–Yuruti Pisamira–Carapano (Carapana, Karapana) Tuyuca–Yuruti Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, a.k.a. Bara, Barasana) Yurutí Plus unclassified Miriti.† Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia. Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016): († = extinct) Tukano Tukano, Western Kueretu † Tukano, Western, Nuclear Mai Huna Koreguaje-Pioje Koreguaje-Tama Koreguaje Tama † Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca) Makaguaje † Sekoya Siona Tetete † Tukano, Eastern Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna Tukano, Eastern, West Kubeo-Desano Kubeo Desano-Yupua Desano; Siriano Yupua † Makuna; Barasano; Eduria Tukano, Eastern, East Tukano-Tatuyo Tukano Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha Tatuyo Bara; Waimaha Tuyuka-Wanano Wanano-Piratapuyu Wanano Piratapuyo Tuyuka-Karapanã Karapanã; Pisamira Tuyuka; Yuruti Varieties Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. Western group Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River, Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct. Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River, department of Cauca, Colombia. Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River, department of Loreto, Peru. Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River, Putumayo territory, Colombia. Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River, Loreto. (Unattested.) Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River, Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.) Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River, Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.) Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River, Putumayo territory, Colombia. Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo, by a few families. Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River, Loreto. (Unattested.) Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River, Tarapoto River, and Aguarico River, Loreto. Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River, Loreto, Peru. Yahuna group Yahuna / Jaúna - spoken on the Apoporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Tanimuca / Opaina - spoken by a small tribe on the Popeyaca River and Guacayá River, Amazonas, Colombia. Dätuana - spoken north of the preceding tribe on the Apoporis River. Menimehe - spoken by a very little known tribe at the mouth of the Mirití-paraná River and Caquetá River. (Unattested.) Yupua group Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River, a tributary of the Apoporis River, Colombia. Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River, Amazonas territory, Colombia. Coretu group Coretu / Kueretú - spoken on the Mirití-paraná River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Cubeo group Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are: Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River, Amazonas. Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River. Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River. Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) Särä group Särä - spoken between the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. Ömöa - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia. Buhágana / Karawatana - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia. Macuna - spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, Colombia. Erulia group Erulia / Paboa / Eduria - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia. Tsaloa - spoken on the Piraparaná River. Palänoa - spoken on the middle course of the Piraparaná River. Desána group Desána / Wína / Vina - spoken between the Tiquié River and Caiarí River, partly in Colombia and partly in Brazil. Chiránga / Siriána - spoken on the Paca-igarapé River, Colombia. Tucano group Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River; state of Amazonas, Brazil. Uaíana - on the Caiary River, Colombia. Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River, partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia. Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.) Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River, Colombia. Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River, Colombia. Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia. Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River, Colombia. Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Colombia. Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River, Colombia. Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé, Colombia. Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River, Colombia. Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River, Colombia. Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras, Brazil. Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. Proto-language Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013): References Bibliography Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. . Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. External links Proel: Familia Tucanoana Language families Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
The A14 is a major trunk road in England, running from Catthorpe Interchange, a major intersection at the southern end of the M6 and junction 19 of the M1 in Leicestershire to the Port of Felixstowe, Suffolk. The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroutes E24 and E30. It is the busiest shipping lane in East Anglia carrying anything from cars to large amounts of cargo between the UK and Mainland Europe. Route Beginning at the Catthorpe Interchange, the A14 runs through Kettering, Northamptonshire towards Huntingdon where it now runs parallel to the A1 past Brampton, Cambridgeshire and now bypasses Huntingdon completely due to the A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Scheme from 2017 until 2022. It continues past Bar Hill towards Cambridge to meet the end of the M11 and the A428 at the Girton Interchange. The A14 continues easterly over northern Cambridge towards Newmarket where it briefly joins with the A11 to form the Newmarket Bypass between J36 and J38. The A11 splits off again towards the North and the A14 continues through Bury St Edmunds, past Stowmarket then on to bypass Ipswich via the Orwell Bridge and finally comes to an end at the Port of Felixstowe fully connecting the Midlands to East Anglia. The road is a dual carriageway, mostly with two lanes each way, but there are some dual three-lane sections: on the Newmarket bypass (between Junctions 36 and 38) where it runs concurrent with the A11, at Kettering (between Junctions 7 and 9) and as of December 2019, with the opening of the Cambridge to Huntington improvement scheme, dual three-lanes between Milton and the A1 Junction at Brampton (Junctions 22 to 33). There is also a short dual four-lane section of the A14 that runs between Bar Hill and the Girton Interchange. There are three at-grade junctions: with the junction 59 at Trimley St Martin in Cambridgeshire (junction 15); at the Leighton Bromswold turn a few miles to the east (junction 17); and at the Dockspur Roundabout at the edge of Felixstowe (junction 60). There were two additional at-grade roundabouts along the former A14 main route, these being Brampton Hut Interchange (Junction 21) and Spittals Interchange (former Junction 23). However, these junctions are no longer part of the A14 since the opening of the new alignment south of Huntingdon in December 2019. The old A14 from Huntingdon Spittals interchange to Godmanchester was closed both ways for a 2-year period, and has now reopened in 2022 as part of the A1307, after the Huntingdon railway viaduct has been dismantled. Link roads at Hinchingbrooke and Mill Common will connect the former A14 dual carriageway to the road network in Huntingdon. History The current A14 includes parts of the former A45 between Felixstowe and Cambridge, the A604 between Cambridge and Kettering, a short stretch of the former A6 west of Kettering, plus a new link road which was constructed in the early 1990s between there and the M1/M6 interchange at Catthorpe, Leicestershire. Prior to the current A14, the main route from Birmingham to the Haven ports followed the M6, M1, A428 and A45 via Coventry, Rugby, Northampton, Bedford, St Neots and Cambridge, and then went through all the towns on the A14 to Felixstowe. Prior to its use for the current route, the A14 designation had been used for a section of road between the A10 at Royston and the A1 at Alconbury, following part of the route of Ermine Street which is now designated the A1198 to Godmanchester and the A1307 to Alconbury. The section through Huntingdon is currently closed following the opening of the Huntingdon by-pass; Highways England plans to demolish a viaduct carrying the road over the River Great Ouse and the Great Northern railway and build junctions with local roads. The M45 motorway was constructed in 1959 parallel to part of the old A45 in the Midlands. It opened on the same day as the M1 motorway and was soon one of the busiest sections of the motorway. The M6 opened in the late 1960s and early 1970s, after which more traffic to the ports used the route from junction 1 of the M6 via the A427 to Market Harborough, followed by a short section of the A6 to Kettering and then the A604 to Cambridge, before joining the old A45 to the ports as above. The M45 now carries little traffic. The sections from Huntingdon east to the ports were upgraded first, starting with the Huntingdon bypass in 1973, followed by the Girton-to-Bar Hill section in 1975/76 and the Cambridge northern bypass and Cambridge/Newmarket section in 1976/77. The Bar Hill-to-Huntingdon section opened in 1979, prior to the M11 which was fully opened in 1980. The Ipswich southern bypass, including the Orwell Bridge, opened between 1982 and 1985. The A604 between Kettering and Huntingdon was upgraded and the section from Catthorpe to Kettering was constructed between 1989 and 1991 (commonly referred to at the time as the "M1-A1 link road") following a lengthy period of consultation. The first inquiry was in 1974 and then a series of inquiries for sections of the preferred route from September 1984 until June 1985, during which objections came from some 1,130 sources. Subsequent public inquiries were held regarding Supplementary Orders. The route close to the site of the Battle of Naseby was particularly difficult, and was taken to the High Court. The link was opened by Transport Secretary John MacGregor on 15 July 1994. Work to create a compact grade-separated junction (Junction 45/Rougham) and to re-align a stretch of carriageway was completed in 2006. Vehicles over 7.5 tonnes traveling east were banned from using the outside lane on a dual two-lane section on a steep climb to Welford summit close to Junction 1 (A5199) from spring 2007; a similar scheme covered of the westbound carriageway from Junction 2, including a particularly steep climb to Naseby summit. The bans are active between 6am and 8pm, and are intended to reduce delays to other traffic from lorries attempting to pass on these climbs. Between 2007 and 2008 a new section of a two-lane dual carriageway was constructed at the Haughley Bends, one of Suffolk's most notorious accident blackspots, to rationalise access using a new grade-separated junction. The road opened in the summer of 2008 with some associated local works being completed early in 2009. Variable Message Signs (VMS), traffic queue detection loops and closed circuit TV (CCTV) were installed at a cost of £50M during 2009 to 2010 Both carriageways between Junction 52 (Claydon) and Junction 55 (Copdock) were refurbished during 2010 at a cost of £9 million. Work was being carried out a year earlier than scheduled as part of a UK government's fiscal stimulus package. The Cambridgeshire Guided Busway connecting Cambridge, Huntingdon and St Ives, which opened in 2011, was intended to remove 5.6% of traffic using that section of the A14 (rising to 11.1% with the new Park & Ride sites), although as other traffic re-routes to the freed-up road space from other parts of the local road network, the net reduction is predicted to be 2.3%. The Felixstowe and Nuneaton freight capacity scheme, designed to take more lorry traffic off the A14 between the Port and the Midlands by increasing rail capacity and allowing the carriage of larger 'Hi-cube' shipping containers by widening to the W10 loading gauge, opened in 2011. Junction 55 (Copdock interchange) to the south of Ipswich was signalisation in 2011, along with lengthening the off-slip from the A1214. The section around Kettering between Junctions 7 and 9 was widened to three lanes between November 2013 and April 2015 at a cost of £42m. After initially being shelved in 2010, the Catthorpe Interchange at the road's Western terminus underwent a massive restructuring in 2014. The redesigned junction was intended to allow free-flowing traffic movement between the A14, the southern terminus of the M6 motorway and Junction 19 of the M1 motorway. The first part opened in September 2016, and the upgrade was completed three months later. A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme The plan, originally called the 'A14 Ellington to Fen Ditton', was to include widening from Fen Ditton to Fen Drayton broadly on the existing alignment, and then a new route to be constructed from Fen Drayton to Ellington, the route following a widened A1 for a short distance south of Brampton Interchange. One of the main reasons for the widening and the new road was the volume of traffic using the existing road. This section was heavily used by local traffic, long-distance traffic to/from the M11 to A1(M), and freight traffic to/from Felixstowe and the Midlands. Another reason was the deteriorating condition of the Huntingdon viaduct over the East Coast Main Line. The viaduct was reaching the end of its life and needed replacing, a task that would require closing the road for a long period of time and not improve congestion. The Highways Agency unveiled its plans in March 2005. Details of the preferred route for the Fen Drayton-to-Fen Ditton section were published in March 2007. The contract was awarded to Costain Skanska Joint Venture on 28 January 2008, which worked on detailed plans for the Highways Agency before publishing a draft order. The scheme was expected to open in stages between 2015 and 2016. The Highways Agency estimated that the widening and the new road would cost in total between £690 million and £1.2 billion, making this the most expensive scheme in its roads programme. In October 2009 the cost estimate had risen to £1.3 billion with work due to start in 2012 and being completed in winter 2015/2016. The Campaign for Better Transport was opposed to the plans, listing their reasons for objection as the carbon emissions the road would induce, the cost, and its negative impact on non-car travel. The coalition government suspended the scheme when it came into power, with Philip Hammond, the Secretary of State for Transport, suggesting that the scheme would be 'axed', and that the only way it would get built was as a toll road. It was confirmed at the end of October that government money would not pay for the scheme, when Roads Minister Mike Penning said that the scheme was not affordable and no longer offered acceptable value for money. The scheme was officially cancelled in 2010. In 2011, the government announced an 'A14 Challenge' inviting people to present proposals for the route. The revised scheme was similar to its predecessor and was now known as the 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme'. It involved widening of the A1 between Brampton and Alconbury, a new Huntingdon southern bypass, widening of the existing A14 from Swavesey to Milton, and a new local access road between Swavesey and Girton. The A14 through Huntingdon around the Huntingdon viaduct would be redundant and the viaduct demolished. In November 2012, it was reported that the scheme might be back on a fast track to implementation and it was mentioned in the June 2013 spending review. The project was approved by the Secretary of State for Transport in May 2016. Work was due to be completed by March 2021 at a cost of £1.2–1.8 billion. In September 2018, Highways England said it was to ask the Planning Inspectorate to consider giving the upgraded section of A14 motorway status, to be known as the A14(M). However, shortly after the amendment of the Development Consent Order, the announcement came that the new Huntingdon southern bypass, between Brampton and the A1 to Swavesey, was ready a year ahead of schedule. Instead of waiting for the road to be reclassified, Highways England made the decision to withdraw the application so the road could be opened to traffic as soon as possible. The of new bypass opened a year ahead of schedule from the A14 at Swavesey to the A1 at Brampton on 9 