text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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The 7th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union army during the American Civil War. It was formed on June 15, 1861, in Taunton. Its original commander was Colonel Darius N. Couch who would eventually be promoted to command the II Corps of the Army of the Potomac and, after that, the Department of the Susquehanna.
Organization and early duty
The 7th Massachusetts consisted almost entirely of men from Bristol County, Massachusetts. The regiment was trained at Camp Old Colony in Taunton, Massachusetts. On June 15, 1861, its members were mustered into service.
On July 11, the 7th Massachusetts left for Washington, D.C. where it remained encamped until the spring of 1862. For most of that period, the regiment was stationed in Brightwood, now a neighborhood of Washington but, at the time, outside of the urban area of the city. There they worked with other regiments to construct a defensive fortification known as Fort Stevens. The conditions at Fort Stevens were favorable as compared to many winter camps during the Civil War and the regiment had a very low rate of sickness.
During their first winter, the command of the 7th Massachusetts changed rapidly. Couch was promoted to the command of their brigade whereupon Nelson H. Davis took command of the regiment. Davis was soon transferred to the inspector general's department. Col. Joseph Wheelock of Boston briefly held command but resigned in January 1862. At that time, Captain David Allen Russell, of the Regular army was promoted to the colonelcy of the 7th Massachusetts. He would lead the regiment through many major battles and retained command until February 1863.
Peninsular Campaign
Leaving Fort Stevens on March 11, 1862, the 7th Massachusetts was assigned to the Army of the Potomac and was shipped via Washington to Fortress Monroe. Here, Union forces under the command of Major General George B. McClellan gathered in preparation for an advance on the Confederate capital of Richmond via the Virginia Peninsula. The regiment saw its first combat during the Battle of Williamsburg and suffered light casualties of one killed and one wounded.
During the Peninsular Campaign, the regiment took part in the Battle of Fair Oaks and the Battle of Oak Grove taking light casualties. After the failure of the Peninsular Campaign, the 7th Massachusetts withdrew with the rest of the Army of the Potomac to Fortress Monroe. On August 31, they were shipped to northern Virginia.
Medal of Honor recipient
Corporal Lowell M. Maxham
See also
Massachusetts in the Civil War
List of Massachusetts Civil War units
Notes
References
Units and formations of the Union Army from Massachusetts
1861 establishments in Massachusetts
Military units and formations established in 1861
Military units and formations disestablished in 1864 |
Ab Chenar-e Olya (, also Romanized as Āb Chenār-e ‘Olyā; also known as Āb Chenār-e Zīlā’ī) is a village in Barez Rural District, Manj District, Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 179, in 28 families.
References
Populated places in Lordegan County |
James Montgomery McAlpine (28 June 1887 – October qtr. 1948) was a Scottish footballer, who played as a half back for Southampton in the Southern League before playing for Football League clubs Millwall and Gillingham.
Football career
Born in Dalziel, (Motherwell, Lanarkshire), McAlpine played for various local clubs, including Strathclyde where he was spotted by scouts from Southampton. Along with teammate Andrew Gibson, he signed for the Saints in May 1911 and was considered to be one of new manager George Swift's better signings. Swift was Southampton's first appointment as manager and promptly embarked on a spending spree, signing eleven players in six weeks.
Playing alongside the ever-dependable Bert Lee, he became a virtual ever-present up to the suspension of football in 1915. According to Holley & Chalk's "The Alphabet of the Saints", McAlpine was "rather small for a left half, (but) made up for his lack of stature with a determined and forceful temperament that made him a firm favourite with the Saints crowd."
During World War I he remained on Saints' books, but joined local shipbuilders Harland and Wolff and turned out for their works football team, often against the Saints. He briefly returned to his native Scotland, playing for Kilmarnock and Wishaw Thistle.
After the war he moved to Millwall where he was part of their first ever Football League side in 1920–21. In July 1921 he moved on to Gillingham for a couple of seasons before retiring.
References
1887 births
1948 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Southampton F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. wartime guest players
Wishaw Thistle F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Southern Football League players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Footballers from Motherwell
Men's association football wing halves
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Strathclyde F.C. players
Vale of Clyde F.C. players |
The 1980–81 Sussex County Football League season was the 56th in the history of Sussex County Football League a football competition in England.
Division One
Division One featured 14 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs, promoted from Division Two:
Hastings Town
Three Bridges
League table
Division Two
Division Two featured twelve clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs relegated from Division One:
Haywards Heath
Rye United
League table
References
1980-81
1980–81 in English football leagues |
The year 1869 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Events
November 4 – The first issue of scientific journal Nature is published in London, edited by Norman Lockyer.
Chemistry
March 6 – Dmitri Mendeleev makes a formal presentation of his periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.
June 15 – John Wesley Hyatt patents celluloid, in Albany, New York.
July 15 – Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès files a patent for margarine (as oleomargarine) in France as a beef tallow and skimmed milk substitute for butter.
German chemist Lothar Meyer makes a formal presentation of the revised and expanded version of his independently-created 1864 periodic table, „Die Natur der chemischen Elemente als Funktion ihrer Atomgewichte".
Publication of Adolphe Wurtz's Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée begins in Paris.
Life sciences
April 6 – The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York.
June 24 – Sea Birds Preservation Act passed in the United Kingdom, preventing killing of designated species during the breeding season, the first Act to offer any protection to British wild birds.
Paul Langerhans discovers the pancreatic islets.
Friedrich Miescher discovers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. Found in the nuclei of cells, Miescher names it "nuclein".
Neurasthenia is first published as a diagnosis in psychopathology by Michigan alienist E. H. Van Deusen of the Kalamazoo asylum followed a few months later by New York neurologist George Miller Beard.
French missionary and naturalist Père Armand David receives the skin of a giant panda from a hunter, the first time this species has become known to a Westerner; he also first describes a specimen of the "pocket handkerchief tree", which will be named in his honor as Davidia involucrata.
Alfred Russel Wallace publishes The Malay Archipelago.
Mathematics
W. Stanley Jevons publishes The Substitution of Similars and has a "Logic Piano" constructed to work out problems in symbolic logic.
Hermann Schwarz devises Schwarz–Christoffel mapping.
Technology
Approximate date – Henry Christopher Mance develops a practical military heliograph in the British Raj.
Awards
Copley Medal: Henri Victor Regnault
Wollaston Medal for Geology: Henry Clifton Sorby
Births
February 14 – C. T. R. Wilson (died 1959), Scottish winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
February 27 – Alice Hamilton (died 1970), American physician.
April 8 – Harvey Cushing (died 1939), American neurosurgeon.
April 17 – Robert Robertson (died 1949), Scottish-born chemist.
June 19 – Christopher Addison (died 1951), English anatomist and politician.
July 18 – Maria von Linden (died 1936), German bacteriologist and zoologist.
August 23 – Robert Gunther (died 1940), English historian of science.
October 3 – Robert W. Paul (died 1943), English pioneer of cinematography.
December 16 – Bertha Lamme (died 1943), American electrical engineer.
Helen Boyle (died 1957), British physician and psychologist.
Deaths
July 22 – John A. Roebling (born 1806), German American bridge engineer.
July 28 – Carl Gustav Carus (born 1789), German physiologist and landscape painter.
September 11 – Thomas Graham (born 1805), Scottish chemist.
References
Science, 1869 In
1860s in science
19th century in science |
The minister of war of the Netherlands (), was the minister responsible for the Ministry of War and the Royal Netherlands Army. The position was abolished with the creation of the position for Minister of Defence.
The first minister of war was Charles Nepveu, while the last one was Alexander Fiévez, a member of the Catholic People's Party.
List of officeholders
See also
List of ministers of defence of the Netherlands
Minister of the Navy
References
Military of the Netherlands
War |
Osama El-Gendi (; born 18 January 1953) is an officer in the Egyptian military.
He graduated from the Naval Academy in Alexandria in 1973 in time to serve on a frigate as a fire direction officer during the Yom Kippur War and saw action outside the territorial waters near Damietta. On 14 August 2012, President Mohamed Morsi appointed him as the Commander of the Egyptian Navy after dismissing Vice Admiral Mohab Mamish. He is a member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.
Military education
Bachelor of the Navy studies
The captain of the high seas, August's course
Specific leadership course
M.A. of military sciences and the navy studies, Egyptian Joint command college
War staff course (Naval Specialization)
Crisis Management / Negotiation course
Advanced War Course - Nasser Military Academy
Advanced Distinguished leaders Course - Nasser Military Academy.
M.A. of the global transport, The Arab academy for sciences and technology and the maritime transport.
Main commands
Commander of Group in the Second Brigade Missile Frigates 1989-1993
Commander of Second Brigade of Boats 1993-1997
Chief of Operations of Red Sea Fleet 1997-2000
Commander of Matrouh Naval Base 2000-2004
Commander of Red Sea Fleet 2004-2008
Commander-in-Chief of Alexandria Naval Base and Mediterranean Fleet 2008-2011
Chief of Naval Operations 2011-2012
Chief of staff of the Egyptian Navy 2012-
Medals and decorations
Medal of the 25th of April
Medal of Military Duty, Second Class.
Medal of Military Duty, First Class.
Medal of Training, First Class
Distinguished Service Decoration.
Longevity and Exemplary Medal
Medal of the Egyptian Navy.
Silver Jubilee Medal of 6 October victory 25th Anniversary
Golden Jubilee Medal of 23 July 50th Anniversary
Silver Jubilee Medal of 25 April Anniversary
January 25 Medal
References
1953 births
Living people
Egyptian Navy admirals
Egyptian people of the Yom Kippur War
20th-century Egyptian military personnel
Members of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces |
```xml
/**
* These are fake dom type definitions that rxjs depends on.
* Another solution is to add the 'dom' lib to tsconfig, but that's even worse.
* We don't need dom, as the extension does nothing with the dom (dom = HTML entities and the like).
*/
interface EventTarget { }
interface NodeList { }
interface HTMLCollection { }
interface XMLHttpRequest { }
interface Event { }
interface MessageEvent { }
interface CloseEvent { }
interface WebSocket { }
``` |
Thomas Francis Madden (born 10 June 1960) is an American historian, a former chair of the history department at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri, and director of Saint Louis University's Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
A specialist on the Crusades, he has often commented in the popular media after the events of September 11, to discuss topics such as how Muslims have viewed the medieval Crusades and their parallels to today's interventions in the Middle East. In 2007, he was awarded the Haskins Medal from the Medieval Academy of America for his book Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice, also a "Book of the Month" selection by the BBC History magazine. In 2012, he was named a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. In 2018, he was named a National Endowment for the Humanities Public Scholar.
Biography
Madden received his bachelor's degree from the University of New Mexico in 1986, and his Masters (1990) and PhD (1993) degrees in history from the University of Illinois.
Madden is active in the Society for the Study of the Crusades in the Latin East, and organizes panels for the Annual Symposium on Medieval and Renaissance Studies in Saint Louis, Missouri. He is the Director of the Crusades Studies Forum and the Medieval Italy Prosopographical Database Project, both housed at Saint Louis University.
Writing
Madden has books and articles including the "Crusades" entry for the Encyclopædia Britannica. His research specialties are ancient and medieval history, including the Fourth Crusade, as well as ancient and medieval Italian history. His 1997 revision of The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople (originally authored by Donald Queller) was a selection of the History Book Club. He is also known for speaking about the ways that the history of the Crusades is often used for manipulation of modern political agendas. His book, The New Concise History of the Crusades has been translated into seven foreign languages.
His book Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice won multiple awards, including the 2007 Haskins Medal from the Medieval Academy of America and the Otto Gründler Prize from the Medieval Institute. According to the Medieval Review, with this book "Madden more than ever stakes out his place as one of the most important medievalists in America at present."
His 2008 book, Empires of Trust, was a comparative study that sought elements in historic republics that led to the development of empires. In the case of Rome, he argued that their citizens and leaders acquired a level of trust among allies and potential enemies that was based upon an unusual rejection of hegemonic power. His most recent book, Venice: A New History is the culmination of decades of work in the archives and libraries of Venice.
Books
Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World, 2016 Viking ;
Venice: A New History, 2012, Viking
as editor: Crusades: Medieval Worlds in Conflict, 2010, Ashgate
Empires of Trust, 2008, Dutton/Penguin
as editor: The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath, and Perceptions, 2008, Ashgate
Crusades: The Illustrated History, 2005, University of Michigan Press
Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice, 2003, Johns Hopkins University Press
as editor: The Crusades: The Essential Readings, 2002, Blackwell
A Concise History of the Crusades, 1999, Rowman & Littlefield
The New Concise History of the Crusades, 2005, updated edition;
The Concise History of the Crusades, 2014, 3rd edition;
as editor with Ellen E. Kittell: Medieval and Renaissance Venice, 1999, University of Illinois Press
The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, co-author with Donald Queller, 1997, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2nd revised edition
Select popular articles
The Islamic State's Members Believe They are Fighting a New Crusade. They're Wrong.", Washington Post, December 4, 2015.
"The Pope Joins a Fine but Rarely Seen Tradition", Wall Street Journal, February 14, 2013.
"The Real History of the Crusades", ARMA, March 19, 2011 (updated 2005 piece)
"America's Days Aren't Numbered", The Wall Street Journal, July 4, 2008.
"Not Dead Yet: The Lost Tomb of Jesus -- One Year Later", NRO, March 21, 2008.
"Unreasonable Response: Benedict XVI Hasn't Revived the Crusades", NRO, September 18, 2006.
"Crusaders and Historians", First Things, June/July 2005.
"Onward P.C. Soldiers: Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven, NRO, May 27, 2005.
"The Real Inquisition: Investigating the Popular Myth,", NRO, June 18, 2004.
'Crusade Myths', The Catholic Dossier, January/February 2002.
Select scholarly articles
"The Venetian Version of the Fourth Crusade: Memory and the Conquest of Constantinople in Medieval Venice," Speculum 87 (2012): 311–44.
"The Latin Empire of Constantinople’s Fractured Foundation: The Rift Between Boniface of Montferrat and Baldwin of Flanders," in The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath, and Perceptions (Brookfield: Ashgate Publishing, 2008): 45–52.
"Food and the Fourth Crusade: A New Approach to the 'Diversion Question,'" in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, John H. Pryor, ed. (Brookfield: Ashgate Publishing, 2006): 209–28.
"Venice, the Papacy, and the Crusades before 1204," in The Medieval Crusade, Susan J. Ridyard, ed. (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2004): 85–95.
"The Enduring Myths of the Fourth Crusade," World History Bulletin 20 (2004): 11–14.
"The Chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: The Date and the Debate," Journal of Medieval History 28 (2002): 23–41.
"Venice's Hostage Crisis: Diplomatic Efforts to Secure Peace with Byzantium between 1171 and 1184," in Ellen E. Kittell and Thomas F. Madden, eds., Medieval and Renaissance Venice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999): 96–108.
"Outside and Inside the Fourth Crusade," The International History Review 17 (1995): 726–43.
"Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172: Enrico Dandolo’s Attitude towards Byzantium," Mediterranean Historical Review 8 (1993): 166–85.
"Vows and Contracts in the Fourth Crusade: The Treaty of Zara and the Attack on Constantinople in 1204," The International History Review 15 (1993): 441–68.
"Father of the Bride: Fathers, Daughters, and Dowries in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Venice," Renaissance Quarterly 46 (1993): 685–711. (with Donald E. Queller)
"The Fires of the Fourth Crusade in Constantinople, 1203-1204: A Damage Assessment," Byzantinische Zeitschrift 84/85 (1992): 72–93.
"The Serpent Column of Delphi in Constantinople: Placement, Purposes, and Mutilations," Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 16 (1992): 111–45.
Recorded lectures
"God Wills It!" Understanding the Crusades
The Decline and Fall of Rome
From Jesus to Christianity: The History of the Early Church
Upon This Rock: A History of the Papacy from Peter to John Paul II
Empire of Gold: A History of the Byzantine Empire
One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic: A History of the Church in the Middle Ages
Christianity and the Crossroads: The Reformations of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Heaven or Heresy: A History of the Inquisition
The Catholic Church in the Modern Age
History Channel documentaries
Decoding the Past, "Spear of Christ"
Decoding the Past, "Secrets of the Koran"
The Big Build, "The Castle Tower"
Awards
2005 Otto Grundler Prize, Medieval Institute
2007 Haskins Medal, Medieval Academy of America, for the book Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice
2012 Guggenheim Fellowship
2013 Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America
2015 American Council of Learned Societies, Fellow
2018 National Endowment for the Humanities, Public Scholar Award
References
External links
http://www.thomasmadden.org/
http://www.tfp.org/TFPForum/western_civilization/madden_interview.htm
http://www.unm.edu/~market/cgi-bin/archives/000524.html
1960 births
Living people
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
Saint Louis University faculty
American medievalists
Historians of antiquity
Historians of the Crusades
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Historians of the Republic of Venice |
Funeral cosmetology, also known as mortuary makeup or restorative arts, sometimes known by the older name desairology, are activities related to the practice of viewing a deceased person in their open casket prior to burial. If a family requests a viewing, the funeral director will discuss with the family how they would like the decedent to appear, and even ask the family to provide a reference photo of the deceased. This photo may be given to the desairologist. A decedent's usual hairdresser may also be called upon.
In the United States
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration's official view is that while no certification is required to practice funeral cosmetology, a person must be a licensed cosmetologist, funeral director, or embalmer to perform cosmetic services on deceased persons. In many funeral homes, unless the family requests special services or a certain cosmetologist, funeral home personnel do the necessary cosmetic preparations.
According to the National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts and Sciences (NACCAS), no schools in the United States currently offer specific programs of study for mortuary cosmetologists, however, many schools offer classes on mortuary services as part of their cosmetology curriculum. States don’t require special licensing for mortuary cosmetologists beyond the standard cosmetology license, which is a requirement for cosmetologists in all 50 U.S. states.
See also
Embalming
References
External links
Personal care and service occupations
Cosmetics |
47th CAS Awards
February 19, 2011
Theatrical Releases:
True Grit
The 47th Cinema Audio Society Awards, which were held on February 19, 2011, honored the outstanding achievements in sound mixing in film and television of 2010.
Winners and nominees
Film
True Grit — Peter F. Kurland, Skip Lievsay, Craig Berkey, and Greg Orloff Black Swan — Ken Ishii, Dominick Tavella, and Craig Henighan
Inception — Ed Novick, Lora Hirschberg, and Gary Rizzo
Shutter Island — Petur Hliddal and Tom Fleishman
The Social Network — Mark Weingarten, Ren Klyce, David Parker, and Michael Semanick
Television
Series
Boardwalk Empire (Episode: "A Return to Normalcy") 24 (Episode: "3:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.")
Dexter (Episode: "Take It!")
Glee (Episode: "The Power of Madonna")
Modern Family (Episode: "Chirp")
Miniseries or Television Film
Temple Grandin
The Pacific (Episode: "Basilone")
The Pacific (Episode: "Iwo Jima")
The Pacific (Episode: "Okinawa")
The Pacific'' (Episode: "Peleliu Landing")
References
2010 film awards
2010 television awards
2010 guild awards
Cinema Audio Society Awards
2011 in American cinema |
This is a list of episodes for the second season of Nickelodeon's animated television series, Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness. The first episode, a sneak peek, aired on April 6, 2012, and the regular run began airing September 26, 2012.
Episodes
DVD releases
References
2012 American television seasons
2013 American television seasons |
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>three.js webgl - loaders - Draco loader</title>
<style>
body {
font-family: Monospace;
background-color: #000;
color: #fff;
margin: 0px;
overflow: hidden;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="page-wrapper">
<h1>Open a draco compressed file (.drc):</h1>
<div>
<input type="file" id="fileInput">
</div>
</div>
<div>
<pre id="decoderType"><pre>
</div>
<div>
<pre id="fileDisplayArea"><pre>
</div>
<script src="path_to_url"></script>
<script src="DRACOLoader.js"></script>
<script src="geometry_helper.js"></script>
<script>
'use strict';
// Configure decoder and create loader.
var dracoLoader = new THREE.DRACOLoader();
// It is recommended to always pull your Draco JavaScript and WASM decoders
// from this URL. Users will benefit from having the Draco decoder in cache
// as more sites start using the static URL.
dracoLoader.setDecoderPath('path_to_url
var camera, cameraTarget, scene, renderer;
function init() {
var container = document.createElement('div');
document.body.appendChild(container);
camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(35, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 1, 15);
camera.position.set(3, 0.15, 3);
cameraTarget = new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, 0);
scene = new THREE.Scene();
scene.fog = new THREE.Fog(0x72645b, 2, 15);
// Ground
var plane = new THREE.Mesh(
new THREE.PlaneBufferGeometry(40, 40),
new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0x999999, specular: 0x101010}));
plane.rotation.x = -Math.PI/2;
plane.position.y = -0.5;
scene.add(plane);
plane.receiveShadow = true;
// Lights
scene.add(new THREE.HemisphereLight(0x443333, 0x111122));
addShadowedLight(1, 1, 1, 0xffffff, 1.35);
addShadowedLight(0.5, 1, -1, 0xffaa00, 1);
// renderer
renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({antialias: true});
renderer.setClearColor(scene.fog.color);
renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);
renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
container.appendChild(renderer.domElement);
window.addEventListener('resize', onWindowResize, false);
}
function addShadowedLight(x, y, z, color, intensity) {
var directionalLight = new THREE.DirectionalLight(color, intensity);
directionalLight.position.set(x, y, z);
scene.add(directionalLight);
}
function onWindowResize() {
camera.aspect = window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight;
camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
}
function animate() {
requestAnimationFrame(animate);
render();
}
function render() {
var timer = Date.now() * 0.0005;
camera.position.x = Math.sin(timer) * 2.5;
camera.position.z = Math.cos(timer) * 2.5;
camera.lookAt(cameraTarget);
renderer.render(scene, camera);
}
window.onload = function() {
var fileInput = document.getElementById('fileInput');
var fileDisplayArea = document.getElementById('fileDisplayArea');
fileInput.onclick = function() {
this.value = '';
}
fileInput.addEventListener('change', function(e) {
var file = fileInput.files[0];
var reader = new FileReader();
reader.onload = function(e) {
dracoLoader.decodeDracoFile(reader.result, function(bufferGeometry) {
if (dracoLoader.decode_time !== undefined) {
fileDisplayArea.innerText = 'Decode time = ' + dracoLoader.decode_time + '\n' +
'Import time = ' + dracoLoader.import_time;
}
var material = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({vertexColors: THREE.VertexColors});
var geometry;
// Point cloud does not have face indices.
if (bufferGeometry.index == null) {
geometry = new THREE.Points(bufferGeometry, material);
} else {
if (bufferGeometry.attributes.normal === undefined) {
var geometryHelper = new GeometryHelper();
geometryHelper.computeVertexNormals(bufferGeometry);
}
geometry = new THREE.Mesh(bufferGeometry, material);
}
// Compute range of the geometry coordinates for proper rendering.
bufferGeometry.computeBoundingBox();
var sizeX = bufferGeometry.boundingBox.max.x - bufferGeometry.boundingBox.min.x;
var sizeY = bufferGeometry.boundingBox.max.y - bufferGeometry.boundingBox.min.y;
var sizeZ = bufferGeometry.boundingBox.max.z - bufferGeometry.boundingBox.min.z;
var diagonalSize = Math.sqrt(sizeX * sizeX + sizeY * sizeY + sizeZ * sizeZ);
var scale = 1.0 / diagonalSize;
var midX =
(bufferGeometry.boundingBox.min.x + bufferGeometry.boundingBox.max.x) / 2;
var midY =
(bufferGeometry.boundingBox.min.y + bufferGeometry.boundingBox.max.y) / 2;
var midZ =
(bufferGeometry.boundingBox.min.z + bufferGeometry.boundingBox.max.z) / 2;
geometry.scale.multiplyScalar(scale);
geometry.position.x = -midX * scale;
geometry.position.y = -midY * scale;
geometry.position.z = -midZ * scale;
geometry.castShadow = true;
geometry.receiveShadow = true;
var selectedObject = scene.getObjectByName("my_mesh");
scene.remove(selectedObject);
geometry.name = "my_mesh";
scene.add(geometry);
});
}
reader.readAsArrayBuffer(file);
});
init();
animate();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
``` |
Leatherwood is an unincorporated community within Perry County, Kentucky, United States. At one point, it was called Toner. The post office has been closed.
References
Unincorporated communities in Perry County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Coal towns in Kentucky |
Bastien Girod (born 21 December 1980) is a Swiss politician, sustainability researcher, corporate and industry advisor.
Politician
Since 2007, Bastien Girod (Green Party) has been an elected member of the Swiss national council, where he serves on the environment, spatial planning and energy committee.
Scientific career
Girod is lecturer (Privatdozent) at the ETH Zurich on Sustainability and Technology. He also holds an Executive MBA from the University of Zurich, conducted a PhD at ETH Zurich with the title „Integration of Rebound Effects into Life-Cycle Assessment“.
Business activities
Since 2018 Bastien Girod works at South Pole Group as corporate sustainability advisor and head of the DACH business development unit. In the same year he took over the presidency of the industry association for Swiss waste revalorization plants (VBSA), which is committed to a sustainable Swiss waste system.
External links
Bastien Girod on the website of the ETH Zurich
Personal website (in German)
References
1980 births
Green Party of Switzerland politicians
Living people
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Politicians from Zürich
Swiss businesspeople
21st-century Swiss politicians |
"Endgame" is the 8th episode of the third season of the American television drama series Person of Interest. It is the 53rd overall episode of the series and is written by Nic Van Zeebroeck & Michael Sopczynski and directed by Sylvain White. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on November 12, 2013.
The series revolves around a computer program for the federal government known as "The Machine" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. A team, consisting of John Reese, Harold Finch and Sameen Shaw follow "irrelevant" crimes: lesser level of priority for the government. In the episode, Carter decides to go all out to end HR once and for all, planning to put the Russians against them and start a war. Despite being credited, Amy Acker does not appear in the episode.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 12.60 million household viewers and gained a 2.0/6 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received critical acclaim, with critics highlighting Taraji P. Henson's acting, writing and ending.
Plot
Flashbacks
In 2005, Carter (Taraji P. Henson) stars her career at the New York City Police Department when she runs into her ex-husband, Paul (Laz Alonso). Paul, an Army veteran, is suffering Post-traumatic stress disorder and has been told by Carter not to get close to their son Taylor until he seeks treatment. She later finds Paul on her house and both have a verbal fight before Paul loses the temper and destroys a lamp, forcing Carter to get him out of the house.
In 2008, Carter has been promoted to Detective and runs into Paul again. Paul has been taking treatment at Veterans Affairs and leaves Carter with his phone number in case she or Taylor need him.
Present day
The Machine has produced 38 numbers, all belonging to police officers that may be on HR's payroll. Reese (Jim Caviezel) and Fusco (Kevin Chapman) investigate a truck robbery which may be connected to Peter Yogorov (Morgan Spector). Yogorov meets with Simmons (Robert John Burke), where he refuses to pay an additional fee for protection, severing ties with HR.
Two days earlier, Carter meets with Quinn (Clarke Peters), where she says she will stop pursuing Cal Beecher's investigation. Actually, the meeting is a chance for Carter to clone Quinn's phone, as she knows he is HR's boss. She intercepts a call from Quinn, who expresses doubt on her statement and asks for her to be watched. Carter meets with Reese and asks him not to be with her for a while as HR may use this to their advantage. Carter then sends Elias (Enrico Colantoni) to meet with Yogorov, offering a partnership to take down HR and leaves behind a document with crucial information. Carter is revealed to be behind the attack on the truck robbery, having been supplied guns by Shaw (Sarah Shahi), planning to incriminate HR in the robbery.
Yogorov calls Quinn, threatening to expose the whole organization if the truck is not returned. Carter then shoots at Quinn's office, planning to start a war between HR and the Russians. Reese and Finch (Michael Emerson) discover that Carter was the robber and also discover Quinn's role as the boss of HR. After her actions, Quinn starts having a lot of Yogorov's men arrested. Carter then shows up at Yegorov's house, and takes him to the station as it's the only safe place. She offers a deal to Yogorov where she will transfer his brother in jail to a safer place and a deal if he confesses to HR's criminal activities with the amount of evidence she collected, which he accepts.
Carter then tells Fusco of a safe deposit box that will contain all her evidence against HR and leaves. HR members prepare to execute the Russians when more police officers arrive and discover the cocaine in one of the cars, arresting both the HR members and the Russians. Carter then calls a judge to ask for an arrest warrant against Quinn. Unknown to her, the judge is on Quinn's payroll and notifies him of this immediately.
Before meeting the judge, Carter calls Paul, who has had Taylor with him during these events. She thanks him for everything and then talks briefly with Taylor. She arrives at the judge's home, only to find Quinn and HR members awaiting for her. She prepares to be executed but mentions that their conversation where Quinn confessed to Beecher's murdered was recorded. Reese enters and shoots at many of HR's men with Quinn getting shot in the shoulder. Reese, Carter and Quinn exit the house where Reese has a shootout with one of the HR members before they flee the area. Simmons then uses the cruiser's Dashcam to get a photo of the three and tells the officer to spread it to other officers.
Reception
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "Endgame" was seen by an estimated 12.60 million household viewers and gained a 2.0/6 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 2.0 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 6 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. This was a 7% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 11.79 million viewers with a 1.9/6 in the 18-49 demographics. With these ratings, Person of Interest was the third most watched show on CBS for the night, behind NCIS: Los Angeles and NCIS, third on its timeslot and sixth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Chicago Fire, NCIS: Los Angeles, NCIS, and The Voice.
With Live +7 DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 17.09 million viewers with a 3.1 in the 18-49 demographics.
Critical reviews
"Endgame" received critical acclaim from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN wrote in his verdict, "'Endgame,' for better or worse, didn't provide us with the big death that it seemed to be setting up, but - man oh man - it was a good, world-shaking episode. With Carter going rogue and pulling a few choice pages out of Reese's black ops book."
Phil Dyess-Nugent of The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A−" grade and wrote, "Always changing, recharging, and finding new twists to play on a premise that didn’t look as if it could sustain that many of them, Person of Interest is heading into its final batch of episodes of 2013 with a full head of steam."
References
External links
Person of Interest (TV series) episodes
2013 American television episodes |
Strophalingias is a genus of moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It contains only one species, Strophalingias allactica, which is found in India (Sikkim).
References
External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Cosmopterigidae
Cosmopterigidae genera |
Nassoumbou is a department or commune of Soum Province in north-western Burkina Faso. Its capital lies at the town of Nassoumbou.
Towns and villages
See also
2016 Nassoumbou attack
References
Departments of Burkina Faso
Soum Province |
Old Main, the former Nicholas County High School, is a school building located in Summersville, West Virginia. The two-story stone Renaissance-style building was constructed in 1913 and graduated its first class in 1915.
From 1915 to 1930, the school also served as the site of a State Normal School for teachers. The school was eventually replaced by the current Nicholas County High School, which is located on a separate campus north of Summersville. Summersville Junior High School occupied the site afterwards, until a new site for SJHS behind NCHS was completed.
The Old Main building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 27, 1989.
