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Fabien Lavoyer (born 29 July 1985 in Dijon, France) is a French midfielder currently playing for Championnat de France amateur side Luçon. References General Fabien Lavoyer profile at foot-national.com External links Profile at chamoisniortais.fr 1985 births Living people Sportspeople from Dijon Footballers from Côte-d'Or French men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Chamois Niortais F.C. players US Créteil-Lusitanos players FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players Luçon FC players SO Romorantin players
Battleship (also known as Battleships or Sea Battle) is a strategy type guessing game for two players. It is played on ruled grids (paper or board) on which each player's fleet of warships are marked. The locations of the fleets are concealed from the other player. Players alternate turns calling "shots" at the other player's ships, and the objective of the game is to destroy the opposing player's fleet. Battleship is known worldwide as a pencil and paper game which dates from World War I. It was published by various companies as a pad-and-pencil game in the 1930s and was released as a plastic board game by Milton Bradley in 1967. The game has spawned electronic versions, video games, smart device apps and a film. History The game of Battleship is thought to have its origins in the French game L'Attaque played during World War I, although parallels have also been drawn to E. I. Horsman's 1890 game Basilinda, and the game is said to have been played by Russian officers before World War I. The first commercial version of the game was Salvo, published in 1931 in the United States by the Starex company. Other versions of the game were printed in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Strathmore Company's Combat: The Battleship Game, Milton Bradley's Broadsides: A Game of Naval Strategy and Maurice L. Freedman's Warfare Naval Combat. Strategy Games Co. produced a version called Wings which pictured planes flying over the Los Angeles Coliseum. All of these early editions of the game consisted of pre-printed pads of paper. In 1967 Milton Bradley introduced a version of the game that used plastic boards and pegs. Conceived by Ed Hutchins, play was on pegboards using miniature plastic ships. In 1977, Milton Bradley also released a computerized Electronic Battleship, a pioneering microprocessor-based toy, capable of generating various sounds. Electronic Battleship was designed by Dennis Wyman and Bing McCoy. It was followed in 1989 by Electronic Talking Battleship. In 2008, an updated version of Battleship was released, using hexagonal tiles. In the updated version, each player's board contains several islands on which "captured man" figurines can be placed. Ships may be placed only around the islands, and only in the player's half of the board. When the movie Battleship was released, the board game reverted to the original 1967 style. The 2008 updated version is still available as Battleship Islands. Battleship was one of the earliest games to be produced as a computer game, with a version being released for the Z80 Compucolor in 1979. Many computer editions of the game have been produced since. In Clubhouse Games for the Nintendo DS, Battleship is known as Grid Attack. It is played on a 7×7 grid, and includes slight variations, such as four-player gameplay, and various ship sizes and shapes. Versions of Battleship appear as applications on numerous social networking services. Battleship was also part of Hasbro Family Game Night for the PlayStation 2 and Wii, as well as the Xbox 360 (Xbox Live Arcade). These alter the rules, including the size of the grid (8×12 in the NES version, 8×8 in the Game Boy version), size of ships (it is common to feature a submarine that takes up a single square) and special shot missiles for each ship. For example, in the NES version, the cruiser has a five-shot missile which strikes five squares in an X pattern on the grid in one turn. Submarine-tracking sonar and aerial reconnaissance to spot ships are also features. A minigame version of Battleship was used in the third season of The Hub's Family Game Night, which uses a 5×5 grid and the first team to sink three ships wins the game. In 2012, the military science fiction action movie Battleship was released, which was inspired by the Milton Bradley board game. A version of Battleship based on the movie was released in which one side had alien ship playing pieces. In 1973 a spin-off version was released under the name Sub Search. Employing a three-dimensional play area, battleships drop depth charges on submarines hidden on a multi-level board. In one episode of the Amazon Prime Video show The Grand Tour, presenters Richard Hammond and James May played a game of Battleship with two cranes (colored red and green) and 20 REVAi vehicles as missiles. The ships ranged from cars to campervans. Description The game is played on four grids, two for each player. The grids are typically square – usually 10×10 – and the individual squares in the grid are identified by letter and number. On one grid the player arranges ships and records the shots by the opponent. On the other grid, the player records their own shots. Before play begins, each player secretly arranges their ships on their primary grid. Each ship occupies a number of consecutive squares on the grid, arranged either horizontally or vertically. The number of squares for each ship is determined by the type of ship. The ships cannot overlap (i.e., only one ship can occupy any given square in the grid). The types and numbers of ships allowed are the same for each player. These may vary depending on the rules. The ships should be hidden from players sight and it's not allowed to see each other's pieces. The game is a discovery game which players need to discover their opponents ship positions. The 1990 Milton Bradley version of the rules specify the following