December 2019, and the remainder of the route opened on 5 May 2020. A smart motorway in all but name, the new road has variable message signs and gantries, emergency SOS lay-bys and virtually all non-motorway traffic is prohibited from using the new road (this includes pedestrians, cyclists, horse riders, horses & carriages, motorcycles under 50cc and agricultural vehicles). The new route is also to be supplied with variable speed limits to reduce congestion when legislation is passed to allow this technology to be used on primary roads. At the same time as the southern section opening, junctions on the A14 between Ellington and Bar Hill were renumbered. This upgraded section of the A14 has fewer junctions than previously; junctions 26 to 30 no longer exist. The section of the old A14 from Godmanchester to the Spittals interchange in Huntingdon was permanently closed after the Huntington bypass opened, in order to remove the Huntingdon viaduct over the East Coast Main Line. The project to build new links to the town centre is to be completed by 2022. The construction works of the section between Huntingdon and Godmanchester, specifically where the River Great Ouse is crossed, was painted by Michael Murfin, a local artist. The artist's work records various stages of the build, depicting workers on the site and the heavy machinery used in the construction of the viaduct. Junction list Identity of the A14 spur from the A1(M) north of Huntingdon From the A12 west of Ipswich to the M1/M6 junction, the A14 is part of (but not signed as) the E-road E 24, and from Ipswich to Felixstowe it is part of E 30. The numbering of the A14 is inconsistent with the national road numbering scheme, as it begins in zone 5 and crosses through zone 6 on the way to zone 1 east of Huntingdon to Felixstowe. The road is concurrent with the A12 road from the Seven Hills Interchange to the Copdock Interchange which forms the Ipswich Southern bypass and with the A11 road between junctions 36 and 38. Until the opening in 2019 of the Huntingdon bypass, there was some confusion as to the identity of the section of road between the A141 junction at Stukeley (Spittals Interchange) and the A1(M). The Ordnance Survey 1:25000 map showed the A-road section as part of the A14 and the motorway section (between the B1043 junction and the A1(M)) as the A14(M). However, some official documents, including the 1993 statutory instrument which authorised the motorway upgrade, referred to it as the A604(M). The same confusion appeared on the former Highways Agency page about the 1996-8 upgrade to the A1(M) between Alconbury and Peterborough. The signs on entering the motorway section, unusually, show a large "start of motorway" symbol with no number, and there are no driver location signs confirming the route number. Following the opening of the Huntingdon bypass, the former A14 between the A1(M) and the Cambridge Services at Swavesey has been renumbered A1307, with the section through Huntingdon itself closed for the time being. Therefore, the "Alconbury spur" of the former A14 trunk route finally carries a unique road number again, in the form of the A1307. The official number of the former A14(M) stub is not known: some claim it is still A14(M), as the new road did not become a motorway in the end; others claim A604(M), although the lack of an A604 makes this hard to believe; and others still claim it is just a spur of the A1(M), carrying the same number. East of the Girton Interchange with the M11 at Cambridge, the A14 used to be the A45, and much of the long-distance traffic further west had previously used the A45 route. The section between Cambridge and Kettering used to be the A604, apart from a short section near Kettering that used to be part of the A6. The road which was the A14 until the late 1980s is now the A1198 between Royston, Hertfordshire and Godmanchester. Longer term plans The Highways Agency has plans to increase capacity from junction 3 to junction 10 near Kettering 'in the longer term' and also to widen the road throughout Northamptonshire to "help cut the number of accidents and cope with the likely growth in traffic". Notable incidents 17 November 1998. A lorry collided with the petrol station between Bar Hill and Lolworth. The incident happened shortly before 11am and one person was killed and many others injured. The road was closed and there were huge tailbacks. 26 July 2006. The A14 was closed for 24 hours near Newmarket when a van carrying acetylene gas canisters caught fire and the rescue services were advised by BOC that they could remain unstable and would need 24 hours to cool. Bomb disposal officers were called in and the Red Cross set up a centre in Newmarket for those who were stranded. References External links GO East CHUMMS page containing links to the report documents Public consultation on Huntingdon Bypass (March 2007) Roads in England Roads in Cambridgeshire Transport in Northamptonshire Roads in Suffolk Proposed roads in the United Kingdom Proposed transport infrastructure in the East of England Constituent roads of European route E30
Calliostoma strobilos is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. Some authors place this taxon in the subgenus Calliostoma (Fautor). Description The height of the shell attains 14 mm. Distribution This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Fiji Islands. References Notes Sources Vilvens C. 2005. New records and new species of Calliostoma and Bathyfautor (Gastropoda: Calliostomatidae) from the Vanuatu, Fiji and Tonga. Novapex 6(1–2): 1–17 Bouchet, P.; Fontaine, B. (2009). List of new marine species described between 2002–2006. Census of Marine Life External links strobilos Gastropods described in 2005
Alhaji M.N.D Jawula (2 May 1949 – 21 January 2023) was a Ghanaian statesman, civil servant, chief, and football administrator. He served as the president for Ghana Football Association from 1997 to 2000. He was chief of the Kujolobito Gate of Lepo-Kpembe of Salaga in the Savannah Region. Early life Alhaji was born at Cow Lane in Accra to Kpembiwura Jawula Ababio, a former Convention People's Party (CPP) party chairman and Hajia Suweibatu Shardow. He was the only child of his mother. As royal, the childhood of Jawula was a memorable one. Unlike other boys of his age, young Jawula was exempted from performing house chores. But instead most of his time was used at his father's palace, where he listen to elders and learn the traditions of his peoples. Education Young Jawula started his education at an early age at Kpandai, the town his father was a chief of. From Kpandai, he continued his edcuation at Tamale Secondary School. With his love for sports, he became an integral member of the school's sport team. He was both a 100 metres athletic and a table tennis player. Young Jawula started his political career at this level and became the Senior Prefect of the school. After the sixth form, he gained admission into University of Cape Coast to read English and Economics in1968. He had his Master's in African Literature at University of Ghana, Legon. In both universities, he taught by some famous personalities, notable among them was Efua Sutherland and Ama Atta Aidoo. Career As a civil servant After his education, he returned to his Alma Mater, Tamale Secondary School and taught as a teacher from 1972 to 1974 where he later became the Head of the Economic Department of the school. Alhaji Jawula later served as Assistant Secretary at the East Dagomba district council in Yendi between 1976 and 1978 . In 1989, he traveled to Canada as a fellow at the University of Carlton, Ottawa. Jawula had also worked in a number of ministries, He joined the Ministry of Finance from 2000 to 2003 as a Deputy Director of Administration. After his service, he was moved to serve as the Chief Director for Ministry of Harbours and Railways from 2003 to 2006. Due to his managerial and administrative experience, he was appointed the Chief Director of Ministry of Health. He served in this capacity from 2006 to 2008, all under the presidency of His excellency John Agyekum Kuffuor. He also served on many boards including the Cocoa Board, the Shippers Council, and many others as Board Member. Alhaji Jawula was the Consulting and founding Director for the Otumfuo Centre for Traditional Leadership, UPSA from 2014 to 2019. In Politics Under the presidency of the later Flt. Lt. Jerry John Rawlings, he served as the Chief Executive Officer in Walewale between 1979 and 1980 as District Chief Executive for West Mamprusi District Council. He received several appointment under NPP administration of President J.A. Kuffuor. Alhaji Jawula was former running mate aspirant/hopeful of the New Patriotic Party (NPP). References 1949 births 2023 deaths 20th-century Ghanaian politicians People from Accra 21st-century Ghanaian politicians
Pneumatopteris truncata, also known as the Christmas Island fern, is a species of terrestrial fern in the Thelypteridaceae family. Description The species grows as a large upright fern with 80–120 cm long fronds. Distribution and habitat The species is found in various sites in Asia, including India, southern China and Indochina. It also occurs on Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the eastern Indian Ocean, where it inhabits permanently moist sites in deep shade. The extremely small Christmas Island population has been listed as Critically Endangered under Australia's EPBC Act. References truncata Ferns of Asia Flora of Christmas Island Ferns of Australia Taxa named by Jean Louis Marie Poiret Plants described in 1804
The Padre Pedro Chien Municipality is one of the 11 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Bolívar and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 15,488. The town of El Palmar is the shire town of the Padre Pedro Chien Municipality. Demographics The Padre Pedro Chien Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 14,749 (up from 12,810 in 2000). This amounts to 1% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is . Government The mayor of the Padre Pedro Chien Municipality is Franklin Gonzalez, re-elected on October 31, 2004, with 76% of the vote. The municipality is divided into one parish (Capital Padre Pedro Chien). See also El Palmar Bolívar Municipalities of Venezuela References External links padrepedrochien-bolivar.gob.ve Municipalities of Bolívar (state)
"Darkness on the Edge of Town" is the last song on the 1978 album of the same name, Darkness on the Edge of Town, by Bruce Springsteen. It was the last song recorded and mixed, and in April 1978 was designated the title song. A thematic album whose songs portray the struggles of the less-fortunate, not only to survive, but to keep their spirit and will to live alive, the title track portrays a hard-luck loser in life who refuses to give up. Springsteen's fourth album, released three years after his 1975 effort Born to Run, was delayed two years because of legal problems with his former manager, Mike Appel. Expectations were high after he took one year to complete the album. Background "Darkness on the Edge of Town" ("Darkness") is the story of a hard-luck loser, who keeps his spirit alive through street racing on the Edge. In his world, "no one asks any questions, or looks too long in your face". He describes his desperation, "some folks are born into a good life, other folks get it anyway anyhow, I lost my money and I lost my wife, them things don't seem to matter much to me now", and then what he plans to do about it. "Tonight I'll be on that hill 'cause I can't stop, I'll be on that hill with everything I got, where lives are on the line and dreams are found and lost, I'll be there on time and I'll pay the cost, for wanting things that can only be found in the darkness on the edge of town". "Darkness on the Edge of Town" was conceived in early 1976, shortly after the Born to Run tour ended. Indeed, the title can be found in two lists of songs that were penned sometime in 1976, with rumors that band rehearsals during 1976 at Bruce's home at Holmdel, NJ included versions of "Darkness On The Edge Of Town". With music and some lyrics written by February 1976, the song was subtitled "The Racer" for a time. However, its lyrics were not completed as of June 1, 1977, the first day of the Darkness on the Edge of Town recording sessions. Bruce and the E Street Band worked on the song for five days in June 1977, then set it aside, incomplete, for the rest of the year. On March 8, 1978, over two months after the sessions were completed, Springsteen called in his band, and a new version of "Darkness" was recorded from scratch, completed on March 10, and mixed on March 30, just in time to make it on the album as the closing track. The album was released on June 2, 1978. It is thought possible that Springsteen was working on "Darkness" all along, during the nine months that passed, and came up with the words at the last moment, which he did twice on Born to Run, with "Backstreets" and "She's the One". Release Rolling Stone designated the song at number 8 on a list of the 100 greatest Bruce Springsteen songs. Though not released as a single, it was included on many live albums and on the compilations The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003) and Greatest Hits (2009). The song makes several apparent references to locations in Louisville, Kentucky, as it mentions "Abram's bridge" (Abraham Lincoln Bridge) and "Fairview" (Fairview Street in Louisville), although this has never been verified. The song is also one of Springsteen's most popular concert songs (13th most played song). Personnel According to authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon: Bruce Springsteen – vocals, guitars Roy Bittan – piano Clarence Clemons – tambourine Danny Federici – organ, glockenspiel Garry Tallent – bass Steven Van Zandt – guitar Max Weinberg – drums References Bruce Springsteen songs Songs written by Bruce Springsteen 1978 songs Song recordings produced by Jon Landau Song recordings produced by Bruce Springsteen
Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman is a collection of writings (mostly essays, with occasional articles, interviews and speech transcripts) by Richard Stallman. It introduces the subject of history and development of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation, explains the author's philosophical position on Free Software movement, deals with the topics of software ethics, copyright and patent laws, as well as business practices in application to computer software. The author proposes Free software licenses (mostly GPL) as a solution to social issues created by proprietary software and described in essays. The introduction is written by Lawrence Lessig, professor at Harvard Law School. The book is available online allowing verbatim (without making changes) copying and distribution of the whole collection, while each essay is licensed under Creative Commons CC BY-ND 4.0 International License. Content Three editions were published by GNU Press (in 2002, 2010 and 2015), each subsequent containing updated versions of the original essays and new works about emerging contemporary issues. The 3rd edition is divided into seven main parts: The GNU Project and Free Software – defines four essential software freedoms, shows ethical and social advantages of using and creating free software and explains Stallman's personal background on starting the GNU Project. It contains the original announcement of the project which became part of GNU Manifesto. What's in a Name? – is dedicated to explaining Stallman's position on many naming conventions he considers wrong (intellectual property), harmful (free versus open-source), or in need of clarification (GNU/Linux naming controversy). Copyright and Injustice – explains why current interpretation of copyright law does not meet the original purpose and goes as far as to state that it is even detrimental to that. Notably, it contains a short story entitled The Right to Read. Software Patents: Danger to Programmers – does similar demonstration for patent law. Free Software Licensing – is dedicated to justifying a need for free software licenses, describing differences between them and explaining copyleft. It contains a full text of the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License and the GNU Free Documentation License. Traps and Challenges – outlines existing dangers to software freedom, like DRM or software as a service. Value Community and Your Freedom – is a set of essays on many topics, mainly Stallman's reflections on the community, society and democracy. In addition, the book contains three appendices: A Note on Software Translations of “Free Software” and “Gratis Software” The Free Software Song See also Free as in Freedom, a Stallman bio by Sam Williams References External links 1st edition pdf download from gnu.org 2nd edition pdf download from gnu.org 2nd edition in e-reader-compatible formats (epub, mobi, xhtml) 2nd edition Russian version on Github with TeX-sources (pdf, epub, fb2) 3rd edition pdf download from gnu.org 3rd edition in e-reader-compatible formats (epub, mobi) 3rd edition on FSF webshop 3rd edition TeX source code from gnu.org 3rd edition Chinese version Online and its source code by Beijing GNU/Linux User Group 2002 non-fiction books 2010 non-fiction books Books about free software Works about the information economy Copyleft media GNU Project