References
Defunct schools in West Virginia
H. Rus Warne buildings
Renaissance Revival architecture in West Virginia
School buildings completed in 1913
Schools in Nicholas County, West Virginia
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Nicholas County, West Virginia
1913 establishments in West Virginia |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package handler
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"sort"
"strings"
"github.com/go-openapi/runtime/middleware"
"github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/common"
"github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/common/rbac"
"github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/common/utils"
ugCtl "github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/controller/usergroup"
"github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/lib/config"
"github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/lib/errors"
"github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/lib/q"
"github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/pkg/usergroup/model"
"github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/server/v2.0/models"
operation "github.com/goharbor/harbor/src/server/v2.0/restapi/operations/usergroup"
)
type userGroupAPI struct {
BaseAPI
ctl ugCtl.Controller
}
func newUserGroupAPI() *userGroupAPI {
return &userGroupAPI{ctl: ugCtl.Ctl}
}
func (u *userGroupAPI) CreateUserGroup(ctx context.Context, params operation.CreateUserGroupParams) middleware.Responder {
if err := u.RequireSystemAccess(ctx, rbac.ActionCreate, rbac.ResourceUserGroup); err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if params.Usergroup == nil {
return operation.NewCreateUserGroupBadRequest()
}
if len(params.Usergroup.GroupName) == 0 {
return operation.NewCreateUserGroupBadRequest()
}
ug := model.UserGroup{
GroupName: params.Usergroup.GroupName,
GroupType: int(params.Usergroup.GroupType),
LdapGroupDN: params.Usergroup.LdapGroupDn,
}
id, err := u.ctl.Create(ctx, ug)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
location := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", strings.TrimSuffix(params.HTTPRequest.URL.Path, "/"), id)
return operation.NewCreateUserGroupCreated().WithLocation(location)
}
func (u *userGroupAPI) DeleteUserGroup(ctx context.Context, params operation.DeleteUserGroupParams) middleware.Responder {
if err := u.RequireSystemAccess(ctx, rbac.ActionDelete, rbac.ResourceUserGroup); err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if params.GroupID <= 0 {
return u.SendError(ctx, errors.BadRequestError(nil).WithMessage("the group id should be provided"))
}
err := u.ctl.Delete(ctx, int(params.GroupID))
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
return operation.NewDeleteUserGroupOK()
}
func (u *userGroupAPI) GetUserGroup(ctx context.Context, params operation.GetUserGroupParams) middleware.Responder {
if err := u.RequireSystemAccess(ctx, rbac.ActionRead, rbac.ResourceUserGroup); err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if params.GroupID <= 0 {
return u.SendError(ctx, errors.BadRequestError(nil).WithMessage("the group id should be provided"))
}
ug, err := u.ctl.Get(ctx, int(params.GroupID))
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if ug == nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, errors.NotFoundError(nil).WithMessage("the user group with id %v is not found", params.GroupID))
}
userGroup := &models.UserGroup{
GroupName: ug.GroupName,
GroupType: int64(ug.GroupType),
LdapGroupDn: ug.LdapGroupDN,
}
return operation.NewGetUserGroupOK().WithPayload(userGroup)
}
func (u *userGroupAPI) ListUserGroups(ctx context.Context, params operation.ListUserGroupsParams) middleware.Responder {
if err := u.RequireSystemAccess(ctx, rbac.ActionList, rbac.ResourceUserGroup); err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
authMode, err := config.AuthMode(ctx)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
query, err := u.BuildQuery(ctx, nil, nil, params.Page, params.PageSize)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if params.GroupName != nil && len(*params.GroupName) > 0 {
query.Keywords["GroupName"] = &q.FuzzyMatchValue{Value: *params.GroupName}
}
switch authMode {
case common.LDAPAuth:
query.Keywords["GroupType"] = common.LDAPGroupType
if params.LdapGroupDn != nil && len(*params.LdapGroupDn) > 0 {
query.Keywords["LdapGroupDN"] = *params.LdapGroupDn
}
case common.HTTPAuth:
query.Keywords["GroupType"] = common.HTTPGroupType
}
total, err := u.ctl.Count(ctx, query)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if total == 0 {
return operation.NewListUserGroupsOK().WithXTotalCount(0).WithPayload([]*models.UserGroup{})
}
ug, err := u.ctl.List(ctx, query)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
return operation.NewListUserGroupsOK().
WithXTotalCount(total).
WithPayload(getUserGroupResp(ug)).
WithLink(u.Links(ctx, params.HTTPRequest.URL, total, query.PageNumber, query.PageSize).String())
}
func getUserGroupResp(ug []*model.UserGroup) []*models.UserGroup {
result := make([]*models.UserGroup, 0)
for _, u := range ug {
ug := &models.UserGroup{
GroupName: u.GroupName,
GroupType: int64(u.GroupType),
LdapGroupDn: u.LdapGroupDN,
ID: int64(u.ID),
}
result = append(result, ug)
}
return result
}
func getUserGroupSearchItem(ug []*model.UserGroup) []*models.UserGroupSearchItem {
result := make([]*models.UserGroupSearchItem, 0)
for _, u := range ug {
ug := &models.UserGroupSearchItem{
GroupName: u.GroupName,
GroupType: int64(u.GroupType),
ID: int64(u.ID),
}
result = append(result, ug)
}
return result
}
func (u *userGroupAPI) UpdateUserGroup(ctx context.Context, params operation.UpdateUserGroupParams) middleware.Responder {
if err := u.RequireSystemAccess(ctx, rbac.ActionUpdate, rbac.ResourceUserGroup); err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if params.GroupID <= 0 {
return operation.NewUpdateUserGroupBadRequest()
}
if params.Usergroup == nil || len(params.Usergroup.GroupName) == 0 {
return operation.NewUpdateUserGroupBadRequest()
}
err := u.ctl.Update(ctx, int(params.GroupID), params.Usergroup.GroupName)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
return operation.NewUpdateUserGroupOK()
}
func (u *userGroupAPI) SearchUserGroups(ctx context.Context, params operation.SearchUserGroupsParams) middleware.Responder {
if err := u.RequireAuthenticated(ctx); err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
query, err := u.BuildQuery(ctx, nil, nil, params.Page, params.PageSize)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if len(params.Groupname) == 0 {
return u.SendError(ctx, errors.BadRequestError(nil).WithMessage("need to provide groupname to search user group"))
}
query.Keywords["GroupName"] = &q.FuzzyMatchValue{Value: params.Groupname}
total, err := u.ctl.Count(ctx, query)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
if total == 0 {
return operation.NewSearchUserGroupsOK().WithXTotalCount(0).WithPayload([]*models.UserGroupSearchItem{})
}
ug, err := u.ctl.List(ctx, query)
if err != nil {
return u.SendError(ctx, err)
}
result := getUserGroupSearchItem(ug)
sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool {
return utils.MostMatchSorter(result[i].GroupName, result[j].GroupName, params.Groupname)
})
return operation.NewSearchUserGroupsOK().WithXTotalCount(total).
WithPayload(result).
WithLink(u.Links(ctx, params.HTTPRequest.URL, total, query.PageNumber, query.PageSize).String())
}
``` |
Tsentralno-Miskyi District (; ) is an urban district of western Kryvyi Rih, south-central Ukraine. It is the location of the historical centre of Kryvyi Rih.
History
Tsentralno-Miskyi District was formed in 1939. Kryvyi Rih grew out of a Cossack settlement that was part of the Inhul palanka of Zaporozhian Host. Until 1939, the Tsentralno-Miskyi District was called Yezhovsky.
References
Urban districts of Kryvyi Rih |
```css
.has-switch{display:inline-block;cursor:pointer;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;border:1px solid;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25);position:relative;text-align:left;overflow:hidden;line-height:8px;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;-o-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;min-width:100px}.has-switch.switch-mini{min-width:72px}.has-switch.switch-mini i.switch-mini-icons{height:1.2em;line-height:9px;vertical-align:text-top;text-align:center;transform:scale(.6);margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px}.has-switch.switch-small{min-width:80px}.has-switch.switch-large{min-width:120px}.has-switch.deactivate{opacity:.5;cursor:default!important}.has-switch.deactivate label,.has-switch.deactivate span{cursor:default!important}.has-switch>div{display:inline-block;width:150%;position:relative;top:0}.has-switch>div.switch-animate{-webkit-transition:left .5s;-moz-transition:left .5s;-o-transition:left .5s;transition:left .5s}.has-switch>div.switch-off{left:-50%}.has-switch>div.switch-on{left:0}.has-switch input[type=checkbox],.has-switch input[type=radio]{display:none}.has-switch label,.has-switch span{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;position:relative;display:inline-block;height:100%;padding-bottom:4px;padding-top:4px;font-size:14px;line-height:20px}.has-switch label.switch-mini,.has-switch span.switch-mini{padding-bottom:4px;padding-top:4px;font-size:10px;line-height:9px}.has-switch label.switch-small,.has-switch span.switch-small{padding-bottom:3px;padding-top:3px;font-size:12px;line-height:18px}.has-switch label.switch-large,.has-switch span.switch-large{padding-bottom:9px;padding-top:9px;font-size:16px;line-height:normal}.has-switch label{text-align:center;margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px;z-index:100;width:34%;border-left:1px solid #ccc;border-right:1px solid #ccc;color:#333;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#fff,#e6e6e6);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,0 100%,from(#fff),to(#e6e6e6));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#fff,#e6e6e6);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#fff,#e6e6e6);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#fff,#e6e6e6);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#e6e6e6 #e6e6e6 #bfbfbf;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.has-switch label.active,.has-switch label.disabled,.has-switch label:active,.has-switch label:focus,.has-switch label:hover,.has-switch label[disabled]{color:#333;background-color:#e6e6e6}.has-switch label i{color:#000;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #fff;line-height:18px;pointer-events:none}.has-switch span{text-align:center;z-index:1;width:33%}.has-switch span.switch-left{-webkit-border-top-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:4px;border-top-left-radius:4px;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px}.has-switch span.switch-right{color:#333;text-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(255,255,255,.75);background-color:#f0f0f0;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#e6e6e6,#fff);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,0 100%,from(#e6e6e6),to(#fff));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#e6e6e6,#fff);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#e6e6e6,#fff);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#e6e6e6,#fff);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#fff #fff #d9d9d9;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.has-switch span.switch-right.active,.has-switch span.switch-right.disabled,.has-switch span.switch-right:active,.has-switch span.switch-right:focus,.has-switch span.switch-right:hover,.has-switch span.switch-right[disabled]{color:#333;background-color:#fff}.has-switch span.switch-left,.has-switch span.switch-primary{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);background-color:#005fcc;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#04c,#08c);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,0 100%,from(#04c),to(#08c));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#04c,#08c);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#04c,#08c);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#04c,#08c);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#08c #08c #005580;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.has-switch span.switch-left.active,.has-switch span.switch-left.disabled,.has-switch span.switch-left:active,.has-switch span.switch-left:focus,.has-switch span.switch-left:hover,.has-switch span.switch-left[disabled],.has-switch span.switch-primary.active,.has-switch span.switch-primary.disabled,.has-switch span.switch-primary:active,.has-switch span.switch-primary:focus,.has-switch span.switch-primary:hover,.has-switch span.switch-primary[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#08c}.has-switch span.switch-info{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);background-color:#41a7c5;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#2f96b4,#5bc0de);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,0 100%,from(#2f96b4),to(#5bc0de));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#2f96b4,#5bc0de);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#2f96b4,#5bc0de);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#2f96b4,#5bc0de);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#5bc0de #5bc0de #28a1c5;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.has-switch span.switch-info.active,.has-switch span.switch-info.disabled,.has-switch span.switch-info:active,.has-switch span.switch-info:focus,.has-switch span.switch-info:hover,.has-switch span.switch-info[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#5bc0de}.has-switch span.switch-success{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);background-color:#58b058;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#51a351,#62c462);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,0 100%,from(#51a351),to(#62c462));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#51a351,#62c462);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#51a351,#62c462);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#51a351,#62c462);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#62c462 #62c462 #3b9e3b;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.has-switch span.switch-success.active,.has-switch span.switch-success.disabled,.has-switch span.switch-success:active,.has-switch span.switch-success:focus,.has-switch span.switch-success:hover,.has-switch span.switch-success[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#62c462}.has-switch span.switch-warning{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);background-color:#f9a123;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f89406,#fbb450);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,0 100%,from(#f89406),to(#fbb450));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f89406,#fbb450);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f89406,#fbb450);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f89406,#fbb450);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#fbb450 #fbb450 #f89406;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.has-switch span.switch-warning.active,.has-switch span.switch-warning.disabled,.has-switch span.switch-warning:active,.has-switch span.switch-warning:focus,.has-switch span.switch-warning:hover,.has-switch span.switch-warning[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#fbb450}.has-switch span.switch-danger{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);background-color:#d14641;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#bd362f,#ee5f5b);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,0 100%,from(#bd362f),to(#ee5f5b));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#bd362f,#ee5f5b);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#bd362f,#ee5f5b);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#bd362f,#ee5f5b);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#ee5f5b #ee5f5b #e51d18;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.has-switch span.switch-danger.active,.has-switch span.switch-danger.disabled,.has-switch span.switch-danger:active,.has-switch span.switch-danger:focus,.has-switch span.switch-danger:hover,.has-switch span.switch-danger[disabled]{color:#fff;background-color:#ee5f5b}.has-switch span.switch-default{color:#333;text-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(255,255,255,.75);background-color:#f0f0f0;background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#e6e6e6,#fff);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,0 100%,from(#e6e6e6),to(#fff));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#e6e6e6,#fff);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#e6e6e6,#fff);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#e6e6e6,#fff);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#fff #fff #d9d9d9;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.1) rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.has-switch span.switch-default.active,.has-switch span.switch-default.disabled,.has-switch span.switch-default:active,.has-switch span.switch-default:focus,.has-switch span.switch-default:hover,.has-switch span.switch-default[disabled]{color:#333;background-color:#fff}
``` |
TZAAR is the seventh game released in the GIPF series and Games Magazine's 2009 Game of the Year. It officially replaced TAMSK, which was originally published as the second board game in the GIPF Project.
History
The game was officially released in 2008. A special limited edition (1000 copies) pre-release version of the game (all numbered and signed copies) came for sale at the Spiel 2007 games fair in Essen.
Rules
The game is a mix of stacking and capturing, played on a hexagonal board with a triangular grid; the 60 intersections are known as spaces. The game equipment includes 60 pieces, 30 in each color (Black and White). Each of the 30 pieces within a single color is one of 3 types: 6 tzaars, 9 tzarras, and 15 totts.
In the initial phase of the game, the players put the pieces on the board one at a time in any order they choose. As an alternative, a non-random placement may be employed instead, with each player taking three triangular wedges of the hexagonal board. The innermost ring is filled with six totts, alternating by color. The next ring is filled with 12 tzaars, again alternating color by twos. The third ring is filled with 18 tzarras, alternating by threes, and the fourth and outermost ring is filled with 24 totts, alternating by fours. Regardless of the initial setup, after the board is filled, the players draw to see which color they will play, with White making the first move.
After this, the players take turns emptying the board. Pieces move along the lines connecting each space, and a single move can extend over any number of blank spaces to the nearest piece along a line. The only legal moves are those that end on a space that is already occupied. In a capture, a player's piece moves to a space occupied by an opponent's piece. Following this move, the opponent's piece is removed from the board. Alternatively, if a player moves a piece to a space already occupied by a friendly piece, that piece is reinforced by stacking it onto the friendly piece. The reinforced stack can only be captured by another stack with equal or greater height, so a two-piece stack can be captured by a stack with two or more pieces, but not by a single piece. There is no limit to stack height.
The first turn by White is a single move to capture a Black piece. Because the board is full and has no blank spaces, the first capture by White must be of a Black piece in a space adjacent to a White piece. After the initial single capture move by White, each subsequent turn consists of each player making 2 moves: first performing a required capture of an opponent's piece; then second, either capturing another piece, reinforcing their own pieces by stacking them, or passing on their second move, ending the term immediately.
Play progresses in this manner until one of two winning conditions is met:
If a player loses all of one type of piece (tzaars, tzarras, or totts), they lose the game.
If a player is unable to capture a piece in the first part of their turn, that player loses the game.
Legal movement
Any piece or stack can move over any number of blank spaces to another piece or stack in a straight line from the originating space.
A piece (or stack) cannot jump over an occupied space.
A piece (or stack) cannot end its move on an empty space. For example, is the only legal move for the White stack at C6 in the example illustrated.
There is no blank space in the center of the board. No movement is allowed across the center of the board.
The first move of a turn must result in a capture. Players may not pass this first move of the turn. In the illustrated example, there are three legal captures for White: , , or .
Capture
Any piece (or stack) may capture any other type of piece (or stack) subject to the strength based on height; there is no distinction of strength between a tzaar, tzaara, or tott.
A stack (or single piece) may be captured only by a stack of equal or greater strength (height). For example, while the White stack at C6 can capture the Black tzaara at C3 with , the Black tzaara at C3 cannot capture the White stack .
Stacks
When reinforcing, the piece or stack that was moved goes on top of the targeted piece or stack.
Any piece (stack) may reinforce any other type of piece (or stack); there is no prohibition from moving, for instance, a tott on top of a tzaar.
Only the single pieces and the piece on top of each stack counts when determining if all three types of pieces are still present on the game board. Because reciprocal movement is allowed (e.g., either or is possible as the second move of Black's turn in the illustrated example), this should be considered when determining which piece (or stack) to move on top of another stack (or piece), as will eliminate Black's lone tzaara from play.
The height of a stack is unlimited, but once stacked, the stack is considered a single entity and moves as a unit.
Stacks of mixed color are not allowed.
References
External links
Abstract strategy games
Kris Burm games
Board games introduced in 2008 |
The Borrible Trilogy is a series of young adult books written by English writer Michael de Larrabeiti. The three volumes in the trilogy are The Borribles, The Borribles Go For Broke, and The Borribles: Across the Dark Metropolis.
The Borribles' antagonists, the Rumbles, who play a significant part in the first book, are satires of perennial children's favorites, The Wombles.
The scheduled release of the third book coincided with the English riots of 1985, and because of the book's strong anti-authoritarian theme, the publishers decided not to publish. The books went out of print but have been republished as a single volume. In June 2002 the trilogy was printed in the UK by Pan Macmillan as a trade paperback with an introduction by China Miéville; in April 2003, the UK branch of Tor Books reissued the trilogy in a smaller paperback volume. Tor released the trilogy as three separate paperback volumes in the US in late 2005.
The world of the Borribles
The trilogy is set in the large city of London. Borribles are runaway children, who eventually become "Borribled," when they wake up and find their ears have become pointed. Visually very similar to the mischievous elves and pixies of English folklore, Borribles wear woolen hats pulled low over their ears to avoid being easily identified by the police "Woollies". The Woollies believe that the Borribles' freedom is a threat to the social order and will clip the ears of any Borrible in their custody. If their ears are not cut, Borribles will maintain the appearance of a child forever and cease to physically age. Being caught by the police is a prospect worse than death for Borribles, as it will signify the end of their lifestyle and they will become boring adults.
Borribles are skinny, scruffy, and tough; at least at first, they appear to have nothing to do with money and steal what they need to survive. They generally live in abandoned houses, though they will live wherever they can, existing on the edge of the adult world. Borribles aren't given their names at the instance they become Borribles; they earn them later through an adventure of some sort.
They have many sayings and practices such as "Fruit of the barrow is enough for a Borrible," "Never stand behind a door when someone is coming through the other side," and "It is sad to pass through life without one good adventure," and "It is better to die young than to be caught." How long Borribles can live is never made entirely clear. One character in The Borribles speaks of being Borribled in the time of "the old queen".
Book 1: The Borribles
The Borribles (occasionally known as The Borribles: The Great Rumble Hunt) is the first book in Michael de Larrabeiti's Borrible Trilogy. It was first published in the United Kingdom in 1976 by The Bodley Head, and in the United States in 1978 by Macmillan Inc., New York. It was named one of the Best Books for 1978 by the American Library Association and was shortlisted for the Whitbread Awards and the Other Award (an award from the now-defunct Children's Rights Workshop).
Plot summary
The stories begin with the discovery by the Battersea Chief-Lookout, Knocker, of a Rumble in Battersea Park. The Rumbles are rat-like creatures that live in an underground bunker in Rumbledom and are hated by the Borribles for their riches, power, and haughtiness. Fearing a full-scale invasion of Battersea, each of the Borrible tribes across London sends their best and brightest unnamed members to form an elite hit squad, known as "The Magnificent Eight" or "The Adventurers," to infiltrate the Rumble bunker and eliminate the eight members of the Rumble High Command.
Rumbles are a parody of the popular children's characters, the Wombles of Wimbledon Common. On the way, the Borribles also meet a particularly vicious parody of Steptoe and Son (which was one of the most popular shows on TV at the time) in the form of Dewdrop, a former Borrible, and his son Erbie.
The Adventurers are each assigned the name of the individual target of the High Command that they are to assassinate: Napoleon Boot, the suspicious and cynical Borrible; Chalotte, the challenging and brave girl Borrible; Vulgarian (Vulge), frail-looking, but "tough as nails"; Bingo, always cheerful; Sydney, another female, and an animal-lover; Stonks, solid and kind-hearted; Torreycanyon, light-hearted with a knack for mechanics; Orococco, the jovial, black Borrible. Napoleon, Chalotte, Sydney, Vulge, Bingo, Stonks, Torreycanyon, and Orococco set out to squash the Rumble threat – but other Borribles have secret agendas and personal vendettas of their own which create an even greater threat than the Rumbles ever were. The supposedly straightforward adventure dominoes into a desperate fight for the very existence of Borrible life.
Book 2: The Borribles Go For Broke
The Borribles Go For Broke was first published in 1981 by The Bodley Head in the United Kingdom.
Plot summary
Following the adventures of "The Great Rumble Hunt" in the trilogy's first volume, the second volume begins with the surviving adventurers' discovery that Sam the horse, who played a significant role in their first adventure, is still alive. In attempting to rescue him the Borribles are lured into danger both by the newly established Special Borrible Group (SBG), a branch of the police determined to wipe out the Borribles and their way of life, and by one of their own – Spiff, whose motives behind the mission to Rumbledom are slowly revealed.
All this leads the Borribles deep into Wendle territory beneath the streets of Wandsworth and down into a shifting tunnel of mud dug deep beneath the mudflats of the Wendle River.
Book 3: The Borribles: Across the Dark Metropolis
[[File:Borribles-3-TOR-USA.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of the 2005 United States edition of The Borribles: Across the Dark Metropolis]]The Borribles: Across the Dark Metropolis was first published in 1986 by Piccolo Books in the United Kingdom.
Plot summary
In The Borribles: Across the Dark Metropolis, Battersea is no longer safe for a Horrible. The SBG (an allusion to the Special Patrol Group), a section of the London police driven on by the fanatical Inspector Sussworth (an allusion to the sus laws) and dedicated to finding Borribles and clipping their ears is determined to wipe them out. The Borribles decide to escort Sam the horse to safety in Neasden and then return to the old way of life of independence and freedom. They begin their journey Across the Dark Metropolis, a journey that tests the courage and cunning of the Adventurers to the limits.
Reception
David Langford reviewed The Borribles in the June 1983 issue of White Dwarf, stating:
Langford's review of The Borribles Go For Broke, in the May 1984 issue of White Dwarf, states:
Langford's review of The Borribles: Across the Dark Metropolis, in the December 1986 issue of White Dwarf, states:
The Borrible Trilogy in translationThe Borrible Trilogy is, as of 24 July 2006, in print in English in both the United States and the United Kingdom:
In the UK: The Borrible Trilogy. London: Tor, 2003. .
In the US:The Borribles. New York: Tor, 2005. . The Borribles Go For Broke. New York: Tor, 2005. . The Borribles: Across the Dark Metropolis. New York: Tor, 2005. .The Borrible Trilogy is also in print in the following languages:
German:
Die Borribles Auf zur Großen Rumbeljagd (translation of Book 1). Trans. Joachim Kalka. Stuttgart: Hobbit Presse, 1996.
Die Borribles Im Labyrinth der Wendels (translation of Book 2). Trans. Joachim Kalka. Stuttgart: Hobbit Presse, 1996.
Die Borribles Die Schleppnetzfahndung (translation of Book 3). Trans. Joachim Kalka. Stuttgart: Hobbit Presse, 1996.
French:
Les Zorribles (translation of Book 1). Trans. Alain Robert. Nantes: Librairie l'Atalante, 1994.
Gare Aux Zorribles (translation of Book 2). Trans. Alain Robert. Nantes: Librairie l'Atalante, 1995.
Les Zorribles Dans La Nuit (translation of Book 3). Trans. Alain Robert. Nantes: Librairie l'Atalante, 1996.
Italian
I Borrible: Attacco a Rumbledonia (translation of Book 1). Trans. Annalisa Di Liddo. Roma: Fanucci, 2006. .
I Borrible: Alla riscossa (translation of Book 2). Trans. Annalisa Di Liddo. Roma: Fanucci, 2006. .
I Borrible: Viaggio nella metropoli oscura (translation of Book 3). Trans. Annalisa Di Liddo. Roma: Fanucci, 2007. .
JapaneseThe Borrible Trilogy has been in print in the following languages, but is currently out of print:
Spanish
Los Borribles (translation of Book 1). Trans. Joaquín Vidal. Barcelona: Fontanella, 1984. .
Swedish
Borriblarna och stora rumlarjakten (translation of Book 1). Trans. Sven Christer Swahn. Stockholm: Liber Förlag, 1983.
Borriblarna flyr för livet (translation of Book 2). Trans. Sven Christer Swahn. Stockholm: Liber Förlag, 1983.
Danish
Boriblerne slår igen (translation of Book 1). Trans. Jørn E. Albert. Copenhagen: Forum, 1982.
Film adaptation
While a July 2004 report in Variety revealed that a film based on the entire trilogy was being developed by CUBA Pictures, the film development arm of literary agents Curtis Brown, no such film can be found at IMDb, Variety Insight, nor other such online databases of information related to films.
Parallels
The members of the High Command of Rumbles each correspond directly to one of the main characters of The Wombles'':
Vulgarian (Great Uncle Bulgaria)
Bingo (Bungo)
Chalotte (Madame Cholet)
Torreycanyon (Tobermory)
Orococco (Orinoco)
Stonks (Tomsk)
Napoleon Boot (Wellington)
Sydney (Miss Adelaide)
References
Novels by Michael de Larrabeiti
Contemporary fantasy novels
Fantasy novel trilogies
Novels set in London
Tor Books books |
The Georgia Southern Eagles men's basketball team is the basketball team that represents Georgia Southern University in Statesboro, Georgia, United States. The school's team currently competes in the Sun Belt Conference and is coached by Charlie Henry.
Postseason results
NCAA tournament
The Eagles have appeared in three NCAA tournaments. Their combined record is 0–3.
NIT
The Eagles have appeared in three National Invitation Tournaments (NIT). Their combined record is 0–3.
CBI
The Eagles have appeared in one College Basketball Invitational (CBI). Their record is 0–1.
Eagles in the NBA
3 former Georgia Southern players have played at least one game in the NBA.
References
External links |
The Jordan's IMAX theaters, also known as the Sunbrella IMAX theaters for sponsorship purposes, are two IMAX theaters located in Jordan's Furniture stores in Natick and Reading, Massachusetts.
History
The IMAX theater in Natick, Massachusetts, opened in August 2002. It features a screen that measures , 12,000 watt sound, 279 Tempur-Pedic seats, and digitally remastered Hollywood films.
After the success of the theater in Natick, the company opened their second theater in October 2004 in Reading, Massachusetts, with a seating capacity of 500. The Reading screen measures .
In September 2012, both theaters removed their 15/70 Film projectors and replaced them with digital projectors. In September 2015, Reading theater was upgraded to an IMAX with Laser, which uses a "dual 4K laser projection system".
After closing in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the theaters reopened two years later on May 27, 2022, for the release of Top Gun: Maverick.
Sponsorship
The theaters were originally sponsored by Verizon Communications. In April 2011, the sponsorship with Verizon ended, and Tempur-Pedic took over the naming rights. In October 2014, fabric brand Sunbrella was named the new sponsor.
See also
List of IMAX venues
References
External links
Natick location
Reading location
IMAX venues in the United States
Cinemas and movie theaters in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Middlesex County, Massachusetts |
Xinca may refer to:
Xinca people — an indigenous people in southern Guatemala
Xincan languages — their indigenous Mesoamerican languages
Xinka refers to:
Xinka, Somalia, a town in the Uur Caleed area of Somalia
See also
Shinca (disambiguation)
Shinka (disambiguation)
Chinka (disambiguation) |
Pletikosić () is a Croatian surname with Gothic heritage. Notable people with the surname include:
Matea Pletikosić, Croatian-Montenegrin handball player
Stevan Pletikosić, Serbian sports shooter
Surnames of Serbian origin
Surnames of Croatian origin |
Gwen C. Clare (born 1945) is the former American ambassador to Ecuador (1999–2001) and El Salvador (1992–1993) and was Consul General in Guayaquil, Ecuador (1991-1993) and Sao Paulo, Brazil (1997-1999) and was a diplomat-in-residence at the Carter Center.
Clare is married to Daniel Hunt Clare III who also worked for the State Department and when he retired, was the executive assistant to the under secretary for security assistance, science and technology in Washington.
She graduated from George Washington University and the National War College.
References
Living people
1945 births
American women ambassadors
George Washington University alumni
National War College alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to Ecuador
Ambassadors of the United States to El Salvador
American consuls |
Sclerodistomoididae is a family of trematodes belonging to the order Plagiorchiida.
Genera:
Sclerodistomoides Kamegai, 1971
References
Plagiorchiida |
Street Fighter is a series of fighting video games developed and published by Japanese company Capcom. The series debuted in Japan in August 1987 with the arcade game Street Fighter, and is one of Capcom's best-selling franchises with over 33 million units sold. The games take place in a fictional universe in which a range of characters compete in fighting tournaments for prizes and bragging rights, and have been released on numerous video game consoles, handheld game consoles, personal computer platforms, and mobile devices. Related comic books, films, and other dramatizations have also been released, in addition to soundtrack albums associated with many of the main games.
Video games
Main numbered series
Sequels and remakes
Spin-offs and crossovers
Alpha series
EX series
Compilations
Other media
Films
Television series
Printed
Music albums
References
Street Fighter
Sreet Fighter
Street Fighter |
```python
from rllab.algos.vpg import VPG
from rllab.optimizers.lbfgs_optimizer import LbfgsOptimizer
from rllab.core.serializable import Serializable
class ERWR(VPG, Serializable):
"""
Episodic Reward Weighted Regression [1]_
Notes
-----
This does not implement the original RwR [2]_ that deals with "immediate reward problems" since
it doesn't find solutions that optimize for temporally delayed rewards.
.. [1] Kober, Jens, and Jan R. Peters. "Policy search for motor primitives in robotics." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2009.
.. [2] Peters, Jan, and Stefan Schaal. "Using reward-weighted regression for reinforcement learning of task space control." Approximate Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning, 2007. ADPRL 2007. IEEE International Symposium on. IEEE, 2007.
"""
def __init__(
self,
optimizer=None,
optimizer_args=None,
positive_adv=None,
**kwargs):
Serializable.quick_init(self, locals())
if optimizer is None:
if optimizer_args is None:
optimizer_args = dict()
optimizer = LbfgsOptimizer(**optimizer_args)
super(ERWR, self).__init__(
optimizer=optimizer,
positive_adv=True if positive_adv is None else positive_adv,
**kwargs
)
``` |
```scss
@use '../../token-definition';
@use '../../../theming/inspection';
@use '../../../style/sass-utils';
// The prefix used to generate the fully qualified name for tokens in this file.
$prefix: (mat, tab-header);
// Tokens that can't be configured through Angular Material's current theming API,
// but may be in a future version of the theming API.
@function get-unthemable-tokens() {
@return (
// For some period of time, the MDC tabs removed the divider. This has been added back in
// and will be present in M3.
divider-color: transparent,
divider-height: 0,
);
}
// Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
@function get-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name: primary) {
$is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
$inactive-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 0.6);
$active-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default);
$ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default);
@return (
disabled-ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled),
pagination-icon-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 1),
// Note: MDC has equivalents of these tokens, but they lead to much higher selector specificity.
inactive-label-text-color: $inactive-label-text-color,
active-label-text-color: $active-label-text-color,
// Tokens needed to implement the gmat styles. Externally they don't change.
active-ripple-color: $ripple-color,
inactive-ripple-color: $ripple-color,
inactive-focus-label-text-color: $inactive-label-text-color,
inactive-hover-label-text-color: $inactive-label-text-color,
active-focus-label-text-color: $active-label-text-color,
active-hover-label-text-color: $active-label-text-color,
active-focus-indicator-color: $active-label-text-color,
active-hover-indicator-color: $active-label-text-color,
);
}
// Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's typography theming API.
@function get-typography-tokens($theme) {
@return (
// Note: MDC has equivalents of these tokens, but they lead to much higher selector specificity.
label-text-font: inspection.get-theme-typography($theme, button, font-family),
label-text-size: inspection.get-theme-typography($theme, button, font-size),
label-text-tracking: inspection.get-theme-typography($theme, button, letter-spacing),
label-text-line-height: inspection.get-theme-typography($theme, button, line-height),
label-text-weight: inspection.get-theme-typography($theme, button, font-weight),
);
}
// Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's density theming API.
@function get-density-tokens($theme) {
@return ();
}
// Combines the tokens generated by the above functions into a single map with placeholder values.
// This is used to create token slots.
@function get-token-slots() {
@return sass-utils.deep-merge-all(
get-unthemable-tokens(),
get-color-tokens(token-definition.$placeholder-color-config),
get-typography-tokens(token-definition.$placeholder-typography-config),
get-density-tokens(token-definition.$placeholder-density-config)
);
}
``` |
Shams al-Din was the leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar from 1347 until around 1348.
Reign
Shams al-Din was the son of Fazl Allah and the brother of 'Abd al-Razzaq and Wajih ad-Din Mas'ud. As such, he had significant support amongst the members of the Bashtini gentry and the military. In 1347 they moved against Kulu Isfandiyar, who at that time controlled Sabzewar, and overthrew him. Shams al-Din then took control of the government. He was only able to hold on to power for about a year. A failure to pay the troops resulted in him in losing the favor of the military, and eventually he had so few supporters that the pro-dervish aristocrat Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali was able to stage a coup and force him to abdicate in 1348.
References
Smith, Jr., John Masson. The History of the Sarbadar Dynasty 1336-1381 A.D. and Its Sources. The Hague: Mouton, 1970.