ships: In 2002, Hasbro renamed the Cruiser to Destroyer, taking three squares, and introduced a new two-square ship called the Patrol Boat. After the ships have been positioned, the game proceeds in a series of rounds. In each round, each player takes a turn to announce a target square in the opponent's grid which is to be shot at. The opponent announces whether or not the square is occupied by a ship. If it is a "hit", the player who is hit marks this on their own or "ocean" grid (with a red peg in the pegboard version), and announces what ship was hit. The attacking player marks the hit or miss on their own "tracking" or "target" grid with a pencil marking in the paper version of the game, or the appropriate color peg in the pegboard version (red for "hit", white for "miss"), in order to build up a picture of the opponent's fleet. When all of the squares of a ship have been hit, the ship's owner announces the sinking of the Carrier, Submarine, Cruiser/Destroyer/Patrol Boat, or the titular Battleship. If all of a player's ships have been sunk, the game is over and their opponent wins. Variations In the 1931 Salvo edition of the game, players target a specified number of squares at one time, and all of the squares are attacked simultaneously. A player may initially target five (one for each unsunk ship) squares per turn, and the amount of shots decreases when one of the player's ships are lost. In other variants of this mechanic, the number of shots allowed to fire each turn may either be fixed at five for the whole game, be equal to the number of unsunk ships belonging to the player, or be equal to the size of the player's largest undamaged ship. The opponent may either call the result of each shot in turn or simply announce the hits or misses. E.g.: "two hits and three misses", leaving their opponent to work out the consequences of the salvo. In the modern Milton Bradley rules for Battleship, Salvo is listed as a variation "for more experienced players", with the number of shots being equal to the number of ships that the firing player has remaining. One variant of Battleship allows players to decline to announce that a ship has been sunk, requiring their opponent to take further shots in order to confirm that an area is clear. Another variant of the rule allows a player to move one of their ships to a new, uncalled location every fourth or fifth move. A variant popular in the United Kingdom is for each player to also have five mines. These occupy one square each and are placed on the board in the same manner as the ships. When a player's guess hits a mine on an opponent's board it destroys anything in that square and the eight immediately surrounding squares on the board of the player making the guess. See also Battleship (1993 video game) Super Battleship Battleship (1996 video game) Battleship: Surface Thunder Battleship (film) Battleship (2012 video game), a tie-in to the film above Battleship (puzzle) Battleships (video game) Mugwump, a 1973 computer game Wargame References External links Battleship Official Hasbro Rules – Rulebook insert for Battleship (2002 version) Children's games Paper-and-pencil games Abstract strategy games Milton Bradley Company games Games and sports introduced in 1931 Board games introduced in 1967 Guessing games
Joseph Brennan (born 23 January 1986) is an Australian author, best known for his academic writing on male sexuality in the media studies fields of fan and porn studies, his work on queerbaiting, slash fiction and manips, and gay pornography in particular. He serves on the editorial board of Psychology and Sexuality. Career Brennan earned a bachelor's degree in Media from Macquarie University in 2008. He then moved to the University of Sydney, where he earned a honours degree with university medal in Media and Communications in 2009, followed by a PhD in 2014. In 2013 he chaired a panel on fan fiction at the Sydney Writers’ Festival devoted to the origins of E. L. James’ Fifty Shades series, which formed the basis of research published in Media International Australia. He is a frequent commentator on issues of fandom, LGBT culture and pornography, having been interviewed by Australian media outlets like ABC Radio National and SBS World News. Brennan is the author of numerous academic journal articles and book chapters, as well as magazine articles on gay male culture, published in venues such as DNA. He was guest editor of the Journal of Fandom Studies in 2018 and edited the book Queerbaiting and Fandom: Teasing Fans through Homoerotic Possibilities in 2019. In 2020, Brennan participated in episode six of the ABC Television series Reputation Rehab, in which a journal article he had authored on the viral image scandal of Australian rugby league player Todd Carney was a focus. References External links 1986 births 21st-century Australian male writers Relationships and sexuality writers Macquarie University alumni University of Sydney alumni Living people
Vats, also known as Vatsa, is a gotra of Brahmins found in India. They are a member of the Bhrigu section of gotras. History Historian Swati Datta (1989) analysed a number of ancient and medieval inscriptions that mention migrant Brahmins, including those belonging to the Vatsa gotra. Out of the fifteen Vatsas mentioned in these inscriptions, seven migrated to present-day Odisha, three each to Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, and one each to Maharashtra and Bengal. References Citations Bibliography Surnames of Indian origin Brahmin gotras