Las Anod conflict may refer to: 2023 Las Anod conflict, an armed conflict in Las Anod, Somaliland Battle of Las Anod (2007), a battle between Somaliland and Puntland forces
Adam Clymer (April 27, 1937 – September 10, 2018) was an American journalist. He was a prolific political correspondent for The New York Times. Career Clymer worked for the New York Daily News for a short period. Clymer worked for The New York Times from 1977 until July 2003, and served as its national political correspondent for the 1980 presidential election, and polling editor from 1983 to 1990. As polling editor, Clymer collaborated with CBS News. He worked as political editor for George H. W. Bush's presidential campaign in 1988, and chief Washington correspondent from 1999 through 2003. Clymer covered the 2000 presidential campaign for the Times and wrote at least one article that was considered unfavorable by the campaign of George W. Bush. Clymer wrote an analysis of Cheney's tax returns, including his conclusion that he only gave 1% of his $20 million earnings to charity. Clymer may be best known for an incident on September 4, 2000, when Bush and running mate Dick Cheney appeared at a campaign event in Naperville, Illinois. While on stage before the event, Bush said to Cheney, "There's Adam Clymer, major-league asshole from the New York Times." Cheney responded, "Oh yeah, he is, big time." The remarks were picked up by a live microphone, causing a minor campaign controversy. Bush subsequently remarked, "I regret that a private comment I made to the vice presidential candidate made it through the public airways. I regret everybody heard what I said," but declined to retract the comment itself. While he never apologized for the comment itself, Bush made an attempt to smooth it over, making light of it at the next Washington Press Club Foundation Dinner by referring to Adam Clymer as a "major-league ass...et." For his part, Clymer noted that Bush sent him a nice letter of condolences when his mother died in 2001. In 1981, Clymer co-authored Reagan: The Man, the President with fellow New York Times journalists Hedrick Smith, Leonard Silk, Robert Lindsey, and Richard Burt. In 1999, he wrote Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography. In 2004, Clymer became a visiting scholar at the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania, where he served as Political Director for the National Annenberg Election Survey. Personal life Born to a Unitarian family, the son of children's book author Eleanor Clymer (née Lowenton) and Kinsey Clymer, Clymer attended The Walden School in Manhattan and then Harvard College, receiving an A.B. in 1958. Clymer's journalism career began when he was in high school; he wrote for the school newspaper and collected sports scores for The New York Times. He did post-graduate work at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. In 1960, he joined The Virginian-Pilot in Norfolk, a job which he followed up with work at The Baltimore Sun and the New York Daily News. Adam Clymer was married to Ann Clymer (née Ann Wood Fessenden) from 1961 until her death on February 10, 2013. They had one daughter, Jane Emily Clymer, who was killed at the age of 18 by a drunken driver in September 1985. The Clymers established a memorial scholarship at the University of Vermont in her name. As of 2013, the scholarship had aided fifty women in attending the university. Clymer died from pancreatic cancer on September 10, 2018, in Washington, D.C., at the age of 81. Awards Everett McKinley Dirksen Award for Distinguished Reporting of Congress, 1993 The Washington Monthly's Monthly Journalism Award, 2003, for his January 3, 2003 Times article, Government Openness at Issue as Bush Holds On to Records Carey McWilliams Award honoring a major journalistic contribution to our understanding of politics, American Political Science Association, 2003 Books Smith, Hedrick; Clymer, Adam; et al. (1981). Reagan the Man, the President. Pergamon Pr. . Clymer, Adam (1986). "The New York Times" Year in Review 1987. Three Rivers Press. . Clymer, Adam (2000). Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography. Perennial (HarperCollins). . Clymer, Adam (2003). Journalism, Security and the Public Interest: Best practices for reporting in unpredictable times. Aspen Institute, Communications and Society Program. . Clymer, Adam (2008). Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch. University of Kansas Press. References External links Biography from the University of Vermont, on the occasion of his commencement address and honorary degree in 2005 Interview with Adam Clymer about the "major-league asshole" comment with CNN's Reliable Sources, September 9, 2000 A "major-league asshole", Salon.com, September 4, 2000 Cartoon on Bush's obscenity, September 3, 2000 Opinion piece in National Review by Tim Graham, September 5, 2000 Better Campaign Reporting: A View From the Major Leagues, Clymer's address in 2002 at Wesleyan University National Annenberg Election Survey 1937 births 2018 deaths 20th-century American journalists American male journalists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American journalists 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers American newspaper reporters and correspondents Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C. Harvard College alumni The New York Times writers University of Cape Town alumni Journalists from New York City
The 4708th Air Defense Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with the 30th Air Division of Air Defense Command (ADC) at Selfridge Air Force Base (AFB), Michigan, where it was discontinued in 1956. It was established in 1952 at Selfridge as the 4708th Defense Wing in a general reorganization of Air Defense Command (ADC), which replaced wings responsible for a base with wings responsible for a geographical area. It assumed control of several fighter Interceptor squadrons that had been assigned to the 56th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, some of which were Air National Guard squadrons mobilized for the Korean War. In early 1953 it also was assigned nine radar squadrons in the Midwest. Several of these radar squadrons were located in Canada as part of the Mid-Canada Line. At the same time its dispersed fighter squadrons combined with colocated air base squadrons into air defense groups. The wing was redesignated as an air defense wing in 1954. It was discontinued in and its units transferred to the 30th Air Division in 1956. History The wing was organized as the 4708th Defense Wing the beginning of February 1952 at Selfridge AFB, Michigan as part of a major reorganization of ADC responding to ADC's difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying fighter squadrons to best advantage. It assumed operational control and the air defense mission of fighter squadrons formerly assigned to the inactivating 56th Fighter-Interceptor Wing (FIW). The 61st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS), flying Lockheed F-94 Starfire aircraft, and the 172d FIS, flying World War II era North American F-51 Mustang aircraft were located at Selfridge, while the 63d FIS, flying F-86 Sabre aircraft, was located at Oscoda AFB. The 136th FIS at Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, flying World War II era Republic F-47 Thunderbolt aircraft was also transferred to the wing from the 101st FIW, and the 71st FIS at Greater Pittsburgh Airport, another F-86 unit, was transferred from the 1st FIW. The support elements of the 56th FIW's 56th Air Base Group and 56th Maintenance & Supply Group were replaced at Selfridge by the wing's 575th Air Base Group, and air base squadrons were activated at each of the dispersed locations assigned to the wing to support the fighter squadrons at those stations. The wing's mission was to train and maintain tactical units in a state of readiness to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft attempting to penetrate the air defense system in the Great Lakes area. In July 1952, units at Oscoda AFB were transferred to the 4706th Defense Wing, while in the following month, the 166th FIS, at Youngstown Municipal Airport, where it flew Republic F-84 Thunderjet aircraft was transferred from the 4706th. In November, the federalized Air National Guard (ANG) squadrons were returned to state control. The 136th FIS was returned to the New York ANG and replaced by the 47th FIS, the 166th FIS was returned to the Ohio ANG and replaced by the 86th FIS, and the 172nd FIS was returned to the Michigan ANG, and replaced by the 431st FIS. Another F-51 squadron, the 56th FIS, was activated at Selfridge later that month. although it converted to F-86 aircraft by the start of 1953. In February 1953, another major reorganization of ADC activated Air Defense Groups at ADC bases with dispersed fighter squadrons. These groups were assigned to the wing and assumed direct control of the interceptor squadrons at those bases, as well as support squadrons to carry out their role as the USAF host organizations at the bases. As a result of this reorganization, the 575th Air Base Group was redesignated the 575th Air Defense Gp and assumed control of the fighter squadrons at Selfridge, while the 500th Air Defense Group at Pittsburgh and the 502d Air Defense Group at Youngstown controlled the squadrons at these locations. Oscoda AFB (now renamed Wurtsmith AFB), where the 527th Air Defense Group was activated, returned to the control of the wing. Although the 518th Air Defense Group took over operations at Niagara Falls, it was assigned to another wing. The reorganization also resulted in the wing adding the radar detection, control and warning mission, and it was assigned eight Aircraft Control & Warning Squadrons (AC&W Sq) in the United States and Canada to perform this mission. In November it added an additional AC&W Sq. In 1955, ADC implemented Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list the fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. As a result of this project, the 500th Air Defense Gp was replaced by the 54th Fighter Group (Air Defense), the 502nd Air Def Gp was replaced by the 79th Fighter Group (Air Defense), the 527th Air Def Gp was replaced by the 412th Fighter Group (Air Defense), and the 575th Air Defense Gp was replaced by the 1st Fighter Group (Air Defense). In March 1956, the 4711th Air Defense Wing moved to Selfridge from Presque Isle AFB, Maine and three of the 4708th's AC&W Sqs were assigned to it. Niagara Falls briefly was assigned to the wing in this realignment. The fighter groups and remaining radar detection and control squadrons of the wing were transferred to the 30th Air Division in July. With no remaining operational mission, the wing and the 4711th Wing were discontinued in July 1956 They would be replaced shortly by the 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense), which was activated on 18 October 1956. Lineage Designated as the 4708th Defense Wing and organized on 1 February 1952 Redesignated as 4708th Air Defense Wing on 1 July 1954 Discontinued on 8 July 1956 Assignments Eastern Air Defense Force, 1 February 1952 30th Air Division, 16 February 1953 – 18 October 1956 Stations Selfridge AFB, Michigan, 1 February 1952 – 18 October 1956 Components Groups Fighter Groups 1st Fighter Group (Air Defense), 18 August 1955 – 8 July 1956 15th Fighter Group (Air Defense) Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, 1 March 1956 – 8 July 1956 54th Fighter Group (Air Defense) Greater Pittsburgh Airport, Pennsylvania, 18 August 1955 – 8 July 1956 79th Fighter Group (Air Defense) Youngstown Municipal Airport, Ohio, 18 August 1955 – 8 July 1956 412th Fighter Group (Air Defense) Wurtsmith AFB 18 August 1955 – 8 July 1956 Air Defense Groups 500th Air Defense Group Greater Pittsburgh Airport, 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 502d Air Defense Group Youngstown Municipal Airport, Ohio, 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 527th Air Defense Group Wurtsmith AFB, 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 575th Air Base Group (later 575th Air Defense Group), 1 February 1952 – 18 August 1955 Squadrons Fighter Squadrons 47th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 December 1952 – 16 February 1953 Niagara Falls Municipal Airport 56th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 27 November 1952 – 16 February 1953 61st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 6 February 1952 – 16 February 1953 63d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 6 February 1952 – 1 July 1952 Oscoda AFB, Michigan 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron Greater Pittsburgh Airport, Pennsylvania, 6 February 1952 – 16 February 1953 86th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron Youngstown Municipal Airport, Ohio, 1 November 1952 – 16 February 1953 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, 6 February 1952 – 1 November 1952 166th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron Youngstown Municipal Airport, Ohio, ca. 1 August 1952 – 1 November 1952 172nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 6 February 1952 – 1 November 1952 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 November 1952 – 16 February 1953 Support Squadrons 76th Air Base Squadron Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, 1 February 1952 – 16 February 1953 81st Air Base Squadron Greater Pittsburgh Airport, Pennsylvania, 1 February 1952 – 16 February 1953 84th Air Base Squadron Oscoda AFB, Michigan, 1 February 1952 – 1 July 1952 88th Air Base Squadron Youngstown Municipal Airport, Ohio, 1 February 1952 – 16 February 1953 Radar Squadrons 661st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, 16 February 1953 – 8 July 1956 662d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Brookfield AFS, Ohio, 16 February 1953 – 8 July 1956 677th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Willow Run AFS, Michigan, 5 May 1954, Alpena, Michigan, 1 December 1954 – 8 July 1956 752d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Empire AFS, Michigan, 16 February 1953 – 1 March 1956 754th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Port Austin AFS, Michigan, 16 February 1953 – 8 July 1956 781st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Fort Custer, Michigan, 1 November 1953 – 8 July 1956 783d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Guthrie AFS, West Virginia, 16 February 1953 – 1 March 1956 809th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Willow Run AFS, Michigan, 1 May 1954, Owingsville AFS, Kentucky, ca.1 December 1954 – 1 March 1956 912th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Ramore AS, Ontario, 16 February 1953 – 8 July 1956 913th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Pagwa AS, Ontario, 16 February 1953 – 8 July 1956 914th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron Armstrong AS, Ontario, 16 February 1953 – 8 July 1956 Aircraft F-47D, 1952 F-51D, 1952–1953 F-84C, 1952 F-86A, 1952 F-86D, 1953–1955 F-86F, 1952–1954 F-89D, 1955 F-94B, 1952–1953 Commanders Col. George S. Brown, 1 February 1952 – ca. 31 March 1952 Col. Francis R. Royal, ca. 1 April 1952 – 16 July 1953 Col. George B. Greene, Jr., 16 July 1953 – unknown See also List of MAJCOM wings List of United States Air Force Aerospace Defense Command Interceptor Squadrons List of United States Air Force aircraft control and warning squadrons References Notes Bibliography Buss, Lydus H.(ed), Sturm, Thomas A., Volan, Denys, and McMullen, Richard F., History of Continental Air Defense Command and Air Defense Command July to December 1955, Directorate of Historical Services, Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, CO, (1956) Grant, C.L., (1961) The Development of Continental Air Defense to 1 September 1954, USAF Historical Study No. 126 Further reading Major command controlled wings of the United States Air Force Air defense wings of the United States Air Force Aerospace Defense Command units Military units and formations established in 1952 Military units and formations in Michigan 1952 establishments in Michigan 1956 disestablishments in Michigan
Tupadły is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotniki Kujawskie, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Złotniki Kujawskie, north of Inowrocław, south-east of Bydgoszcz, and south-west of Toruń. References Villages in Inowrocław County