Sarbadars |
Glandora prostrata, the shrubby gromwell, creeping gromwell or purple gromwell (names it shares with Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum and Glandora diffusa), is a species of Glandora native to Portugal, Spain and France. Its cultivars 'Grace Ward' and 'Heavenly Blue' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Subspecies
A subspecies is currently accepted:
Glandora prostrata subsp. lusitanica (Samp.) D.C.Thomas
References
Garden plants of Europe
Plants described in 2008 |
Saint-Désiré (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Allier department
References
External links
Postcards from the 19th century
Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
The Ebbw Valley Walk is a -long recreational walk which runs from Festival Park in Ebbw Vale southwards to the Sirhowy Valley Country Park west of Risca in South Wales. The route is managed and maintained by Caerphilly County Borough Council who published a 24-page booklet promoting the route in 1996 though this is no longer in print.
References
Recreational walks in Wales
Geography of Caerphilly County Borough
Tourist attractions in Caerphilly County Borough
Ebbw Vale |
Arya Central school, is at Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram, an English Medium school affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education. It was founded in 1965 by Sri. Sreekrishnanand Acharya.
References
External links
CBSE affiliated schools list
Private schools in Thiruvananthapuram |
Monica Margaret Dolan is an English actress. She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Rosemary West in Appropriate Adult (2011).
Early life and education
Dolan was born in Middlesbrough to Irish parents, and raised in Woking with three older siblings. She trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.
Career
Her credits include Agatha Christie's Poirot, Dalziel and Pascoe, Tipping the Velvet (with Rachael Stirling) and Judge John Deed. She also starred in ITV drama U Be Dead.
Her stage appearances include Kate Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer, Regan in King Lear and Masha in The Seagull, the latter two with Ian McKellen.
Dolan played British serial killer Rosemary West in the controversial ITV drama Appropriate Adult in 2011, receiving critical acclaim and a BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress.
On stage, she starred as Loretta in Chalet Lines, written by Lee Mattinson, at the Bush Theatre. In 2013, she portrayed twin sisters Meg and Maeve Carter in the BBC TV series Call the Midwife. She appeared in W1A (a three-series follow-up to BBC2's BAFTA-winning comedy series Twenty Twelve), as Senior Communications Officer Tracey Pritchard.
In 2016, Dolan appeared as Janet McIntyre in the BBC two-part drama The Witness for the Prosecution, an Agatha Christie play adapted for television by Sarah Phelps.
In 2017, she made guest appearances in Catastrophe, Death in Paradise and Strike, whilst also writing and starring in her debut one-woman play, The B*easts at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The play went on to win an Edinburgh Stage Award.
In 2018, Dolan made a guest appearance in an episode of the fourth series of Inside No 9. Later that year, she portrayed Marion Thorpe in the critically acclaimed miniseries A Very English Scandal, receiving her second BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actress. The B*easts also transferred for a limited London run at the Bush Theatre.
In 2019, she portrayed Karen Richards in the stage production of All About Eve for which she received a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress.
June 2020 saw her appearing in the remade television series of Alan Bennett's Talking Heads on BBC One. In one of two newly-written episodes, Dolan performed a monologue in "The Shrine". This was one of the episodes staged at London's Bridge Theatre in September 2020, with Dolan reprising her role.
In 2021, she appeared in The Dig, playing May Brown, wife of the archaeologist and astronomer Basil Brown, who discovered the Anglo-Saxon treasure at Sutton Hoo near Woodbridge, Suffolk.
In 2022, Dolan starred as Sister Aloysius in Doubt: A Parable at the Chichester Festival Theatre, receiving critical acclaim. She also appeared alongside Eddie Marsan in the ITV drama The Thief, His Wife and the Canoe as Anne Darwin. She has appeared in two episodes of Black Mirror: "Smithereens", from Series 5, and, more recently, "Loch Henry", from Series 6.
In 2023, she played Carmel in six-part Channel 4 comedy drama The Change. She is due to star in Typist Artist Pirate King, directed by Carol Morley, as British artist Audrey Amiss. The film had its UK premiere at the Glasgow Film Festival in March, and is set for a limited release in October 2023.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Monica Dolan at the British Film Institute
1969 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Living people
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Actresses from Yorkshire
Actors from Middlesbrough
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners |
Sheila Keckler Butt (born November 20, 1951) is an American politician from Columbia, Tennessee, currently serving as the Mayor of Maury County. Butt is the former Republican Majority Floor Leader of the Tennessee House of Representatives and she formerly represented House District 64, encompassing the cities of Columbia, Mount Pleasant, and Spring Hill in parts of Maury County, Tennessee. She retired from the House in 2018, and she was replaced by Republican Scott Cepicky in the subsequent election. On August 4, 2022, Butt was elected Maury County Mayor, succeeding incumbent Andy Ogles, who instead ran for an open U.S. House of Representatives seat. Butt was sworn in as county mayor on August 30.
Biography
Early life
Butt was born on November 20, 1951 in Rockford, Illinois. Butt's father was a shoe salesman and later a car salesman, while her mother was described by Butt as a "domestic engineer". In the Keckler home that she shared with her parents and four siblings, Butt described her family that she grew up with as having "strong faith," but that her family never participated in organized religion. Butt was also both a high school cheerleader and a high school newspaper editor.
Butt also says in her book, Everyday Princess: Daughter of the King, that while she never drank alcohol or used drugs growing up, she did "date plenty of boys". Those boys drew Butt to Tennessee Technological University where she said boys outnumbered girls 7-to-1. According to Butt, Tennessee Tech was fun, except for that frat party where she said a man pulled his pants down and danced behind her. "Needless to say, I decided that night that I would not be dancing at parties anymore," Butt wrote. Butt wasn't always a Christian and did not make that decision until she was 20 years old, according to her book Everyday Princess: Daughter of the King.
Butt later received a Bachelor of Science cum laude in English with a History minor from East Tennessee State University and is also a 1980 Women's Certificate Program graduate of the Bear Valley School of Biblical Studies.
Career
Butt was a co-founder and managing editor of S&S Bovine Images and also co-founder and managing editor of Tennessee Cattle Business, the official publication of the TN Cattlemen's Association --- two companies focused on marketing and promoting the Tennessee cattle industry --- and she has served as a lecturer at Freed-Hardeman University and was a managing partner of MacInk Printers, Inc.
Tennessee General Assembly
Butt served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives until 2018. She sponsored HJR 199, a resolution to federal government to follow Tennessee model of a balanced budget, and co-sponsored HB0007 for Voter Identification.
Butt, who currently holds no elected political office or has expressed any interest in seeking an elected political position since 2018, controls her own political action committee that was started up for the 2014 elections in Tennessee, the Sheila's Liberty PAC of Columbia, Tennessee. According to Tennessee Online Campaign Finance database, the Sheila's Liberty PAC Treasurer is Jacob Love of Heritage Bank & Trust in Columbia, Tennessee.
NAAWP Twitter post
In her book Everyday Princess: Daughter of the King, Butt posed the following leading questions pertaining to biracial dating toward the young female readers on her book:
...Will dating someone of another race be helpful or beneficial? Understanding that you will eventually marry someone that you date, will you be just as happy for your children to grow up biracial? I have seen instances when a young lady started dating someone of another race, and there were those of her own race who were not interested in dating her after that.
In a 2015 tweet critical of the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), Butt called for the creation of both a Council on Christian Relations and an NAAWP organization in the United States, presumably the National Association for the Advancement of White People, a white nationalist organization that was formed in opposition to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which itself was earlier formed during 1909.
Butt was reportedly commenting on an open letter from the Council on American-Islamic Relations urging potential Republican presidential candidates to reject Islamophobia and reach out to American Muslim voters. CAIR representatives stated the reference to "NAAWP" is an apparent racist twist to the name of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP.
Butt responded to the backlash resulting from her NAAWP statement in part by stating: "It saddens me that we have come to a place in our society where every comment by a conservative Christian is automatically scrutinized as being racist".
The Tennessee Black Caucus is now calling for both an apology and the removal of Rep. Butt from leadership in the Tennessee House of Representatives.
Butt later deleted her NAAWP post on Twitter and said in response to suggestions that "NAAWP" was a racist abbreviation for the "National Association for the Advancement of White People," that she had been "misinterpreted" and was offended by the reaction from critics. Butt attempted to walk back her NAAWP Twitter post by stating she actually meant "National Association for the Advancement of Western Peoples" to be widely understood for her NAAWP Twitter post.
Legal abortion
Butt has been on the record as being opposed to making exceptions for abortion waiting periods when the survivor has been a victim of incest or rape. During a 2015 debate in the House, Butt said that most instances of rape or incest are "not verifiable" and stated that an amendment brought to the House Floor to provide for exceptions for rape and incest victims "appears political". Butt's remarks were criticized on the floor of the Tennessee House of Representatives as "dangerous and insulting" by TNGA Rep. Sherry Jones who in part stated,
Yesterday we heard a lot of unsettling things on the floor, from bogus descriptions of women's health clinics to a member of this body [TNGA Rep. Sheila Butt] actually saying that the violent crimes of rape and incest are, quote, not verifiable. There are 206,000 women in Tennessee who unfortunately can attest to the fact that rape and incest are too verifiable. Those women have endured horrors that we cannot imagine, and for it to be said the violent crimes they suffered are not verifiable is to suggest that they are somehow not legitimate rapes. That's dangerous and it is insulting to say the very least.http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2015/04/22/butt-criticized-calling-rape-incest-verifiable/26179943/ TN state Rep. Sheila Butt calls rape, incest 'not verifiable'.
Butt is a member of both the Tennessee Right to Life and the Maury County Right to Life and was a co-sponsor of the SJR0127 bill later approved by voters during 2014 as the Tennessee Amendment 1 ballot question.
Tennessee Humane Society
During 2014, Butt called for a state investigation by the Office of the Tennessee Attorney General and Reporter into fundraising practices of the Humane Society of the United States.
According to Leighann Lassiter, the state director for HSUS in Tennessee, another legislator who has a contradictory voting record to Rep. Butt described Butt's action as a public official against the HSUS as being a "purely political attack".
Lassiter also claimed Butt used false information from the Internet in asking the state's attorney general to launch an investigation. Butt has asked the attorney general to issue a "Consumer Alert" to raise public awareness about the group's "potential fundraising abuses".
Butt contended that HSUS uses deceitful advertising to attract donors while using donations to pay "inflated salaries and promote a liberal anti-agriculture agenda."
"It's a purely political attack by an extreme lawmaker who doesn't like our agenda to end horse soring and horse slaughter and dog fighting," Lassiter said. "Rep. Butt opposes the mainstream values of cracking down on crime and protecting God's creatures from cruelty.
Maury County Pride Day (Columbia, Tennessee)
On July 10, 2021, the very first Maury County (Tennessee) LGBTQ Pride day was held at the Columbia Arts Center. On July 9, 2021. In response, Butt tweeted (since deleted):
"PSA: You may want to keep your family out of downtown Columbia after 4:00 tomorrow. I don't believe this reflects the Community values of the majority of Maury county." (twitter, Sheila Butt account, 11:15 am, 7/09/2021)
Personal life
Butt is married to Stan R. Butt, and has three children.
Butt met Stan at Tennessee Technological University where married, and Sheila left school after one year to start working. After having sons Stan Jr., Cliff and Kyle with her husband and moving to Blountville, Tennessee, Butt returned to college in Johnson City, Tennessee at East Tennessee State University.
Butt's husband, Stan, preaches for the Anderson Bend Church of Christ in Duck River, Tennessee and was the executive director of the Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders' and Exhibitors' Association from 2007 to 2011.
One of Butt's sons, Kyle Butt, is the director of Biblical research at Apologetics Press in Montgomery, Alabama, and is an editor of Discovery: A Monthly Christian Evidences Magazine for Kids magazine.
Another of Butt's sons, Cliff Butt, was arrested by the Maury County Sheriff Department on May 7, 2015 for allegedly contributing to the delinquency of a minor with his buying alcohol for a 17-year-old Columbia Academy student who then brought the alcohol to an off-campus prom night party attended by twenty other Columbia Academy students who reportedly consumed beer at the event. Cliff Butt was jailed on one misdemeanor charge and later released from the Maury County Jail after posting a $1,500 bond and he was scheduled to appear in court on the charge on June 10, 2015, in Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee. Cliff Butt was previously serving as a youth minister at the Eastside Church of Christ (now the South Gate Church of Christ) of Columbia, Tennessee.
Butt is a member of the Anderson Bend Church of Christ.
Butt is also member of the National Rifle Association of America, the Tennessee Firearms Association, the Maury Alliance, the Fraternal Order of Police and has served as Secretary of the Maury County Horsemen's Association.
Butt has received the Kay Battles Service Award from Freed–Hardeman University and the Golden Pen Award from Publishing Designs in Huntsville, Alabama.
Butt has authored and self-published several books presenting Biblical teachings for women, children and parents.
Bibliography
Author
Everyday Princess: Daughter of the King (book and DVD) Peaceful House Publishing, 2008. Columbia, Tennessee.
Does God Love Michael's Two Daddies (Montgomery, Alabama: Apologetics Press, 2006)
Seeking Spiritual Beauty (book and DVD) Peaceful House Publishing, 2002. Huntsville, Alabama.
No Greater Joy (book and DVD) Peaceful House Publishing, 1999. Huntsville, Alabama.
If Thine Heart Be Wide Heart Wise Press, 1992. Columbia, Tennessee.
Co-author
We Bow Down: Women Look at Worship by Sheila Butt, Cindy Colley, Gloria Ingram, Jane McWhorter, Foye Watkins. 2002. Publishing Designs.
References
External links
Tennessee Cattlemen's Association
1951 births
Living people
Heads of county government in Tennessee
Politicians from Rockford, Illinois
East Tennessee State University alumni
Republican Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Tennessee
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
People from Columbia, Tennessee
People from Blountville, Tennessee |
Mario Salas may refer to:
Mario Marcel Salas (b. 1949), American civil rights leader, author and politician
Mario Salas (footballer) (b. 1967), Chilean football manager and former player
Mario Salas (athlete), Cuban javelin thrower |
Mezquitic Municipality is a municipality in the north of the state of Jalisco, Mexico.
It is bordered to the north east and west by the state of Zacatecas. It also shares its northern border with Huejuquilla el Alto Municipality and it shares its southern border with Villa Guerrero Municipality and Bolaños Municipality.
The municipality includes a number of autonomously governed Wixárika (Huichol) communities, including San Andrés Cohamiata.
The population in Mezquitic is predominantly Roman Catholic, while other denominations are present in the region like Jehovah Witness, as well as The Seventh-day Adventist church. Catholicism is primary religion in the region, as reflected in many religious festivities. Some of the main festivities that take place are the Feast of Saint John the Baptist who Patron Saint of the town which is celebrated on June 24, the feast of Virgin of Guadalupe celebrated on December 12 and Holy Week in which all week long there are different events taken place in the town and its outskirts. Some other festivities that take place that is not religiously based are the annual town festival that takes place from December 25 to December 31 and consists of various cultural and artistic events, regional sport tournaments, rodeos, and absentee day in which they celebrate those to immigrated to other parts of the country, or the United States but return annually for these festivities.
References
Municipalities of Jalisco |
The 1916 United States Senate elections in Arizona took place on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Henry F. Ashurst ran for reelection to a second term, defeating Republican former Territorial Governor Joseph H. Kibbey in the general election by a comfortable margin.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Henry F. Ashurst, incumbent U.S. Senator
Republican primary
Candidates
Joseph H. Kibbey, former Territorial Governor of Arizona
William H. Stilwell, former Associate Justice of the Arizona Territorial Supreme Court
Results
General election
See also
United States Senate elections, 1916 and 1917
References
1916
Arizona
1916 Arizona elections |
April Fool's Day is a 1993 book by Australian author Bryce Courtenay. The book is a tribute to the author's son, Damon Courtenay, a haemophiliac who contracted HIV/AIDS through an infected blood transfusion. The title refers to the date of Damon's death, 1 April 1991 (April Fools' Day).
Damon was a classic haemophiliac all his life. He attempted to write this book himself but did not have much success. On his death bed, he asked his father to write it for him. Damon talked a lot about love; he believed it was important that everybody knew how to love. Evidence of this is his attitude towards people who treated people with AIDS unfairly. Not much was known about AIDS back then and those affected were stigmatized. To quote his devoted partner Celeste, "Love is an energy, it cannot be created nor destroyed. It simply is. Giving meaning to life and direction to goodness."
Sources
Bryce Courtenay's official webpage
1993 Australian novels
Novels by Bryce Courtenay
Novels about HIV/AIDS
Random House books |
Manuel Benetti (born 27 January 1981) is an Italian former professional footballer who plays as a defender for Italian Serie D club Sarego.
Career
Early career
Benetti started his professional career at Vicenza Calcio. After he spent one season on loan at San Marino Calcio, he was signed by Monza in co-ownership deal. He played 50 games for Monza, but also suspended six times.
Sassuolo
Sassuolo signed Benetti and team-mates Marco Piccioni, Filippo Pensalfini from Monza in 2004, and Vicenza retained 50% registration rights of Benetti. Sassuolo also signed Fabrizio Anselmi, Nicolò Consolini, Sebastiano Girelli and Edevaldo Grimaldi, made the defensive line highly competitive. Anselmi, Consolini, Girelli, Grimaldi and Piccioni were the key player that the team promoted. In 2004–05 Serie C2, Benetti just played 22 times (18 starts), but also played once in the return leg of the promotion playoffs. He was substituted by Consolini (who also played in the first leg).
In June 2005 Vicenza gave up the remain 50% registration rights of Benetti. Benetti only made 13 starts (in 19 appearances) in 2005–06 Serie C2. He missed the first 12 round of the season. Benetti did not play any game in the playoffs. That season the team promoted as the playoffs winner. In 2006–07 Serie C1, Benetti made 18 starts (in 28 appearances). Coach Gian Marco Remondina used Benetti and Piccioni as centre-backs in the 2007 playoffs, losing to former club Monza. In his 3 seasons with Sassuolo, Benetti was suspended 4 times. (2004–05, once) (2005–06, twice, in rescheduled round 21 and round 27), (2006–07, once)
Treviso
In July 2007 he was signed by Serie B club Treviso. Half of the registration rights was subsequently sold to Serie C2 club Bassano, which also located in Veneto. However, he only played 8 times for Bassano. In January 2008, he was swapped with Mario Stancanelli of Sassuolo. However Benetti only played 8 more times for the Emilia club. Benetti also suspended once. (He collected 3 yellow cards with Sassuolo and once with Bassano.) The team won 2007–08 Serie C1 group stage and promoted directly. Coach Massimiliano Allegri used Francesco Magnanelli and Consolini in Supercoppa di Lega di Prima Divisione, winning Salernitana to become the grand champion of the third division. In June 2008 Treviso bought back Benetti from Bassano. However, he did not have a shirt number and was released in June 2009 after the club bankrupted.
Serie D
Benetti was signed by Sarego of Eccellenza Veneto ca. 2010 (or 2009?). The team was located in the province of Vicenza. He followed the team promoted to 2011–12 Serie D.
Honours
Sassuolo
Supercoppa di Lega di Prima Divisione: 2008
Lega Pro Prima Divisione: 2007–08
References
External links
Football.it Profile
Italian men's footballers
LR Vicenza players
ASD Victor San Marino players
AC Monza players
US Sassuolo Calcio players
Bassano Virtus 55 ST players
Treviso FBC 1993 players
Men's association football defenders
1981 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people) |
The Lebanese National Movement (LNM; , Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya) or Mouvement National Libanais (MNL) in French, was a front of Leftist, pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War, which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt, a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP). The Vice-President was Inaam Raad, leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim, leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon (CAOL).
The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War, the other being the militias of the mainly Christian Lebanese Front, which comprised the Phalange, the National Liberal Party and others; as well as parts of the Maronite-dominated central government.
Composition
The Lebanese National Movement had its genesis in a previous organization, the Front of National and Progressive Parties and Forces – FNPPF (Arabic: Jabhat al-Ahzab wa al-Quwa al-Taqaddumiyya wa al-Wataniyya) or Front for Progressive Parties and National Forces (FPPNF), also known as the Revisionist Front, an alliance of anti-status quo political parties originally formed in 1969, which later ran in the 1972 general elections on a reformist secular platform. Overwhelmingly left-wing and Pan-Arabist in both its composition and orientation, the LNM claimed to be a "democratic, progressive and non-sectarian" broad organization that gathered parties and organizations opposing the Maronite-dominated sectarian order in Lebanon. It was reorganized as the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) in the 1970s, and led by Kamal Jumblatt as the main force on the anti-government side in the early years of the Lebanese Civil War.
Among the members were the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP), the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), the Lebanese Communist Party (LCP) and several Nasserist groups. It was also joined by Palestinian factions based in Lebanon's refugee camps, mainly from the Rejectionist Front.
Membership and political organization
Its membership was overwhelmingly left-wing and professed to be secular, although the fairly obvious sectarian appeal of Jumblatt's Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) and some of the Sunni Arab nationalist organizations in some cases made this claim debatable. However, to say that the LNM was an all-Muslim organization would be a gross oversimplification. Its main ideological positions were: the abrogation of sectarianism, political and social reforms, the clear proclamation of the Arab identity of Lebanon, and increased support for the Palestinians. In order to coordinate the military and political actions of the LNM an executive structure, the Central Political Council – CPC (Arabic: Majliss Tajammu al-kinda) or Bureau Politique Central (BPC) in French, was set up shortly after the outbreak of the hostilities at the town of Aley, a mountain tourist resort in the Chouf District, which became the military headquarters of the Front. The Council was presided over from its inception by Kamal Jumblatt of the PSP, with Mohsen Ibrahim of the OCAL appointed as Executive Secretary; after Kamal's death in 1977, he was replaced by his son Walid Jumblatt, who led the LNM until 1982.
Among the participants in the LNM were the Lebanese Communist Party (LCP), the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon (CAOL or OCAL), the PSP, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon (SSNP), both a Syrian-led Ba'ath Party branch and an Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party branch, al-Mourabitoun (a Nasserist group) and several other minor Nasserist groupings. Several Palestinian organizations joined the LNM, notably many from the Rejectionist Front. Both the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) were active participants.
The Shia Amal Movement, although supporting some of the LNM's positions, did not join it formally.
Minor groups
Above and beyond this, an 'alphabet soup' of other lesser-known smaller Parties were associated with the LNM, namely the Revolutionary Communist Group – RCG, the Lebanese Revolutionary Party – LRP, the Front of Patriotic Christians – PFC, the Democratic Lebanese Movement – DLM, the Movement of Arab Lebanon – MAL, the Arab Revolutionary Movement – ARM, the Partisans of the Revolution, the Vanguards of Popular Action – VPA, the Organization of Arab Youth – OAY, the Units of the Arab Call – UAC, the Movement of Arab Revolution – MAR, the Sixth of February Movement, the 24 October Movement – 24 OM, the Lebanese Movement in Support of Fatah – LMSF, the Union of Working People's Forces – UWPF, the Union of Working People's Forces-Corrective Movement – UWPF-CM, the Knights of Ali, the Black Panthers, etc.
Most of them were marginal political organizations of revolutionary or populist trend (Arab nationalist, libertarian/anarchist, liberal/idealist, radical socialist, Marxist–Leninist, Hoxhaist, Trotskyist, or Maoist) that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and despite their rather limited base of support, they were quite active. Anti-status quo, Pan-Arabist, and pro-Palestinian in policy, they strived for a social revolution that would transform Lebanese society, therefore sharing the same objectives as the leading LNM secular parties – the recognition of Lebanon as an Arab country and unwavering support for the PLO.
However, apart this minority of committed idealists, the vast majority of the remainder 'movements' were actually façades or 'shops' (Arabic: dakakin) – slightly politicised neighbourhood militias operating under grandiose pseudo-revolutionary labels – set up by PLO factions (mainly Fatah) in a misguided effort to widen its base of local support among the unemployed Lebanese urban youth. In most cases, their small, poorly disciplined, ill-equipped militia establishments were ad hoc formations made of lightly armed and largely untrained Christian or Muslim youths that rarely surpassed the 100-300 fighters' mark – about the size of an understrength company or battalion. Some groupings were lucky enough to possess a few technicals armed with heavy machine-guns and recoilless rifles but others, for the most part, fought on foot as light infantry, with small arms pilfered from the government forces, acquired on the black market or obtained via the Palestinian factions. Those groups either unable or unwilling to raise their own militias played a political role only by engaging in propaganda activities, keeping themselves out of the 1975-76 savage street battles and sectarian killings, with some of their militants preferring instead to join the medical relief agencies organized by the LNM.
The decline of the LNM in the late 1970s, culminating in its collapse in the aftermath of the Israeli invasion of June 1982, sounded the death toll for many of the minor Lebanese leftist organizations. As the war progressed, many of these small factions – at least the more politically oriented ones – were destroyed in the violent power struggles of the 1980s. For the most part forced to go underground, some evolved to Islamic fundamentalist groups, whilst the less politicized simply degenerated into criminal street-gangs that engaged in assassinations, theft, smuggling, and extortion. As a result, only a small fraction of the truly ideologically committed groupings managed to survive the war to re-emerge in the 1990s as politically active organizations.
Military strength and organization
At the beginning of the war in 1975, the different LNM militias were grouped into a military wing, designated the "Common Forces" (Arabic: القوات المشتركة, Al-Quwwat al-Mushtaraka), but best known as "Joint Forces" (LNM-JF), which numbered some 18,900 militiamen (not including allied Palestinian factions). Manpower was distributed as follows: the PSP militia (the People's Liberation Army) and the LCP militia (the Popular Guard) each had 5,000 men; the SSNP militia had 4,000 men; the pro-Syria Ba'athists and pro-Iraqi Ba'athists had 2,000 and 1,500 men respectively. The others militias shared the remainder.
This number was to increase in the following months with the inclusion of 21,900 Palestinian guerrilla fighters from both the Rejectionist Front (RF) and mainstream PLO factions, later joined by 4,400 Lebanese regular soldiers from the Lebanese Arab Army (LAA) led by Lieutenant Ahmad al-Khatib who went over to the LNM-PLO side in January 1976. In the end, the LNM-PLO-LAA combined military forces reached an impressive total of 45,200 troops by March that year, aligned against the 12,000-16,000 right-wing troops their Lebanese Front adversaries were able to muster.
Sponsor countries and organizations
The LNM-JF received financial aid and arms from many countries such as Syria, Libya, Iraq and South Yemen, in addition to Palestinian support; besides lending their political backing and contributing with their organizational skills, experienced Palestinian cadres from RF and PLO groups provided weapons, equipment, and in many cases, military leadership to the Lebanese leftist militias. In addition, they also provided training, which was conducted at the refugee camps in the major cities or at PLO bases in southern Lebanon, mainly in the Beqaa Valley (a.k.a. "Fatahland").
Participation in the Lebanese Civil War 1975-1982
As fighting escalated, the LNM allied itself with the umbrella Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), and by early 1976 the LNM controlled 80% of Lebanon's territory. But as its relations with Damascus deteriorated, the pro-Syrian Ba'ath branch, Union of Working People's Forces and an important SSNP faction left the movement, and formed alongside Amal Movement the Front of Patriotic and National Parties.
In June 1976, the Syrian Army, fearing that a Palestinian victory would weaken its own strategic position, received a request from the Lebanese Front to intervene on their behalf. After strong initial resistance, the LNM/PLO forces began losing ground, and once the Arab states eventually approved the Syrian intervention after the Cairo and Riyadh conferences, the common forces accepted a cease-fire. The Syrian Army then took the role of peace-keepers, as part of Arab League's Arab Deterrent Force (ADF), between the belligerents. In 1977, Walid Jumblatt became the head of the LNM after the murder of his resigning father, Kamal, in an ambush widely accredited to either pro-Syrian Palestinian militants or Lebanese SSNP agents working for the Syrian intelligence services. Despite this, Walid aligned himself with Syria, and maintained a good working relationship with Syrian President Hafez Al-Assad (who had shared with his father a mutual distrust).
In 1978 the Israeli Operation Litani in southern Lebanon was partly directed against LNM militias, then fighting alongside the PLO after relations improved with Syria. In June 1982, the Movement was virtually dissolved after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and replaced by the Lebanese National Resistance Front – LNRF (, Jabhat al-Muqawama al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya), which commenced resistance operations against the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in September of that same year.
See also
Front of Patriotic and National Parties
History of Lebanon
Lebanese Civil War
Lebanese Front
Lebanese National Resistance Front
People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
Notes
References
Alain Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens, Albin Michel, Paris 2004. (in French)
Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990, Fayard, Paris 2005. (in French) –
Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
Fawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007 (in French)
Itamar Rabinovich, The war for Lebanon, 1970–1985, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition). , 0-8014-9313-7 –
Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. –
Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001). –
Marius Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980.
Thomas Collelo (ed.), Lebanon: a country study, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). –
External links
جبهة المقاومة الوطنية اللبنانية
Thesis relating many political and military aspects of the Lebanese war, comprising the LNM positions (in French).
The Lebanese Agreement
Collection of LNM posters |
was a judicial decision of the House of Lords in relation to the claim by the mother of Jacqueline Hill (one of the last victims of Peter Sutcliffe, the "Yorkshire Ripper") against West Yorkshire Police that their negligence in failing to apprehend the killer resulted in her daughter's death.
The House of Lords unanimously struck out the claim as disclosing no justiciable cause of action, upholding the decision of the judge at first instance and of the Court of Appeal. The claim was struck out on the alternative bases of (i) the police owed no specific duty of care to a member of the general public, and (ii) on public policy grounds.
Facts
Between 1975 and 1980, Peter Sutcliffe killed 13 young women and attempted to kill seven others. His last victim, Jacqueline Hill, a 20-year-old student at Leeds University, was murdered in Leeds on 17 November 1980. Sutcliffe had been arrested for drunk-driving in April 1980. While awaiting trial for this, he killed two more women (including Hill) and attacked three others who survived. He was eventually arrested in January 1981.
In her claim, Ms Hill's mother pointed to extensive failings on the part of West Yorkshire Police in relation to its investigation of the murders, and in particular officers' fixation upon a message purportedly from the killer which was later shown to be a hoax. Police officers interviewed Sutcliffe as a suspect nine times during their investigation. A number of the same failings would be highlighted subsequently in the Byford Report. This included a letter sent by one Trevor Birdsall, a long-time associate of Sutcliffe, who stated that Sutcliffe had a fixation with prostitutes and that Birdsall had reason to believe he might be the killer. Although Birdsall's letter was sent after Hill's death, it was ignored for months, which was seen as symptomatic of the systemic failings of the investigation.
Because the application was made to strike out on the basis that there was no cause of action, the courts proceeded on the hypothetical assumption that these criticisms were all true, but without making any findings of act in that regard. The Chief Constable was named as defendant in the action pursuant to section 48(1) of the Police Act 1964.
A different view from Tofaris and Steel where the duty to prevent harm will only occur when the defendants status creates the obligation to protect the claimant.
Judgment
House of Lords
The lead decision was given by Lord Keith of Kinkel. After reviewing the background facts, Lord Keith reviewed the law, and noted that there was no question that a police officer may be liable in tort to a person who is injured as a direct result of their acts or omissions. He further noted that under the common law, police officers owe to the general public a duty to enforce the criminal law (R v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, Ex parte Blackburn [1968] 2 QB 118), enforceable by an action for mandamus. However, he went on to note, "a chief officer of police has a wide discretion as to the manner in which the duty is discharged. It is for him to decide how available resources should be deployed, whether particular lines of inquiry should or should not be followed and even whether or not certain crimes should be prosecuted." Accordingly, while a chief police officer has an obligation to enforce the law, there were no specific requirements as to the manner in which they must do so.
He then reviewed the position in relation to establishing a duty of care. He noted that it "has been said almost too frequently to require repetition that foreseeability of likely harm is not in itself a sufficient test of liability in negligence. Some further ingredient is invariably needed to establish the requisite proximity of relationship between plaintiff and defendant, and all the circumstances of the case must be carefully considered and analysed in order to ascertain whether such an ingredient is present." He then considered at length the decision in . He noted that the two cases were similar, but held that no duty of care arose between West Yorkshire Police and Ms Hill. He held:
He went on to state:
He held that as a general matter of public policy, the police should not owe a duty to the public at large in tort to apprehend criminals expeditiously, for "the imposition of liability may lead to the exercise of a function being carried on in a detrimentally defensive frame of mind." Further, he was concerned about the time and manpower it would take for the police to defend such claims.
Lord Templeman gave a short concurring judgment. In his characteristic fashion, Lord Templeman opened with an emotional statement: "The appellant, Mrs. Hill, is tormented with the unshakeable belief that her daughter would be alive today if the respondent the West Yorkshire police force had been more efficient. That belief is entitled to respect and understanding. Damages cannot compensate for the brutal extinction of a young life." However, he too concurred that no duty of care arose. His judgment emphasised much more strongly the public policy element; he expressed concern that the court "would have to decide whether an inspector is to be condemned for failing to display the acumen of Sherlock Holmes and whether a constable is to be condemned for being as obtuse as Dr. Watson."
Significance
The United Kingdom Supreme Court reviewed the decision in , coincidentally also a claim against West Yorkshire Police. The court held that Hill did not confer generally immunity upon the police, only that a duty of care would not arise without special circumstances. Where the police themselves had created the danger, then they would have a duty of care. Commentators suggest that the later decisions "made significant inroads" into the general public policy exclusion in Hill.