Speed Demon is a land speed racing car built in 2010 by Ron Main for George Poteet. In September 2010, George Poteet made a serious attempt to break the flying mile and flying kilometer record for piston-engined wheel-driven cars. Speed Demon is powered by a aluminum block 'Hellfire' V8, built by Kenny Duttweiler. Their effort was thwarted by a number of parts failures. The team stated their intention to return in 2011 to set a record over , and at the 2011 Bonneville Speed Week, Poteet achieved After making "the fastest piston engine pass ever", turning in a two-way average of . (Because this was not done within the two-hour limit demanded by FIA, the record is not considered official.) In 2012, Speed Demon set an official record at . Speed Demon was displayed at the 2018 Detroit Autorama. Poteet intends to attempt the absolute record for wheel-driven cars, currently held by Don Vesco’s Turbinator. Notes External links Hot Rod online Speed Demon online On All Cylinders Classic Car News Wheel-driven land speed record cars Streamliner cars
Aleko () is a 1953 Soviet musical film directed by Sergei Sidelyov and starring Aleksandr Ognivtsev, Mark Reizen and Inna Zubkovskaya. It is based on Sergei Rachmaninoff's 1892 opera Aleko. Cast Aleksandr Ognivtsev as Aleko, the smitten Mark Reizen as Starik, Zyemfira's father Inna Zubkovskaya as Zyemfira, the flirt Svyatoslav Kuznetsov as Young Tsigan B. Zlatogorova as Aleko's Mother References Bibliography Tatiana Egorova. Soviet Film Music. Routledge, 2014. External links 1953 films 1953 musical films Soviet opera films 1950s Russian-language films Films based on works by Aleksandr Pushkin
Jimei Bridge is a highway bridge on the north side of Xiamen, Fujian, China. Constructed December 2006, opened to traffic July 1, 2008. It is Xiamen Island's third bridge connecting to the mainland. As the bridge's head is in proximity to Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport, a tunnel has been built under the runway to prevent the airport operations from being affected. The total length of the bridge is 10.057 kilometers: the bridge proper is 3.82 kilometers, and the tunnel is 1.4 kilometers. The bridge connects to five interchanges, and there are two toll stations. The estimated total investment of the project is 2.955 billion yuan. The average width of Jimei Bridge is 36 metres, making it Xiamen's widest bridge. The bridge deck consists of three parts: three lanes of road in both directions for motor vehicles with a speed limit of 80 km/h, and a two-way two-lane special corridor in the middle for the Xiamen BRT with a speed limit of 60 km/h. Jimei Bridge links roads on the mainland such as Binhai Ave, Tong'an Road and Shenhai Expressway with roads on the island such as Island Ring Road, Ludao Avenue, Yunding North Road, Jinshang Road, and Chenggong Avenue. With the exception of the original Gaoji Causeway, Xiamen Island has the connections to the mainland of Jimei Bridge, Haicang Bridge, Xiamen Bridge, Xinglin Bridge, and Xiang'an Tunnel. Accident On 2016 February 29, the plaque written by former Chinese President and General Secretary of the Communist Party Jiang Zemin with the bridge's name broke suddenly, occupying half a lane. No injuries were recorded. References Bridges in Xiamen Bridges completed in 2008 Bridges in Fujian Cross-sea bridges in China Buildings and structures in Xiamen
John Anthony Quelch CBE (born August 8, 1951) is a British-American academic and professor. He is the former dean of the University of Miami School of Business at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida from 2017 to 2022. He also served as the University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller university chair professor, its vice provost for executive education, the Charles Edward Wilson professor of business administration emeritus at Harvard Business School, and dean emeritus of the China Europe International Business School in Shanghai. Early life and education Quelch was born in London, son of a Royal Air Force officer and a nurse. He began his education at a one-room schoolhouse in the Isle of Man, attended primary school in Australia, then returned to England, settling in Norwich and enrolling in Town Close School and later Norwich School. He received his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts from Exeter College, Oxford, where he was an open scholar in modern history. At Oxford, he edited the student newspaper Cherwell. As a Thouron Scholar, Quelch earned a Master of Business Administration from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He then received a Master of Science degree from the Harvard School of Public Health and a Doctor of Business Administration from Harvard Business School. Career Quelch's first position in academia was as a visiting instructor at the University of Hawaiʻi. He was next appointed assistant professor at the School of Business Administration, now the Ivey Business School, at the University of Western Ontario. In 1979, he was appointed assistant professor at Harvard Business School. He became a tenured professor at Harvard Business School in 1988. In 1994, he was appointed Harvard Business School's Sebastian S. Kresge professor of marketing and co-chair of the university's marketing department. In 1998, Quelch was appointed dean with vice chancellor status of London Business School. During his tenure at London Business School, revenue and student enrollment increased 50 percent over three years, and faculty numbers increased 30 percent. In 2001, London Business School received the Queen's Award for Enterprise and was ranked the eighth best business school in the world by the Financial Times. Quelch returned to Harvard Business School in 2001 as Lincoln Filene Professor of Business Administration and senior associate dean for international development, responsible for overseeing the establishment of a global network of research centers. Between 2006 and 2008, he served as senior associate dean responsible for coordinating the planning and execution of Harvard Business School's 2008 centennial celebrations. He also served as a director of the Harvard Business School Publishing Company. In 2009, Quelch was on sabbatical leave as the La Caixa Visiting Professor of International Management and chairman of the academic advisory council at the China Europe International Business