```python from hashlib import sha1 import tempfile import pytest import ray from ray import workflow from ray.workflow.storage.debug import DebugStorage from ray.workflow.workflow_storage import STEP_OUTPUTS_METADATA from ray.workflow.common import asyncio_run from ray.workflow.storage.filesystem import FilesystemStorageImpl from ray.workflow.tests.utils import _alter_storage @ray.remote def pass_1(x: str, y: str): return sha1((x + y + "1").encode()).hexdigest() @ray.remote def pass_2(x: str, y: str): if sha1((x + y + "_2").encode()).hexdigest() > x: return sha1((x + y + "2").encode()).hexdigest() return workflow.continuation(pass_1.bind(x, y)) @ray.remote def pass_3(x: str, y: str): if sha1((x + y + "_3").encode()).hexdigest() > x: return sha1((x + y + "3").encode()).hexdigest() return workflow.continuation(pass_2.bind(x, y)) @ray.remote def merge(x0: str, x1: str, x2: str) -> str: return sha1((x0 + x1 + x2).encode()).hexdigest() @ray.remote def scan(x0: str, x1: str, x2: str): x0 = sha1((x0 + x2).encode()).hexdigest() x1 = sha1((x1 + x2).encode()).hexdigest() x2 = sha1((x0 + x1 + x2).encode()).hexdigest() y0, y1, y2 = pass_1.bind(x0, x1), pass_2.bind(x1, x2), pass_3.bind(x2, x0) return workflow.continuation(merge.bind(y0, y1, y2)) def construct_workflow(length: int): results = ["a", "b"] for i in range(length): x0, x1, x2 = results[-2], results[-1], str(i) results.append(scan.bind(x0, x1, x2)) return results[-1] def _locate_initial_commit(debug_store: DebugStorage) -> int: for i in range(len(debug_store)): log = debug_store.get_log(i) if log["key"].endswith(STEP_OUTPUTS_METADATA): return i return -1 @pytest.mark.skip(reason="TODO (suquark): Support debug storage.") @pytest.mark.parametrize( "workflow_start_regular", [ { "num_cpus": 4, # increase CPUs to add pressure } ], indirect=True, ) def test_failure_with_storage(workflow_start_regular): with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir: debug_store = DebugStorage(temp_dir) _alter_storage(debug_store) wf = construct_workflow(length=3) result = wf.run(workflow_id="complex_workflow") index = _locate_initial_commit(debug_store) + 1 debug_store.log_off() def resume(num_records_replayed): key = debug_store.wrapped_storage.make_key("complex_workflow") asyncio_run(debug_store.wrapped_storage.delete_prefix(key)) async def replay(): # We need to replay one by one to avoid conflict for i in range(num_records_replayed): await debug_store.replay(i) asyncio_run(replay()) return workflow.resume(workflow_id="complex_workflow") with pytest.raises(ValueError): # in cases, the replayed records are too few to resume the # workflow. resume(index - 1) if isinstance(debug_store.wrapped_storage, FilesystemStorageImpl): # filesystem is faster, so we can cover all cases task_len = 1 else: task_len = max((len(debug_store) - index) // 5, 1) for j in range(index, len(debug_store), task_len): assert resume(j) == result if __name__ == "__main__": import sys sys.exit(pytest.main(["-v", __file__])) ```
Ignition! is a studio album by Brian Setzer released in 2001. Following fronting a swing orchestra in the 1990s, Ignition! marks Setzer's return to purist rockabilly fronting a trio, named the Brian Setzer '68 Comeback Special, in homage to 1968 TV Special of Elvis Presley. Track listing All tracks composed and arranged by Brian Setzer; except where indicated "Ignition!" "5 Years, 4 Months, 3 Days" "Hell Bent" (Setzer, Mike Himelstein) "Hot Rod Girl" (Setzer, Mike Himelstein) "8-Track" "'59" "Rooster Rock" (Setzer, Mark W. Winchester) "Santa Rosa Rita" "(The Legend of) Johnny Kool, Part 2" "Get 'Em on the Ropes" "Who Would Love This Car but Me?" (Setzer, Joe Strummer) "Blue Café" "Dreamsville" "Malagueña" (Traditional; arranged by Setzer) "Mystery Train" (Setzer, Junior Parker, Sam Phillips) "Gene and Eddie" "Rumble in Brighton" "69 all night long" Personnel Brian Setzer - guitar, vocals '68 Comeback Special Mark W. Winchester - slap bass; lead vocals on "Rooster Rock" Bernie Dresel - drums with: The Brianaires - backing vocals on "Dreamsville" References 2001 albums Brian Setzer albums Surfdog Records albums
Elfen Lied is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Lynn Okamoto. Produced by Arms Corporation and directed by Mamoru Kanbe, it premiered on TV Tokyo's AT-X satellite channel on 25 July 2004 and concluded on 17 October 2004. The series spanned 13 episodes and was followed by a single original video animation (OVA) on 21 April 2005. The OVA episode, referred to as episode 10.5, depicts events occurring somewhere within the timespan of episode eleven of the series. The series is based around the efforts of humanity to quarantine and eradicate the diclonius, a species of mutant humans with horns. It focuses on "Lucy", who escapes her holding facility and is believed to be the first diclonius, and on two teenagers, Kohta and Yuka, whom Lucy encounters in the Japanese city of Kamakura. Elfen Lied is licensed for English language releases by ADV Films for North America and by Madman Entertainment for Australia and New Zealand. ADV Films UK division aired the English dub of the series in the United Kingdom on Propeller TV as part of Anime Network's launch, uncensored and uncut. ADV released the series across four Region 1 DVD volumes, with the first volume released 17 May 2005. A box set, containing the entire series, was subsequently released 28 November 2006 in both North America and Europe to Region 2 DVD, and in Australia by Madman Entertainment on 4 April 2007. ADV did not include the OVA episode in the box set, instead releasing it as a standalone volume in 2006. The OVA was relesased by ADV Films in 2006. It was not released with the ADV series box set in 2006, nor was it dubbed into English at that time. On September 3, 2013, Distributor Section23 Films released a Blu-ray and DVD set of the series, which included the never-before released OVA with an English dub. However certain key characters have different voices (notably Lucy / Nyu). The opening theme is "Lilium" by Kumiko Noma. The ending theme is "Be Your Girl" by Chieko Kawabe. Episodes The words "Elfen Lied" are in German, and all episodes have alternate titles in the language. The English translations of the episode names, however, are taken from the Japanese names for the episodes. The German titles do not translate exactly to those of the Japanese titles, except in some cases. The German episode names are included in the titles during the episodes, and "DAS ENDE" (lit. "The End") is shown in German at the end of the last episode. Translations of the original German titles are given. TV series OVA Chronologically, the OVA special fits between episodes 10 and 11. Amongst other topics, it explains how Kurama was able to capture Lucy and why she doesn't kill him whenever she encounters him. References External links Official anime website Official ADV website (US distributor) Official Madman website (Australian distributor) Episodes Elfen Lied
Ladies' Night may refer to: Ladies' night, a type of promotional event Film and television Ladies' Night (film), a 2003 Mexican romantic comedy Ladies Night (1983 film), a film starring Stella Stevens Ladies Night (1995 film), a film featuring Stephen Hunter "Ladies' Night" (The Cleveland Show), an episode of The Cleveland Show "Ladies' Night" (Degrassi: The Next Generation), an episode of Degrassi: The Next Generation Ladies Night, a 2019 reality television series on BET Ladies Night (talk show), a 2019 Dutch talk show on Net5 Music Ladies' Night (album), a 1979 album by Kool & the Gang "Ladies' Night" (song), the title song Ladies Night (Atomic Kitten album), 2003 Ladies Night (Preston Reed album), 2004 "Ladies Night", a 2006 song by Ayumi Hamasaki from (Miss)understood "Ladies Night", a 2006 song by Nina Sky from La Conexion "Not Tonight", remixed as "Ladies' Night", a 1997 song by Lil' Kim Other media Ladies' Night (novel), a 2000 novel by Jack Ketchum Ladies' Night (play), a 1920 Broadway play by Charlton Andrews and Avery Hopwood Ladies Night (play), a 1987 New Zealand play by Stephen Sinclair and Anthony McCarten
Ever Rest is the home and studio of Jasper F. Cropsey, a painter in the Hudson River School. The historic house museum is located in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York and was built in 1835. Cropsey acquired the property in 1886 and built an artist studio addition which was completed in 1888. It is owned and managed by Newington-Cropsey Foundation which preserves the house and the work of Cropsey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. References External links Newington Cropsey Foundation Cropsey, Jasper F., House and Studio Cropsey, Jasper F., House and Studio Houses completed in 1832 Artists' studios in the United States Biographical museums in New York (state) Art museums and galleries in New York (state) Historic house museums in Westchester County, New York National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York
Krakowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfice, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately west of Gryfice and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References Krakowice
Celtic Ash (1957–1978) was an English-bred Thoroughbred racehorse raised in Ireland who is best known for winning the 1960 Belmont Stakes. Background Celtic Ash was a bay horse bred by Lord Harrington. He was out of the mare Ash Plant and sired by Sicambre, the Leading sire in France in 1966. On the advice of Irish-born trainer Tom Barry, Celtic Ash was purchased by Boston, Massachusetts banker Joseph E. O'Connell, who imported him to the United States to race for his Green Dunes Farm. Racing career At age two, Celtic Ash made three starts without winning, then at three made a total of six starts. He was not entered in the Kentucky Derby but won two minor races at Laurel Park Racecourse, in one of which he set a new track record time for one mile. He was then entered in the May 14, 1960, Preakness Stakes, the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series. Under jockey Sam Boulmetis, longshot Celtic Ash finished third behind runner-up Victoria Park and winner Bally Ache. Unlike today, the $100,000 added Jersey Derby at Monmouth Park Racetrack was run between the Preakness and the third leg of the U.S. Triple Crown. The New Jersey race regularly drew the top three-year-olds and more than 50,000 fans attended on Memorial Day 1960 to see Celtic Ash, under future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame jockey Bill Hartack, finish third behind Bally Ache and Tompion. Hartack had ridden Venetian Way to victory in the Kentucky Derby but had been criticized for his ride on the colt after he finished fifth in the Preakness Stakes. After the Jersey Derby, Hartack accepted trainer Tom Barry's offer to ride Celtic Ash again in the upcoming Belmont Stakes. 1960 Belmont stakes The day prior to the Belmont Stakes, betting favorite Bally Ache came up lame and was withdrawn from the 1½ mile third leg of the Triple Crown. His absence left Venetian Way ridden by Eddie Arcaro, as the favorite. However, winning the Belmont Stakes with an underdog was nothing new for Celtic Ash's owner, Joseph O'Connell. Two years earlier in 1958, he and trainer Tom Barry won the Classic with the lightly raced Irish-bred colt Cavan. On June 11, 1960, O'Connell was in a Brighton, Massachusetts, hospital and watched on television as Hartack brought his colt from last place to overtake Venetian Way in the stretch, then pull away to win easily by five and a half lengths. O'Connell did not recover from his illness and died less than a month later. Stud record Retired to stud duty, Celtic Ash stood in the United States from 1962 through 1964. He was then sent to Great Britain, where he stood until 1971. There, he notably sired Athens Wood, who won the 1971 St. Leger Stakes, and Hoche, winner of the 1972 Premio Presidente della Repubblica. He was also the grandsire of 1998 Grand National winner Earth Summit. Sold in 1971 to a Japanese breeding operation, Celtic Ash died in Japan at age twenty-one in 1978. References Celtic Ash's pedigree and partial racing stats May 9, 1960 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and Sun-Telegraph article on the 1960 Preakness Stakes Hunter, Avalyn American Classic Pedigrees (2003) Eclipse Press June 20, 1960 Sports Illustrated article titled Tom Barry's Waiting Game 1957 racehorse births 1978 racehorse deaths Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom Racehorses trained in the United States Belmont Stakes winners Thoroughbred family 1-w
Synaptobrevins (synaptobrevin isotypes 1-2) are small integral membrane proteins of secretory vesicles with molecular weight of 18 kilodalton (kDa) that are part of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family. Synaptobrevin is one of the SNARE proteins involved in formation of the SNARE complexes. Structure Out of four α-helices of the core SNARE complex one is contributed by synaptobrevin, one by syntaxin, and two by SNAP-25 (in neurons). Function SNARE proteins are the key components of the molecular machinery that drives fusion of membranes in exocytosis. Their function however is subject to fine-tuning by various regulatory proteins collectively referred to as SNARE masters. Classification In the Q/R nomenclature for organizing SNARE proteins, VAMP/synaptobrevin family members are classified as R-SNAREs, so named for the presence of an arginine at a specific location within the primary sequence of the protein (as opposed to the SNAREs of the target membrane, which contain a glutamine and are so named Q-SNAREs). Synaptobrevin is classified as a V-SNARE in the V/T nomenclature, an alternative classification scheme in which SNAREs are classified as V-SNAREs and T-SNAREs for their localization to vesicles and target membranes, respectively. Clinical significance Synaptobrevin is degraded by tetanospasmin, a protein derived from the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus. A related bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, produces the botulinum toxin. Various botulinum toxin serotypes exist that each cleave specific peptide bonds of specific neuronal SNARE proteins, and synaptobrevin is this target protein for several of the serotypes. Human proteins containing this domain SEC22A; SEC22B; VAMP1; VAMP2; VAMP3; VAMP4; VAMP5; VAMP7; VAMP8; YKT6; References and notes External links Myobloc (rimabotulinumtoxinB) Prescribing Information Protein domains Protein families Single-pass transmembrane proteins
Plant cream is an imitation of dairy cream made without dairy products, and thus vegan. It is typically produced by grinding plant material into a thick liquid to which gums are added to imitate the viscosity and mouthfeel of cream. Common varieties are soy cream, coconut cream, and cashew cream. It is used as a dessert topping and in many other dishes and beverages. Some imitation cream contains a mixture of non-dairy and dairy ingredients. For instance, Cool Whip includes some milk; Elmlea sells both fully plant-based and mixed imitation creams. As of 1998, plant cream was similar in price to double cream but more expensive than single cream. Whipped toppings are 'fat foams'; usually made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Upon whipping, some fat is released from the fat globules. This fat 'glues' a network of fat globules. Air is entrapped in this network thus creating the foam. They differ from "Whipped Cream" style dessert toppings due to containing very little to no dairy whatsoever. Nutrition A 1998 study comparing vegan cream with dairy cream found that calories and fat content were similar, but that the vegan cream was lower in saturated fat and higher in polyunsaturated fat. The vegan cream contained low vitamin A, no vitamin D, and lower calcium than dairy single cream. See also Plant milk Cream Whipped cream#Imitation whipped cream References Animal product analogs Cream
The David G. Raney House is a historic site in Apalachicola, Florida, United States, located at the southwest corner of Market Street and Avenue F. On September 22, 1972, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The Apalachicola Area Historical Society operates the house as the Raney House Museum, featuring 19th century furnishings, decorations, artifacts and documents. Admission is free. References External links Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs Franklin County listings Franklin County markers Raney House Museum Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida Museums in Apalachicola, Florida Historic house museums in Florida Historical society museums in Florida Historic American Buildings Survey in Florida Houses in Franklin County, Florida National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Florida 1840 establishments in Florida Territory