See also
English tort law
Warren v. District of Columbia
Notes
House of Lords cases
English tort case law
1988 in United Kingdom case law
Peter Sutcliffe |
In quantum information theory, a quantum catalyst is an entanglement-assisted local quantum operations and classical communication, a special ancillary quantum state whose presence enables certain local transformations that would otherwise be impossible. Quantum catalytic behaviour has been shown to arise from the phenomenon of catalytic majorization.
The catalytic majorization relation can be used to find which transformations of jointly held pure quantum states are possible via local operations and classical communication (LOCC); particularly when an additional jointly held state is optionally specified to facilitate the transformation without being consumed. In the process sometimes referred to as entanglement catalysis, the catalyst can be understood as that temporarily involved entangled state. For bipartite pure entangled states that can be transformed in this way with unit probability, the respective Schmidt coefficients are said to satisfy the trumping relation, a mathematical relation which is an extension of the majorization relation. If correlations between the system and the catalyst are allowed, catalytic transformations between bipartite pure states are characterized via the entanglement entropy. Others have shown how quantum catalytic behaviour arises under a probabilistic approach via stochastic dominance with respect to the convolution of measures.
References
Quantum information science |
Winterbourne railway station served the South Gloucestershire village of Winterbourne, England, from 1903 to 1963.
Future
Improved services on the / axis are called for as part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme, a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area. The Metro scheme was given the go-ahead in July 2012 as part of the City Deal, whereby local councils would be given greater control over money by the government.
References
See also
Rail services in the West of England
Former Great Western Railway stations
Disused railway stations in Bristol, Bath and South Gloucestershire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1903
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961
Civil Parish of Winterbourne |
```c++
//
//
// path_to_url
//
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/extComputationContext.h"
PXR_NAMESPACE_OPEN_SCOPE
HdExtComputationContext::~HdExtComputationContext()
{
}
PXR_NAMESPACE_CLOSE_SCOPE
``` |
Mark R. Cohen (born March 11, 1943) is an American scholar of Jewish history in the Muslim world.
Cohen is Khedouri A. Zilkha Professor Emeritus of Jewish Civilization in the Near East and Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University.
He is a scholar of the history of Jews in the Middle Ages under Islam. His research relies greatly on documents from the Cairo Geniza. From 1985 until his retirement in 2013 Cohen also led the Geniza Lab at Princeton University, which aims to make the Geniza corpus available and searchable online (as of 2013, the database contained 4,320 documents). The project is headquartered at the S.D. Goitein Geniza Research Lab, where many of Goitein's personal books and notes are stored.
In 2014 Cohen was a visiting professor at New York University Abu Dhabi.
Cohen won the 1981 National Jewish Book Award in the Jewish History category for his book Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1996.
Cohen earned his undergraduate degree at Brandeis University, his master's degree at Columbia University, and his doctorate at the Jewish Theological Seminary.
Selected publications
Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt: The Origins of the Office of Head of the Jews, ca. 1065-1126 (1981)
The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi (1987)
Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages (1994)
Poverty and Charity in the Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt (2005)
''The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Documents from the Cairo Geniza (2005)
See also
References
External links
Princeton University faculty page
Princeton Geniza Project
Mark R. Cohen at Library of Congress Authorities — with 10 catalog records
1943 births
Living people
American Jews
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Brandeis University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Princeton University faculty
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish Theological Seminary of America alumni
Jewish American writers
Historians of Jews and Judaism
American historians of religion
American male non-fiction writers |
State Route 17 (SR 17, locally known as Highway 17) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from State Route 1 in Santa Cruz to I-280 and I-880 in San Jose. SR 17, a freeway and expressway, carries substantial commuter and vacation traffic through the Santa Cruz Mountains at Patchen Pass ("The Summit") between Santa Cruz and the San Francisco Bay Area.
Route description
From its southern terminus with SR 1 in Santa Cruz, Route 17 begins as a five-lane freeway (narrows to four lanes after Pasatiempo Drive). From there, it proceeds through Scotts Valley. At the north end of Scotts Valley, it becomes a four-lane divided highway, with access at various points without interchanges, and begins a winding ascent of the Santa Cruz Mountains. The road crosses the Santa Clara/Santa Cruz county line through the Patchen Pass, commonly referred to as "The Summit", at an elevation of 1,800 feet (549 m), where there is an interchange with SR 35. Just north of the summit, a winding descent of the mountains begins, again with access at various points, mostly without grade separations, as far as Los Gatos. At Los Gatos, SR 17 becomes a freeway again. It expands to six lanes after an interchange with SR 85. This interchange has three levels; in a similar fashion to SR 99 at U.S. 50 in Sacramento, SR 17 is at-grade, with the other levels below-grade. The number of lanes later expands to eight shortly before reaching its northern terminus at Interstate 280, where it continues as Interstate 880.
SR 17 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 17 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation.
Safety
SR 17's combination of narrow shoulders, dense traffic, slow trucks, sharp turns, blind curves, wandering fauna such as deer and mountain lions, and sudden changes in traffic speeds have led to a number of collisions and fatalities, leading to the reputation of SR 17 as one of the most dangerous highways in the state. In the winter months, because SR 17 crosses a high precipitation area in the Santa Cruz Mountains, the roadway can become slippery from rain, snow or ice, especially at the summit.
Despite having fewer curves than in Santa Cruz County, certain sections of SR 17 in Santa Clara County are so dangerous that they have been nicknamed. The first long sweeping turn North of Summit Road with its sharp angle, off-camber banking, and steep entering downhill slope is called "Valley Surprise" for the fact that so many strike the median shortly after having entered the Santa Clara Valley. The most infamous is called "Big Moody Curve". This curve is named after Big Moody Creek below, slightly greater than a 180 degree turn, and bracketed by additional 90 degree turns. The inside surfaces of the median barriers in both of these turns are normally chipped up and black with tire rubber.
Efforts to improve safety have included adding electronic speed monitoring signs and warnings lights on curves, removing trees to improve visibility around blind curves, and increased patrol and enforcement of traffic laws. The portion between Los Gatos and Scotts Valley has been designated the Highway 17 Safety Corridor by Caltrans and the California Highway Patrol. In addition, barbed wired fencing and retaining walls were added after the route suffered landslides in the Loma Prieta Earthquake. The route has seen recent repaving work in 2010, 2014, 2019–2020, and 2022-2023.
Gillian Cichowski Memorial Overcrossing Bridge, over SR 17 near Los Gatos at Lexington Reservoir, was named by California Senate Concurrent Resolution 32, Chapt. 70 in 1994. Gillian Cichowski was killed in an accident at this location in 1992. This is one of the few highway constructions in California named for a woman. The overpass was in response to a campaign by friends of Gillian Cichowski to make the intersection (with Bear Creek Road) safer. The overpass was open to northbound traffic July 18, 1996 and opened to southbound traffic August 29, 1996. Margaret Green of Sunnyvale, California died in a similar accident near the same location during overpass construction.
SR 17 in Santa Cruz County is named after California Highway Patrol Lieutenant Michael Walker. Walker was setting flares to direct traffic around an auto accident on New Year's Eve 2005 when he was struck and killed. Partly in response to this accident near the Glenwood Road intersection, Caltrans began work in 2008 to widen the shoulder to eight feet.
History
In 1934, the State of California began signing its routes. The route which in subsequent years corresponded with State Route 17 was signed as State Route 13, and described as "Santa Cruz to Jct. US 101 at San Rafael, via San Jose, Mt. Eden, and Oakland." The route taken between Oakland and San Rafael is not described.
Beginning in 1929, the segment from San Jose northward had been signed as US 101-E ("east"), branching off from US 101-W in San Jose.
Santa Cruz Mountains
The earliest connection between Santa Cruz and San Jose was an old Native American foot trail. The first road that could be navigated by a wagon was a dirt toll road built by Charlie McKiernan, known as "Mountain Charlie" by locals, some time around 1853. Portions of this road still exist as Mountain Charlie Road, to the west of Highway 17 and south of Summit Road. Several other stage lines were built as competitors, such as the San Jose Turnpike (1863), which follows the approximate route of present-day Soquel San Jose Road. After realignment to increase the road width; many sections of the original stage route were cut off. These sections became side streets named with variations containing Old Turnpike. Some of these now dead end streets have retained the look of narrow stage coach roads.
SR 17 was opened in 1940, replacing several other modes of transportation, including the old Glenwood Highway from 1919 (which still exists in Glenwood), and the railroad which went all the way from Santa Cruz to San Francisco and Oakland. The railroad stopped operating in 1940 and the tunnels that it passed through were sealed soon after. Nearly all the tunnel entrances still exist, but are unusable as the tunnels themselves have collapsed. The rise in the use of automobiles made the railroads unprofitable. The city of Glenwood, founded by Charles C. Martin in 1851, gained notoriety for hot springs in the area. The Glenwood Highway, which passed through town, was deserted when the "New 17" was built, and the town became a ghost of its former self. The town's final resident, Mrs. Ed C. Koch, the great-granddaughter of the founder, died in 1992, and Glenwood is a ghost town.
Parts of the original SR 17 lie underwater in Lexington Reservoir. When the reservoir was built, the highway was rerouted to higher ground, and the two towns along its path (Alma and Lexington) were abandoned. When the reservoir levels are extremely low, the old highway pavement is visible as well as some stone and concrete foundations of buildings.
East Bay
SR 17 first appeared along the east shore of San Francisco Bay in the mid-1930s. The original route between San Jose and Oakland ran along the Old Oakland Road, Main Street (Milpitas) and Warm Springs Boulevard (southern Fremont) proceeding along what is now Fremont Boulevard, which becomes Alvarado Boulevard in Northern Fremont, before entering Union City. From there, the route proceeded along Hesperian Boulevard in Hayward, then into San Leandro via East 14th Street to Davis. It then went west on Davis to Maitland Drive along the southern edge of the Oakland Municipal Airport and across Bay Farm Island to the Bay Farm Island Bridge into Alameda. In Alameda it went via Clay, High, Santa Clara, and Webster to the Posey Tube. SR 17 went through the Posey Tube into Oakland along Harrison Street to 14th, and west on 14th to Broadway where it terminated at a junction with US 40 and SR 24.
Following the completion of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in late 1936, SR 17 was re-routed. Instead of turning west at Davis Street in San Leandro, it was continued along East 14th Street into Oakland. At 44th Avenue it turned west, leading to a new diagonal connection to East 12th Street. SR 17 then followed East 12th northward to 14th Avenue, then one block on 14th to East 8th Street, becoming 8th Street into downtown Oakland. It continued west on 8th, picking up a concurrency with Business Route US 50 at Broadway. Both routes continued on 8th to Cypress Street which became an elevated viaduct entering the Bay Bridge Distribution Structure ("The Maze"). SR 17 terminated here at its junction with US 40 (Eastshore Highway) and US 50 (38th Street).
In 1947, work began on a new freeway through Oakland to replace the street routing of SR 17. It was finished in segments, finishing in 1958 with the completion of the double-decked Cypress Structure leading into the MacArthur Maze. The new freeway was called the "Eastshore Freeway", continuous with a planned new freeway north of the Maze to replace the old Eastshore Highway. In 1958, the freeway south of the Maze was renamed the "Nimitz Freeway", in honor of WWII Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.
With the completion of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge in 1956, as well as the first segment of the Eastshore Freeway north of the Maze, SR 17 was extended northward along the new freeway in a concurrency with US 40. SR 17 left the freeway at the Hoffman Blvd. exit (thereafter popularly called the "Hoffman Split") and proceeded along city streets through Richmond to the San Rafael bridge. It went via Hoffman, Cutting, and Standard Avenue up to the bridge. It crossed the bridge into San Rafael, terminating at a junction with US 101.
In 1984 the segment of SR 17 from Interstate 280 in San Jose to the Maze (by then known as the "MacArthur Maze") in Oakland was renumbered as I-880, and the portion of SR 17 from the MacArthur Maze to San Rafael was renumbered as part of I-580. SR 17 was thereby reduced to its current length.
Major intersections
Notes
See also
References
External links
AARoads – State Route 17
California Highways: SR 17
017
017
017
State Route 017
State Route 017
Santa Cruz, California
Los Gatos, California
Campbell, California
Transportation in San Jose, California |
Coleothorpa seminuda is a species of case bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It has no subspecies. It is found in North America.
References
Clytrini
Beetles of North America
Beetles described in 1892 |
Smeetsland is a neighborhood of Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Neighbourhoods of Rotterdam |
Dennis the Menace (known as Dennis in Europe) is a platform game adaptation of the 1993 film of the same name which itself is based on the Dennis the Menace comic strip. It was released for the Game Boy, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Amiga. The object of the game is to defeat the antagonist from the film, Switchblade Sam, who managed to find Dennis' town via the local railroad connection. Stages include Mr. Wilson's house, the great outdoors, a boiler room, and eventually a boss battle with Switchblade Sam.
Plot
Dennis Mitchell has to rescue his friends Joey and Margaret, along with Mr. Wilson's coin collection, from the burglar Switchblade Sam.
Gameplay
Controlling Dennis Mitchell, the player has to go through four stages, collecting five large coins in each one. If the player manages to find both of Dennis's friends along with Mr. Wilson's entire coin collection, he will have won the game.
Health is represented by hearts. If Dennis is touched by an enemy, one heart will disappear, and Dennis is temporarily stunned. Once all of the hearts are gone, the player must restart the level (but retains all main coins found). Pieces of candy located throughout the levels fully restore Dennis' health when collected.
The player has 999 seconds (16.7 minutes) to complete each stage. If time runs out, there is an immediate game over, which completely eradicates all work done on a level. The clock is not reset when Dennis loses a life.
Reception
Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Super NES version a 5.6 out of 10, remarking that "the game is somewhat unappealing, with a main character that just doesn't come to life." Super Gamer gave an overall score of 74% writing: "An extremely pretty and challenging game, although gameplay is rather fiddly and slow."
References
1993 video games
Amiga games
Amiga 1200 games
Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)
Game Boy games
Ocean Software games
Platformers
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games about children
Video games based on films
Video games based on adaptations
Video games developed in the United Kingdom |
Chukochya () is a rural locality (a selo) in Pokhodsky Rural Okrug of Nizhnekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located from Chersky, the administrative center of the district and from Pokhodsk. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 0, the same as recorded during the 2002 Census.
References
Notes
Sources
Official website of the Sakha Republic. Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic. Nizhnekolymsky District.
Rural localities in Nizhnekolymsky District |
The Beetal goat is a breed from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan is used for milk and meat production. It is similar to the Jamnapari goat and the Malabari goat.
It is also known as Lahori goat; it is considered to be a good milker with large body size. Ears are flat long curled and drooping. The skin of these goats is considered to be of high quality because of its large size and its yielding of fine leather such as velour, suede, and chamois for manufacturing clothes, shoes, and gloves. Beetal goats have been widely used for improvement of local goats throughout the subcontinent. These goats are also adapted to stall feeding, thus are preferred for intensive goat farming.
The Beetal goat and the Malabari goats are usually compared for their body characteristics including testicles. The values of testicular breadth, length, height, volume and scrotal circumference greatly (P<0.01) exceed in the Malabari goat.
References
External links
Beetal
Goat breeds
Dairy goat breeds
Meat goat breeds
Goat breeds originating in Pakistan
Goat breeds originating in India
Livestock in Punjab |
Hayde is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Anthony Hayde (1932–2014), New Zealand field hockey player
Desmond Hayde (1926–2013), Indian Army officer
Mick Hayde (born 1971), English footballer
See also
Hayden (surname)
Hyde (surname) |
Heinz Schubert (12 November 1925 – 12 February 1999) was a German actor, drama teacher and photographer, best known for playing the role of Alfred Tetzlaff in the German television sitcom Ein Herz und eine Seele.
Life
Schubert was born in Berlin, the son of a master tailor. He went to drama school after his release from captivity as a prisoner of war.
In 1951, Bertolt Brecht asked for him directly to join his Berliner Ensemble, where Schubert remained until the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961. From then on, Schubert worked in West Germany in theatre (in Munich, Hamburg, Stuttgart and Berlin) and taught drama; he was first a docent and in 1985 was awarded a professorship at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.
In 1958 Schubert also started to work in film, first for DEFA productions, playing the role of the Schweizerkas that he had been known for in the Berliner Ensemble in the film version of the Brecht drama. He also acted in fairy stories and the much-loved DEFA Das Stacheltier series. From 1961, in the West, he also acted in television productions.
In 1973 Schubert was given the part for which he is best remembered, and which he later did his best to escape from: the role of Ekel Alfred ("Nasty Alfred") in the satirical ARD television series Ein Herz und eine Seele, written by Wolfgang Menge. The series was based on the British series Till Death Us Do Part by Johnny Speight; the themes it brought up and the language it used put it in the headlines and drew a huge audience. Schubert played the German equivalent to Alf Garnett or Archie Bunker, a tyrannical bigot, and appeared the part, with a hairstyle and mannerisms comparable to those used by German dictator Adolf Hitler.
Schubert was capable of a wide range of roles, however, and proved this in his much-praised portrayal of Hadschi Halef Omar in the 26-part ZDF television series Kara Ben Nemsi Effendi (1973/1975), based on the books of Karl May, or his starring role in films such as and Hitler – Ein Film aus Deutschland, in which he played both Hitler and Heinrich Himmler. Schubert also acted alongside Michael Caine in the British spy film Funeral in Berlin.
As well as his film roles, Schubert acted in an increasing number of television series, playing the private detective Fetzer in Detektivbüro Roth and Dr. Fink in the ZDF film . In 1996 he once more played the main role in a Wolfgang Menge series, again based on an idea by Johnny Speight, as Viktor Bölkhoff in Mit einem Bein im Grab. (One Foot in the Grave.)
As well as his acting career, Schubert also loved photography. He is especially well known for his many photographs of shop windows and mannequins; this work was on show at the documenta 6 in Kassel in 1977. In 1979 he published a book of these photographs, Theater im Schaufenster ("Theatre in the Shop Window").
Heinz Schubert received several awards, including the Goldene Kamera (1993) and the Adolf Grimme Award (1994). He died of pneumonia on 12 February 1999 in Hamburg, where he had acted for many years.
Partial filmography
Katzgraben (1957) - Günther, ein junger Bergmann
My Wife Makes Music (1958) - Spießer
Das Stacheltier – Der junge Engländer (1958)
Geschichte vom armen Hassan (1958) - Wasserhändler
Sie nannten ihn Amigo (1959) - Dicker Gestapo-Mann
Das Feuerzeug (1959) - Der Geizige
Mother Courage and Her Children (1961) - Schweizerkas
Italienisches Capriccio (1961)
On the Sunny Side (1962) - Felix Schnepf
My Daughter and I (1963) - Detektiv
(1964, TV Movie) - Schnabel
Emil and the Detectives (1964) - Grundeis
Funeral in Berlin (1966) - Aaron Levine
Tattoo (1967) - Auctioneer
(1971, TV Mini-Series) - Police Inspector Bird
Tatort (1971–1995, TV Series) - Kommissar a.D. Leo Felber / Hans Gebhardt / Dr. Gottschling
Ein Herz und eine Seele (1973–1976, TV Series) - Alfred Tetzlaff
Kara Ben Nemsi Effendi (1973–1975, TV Series) - Hadschi Halef Omar
A Lost Life (1976)
(1976) - Ferdinand Rieche
Hitler: A Film from Germany (1977) - Zirkusdirektor / Heinrich Himmler / Himmler-Puppenspieler / Adolf Hitler
Zwei himmlische Töchter (1978, TV Mini-Series) - Fluglotse
(1979, TV Movie) - Leo Timpe
Obszön – Der Fall Peter Herzel (1981) - Dr. Dieter Flake
High Society Limited (1982) - Kolbe
Marmor, Stein und Eisen bricht (1982)
Konrad oder das Kind aus der Konservenbüchse (1982) - Apotheker Egon
(1984)
Detektivbüro Roth (1986–1987, TV Series) - Egon Fetzer
Europa, abends (1989) - Frisör
Stein und Bein (1991, TV Movie) - Erwin Stein
(1993, TV Mini-Series) - Dr. Erich Fink
(1993) - Minister Kurt Bach
Chacun pour toi (1993) - Botha
Zwei alte Hasen (1994–1995, TV Series) - Wille Wuttke
Mit einem Bein im Grab (1996–1998, TV Series) - Viktor Bölkoff
Hundert Jahre Brecht (1998)
Silberdisteln (1998, TV Movie) - Alfons Schambeck
The Volcano (1999) - Jewish man (final film role)
References
Theater im Schaufenster, Heinz Schubert, 1979,
External links
Biography, in German
Ein Herz und eine Seele – Georg Seeßlen about Heinz Schubert
Sources
This article was partly translated from the German language version of October 16, 2006
1925 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Germany
Male actors from Berlin
German male comedians
German male film actors
Photographers from Berlin
German male television actors
German military personnel of World War II
20th-century German male actors
20th-century comedians
German prisoners of war in World War II
Comedians from Berlin |
Lila Latrous (; born July 15, 1979) is an Algerian judoka, who played for the lightweight category. She is a four-time champion at the African Judo Championships, and a bronze medalist at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara, Italy. She also won a gold medal in the same division at the 2007 All-Africa Games in Algiers.
Latrous made her official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where she lost the first preliminary match of women's lightweight class (57 kg), with an ippon and an okuri eri jime (sliding lapel strangle), to former Olympic bronze medalist Liu Yuxiang.
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Latrous competed for the second time in the women's 57 kg class. She lost again the first preliminary match by an ippon to another Chinese judoka Xu Yan. Unlike her previous Olympics, Latrous offered another shot for the bronze medal by entering the repechage rounds. She was defeated in the first match by Finland's Nina Koivumäki, who successfully scored a koka and a golden score within the five-minute period.
References
External links
NBC Olympics Profile
Algerian female judoka
Living people
Olympic judoka for Algeria
Judoka at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 2008 Summer Olympics
1979 births
Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Algeria
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
African Games gold medalists for Algeria
African Games medalists in judo
Mediterranean Games medalists in judo
Competitors at the 2007 All-Africa Games
21st-century Algerian people |
Filmation is the name of the isometric graphics engine employed in a series of games developed by Ultimate Play the Game during the 1980s, primarily on the 8-bit ZX Spectrum platform, though various titles also appeared on the BBC Micro, Amstrad CPC, MSX and Commodore 64 platforms.
The Filmation engine allowed the creation of 3D flip-screen environments and was designed to be used for platform-based arcade adventures. Player characters could move in four diagonal (from the player's perspective) directions, were able to jump over or onto obstacles, and could even push objects around the game environment.
Precursors
A handful of games had used an isometric perspective before Filmation's first appearance in 1984, such as the arcade games Q*bert (1982) from Gottlieb, and Zaxxon (1982) and Congo Bongo (1983) from Sega, as well as the ZX Spectrum title Ant Attack (1983) by Sandy White. Q*bert and Zaxxon have little else in common with Filmation, though Ant Attack was a platform game of similar style, and was the first of these games to feature an extra degree of freedom (the ability to move up and down as well and north, south, east and west). It was claimed by White that Ant Attack was "the first true isometric 3D game".
Development
When Filmation was introduced a year later, it featured far more complex graphics and environments than any isometric title yet, garnering Knight Lore much attention and critical acclaim. Ultimate Play the Game first described the engine in the Knight Lore manual thus:
Knight Lore was followed three months later by Alien 8 and in 1986 by Pentagram. A second engine, Filmation II, was introduced in 1985 and used in two titles, Nightshade and Gunfright. This new version of the engine introduced large scrolling environments (much like Ant Attack's) rather than flip-screens. To avoid obscuring the player character, streets and buildings rendered by this engine would disappear to their outlines when the player character walked behind them, and the ability to flip the viewpoint through 180 degrees with a press of the Z key was introduced. Although Filmation II increased the graphical complexity of the titles that used it, the gameplay was simplified; the player was no longer able to jump (and indeed had no reason to) and was confined to essentially simpler environments, with no obstacles other than the buildings themselves. This simplification resulted in Nightshade and Gunfright being more straightforward shooter games than the puzzle based Filmation I titles.
Two later games, Martianoids and Bubbler, were developed by U.S. Gold (and published on the Ultimate Play the Game label) which also used scrolling 3D environments, though neither made explicit use of the Filmation II engine. Both had similarities to Filmation II, though Martianoids did not use a true isometric perspective and Bubbler had more in common with Atari's Marble Madness than previous Filmation titles.
Ultimate's final, unreleased title, Mire Mare, was long thought to have been Filmation-based, but in the late 1990s Rare revealed that it would actually have been more like the top-down Sabre Wulf, the first title based around the Sabreman character.
Games
Filmation
Knight Lore (1984)
Alien 8 (1985)
Pentagram (1986)
Filmation II
Nightshade (1985)
Gunfright (1986)
Miscellaneous
Martianoids (1987)
Bubbler (1987)
Legacy
The Filmation style was extremely influential in the period immediately following the release of Knight Lore and Alien 8, and it was copied extensively by other publishers in titles such as Fairlight, The Great Escape, Batman, M.O.V.I.E., Head Over Heels and Solstice. Later, Rare, the company that Ultimate Play the Game evolved into, reprised the style themselves with their releases Snake Rattle 'n' Roll (NES and Sega Mega Drive) and Monster Max (Game Boy; written by Bernie Drummond and Jon Ritman, the authors of the aforementioned Batman and Head Over Heels). Cadaver by the Bitmap Brothers, released on the Amiga and Atari ST in 1990, bore striking similarities to Knight Lore, and even named the game's location "Castle Wulf" after Knight Lore's precedent game, Sabre Wulf.
References
External links
On Filmation, a discussion of the engine
Looking for an Old Angle, CRASH article on Filmation and other isometric games
1984 software
Video game engines |
WMKP may refer to:
WMKP-LP, a low-power radio station (98.9 FM) licensed to serve Oakwood, Georgia, United States
Penang International Airport (ICAO code WMKP) |
Little Crumb () is a 1999 Dutch film directed by Maria Peters, based on the novel by Chris van Abkoude. It was the most popular Dutch film of the year and in the top 20 most popular Dutch films of all time. It was the Netherlands' submission to the 73rd Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Cast
Ruud Feltkamp as Kruimeltje
Hugo Haenen as Wilkes, Harry's best friend
Rick Engelkes as Harry Folker, Kruimeltje's father
Thekla Reuten as Lize van Dien, Kruimeltje's mother
Yannick van de Velde as Keesie, Kruimeltje's friend
Sacha Bulthuis as Mrs Koster
Ingeborg Uyt den Boogaard as Vera di Borboni, maid
Jaap Maarleveld as old neighbour
Joop Doderer as Koster
Bert Geurkink as policeman
Jan Decleir as Father Keyzer
Sequel
In February 2020, a second film by Kruimeltje was released: Kruimeltje en de strijd om de goudmijn.
See also
Cinema of the Netherlands
List of Dutch submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
List of submissions to the 73rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
18th Ale Kino! Festival
References
External links
1999 films
1999 drama films
1990s Dutch-language films
Dutch children's films
Dutch drama films
Films based on Dutch novels
Films set in the 1920s |
Pseudocentroptiloides is a genus of mayflies in the family Baetidae.
References
Mayflies
Mayfly genera
Fauna of Europe |
Hupari is a Municipal council in Kolhapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Hupari comes under Hatkanangle taluka.
Hupari is famous for the production of silver ornaments. Most of the families in this city have ancestral skill for developing artistic ornaments from silver. There is big temple of Shri aai ambabai mata (Mahalaxmi temple)
Demographics
India census, Hupari had a population of 28,229. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Hupari has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 62%. In Hupari, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
References
Cities and towns in Kolhapur district |
The Greatest X (pronounced as "The Greatest Unknown") is the tenth studio album by American hip hop recording artist Reks. It was released on September 9, 2016, by Brick Records. The album features guest appearances from artists such as Termanology, Jared Evan, Edo G, R.A. the Rugged Man, Planet Asia and Guilty Simpson, among others. The album's production was handled by several producers, including Large Professor, The Alchemist, Nottz, Buckwild, Black Milk, Apollo Brown, Statik Selektah and The Audible Doctor.
Track listing
References
2016 albums
Reks albums
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by Apollo Brown
Albums produced by Black Milk
Albums produced by Buckwild
Albums produced by Evidence (musician)
Albums produced by J57
Albums produced by Large Professor
Albums produced by MoSS
Albums produced by Nottz
Albums produced by Statik Selektah |
Becky G is an American singer and actress. Gomez appeared in the short film El Tux (2008) as Claudia Gómez and as Nina in the Discovery Channel television film La estación de la Calle Olvera (2008). She also appeared as Valentina Galindo in two episodes of Empire adding the singles "Do It" and "New, New" (2015). Gomez was cast as Trini in the film Power Rangers (2017) and traveled to Vancouver, Canada, to film the movie from February 29 to May 28, 2016. Gomez starred in the sci-fi adventure film A.X.L., which was filmed in late 2017; the movie received negative reviews from critics and, like Power Rangers, was a box-office disappointment. Gomez starred in the lead role in the animated fantasy film Gnome Alone, alongside Josh Peck; it was originally slated for release in theaters, but was only released in Latin America, Europe and Asia in April 2018. It was made available in Netflix on October of the same year.
In November 2021, Gomez began hosting her own Facebook Watch talk show, titled Face to Face with Becky G. Her first guest was American singer Demi Lovato. In March 2022, Gomez joined Joe Jonas and Sean Bankhead to serve as a judges on the MTV & TikTok American music competition series Becoming a Popstar. In May 2022, Gomez starred alongside Machine Gun Kelly, Mod Sun, Dove Cameron and Megan Fox in the critically reviled comedy film Good Mourning. Gomez has voiced Khaji-Da, an entity inside Jaime Reyes' Scarab, in the DC Studios film Blue Beetle.
Filmography
Film
Television
Executive producer
Commercials
Music videos
Guest appearances
References
External links
Videographies of American artists
American filmographies |
```javascript
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
// Flags: --icu-timezone-data
// Environment Variables: TZ=America/New_York
// 2017-03-12T02:00 : UTC-5 => UTC-4
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 2, 12, 6, 59)),
new Date(2017, 2, 12, 1, 59))
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 2, 12, 7)),
new Date(2017, 2, 12, 2));
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 2, 12, 7, 30)),
new Date(2017, 2, 12, 2, 30));
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 2, 12, 7)),
new Date(2017, 2, 12, 3));
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 2, 12, 7, 30)),
new Date(2017, 2, 12, 3, 30));
assertEquals((new Date(2017, 2, 12, 3, 30)).getTimezoneOffset(),
(new Date(2017, 2, 12, 2, 30)).getTimezoneOffset());
// 2017-11-05T02:00 : UTC-4 => UTC-5
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 10, 5, 4, 59)),
new Date(2017, 10, 5, 0, 59));
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 10, 5, 5)),
new Date(2017, 10, 5, 1));
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 10, 5, 5, 30)),
new Date(2017, 10, 5, 1, 30));
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 10, 5, 5, 59)),
new Date(2017, 10, 5, 1, 59));
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 10, 5, 7)),
new Date(2017, 10, 5, 2))
assertEquals(new Date(Date.UTC(2017, 10, 5, 8)),
new Date(2017, 10, 5, 3))
``` |
```java
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package google.registry.whois;
import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
import static google.registry.bsa.persistence.BsaTestingUtils.persistBsaLabel;
import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.loadByForeignKeyCached;
import static google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarBase.State.ACTIVE;
import static google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarBase.Type.PDT;
import static google.registry.model.tld.Tlds.getTlds;
import static google.registry.testing.DatabaseHelper.createTlds;
import static google.registry.testing.DatabaseHelper.loadRegistrar;
import static google.registry.testing.DatabaseHelper.persistActiveDomain;
import static google.registry.testing.DatabaseHelper.persistResource;
import static google.registry.testing.DatabaseHelper.persistSimpleResources;
import static google.registry.testing.FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeDomain;
import static google.registry.testing.FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeRegistrar;
import static google.registry.testing.FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeRegistrarPocs;
import static google.registry.whois.WhoisTestData.loadFile;
import static jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
import static jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND;
import static jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_OK;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.net.InetAddresses;
import google.registry.model.contact.Contact;
import google.registry.model.domain.Domain;
import google.registry.model.eppcommon.Trid;
import google.registry.model.host.Host;
import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
import google.registry.model.transfer.DomainTransferData;
import google.registry.model.transfer.TransferStatus;
import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTestExtensions;
import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTestExtensions.JpaIntegrationTestExtension;
import google.registry.testing.FakeClock;
import google.registry.testing.FakeResponse;
import google.registry.testing.FakeSleeper;
import google.registry.testing.FullFieldsTestEntityHelper;
import google.registry.testing.TestCacheExtension;
import google.registry.util.Retrier;
import google.registry.whois.WhoisMetrics.WhoisMetric;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.Optional;
import org.joda.time.DateTime;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.RegisterExtension;
/** Unit tests for {@link WhoisAction}. */
public class WhoisActionTest {
private final FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(DateTime.parse("2009-06-29T20:13:00Z"));
@RegisterExtension
final JpaIntegrationTestExtension jpa =
new JpaTestExtensions.Builder().withClock(clock).buildIntegrationTestExtension();
@RegisterExtension
public final TestCacheExtension testCacheExtension =
new TestCacheExtension.Builder()
.withEppResourceCache(Duration.ofDays(1))
.withForeignKeyCache(Duration.ofDays(1))
.build();
private final FakeResponse response = new FakeResponse();
private WhoisAction newWhoisAction(String input) {
WhoisAction whoisAction = new WhoisAction();
whoisAction.clock = clock;
whoisAction.input = new StringReader(input);
whoisAction.response = response;
whoisAction.whoisReader =
new WhoisReader(
WhoisCommandFactory.createCached(), "Please contact registrar", "Blocked by BSA: %s");
whoisAction.whoisMetrics = new WhoisMetrics();
whoisAction.metricBuilder = WhoisMetric.builderForRequest(clock);
whoisAction.disclaimer =
"Doodle Disclaimer\nI exist so that carriage return\nin disclaimer can be tested.";
whoisAction.retrier = new Retrier(new FakeSleeper(clock), 3);
return whoisAction;
}
@BeforeEach
void setUp() {
createTlds("lol", "xn--q9jyb4c", "1.test");
}
@Test
void testRun_badRequest_stillSends200() {
newWhoisAction("\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_no_command.txt"));
}
private static Domain makeDomainWithRegistrar(Registrar registrar) {
return makeDomain(
"cat.lol",
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-ERL", "Goblin Market", "lol@cat.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-TRL", "The Raven", "bog@cat.lol")),
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.cat.lol", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef")),
registrar);
}
@Test
void testRun_domainQuery_works() {
Registrar registrar =
persistResource(makeRegistrar("evilregistrar", "Yes Virginia", ACTIVE));
persistResource(makeDomainWithRegistrar(registrar));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_domain.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_domainQuery_usesCache() {
Registrar registrar =
persistResource(makeRegistrar("evilregistrar", "Yes Virginia", ACTIVE));
persistResource(makeDomainWithRegistrar(registrar));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
// Populate the cache for both the domain and contact.