School (CEIBS), a Shanghai-based school co-founded by the Chinese Communist Party and European Commission. From 2011 and 2013, Quelch served as dean, vice president, and Distinguished Professor of International Management at the Shanghai-based institution. During his tenure at CEIBS, its The Financial Times MBA global ranking improved from 24th to 15th and its Executive MBA program ranking improved from 18th to 7th. The number of full-time faculty and CEIBS revenue both increased by one-third. Special emphasis was placed on upgrading CEIBS research output, executive education, global awareness and fundraising. Quelch returned to Harvard Business School in 2013 as the first Harvard Business School professor to hold a joint primary appointment at both Harvard Business School and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, where he was professor of health policy and management. Between 2013 and 2017, he also served as an associate in research at Harvard's Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, fellow of the Harvard China Fund, and a member of the Harvard China advisory board. Miami Herbert Business School In 2017, Quelch was appointed dean of the University of Miami School of Business Administration, renamed in 2019 as the University of Miami Patti and Allan Herbert Business School. He also serves as the Leonard M. Miller University Chair Professor and vice provost for executive education at the University of Miami. In December 2022, the University of Miami announced the departure of Quelch as the school's dean and the appointment of an interim replacement; in January 2023, the university announced that it was launching a search for a permanent replacement. Research and publications Quelch's early research focused on the application of marketing to preventive healthcare programs and appear in the article "Marketing Principles and the Future of Preventive Health Care" (Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society, 1980) and other papers in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrition Reviews. Quelch later focused on how to improve the design and productivity of temporary price promotions, leading to his 1989 book, Sales Promotion Management, published by Prentice Hall. In the late 1980s, Quelch turned his research to the marketing implications of globalization. His research on global marketing was profiled in a book, Conversations With Marketing Masters (John Wiley, 2007). His books on this subject include: The Global Market (Jossey Bass, 2005) The New Global Brands: Managing Non-Governmental Organizations in the 21st Century (Thomson, 2006) Business Solutions For The Global Poor (Jossey Bass, 2007) Greater Good: How Good Marketing Makes For Better Democracy (Harvard Business Press, 2008) All Business Is Local (Penguin/Portfolio, 2012) Global Marketing Management (6th edition, BVT Publishing, 2017). Since 2013, Quelch has focused on patient centricity and consumer empowerment in healthcare and written several books on the topic, including Consumers, Corporations and Public Health (Oxford University Press, 2016), Building A Culture of Health: A New Imperative for Business (Springer, 2016), Compassionate Management of Mental Health in the Modern Workplace (Springer, 2018), and Choice Matters How Healthcare Consumers Make Decisions (Oxford University Press, 2018). Quelch's healthcare practitioner-focused articles embrace eighteen contributions in the Harvard Business Review. His articles include "Bringing Customers Into The Boardroom" (Harvard Business Review, November 2004), "How Global Brands Compete" (Harvard Business Review, September 2004), "Building And Valuing Global Brands in the Nonprofit Sector", (Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 2007), "Governance in the Public Sector", (Directors & Boards, 2008), "An Exploration of Marketing's Impacts on Society: A Perspective Linked to Democracy" (Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 2008), "How To Market In A Downturn" (Harvard Business Review, April 2009). "Can Corporate Social Responsibility Survive The Recession?" (Leader to Leader, 2009), and "Government Adoption of Sales Promotions: An Initial Appraisal" (Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 2010). Quelch also has produced teaching materials and innovations in pedagogy. His case studies have sold over four million copies, the third highest in Harvard Business School history. Quelch is among the top 40 Case authors since the list began in 2016. He ranked 22nd in 2018/19, 15th in 2017/18, 13th in 2016/17 and 11th in 2015/16. He is also featured on the list of The Case Centre's all-time top authors list (covering 40 years), released in 2014. In 1995, he developed the first Harvard Business School interactive CD-ROM exercise (on Intel's advertising budgeting process). In 1999, he developed and presented a series of twelve one-hour programs on marketing management for the PBS. His Marketing Know:How blog, published by Harvard Business School Publishing, has been translated into Chinese and Vietnamese. In 2018, Quelch led an initiative to offer every student at the University of Miami free access to The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. In recognition of his thought leadership, Quelch received the William L. Wilkie "Marketing for a Better World" award from the American Marketing Association foundation in 2020. In the same year, he received the "Alumni Award of Merit" from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Other activities In 2002, acting Massachusetts governor Jane Swift appointed Quelch chairman of the board of the Massachusetts Port Authority, responsible for overseeing three airports, waterfront real estate, and the seaport of Boston. In this pro bono role, he chaired the security and safety committee and, later, the strategy and services committee of the Massport board. He submitted his resignation to Massachusetts governor Deval Patrick