Blue Champagne is a 1986 collection of science fiction stories by American writer John Varley. It was published as a hardcover in January 1986, followed by a paperback edition in November. Contents The collection includes eight stories, four of which take place in Varley's Eight Worlds future history. "The Pusher", originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, 1981 "Blue Champagne", originally published in New Voices 4, 1981 "Tango Charlie and Foxtrot Romeo", first published in this collection "Options", originally published in Universe 9, 1979 "Lollipop and the Tar Baby", originally published in Orbit 19, 1977, previously appeared in Varley's 1980 collection The Barbie Murders "The Manhattan Phone Book (Abridged)", originally published at Westercon 37, 1984 "The Unprocessed Word", first published in this collection "Press Enter■", originally published in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, 1984 Awards Blue Champagne won the 1987 Locus Award for Best Collection. References External links Eight Worlds series 1980 short story collections
```go // Unless explicitly stated otherwise all files in this repository are licensed // This product includes software developed at Datadog (path_to_url //go:build python && test && kubelet package python import ( "testing" "time" "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert" "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/util/cache" ) import "C" var testConnections map[string]string func testGetKubeletConnectionInfoCached(t testing.T) { cache.Cache.Set(kubeletCacheKey, string("CACHED DATA"), 1time.Minute) defer cache.Cache.Delete(kubeletCacheKey) var payload C.char GetKubeletConnectionInfo(&payload) assert.Equal(t, "CACHED DATA", C.GoString(payload)) } func getConnectionsMock() map[string]string { return testConnections } func testGetKubeletConnectionInfoNotCached(t testing.T) { getConnectionsFunc = getConnectionsMock defer func() { getConnectionsFunc = getConnections }() // making sure the cache is empty cache.Cache.Delete(kubeletCacheKey) testConnections = map[string]string{ "conn1": "a", "conn2": "b", } var payload *C.char GetKubeletConnectionInfo(&payload) assert.Equal(t, "conn1: a\nconn2: b\n", C.GoString(payload)) testConnections = map[string]string{"conn3": "c"} // testing caching GetKubeletConnectionInfo(&payload) assert.Equal(t, "conn1: a\nconn2: b\n", C.GoString(payload)) } ```
Ghost BFF is a Canadian comedy web series, which premiered in 2018 on WhoHaha. Using humor to combat the stigma around mental illness, the series centres on Amy (Vanessa Matsui), a woman whose life is turned upside down when her friend Tara (Kaniehtiio Horn), who committed suicide by drug overdose three years earlier, returns as a ghost and begins to confront her about her own life choices. The series received two Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 7th Canadian Screen Awards in 2019, for Best Web Series, Fiction and Best Lead Performance in a Digital Program or Series (Matsui). The creators announced in March 2019 that a second season of the series was going into production, with the season debuting on Shaftesbury Films' KindaTV channel on YouTube in 2020. References External links 2018 web series debuts 2010s Canadian comedy television series Canadian comedy web series
```java package com.journaldev.androidgooglesmartlock; import android.content.Context; import android.support.test.InstrumentationRegistry; import android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4; import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import static org.junit.Assert.; /* * Instrumented test, which will execute on an Android device. * * @see <a href="path_to_url">Testing documentation</a> */ @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class) public class ExampleInstrumentedTest { @Test public void useAppContext() { // Context of the app under test. Context appContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getTargetContext(); assertEquals("com.journaldev.androidgooglesmartlock", appContext.getPackageName()); } } ```
Benilde-St. Margaret's is a Catholic, co-educational private prep school for grades 7–12 located in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, that draws its over one thousand students from throughout the Twin Cities Metro Area. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. History It is named after Saint Bénilde Romançon and Saint Margaret of Scotland. Benilde-St. Margaret's was originally a secondary school formed by a merger in 1974 between St. Margaret's Academy, a Catholic secondary school for girls in Minneapolis, and Benilde High School, a Catholic secondary school for boys in St. Louis Park. Its present building was originally that of Benilde High School. St. Margaret's Academy St. Margaret's was founded by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet in 1907 as St. Margaret's Academy. The campus for this all-girls school was located near the Basilica of St. Mary in downtown Minneapolis and included two mansions and a carriage house that had been built in the 1880s. By 1959 the old school had become inadequate in size – for every 100 girls accepted, about 200 were turned away. The Sisters of St. Joseph, who had anticipated such a problem, had purchased twenty-eight acres, and by 1960 a new school was built on Upton Avenue, near the Eloise Butler Wildflower Gardens and Wirth Park. Benilde High School The Brothers of the Christian Schools (informally known as the Christian Brothers), under the direction of Brother Mark Sullivan, built a boys' school in the Minneapolis suburb of St. Louis Park in 1956 because De La Salle (the first all-boys Catholic high school in the west metro) was full. Merger Both schools operated independently until the 1970s, at which time enrollment began to decline and costs began to escalate. In 1974, the St. Margaret's facility was sold to the Minneapolis school system, and the merged Benilde-St. Margaret's School opened its door at the former Benilde High School site. One hundred ninety students graduated in its first class. The school has undergone two major additions since the merger; a new gym in 1986, along with a new chapel, theatre, arts center, and classroom wing in 2001. The mascot is a Knight, named Victor E Knight who attends school events and leads students in singing the school rouser and cheering on student athletes. Academics In 1989, a junior high was added, and one hundred seventh- and eighth-graders were enrolled in the first year. Students receive laptops to do their work over the school year. As a "school within a school," the junior high exists to help seventh and eighth-grade students develop their potential and make a successful transition from elementary to high school. The junior faculty and staff foster decision-making and responsibility in a nurturing atmosphere and they provide a variety of spiritual, academic, and extracurricular opportunities for student involvement. The Junior High is in the same building as the high school. Activities The school competes in the Metro West Conference in the Minnesota State High School League. The school's newspaper is the Knight Errant. The Knight Errant has won several awards and the website, bsmknighterrant.org, in 2009 received one of seven National Pace Maker Awards for progressive journalism. Speech is also quite popular, with 100 students participating in the season of 2009–2010. Notable alumni Andrew Alberts, NHL Vancouver Canucks Mark T. Vande Hei, A NASA Astronaut Devean George, NBA Los Angeles Lakers. Sean Lumpkin, NFL New Orleans Saints. Larry Mikan, basketball player for NCAA DI Minnesota Golden Gophers, and NBA Cleveland Cavaliers Father H. Timothy ("Tim") Vakoc – the first U.S. military chaplain to die from wounds received in the Iraq War. Jordan Taylor, NCAA University of Wisconsin-Madison 2008 Mr. Basketball award winner. Led the Badgers to the Sweet 16 in 2011 March Madness and 2012 March Madness Michael Fabiano, professional opera singer David Carr, journalist Erik Madigan Heck, photographer, founding editor of Nomenus Quarterly Grant Besse (2013) - Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey, 2013 Mr Hockey Award, drafted by the Anaheim Ducks Will Steger (1962), Polar Explorer, Author Kelly Pannek (2014), NCAA Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey, United States women's national ice hockey team, 2018 Olympic gold medalist Hilda Simms, African American actress and activist Julia Duffy, Emmy nominated actress References External links Benilde-St. Margaret's Official Website Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis Catholic secondary schools in Minnesota Lasallian schools in the United States Private middle schools in Minnesota Educational institutions established in 1907 Educational institutions established in 1974 Schools in Hennepin County, Minnesota 1907 establishments in Minnesota
Araunah (Hebrew: ’Ǎrawnā) was a Jebusite mentioned in the Second Book of Samuel, who owned the threshing floor on Mount Moriah which David purchased and used as the site for assembling an altar to God. The First Book of Chronicles, a later text, renders his name as Ornan (Hebrew: ’Ārənān). Biblical narrative The narrative concerning Araunah appears in both and . The Samuel version is the final member of a group of narratives which together constitute the "appendix" (2 Samuel 21–24) of the Books of Samuel, and which do not fit into the chronological ordering of the rest of Samuel. In the Samuel narrative, God was angry again both with Israel and with king David who imposed a census upon Israel, an order which Joab reluctantly carried out. In the version of the narrative presented by the Book of Chronicles, it was Satan who incited David to make the census. Yahweh regarded David's action as a sin, and so punished him, sending Gad the prophet to offer David a choice between three punishments: 7 years of famine, or (more symmetrically) 3 years in and in the Septuagint translation of 2 Samuel. 3 months of fleeing from an invader, 3 days of plague from the Angel of the Lord. David indicated that instead of falling into the hands of men, he would rather fall into the hands of the Lord's mercy and discretion. So an angel was sent to spread the plague through the land. However, when the angel reached Jerusalem, God ordered the angel to stop; at this point the angel was at Araunah's threshing floor, which David noticed. God instructed David to build an altar at Araunah's threshing floor, so David purchased the location from Araunah for a fair price, even though Araunah offered it to him freely. According to the Books of Samuel, David paid 50 silver shekels for the threshing floor and the oxen (2 Samuel 24:24); Chronicles states that David paid 600 gold shekels for the entire site where the threshing floor was located (1 Chronicles 21:25). Biblical scholar H. P. Mathys notes that the purchase of threshing floor "is modelled on Abraham's purchase of Machpelah's cave (Genesis 23), even repeating specific details, the most important of which is David's insistence on paying the full price (an expression used only in Genesis 23:9 and in 1 Chronicles 21:22,24). The 600 gold (sic) shekels David pays is more than Abraham's 400 silver shekels [paid] for Machpelah's cave." Census In the Books of Samuel, the census is said to indicate that there were 1,300,000 men fit for military service. The Book of Chronicles states that the figure was 1,570,000 men fit for military service. Joab's reluctance to complete the census is thought by some scholars to have been due to a religious belief that the people belonged to God, and hence that only God should know how many there were. Some scholars believe the motive for the census was pride, that David's numbering of the people was to show his strength as a king; his sin in this was relying on human numbers instead of God. Other scholars believe that a more mundane motive is the reason – that the knowledge gained from a census would enable David to impose more accurate taxes and levies, and thus the census would be unpopular with the people who were at risk of higher taxes or levies. Identity of Araunah The Bible identified Araunah as a Jebusite. Some biblical scholars believe that he may have simply been the Jebusite king of Jerusalem at the time. The word araunah is not a personal name but a title meaning "the lord" in Hurrian and other near eastern languages. In , Araunah is referred to as a king: "... Araunah the king gave to the king [i.e., David]". Notes Angelic visionaries Books of Samuel people Jebusites
The 2022 Basadi in Music Awards is the first edition of Basadi in Music Awards. The ceremony took place at Gallagher Convention Centre, Midrand on October 15, 2022 hosted by Anele Zondo and Moozlie streamed live on YouTube and Instagram. Background Nominations across 16 categories were announced on July 6, 2022. 4 categories Kontemporêre Kunstenaar van die Jaar, Music Video Director of the Year, Gqom Artist of the Year and Kwaito Artist of the Year were cancelled due to low public voting. Winners and nominees Below the list are the nominees were announced on July 6, 2022 live on YouTube and Kaya 959 by Dineo Ranaka. Below list are nominees. Winners are listed first in bold. Special awards Joburg Tourism Company Humanitarian Award Cynthia Dinalane SAMPRA Highest Airplay Shekhinah Cappasso Most Streamed Song Nomcebo Zikode – "Xola Moya Wam" CEO Trailblazer Award Zanele Mbokazi Lifetime Achievement Award Yvonne Chaka Chaka Abigail Kubeka References 2022 music awards South African music awards
Marie Lyn Bernard (born 1981), known professionally as Riese Bernard, is an American writer and digital media executive. She is best known as the CEO and co-founder of the lesbian and queer women's interest website Autostraddle. Bernard received a 2017 GLAAD Media Award nomination for her article, “105 Trans Women On American TV: A History and Analysis”. Early life and education Bernard was born and raised in Michigan. Her father, Victor L. Bernard, a scholar, researcher and professor in the field of financial statement analysis, died of a heart attack when she was 14 years old. Her mother came out to her as gay shortly after her father's death. She graduated from Interlochen Arts Academy in 1999 with a major in Creative Writing. After graduating from University of Michigan with a bachelor's degree in English in 2003, she moved to New York City to pursue a career in writing. Career In 2007, Bernard created The Road Best Straddled, a spin-off of her personal blog This Girl Called Automatic Win, to recap The L Word, then in its fourth season. This led to collaborations with The L Word Online and Showtime and her blogs gained sizeable followings. She also interned at the now-defunct website Nerve and worked for the Donald Maass Literary Agency. Bernard has published writing in Marie Claire, Curve, GO, Queerty, Bitch, Jezebel and Emily Books. Her article “105 Trans Women On American TV: A History and Analysis” was nominated for a 2017 GLAAD Media Award. In 2018, Bernard's profile of Hayley Kiyoko was the cover story for Nylon's first-ever Pride Issue. Autostraddle At the end of the final season of The L Word in 2009, she created Autostraddle.com with her then-girlfriend Alex Vega, with the intention of creating a digital website focused on gay women. Bernard stated she was inspired to create the website because nothing else like it existed at the time. The website received a GLAAD Media Award in 2015 and receives 4 million unique page views per month. In 2012, she created A-Camp, an annual 5-day "curated conference/camp/retreat combo" for queer women and trans people, located in Ojai, California. Personal life Bernard first began to identify as a bisexual, and then as a lesbian, in her twenties. Bernard is Jewish. She is divorced and lives in Los Angeles. Accolades 2010 – 100 Women We Love, GO 2011 – 100 Women We Love, GO 2016 – 100 Women We Love, GO 2017 – GLAAD Media Award (nomination), GLAAD 2018 – Queero, Them References External links Official website 1981 births Living people Jewish American writers 21st-century American businesspeople American women chief executives Writers from Michigan American online publication editors American LGBT businesspeople American lesbian writers University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni Lesbian feminists LGBT people from Michigan Lesbian Jews Lesbian businesswomen American technology chief executives American women non-fiction writers 21st-century American businesswomen Interlochen Center for the Arts alumni 21st-century American Jews 21st-century American LGBT people
Parliamentary elections were held in Bophuthatswana between 22 and 24 August 1977. The Bophuthatswana Democratic Party won 43 of the 48 elected seats in the National Assembly. Electoral system The National Assembly had a total of 96 seats, 48 of which were appointed and 48 elected. Results References Bophuthatswana Elections in Bophuthatswana August 1977 events in Africa