Domain domain = loadByForeignKeyCached(Domain.class, "cat.lol", clock.nowUtc()).get();
Contact contact = loadByForeignKeyCached(Contact.class, "5372808-ERL", clock.nowUtc()).get();
// Make a change to the domain and contact that won't be seen because the cache will be hit.
persistResource(domain.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
persistResource(
contact
.asBuilder()
.setInternationalizedPostalInfo(
contact
.getInternationalizedPostalInfo()
.asBuilder()
.setOrg("Two by Two, Hands Blue Inc.")
.build())
.build());
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_domain.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_domainQuery_registeredDomainUnaffectedByBsa() {
persistResource(
Tld.get("lol")
.asBuilder()
.setBsaEnrollStartTime(Optional.of(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)))
.build());
persistBsaLabel("cat");
Registrar registrar = persistResource(makeRegistrar("evilregistrar", "Yes Virginia", ACTIVE));
persistResource(makeDomainWithRegistrar(registrar));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_domain.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_domainQuery_unregisteredDomainShowBsaMessage() {
persistResource(
Tld.get("lol")
.asBuilder()
.setBsaEnrollStartTime(Optional.of(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)))
.build());
persistBsaLabel("cat");
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_domain_blocked_by_bsa.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_domainAfterTransfer_hasUpdatedEppTimeAndClientId() {
Registrar registrar = persistResource(makeRegistrar("TheRegistrar", "Yes Virginia", ACTIVE));
persistResource(
makeDomainWithRegistrar(registrar)
.asBuilder()
.setTransferData(
new DomainTransferData.Builder()
.setGainingRegistrarId("TheRegistrar")
.setLosingRegistrarId("NewRegistrar")
.setTransferRequestTime(DateTime.parse("2009-05-29T20:13:00Z"))
.setPendingTransferExpirationTime(DateTime.parse("2010-03-01T00:00:00Z"))
.setTransferStatus(TransferStatus.PENDING)
.setTransferRequestTrid(Trid.create("client-trid", "server-trid"))
.build())
.build());
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
clock.setTo(DateTime.parse("2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"));
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_transferred_domain.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_idnDomain_works() {
Registrar registrar = persistResource(makeRegistrar(
"evilregistrar", "Yes Virginia", ACTIVE));
persistResource(
makeDomain(
"cat.",
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-ERL", "()", "lol@cat.")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-TRL", "The Raven", "bog@cat.")),
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.", "1.2.3.4")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.cat.", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef")),
registrar));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("domain cat.\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_idn_punycode.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_punycodeDomain_works() {
Registrar registrar = persistResource(makeRegistrar(
"evilregistrar", "Yes Virginia", ACTIVE));
persistResource(
makeDomain(
"cat.",
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-ERL", "()", "lol@cat.")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-TRL", "The Raven", "bog@cat.")),
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.", "1.2.3.4")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.cat.", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef")),
registrar));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("domain cat.xn--q9jyb4c\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_idn_punycode.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_domainNotFound_returns200OkAndPlainTextResponse() {
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_domain_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_domainNotFound_usesCache() {
// Populate the cache with the nonexistence of this domain.
assertThat(loadByForeignKeyCached(Domain.class, "cat.lol", clock.nowUtc())).isEmpty();
// Add a new valid cat.lol domain that won't be found because the cache will be hit instead.
persistActiveDomain("cat.lol");
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_domain_not_found.txt"));
}
// todo (b/27378695): reenable or delete this test
@Disabled
@Test
void testRun_domainInTestTld_isConsideredNotFound() {
persistResource(Tld.get("lol").asBuilder().setTldType(Tld.TldType.TEST).build());
Registrar registrar = persistResource(makeRegistrar(
"evilregistrar", "Yes Virginia", ACTIVE));
persistResource(
makeDomain(
"cat.lol",
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-ERL", "Goblin Market", "lol@cat.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-TRL", "The Raven", "bog@cat.lol")),
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.cat.lol", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef")),
registrar));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_domain_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_domainFlaggedAsDeletedInDatabase_isConsideredNotFound() {
Registrar registrar;
persistResource(
makeDomain(
"cat.lol",
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-ERL", "Peter Murphy", "lol@cat.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-TRL", "The Raven", "bog@cat.lol")),
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.cat.lol", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef")),
persistResource(registrar = makeRegistrar("example", "Example Registrar", ACTIVE)))
.asBuilder()
.setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1))
.build());
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_domain_not_found.txt"));
}
/**
* Create a deleted domain and an active domain with the same label, and make sure only the active
* one is returned.
*/
@Test
void testRun_domainDeletedThenRecreated_isFound() {
Registrar registrar;
Domain domain1 =
persistResource(
makeDomain(
"cat.lol",
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-ERL", "Peter Murphy", "lol@cat.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-TRL", "The Raven", "bog@cat.lol")),
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost(
"ns2.cat.lol", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef")),
persistResource(makeRegistrar("example", "Example Registrar", ACTIVE)))
.asBuilder()
.setCreationTimeForTest(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(2))
.setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1))
.build());
Domain domain2 =
persistResource(
makeDomain(
"cat.lol",
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372809-ERL", "Mrs. Alice Crypto", "alice@example.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372809-IRL", "Mr. Bob Crypto", "bob@example.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372809-TRL", "Dr. Pablo", "pmy@example.lol")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.google.lol", "9.9.9.9")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.google.lol", "4311::f143")),
persistResource(
registrar = makeRegistrar("example", "Example Registrar", ACTIVE)))
.asBuilder()
.setCreationTimeForTest(clock.nowUtc())
.build());
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
assertThat(domain1.getRepoId()).isNotEqualTo(domain2.getRepoId());
newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.google.lol");
}
@Test
void testRun_nameserverQuery_works() {
persistResource(loadRegistrar("TheRegistrar").asBuilder().setUrl("path_to_url").build());
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_nameserver.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_ipv6_displaysInCollapsedReadableFormat() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.lol");
// The most important thing this tests is that the outputted address is compressed!
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef");
assertThat(response.getPayload()).doesNotContain("bad:f00d:cafe:0:0:0:15:beef");
}
@Test
void testRun_idnNameserver_works() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.xn--q9jyb4c");
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("1.2.3.4");
}
@Test
void testRun_nameserver_usesCache() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.xn--q9jyb4c", "1.2.3.4"));
// Populate the cache.
Host host = loadByForeignKeyCached(Host.class, "ns1.cat.xn--q9jyb4c", clock.nowUtc()).get();
// Make a change to the persisted host that won't be seen because the cache will be hit.
persistResource(
host.asBuilder()
.setInetAddresses(ImmutableSet.of(InetAddresses.forString("8.8.8.8")))
.build());
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.xn--q9jyb4c");
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("1.2.3.4");
}
@Test
void testRun_punycodeNameserver_works() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.xn--q9jyb4c\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.xn--q9jyb4c");
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("1.2.3.4");
}
@Test
void testRun_nameserverNotFound_returns200AndText() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.lulz\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_nameserver_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_nameserverFlaggedAsDeletedInDatabase_doesntGetLeaked() {
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4")
.asBuilder()
.setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1))
.build());
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.lol\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_nameserver_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_ipNameserverLookup_works() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver 1.2.3.4").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.lol");
}
@Test
void testRun_ipMapsToMultipleNameservers_theyAllGetReturned() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver 1.2.3.4").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.lol");
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns2.cat.lol");
}
@Test
void testRun_ipMapsToMultipleNameserverInDifferentTlds_showsThemAll() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.xn--q9jyb4c", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver 1.2.3.4").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.lol");
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.xn--q9jyb4c");
}
@Test
void testRun_ipNameserverEntityDoesNotExist_returns200NotFound() {
newWhoisAction("nameserver feed:a:bee::acab\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_ip_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_ipMapsToNameserverUnderNonAuthoritativeTld_notFound() {
assertThat(getTlds()).doesNotContain("com");
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.google.com", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver 1.2.3.4").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_ip_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_nameserverUnderNonAuthoritativeTld_notFound() {
assertThat(getTlds()).doesNotContain("com");
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.google.com", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.google.com").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_nameserver_not_found.txt"));
}
// todo (b/27378695): reenable or delete this test
@Disabled
@Test
void testRun_nameserverInTestTld_notFound() {
persistResource(Tld.get("lol").asBuilder().setTldType(Tld.TldType.TEST).build());
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.lol").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_nameserver_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_registrarLookup_works() {
Registrar registrar = persistResource(
makeRegistrar("example", "Example Registrar, Inc.", ACTIVE));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
// Notice the partial search without "inc".
newWhoisAction("registrar example registrar").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_registrar.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_pdtRegistrarLookup_works() {
Registrar registrar =
persistResource(
makeRegistrar("example", "Example Registrar, Inc.", ACTIVE)
.asBuilder()
.setIanaIdentifier(9995L)
.setType(PDT)
.build());
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
// Notice the partial search without "inc".
newWhoisAction("registrar example registrar").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_registrar.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_registrarLookupInPendingState_returnsNotFound() {
Registrar registrar = persistResource(
makeRegistrar("example", "Example Registrar, Inc.", Registrar.State.PENDING));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("registrar Example Registrar, Inc.").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_registrar_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_registrarLookupWithTestType_returnsNotFound() {
Registrar registrar = persistResource(
makeRegistrar("example", "Example Registrar, Inc.", ACTIVE)
.asBuilder()
.setIanaIdentifier(null)
.setType(Registrar.Type.TEST)
.build());
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("registrar Example Registrar, Inc.").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo(loadFile("whois_action_registrar_not_found.txt"));
}
@Test
void testRun_multilevelDomain_isNotConsideredAHostname() {
Registrar registrar =
persistResource(makeRegistrar("example", "Example Registrar", ACTIVE));
persistResource(
makeDomain(
"cat.1.test",
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact("5372808-ERL", "()", "lol@cat.1.test")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.1.test")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeContact(
"5372808-TRL", "The Raven", "bog@cat.1.test")),
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.1.test", "1.2.3.4")),
persistResource(
FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.cat.1.test", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef")),
registrar));
persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarPocs(registrar));
newWhoisAction("domain cat.1.test\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("Domain Name: cat.1.test\r\n");
}
@Test
void testRun_hostnameWithMultilevelTld_isStillConsideredHostname() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.1.test", "1.2.3.4"));
newWhoisAction("nameserver ns1.cat.1.test\r\n").run();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("ns1.cat.1.test");
assertThat(response.getPayload()).contains("1.2.3.4");
}
@Test
void testRun_metricsLoggedForSuccessfulCommand() {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns2.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
WhoisAction action = newWhoisAction("nameserver 1.2.3.4");
action.whoisMetrics = mock(WhoisMetrics.class);
action.run();
WhoisMetric expected =
WhoisMetric.builderForRequest(clock)
.setCommandName("NameserverLookupByIp")
.setNumResults(2)
.setStatus(SC_OK)
.build();
verify(action.whoisMetrics).recordWhoisMetric(eq(expected));
}
@Test
void testRun_metricsLoggedForUnsuccessfulCommand() {
WhoisAction action = newWhoisAction("domain cat.lol\r\n");
action.whoisMetrics = mock(WhoisMetrics.class);
action.run();
WhoisMetric expected =
WhoisMetric.builderForRequest(clock)
.setCommandName("DomainLookup")
.setNumResults(0)
.setStatus(SC_NOT_FOUND)
.build();
verify(action.whoisMetrics).recordWhoisMetric(eq(expected));
}
@Test
void testRun_metricsLoggedForInternalServerError() throws Exception {
persistResource(FullFieldsTestEntityHelper.makeHost("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4"));
WhoisAction action = newWhoisAction("ns1.cat.lol");
action.whoisReader = mock(WhoisReader.class);
when(action.whoisReader.readCommand(any(Reader.class), eq(false), any(DateTime.class)))
.thenThrow(new IOException("missing cat interface"));
action.whoisMetrics = mock(WhoisMetrics.class);
action.run();
WhoisMetric expected =
WhoisMetric.builderForRequest(clock)
.setNumResults(0)
.setStatus(SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
.build();
verify(action.whoisMetrics).recordWhoisMetric(eq(expected));
assertThat(response.getPayload()).isEqualTo("Internal Server Error");
}
}
``` |
Juan Antonio Delgado Navarro, better known as Juanan Delgado (born 26 October 1964 in Bilbao, Spain) is a Spanish rally co-driver, in 2011 winner of the FIA Alternative Energies World Cup for co-drivers. He participated in the championship together with Basque driver Jesús Echave (Vitoria, 1954), who concluded fourth in the driver standings.
References
Spanish rally co-drivers
Sportspeople from Bilbao
1964 births
FIA E-Rally Regularity Cup drivers
Living people |
Maria Sharapova was the defending champion, but did not participate.
Daniela Hantuchová won the title, defeating Patty Schnyder in the final 6–4, 6–2.
Seeds
Anna Chakvetadze (quarterfinals)
Daniela Hantuchová (champion)
Marion Bartoli (semifinals)
Dinara Safina (quarterfinals)
Nicole Vaidišová (semifinals)
Patty Schnyder (finals)
Tatiana Golovin (first round)
Sybille Bammer (first round)
Draws
Key
Q – Qualifier
WC – Wild Card
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
External links
Singles Draw
Generali Ladies Linz |
Ommatolampis perspicillata is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in South America.
References
External links
Acrididae |
Akiko Honda is a Japanese politician who is a member of the House of Councillors of Japan. She was elected in 2019 to the national proportional representation block.
Biography
She was born on 29 September 1971 in Kumamoto Prefecture and graduated from Hoshi University in 1996.
References
Living people
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Female members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
1971 births
Politicians from Kumamoto Prefecture
Hoshi University alumni |
is a 2007 maze video game developed and published by Namco Bandai Games for the Xbox 360. It has since appeared on several other platforms, including iOS, Android, and the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable as a PSP mini title available on the PlayStation Store. It is an HD reimagining of the original Pac-Man arcade game; players navigate Pac-Man through an enclosed maze, eating pellets and avoiding four ghosts that pursue him. Clearing an entire side of the maze of dots will cause a fruit item to appear, and eating it will cause a new maze to appear on the opposite side.
Development of Championship Edition was headed by director Tadashi Iguchi, alongside producer Nobutaka Nakajima and designer and the father of Pac-Man, Toru Iwatani, the original creator of Pac-Man — Championship Edition was the final game he designed. Unhappy with earlier attempts to remake Pac-Man for removing many of the common elements present in the original, the development team focused on taking the original concept and expanding on two core features: the game speed and new mazes, which they felt would be the best way to "modernize" it. Iguchi was not much of a Pac-Man fan, spending much of his time thinking about how hardcore Pac-Man fans would react to the game's new features and ideas. It was chosen to make the game feel like an arcade game, due to it being released for the Xbox Live Arcade service.
Backed by a large marketing campaign orchestrated by Microsoft and Namco Bandai, Pac-Man Championship Edition was well-received by critics. Publications commended the game for successfully translating the classic Pac-Man gameplay into a modern format, with its gameplay, soundtrack and online features also being praised. One critic labeled it as "the true sequel to Pac-Man since Ms. Pac-Man". However, some disliked the lack of a multiplayer mode and for reusing enemy movement patterns in the original. It was followed by two sequels; Pac-Man Championship Edition DX, and Pac-Man Championship Edition 2.
Gameplay
Like the original Pac-Man, the basic game play of Pac-Man Championship Edition consists entirely of navigating Pac-Man through a maze, eating dots, power pellets and bonus items (such as fruits, keys, and other objects), and avoiding the four ghosts that roam the maze as well. If Pac-Man is caught by a ghost, the player loses a life. Eating a power pellet causes the ghosts to turn blue, allowing Pac-Man to eat them and send them back to their home, where they re-emerge in their original form. An extra life is awarded after every 20,000 points earned.
However, there are several major differences from its original counterpart, making Pac-Man C.E. a faster paced game. Each maze is divided into two halves. Eating all the dots on one half causes a bonus item to appear on the other side, and eating the item causes a new maze to appear on the other half. Players can also collect additional power pellets to increase their powered up time and continue earning maximum points for eating ghosts. The game speed increases as the player scores points, and decreases when they lose a life. As opposed to levels, the game is played within a certain time limit, with players attempting to get the highest score possible.
The game features six modes: Championship, which is the basic five-minute mode, two ten-minute Challenge modes which affect the stage (such as increasing power pellet pickups or putting the maze in darkness) and three Extra modes (one five-minute and two ten-minute) featuring different mazes. The game also supports online leader boards.
Development
The idea for the game that later became Pac-Man Championship Edition was conceived following the release of the original Pac-Man arcade game for the Xbox Live Arcade online service in 2006. Namco Bandai Games producer Nobutaka Nakajima noticed how the classic Pac-Man gameplay took place on a tall, vertical screen, in drastic comparison to the widescreen HD television sets most consumers have, alongside its "very low-resolution, old-school gameplay." With next generation video game consoles posing much more powerful hardware, the idea of a modernized remake of Pac-Man for HD televisions came into fruition. Nakajima became the project's producer, assisted by director Tadashi Iguchi and designer Toru Iwatani, the original creator of Pac-Man. Championship Edition was the last game that Iwatani designed. When the game was being idealized, the development team focused on the question: "We have all of this new technology and hardware and power. What would Pac-Man be like, taking this technology and putting it to the max?"
Nakajima felt that most remakes and sequels to Pac-Man strive too far from what he considered "the fundamentals of what made Pac-Man so great." With Championship Edition, he went back to the roots of the original to expand on its concept, while still keeping the game's core mechanics intact. Iwatani wanted the game to keep the simplicity of Pac-Man, as he felt that is what made the game fun and compelling. When the development team was discussing with Iwatani about the idea of the game, Namco Bandai was approached by Microsoft about a crossover promotional event centered around Pac-Man; with this in mind, the team focused on making the idea of players playing together a focal point for the game, wanting it to be full of excitement and action.
Iguchi claimed that the original Pac-Man was a success because of its "compelling" gameplay experience, and said that trying to improve on it was a difficult task. A total of twenty different ideas were proposed, only one of which was approved by Iwatani and became the basis for the game. With the original Pac-Man having already been done well in terms of its gameplay and design, Iguchi and the others stated that the only mechanics that could really be changed were the maze design and the speed of the game itself. The staff targeted those ideas specifically during production, and experimented with ways to improve them. When an idea was proposed, it was incorporated into the game and playtested to make sure if it was fun or interesting. Thanks to his background in designing arcade games during his time at Namco, specifically Pac-Man Arrangement for Namco Classic Collection Vol. 2 (1996), Iguchi was able to polish the concept to what he envisioned players wanted out of the arcade original. Microsoft had additional input on the project, requesting that the game have an arcade-like feel to it due to them wanting to release the game onto the Xbox Live Arcade service. The development team also wanted Championship Edition to be appealing towards more "modern" players, those who had never played Pac-Man during its heyday. Ideas such as the game increasing in speed as it progressed were added to draw in newer players. Iguchi was not much of a Pac-Man fan, and had to look at the game from the perspective of a hardcore fan of the franchise while working on it.
Release
The game was originally released on the Xbox Live Arcade service on June 6, 2007. The announcement of the game spurred more purchases of the Xbox 360 in Japan. Pac-Man C.E. is also available on a disc titled Xbox Live Arcade Compilation that is bundled with the Xbox 360 Arcade console bundle, as well as on the compilation package Namco Museum Virtual Arcade (in the latter however, it can't be accessed within NMVA itself; it must be accessed from the game library). Ports for iOS, J2ME, Android and PSP minis were released on December 10, 2009, middle of 2009, June 8, 2010 and December 1, 2010 respectively. The follow-up Pac-Man Championship Edition DX was released on Xbox Live Arcade on November 17, 2010 and PlayStation Network on November 23, 2010. The original Pac-Man Championship Edition was ported to Nintendo 3DS as part of a retail game titled Pac-Man & Galaga Dimensions in 2011. It is included in the downloadable game compilation Pac-Man Museum in 2014, and reappears in Pac-Man Museum +, released in 2022.
On June 5, 2007, the first Pac-Man World Championship was held in New York City, which brought together ten competitors from eight countries to play the new Pac-Man Championship Edition just prior to its release on Xbox Live Arcade. The top two scorers, Robert Glashuettner of Austria and Carlos Daniel Borrego Romero of Mexico, competed for the championship in a single five-minute round. Borrego was named Pac-Man World Champion and won an Xbox 360 console, specially decorated with Pac-Man artwork and signed by Tōru Iwatani. A "demastered" version of Pac-Man Championship Edition that runs on real Famicom/Nintendo Entertainment System hardware is included in the game compilation Namco Museum Archives Vol. 1 and physical editions of the Namcot Collection.
Reception
Pac-Man Championship Edition was well-received by video game publications, and is seen among the best games in the Pac-Man series. Critics felt that Namco Bandai successfully brought the core idea of the original into the modern era of video games. Joystiq called it "The first true sequel to Pac-Man since Ms. Pac-Man."
Pac-Man Championship Edition received mostly positive reviews by critics, with reviewers stating the gameplay was "fresh and exciting," "one of the best 'exclusive' pieces of downloadable/casual entertainment available," and that it was "nice to see a classic remade instead of simply repackaged." Jared Rea of Joystiq called it "The first true sequel to Pac-Man since Ms. Pac-Man." Criticisms include a lack of a multiplayer mode, and an apparent relapse to patterns that had been in the original. The game's Metacritic aggregator score is 83. The iOS port was criticised for its microtransaction strategy while the Android port was criticised for poor controls. IGN criticised the PSP mini version due to the absence of online leaderboards and its inferiority to its sequel.
Notes
References
2007 video games
Bandai Namco games
IOS games
Maemo games
Maze games
Pac-Man
Video game remakes
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Portable games
Video games developed in Japan
Android (operating system) games
J2ME games
Single-player video games |
Chenutha Wickramasinghe (born 27 March 1996) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 1 March 2018. He made his List A debut for Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club in the 2017–18 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 16 March 2018.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club cricketers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Wenjin Temple (), is a buddhist temple located in Liuyang city, Hunan province, in the People's Republic of China. It includes the shanmen, Mahavira Hall, Four Heavenly Kings Hall, Hall of Saintly Emperor Guan, Meditation Room, Dining Room, etc. The temple has a building area of about and covers an area of .
History
In 827, in the second year of the age of Dahe of Emperor Wenzong, monk Zongzhi () built this temple.
After the founding of Communist States, the temple stopped religious activities.
In 1966, during the Cultural Revolution, the transport team lived here.
In 1987, Chengxi School () extended school buildings, the temple was removed.
In 1989, Liu Puquan (), the president of Liuyang Buddhism Association rebuilt the temple.
Gallery
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Liuyang
Buddhist temples in Hunan
Tourist attractions in Changsha
1989 establishments in China
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1989
20th-century Buddhist temples |
"Relationship Goals" is a song co-written, co-produced, and recorded by Canadian country artist Steven Lee Olsen. The song was written with Brandon Day and Ava Suppelsa. It was the lead single off his extended play Relationship Goals, the first release from a joint venture between The Core Entertainment and Universal Music Canada.
Critical reception
Angela Stefano of The Boot stated that "Relationship Goals" "lays out the singer and songwriter's hopes in love", noting heavy use of the guitar and "traces" of steel guitar. Country100 named the track their "Fresh Music Friday Song of the Day" for August 13, 2021. CTV's etalk noted a video of Olsen singing the song to his dog, describing the song as being "about puppy love". Katie Colley of ET Canada referred to the track as a "catchy new single".
Accolades
Music video
The official music video for "Relationship Goals" was directed by Taylor Kelly and premiered on August 25, 2021. It was filmed and shot in Nashville, Tennessee, at a backyard pool party. The video features eleven different Easter eggs.
Track listings
Digital download - EP
Digital download - single
"Relationship Goals" – 2:47(Acoustic Version)
Charts
Awards and nominations
References
2021 songs
2021 singles
Steven Lee Olsen songs
Songs written by Steven Lee Olsen
Universal Music Canada singles |
Boldyn Gankhaich (; born 22 February 1995) is a Mongolian judoka. She competed in the women's 63 kg event at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan.
She is the 2019 Asian-Pacific Judo Championships silver medallist in the -63 kg class.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Mongolian female judoka
Judoka at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Mongolia
Judoka at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for Mongolia
21st-century Mongolian women
21st-century Mongolian people |
Gabrio Zandonà (born 11 June 1977 in Rome) is an Italian sailor, world champion in the 470 class in 2003.
Biography
In 2003 he won gold medal at 470 World Championships in Cádiz (with Andrea Trani) and in 2009 he won gold medal at the Mediterranean Games in Pescara (with Francesco Della Torre).
In his career he participated in three editions of the Olympic Games. He and team-mate Pietro Zucchetti came 4th at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Achievements
See also
ISAF World Sailor of the Year Awards
References
External links
Gabrio Zandonà at the Italian Sailing Federation
1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rome
Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – 470
Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – 470
Sailors at the 2012 Summer Olympics – 470
Olympic sailors for Italy
Italian male sailors (sport)
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
470 class world champions
World champions in sailing for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in sailing
Sailors of Marina Militare |
The 1945–46 Rochester Royals season was the franchise's first season in the National Basketball League.
Season standings
Eastern Division
Western Division
Statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Awards and records
NBL Rookie of the Year: Red Holzman
All-NBL First Team: George Glamack, Red Holzman
All-NBL Second Team: Al Cervi
Transactions
References
External links
Sacramento Kings History Timeline | Sacramento Kings
Sacramento Kings seasons
Rochester
National Basketball League (United States) championship seasons
Rochester Royals
Rochester Royals |
In Slavic mythology, notsnitsa (, , , , , , , ), often referred in plural, is a nightmare spirit or demon that torments people and especially children at night. Other names for notsnitsa in East Slavic languages include kriksy, plaksy, plachky, plaksivicy, kriksy-varaksy, kriksy-plaksy, night hag, night maiden.
Folklore
In Russian and Slovak folklore notsnitsa is known to torment children at night, and a stone with a hole in the center is said to be a protection from nocnitsa. Mothers in some regions will place a knife in their children's cradles or draw a circle around the cradles with a knife for protection. This is possibly based on the belief that supernatural beings cannot touch iron.
Nocnitsa is known to sit on one's chest, drawing "life energy". Because of this, many refer to nocnitsa as a type of vampire. Nocnitsa will often continue visiting. According to some folklore, night hags visit when one sleeps on one's back, with the hands on the chest (a position allegedly called "sleeping with the dead"). According to some folklore, night hags are made of shadow. She might also have a horrible screeching voice. She might allegedly also smell of the moss and dirt from her forest of origin.
Nocnitsa is linked to the common apparition seen during the hypnagogic state of sleep.
In popular culture
A creature, considered by the characters to be a nocnitsa, is depicted in a 2017 horror movie Slumber.
There is a nocnitsa in the supernatural novel Night Terror by John Passarella.
In the book Coraline, by Neil Gaiman, a Nocnitsa poses as Coraline's alternate dimension mother. Coraline, however, has a stone with a hole in it which protects her.
It is often believed throughout the Middle East that this mythological creature came into people's homes at night, and would watch their children sleep if they did not behave.
In the Iron Druid Chronicles book Staked Protagonist, Granuaile MacTiernan alongside Slavic Thunder God Perun and the Orisha Shango are attacked by a group of Nocnitsa.
See also
Lilin
Muma Pădurii
Night hag
Nochnitsa, a genus named after the mythological creature
References
Slavic legendary creatures
Female legendary creatures
Sleep in mythology and folklore |
Georgios Ioannidis (; born 4 May 1988) is a Greek footballer who plays as a left-back for AE Lefkimmi.
Club career
Ioannidis is a product of the youth academies of Iraklis and started his professional career at the first team in 2006. In his four years at the club, he made 43 league appearances.
On 22 July 2010, Ioannidis moved to Panathinaikos on a free transfer, signing a three-year contract. At Panathinaikos, he met his former Greece under-19 head coach Nikos Nioplias, who was the head coach of Tryfilli at the time.
On the final days of July 2012, Ioannidis said at an interview that many teams have shown interest for him, and that the interest of AEK Athens is an honour for him. He also said that he wants to go at a club that he would play regularly.
On 21 January 2019, AE Lefkimmi announced the signing of Ioannidis.
International career
Ioannidis was a member of the Greek under-19 team who reached the final of the 2007 European under-19 championship against Spain, a game which they lost 1–0.
He was also a member of Greece under-21, as he made 12 appearances and scored one goal for the team against Macedonia under-21.
Club statistics
References
Greek men's footballers
1988 births
Living people
Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki) players
Panathinaikos F.C. players
OFI Crete F.C. players
Levadiakos F.C. players
Panserraikos F.C. players
Gamma Ethniki players
Super League Greece players
Footballers from Serres
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football fullbacks |
The following is a complete list of Formula E ePrix which have been a part of the FIA Formula E Championship since its inception in 2014.
As of the 2023 London ePrix, 116 ePrix have been held.
The term ePrix is derived from the single-seater tradition of the Grand Prix, while changing the term to represent its nature of using only electric powered cars. ePrix are held almost exclusively on city centered street courses, the only exceptions being the Mexico City ePrix and the Portland ePrix, held on the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez and Portland International Raceway instead of the usual street course, and Berlin ePrix, which is raced in an existing space at the Berlin Tempelhof Airport, featuring wide long sweeping turns and a track made up of 100% concrete. Courses vary in length from , often resulting in smaller versions of notable venues to ensure traditional track length; examples include both the Long Beach Street Circuit and the Circuit de Monaco. ePrix generally have a race distance between .
Active and past races
The information below is correct as of the 2023 London ePrix.
By race title
By host nation
Races by season
* denotes two or more races in the ePrix
Footnotes
References
Formula E
Formula E ePrix |
This is a list of notable twins, siblings resultant from a multiple birth.