in January 2011. Quelch served from 2003 to 2013 as honorary consul general of the Kingdom of Morocco for the New England region. His long-standing ties to the Middle East led to his book, Business Strategies For Muslim Countries (Prentice Hall, 2000). Quelch has governance experience as a non-executive director of public companies in the United States and the United Kingdom. In 2013, he stepped down as a non-executive director of WPP plc, the world's largest marketing and media services company, after 25 years of service. He has served as a director of Alere, Aramark, easyJet plc, Pentland Group plc, Pepsi Bottling Group, and Reebok. He is senior strategy advisor to JD.com, the Chinese e-commerce company. Quelch has served as honorary chairman of the British American Business Council of New England, as a trustee of the London-based STARS foundation and as a board member of Americans for Oxford, Accion International, and the national council of Better Business Bureaus. Quelch has worked as a consultant, seminar leader or conference speaker in more than sixty countries and has assisted companies, including American Airlines, Apple, Barclays, Beiersdorf, Colgate-Palmolive, Deutsche Post, GE, IBM, Intel, Nestle, Novartis, Procter & Gamble, Qualcomm, SABIC, Samsung, Sinopec, Unilever, and Walt Disney. In 2006, Quelch was named by The Sunday Times'' as one of the "Top 25 Britons who call the shots in America". He received the annual leadership award from the British American Business Council of New England in 2008 and from the World Affairs Council of Boston in 2010. Quelch was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his promotion of British business interests and prosperity. He was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in 2020. Memberships Quelch is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Trilateral Commission, Council on Foreign Relations, and the international advisory board of British American Business, Inc. He is a companion of the British Institute of Management, a fellow of the International Academy of Management, a freeman of the City of London and a member of the Worshipful Company of World Traders, an honorary fellow of both London Business School and Exeter College, Oxford, and a twelve time faculty fellow of the World Economic Forum. Notes References Quelch's biography on Harvard Business School site External links Biography at Miami Herbert Business School Selection of TV interviews given by John Quelch 1951 births Living people Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford British expatriate academics in the United States Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Harvard Business School alumni Harvard Business School faculty Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni People associated with London Business School University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa faculty Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni People educated at Norwich School British business theorists Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario Massachusetts Port Authority people University of Miami faculty Bestselling case authors
Wilburn is an unincorporated community in Cullman County, Alabama, United States, located just outside Bug Tussle. References Unincorporated communities in Cullman County, Alabama Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Dembo Sylla (born 10 November 2002) is a professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Ligue 1 team Lorient and the Guinea national team. Career A youth product of Laval since the U9s, Sylla began his career with their reserves in 2019 before signing his first professional contract with the club on 8 August 2022. He made his senior and professional debut with Laval as a late substitute in a 1–0 loss to Nîmes Olympique on 27 August 2022. Personal life Diaby was born in Laval, to Guinean parents His sister Sounkamba Sylla is a French professional athlete. References External links Ligue 2 profile 2002 births Living people People from Laval, Mayenne Guinean men's footballers Guinea men's international footballers French men's footballers Stade Lavallois players FC Lorient players Ligue 2 players Championnat National 3 players Ligue 1 players Men's association football fullbacks
Grigol () (died 827) was a Prince and Chorepiscopus of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 786 to 827. He seized control of Kakheti, Kukheti, and Gardabani following the demise of the Kakhetian branch of the Chosroid dynasty of Iberia during the Arab wars of conquest of the Caucasus. He adopted the title of "Chorepiscopus of Kakheti" and, aided by the Tsanars, Mtiuletians, and the Arab emir of Tiflis, invaded Inner Iberia (Shida Kartli), but was repulsed by Ashot I Kuropalates, a prince of the resurgent Bagratid dynasty, and Theodosius II of Abkhazia, east of the Ksani river. He was succeeded by Vache Kvabulidze as chorepiscopus of Kakheti. Bibliography Toumanoff, Cyrille (1976, Rome). Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour le Caucase chrétien (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie). Вахушти Багратиони. История царства грузинского. Возникновение и жизнь Кахети и Эрети. Ч.1. 827 deaths Princes of Kakheti Year of birth unknown