Guigo de Ponte, also known as Guigues du Pont, was a Carthusian monk of the Grande Chartreuse. Little is known about him, but he probably professed there in 1271, and died in 1297. He is known for his treatise De vita contemplativa, also known as De Contemplatione. This has sometimes been attributed to Guigo I (d.1136), the fifth prior of the Grande Chartreuse. However, it cannot have been written by Guigo I, because it refers to several writings of thirteenth-century scholastic theology, as well as to Hugh of Balma's Viae Syon Lugent. Part of it (Book II, chapters 1–5) was taken up nearly verbatim by the fourteenth-century Carthusian Ludolph of Saxony (d.1377) in his Vita Christi. One of those who read Ludolph was Ignatius of Loyola, so indirectly, Guigo's thought entered early modern Catholic spiritual writing. Though it was known and used by a number of late medieval Carthusians, though (as well as Ludolph of Saxony it is used by Denis of Rijkel, and possibly Nicholas Kempf), it survives in only five manuscripts, so was clearly not widely read outside these circles. References Further reading Carthusian Spirituality: The Writings of Hugh of Balma and Guigo de Ponte, (New York: Paulist Press, 1997) [An English translation of De vita contemplativa] Dennis Martin, Fifteenth Century Carthusian Reform: The World of Nicholas Kempf, pp181f Philippe DuPont, Guigues du Pont, Traité sur la contemplation, Analecta Cartusiana 72, (Salzburg, 1985) [A critical edition of the Latin text, with French translation] Carthusians 1290s deaths Medieval Christian devotional writers Year of birth unknown 13th-century French people 13th-century French writers 13th-century writers in Latin
In zoology, the epidermis is an epithelium (sheet of cells) that covers the body of a eumetazoan (animal more complex than a sponge). Eumetazoa have a cavity lined with a similar epithelium, the gastrodermis, which forms a boundary with the epidermis at the mouth. Sponges have no epithelium, and therefore no epidermis or gastrodermis. The epidermis of a more complex invertebrate is just one layer deep, and may be protected by a non-cellular cuticle. The epidermis of a higher vertebrate has many layers, and the outer layers are reinforced with keratin and then die. References Animal anatomy Epithelium
Crepis bakeri is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Baker's hawksbeard. It is native to the western United States where it grows in many types of mountain and plateau habitat. It is found in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, northern California, Nevada, and Utah. Crepis bakeri is a perennial herb producing a dark green, hairy, glandular stem up to about 30 centimeters (12 inches) tall from taproot and a thick caudex at ground level. The leaves are narrowly oval and fringed with shallow lobes. They are dark dusty green with reddish or purplish veins and the basal leaves approach 20 centimeters (8 inches) in maximum length. The inflorescence is an open array of up to 22 flower heads. Each has a base of lance-shaped phyllaries which are hairy and often bristly. The flower head contains up to 60 yellow ray florets. There are no disc florets. The fruit is a thin achene up to a centimeter long with an off-white pappus. Subspecies Crepis bakeri subsp. bakeri – California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington Crepis bakeri subsp. cusickii (Eastw.) Babc. & Stebbins – California, Oregon, Utah Crepis bakeri subsp. idahoensis Babc. & Stebbins – Idaho, California References External links Calflora Database: Crepis bakeri (Baker's hawksbeard) Jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile for Crepis bakeri (Baker's hawksbeard) UC Calphotos gallery bakeri Flora of California Flora of Nevada Flora of the Great Basin Flora of the Northwestern United States Plants described in 1895 Taxa named by Edward Lee Greene Flora without expected TNC conservation status
The Battle of Tuttlingen was fought in Tuttlingen on 24 November 1643 between the French army in Germany led by Marshal Josias Rantzau, composed of French soldiers and the so called Weimarans or Bernhardines, German troops once in service of Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. They were defeated by the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria and Spain led by Franz von Mercy. Technically, Mercy led a military force composed of his Bavarian army, supported by Imperial, Spanish, and Lorrainer troops. The French army was wiped out in a surprise attack in heavy snowfall along with French strategic gains since 1638. The French court suppressed the defeat and it remains largely unknown today, even among historians of the war. Prelude In early November the French-Weimarian forces had besieged Rottweil to secure winter quarters along the Danube at Tuttlingen. They captured Rottweil on 18 November but their commander Guébriant was mortally wounded in the siege. His successor Rantzau who just had arrived with reinforcements from Lorraine was despised by officers who originated from the former German army of Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. Outlying detachments of the French were posted at Mühlingen and Möhringen. With the French inactive and his own army reinforced by Imperial troops under Hatzfeld and Lorrainer troops under the exiled Duke Charles, Mercy convinced the other generals to agree to a surprise attack on the French encampment. To maximize surprise, the Imperials approached from the south-east instead of further to the north where the Danube and the French garrison at Rottweil blocked their way. Battle At mid-afternoon on 24 November, Johann von Werth led 2,000 cavalry in the first assault group against Möhringen and achieved instant success, wiping out a French infantry regiment of 500 men, including Spanish prisoners of war. The Bavarian dragoons captured the French pickets posted near Tuttlingen, allowing the Imperials to seize with minimal opposition the lightly defended French artillery park in the cemetery outside town. Heavy snowfall contributed to the surprise. The Weimarian cavalry in Mühlheim under Reinhold von Rosen attempted to reinforce the French at Tuttlingen but were intercepted and defeated by Mercy's brother Kaspar. Kaspar then destroyed the Weimarian infantry remaining at Mühlheim. The French cavalry fled the scene. The captured guns were used to bombard the French infantry in Tuttlingen and Möhringen, who capitulated the next day along with their commander Rantzau without losing a single man killed. The fighting lasted for a day and a half, not so much due to the effectiveness of Franco-Weimarian resistance but because of the disorganized and isolated nature of their detachments. The 2,000-strong French garrison in Rottweil surrendered a week later. Rantzau's army largely ceased to exist, with 4,500 survivors retreating back across the Rhine River into Alsace. Moreover, Mercy held Rantzau, seven other generals, 9 colonels, 10 guns, the baggage and seven thousand French troops captive. Among the prisoners was the Duke of Montausier. Another 4,000 lay dead or wounded. The Weimarian army was permanently crippled by this disaster and the French were reduced to the positions they had held five years earlier. The French court minimized the defeat and it has remained largely unknown ever since. See also List of battles References Sources Croxton, Derek. "The Prosperity of Arms Is Never Continual: Military Intelligence, Surprise, and Diplomacy in 1640s Germany." The Journal of Military History, Vol. 64, No. 4 (October 2000), pp. 981–1003. Tuttlingen Tuttlingen Tuttlingen Tuttlingen Tuttlingen Tuttlingen 1643 in the Holy Roman Empire Tuttlingen
Zaib is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include: Given name Zaib Rehman Zaib Shaikh Zaib Jaffar Zaib-un-Nissa Zaib un Nisa Awan Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah Surname Alam Zaib (disambiguation) Salman Zaib Shah Zaib Salman Zaib Mian Gul Akbar Zaib
Legislative elections were held in El Salvador on 12 March 1972. The result was a victory for the National Conciliation Party, which won 39 of the 52 seats. However, the election was marred by massive fraud and the Central Election Council disqualified the candidates of the opposition National Opposing Union (an alliance of the Christian Democratic Party, the National Revolutionary Movement and the Nationalist Democratic Union) in five out of fourteen constituencies. Voter turnout was 56.7%. Results References Bibliography Political Handbook of the world, 1972. New York, 1973. Caldera T., Hilda. 1983. Historia del Partido Demócrata Cristiano de El Salvador. Tegucigalpa: Instituto Centroamericano de Estudios Políticos. El Salvador. Presidencia. Departamento de Relaciones Públicas. 1972. Elecciones del 72: 20 de febrero, 12 de marzo. San Salvador: Departamento de Relaciones Públicas, Casa Presidencial. Montgomery, Tommie Sue. 1995. Revolution in El Salvador: from civil strife to civil peace. Boulder: Westview. Webre, Stephen. 1979. José Napoleón Duarte and the Christian Democratic Party in Salvadoran Politics 1960-1972. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. White, Alastair. 1973. El Salvador. New York: Praeger Publishers. Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter. 1997. Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Legislative elections in El Salvador Legislative El Salvador
Oliver Ames (February 4, 1831 – October 22, 1895) was an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and Republican politician who served as the 35th Governor of Massachusetts from 1887 to 1890. Ames's public life was primarily devoted to the vindication of his late father Oakes Ames, a businessman and U.S. Representative who was censured for his role the 1873 Credit Mobilier scandal and died shortly thereafter. His tenure in office was also marked by a divide within the state over the growing temperance movement. Ames was executor of his father's estate, and took over many of his business interests. He was a major philanthropist, especially in his hometown of Easton, where he secured construction of a number of architecturally significant works by the architect H.H. Richardson and a number of properties by landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted. Early life and education Oliver Ames was born in Easton, Massachusetts on February 4, 1831 to Eveline Orville (née Gilmore) and Oakes Ames. His father was the owner (with his father and brother, each also named Oliver) of Ames Shovel Shop, the largest manufacturer of shovels in the United States. Ames was educated in the local schools, and then attended private academies in North Attleborough and Leicester. He was briefly employed at the family factory before enrolling at Brown University in 1851. He spent three years there in a custom-designed program overseen by university president Francis Wayland. Business career After leaving Brown, Ames entered the family business, learning all aspects of its manufacturing processes and worked as a traveling salesman. Ames served in the Massachusetts militia under the 4th Massachusetts Regiment, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1857, but resigned before the American Civil War began. During the war, he oversaw the company's manufacturing department, expanding the business and making the manufacturing processes more efficient. The family also invested in railroads and other industrial concerns. Oliver became a partner in the company when his grandfather Oliver Ames Sr. died in 1863. Credit Mobilier scandal and death of Oakes Ames Oakes and Oliver Ames Jr., Ames's father and uncle, were leading figures in the Union Pacific Railroad as well as principals in Crédit Mobilier of America, a shell corporation established by Union Pacific insiders to siphon profits from the railroad's construction. While a member of Congress, Oakes Ames sold shares of Crédit Mobiler to other Congressmen well below their estimated market value. When this was exposed in 1872, a congressional committee determined it a bribe for the purpose of influencing railroad legislation. The scandal resulted in Oakes Ames's censure and he died not long afterward. Ames inherited his father's fortune, nationwide network of business interests, and $6–8 million in debt related to the scandal. He was also co-executor to his father's estate. Over a period of years, Ames was able to pay off the debts, provide more than $1 million in bequests, and divide the estate amongst the heirs. Legal battle with Jay Gould In 1875, financier Jay Gould gained control of the Union Pacific, while a group of Ames-dominated Boston investors retained control of Crédit Mobilier. Crédit Mobilier remained mired in legal action related to the scandal, and its shares were a major component of Oakes Ames's estate. The company's only major asset was a $2 million note against UP, and Ames instigated legal action to recover its value. Gould and Union Pacific countersued and conducted a hostile takeover of Crédit Mobilier, ousting Ames from the company's board and discontinuing its lawsuit. Ames launched legal action as a shareholder, and succeeded in forcing CM into receivership in 1879 with himself as the receiver. Their legal wrangling largely subsided in 1880, when most of the holdout shareholders were bought out by Gould. During their fight, Ames sold Gould his controlling interest in the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad, a separate paper railroad chartered to provide service in Kansas, at $250 per share. Ames made a large profit on the sale, which Gould purchased in order to assemble the pieces of a full transcontinental rail network under the Union Pacific umbrella. Early political career Ames entered public life intent on vindicating his late father's memory. His early political activities included sitting on Easton's School Committee and chairing the local Republican Party committee. State senator He was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate in 1879 and saw to the incorporation of the new town of Cottage City, where he owned a summer home. He also sat on the committees overseeing railroads and schools. He was re-elected in 1881. Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1883–86) In 1882, Ames was nominated for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. Though he won his race, Republican Robert R. Bishop lost the gubernatorial election to Democrat Benjamin Butler in a bitterly divisive contest. Ames served from 1883 to 1886 under Butler (1883) and Republican George D. Robinson (1884–86). In 1883, the Massachusetts legislature passed a resolution exonerating Ames's father and calling on Congress to reverse his censure. While in office, he also state's divestment from the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and the Hoosac Tunnel at 1/3 of par value. He was at first criticized for the relatively low price, but it was later seen to be a good deal. Governor of Massachusetts (1887–90) With Governor Robinson retiring in 1886, Ames won election as Governor of Massachusetts and served three one-year terms. A major political issues in his first two campaigns was his resignation from the state militia before the American Civil War. Ames countered criticisms by pointing out that he had hired a substitute to serve in his place and had financially supported the Union war effort. As governor, Ames was a competent administrator, hiring and promoting more on the basis of merit than politics. In 1887 he signed a bill exempting military veterans from recently enacted civil service regulations, earning him the ire of the state's progressives. A project to expand the Massachusetts State House was approved during his tenure, and he in 1889 helped lay the cornerstone for its new elements. Education He advocated the improvement of public schools, as a counter to private religious schools. During his second term, he donated $1,000 to the College of the Holy Cross, which upset anti-Catholics in the state and cost him votes in his third election against William E. Russell. Temperance Ames supported the work of the Massachusetts Temperance Society but was opposed to the legislated prohibition of alcohol. He became unpopular with advocates of temperance. In 1889, the legislature passed a state constitutional amendment enacting prohibition, but it was voted down in the required popular referendum that followed. Retirement and death In 1888, his health began to fail, probably due to the strain of office and his business interests. He refused to run for reelection in 1889, continuing a party tradition of three-term governors. After leaving office, he traveled to Europe several times to relax and recover his health. He died at his North Easton home in 1895. Personal life and legacy Family Ames married Anna Coffin Ray of Nantucket in 1860. The couple had six children. Their youngest son, Oakes Ames, was a well-known American botanist and orchid expert who owned palatial properties in Boston, Martha's Vineyard, and North Easton. Honors Ames was elected an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity in 1917, by the fraternity's Alpha Chapter at the New England Conservatory in Boston. He is the only known member to receive such a posthumous offer. Legacy Ames was a major financier of Easton's public high school, and it is named Oliver Ames High School in his honor. He is also the namesake of the small community of Oliver, Nebraska and of the schooner Governor Ames, in which he was invested. With his cousin Frederick Lothrop Ames, Ames financed the construction of many projects designed by architect H. H. Richardson and landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted in North Easton, including Oakes Ames Memorial Hall and the Ames Free Library. The site of these properties is now the H. H. Richardson Historic District of North Easton, a National Historic Landmark District. Ames was a patron of sports and the arts. He owned Booth's Theatre in New York City and raised funds to send members of the Boston Athletic Association to the 1896 Summer Olympics. He was at one time the president of the Merchants' Club of Boston, and he was also president of the Boston Art Club. References Bibliography 1831 births 1895 deaths 19th-century American politicians 19th-century American railroad executives American financiers American investors American manufacturing businesspeople American railway entrepreneurs Brown University alumni Businesspeople from Massachusetts Butler–Ames family Republican Party governors of Massachusetts Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts Republican Party Massachusetts state senators People from Easton, Massachusetts People from Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts Philanthropists from Massachusetts Union Pacific Railroad people