Actors
Kaya and Sarp Akkaya (1980–)
Shawn and Aaron Ashmore (1979–)
Conrad (1923–2013) and Bonar Bain (1923–2005)
Gayle and Gillian Blakeney (1966–)
Billy Mauch (1921–2006) and Bobby Mauch (1921–2007)
The Borden Twins, Marilyn (1932–2009) and Rosalyn (1932–2003)
Julie and Clare Buckfield (1976–)
Louis and Carlos Campos, The Fabulous Wonder Twins (1967–)
Charlie and Max Carver (1988–)
Manpei and Shinpei Takagi (1985–)
Andrew and Steven Cavarno (1992–)
Christian and Joseph Cousins (1983–)
Dennis (1934–1991) and Phillip Crosby (1934–2004)
Brittany and Cynthia Daniel (1976–)
Angela and Maureen Deiseach (1972–)
The Dolly Sisters, Rosie (1892–1970) and Jenny (1892–1941)
Melanie and Martina Grant (1971–)
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush (1970–)
Deidre and Andrea Hall (1947–)
Pili y Mili (1947–)
Jon and Dan Heder (1977–)
Jill and Jacqueline Hennessy (1968–)
Linda and Terry Jamison (1965–)
Brent and Shane Kinsman (1997–)
Camille and Kennerly Kitt
Gary and Larry Lane (1975–)
Mirtha (1927–) and Silvia Legrand (1927–2020)
Spencer and Peyton List (1998–)
Jason and Jeremy London (1972–)
Frankie and George McLaren (1997)
David and Anthony Meyer (1972–)
Tony and Kelly L. Moran (1957–)
Markieff and Marcus Morris (1989–)
Tia and Tamera Mowry (1978–)
Erin and Diane Murphy (1964–)
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen (1986–)
Jeni and Kyndi Niquette (1988–)
Rachel and Amanda Pace (2000–)
Pier Angeli (1932–1971) and Marisa Pavan (1932–)
Ryan and Kyle Pepi (1993–)
James and Oliver Phelps (1986–)
Raymond and Richard Gutierrez (1984–)
Connie and Cassie Powney (1983–)
Kathryn and Megan Prescott (1991–)
Felix and Dominic Roco (1989–)
Giovanni and Marissa Ribisi (1974–)
Camilla and Rebecca Rosso (1994–)
Liz and Jean Sagal (1961–)
Keith and Kevin Schultz (1953–)
Jason and Kristopher Simmons (2002–)
Jason and Randy Sklar (1972–)
Gabriela and Daniela Spanic (1973–)
Dylan and Cole Sprouse (1992–)
Elliott and Luke Tittensor (1989–)
David and Nicholle Tom (1978–)
Harry and Luke Treadaway (1984–)
Blake and Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit (1990–)
Keaton and Kylie Rae Tyndall (1992–)
Lauren and Loraine Vélez (1964–)
Lee and Lyn Wilde (1922–2015 & 2016)
Artists
Dean and Dan Caten (1964–)
Os Gêmeos (1974–)
Tim (1939–2006) and Greg Hildebrandt (1939–)
Masashi and Seishi Kishimoto (1974–)
Moses (1899–1974) and Raphael Soyer (1899–1987)
Doug and Mike Starn (1961–)
Jerome Witkin and Joel-Peter Witkin (1939–)
Anton Pieck (1895-1987) and Henri Pieck (1895-1972)
Authors and writers
Julius (1909–2000) and Philip Epstein (1909–1952)
Julia DeVillers and Jennifer Roy
Matthew and Michael Dickman (1975–)
Austin and Lev Grossman (1969–)
Alex and Brett Harris (1988–)
Linda and Terry Jamison (1965–)
Eppie Lederer (1918–2002) and Pauline Phillips (1918–2013), née Esther Pauline Friedman and Pauline Esther Friedman; professionally known, respectively, as Ann Landers (from 1955) and Abigail Van Buren/Dear Abby
Ross (1925–1975) and Norris McWhirter (1925–2004)
Anthony (1926–2001) and Peter Shaffer (1926–2016)
Agnes (1843–1926) and Margaret Smith (1843–1920)
Brittany and Brianna Winner (1995)
Businesspeople
David and Frederick Barclay (1934–)
Randolph Apperson Hearst and David Whitmire Hearst
Bill and Bob Meistrell
Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss (born 1981)
Freelan Oscar Stanley and Francis Edgar Stanley
Comedians
Ethan and Grayson Dolan (1999–)
Jim (1941–2008) and Jon Hager (1941–2009)
Luke and Jai Brooks, from The Janoskians (1995–)
Hodgetwins (1974–)
Kenny and Keith Lucas (1985–)
Veronica and Vanessa Merrell (1996–)
Randy and Jason Sklar (1972–)
Jools and Lynda Topp (1958-)
Criminals
Ursula and Sabina Eriksson
Albert (1857–1937) and Ebenezer Fox (1857–1926)
June (1963–) and Jennifer Gibbons (1963–1993)
Carey Dean Moore and David Moore
Jasmiyah and Tasmiyah Whitehead (1993–)
Jeena and Sunny Han (1974–)
Ronnie (1933–1995) and Reggie Kray (1933–2000)
Paul and Chris Dawson (1948–)
Twins in dance
Peter Frame (1957–2018) and Paul Frame, (1957–) ballet dancers
Les Twins Laurent and Larry Nicolas Bourgeois, French Hip Hop dancers, winners of 2017 World of Dance
Filmmakers
Nicola and Teena Collins (1978–)
John (1913–1985) and Roy Boulting (1913–2001)
Allen and Albert Hughes (1972–)
George (1942–2011) and Mike Kuchar (1942–)
Gary and Larry Lane (1975–)
John Lasseter (1957–)
Mark and Michael Polish (1970–)
Stephen and Timothy Quay (1947–)
Jen and Sylvia Soska (1983–)
Matt and Ross Duffer (1984–)
Models
Shane and Sia Barbi (1963–)
Derek and Keith Brewer (1973–)
Kyle and Lane Carlson (1978–)
Ava and Leah Clements (2010–)
Richard and Raymond Gutierrez (1984–)
Monique and Ingrid Kavelaars (1971–)
Diane and Elaine Klimaszewski (1971–)
Gary and Larry Lane (1975–)
Spencer and Peyton List (1998–)
Kristina and Karissa Shannon (1989–)
Renee and Rosie Tenison (1968–)
Music
Joshua and Jacob Kiszka, members of Greta Van Fleet
Alejandra and Claudia Deheza of the band School of Seven Bells
Veronica and Vanessa Merrell, singers, songwriters and YouTubers
Natalie and Nicole Albino, members of Nina Sky
Jay (John) and Michael Aston (1957–), of Gene Loves Jezebel (1980–1989; 1995–1997)
Miko and Yumi Bai of By2
Didem and Sinem Balık, opera singers
George and Jack Barnett, members of These New Puritans
David Michael and Isabella "Bunny" Bennett, members of Steam Powered Giraffe
Mike and Pete Bishop, members of The Bishops
Anders and Jonas Björler, members of At the Gates and The Haunted
Gayle and Gillian Blakeney (1966–), of The Monitors and The Twins
Claire and Antoinette Cann, piano duo
Brian and Brandon Casey, members of Jagged Edge
Jamie and Vincent Cavanagh, members of Anathema
Andrew and Brian Chaplin (1990–), members of South African-based electro duo Locnville
ChoA and Way of Crayon Pop
Alex and Nels Cline (1956–), avant-garde musicians
Keven "Dino" (1974–2003) and Solomon "Shazam" Conner (1974–), members of H-Town
Andraé (1942–2015) and Sandra Crouch (1942–), gospel singers
Katie and Allison Crutchfield, members of P.S. Eliot
Cherie Currie and Marie Currie, singers
Kelley and Kim Deal, members of The Breeders
Aaron and Bryce Dessner, members of The National
Tom and David Farmer, members of Blackfoot Sue
Lamb and Lynx Gaede, members of Prussian Blue
Marge (1948–1996) and Mary Ann Ganser (1948–1970), members of The Shangri-Las
Robin (1949–2012) and Maurice Gibb (1949–2003), members of the Bee Gees
Paweł and Łukasz Golec, members of Golec uOrkiestra
Matt and Luke Goss (29 September 1968–), members of Bros
John and Edward Grimes (1991–), of Jedward
Jim and Jon Hager, country duo Hager Twins
Tim and Phil Hanseroth, members of Brandi Carlile's band
Christoph and Anton Hochheim, members of The Depreciation Guild
Rommel and Robert Hinds-Grannum, hip-hop duo A-Game
Ryu Hwa-young of T-ara and Ryu Hyo-young of Coed School (1993–)
Warattha and Charattha Imraporn (a.k.a. Noey and Jam), Thai pop duo Neko Jump
Monica and Gabriela Irimia (1982–), pop duo The Cheeky Girls
Emi and Yumi Ito (1941–), pop duo The Peanuts
Yusuke and Hisato Izaki, members of Flame
Ryan and Gary Jarman (1980–) members of The Cribs
Kwangmin and Youngmin Jo of Boyfriend (1995–)
Ben and James Johnston, members of Biffy Clyro
Len and Rin Kagamine, members of Vocaloid
Herbert and Harold Kalin, the Kalin Twins
Marianna and Stephanie Kapsetaki (1991–), piano duo
Bill and Tom Kaulitz (1989–), members of Tokio Hotel
Ellen and Alice Kessler, entertainers
Heather and Jennifer Kinley, country music duo The Kinleys
Felisha and Fallon King, members of Cherish
Jeni and Kyndi Niquette, pop rock duo Jen and Kat
Camille and Kennerly Kitt, harp duo The Harp Twins
Marcus and Martinus Gunnarsen, pop duo Marcus & Martinus
Rafi and Sevan Kirder (1980–), members of Red Shamrock and ex-members of Eluveitie
Ryan and Dan Kowarsky, duo RyanDan
Supachaya Lattisophonkul and Pailin Rattanasangsatian (a.k.a. Bell and HwaHwa), Thai pop duo China Dolls
Remy and Pascal Le Boeuf, jazz duo Le Boeuf Brothers
Nathan and Matthew Leone, members of Madina Lake
Sari and Romy Lightman, members of Tasseomancy
Evan and Jaron Lowenstein, duo Evan and Jaron
Edele Barrett and Keavy Lynch (1979–), members of B*Witched
Peggy and Patsy Lynn, The Lynns
Megan and Liz Mace, aka Megan & Liz
Benji and Joel Madden (1979–), members of Good Charlotte and The Madden Brothers
Sam and Amanda Marchant, pop duo Samanda
Michael and John McGlynn (1964–), directors of Anúna
Wendy and Susannah Melvoin (1964–), singers and former members of Prince's backup band The Revolution
Jacob and Joshua Miller, members of Nemesis Rising
Gabriela and Mihaela Modorcea (1985–), duo Indiggo
Alanis and Wade Morissette (1974–), singer/songwriters
Sakamoto Naoya and Sakamoto Kazuya, of On/Off
Christina and Michelle Naughton, piano duo
Gunnar and Matthew Nelson, members of band Nelson
Miriam and Olivia Nervo, members of NERVO
Peter and Paul Okoye, members of P-Square
Jacob and Joshua Olds, members of Family Force 5
Ferhan & Ferzan Önder, piano duo
Lisa and Jessica Origliasso, pop duo The Veronicas
Simone and Amedeo Pace, members of Blonde Redhead
Charles (1948–) and John Panozzo (1948–1996), members of Styx
Güher and Süher Pekinel, piano duo
Mary and Geraldine Peppin, piano duo
John and Joshua Pritchard, members of Ruin/Renewal and Brother & Co.
Tegan and Sara Quin (1980–), members of indie music duo Tegan and Sara
Charlie and Craig Reid, folk duo The Proclaimers
John Len Ruela and Len John Ruela Pearce (1991–), members of Justice Crew
Paul (1948–1992) and Barry Ryan (1948–), formed the group Paul and Barry Ryan
Gabriel and Michael Saalfield, The Royce Twins, singer songwriters of Australia
Lee and Tyler Sargent, members of Clap Your Hands Say Yeah
Keith and Kevin Schultz, members of Keith, Kevin and Air
Denny and Kenny Scott, members of Swirl 360
Walter and Wallace "Scotty" Scott, members and lead singers of The Whispers
Tom and Dan Searle, members of Architects
Toni and Trisha Sherwood, members of 11:30
Stuart and James Steele, members of Exit Ten
Ani and Nia Sulkhanishvili (1988–), piano duo
Daniel ("Dan") and Eric Tadros, members of Tadros
Anastasiya and Maria Tolmachevy, child singers; won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Gyða and Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir, former members of múm
Janice and Jill Vidal, singers
Mona and Lisa Wagner, members of The MonaLisa Twins
Chandra and Leigh Watson, members of The Watson Twins
Andrew and David Williams, members of The Williams Brothers
Andy and Jez Williams, members of Doves
Marvin and Carvin Winans (1958–)
Ben and Zach Yudin, members of Cayucas
Alex and Gregg Chamberlain, Twin duo called New Horizon singers, songwriters and Tiktokers
Ben and Alex Moore, members of Oliver Riot
Sukriti Kakar and Prakriti Kakar, Indian playback singers
Wyatt and Fletcher Shears, members of The Garden
Kenji and Koji Mihara, members of Frederic (band)
Xion, a member of Oneus, and Dongmyeong, a member of Onewe
Politicians
Barbara Bush and Jenna Bush Hager (1981–)
Julian and Joaquin Castro (1974–)
Angela and Maria Eagle, British MPs and members of the Shadow Cabinet.
Jaynet and Joseph Kabila (1971–)
Jarosław (1949–) and Lech Kaczyński (1949–2010)
Jerry Kilgore and Terry Kilgore (1961–)
Nechirvan Barzani (1966–) (2nd President of Kurdistan Region) and Dilovan Barzani (1966‒2018)
In reality television
Tony and John Alberti (1986–)
Natalie and Nadiya Anderson (1986–)
Amanda and Michelle Babin (1988–)
Isabella and Sofia Bliss (1998–)
Igor (1949–2022) and Grichka Bogdanoff (1949–2021)
Thomas and Stephen Buell (1992–)
Shawn and Claire Buitendorp (1990–)
Bennett and Winston Butterfield
Dylan and Taylor Cash
Jana and John-David Duggar (1990–)
Jedidiah and Jeremiah Duggar (1998–)
Haley and Emily Ferguson (1992–)
Torian and Tre Fields (1992–)
Roxanne and Nicole Frilot (1983–)
Cara and Madelyn Gosselin (2000–)
Cindy and Mindy Hall (1974–)
Cece and Cate Hamill (2012–)
Ron and Richard Harris (1953–2014, 1953–)
Abby and Brittany Hensel (1990–)
Elza and Nellie Jenkins (1992–)
Leigh and Leslie Keno (1957–)
Gary and Larry Lane (1975–)
Seoeon and Seojun Lee (2013–)
Allie and Lexi Kaplan (1993–)
Sam and Amanda Marchant (1988–)
Chris and Josh Martinez (1987–)
Dario and Raphy Medrano (1992–)
Adria Montgomery-Klein and Natalie Montgomery-Carroll (1974–)
Skyler and Spencer Nick (1992–)
Becky and Jessie O'Donohue (1980–)
Ji & Le Otun
Kristina & Kamila Podvisotskaya
Zach and Jeremy Roloff (1990–)
GinaMarie and AnnaMarie Russo (1986–)
Darcey and Stacey Silva (1974–)
Drew and Jonathan Scott (1978–); see also Property Brothers, the series and media franchise featuring the pair
Aliannah and Aleeah Simms (2009–)
MeMe & Key Vickers
Danielle and Gabrielle Victor (1988–)
Adam & Cory Zinker (1992–)
Religion
Jacob and Esau, sons of Isaac
Pharez and Zerah, sons of Judah
Royalty
Alexander Helios (b. 40 BCE) and Cleopatra Selene II (40 BCE–6 CE)
Ramon Berenguer II (1053/54–1082) and Berenguer Ramon II (1053/54–1097/99)
James II of Scotland (1430–1460) and Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (1430–1430)
Princess Louise Élisabeth of France (1727–1759) and Princess Henriette of France (1727–1752)
Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse (1896–1980) and Prince Wolfgang of Hesse (1896–1989)
Princess Aisha and Princess Sara bint Al Faisal (1997–)
Prince Alexander and Prince Philip of Yugoslavia (1982–)
Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia and Prince Michael of Yugoslavia (1958–)
Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi and Princess Margarita of Bourbon-Parma (1972–)
Prince Jean and Princess Margaretha of Luxembourg (1957–)
Prince Vincent and Princess Josephine of Denmark (2011–), fraternal twins of Crown Prince Fredrik of Denmark and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919–1980) and Princess Ashraf Pahlavi of Iran (1919–2016)
Sempad (1276/1277–1310/1311) and Isabella of Armenia (1276/1277–1323)
Victoire de Valois (1556–1556) and Jeanne de Valois (died as an infant), twin daughters of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici
Princess Amalie (1776–1823) and Caroline of Baden (1776–1841), Caroline was mother of two sets of twins: Elizabeth and Amalie; Sophie and Maria
Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria (1801–1873) and Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria (1801–1877), older sisters to Sophie and Maria; older twin daughters of Caroline
Princess Sophie of Bavaria (1805–1872) and Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria (1805–1877), younger sisters to Elizabeth and Amalie; younger twin daughters of Caroline
Umberto of Vidin (1999–) and Sofia of Vidin (1999–), twins of Prince Konstantin-Assen of Vidin, Prince of Bulgaria and María García de la Rasilla y Gortázar.
Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès and Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco, (10 December 2014–), fraternal twins of Prince Albert II of Monaco and Princess Charlene of Monaco
Scientists
Eric and Ian Agol (1970–)
Alex and Michael Bronstein (1980–)
Brian and Keith Conrad (1970–)
Frank and John Craighead (1916–2001 & 2016)
Mark and Scott Kelly (1964–)
Maurice Hilleman (1919–2005)
Stewart and Cyril Marcus (1930–1975)
Riazuddin (1930–2013) and Fayyazuddin (1930–)
Erik and Herman Verlinde (1962–)
Alexei (1952–2007) and Alexander Zamolodchikov (1952–)
Sun Zhiwei and Sun Zhihong (1965–)
Henryk and Tadeusz Iwaniec (1947–)
Akiva and Isaak Yaglom (1921–2007 & 1988)
Xand and Chris van Tulleken (1978–)
Sportspeople
Stanislav and Yaroslav Alshevsky (1991–)
Dan and Ran Alterman (1980–)
Hamit and Halil Altıntop (1982–)
Mario (1940–) and Aldo Andretti (1940–2020)
Archil and Shota Arveladze (1973–)
Arina Averina and Dina Averina (1998–)
McWilliams and McJoe Arroyo (1985–)
Herbert (1872–1931) and Wilfred Baddeley (1872–1929)
Ronde and Tiki Barber (1975–)
Bob and Dave Barney (1932–)
Patrick and Pascal Barré (1959–)
Guillermo and Gustavo Barros Schelotto (1973–)
Alec (1918–2010) and Eric Bedser (1918–2006)
Brie and Nikki Bella, aka The Bella Twins (1983–)
Lars and Sven Bender (1989–)
Vasili and Aleksei Berezutski (1982–)
Mikhail and Vladimir Beschastnykh (1974–)
Nicholas Bett (1990–2018) and Aron Koech (1990–)
Bernadett and Ilona Biacsi (1985–)
Alex and Kate Blackwell (1983–)
Hannah and Holly Blossom (1988–), real names Lucy and Kelly Knott
Frank and Ronald de Boer (1970–)
Kevin and Jonathan Borlée (1988–)
Tom and Terry Brands (1968–)
Bob and Mike Bryan (1978–); see also Bryan brothers, their tennis doubles partnership
Josh and Daniel Bullocks (1983–)
Heather and Heidi Burge (1971–)
George Burgess and Thomas Burgess (1992–)
Chris and Nicky Cadden (1996–)
Jim and Finlay Calder (1957–)
José Maria and Juan Miguel "Juanmi" Callejón (1987–)
Dick and Ian Campbell (1953–)
Jose and Ozzie Canseco (1964–)
Dionísio and Domingos Castro (1963–)
Pierre and Pablo Caesar (1980–)
Adam and James Chambers (1980–)
David and Malcolm Changleng (1970–)
Jermall and Jermell Charlo (1990–), American boxers
Giulio and Nicola Ciotti (1976–)
Jarron and Jason Collins (1978–)
Felipe and Manuel Contepomi (1977–)
Angela and Amber Cope (1983–)
Tim and Tom Coronel (1972–)
Alice and Asia D'Amato (2003–)
Paul Dawson and Chris Dawson (rugby league) (1948–)
Philipp and David Degen (1983–)
Isabelle and Véronique Delobel (1978–)
Jorge and Julio Dely Valdés (1967–)
Christoph and Markus Dieckmann (1976–)
Mike and Ray DiMuro (1967–)
Lukáš and Tomáš Došek (1978–)
Jeroen and Henrico Drost (1987–)
James and Jason Dunn (1973–)
Todd and Troy Dusosky (1976–)
Alexander and Vladimir Efimkin (1981–)
José and Vinicio Espinal (1982–)
Mark and J. Michael Evans (1957–)
Caroline and Georgina Evers-Swindell (1978–)
Anthony and Saia Fainga'a (1987–)
Jonathan and Joshua Fatu (1985–), professional wrestlers better known as Jimmy and Jey Uso.
Sam and Solofa Fatu (1965–), professional wrestlers; Solofa is better known as Rikishi. Solofa is also the father of the aforementioned Jonathan and Joshua Fatu.
Stephen and Matthew Febey (1969–)
Bia and Branca Feres (1988–)
Peter and Chris Ferraro (1973–)
Garrett and Brett Festerling (1986–)
Antonio and Emanuele Filippini (1973–)
Miguel and Javier Flaño (1984–)
Jörg and Uwe Freimuth (1961–)
Rogelio and Ramiro Funes Mori (1991–)
Ron Futcher and Paul Futcher (1956–)
Jennifer Gadirova and Jessica Gadirova (2004–)
Kaokor and Khaosai Galaxy (1959–)
Alexe Gilles and Piper Gilles (1992–)
Jack and Josh Goodhue (1995–)
Chris and James Gowans (1977–)
Joey and Stephen Graham (1982–)
Horace and Harvey Grant (1965–)
Suzanne and Shelley Grant (1984–)
Michael and Marcus Griffin (1985–)
Shaquem and Shaquill Griffin (1995–)
Adam and Joel Griffiths (1979–)
Ray (1893–1953) and Roy Grimes (1893–1954)
Emilio and Javi Guerra (1982–)
Tim (1951–1996) and Tom Gullikson (1951–)
Arnar and Bjarki Gunnlaugsson (1973–)
Paul and Morgan Hamm (1982–)
Harris Brothers (1961–)
Katrine Lunde Haraldsen and Kristine Lunde-Borgersen (1980–)
Aaron and Andrew Harrison (1994–)
Alvin and Calvin Harrison (1974–)
Hossam and Ibrahim Hassan (1966–)
Earl and Dave Hebner (1949–)
Richard and Michael Hills (1963–)
Pavol and Peter Hochschorner (1979–)
David and Dean Holdsworth (1968–)
Matt Hughes and Mark Hughes (1973–)
David (1937–) and Peter Jackson (1937–1991)
Martin Johansen and Michael Johansen (1972–)
Sarah and Karen Josephson (1964–)
Dora and Larissa Kalaus (1996–)
Jenny and Susanna Kallur (1981–)
Michael and Will Keane (1993–)
René and Willy van de Kerkhof (1951–)
Gözde and Özge Kırdar (1985–)
Daniela (1982–2008) and Sandra Klemenschits (1982–)
Michael and Nigel Kol (1962–)
Erwin and Helmut Kremers (1949–)
Monique and Jocelyne Lamoureux (1989–)
Darjuš and Kšyštof Lavrinovič (1979–)
Lo Chih-an and Lo Chih-en (1988–)
Nathan and Ryan Lonie (1983–)
Brook and Robin Lopez (1988–)
Alistair and Stewart Lord (1940–)
Henrik and Joel Lundqvist (1982–)
Leona and Lisa Maguire (1994–)
Phil and Steve Mahre (1957–)
Hamish and James Marshall (1979–)
Caleb and Cody Martin (1995–)
Pat and Luke McCormack (1995–)
Devin and Jason McCourty (1987–)
Robby and Ross McCrorie (1998–)
Devon and Ricardo McDonald (1969–)
Jamie and Gavin McDonnell (1986–)
Marlin (1940–2006) and Mike McKeever (1940–1967)
Donnie and Ronnie McKinnon (1940–)
Eissa Meer and Ibrahim Meer (1967–)
Coco and Kelly Miller (1978–)
Jason and Andrew Moloney (1991–)
Kazuyuki and Kōji Morisaki (1981–)
Brett and Josh Morris (1987–)
Markieff and Marcus Morris (1989–)
Isabelle and Béatrice Mouthon (1966–)
Mildred and Marianne Muis (1968–)
Jacob and Josh Murphy (1995–)
Akona and Odwa Ndungane (1981–)
Phil Neville and Tracey Neville (1977–)
Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira and Antônio Rogério Nogueira (1976–), Brazil
Dennis and Gérard de Nooijer (1969–), Netherlands
Amanda and Isabelle Nylander (1990–), Sweden
Emilia and Erika Nyström (1983–), Finland
Federico and Salomón Obama (2000–), Equatorial Guinea
Kenji and Tsugiharu Ogiwara (1969–), Japan
Amanda and Tess Oliveira (1987–), Brazil
Hiromi and Takami Ominami (1975–), Japan
Edu and Joan Oriol (1986–)
Javier (1974–2018) and Ricardo Otxoa (1974–2001), Spain
Flávio and Marco Paixão (1984–)
Ashley and Courtney Paris (1987–)
Callum and Matt Parkinson (1996–)
Maksym (1988–2008) and Pavlo Pashayev (1988–)
Paula and María Paulina Pérez (1996–)
Elisabeth and Patricia Pinedo (1981–)
Mike and Dan Pletch (1983–)
Kristýna and Karolína Plíšková (1992–)
Jolanta and Rasa Polikevičiūtė (1970–)
Paula and Stela Posavec (1996–)
Mike and Maurkice Pouncey (1989–)
Andreas and Thomas Ravelli (1959–)
Rex and Rob Ryan (1962–)
Ebbe and Peter Sand (1972–)
Hisato and Yūto Satō (1982–)
Shu and Kei Sato (1977–)
Andy and Walt Schmetzer (1968–)
Chris and Brad Scott (1976–)
Daniel and Henrik Sedin (1980–)
Antonio and Piero Selvaggio (1958–)
Adam and Troy Selwood (1984–)
Fábio and Rafael Pereira da Silva (1990–), Brazil
Shigeru and Takeshi So (1953–)
Pavel and Petr Štercl (1966–)
Patrik and Peter Sundström (1961–)
Ron and Rich Sutter (1963–)
Vladimir and Valeriy Sydorenko (1976–)
Carl and Charles Thomas (1969–)
Tõnu and Toomas Tõniste (1967–)
Karyne and Sarah Steben (1974–)
Mike and Todd Shane (1967–)
Dick and Tom Van Arsdale (1943–)
Mick and Tim van Dijke (2000–)
Jack and Jamie Vance (1997–)
Roel and Mansueto Velasco (1972–)
Peter and Martin Velits (1985–)
Chris and Patrick Vörös (1993–)
Zlatko and Zoran Vujović (1958–)
Darryl and Shane Wakelin (1974–)
Ray and Rod Wallace (1969–)
Kevin and Kerrod Walters (1967–)
Mark and Steve Waugh (1965–)
Elliot and Andrew Weber (1983–)
Dora and Cora Webber (1958–)
Alan and Gary Whetton (1959–)
Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss (1981–)
Adam and Simon Yates (1992–)
Cristian and Damiano Zenoni (1977–)
Marcin and Michał Żewłakow (1976–)
Bengt and Björn Zikarsky (1967–)
Twins notable in each of their own separate fields
Paul and Andrea Boardman (1967–)
Jill and Jacqueline Hennessy (1968–)
Laverne Cox and M Lamar (1972–)
Rita (1909–2012) and Paola Levi-Montalcini (1909–2000)
Marcus and Morgan Luttrell (1975–)
Alexandra and Caroline Paul (1963–)
Charlotte and Samantha Ronson (1977–)
Carol and Mark Thatcher (1953–)
Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt (1904–1965) and Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness (1904–1970)
David Gulpilil (1953–2021) and Mary Dhalapany (1953–)
Other
Johnny and Luther Htoo (c. 1988–), guerrilla leaders
Philip and Andrew Oliver (1968–), video game developers
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen (1986–), fashion designers
David and Peter Turnley, photojournalists
Poto and Cabengo (1970–), who invented a language to speak to each other
Conjoined twins
Carmen and Lupita Andrade (2000–)
Ladan and Laleh Bijani (1974–2003)
Chang and Eng Bunker (1811–1874), the original "Siamese twins"
Ronnie and Donnie Galyon (1951–2020), the world’s oldest conjoined twins to ever live.
Ilona and Judit Gófitz (1701–1723)
Abby and Brittany Hensel (born 1990)
Daisy and Violet Hilton (1908–1969)
Millie and Christine McKoy (1851–1912)
Radhika and Dudhika Nayak (born 1888; Dudhika died in 1902, Radhika in 1903)
Spider Girls, Ganga and Jamuna Mondal (born Ayara and Jayara Ratun in 1969 or 1970)
Notable people with a non-famous twin
Brooke Adams, fraternal twin sister
James Alexandrou, twin sister
Chad Allen, twin sister
Stephen K. Amos, twin sister
Carl Anderson, twin brother died as an infant
Kofi Annan, twin sister
Richie Ashburn, twin sister
Lillian Asplund, twin brother
Gracia Baur, twin sister
Marc Bartra, twin brother
Blaze Berdahl, twin sister
Josh Bernstein, twin brother
Jonathon Blum, twin sister died in a house fire in 2004
Eugenie Bouchard, fraternal twin sister
Crystal Bowersox, fraternal twin brother
Nicholas Brendon, twin brother
Bob Brown, twin sister
Gisele Bündchen, fraternal twin sister
Aaron Carter, twin sister
Gabrielle Carteris, twin brother
Candis Cayne, fraternal twin brother
Karen Cellini, twin sister
Justin Chambers, twin brother
Keith Chegwin, twin brother
Gary Cherone, fraternal twin brother
Montgomery Clift, twin sister
Carlo Colaiacovo, brother
Henry Cooper, twin brother
Bucky Covington, twin brother
Curley Culp, twin sister
Andrew Daddo, fraternal twin
Ann B. Davis, twin sister
Anthony Davis, twin sister
Cody Deal, twin brother
Fennis Dembo, twin sister
Philip K. Dick, twin sister died after birth
Vin Diesel, fraternal twin brother
Nyle DiMarco, fraternal twin brother
Jamie Dimon, fraternal twin brother
Duffy, twin sister
Alain Eizmendi, identical twin brother
Marc Elliott, twin sister
Karen Elson, fraternal twin sister
John Elway, twin sister
Theo Epstein, twin brother
Mike Espy, twin sister
Jerry Falwell, twin brother
Joseph Fiennes, twin brother
Caroline Flack, twin sister
John "Ecstasy" Fletcher (of Whodini), twin brother
Adam Foote, twin sister
Samantha Futerman, identical twin sister raised separately as a citizen of France
Max Gail, twin sister
Lucía García, twin brothers
Dave Gorman, twin brother
Eva Green, fraternal twin sister
Jerry Hall, twin sister
Linda Hamilton, twin sister
Victor Davis Hanson, fraternal twin brother
Ella Harper, unnamed twin brother died shortly after birth
Gordon Hayward, twin sister
Jon Heder, identical twin brother
William Randolph Hearst, twin died as an infant
Marilu Henner, twin sister
John Hensley, fraternal twin sister
Ryan Howard, twin brother
Sabrina Ionescu, twin brother
Urtzi Iriondo, identical twin brother
Carlin Isles, twin sister
Marlon Jackson, twin brother died at birth
David Jason, twin brother died during birth
Chris Joannou, twin sister
Scarlett Johansson, twin brother
Siva Kaneswaran, twin brother
Jay Kay, twin brother died at birth
Tom Kean Jr., twin brother
Cory Kennedy, fraternal twin sister
Joseph P. Kennedy III, fraternal twin brother
Junsu Kim, fraternal twin brother
David Kohan, twin brother
Ashton Kutcher, fraternal twin brother
Gabriel Landeskog, twin sister
Chris Lane, twin brother
Kate Lawler, twin sister
Gigi Leung, twin brother
Liberace, twin died as an infant
Tony Liberatore, twin brother
Cory Lidle, twin brother
Jon Lindsay, fraternal twin brother
Thad Luckinbill, twin brother
Tom Luginbill, twin sister
John Maine, fraternal twin brother
Rami Malek, identical twin brother
Shawn Marion, twin sister
Susie Maroney, fraternal twin
Logan Marshall-Green, twin brother
Roberta McCain, twin sister
Paul McDermott
Jay McGuiness, identical twin brother
Gene McKinney, twin brother
Victor A. McKusick, twin brother
Alanis Morissette, twin brother
Alma Miettinen, twin sister
Burt Munro, twin sister died at birth
Olly Murs, fraternal twin brother
Mandy Musgrave, identical twin sister
Maye Musk, identical twin sister
Gaute Ormåsen, fraternal twin brother
Jason Orange, twin brother
John Osborne, twin sister
Melanie Oudin, twin sister
Autumn Phillips, twin brother
Parker Posey, twin brother
Elvis Presley, twin brother died at birth
Richard Quest, twin sister
Megan Rapinoe, twin sister
Dack Rambo, twin brother
Efren Ramirez, identical twin brother
Judy Reyes, twin sister
Pekka Rinne, twin sister
Marty Robbins, twin sister
Isabella Rossellini, twin sister
J. D. Roth, twin sister
Stark Sands, fraternal twin brother
Gorka Santamaría, identical twin brother
Brian Schatz, twin brother
Noah Schnapp, twin sister
Judith Scott, twin sister
Teemu Selänne, twin brother
Sab Shimono
Bill Shorten, twin brother
Lori Singer, twin brother
Tasha Smith, twin sister
Katy Steele, twin brother
Curtis Strange, twin brother
Ed Sullivan, twin brother died as an infant
Sandra Sully
Charles Sumner, twin sister
Kiefer Sutherland, twin sister
Amanda Tapping, twin brother
Adam Thomas, fraternal twin brother
Jim Thome, twin sister
Jim Thorpe, twin brother
Frances Tiafoe, twin brother
Jon Tickle, twin brother
Garrett Tierney, identical twin brother
Paul Tsongas, twin sister
Ronan Tynan, twin brother died as an infant
Derek Thompson, twin sister
Sarah Vowell, twin sister
Emppu Vuorinen, twin brother
Shayne Ward, twin sister
Ellen G. White, twin sister
Billy Dee Williams, twin sister
Ricky Williams, twin sister
Kane Williamson, twin brother
Marvin Winans, twin brother
Brad Womack, twin brother
Bang Yong Guk, twin brother
Twin records
Jane Haskin (1924-2001) and John Prosser Haskin, Jr. (1924-2004), Guinness World Records “World’s Heaviest Twins” with an aggregate weight of 12.58 kg (27 lbs 12 Oz), were born to Mary Ann Haskin (USA), of Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA on 20 February 1924.