Salter is an English occupational surname, meaning a seller of salt. Its other meaning is connected to psalter. Notable people with this name Ada Salter (1866–1942), British activist and politician Adam Salter (died 2009), Australian man killed in a shooting incident Albert Salter (1816–1874), Canadian surveyor Alfred Salter (1873–1945), British physician and politician Andrew Salter (psychologist) (1914–1996), American psychotherapist Andrew Salter (cricketer) (born 1993), Welsh cricketer Anna Salter, American psychologist and novelist Arthur Salter (judge) (1859–1928), British politician and judge Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter (1881–1975), British politician and academic Ben Salter (born 1977), Australian musician Bryant Salter (born 1950), American football player David Salter, English actor and theatre director David Ian Salter (born 1966), American film editor Deborah Klimburg-Salter, Austrian art historian Edward Salter, 17th century, English politician Ernest James Salter (1897–1959), Canadian airforce pilot Fannie Salter (1883–1966), American lighthouse keeper George Salter (1897–1967), American designer George Salter (cricketer) (1834–1911), UK cricketer Hans J. Salter (1896–1994), American film composer Harry Salter (1899–1984), American music director Herbert Salter (1839–1894), English cricketer Herbert Edward Salter (1863–1951), English historian and clergyman Ivor Salter (1925–1991), English actor Jake Clarke-Salter (born 1997), English football player James Salter (1925–2015), American writer James Arthur Salter (1881–1975), British politician and academic James Salter (swimmer) (born 1976), British freestyle swimmer Jan Salter (1936–2018), English artist and animal welfare worker Jo Salter (born 1968), English airforce pilot Jocelyn Salter (1901–1989), British navy officer Joe R. Salter (born 1943), American civil servant and politician Jock Salter (1898–1982), British football professional John Salter (born 1985), American mixed martial artist John Henry Salter (1862–1942), English botanist and ornithologist John W. Salter (1852–1927), American farmer and politician John William Salter (1820–1869), English naturalist and paleontologist Joseph Salter (1816–1901), Canadian businessman and politician June Salter (1932–2001), Australian actress Justin Salter (born 1984), American musician and record producer Leionne Salter (1892–1972), American proponent of early 20th century revival movement Lewis Salter (1926–1989), American physicist Liam Salter (born 1993), English professional rugby league footballer Malachy Salter (1715–1781), English merchant and official in the New World Malcolm Salter (1887–1973), English cricketer Mary Elizabeth Turner Salter (1856–1938), American soprano and composer Mandy Salter fictional character in the BBC soap opera EastEnders Mark Salter (born 1955), American speechwriter Mark Salter (born 1980), English footballer Martin Salter (born 1954), UK member of parliament Mary Jo Salter (born 1954), American poet Matt Salter (born 1976), English rugby player Melville J. Salter (1834–1896), American politician Michael Salter (born 1967), U.S. contemporary artist Nick Salter (born 1987), Australian football player Richard Salter (disambiguation), several people, including Richard Salter (artist) (born 1979), British artist known for his military paintings Richard Salter (inventor), made the first spring balances in Britain Richard Salter (singer) (1943–2009), English baritone Richard Salter (writer), British writer who wrote Doctor Who stories including Short Trips: The Ghosts of Christmas Robert B. Salter (1924–2010), Canadian pediatric orthopedic surgeon Robert M. Salter (1920–2011), American engineer Roberta Semple Salter (1910–2007), American radio personality Sam Salter (born 1975), American musician and song writer Stephen Salter (born 1938), Emeritus Professor of Engineering Design and inventor of the Salter duck Stephen Salter (architect) (1862–1956), notable architect of Oxford, Maidenhead, and the Isle of Wight Stephen Salter (politician) (1938–2006), Australian politician Susanna M. Salter (1860–1961), American politician, first woman mayor in the United States Tawgs Salter (active since 2006), Canadian song writer Terence Macleane Salter (1883–1969), British/South African botanist Thomas Salter, official name of Tawgs Salter Timothy Salter (born 1942), English composer, conductor and pianist Torrey Salter (born 1988), American musician and song writer William Salter (disambiguation), several people, including: William Sawtrey (died 1401), also known as William Salter William Salter (MP) (died 1404), English politician William Salter (artist) (1804–1875), English artist William Salter (minister) (1821–1910), Congregational minister in Iowa, USA William Mackintire Salter (1853–1931), philosopher and lecturer for the Ethical Culture Society, Chicago, Illinois, USA References See also Solter English-language surnames Occupational surnames English-language occupational surnames
The Artsakh Defence Army () was the defence force of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh. Established in 1992, it united previously disorganized self-defence units which were formed in the early 1990s with the goal of protecting the ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh from attacks by Soviet and Azerbaijani armed forces. It was disbanded on 21 September 2023 under the terms of Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement following the 2023 Azerbaijani military offensive. History Establishment The Artsakh Defence Army was founded on 9 May 1992. It created "its own central command and military structure distinct from the Armenian Army." Its founders included Robert Kocharyan (the former President of Armenia, he was the first commander-in-chief of the Army); Serzh Sargsyan (former Prime Minister and President of Armenia); Vazgen Sargsyan (Armenia's Defence Minister 1992–93, State Minister in Charge of defence 1993–95, Armenia's Prime Minister 1998–99); Monte Melkonian (responsible for Martuni Province); Samvel Babayan (Nagorno-Karabakh's Defence Minister from 1994 to 2000) and others. Many of the men who served in its ranks and in the officer corps during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War were seasoned veterans of the Soviet military and had fought in the Soviet–Afghan War. First Nagorno-Karabakh War The formal formation of the NKR Defence Army was rooted in the concept of the Jokat (volunteer detachment). With the early outbreak of hostilities prior to 1992, Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh began forming small