```shell Workflow: topic branches Upstream shorthand Tracking shorthands Move the last commit to a new branch View your commit history in a graph ```
Chong Chon Gang (Chosŏn'gŭl: , Hanja: ) is a North Korean cargo ship, later renamed the Tong Hung San. The general cargo ship was built in 1977 in Nampo. Its owner is listed as Chongchongang Shipping of Pyongyang. Chongchongang Shipping may be a front company answering to "Office #39" (otherwise known as the Central Committee Bureau 39) of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), which is responsible for state-sanctioned illicit activities such as the smuggling of prohibited items including weapons and luxury goods. Office #39 was created in 1974 as a department-level organization within the WPK Secretariat under the WPK Central Committee. According to a study published by the US Strategic Studies Institute, its primary role was and still is engaging in illegal activities in order to generate hard currency for the North Korean government. History On 11 March 2009, Chong Chon Gang was chased by Somali pirates in the Arabian Sea. Pirates shot bullets and an RPG from a speedboat, which damaged the ship and injured two crew members. After the attack, the ship caught the attention of maritime officials when it made a stop at the Russian naval facility in Tartus, Syria. It's unknown why it was there. Detentions On 26 February 2003, Iran detained Chong Chon Gang at Bandar Imam Khomeini. In February 2010, Ukrainian authorities detained the ship at Oktyabrsk Port, Mykolaiv. It was carrying a heroin substitute, alcohol, cigarettes, and AK-47 ammunition. In March 2010, Egypt charged that the vessel was carrying "dangerous goods". From April 12, 2013, to July 11 the Chong Chon Gang sent irregular signals to the Automatic Identification System. This and "unspecified" intelligence prompted Panamanian officials to seize the ship on 15 July at Manzanillo International Terminal. Reportedly, when Panamanian troops approached the ship, its crew responded violently and the captain later attempted to kill himself. A reported missile was found buried in a cargo of 250,000 bags of brown sugar, resulting in the vessel's seizure. It was reportedly on its way from Cuba to North Korea. As of July 2013, only two of the several cargo compartments had been inspected. North Korea has yet to comment, while Cuba stated that the "obsolete weapons" on the ship were going to North Korea for repair. These weapons included two anti-aircraft missile batteries, nine air defense missiles in parts, two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighter planes, and 15 engines for them. All the weapons aboard were originally manufactured in the Soviet Union and dated to the mid-20th century. The Red Cross stated that "[the crew members] are OK. They are all calm,". Panama expelled most of the ship's 35-man crew to Cuba and other countries on 30 January 2014. The captain and two other officers were kept in Panama to face charges of arms smuggling. The North Korean government paid a fine of US$700,000 for the release of the vessel. Subsequent developments In October 2014 the Chong Chon Gang was transferred to another North Korean owner, Tonghunsan Shipping Company, and renamed Tong Hun San. See also Annie Larsen affair Boka Star Victoria Affair List of North Korean merchant ships References External links 1977 ships Maritime incidents in 2013 Maritime incidents in Panama Panama Canal Merchant ships of North Korea Arms trafficking Covert organizations 2013 in Panama
Modulus guernei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Modulidae. Description Distribution References Modulidae Gastropods described in 1900
```xml /* * Wire * * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * * along with this program. If not, see path_to_url * */ import {render} from '@testing-library/react'; import {withTheme} from 'src/script/auth/util/test/TestUtil'; import {MLSStatuses} from 'src/script/E2EIdentity'; import {VerificationBadges} from './VerificationBadges'; describe('VerificationBadges', () => { it('is mls verified', async () => { const {getByTestId} = render( withTheme(<VerificationBadges context="conversation" MLSStatus={MLSStatuses.VALID} />), ); const E2EIdentityStatus = getByTestId('mls-conversation-status'); expect(E2EIdentityStatus.getAttribute('data-uie-value')).toEqual(MLSStatuses.VALID); }); it('is proteus verified', async () => { const {getByTestId} = render(withTheme(<VerificationBadges context="conversation" isProteusVerified />)); const E2EIdentityStatus = getByTestId('proteus-verified'); expect(E2EIdentityStatus).not.toBeNull(); }); it('is not downloaded', async () => { const {getByTestId} = render( withTheme(<VerificationBadges context="conversation" MLSStatus={MLSStatuses.NOT_ACTIVATED} />), ); const E2EIdentityStatus = getByTestId('mls-conversation-status'); expect(E2EIdentityStatus.getAttribute('data-uie-value')).toEqual(MLSStatuses.NOT_ACTIVATED); }); it('is expired', async () => { const {getByTestId} = render( withTheme(<VerificationBadges context="conversation" MLSStatus={MLSStatuses.EXPIRED} />), ); const E2EIdentityStatus = getByTestId('mls-conversation-status'); expect(E2EIdentityStatus.getAttribute('data-uie-value')).toEqual(MLSStatuses.EXPIRED); }); it('is revoked', async () => { const {getByTestId} = render( withTheme(<VerificationBadges context="conversation" MLSStatus={MLSStatuses.REVOKED} />), ); const E2EIdentityStatus = getByTestId('mls-conversation-status'); expect(E2EIdentityStatus.getAttribute('data-uie-value')).toEqual(MLSStatuses.REVOKED); }); it('is expiring soon', async () => { const {getByTestId} = render( withTheme(<VerificationBadges context="conversation" MLSStatus={MLSStatuses.EXPIRES_SOON} />), ); const E2EIdentityStatus = getByTestId('mls-conversation-status'); expect(E2EIdentityStatus.getAttribute('data-uie-value')).toEqual(MLSStatuses.EXPIRES_SOON); }); }); ```
Red Barricades: ASL Historical Module 1 is a board game published in 1990 by Avalon Hill. Contents Red Barricades is a game in which an area of Stalingrad is depicted to scale. Reception Mike Siggins reviewed Red Barricades for Games International magazine, and gave it a rating of 9 out of 10, and stated that "For non-ASL players this one won't be on the purchase list. For the fans, it's a must buy." The Chicago Tribune said that "The game includes more than 400 additional counters, a new rules chapter and several campaign games. The Advanced Squad Leader game system requires a serious commitment of time and money and is for specialists only." Reviews Casus Belli #57 References Advanced Squad Leader Avalon Hill games Board games introduced in 1990
A jigsaw is a saw which uses a reciprocating blade to cut irregular curves, such as stenciled designs, in wood, metal, or other materials. Jigsaws first emerged in the 19th century and employed a treadle to operate the blade, which was thin and under tension, being secured at both ends to an oscillating frame. This kind of saw is now usually called a scroll saw. The modern portable jigsaw, with a rigid blade secured at one end and cutting on the up-stroke, was introduced in 1947 by Scintilla AG (later acquired by Bosch). A jigsaw power tool is made up of an electric motor and a reciprocating saw blade. Jigsaws with sole plates that have a beveling function can cut angles typically up to 45 degrees relative to the normal vertical stroke to make miter joints. Portable jigsaws have historically been mains-powered, but are increasingly being displaced by battery-powered models. The tool's ability to carve out irregular shapes lends its name to the jigsaw puzzle, whereby each tile is shaped to connect to its neighbors. History In 1946 Albert Kaufmann, an engineer of Scintilla AG company in Solothurn, Switzerland, replaced the needle on his wife's sewing machine with a saw blade. In 1947, after development of Kaufmann's invention, Scintilla started producing jigsaws under name "Lesto jigsaw". In 1954 Scintilla was acquired by Bosch. An important innovation by Scintilla-Bosch in 1966 was the "pendulum action", where the blade tilts forward in the upward (cutting) stroke, and back for the down-stroke, ejecting the chips, so the blade runs cooler and cuts faster. A significant model was the Bosch "LESTO 8 554" in which the degree of "pendulum action" could be selected to suit the material being cut. Such a mechanism introduces additional purchase and maintenance costs, and manufacture of such models may have ceased in recent years. Many modern jigsaws have an adjustment for tilting the blade tip forward, but at a static, fixed angle, claiming similar benefits. Blades A Jigsaw works by attaching a blade accessory to the tool. There are various types of blades in the market. Older jigsaws require a blade to be screwed into the tool. But since Bosch introduced the first tool-free blade change system, most manufacturers now offer a similar setup allowing a quick & tool-free blade change. There are T-shank blades and U-shank blades available in the accessory market. T-Shank blades are the industry-standard professional interface that provides a longer life and a tighter fit from the blade to the tool. Tooth design is important for the performance of a blade. The tooth spacing, tooth shape, and cutting angle are important in providing speed, cleanliness of cuts, and optimal performance. A side set and ground tooth is designed for clean and fast cuts in wood and plastics. Wavy set and milled teeth will cut most metals as well as plastics. A side set and milled tooth works with fast and rougher cuts in wood and plastics. A ground and taper-ground tooth is for precise, fine and clean cuts in wood. There are also blades with reduced-kerf carbide and diamond grit edges for fast cutting in hard materials. Blade material Different blade materials are used for different applications to improve blade life and cutting performance. High-carbon steel (HCS) is used for softer materials such as wood, laminated particle board, and plastics due to its flexibility. High-speed steel (HSS) withstands higher temperatures and can cut many types of metals. Bi-Metal (BIM) blades contain a combination of high-carbon steel and high-speed steel. The combination creates a strong and flexible material that can be used for demanding applications where there is a risk of breakage or when extreme flexibility and versatility is required. Bi-Metal blades have longer lifespans and prolonged job performance compared to other types of blades. Tungsten carbide (TC) blades have the strength to cut through abrasive materials such as reinforced plastics, fiberglass, cement board, stainless steel, tile, glass, cast iron, and brick. Diamond-grit blades are extremely versatile, as they can cut rough materials such as hard porcelain tile, granite, slate, marble, and other stones due to their finely milled particles. This makes their uses similar to carbide blades, although diamond-grit blades typically last longer. Controllability Control is an issue with jigsaws; the blades are small and weak, with the lower end entirely unsupported. Good cut control requires the presence of blade rollers, which keep the blade aligned just above the sole plate. In addition, heavy-cast sole plate saws are somewhat better than pressed steel for sawing line control. To guide a jigsaw on curved cut, it must be steered (turned) and not forced to move sideways. The use of sharp blades is important as well to get high quality cuts. See also Sabre saw, an older name for the jig saw but sometimes a synonym for reciprocating saw. Reciprocating saw, used in demolition and construction, heavier and easier to use on vertical surfaces. References External links Metalworking cutting tools Saws Woodworking tools Woodworking hand-held power tools Swiss inventions
"Black Swan" is a song by South Korean boy band BTS from their fourth Korean-language studio album, Map of the Soul: 7 (2020). The song was written by RM, August Rigo, Vince Nantes, Clyde Kelly and Pdogg, with the latter of the five also handling production. It was released on January 17, 2020, as the first single by Big Hit Entertainment as a countdown to the album. Musically, it was described as an emo hip hop song featuring cloud rap and trap drum beats. The song uses lo-fi-style guitar instrumentation and contains a "catchy" hook. The lyrics are introspective and find BTS confessing, as artists, the fear of losing their passion for music. "Black Swan" received widespread acclaim from music critics for its "honest and raw" lyrics and dark production, with comparisons being drawn to the band's 2018 single, "Fake Love". Commercially, the former debuted at number seven on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart and at number one on the US Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart. The song debuted at number 46 on the UK Singles Chart and number 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100, in addition to entering record charts in several other territories. Two accompanying music videos, both inspired by Darren Aronofsky's 2010 movie of the same name, were directed by YongSeok Choi of Lumpens. The first one premiered simultaneously with the release of the single in the form of an "art film," including an interpretive dance performance by Slovenian-based modern dance troupe MN Dance Company. The second video, released without any prior announcements, is choreography-heavy and depicts BTS transforming into eponymous black swans on the stage of a theatre. The debut of "Black Swan", on The Late Late Show with James Corden, received positive reviews from critics, who praised the band's "impassioned" performance and "intricate" choreography. Following the release of Map of the Soul: 7, BTS promoted the song with televised live performances on several South Korean music programs, including M! Countdown, Music Bank, and Inkigayo. Background and release Following the release of their sixth extended play Map of the Soul: Persona (2019), BTS took an "extended period of rest and relaxation" in the midst of their Love Yourself World Tour to "recharge and prepare to present themselves anew as musicians and creators" and "enjoy the lives of young people "in their 20s." On January 7, 2020, the band announced a return to music with the release of their fourth Korean-language studio album Map of the Soul: 7, on February 21 of that year. A "comeback map" for the album was released on January 8, 2020, revealing a schedule split into four phases. The map featured multiple dates, including the release dates for the album's two singles. Details on the first single, including its title and artwork, were revealed in conjunction with the release of the song. "Black Swan", the first single from Map of the Soul: 7, was made available for digital download and streaming in various countries on January 17, 2020, by Big Hit Entertainment. The song was written by RM, August Rigo, Vince Nantes, Clyde Kelly, and Pdogg. It was