Gin Kanie (1892–2001) and Kin Narita (1892–2000), widely known for their longevity
Benny (1947–2001) and Billy McGuire (1947–1979), heaviest ever twins at 814 and 784 pounds. Born in Hendersonville, NC, US in 1947. Billy died in 1979, Benny in 2001.
Michael and James Lanier, World's tallest twins, at 7' 6" or 2.286 m.
Edward and Daniel Hemberg (2005–), heaviest twins born in New Zealand (and at the time Australasia) via natural delivery (Edward 3.54 kg and Daniel 3.76 kg)
Tashi and Nungshi Malik (1991–), world's first female twins to scale Everest together, first twins and siblings to scale Seven Summits together, Ski to North & South Pole together and to complete Explorers Grand Slam together and youngest persons to achieve it
Fictional characters who are twins
See also
List of triplets
List of multiple births
Twins in mythology
Conjoined twins
References
Twins
Twins |
Umut Deger Tohumcu (born 11 August 2004) is a German professional footballer of Turkish descent who plays as a midfielder for Bundesliga club TSG Hoffenheim.
Career
Tohumcu is a youth product of the academies of Offenburger FV, SC Freiburg and TSG Hoffenheim. At 14, he received some attention when he was a ballboy at Hoffenheim, as he quickly threw the ball to Andrej Kramarić who then scored a against Bayern Munich in a win on 9 September 2017. He made his professional debut with Hoffenheim in a 5–1 Bundesliga loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach on 14 May 2022, coming on as a late substite in the 86th minute.
International career
Born in Germany, Tohumcu is of Turkish descent. Tohumcu is a youth international for Germany, having represented the Germany U15s, 16s, U17s, and U18s.
References
External links
DFB Profile
2004 births
Living people
People from Offenburg
Footballers from Freiburg (region)
German men's footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
German sportspeople of Turkish descent
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim players
Bundesliga players
Men's association football midfielders |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package jdk.graal.compiler.phases.common.inlining.policy;
import static jdk.graal.compiler.core.common.GraalOptions.MaximumDesiredSize;
import jdk.graal.compiler.core.common.GraalOptions;
import jdk.graal.compiler.core.common.PermanentBailoutException;
import jdk.graal.compiler.nodes.StructuredGraph;
import jdk.graal.compiler.nodes.spi.Replacements;
import jdk.graal.compiler.phases.common.inlining.InliningUtil;
import jdk.graal.compiler.phases.common.inlining.info.InlineInfo;
import jdk.graal.compiler.phases.common.inlining.walker.MethodInvocation;
public class InlineEverythingPolicy implements InliningPolicy {
@Override
public boolean continueInlining(StructuredGraph graph) {
if (InliningUtil.getNodeCount(graph) >= MaximumDesiredSize.getValue(graph.getOptions())) {
throw new PermanentBailoutException("Inline all calls failed. The resulting graph is too large.");
}
return true;
}
@Override
public Decision isWorthInlining(Replacements replacements, MethodInvocation invocation, InlineInfo calleeInfo, int inliningDepth, boolean fullyProcessed) {
boolean isTracing = GraalOptions.TraceInlining.getValue(calleeInfo.graph().getOptions()) || calleeInfo.graph().getDebug().hasCompilationListener();
return Decision.YES.withReason(isTracing, "inline everything");
}
}
``` |
Otanche is a town and municipality in Boyacá Department, Colombia, part of the subregion of the Western Boyacá Province.
References
Municipalities of Boyacá Department |
George S. Hansel (born January 19, 1986) is an American politician. He is the current Mayor of Keene.
Early life
Hansel's family moved to the Monadnock Region in 1971. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York. Prior to his elective career, Hansel was a co-owner and vice president for his family's fifth-generation Keene-based business Filtrine Manufacturing Co., a filtration and water cooling company.
Early elected career
In 2014, Hansel won the Republican Primary as a candidate for Cheshire 8 of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, but lost in the general election to incumbent Democrat Cynthia Chase by 51 votes. In December 2015, he was elected as a member of the Keene City Council from ward 5, serving two terms until being elected Mayor. George also serves on several statewide boards and commissions, including The University System Board of Trustees, the New Hampshire Council for Housing Stability, the New Hampshire Businesses for Social Responsibility, the Monadnock Center for Violence Prevention, and the Governor’s Millennial Advisory Council,
Mayoralty
Hansel was first elected as mayor in 2019 by a margin of 52.7% to 47.3%. He beat out Democrat Mitchell Greenwald for Keene’s open mayoral seat after incumbent mayor Kendall Lane chose not to run for reelection. Mayor Lane and former Keene Mayor Dale Pregent both endorsed Hansel in the race. Hansel took 2,586 votes to Greenwald’s 2,312, In 2021, Hansel secured a second term as mayor after easily defeating challenger Mark J. Zuchowsk. He won 2,133 votes compared to Zuchowski’s 212, or 91% to 9% of the vote. Each of the city’s five city council wards overwhelmingly supported Hansel, who ran for another two-year term on a platform focused on addressing the region’s housing shortage and continuing the city’s efforts to upgrade its aging infrastructure.
In October 2020, after Keene's city council passed a resolution recognizing Indigenous Peoples Day, Hansel proclaimed the second Monday of October Indigenous Peoples Day in Keene.
As mayor, Hansel has supported engaging more citizens in the local government aiming to "increase diversity on city boards and commissions."
On May 1, 2023 Hansel announced that he would not run for a third term as mayor.
Congressional run
In June 2022, Hansel announced his candidacy for U.S. Congress from New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, running as a pro-choice moderate. In the primary, he was narrowly defeated by conservative Hillsborough County Treasurer Robert Burns.
Radio show
Hansel hosts a 2-hour radio show on Saturday mornings on Keene radio station WKBK. He also makes appearances on the station's weekday morning show.
Criticism
Hansel has been criticized by Robert Burns, fellow candidate for U.S. Congress from New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, for running a "sanctuary city" as mayor of Keene. This refers to a resolution passed by Keene's city council that declared Keene as a welcoming city for all. The resolution was aspirational and did not impact police policy. Mayor Hansel, a City Councilor at the time, voted against the passing the resolution. Nevertheless, Hansel said he didn't disagree with the resolution's sentiment. Hansel has dismissed Burns' criticism, referring to it as a "distraction".
References
1986 births
Living people
Mayors of places in New Hampshire
New Hampshire city council members
People from Keene, New Hampshire
St. Lawrence University alumni
New Hampshire Republicans
21st-century American politicians
Candidates in the 2022 United States House of Representatives elections |
Johnny Johnson may refer to:
People
Sports
Johnny Johnson (baseball) (1914–1991), Major League pitcher
Johnny A. Johnson (born 1915), American Negro leagues baseball player
Johnny Johnson (footballer) (1921–2003), British footballer
Johnny Johnson (American football) (born 1968), American football player
Johnny Johnson III (born 1999), American Football Player
Military
Johnny Johnson (British Army officer) (died 1944), British Army officer
Johnny Johnson (RAF officer) (1921–2022), last survivor of Operation Chastise
Harold Keith Johnson (1912–1983), United States Army general
Other people
Johnny Johnson (philatelist) (1884–1966), British stamp dealer and philatelist
Johnny Johnson, headliner of Johnny Johnson and the Bandwagon
Other uses
Johnny Johnson (musical), a 1936 musical by Kurt Weill
Johnny Johnson, a character on NewsRadio played by Patrick Warburton
See also
John Johnson (disambiguation)
Johnnie Johnson (disambiguation)
Johnny Johnston (disambiguation) |
The 2014 Royal Bank Cup was the 44th Junior "A" ice hockey National Championship for the Canadian Junior Hockey League. The 2014 Royal Bank Cup marked the 44th consecutive year a national championship has been awarded to this skill level since the breakaway of Major Junior hockey in 1970.
The five competitors that competed in the Royal Bank Cup included the host Vernon Vipers, the winners of the Fred Page Cup, Dudley Hewitt Cup, and the top two teams from the Western Canada Cup.
The tournament was hosted by the Vernon Vipers of Vernon, British Columbia.
Teams
Vernon Vipers (Host)
Regular Season: 30-18-4-6 (7th BCHL)
Playoffs: Defeated West Kelowna (4-2), Defeated Penticton (4-3), 1st in Semi-final round Robin (2-0), Lost to Coquitlam (0-4) in league final.
Carleton Place Canadians (Eastern)
Regular Season: 54-6-1-1 (1st CCHL)
Playoffs: Defeated Kemptville (4-0), Defeated Pembroke (4-3), Defeated Smiths Falls (4-1) to win league, Won Fred Page Cup (4-0)
Yorkton Terriers (Western)
Regular Season: 37-12-0-7 (1st SJHL)
Playoffs: Defeated Notre Dame (4-1), Defeated Humboldt (4-1), Defeated Melville (4-0) to win league, Won Western Canada Cup (3-2).
Dauphin Kings (Western Runner-Up)
Regular Season: 40-17-0-3 (3rd MJHL)
Playoffs: Defeated OCN (4-0), Defeated Virden (4-0), Lost to Winnipeg (1-4) in league final, Runner-up at Western Canada Cup (4-2).
Toronto Lakeshore Patriots (Central)
Regular Season: 35-12-0-6 (3rd OJHL)
Playoffs: Defeated Toronto (4-0), Defeated North York (4-1), Defeated Georgetown (4-0), Defeated Aurora (4-2) to win league, Won Dudley Hewitt Cup (4-1).
Tournament
Round Robin
(x-) Denotes semi-final berth.
Schedule and results
All games played in Vernon, BC.
Semi-final
Final
Awards
Roland Mercier Trophy (Tournament MVP): Mike Stiliadis (Dauphin)
Top Forward: Colton Sparrow (Vernon)
Top Defencemen: Mike Praps (Toronto Lakeshore)
Top Goaltender: Mike Stiliadis (Dauphin)
Tubby Smaltz Trophy (Sportsmanship): Brett D'Andrea (Carleton Place)
Top Scorer: Colton Sparrow (Vernon)
Roll of League Champions
AJHL: Spruce Grove Saints
BCHL: Coquitlam Express
CCHL: Carleton Place Canadians
MHL: Truro Bearcats
MJHL: Winnipeg Blues
NOJHL: Kirkland Lake Gold Miners
OJHL: Toronto Lakeshore Patriots
QJAAAHL: Granby Inouk
SJHL: Yorkton Terriers
SIJHL: Fort Frances Lakers
See also
Canadian Junior A Hockey League
Royal Bank Cup
Western Canada Cup
Dudley Hewitt Cup
Fred Page Cup
References
External links
Royal Bank Cup Website
2014
Royal Bank Cup
Sport in Vernon, British Columbia |
Aisin Gioro Bartu (巴尔图, 12 September 1674 - 10 April 1753) was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty. He was Giyesu's fourth son and a fifth-generation descendant of Daišan, Nurhaci's second son. Bartu was the last Prince Kang of the First Rank as his peerage was renamed back to "Prince Li of the First Rank" in commemoration of Daishan's contribution to establishment of the Qing dynasty.
Life
Bartu was born on 12 September 1674 to secondary princess consort Kangliang of the first rank, lady Sakda. In 1733, Bartu succeeded to the title of Prince Kang of the First Rank after the death of Chong'an.
Involvement in the coup of Hongxi
In 1739, Hongxi (2nd in Prince Li of the First Rank peerage, Yunreng's son) formed a faction together with Hongsheng (son of Prince Heng of the First Rank Yunqi), Prince Ning of the Second Rank Hongjiao (son of Prince Yi of the First Rank Yinxiang), Hongchang, Yunlu and Hongpu (son of Prince Zhuang of the First Rank Yunlu). They aimed to oust the Qianlong Emperor from power and support Hongxi's succession to the imperial throne. The faction failed to achieve its aim as Hongpu dispatched a messenger to report an urgent matter to the emperor, who resided at that time in Rehe. Hongpu was arrested at the Copper Wall by imperial guards. After the imperial hunt, all the conspirators were temporarily imprisoned at the Imperial Clan Court, where the trial was held. One of the interrogators was Bartu, who was entrusted with the affairs of the imperial clan court. The princes being underlings of Hongxi were stripped of their title and imprisoned (Hongxi, Hongsheng, Hongchang), deprived of the allowance (Hongjiao) or demoted, e.g. Hongpu, who was demoted to grace defender duke. The proper decree was drafted by Bartu and Zhang Tingyu, one of the most prominent officials of the Qianlong era.
Court career
In 1748, Bartu was sent to the Imperial Ancestral Temple to conduct sacrificial rites. In 1749 and in 1751, Bartu was sent to the Temple of Heaven to pray for good harvests. In 1749, Bartu made sacrifices at the Temple of Earth. In 1752, he was dismissed of attending court sessions due to serious illness. Bartu died of illness at the age of 79 on 10 April 1753 and was posthumously honoured as "Prince Kangjian of the First Rank" (和硕康简亲王)
Family
Bartu was married to Lady Ezhuo, daughter of Qishan (奇山). His second primary consort was the sister of the previous one. Bartu had in summary 24 sons and at least one daughter, whose marriage was held in 1765. The number of children he had was one of the greatest among the Qing dynasty royalty (Kangxi Emperor had in summary 55 children, Shanqi had 38 children).
Primary consort, of the Ezhuo clan ()
Supporter general Mozhang (奉国将军谋章, 1698–1762),first son
Second primary consort, of the Ezhuo clan ()
Mocheng (谋成, 1708-1711), third son
Supporter general Moben (奉国将军谋本, 1712-1759), fourth son
Mohong (谋宏, 1714–1730), fifth son
Mowen (谋文, 1717–1748), sixth son
Mosheng (谋声, 1719-1721), seventh son
Moyun (谋云, 1721-1764), eighth son
Secondary consort, of the Zhou clan (), daughter of Sige (四格)
Modian (辅国将军谋典, 1736-1793), fifteenth son
First class bulwark general Moguang (一等辅国将军谋广, 1737-1766), seventeenth son
Mojian (谋建1738-1741), nineteenth son
Secondary consort, of the Xia clan (), daughter of Xia Liu（夏六）
Motai (谋泰, 1735-1738), twelfth son
Morui (谋瑞, 1736-1747), sixteenth son
Second class bulwark general Moxian (二等辅国将军谋显, 1738-1788),twelfth son
Third class defender general Moliang (三等镇国将军谋亮, 1740-1796), 23rd son
Secondary consort, of the Xia clan (), daughter of Shihou（世侯）
Secondary consort, of the Li clan (), daughter of Li Xin (李新)
Moling (谋灵, 1740-1741), 22nd son
Mistress, of the Zhou clan (), daughter of Zhou Liu (周六)
Mocun (谋存, 1701–1719), second son
Mistress, of the Shen clan (), daughter of Sange (三格)
Moshou (谋寿, 1735-1739), ninth son
Mistress, of the Shen clan (), daughter of Shen Da (申达)
Moyao (谋耀, 1735-1736), eleventh son
Mohao (谋浩, 1740-1744), 24th son
Mistress, of the Xia clan (), daughter of Sige (四格)
Supporter general Mogong (奉国将军谋恭, 1735-1777),thirteenth son
Mistress, of the Han clan ()
Supporter general Mojing (奉国将军谋经, 1735-1770), fourteenth son
Moshun (谋顺, 1737-1754), eighteenth son
Mistress, of the Gao clan ()
Moxun (谋勋, 1739-1741), 21st son
Mistress, of the Zhang clan (妾張氏)
Mistress, of the Wu clan (妾吳氏)
Mistress, of the Li clan (妾李氏), daughter of Zhimao (芝茂)
Mistress, of the Xiong clan (妾熊氏)
Moyu (谋裕, 1735–1737), tenth son
References
1674 births
1753 deaths
Qing dynasty imperial princes
Prince Li |
San Lucas Sacatepéquez () is a town, with a population of 20,723 (2018 census), and a municipality in the Guatemalan department of Sacatepéquez.
History
Doctrine of Order of Preachers
After the conquest, the Spanish crown focused on the Catholic indoctrination of the natives. Human settlements founded by royal missionaries in the New World were called "Indian doctrines" or simply "doctrines". Originally, friars had only temporary missions: teach the Catholic faith to the natives, and then transfer the settlements to secular parishes, just like the ones that existed in Spain at the time; the friars were supposed to teach Spanish and Catholicism to the natives. And when the natives were ready, they could start living in parishes and contribute with mandatory tithing, just like the people in Spain.
But this plan never materialized, mainly because the Spanish crown lost control of the regular orders as soon as their friars set course to America. Shielded by their apostolic privileges granted to convert natives into Catholicism, the missionaries only responded to their order local authorities, and never to that of the Spanish government or the secular bishops. The orders local authorities, in turn, only dealt with their own order and not with the Spanish crown. Once a doctrine had been established, the protected their own economic interests, even against those of the King and thus, the doctrines became Indian towns that remains unaltered for the rest of the Spanish colony.
The doctrines were founded at the friars discretion, given that they were completely at liberty to settle communities provided the main purpose was to eventually transfer it as a secular parish which would be tithing of the bishop. In reality, what happened was that the doctrines grew uncontrollably and were never transferred to any secular parish; they formed around the place where the friars had their monastery and from there, they would go out to preach to settlements that belong to the doctrine and were called "annexes", "visits" or "visit towns". Therefore, the doctrines had three main characteristics:
they were independent from external controls (both ecclesiastical and civilian )
were run by a group of friars
had a relatively larger number of annexes.
The main characteristic of the doctrines was that they were run by a group of friars, because it made sure that the community system would continue without any issue when one of the members died.
In 1638, the Order of Preachers split their large doctrines —which meant large economic benefits for them— in groups centered on each one of their six monasteries, and the San Lucas Sacatepéquez doctrine was moved under the Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala monastery jurisdiction:
Climate
San Lucas Sacatepéquez has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) with dry, cold winters and rainy, cool summers.
Geographic location
See also
Chajoma
Sacatepéquez Department
Notes and references
References
Bibliography
Municipalities of the Sacatepéquez Department |
ISSEA is a group of unaccredited for-profit diploma mills owned by Massimo Silvestri, which use many invented names and originated from the now defunct Politecnico di studi aziendali di Lugano Unipsa (Polytechnic University of Business Studies). The goal of the organization is to sell unaccredited Italian online degrees; however, since unaccredited degrees are illegal in Italy, the sole trader usually operates from bordering Italian-speaking areas of Switzerland.
Due to court orders, some of ISSEA's websites may now be offline, permanently or temporarily.
Parent company: I.S.S.E.A. SA
I.S.S.E.A. SA, "Istituto superiore di scienze economiche e aziendali" (Higher institute of economics and management), is a sole proprietorship owned by Massimo Silvestri, which claims to operate on the basis of the economic freedom and scientific freedom guaranteed in Title 2 of the Swiss Federal Constitution (art. 27 and art. 20), but it is not accredited by the Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities (CRUS). It was established in 1987, offering unaccredited degrees through its Politecnico di studi aziendali Unipsa (Polytechnic University of Business Studies, Unipsa) in Lugano and Agno.
Despite being based in Switzerland, with an alleged branch in San Marino, the organization has Italian landlines and the owner only speaks Italian because the degrees are offered to Italians from Switzerland, as unaccredited universities are illegal in Italy.
Although the director/founder/owner Massimo Silvestri (also going by Massimo Maria Pietro) is not a current member of the Swiss Bar or Italian Bar, he introduces himself as an attorney, using the Italian "avv." title.
Degrees
The organization has no campus, no professors and no staff, and issues degrees based on life experiences and optional online learning courses, namely Bachelor's, Master's, and even Doctoral degrees.
Legal disputes
ISSEA and the Politecnico di studi aziendali of Lugano were also not accredited by the Department of Education, Culture and Sports of Ticino. ISSEA SA has been denied accreditation by the Federal Administrative Court of Switzerland, too. The same federal court permanently banned ISSEA and its Politecnico di studi aziendali from the European Erasmus Programme because of their unaccredited status. Since January 1, 2015, the usage of the words "polytechnic" and/or "university" by unaccredited institutions has been declared illegal by the Canton of Ticino, which is why the Politecnico di Studi Aziendali and ISSEA had to leave Ticino and moved to Roveredo.
In 1993, the Italian Ministry of Education included the Politecnico di studi aziendali in a list of private institutions which are not allowed to issue valid academic qualifications.
In 2007, the Italian Competition Authority convicted ISSEA and Massimo Silvestri in absentia of deceptive advertising.
ISSEA used to be a member of the general assembly of EMUNI University so it could receive European public funds, such as €50,000 in 2012 through INPDAP, although Switzerland is not in the European Union.
In 2016, the Canton of Grisons' parliament asked to stop the company from operating even in the new location of Roveredo. A few months later, the unaccredited school moved to the Canton of Zug. During this period, the organization created a website called SUPDI, which claimed to be a university, very similar to the name SUPSI of a real Swiss university located in Ticino.
In the same year, in the tribunal of the Canton of Ticino, the company was convicted of unauthorized use of protected names ("university", "polytechnic" etc.).
In 2018, a final ruling of the Italian Council of State held that ISSEA SA and all its alleged universities are not recognized in Italy or in Switzerland and their degrees have no value. ISSEA had taken a legal action against the Ministry for University Instruction and Research and against the Ministry of the Interior, which would not let ISSEA create an Italian branch — called "ISSEA Campus Italia" — of the alleged Swiss university. The court stated that ISSEA is not allowed to purport to be an academic institution.
In 2021, a Neapolitan court found out that a student who was going to receive a master's degree from the University of Naples Federico II had a bachelor's degree issued by one of ISSEA's institutions: since the bachelor's degree was invalid, the court revoked his graduate and undergraduate careers and stopped him from defending his thesis.
Other names
After the Swiss authorities declared the name "Politecnico di studi aziendali" illegal, the institution's ads started to use different names as well, such as Polotecnico di studi aziendali (only one vowel was changed) or Polo Tecnico di studi aziendali (literally: Technical research center of business studies) www.unipsa.net/www.uni-psa.ch, Unipsa, I.S.S.E.A. sa Scuola Universitaria Privata a Distanza, C.I.S.M.A.D. (Centro Italiano Studi Multidisciplinari a Distanza) www.cismad.it, unisupdi.ch/unipfh.ch or SUPDI—not to be confused with SUPSI, an accredited Swiss university (only one letter has been changed).
An old website called "Private University Consortium" (www.umc-puc.edu), created in 1999 and deactivated in 2006, also sold degrees from Gibraltar under the name of "Università Mons Calpe", from Colorado under the name of "American Business School LLC", and from Panama under the name of "University Europanamense". The consortium was supposed to be headquartered in the same office as the Politecnico di studi aziendali in Ticino. All the institutions were unaccredited and all the offices no longer exist.
SUPDI or UniSupdi
SUPDI, also known as UniSupdi, was created by Massimo Silvestri in 2018 cloning the website of a real Swiss university named SUPSI. It has an alleged registered office in Baarerstrasse 82 6300 Zug, which is actually a PO box shared with other diploma mills owned by Silvestri. The first websites supdi.ch and unisupdi.ch were later shut down by a court ruling; however, the website is now online again using the new domain unisupdi.education. SUPDI also claims to have a branch in San Marino — although the University of the Republic of San Marino is the only recognized institution — and another branch in Milan, Italy in the form of an unaccredited folk high school, according to the websites unigui.it and uni-issea.ch.
Univolta Università Telematica Privata Alessandro Volta and others
As of 2017, the institution is also being advertised as Univolta Università Telematica Privata Alessandro Volta (Online Private University Alessandro Volta) www.univolta.ch, using the same address and/or P.O. box in Zug and the same domain name as the Politecnico di Studi Aziendali www.unipsa.ch—whose name has been declared illegal by Swiss authorities—as well as Atena Unitelematica scuola universitaria www.uniatena.ch (Telematic university Athena), Hochschule Nikola Tesla (Nikola Tesla University) www.unitesla.ch/www.uniteslaweb.net, Isucampus university www.isucampus.ch, LinkCamPus www.linkcampus.ch—not to be confused with the real Italian Link Campus University—Unitelematica Leonardo da Vinci (Telematic university Leonardo da Vinci) unitelematicadavinci.ch. The website www.unipsa.net, which was used by the aforementioned "Polo Tecnico di studi aziendali", was also used by SUPDI.
See also
Educational accreditation
List of unaccredited institutions of higher learning
List of universities in Switzerland
References
For-profit universities and colleges in Europe
Unaccredited institutions of higher learning
Distance education institutions based in Switzerland |
```c++
// 2002-01-08 bkoz
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
// any later version.
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// with this library; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
// Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
// USA.
// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free software
// library without restriction. Specifically, if other files instantiate
// templates or use macros or inline functions from this file, or you compile
// this file and link it with other files to produce an executable, this
// file does not by itself cause the resulting executable to be covered by
// invalidate any other reasons why the executable file might be covered by
// 27.6.1.5 - Template class basic_iostream
// NB: This file is for testing iostream with NO OTHER INCLUDES.
#include <iostream>
// libstdc++/3647
void test07()
{
// Should not block.
std::cout << std::cin.rdbuf()->in_avail() << std::endl;
}
int main()
{
test07();
return 0;
}
``` |
YouTube Creator Awards, commonly known as YouTube Play Buttons or YouTube Plaques, are a series of awards from the American video platform YouTube, that aim to recognize its most popular channels. They are based on a channel's subscriber count but are offered at the sole discretion of YouTube. Each channel is reviewed before an award is issued, to ensure that the channel follows the YouTube community guidelines. YouTube reserves the right to refuse to hand out a Creator Award, which it has done for channels featuring horror or extremist political content.
Awards
When a YouTube channel reaches a specific milestone and is deemed eligible for a YouTube Creator Reward, they are awarded a relatively flat trophy in a metal casing with a YouTube play button symbol. The trophies are of different sizes: each button and plaque gets progressively bigger with the channel's subscriber count. The Gold Creator Award was introduced at VidCon 2012, alongside the Silver Creator Award at VidCon 2013 and the Diamond Creator Award at VidCon 2015. The Creator Awards are made by the New York firm Society Awards.
Prior to March 2021, YouTube featured three additional benefit levels. These are not eligible for Creator Rewards, but they do offer several preliminary benefits:
Graphite was for channels with 1 to 999 subscribers.
Opal was for channels with 1,000 to 9,999 subscribers. This is the minimum subscriber count required for the YouTube Partner Program, which also requires a minimum of 4,000 total viewer watch hours in the past 12 months, plus a manual review of the channel's content to determine compliance with the program guidelines.
Bronze was for channels with 10,000 to 99,999 subscribers. The YouTube NextUp program is exclusive to channels meeting this threshold and other program criteria. This is also the minimum subscriber count required for a Spreadshop or Teespring merchandise shelf.
There are currently three regular Creator Awards tiers, plus a fourth and fifth that have been awarded a few times:
Silver Creator Award
Awarded to channels that reach or surpass 100,000 subscribers. The old version was made of nickel-plated cupronickel alloy. The new version (as of March 1, 2017) is 92% nickel, 5% carbon and 2.5% zinc, with traces of other metals. In March 2018, the look of the Silver Play Button was updated from a metal button housed within a window box with the channel's name printed on the front glass pane to a cleaner-looking flat designed metal plaque award featuring the channel's name embossed on it. Channels at this level are also eligible to apply for a digital verification badge.
Gold Creator Award
Awarded to channels that reach or surpass 1,000,000 subscribers. It is made of gold plated brass. In March 2018, the look of the Gold Play Button was updated from a metal button housed within a window box with the channel's name printed on the front glass pane to a cleaner-looking flat designed metal plaque award featuring the channel's name embossed on it.
Diamond Creator Award
Awarded to channels that reach or surpass 10 million subscribers. It is made of silver-plated metal inset with a large piece of colorless crystal in the shape of a play button triangle. When introduced during VidCon 2015, 35 channels qualified for the award. As of January 11, 2023, there are 985 channels that have 10 million subscribers or more.
Custom Creator Award
Formerly awarded to channels that reach or surpass 50 million subscribers. Since September 1, 2020, it is the sole award to be missing from the Creator Awards FAQ. However, it continued to be granted at YouTube's discretion after this date. PewDiePie gave the nickname of Ruby Creator Award to this award, as he received a ruby-colored award in the shape of his channel's logo. The color can vary per creator, however: for example, T-Series received a colorless award, while Blackpink received a black award on top of a pink base. Channels with a dagger () symbol have presented their Custom Creator Award to the public. , 17 channels have reached this level:
PewDiePie (December 8, 2016)
T-Series (June 27, 2018)
5-Minute Crafts (February 21, 2019)
Cocomelon (June 7, 2019)
SET India (June 20, 2019)
Canal Kondzilla (June 21, 2019)
WWE (October 24, 2019)
Justin Bieber (February 3, 2020)
Zee Music Company (February 7, 2020)
Like Nastya Vlog (March 13, 2020)
Dude Perfect (March 24, 2020)
Kids Diana Show (March 30, 2020)
Vlad and Niki (August 18, 2020)
Zee TV (September 2, 2020)
Blackpink (October 4, 2020)
Marshmello (November 22, 2020)
MrBeast (January 4, 2021)
Red Diamond Creator Award
Awarded to channels that reach or surpass 100 million subscribers. Inspired by the Diamond Creator Award, it features a play button triangle with a large dark red crystal. It was added to the Creator Awards FAQ by September 1, 2020. There are currently nine channels that have reached this level:
T-Series (May 29, 2019)
PewDiePie (August 25, 2019)
Cocomelon (December 12, 2020)
SET India (March 28, 2021)
MrBeast (July 28, 2022)
Kids Diana Show (August 16, 2022)
Like Nastya (August 25, 2022)
Vlad and Niki (August 13, 2023)
Zee Music Company (September 24, 2023)
Notes
References
External links
Creator Awards
Awards established in 2012 |
Michael Tally Ringwood (born February 14, 1958) has been a general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2009.
Ringwood was born in Provo, Utah, to Sharon Lee and Howard Lee Ringwood. At the time, Howard was a football player for Brigham Young University (BYU).
Ringwood was raised in Salt Lake City and then went to BYU on a leadership scholarship. After a few semesters at BYU, Ringwood left to serve as a missionary for the LDS Church in South Korea. After his mission, Ringwood returned to BYU where he earned a bachelor's degree in accounting.
Prior to becoming a general authority, Ringwood was a businessman who spent 14 years as a vice president with Huntsman Chemical Corporation, living in Houston, Virginia Beach and Australia. In 2000, he left Huntsman Chemical and returned to Salt Lake City where he served as president of Bear Creek Foods, president of Lofthouse Foods, and the chief operating officer of Close To My Heart, a scrapbooking company.
LDS Church service
In the LDS Church, Ringwood has been a bishop, president of the church's Korea Seoul West Mission (2004–07), and president of a University of Utah married student stake (2008–09).
In April 2009, Ringwood became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a full-time ecclesiastical position. He spoke at the LDS Church's general conference in 2009 about the willingness to believe, "Obedience will bring soft hearts and an easiness to believe in the word of God." In 2011, he was assigned as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Asia North Area and served as the area president from 2012 to 2015. In 2019, he was assigned to serve as the Executive Director of the Priesthood and Family Department, in which capacity he also serves on the Church Board of Education and as an adviser to the church's magazines.
Personal life
Ringwood and Rosalie Nelson, a daughter of Russell M. Nelson and Dantzel Nelson, were married in December 1982. Russell M. Nelson is currently president of the LDS Church. The Ringwoods are the parents of five children.
References
External links
Michael T. Ringwood: Latter-day Saint official profile
1958 births
American general authorities (LDS Church)
American Mormon missionaries in South Korea
Businesspeople from Salt Lake City
Brigham Young University alumni
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy (LDS Church)
Living people
20th-century Mormon missionaries
21st-century Mormon missionaries
American chief operating officers
American expatriates in Australia
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from Virginia
Latter Day Saints from Texas |
Raphaël Oleg (born 8 September 1959) is a French violinist, violist and conductor.