detachments of volunteers, often self-described as Fedayeen, inheriting the name of the fighters who actively resisted the Ottoman Empire in the final decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. At the outset these detachments were small groups of no more than 12–40 men. For example, during Operation Ring, Shahumyan was defended by a force as small as 22 men under the command of Tatul Krpeyan. These volunteer militia would initially arm themselves with whatever was available, including hunting shotguns borrowed from local farmers and even home-made rifles. In the later stages of the war, these units armed themselves with AK-47s, RPGs and sometimes MANPADs, transforming the defence force into a highly mobile and flexible force that was capable of waging guerrilla warfare. Likewise, these units initially had no heavy military equipment, but later started taking over large quantities of Azerbaijani tanks and armored personnel carriers that were abandoned on the battlefield. Most of these captured tanks and APCs later became part of the NKR Defense Army's equipment. Improvization, multi-functionality, creativity, strong-morale, focus on defensive tactics, adaptation, flexibility, high-mobility and a native knowledge of the mountainous terrain are all important factors in understanding the combat success of these small units. The initial purpose of these detachments, made up of volunteers, was mainly to defend Armenian civilian population, each in a particular village or town. Each of them was operating independently with no central command or leadership. Yet, these units would regularly collaborate in joint operations such as the battle of Khojaly in February 1992 or the June 1992 surprise counter-offensives during Operation Goranboy. The increasing scale and intensity of Azerbaijani attacks, the devastation caused by Grad multiple rocket launchers firing from Shusha and the Lachin, the blockade from mainland Armenia had broadened the notion of security beyond the mere defence of a small village. Capturing Shusha and Lachin as well as turning the tide of Operation Goranboy became, for the Armenians, not only a matter of security, but that of survival. For the successful conduct of such large-scale operations, the detachments had to be consolidated under a single, unified command. Mient Jan Faber argues that "August 1992 marked the watershed between purely voluntary Armenian Karabakh forces reinforced by volunteers from Armenia and an organised NKR army with its own central command and a military structure distinct from the Armenian army." Post war The Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army's primary role after the conclusion of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 is the protection of the NKR from foreign and domestic threats. Though the war ended with the signing of a cease fire between Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan and the de facto independence of the NKR, the Azerbaijani leadership repeatedly threatened to restart hostilities to retake the region. Violations of the cease fire along the line of contact were frequent and often resulted in the deaths of several soldiers and civilians each year. One of the most significant breaches of the ceasefire occurred in Martakert on 8 March 2008, when up to sixteen soldiers were killed. Both sides accused the other of starting the battle. In June 2010, new skirmishes broke out between Armenian and Azerbaijani troops along the line of contact, resulting in the deaths of four Armenian servicemen. Clashes in summer 2014 resulted in the deaths of six Armenian and thirteen Azerbaijani servicemen. On 12 November 2014, a Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army Mi-24 attack helicopter participating in the week-long joint Armenian–NKR Unity 2014 military exercises was shot down by the Azerbaijani military, killing all three crew members. On 1 April 2016 large scale clashes began along the line of contact, which lasted for four days and came to be known as the Four-Day War. According to several sources they were the worst since 1994. These clashes culminated in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, in which the Artsakh Defence Army was defeated while fighting against the military of Azerbaijan and Turkey. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan Erdogan admitted that Turkey provided military and diplomatic backing to Azerbaijan during the fighting. During the war, Turkey sent a number of Syrian opposition fighters as mercenaries to fight against Armenian forces, including fighters from Sultan Murad Division and Hamza Division. In May 2021, President Arayik Harutyunyan announced plans to transform the Defense Army into a professional combat force. It was disbanded on 21 September 2023 following the 2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes, as one of the conditions imposed by Azerbaijan to end the clashes. Structure The Ministry of Defence serves as the chief administrative body of the Defence Army. Chiefs of Staff Lieutenant General Anatoly Zinevich (1994–1997) Major General Kamo Vardanyan (-11 September 2021) Defense Districts The five Defense Districts are as follows: Central Defense District NKR self-defense detachments were formed on 22 February 1988. At the end of 1991 and at the beginning of 1992, more than ten volunteer detachments and detachments were formed in Stepanakert and included more than a thousand fighters. Motorized regiments were then formed on the basis of the following structure: 1st Motorized Rifle Battalion 2nd Motorized Rifle Battalion 3rd Motorized Rifle Battalion In September 1989, the Central Defense District (also known as the Stepanakert Defense District) was formed on the basis of those battalions. The 8th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade is part of the district, being formed on 14 October 1992. It is named after "Commander Vazgen Sargsyan". Hadrut Defense District Its