produced by Pdogg, while mixed by DJ Riggins, Jaycen Joshua, Jacob Richards and Max Seaberg. The song was released one week after BTS teased the track "Interlude: Shadow" from the album, performed by band member Suga. The release was in line with the band's global public art project, Connect, BTS, bringing together 22 contemporary artists across the world for curating works that resonate BTS' philosophy. Composition and lyrics "Black Swan" has been described as an emo hip hop song that derives its style from trap drum beats and "doleful" lo-fi-style guitar instrumentation. Featuring cloud rap and a "catchy" hook, the song is built around an instrumental refrain. Some music critics identified it as an R&B ballad. In terms of music notation, the song is composed in the key of D minor, with a tempo of 147 beats per minute, and has a length of 3:18. Two versions of the song were released, a studio version on digital streaming platforms and an orchestral version accompanying an "art film." The latter features a capella vocals layered over "stripped-down" string-heavy instrumental production. In its composition, the studio version incorporates "synth-y guitar riffs" and a "pounding beat." The blend of trap beats with "mournful" instrumentals during production was used to create an "atmospheric" and "haunting" mood. Jason Lipshutz, writing for Billboard, noted that the instrumentation accentuates "the interwoven hooks, rap verses and falsetto exclamations." The song opens with distinctly East Asian riffs built over a rhapsodic melody, accompanied by distorted vocals. Pitchforks Sheldon Pearce noted the heavy use of Auto-Tune in the song. Meanwhile, Evening Standards Jochan Embley noted that the track incorporated the traditional 12-stringed Korean instrument gayageum. Throughout the song, BTS' vocals are "layered and processed" to make them "indistinguishable" from each other, showing how they are one unit of seven people, while the minimalist sounds represent a subdued inner. At several points, the voices of the band sound like "an inner monologue torn between pushing through and carrying on as normal" or "being riddled with uncertainty and hesitation." Critics have compared the song to BTS' 2018 single "Fake Love". According to Yonhap News Agency, "Black Swan" continues the theme of exploring one's ego from BTS' previous album, Map of the Soul: Persona, inspired by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung's theories of human psychology. The Korea Timess press release described the song as "a confession of an artist who has truly learned what music means to himself," in which "BTS dives deep into their inner selves as artists and faces the shadows they had once hidden." In an interview with Zach Sang, the band described the song as "very personal" in which they wanted to talk about their shadows. In the trap ballet, BTS use introspective lyrics to confess the fear of losing passion for music. "Black Swan" details the relationship artists have with their craft, comparing the harrowing feeling of loss of love for the craft to death, with lyrics such as "If this can no longer resonate, no longer make my heart vibrate, then like this may be how I die my first death." Reception "Black Swan" was met with acclaim from music critics. In her review for Consequence of Sound, Hannah Zwick complimented the song's "beautiful blend of trap drumbeats and strings, rap and vocals, that creates an atmosphere of anxiety before you even read the lyrics" and chose the song as a highlight of Map of the Soul: 7. Stereogum critic Chris DeVille felt that the version accompanying the art film "infuses it with classical elements to go along with the video’s modern dance routine." Writing for MTV, Crystal Bell regarded the song as BTS' "darkest single" since "Fake Love" in 2018, adding that the song characterizes "BTS at their most raw and unflinching," and is "deeper and more painful." So Seung-Geun from IZM viewed it as "heavy and philosophical" and described the song's production as "dark and serious." Calling the sound "mature," he rated the song four out of five stars, writing that "two completely different elements of Oriental Classic and Western Trend are compatible and entangled in an enlarged position, embodying the inner desire to fly much like a feather." In his review of Map of the Soul: 7 for the Los Angeles Times, August Brown described "Black Swan" as "foggy," "arty" and "catchy as hell" and stated that, "If 7 has a statement of purpose, it’s probably this cut. It shows the biggest band in the world as attentive students of trippy modern hip-hop, but aware of the meticulousness and skill they bring to it as well." Raisa Bruner of Time magazine listed "Black Swan" amongst the five best songs of the week and praised BTS' "focus on detail" for crafting "a maze of connected narratives that blend visuals with song lyrics and sound" and further added, "BTS' desire in this phase to express their passion for their art and its impact on their lives has never been more evident." Labelling "Black Swan" as "honest and raw," Rhian Daly from NME called it "a haunting, melancholy curveball" that deviates "from an immediate, radio-friendly choice", putting "artistry ahead of mass appeal". Sophia Simon-Bashall of The Line of Best Fit favoured the production incorporating modern trap beats with traditional Korean instruments while also appreciating the song's lyrical content and wrote, "It speaks to anyone who has been through depression, the uniquely crushing experience of losing interest in what once gave meaning. It reaches out a hand to acknowledge that pain and provides a reminder to fight." In his review for Clash, Robin Murray regarded the track as "a stunning return, steering their infinitely appealing pop template into left-field landscapes." Vannessa Jackson of E! Online deemed it their "most dramatic song yet." Initially, "Black Swan" debuted at number 7 on the Gaon Digital Chart for the issue date of January 25, 2020, ultimately reaching number 10 following the release of Map of the Soul: 7. The song debuted and peaked at number two on the Gaon Download Chart, remaining in the top five for two consecutive weeks. "Black Swan" was the 11th best-performing song of the February 2020 issue of the Gaon Monthly Digital Chart, based on streaming, digital sales and downloads. The song debuted at number 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100 becoming BTS' eighth entry on the chart, and ranked at number 46 on the UK Singles Chart. Additionally, it debuted atop the US Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart for the issue date of February 1, 2020, becoming the band's 18th chart-topper, and the song entered the US Digital Song Sales chart at number 2. The song charted at number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and number 9 on the New Zealand Hot Singles chart, an extension to the New Zealand Top 40 chart. The song was also moderately successful in several other territories including Australia, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Ireland and Flemish region of Belgium. Accolades The song achieved substantial popularity, earning the Melon Popularity Award for five consecutive weeks. Music videos Art film A music video for "Black Swan" was directed by YongSeok Choi of Lumpens and premiered simultaneously with the song's release on YouTube. Hyunwoo Nam of GDW was credited as the director of photography and Tiffany Suh as the producer. The video is in the form of an "art film," featuring an interpretive dance performance by Slovenian-based modern dance troupe MN Dance Company, danced to the orchestral version of the song. The video was inspired by the movie Black Swan (2010). The art film opens with a quote from American dancer Martha Graham, "A dancer dies twice — once when they stop dancing, and this first death is more painful", a quote which echoes the theme of the song. The video then fades to an abandoned mall where seven dancers, in a straight line, walk into the frame. The following scene shows one shirtless lead dancer standing apart from the rest, who are dressed in over-sized suits. The video runs for five minutes and showcases symbolic contemporary choreography that "gets more intense, combative" as the lead dancer, turning into the "black swan", tries to escape from the clutches of the other six shadowed figures and break free from the cage of light. In some scenes, the dancer is entirely alone, dancing for himself. The performance ends with the lead dancer being raised towards the sky by the others, alongside him flapping his arms like a bird. Visually, the clip explores "the grappling of conflicting emotions" offered in the lyrics, as reinterpreted by the dancers. Commenting on why the art film was chosen, Jimin stated that "It was a new experience for us [...] ‘Black Swan’ is a confession by artists, so we wanted to focus on bringing out an artistic atmosphere." NPR's Stephen Thompson called the art film "lavishly choreographed" and pointed out how it "nicely reflects the song's message — about artists' fraught relationship with the work that sustains them." Christie D'Zurilla, writing for the Los Angeles Times, labelled the visual "artsy". Entertainment Weeklys Nick Romano called it as "honest and raw" as the Black Swan film. Reviewing for Clash, Robin Murray deemed the video as "a riveting watch." Corey Atad of Entertainment Tonight Canada echoed similar sentiments and acknowledged the "gorgeous interpretive dance." Ellie Nicholas of Celebmix connected the music video with the song's lyrics and gave a positive review, writing "The phenomenal choreography meshed with the orchestral instrumental and lyrics created a truly moving atmosphere to really bring to life the meaning of the track." Music video A second accompanying music video was uploaded to Big Hit's official YouTube channel on March 4, 2020, without any prior announcements. It was also directed by YongSeok Choi, and co-directed by Guzza, both from Lumpens, while the video was shot in the Los Angeles Theatre. The music video is dark and choreography-heavy, seeing BTS transforming into eponymous black swans. The visual opens with BTS clad in white, standing on the dark stage of an intimate theatre. In the following scenes, the members are seen delivering their verses while surrounded by an ornate vaulted ceiling and gilded fixtures. The video alternates between close-ups of each member interacting with their shadows and group-shots of them performing "intricate" choreography on an empty stage. Suga is seen rapping in the backdrop of mural paintings when his shadow breaks free from his body and dances in the background. Several solo shots of Jimin's elegant choreography are shown; at one point, he spreads his wings like a bird. Jin is seen contemplating his reflection in a hall of mirrors, as he is haunted by himself. Throughout the video, BTS switch from white to black outfits, matching the "Black Swan" concept photos of the album. This is a metaphor for portraying the perception of good and evil as shadows play a central part in the video, alluding to the recurring theme of Map of the Soul: 7 and visual representation of the song's lyrics. The video draws heavy references to "Jungian shadows", Darren Aronofsky's 2010 psychological thriller of the same name, as well as Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake (1876). In her review for Vulture, Rebecca Alter called the video "perfect." Lake Schatz of Consequence of Sound wrote that "the group’s bold and exquisite dance work is captivating in itself, but also symbolizes a swan-like transformation, as BTS eventually swap their crisp white suits for black ones." Paper magazine's Matt Moen called it "positively breathtaking." Live performances BTS performed "Black Swan" for the first time on The Late Late Show with James Corden on January 28, 2020. For the performance, choreography by Brazilian-born choreographer Sergio Reis was commissioned. Big Hit had seen performances by Reis' Netherlands-based dance crew CDK, which "had a similar 'dark' feel to" what was wanted for "Black Swan". During the song's well-received performance, the band members were barefoot on stage, dressed in black suits. The performance set was elaborate, bolstered by an LCD-screen waterfall that made it look like they were performing in the backdrop of a darkened forest or on a frosty lake. Writing for Rolling Stone, Emily Zemler praised the performance, saying that "it was a notably impressive and energized rendition of the track and featured some impassioned barefoot choreography." Tom Breihan of Stereogum lauded the band's "intricate" choreography and wrote: "As pure pop spectacle, it was magnificent." Alyssa Bailey of Elle called it "one of the most breathtaking performances" and wrote, "one of the most mesmerizing aspects is the group's ability to perform elaborate, high-energy choreography while being perfectly in sync with each other and singing." Following the release of the album in February 2020, BTS performed "Black Swan" on several South Korean music programs, including Mnet's M! Countdown, KBS's Music Bank and SBS's Inkigayo. Credits and personnel Credits adapted from Tidal and the liner notes of Map of the Soul: 7. BTS – primary vocals RM - songwriting J-Hope – chorus Jungkook – chorus Pdogg – production, songwriting, keyboard, synthesizer, vocal arrangement, rap arrangement, recording engineer August Rigo – songwriting Vince Nantes – songwriting Clyde Kelly – songwriting DJ Riggins – mix engineer Jaycen Joshua – mix engineer Jacob Richards – mix engineer Max Seaberg – mix engineer Hiss noise – digital editing Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history See also List of number-one songs of 2020 (Malaysia) List of top 10 singles in 2020 (France) Notes References 2020s ballads 2020 singles 2020 songs BTS songs Trap music songs Contemporary R&B ballads South Korean contemporary R&B songs South Korean hip hop songs Number-one singles in Malaysia Pop ballads Songs about music Songs written by Pdogg Songs written by August Rigo Songs written by RM (musician) Music videos directed by Lumpens Hybe Corporation singles
Wiedemann Language Award (, full name The State F. J. Wiedemann Language Award) is an Estonian state award which is granted each year to one natural person for outstanding merits upon study, organisation, teaching, promotion or use of the Estonian language. Recipients 1989 – Henn Saari 1990 – Hella Keem, Erich Raiet 1991 – Pent Nurmekund 1992 – Rein Kull, Valev Uibopuu 1993 – Rudolf Karelson, Uno Liivaku 1994 – Nikolai Baturin, Paul Saagpakk 1995 – Lennart Meri 1996 – Juhan Peegel 1997 – Eduard Leppik 1998 – Mari Must, Huno Rätsep 1999 – Tiiu Erelt, Uno Mereste 2000 – Ellen Uuspõld 2001 – Ülle Viks, Eduard Vääri 2002 – Valdek Pall 2003 – Mati Hint, Helju Vals 2004 – Viivi Maanso 2005 – Haldur Õim 2006 – Heldur Niit 2007 – Kristiina Ross 2008 – Mati Erelt 2009 – Ilse Lehiste 2010 – Ain Kaalep 2011 – Tiit-Rein Viitso 2012 – Mari Tarand 2013 – Valve-Liivi Kingisepp 2014 – Arvo Krikmann 2015 – Leelo Tungal 2016 – Uno Laur 2017 – Marja Kallasmaa 2018 – Reet Kasik 2019 – 2020 – Helle Metslang 2021 – Jüri Viikberg 2022 – Mare Koit References Estonian language Estonian awards Language-related awards
Kanhu Charan Jena (27 February 1920 – 21 February 2000) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from the Bhadrak in Odisha as a member of the Indian National Congress. References External links Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website 1920 births 2000 deaths Indian National Congress politicians India MPs 1952–1957 India MPs 1957–1962 India MPs 1962–1967 Lok Sabha members from Odisha People from Balasore district People from Bhadrak Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha
During the 1988–89 English football season, Middlesbrough finished third from bottom in the Football League First Division and were relegated after just one season. After a decent first half of the season, having occupied seventh place in November, they won just one of their last 17 League matches and fell into the relegation places on the final day of the season after losing 1–0 to Sheffield Wednesday. Bernie Slaven was one of the First Division's top scorers with 15 goals in the League, but Peter Davenport scored just four times after signing from Manchester United. Middlesbrough were eliminated from both the FA Cup and the League Cup at the round they entered each competition. They were beaten by lower league opposition, Grimsby Town and Tranmere Rovers respectively. League table Results Football League First Division FA Cup League Cup Simod Cup Squad Appearances and goals Appearance and goalscoring records for all the players who were in the Middlesbrough F.C. first team squad during the 1988–89 season. \|} References Middlesbrough F.C. seasons Middlesbrough

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