Biography
Born in Paris, Raphaël Oleg is the son of composer Alexandre Oleg. He began playing the violin at the age of seven with Hélène Arnitz, then, at the age of twelve, entered the Conservatoire de Paris in the class of Gérard Jarry. He also attended the lessons of chamber music of Maurice Crut and won his first prizes in 1976. He perfected his skills with Henryk Szeryng in Geneva, took music analysis classes with Betsy Jolas, and then worked with Pierre Amoyal when he was a laureate of the Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition (3rd prize, 1977), Christian Ferras, Emmanuel Krivine and Jean-Jacques Kantorow.
In 1984, he was appointed a professor at the Fontainebleau Schools and in 1986, he was the first French to win the International Tchaikovsky Competition. Since 1995 he has been teaching at the City of Basel Music Academy.
He plays on a violin by the Lyon-based maker Jacques Fustier, made especially for him in 1987.
Premieres
Renaud Gagneux, Concerto for violin (1999)
Ivo Malec, Ottava alta (1995)
Serge Nigg, Concerto for violin n°2 (2000)
Philippe Racine, Concerto for violin (2001)
Honours
1997: prize of the Del Duca Foundation
Chevalier des Arts et Lettres
Bibliography
References
External links
Raphaël Oleg on France Musique
Raphaël Oleg on Musical World
Raphaël Oleg on Discogs
Raphaël Oleg on AllMusic
Raphaël Oleg on Tom Croxon Management
Raphaël Oleg Sibelius' concerto on YouTube
1959 births
Musicians from Paris
Living people
21st-century French male classical violinists
French classical violists
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
21st-century violists |
Connor Neil Ralph Wickham (born 31 March 1993) is an English professional footballer who is currently a free agent, following his release from Cardiff City.
He has previously represented Ipswich Town, Sunderland, Sheffield Wednesday, Leeds United, Crystal Palace, Preston North End, Milton Keynes Dons and Forest Green Rovers.
Wickham has also played at various levels of international football for the England national team, and scored the winning goal in the 2010 UEFA European U17 Championship Final.
Early life
Wickham was born in Hereford, the son of an Army Warrant Officer. He attended Philip Morant School in Colchester, where he achieved eight A-C grade GCSEs – as well as being a prominent member of the school football team, where he was a prolific goalscorer from a young age. He played youth football with Reading for four years. Wickham's father is Northern Irish.
Club career
Ipswich Town
2008–09
Wickham made his debut for the Ipswich Town first team on 11 April 2009, aged 16 years and 11 days. He came on as a 66th-minute substitute for Veliče Šumulikoski in a 3–1 home defeat against Doncaster Rovers and in doing so he became Ipswich's youngest ever player, beating the previous record being held by Jason Dozzell by 46 days.
2009–10
Wickham scored his first two senior goals in only his fourth appearance, when he scored in Ipswich's 2009–10 League Cup tie against Shrewsbury Town. He also scored in the penalty shootout, which saw Ipswich prevail 4–2. He scored his first league goal in a 1–0 home victory over Scunthorpe United in March 2010, his winning effort coming deep into injury time. In April 2010, Wickham scored his second league goal, which came in the 90th minute in a 3–1 victory over Derby County. This came two days after he signed his first professional contract at Ipswich, a two-year deal following his 17th birthday.
In April 2010, Wickham was named the Football League young player of the month. He won the award after scoring three goals in four matches during that time.
2010–11
Wickham extended his contract with Ipswich to 2013 in January 2011. It had an offer clause in it which stated that if any bid equalled or bettered the one written in the contract, Ipswich would have to allow him to speak to the bidding club. It was reported that the figure was around the £15 million mark.
On 22 January 2011, Wickham scored Ipswich's his first goal of the season in a 3–2 win over Doncaster Rovers. Two games later, Wickham scored in a 3–0 win over Sheffield United at Portman Road. A clearance of a set piece saw Wickham collect the ball in his own half, and pass two opponents before wrong-footing Rob Kozluk and goalkeeper Steve Simonsen to tap the ball into the net. Former Ipswich player, Kevin Beattie witnessed the goal, and described it as one of the greatest goals ever scored at Portman Road. Two weeks later Wickham recorded his first professional hat-trick in a 6–0 win at Doncaster Rovers. Wickham's superb scoring form continued when he scored late in the match against Reading on 8 March. With Ipswich already 3–0 down, his goal counted for little, although it was once again a superb finish, as he volleyed a ball that was coming over his shoulder into the top corner of the goal from a tight angle.
On 4 March 2011, Wickham was named Championship player of the month for February after scoring four goals in the month, including his first professional hat-trick at Doncaster. Two weeks later he was named the Football League Young Player of the Year as well as the Championship Apprentice of the Year at the 2011 Football League Awards.
On 2 April 2011, Tottenham Hotspur manager, Harry Redknapp admitted that his side had not made a bid for Wickham. This was despite several reports to the contrary suggesting a bid in the region of £10m had been made. The same day, Wickham scored the second of Ipswich's two goals against Burnley in the Championship, as they won 2–1.
He signed a one-year extension to his contract on 8 April 2011, contracting him to the club until the summer of 2014. Wickham admitted he was delighted to have signed the contract, and said he just wanted to concentrate on achieving his goals with Ipswich, rather than focusing on speculation about his future. He said:
Sunderland
On 29 June 2011, Wickham signed a four-year deal with Premier League club Sunderland for a fee of £8 million. The fee had the potential to rise to £12 million over the course of the contract.
Despite having recently signed a new contract with Ipswich, Wickham had been widely tipped to move to a Premier League club following a highly successful 2010–11 season. Although Ipswich manager Paul Jewell had said there was no pressure to sell the youngster, Sunderland's eventual offer proved too lucrative. The fee broke Ipswich's record for transfer fees recouped, and broke the transfer record for a Football League player moving to a Premier League club. Ipswich's chief executive Simon Clegg summed it up:
He scored his first goal for Sunderland in a pre-season friendly against Kilmarnock. Wickham made his first competitive appearance for Sunderland when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 defeat to Newcastle United in the Tyne–Wear derby on 20 August 2011. He made his first Premier League start for Sunderland on 22 October 2011 where he helped Sunderland secure their second win of the season against Bolton Wanderers.
Wickham scored his first Premier League goal for the Black Cats a week later in the 2–2 draw with Aston Villa. The following week against Manchester United at Old Trafford, Wickham suffered a knee injury and had to be substituted just five minutes into the game. The arrival of new manager Martin O'Neill saw Wickham fall out of favour as he spent the majority of the remainder of the season on the bench and playing for the reserves. Wickham came off the bench at Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the FA Cup to score his first goal of the season as Sunderland came from 2–0 down to earn a replay.
Loan spells
On 8 February 2013, Wickham joined Sheffield Wednesday on loan, initially on a one-month deal. He made his debut on 9 February, in a 2–2 draw against Derby County. He scored his first goal for the club on 9 March, in a 1–0 win away against Leicester City in what was the last game of his loan spell, firing a first time volley into the roof of the net. On 14 March 2013 it was confirmed that Wickham would not be re-joining Sheffield Wednesday on loan.
On 27 August 2013, Wickham inspired Sunderland to a late comeback against Milton Keynes Dons in the Football League Cup, scoring twice and assisting Jozy Altidore's goal as the Premier League side scored four times in the last 20 minutes to win 4–2.
On 1 November 2013, Wickham re-joined Sheffield Wednesday in another loan move until 1 January 2014. Wickham scored on his return in the 5–2 win over Reading at Hillsborough on 2 November. Wickham again appeared on the score sheet scoring a brace of goals in the 2–1 win over Leicester City on 3 December. Four goals in four games in December 2013 earned Wickham a nomination for the December Championship Player of the Month award but he ultimately lost out to Leicester City's Danny Drinkwater. On 31 December 2013, his loan spell at Wednesday was extended by a further month, although his parent club prevented him from representing the Owls in the FA Cup. On 11 January 2014, he scored in Wednesday's 6–0 win over Yorkshire rivals Leeds United. After the game, he described the win as a "fantastic team performance" while saying that he was "unhappy with my own personal performance." He was recalled to his parent club on 27 January 2014.
On 26 February 2014, Wickham joined Football League Championship side Leeds United on loan until the end of the 2013–14 season. Wickham was handed the number 9 shirt for Leeds.
He made his debut on 1 March 2014 in a 1–1 draw away to Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road.
Return to Sunderland
On 24 March, Wickham was recalled from his loan after playing four games for Leeds to bolster Sunderland's goal scoring options, with Steven Fletcher injured and Jozy Altidore badly out of form.
On 16 April, he scored two goals in a 2–2 draw with Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium. Three days later, he scored the club's first goal in Sunderland's 2–1 win against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. On 27 April, he scored a brace to help Sunderland overcome Cardiff City 4–0, playing a pivotal role in Sunderland's late surge to try and avoid relegation. He was named Premier League Player of the Month for April. On 3 May, his cross assisted Sebastian Larsson's goal in a 1–0 win at Old Trafford, making it Sunderland's first win away to Manchester United since 1968.
On 4 October 2014, he scored his first goal of the season and assisted a Steven Fletcher goal in a 3–1 win over Stoke City. In December 2014, Connor Wickham agreed a new four-and-a-half-year deal with Sunderland.
Crystal Palace
On 3 August 2015, Wickham joined Crystal Palace on a five-year deal for an undisclosed fee, although some sources reported it as an initial £7 million, rising to a potential £9 million depending upon his performance. Wickham made his debut on 8 August 2015 as a second-half substitute in the 3–1 win at Norwich City.
In November 2016, Wickham sustained a serious knee injury which kept him out of first-team action until October 2018. He did not make an appearance in the starting line-up until January 2019, scoring the opening goal in a 2–0 fourth-round FA Cup win against Tottenham Hotspur.
In May 2019, Wickham signed a one-year extension to his existing contract keeping him at Palace until June 2021.
He joined Sheffield Wednesday on a six-month loan deal on 31 January 2020.
On 3 March 2021, he returned to the 2020–21 Crystal Palace match day squad, by being an unused substitute in a 0–0 draw against Manchester United in the Premier League.
Preston North End
Wickham was released by Palace after his contract expired at the end of the 2020–21 season. He joined Championship club Preston North End in September 2021 on a short-term deal until January 2022. He impressed on his debut but suffered a serious hamstring injury after five minutes of an EFL Cup tie in his second appearance and did not play for the club again. Wickham was released by Preston North End on 13 January 2022.
Milton Keynes Dons
On 21 January 2022, Wickham joined League One club Milton Keynes Dons on a short-term deal. He made his debut the following day, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Doncaster Rovers. On 19 February 2022, Wickham scored his first goal for the club, the winning goal in a 2–1 away win over former club Sunderland. However, after limited opportunities, he was one of six players released by MK Dons at the end of the 2021–22 season.
Forest Green Rovers
On 3 August 2022, Wickham joined newly promoted League One club Forest Green Rovers on a short-term deal until January 2023. He left the club in January 2023 at the expiry of his contract, scoring 9 times in 20 total appearances for the club.
Cardiff City
On 14 February 2023, Championship club Cardiff City signed Wickham until the end of the season.
International career
Wickham has played age-group matches for England, but is also eligible for Northern Ireland, as his father was born there. Until he receives a full cap from England in a competitive game he remains eligible for other teams. His progress in the English Premier League was also monitored by former Republic of Ireland management duo of Martin O'Neill and Roy Keane, as his links to Northern Ireland mean that he also qualifies to play for the Republic of Ireland.
England U16
Wickham has represented the England under-16 team and was also on stand-by for the under-17 squad during the 2008–09 season. He won the 2008 Victory Shield with England, scoring in the 2–0 final win over Scotland.
England U17
On 11 August 2009, Wickham received a call-up to the under-17 squad, for their three-game FA International Tournament, which would take place later that month.
In May 2010, Wickham was included in the England U17 squad for the UEFA European U17 Championship in Liechtenstein. He was involved in two of the goals in England's 3–1 win against the Czech Republic in the group stage, with a convincing performance. He then played the full game in the second group match against Greece, once again playing well. Wickham was rested for the final group game of the tournament, but returned to face France in the semi-final. He scored both goals for England in a 2–1 victory, both left-footed, and both in the first half. Wickham scored the winner in a 2–1 victory over Spain in the final. He received the ball on the edge of the box before proceeding to beat two defenders and drill the ball low into the net. He was given the Golden Player award by UEFA for the best player in the tournament.
England U21
On 7 September 2010 England under-21 boss Stuart Pearce admitted that he had been monitoring Wickham's progress, and that he would consider calling him up to the under-21 squad once he had recovered from injury. On 15 November 2010 Pearce did name Wickham in the under-21s friendly match against Germany on 16 November 2010. In that game he came on as a 66th-minute substitute in a 2–0 defeat for England. Following that game, and the important experience Wickham gained, he returned to the England under-19 side. However, it would not be long before he was back in the fold for the under-21s.
On 14 March 2011 it was announced that Wickham had been included in the squad for England's games against Denmark and Iceland. He came on as a substitute in the game against Denmark, which England went on to win 4–0. The following Monday, Wickham started the game in a friendly against Iceland at Deepdale in Preston. It was his first start for the under-21s, and he played the full 90 minutes as England lost the game 2–1 to a very strong Iceland side that included a number of first team regulars. Wickham played as a lone striker in the game.
Prior to the Iceland game, Wickham admitted that he was hopeful of being included in the squad that would play in the summer's Euro 2011 under-21s tournament due to take place in June. Having been an instrumental figure in the success of the under-17's the previous summer, he felt he could repeat the feat at a higher level. He said:
He scored his first goal for the under-21s on 10 September 2012, scoring the only goal of the game in a win against Norway in Chesterfield, ensuring England won their European Under-21 Championship qualifying group. He scored his second goal on 16 October, helping England to a 2–0 aggregate win in the play-off against Serbia.
Sponsorship
In 2010, Wickham signed a sponsorship deal with British sportswear and equipment supplier, Umbro. He appeared in an advert for the new England kit in September 2010 and is one of the flagship wearers of Umbro's GT range of football boots.
Career statistics
Honours
Crystal Palace
FA Cup runner-up: 2015–16
England U16
Victory Shield: 2008
England U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2010
Individual
Ipswich Town Young Player of the Year: 2008–09
UEFA European Under-17 Championship Golden Player: 2010
UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2010
Football League Championship Player of the Month: February 2011
Football League Young Player of the Month: April 2010
Football League Young Player of the Year: 2011
Championship Apprentice Award: 2011
Premier League Player of the Month: April 2014
Sunderland Supporters' Young Player of the Year: 2014–15
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Hereford
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Reading F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
English people of Northern Ireland descent
21st-century English people |
Viktória Hrunčáková (née Kužmová; born 11 May 1998) is a Slovak professional tennis player. She has been ranked as high as No. 43 in singles and No. 27 in doubles in the world by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). Hrunčáková has won four WTA doubles titles and 21 titles (14 in singles, 7 in doubles) on the ITF Circuit. She also ended runner-up at the Premier-level 2019 St. Petersburg Trophy and at the 2021 Yarra Valley Classic in doubles, along with Anna Kalinskaya.
As a junior, she won the girls' doubles event at the 2015 US Open alongside Aleksandra Pospelova, defeating Kalinskaya and Anastasia Potapova in the final. A year later, she entered final of the 2016 US Open in the girls' singles, where she lost to Kayla Day. She continued her success at majors as a senior, reaching the 2019 US Open semifinal in the women's doubles alongside Aliaksandra Sasnovich, where they lost to the eventual champions Ashleigh Barty and Victoria Azarenka.
Early life and background
Kužmová was born 1998 in Košice to mother Ingrid and father Radovan. Sister Katarina, who is three years younger, followed her into the world of professional tennis, and obtained her WTA first ranking points in 2018. Kužmová was introduced to tennis at age four by her father, who used to run a tennis club.
Junior career
Kužmová reached a career-high ranking of No. 24 as a junior. She began playing on the ITF Junior Circuit in January 2012 at age 13, and in September of the same year won her first singles and doubles titles at the low-level Grade-5 Mostar Open. The following year, she won the Grade-4 Nazmi Bari Cup in the singles event, and a week later she finished as runner-up in the singles and as champion in the doubles at another Grade-4, the Montenegro Open. During her quarterfinal match at the 2013 Losinj Juniors Cup, against another Slovakian player, Nikola Dolakova, she was forced to retire in the second set due to injury. She spent rest of the 2013 season out of tennis.
She returned in early 2014, when she reached her first Grade-2 final in the singles event at the Slovak Junior Indoor. A month later, partnering with Kristína Schmiedlová, she won the doubles title at the Grade-1 Mediterranee Avenir in Casablanca, after being awarded a walkover victory due to the withdrawal of Ioana Ducu and Anna Bondár. Later, again with Schmiedlová, she won another doubles title at the Grade-1 Perin Memorial in Umag. Kužmová made her junior Grand Slam debut in 2014 at the French Open, reaching only the first round in both the singles and the doubles. Then, she went one round further at Wimbledon, reaching the second round in both the singles and the doubles. At the US Open, she lost in the second round in singles but partnered with Schmiedlová to make her first semifinal at a Grand Slam event.
In January 2015, in her debut at the Australian Open, she reached her first Grand Slam third round in singles, while in doubles, she failed in the first round. Despite an early loss at the French Open in both singles and doubles, Kužmová then reached her first singles Grand Slam semifinal at Wimbledon, but lost to eventual champion Sofya Zhuk. She also made progress in doubles, winning the 2015 US Open alongside Russian player Aleksandra Pospelova. They defeated Potapova and Kalinskaya on their way to the title. Next year, she failed in defending her US Open doubles title but finished runner-up in singles, losing to Kayla Day. During her junior career, she also won two doubles titles with her younger sister Katarina at the Grade-4 Ziliona Junior Open in August 2015 and 2016.
Career
2017–18: WTA Tour & Grand Slam debut
Kužmová made her Grand Slam debut at the 2017 US Open. After qualifying, she lost in the first round of the main draw to Venus Williams. She also qualified for the Linz Open and marked her first singles win on WTA Tour, defeating Anna-Lena Friedsam before she lost to another German player, Tatjana Maria. In 2017, Kužmová also appeared at Roland Garros and Wimbledon, but lost at both in qualifying. On 6 March 2017, Kužmová entered the top 200 for the first time, getting to 190th place. On 16 October, she reached No. 130 – her best ranking until 2018. She finished 2017 season at world No. 132.
Being outside the top 100, Kužmová was forced to play qualifying at many tournaments. Her first event in 2018 was the Auckland Open, where she reached the main draw and marked her first win in 2018, defeating Jade Lewis but lost to Julia Görges in the second round. At her first Australian Open, she qualified but still was not ready to mark her first Grand Slam main-draw win, losing to Elise Mertens. At the St. Petersburg Trophy, she passed qualifying but then lost to Daria Kasatkina in the first round of the main draw. At the Hungarian Open, Kužmová made her first WTA semifinal and was then stopped by Alison Van Uytvanck.
In the clay-court season, Kužmová lost in the first round of the Prague Open. A few days after turning 20, she won the $100k Empire Slovak Open, and the following week, on 21 May 2018, she debuted in the top 100, being noted 84th. At her French Open debut, she marked her first Grand Slam main-draw match win, defeating former French Open champion, Francesca Schiavone. In the second round, she lost to No. 4 seed, Elina Svitolina, in straight sets. She started grass-court season, reaching her second WTA singles semifinal at the Rosmalen Championships, where she lost to Kirsten Flipkens. At the Mallorca Open, she had to qualify and succeeded before she lost to Polona Hercog in the first round. She finished her grass-court season with her main-draw debut at Wimbledon, where she was defeated by Rebecca Peterson – but with that match she completed participation at all four Grand Slam events in the main draw. After that, she competed on the ITF Circuit. At the Hungarian Ladies Open, she won the title defeating Ekaterina Alexandrova; it was her second $100K singles career title.
Returning to WTA Tour, she played at the Swiss Open in Gstaad and at the Moscow River Cup. In Gstaad, she defeated Martina Trevisan in the first round, and then lost to Veronika Kudermetova. In Moscow, she lost in the first round of the main draw to Görges. She then went to the US Open Series, first at the Cincinnati Open, where she played her first Premier Mandatory/Premier 5 qualifying and beat Caroline Dolehide and Camila Giorgi, securing her place in the main draw. There she marked her first Premier 5 win, defeating another qualifier, Sasnovich, in three sets. In the second round, she lost to Kristina Mladenovic. At the US Open, she lost to Azarenka in the first round of the main draw. In September, Kužmová went to China to play at the Guangzhou Open, where she defeated Ivana Jorović in the first round but lost in the next round to Bernarda Pera. Her next step was the Premier 5 Wuhan Open, where she lost in the first round of qualifying to Wang Xiyu. Back in Europe, she lost in the first rounds of the Linz Open and the Luxembourg Open. On 17 December 2018, after winning the $100k Dubai Challenge, Kužmová debuted in the top 50. She finished the year as No. 56.
2019: Success in doubles, Dubai quarterfinal & first top-10 win in singles
Singles: Continuing progress
Kužmová started the year really well, getting to the semifinal at the Auckland Open, where Julia Görges stopped her achieving her first WTA singles final. Then, at both the Hobart International and Australian Open, she was eliminated in the second round, losing to Flipkens in Hobart, and then to Svitolina in Melbourne (Australian Open). At the Dubai Tennis Championships, she reached her first Premier 5 quarterfinal, winning against Pera, Kiki Bertens and Sofia Kenin, before she lost to Petra Kvitová. The win against Bertens in the second round of the Dubai Championships was her first top-ten win. She then traveled to the United States to play the Premier-Mandatory Indian Wells Open, where she lost in the first round to Zhang Shuai. This was followed up by a third round on her debut of another Premier-Mandatory tournament, the Miami Open, where she was eliminated by Bertens.
Her first tournament of the clay-court season was the Ladies Open Lugano, where she went to the second round before losing to Iga Świątek. She then lost in the first round of the Istanbul Cup to Barbora Strýcová, followed by another first-round loss at the Prague Open to Anna Karolína Schmiedlová. At the Premier Mandatory-level Madrid Open, she won against Julia Görges and Carla Suárez Navarro, in the first two rounds, and then failed to reach her first Premier Mandatory quarterfinal, losing to Simona Halep in the third round. The next week, at the Premier 5 Italian Open, she was better than Sara Errani in the first round but then lost to Barty in three sets. She closed out this part of the season with her performance at the French Open. During the first set in the second round, her opponent, seed No. 4 Bertens, was forced to retire due to injury. This provided Kužmová her first appearance in the third round of a Grand Slam tournament. She then lost to Johanna Konta.
After the clay-court season, Kužmová did not do well, losing in the first round at all of the grass tournaments: at the Rosmalen Championships to Margarita Gasparyan, at the Mallorca Open to Maria Sharapova, and at Wimbledon to Polona Hercog. At the clay-played Bucharest Open, she went to the quarterfinal, where eventual champion Elena Rybakina defeated her. At the Palermo Ladies Open, she was eliminated by Arantxa Rus in the second round. On the US hardcourt tour, she suffered three first-round losses: at the Cincinnati Open she lost to Zheng Saisai, winning only four games, then at the Bronx Open, she lost to Karolína Muchová, while at the US Open she lost to Van Uytvanck. After that, she made two quarterfinals, at the Tashkent Open, where Kristýna Plíšková eliminated her and at the Linz Open, where Andrea Petkovic sent her out the tournament. The Luxembourg Open was the last WTA tournament for Kužmová in 2019, where she lost in the second round to Laura Siegemund.
Doubles: Top 30, US Open semifinals, two titles on WTA Tour
2019 was also successful for Kužmová in the doubles. She reached three WTA doubles finals. The most significant one is Premier-level St. Petersburg Trophy, where she partnered with Anna Kalinskaya and lost to Russian combination Gasparyan and Ekaterina Makarova. However, she won another two finals, two International-level ones. First, in May, she won the Prague Open alongside Kalinskaya defeating Nicole Melichar and Květa Peschke. Then, in July, she won the Bucharest Open final, this time with Kristýna Plíšková. They beat Romanian combination Jaqueline Cristian and Elena-Gabriela Ruse. On 4 February 2019, after reaching the final in St. Petersburg, Kužmová debuted in the top 100, at world No. 94.
And on 9 September 2019, after reaching semifinals at the US Open, she entered the top 30 for the first time.
2020: Premier 5 semifinal in doubles
Kužmová kicked off her 2020 season at the Auckland Open. She lost in the first round to Coco Gauff. The following week at Hobart, she was defeated in the second round by top seed and two-time champion, Elise Mertens. Then, at the Australian Open, Kužmová lost in the first round to Julia Görges. There she also played in the doubles, reaching the third round alongside Sasnovich. She followed up this by her performance at the Premier-level St. Petersburg Trophy, where she lost in the first round to Océane Dodin, winning only four games. At the newly introduced International-level Lyon Open, she got to her first singles quarterfinal in 2020, before losing to Anna-Lena Friedsam and also reaching the semifinal in doubles.
Restarting the tour after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, Kužmová lost in the first round of the US Open to Caty McNally, at the Istanbul Cup to Van Uytvanck and at the French Open to Kristýna Plíšková, and failed to qualify at the Cincinnati Open. Despite the loss in singles qualifying at the Cincinnati Open, she got to her first Premier 5/Premier Mandatory semifinal in doubles. She partnered Iga Świątek but they failed to reach the final, losing to Nicole Melichar and Xu Yifan. She finished the 2020 season with another first-round loss at the Linz Open, losing there to Stefanie Vögele.
2023: First French Open and Wimbledon appearances in three years
She entered the 2023 French Open as a lucky loser after an absence in the main draw at this Major since 2020.
At the Rosmalen Open, she reached the semifinal in singles, her first since Auckland 2019, defeating sixth seed Bianca Andreescu and Ashlyn Krueger en route, and the final in doubles with compatriot Tereza Mihalíková.
She qualified for the 2023 Wimbledon Championships, after missing three editions of the Major including the 2020 cancelled one.
She also entered the main draw of the 2023 US Open (tennis) as a lucky loser.
She was also a lucky loser starting the Asian Swing at the
2023 Guangzhou Open where she won her first match over Anna Kalinskaya. She qualified for the 2023 Ningbo Open but lost to fourth seed Anna Blinkova. At the same tournament in doubles she reached the semifinals with Arantxa Rus.
National representation
Junior competitions
In August 2014, she made her first appearance at the Youth Olympic Games but lost to Jeļena Ostapenko in the first round. In the doubles, she was also eliminated in the first round, partnering with Kristína Schmiedlová, and also played in the mixed doubles alongside Martin Blasko, reaching the second round. A month later, Kužmová represented Slovakia at the Junior Fed Cup in 2014. In the round-robin, Slovakia faced France, Egypt and Japan and defeated all three teams. During the round-robin, Kužmová won all of her three singles matches against Tessah Andrianjafitrimo from France, Habiba Lasheen from Egypt and Chihiro Muramatsu from Japan. In the doubles, she recorded another two wins in the round-robin, partnering with Tereza Mihalíková against Japan and Tamara Kupkova against Egypt. Slovakia then advanced to the semifinal, where they played against Hungary. She defeated Hungarian player Fanny Stollár in three sets. After Slovakia beat Hungary 2–1, they advanced to the final, in order to fight for the trophy against the United States. Slovakia lost all three-matches, including Kužmová's loss against CiCi Bellis.
The following year, she played at the European Summer Cups. In the first round, Slovakia faced Russia. Kužmová lost her match against Anna Kalinskaya, while Tereza Mihalíková defeated Anna Blinkova, leaving some hopes for her team to qualify to the next round. The decisive match belonged to Russia, where Kalinskaya and Aleksandra Pospelova defeated Kužmová and Mihalíková. Slovakia then has to fight for 5th-8th place, and first faced the United Kingdom. Kužmová won her singles match against Maia Lumsden, but lost in the doubles alongside Martina Okalova to Emily Arbuthnott and Ema Lazic. This meant that Slovakia needed to fight for seventh place against the Netherlands. Kužmová only played in the doubles as the decisive match, and won alongside Mihalíková after losing only one game.
Fed Cup / Billie Jean King Cup
Kužmová made her senior Fed Cup debut for Slovakia in 2018. In 2020, the tournament changed its name to the Billie Jean King Cup. She has played in four ties, compiling an overall record of 5–3 split between 5–1 in singles and 0–2 in doubles. When Kužmová debuted for Slovakia, they were in World Group II, playing against Russia. She debuted with a singles loss against Natalia Vikhlyantseva but in the next match, she defeated Anastasia Potapova. Slovakia defeated Russia 4–1, and advanced to the World Group Play–offs, where they played against Belarus for a spot in the World Group following year. Despite the fact that Slovakia lost, Kužmová won both of her singles matches, against Aryna Sabalenka and Sasnovich. In a decisive match against Lidziya Marozava and Vera Lapko, Kužmová and Anna Karolína Schmiedlová failed to send their country in the World Group. The following year, in her first match in the World Group II play-offs against Brazil, she faced Beatriz Haddad Maia and won. Since it was obvious that Slovakia had won, Kužmová's match against Carolina Alves was cancelled but she played doubles alongside Rebecca Šramková and they lost in straight sets. In 2020, for the third year in-a-row, Kužmová was part of the team. Playing against Great Britain, she defeated Harriet Dart.
Playing style
Kužmová is most known for her fast and aggressive style of play. She is also talented striker of the ball. She has the ability to create easy pace off both wings, which makes her hard to play against as she presents problems from both sides. Despite growing up on clay as only surface available in her hometown Košice, she prefers hardcourt. There, with her strong serve, she is able to win many points but she also enjoys playing on other surfaces, especially grass.
Apparel and equipment
Kužmová is sponsored by Yonex. She uses the VCORE-100 racquet and Tourna grip.
Coach
During her junior ages, she was coached by Ján Sabovčík with whom she triumphed at the 2015 US Open in the doubles event. They split in late 2017. Then in December 2017, she started collaboration with Slovakian tennis player Michal Mertiňák. In June 2020, she ended her collaboration with him. She is currently coached by her husband, Tomáš Hrunčák.
Personal life
Kužmová resides in Košice in Slovakia. In October 2018, she began studying International Relations and Diplomacy at a Czech university with a campus in Bratislava. Along with tennis, she enjoys reading books, and also photography. Her favourite place is Long Island City. Growing up, she enjoyed watching Ana Ivanovic and Rafael Nadal. She plays for VSE TK Akademik Košice tennis club. She is a member of the "STARS for STARS" project.
She won the award for the Slovakian Talent of the Year in 2012 and 2014. Kužmová was nominated for the 2018 Fed Cup Heart Award, after making two important wins against Aryna Sabalenka and Aliaksandra Sasnovich, but lost to Eugenie Bouchard.
She married her coach, Tomáš Hrunčák, in September 2022, and has changed to competing under her married name, Hrunčáková as of April 2023.
Performance timelines
Only main draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.
Singles
Current through the 2023 US Open.
Doubles
Current through the 2023 Linz Open.
WTA career finals
Doubles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)
ITF Circuit finals
Singles: 25 (14 titles, 11 runner–ups)
Doubles: 11 (7 titles, 4 runner–ups)
Junior Grand Slam tournament finals
Girls' singles: 1 (runner–up)
Girls' doubles: 1 (title)
Top 10 wins
Notes
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
Tennis players from Košice
Slovak female tennis players
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' doubles
Tennis players at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics |
Baca Kurti Gjokaj ( 1807–1881) was an Albanian leader who participated in the Battle of Ržanicë against the Principality of Montenegro.
Life
Baca was born around 1807 in the village of Milješ (Milesh) in the Gruda tribal region near the town of Tuzi, to an Albanian highlander (Malësor) family. Kurti was born and adhered to Roman Catholicism. In 1856, he became voivode of Gruda after putting down a band of rebels in Fundna. He also killed the brother of Marko Miljanov that year.
He was one of 15 Ottoman delegates from northern Albania sent during the talks of the Congress of Berlin (13 June–13 July 1878). Apart from three guards from Mirditë, of the Catholic delegates included chiefs Çun Mula from Hoti, Baca Kurti from Gruda, Marash Dashi from Shkreli, Cil Vuksani from Kastrati, Mark Lula from Shala, Mark Kola from Shosha and Con Geda from Shllaku.
He joined the Albanian nationalist League of Prizren after the decision of the Congress of Berlin to hand over the Albanian-inhabited regions of Hoti, Gruda, Plav, Gusinje, Kastrati, etc. to the Principality of Montenegro. When Prince Nicholas I of Montenegro entered the territory which had been ceded to him by the Congress of Berlin, Baca Kurti and other chiefs of Malësia organized a resistance against Montenegro. The northern Albanian highlanders defeated the Montenegrins in the Battle of Ržanica. He was distinguished as one of the best commanders of Çun Mula during the battle.
He mobilized not only the members of his clan, but also the members of other towns of Malësia, to fight against the Montenegrin army and to have the Montenegrins leave Albanian territory: all males from 7 to 70 years old, united, forced the Montenegrin forces to retire. Today he is known to Albanians worldwide as many songs and poems were created in his honor.
Annotations
References
Further reading
1807 births
1881 deaths
19th-century Albanian people
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Albanian Roman Catholics
Military personnel from Podgorica
Malsorë
People from Scutari vilayet
Albanians in Montenegro |
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