first battalion was formed on 16 July 1992. The district was formed in September 1992, in accordance with the order of the Chairman of the Committee for Self-Defense of the Artsakh Republic in August 1992. Martuni Defense District It was formed in September 1991 by the order of the President on the basis of self-defense detachments and platoon operating in the region. The Mataghis Military Unit is part of the district. It was based in the Madagiz settlement of the Martakert Province. In May 2017, the commander and two deputies of the military unit were dismissed after 3 soldiers drowned after their UAZ-315195 vehicle fell into a reservoir. Among its notable commanders was Mikael Arzumanyan, the current Commander of the Defense Army, serving as the commander of the unit at the age of 22. Shahumyan Defensive Region The Yeghnikner ("The Deers") Detachment was founded on 11 March 1993 and is considered to be one of the most elite units of the army of the unrecognized republic. It originated from a partisan unit created by Shahen Meghryan, which was formed on 25 June 1992 from self-defense detachments of the district villages. Among its symbols were the coat of arms of the Meliks of Gulistan and its unit banner. The Shahumyan Defensive Region (SDR) was formed by the Chairman of the Self Defense Committee in March 1993, originally incorporating two battalions Between 1993 and 1994, SDR units participated in battles and operations in Martakert and Shahumyan. On 2 October 2021, President Arayik Harutyunyan conferred the title of Hero of Artsakh on the commander of the Yeghnikner unit Karen Jalavyan. After the 2020 war, rumors on the Internet claimed that the unit had to leave its positions, which was denied by the commander. Askeran Defense District Askeran Defense District was formed by the order of the NKR IPC President of August 14, 1992. There are 4 rifle battalions in the district: 1st Rifle Battalion 2nd Rifle Battalion 3rd Rifle Battalion 4th Rifle Battalion Personnel The Artsakh Defence Army is currently composed of around 20,000 officers and soldiers and maintains a "constant state of readiness, undergoing more serious combat training and operational exercises than any other former Soviet army." The Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army maintains a small air force with a personnel of around 250 men. The Army is a conscript force, with there also being a growing number of professional officers. Personnel units Special Forces The Special Forces of the Artsakh Defense Army was established in 2000. Based on the previous National Guard, it carries out both of planned and unplanned combat operations. Among its notable commanders were Samvel Harutyunyan. On 11 August 2010, a memorial fountain was unveiled in Aygestan community of Askeran region on August 10 in memory of the fallen soldiers of the Special Forces. The memorial was built with the financial means of the former and current servicemen of the detachment. Their professional holiday is on 5 November. Engineer Battalion The Defense Army has an engineering battalion that is involved in the clearance of minefields of strategic importance. It was formed on 1 February 1995. Roles Aghajanyan was the first head of the Defence Army engineering services. Educational institutions Vazgen Sargsyan Military University Kristapor Ivanyan Military College Armenak Khanperyants Military Aviation University Yerevan State Medical University Military Faculty Equipment The Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army's equipment consists of infantry, tanks, artillery and anti-aircraft systems. The Karabakh army's heavy military hardware includes: 186 tanks, 68 armoured vehicles, 98 artillery pieces of calibres over 122mm, 44 multiple rocket launchers (most likely BM-21 Grad), and an anti-aircraft defence system of an unspecified type WM-80, Scud-B: at least 4 launchers. As for infantry, most rely on the AK-74 rifle and older AKMs in reserve for standard-issue rifles. Other basic weapons consist of Makarov PM pistols, PK machine guns, and RPG-7 rocket launchers, all mostly supplied by Armenia. The Nagorno-Karabakh military is deeply integrated with the Armenian military, and the NKR depends on the Armenian Army to ensure its survival as an independent national entity. Armenia considers any act of aggression against Karabakh as an act of aggression against itself. Ground Forces Small arms Artsakh Defence Army's equipment (before dissolution) Available estimates vary with reference to military holdings in Nagorno-Karabakh and must be treated with caution due to the heavy levels of attrition in the 2020 conflict and subsequent clashes. Military holidays Shushi Liberation Day (9 May) and Homeland Defender's Day (28 January) are two military holidays celebrated by the Defence Army. The former commemorates the founding of the military as well as the Capture of Shusha and the traditional Victory Day celebrations commemorating the surrender of Nazi Germany at the end of the Great Patriotic War in 1945. Because of this, it is sometimes referred to as a "triple holiday". An annual military parade is held in the capital, with a reception being held at the local House of Officers in the capital. Whereas the Armenian Army celebrates Army Day on 28 January, the Defence Army celebrates Homeland Defender's Day on the same day. See also Land mine situation in Nagorno-Karabakh References External links Important Facts about the NKR Defence Army (Nagorno Karabakh Army). Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Washington, D.C. Official website of NKR Ministry of Defence Official YouTube Channel of the NKR Defence Army Military units and formations established in 1992 Military units and formations disestablished in 2023 Military of the Republic of Artsakh Military of Armenia 2023 disestablishments in Asia 2023 disestablishments in Europe
Perilampsis dryades is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Perilampsis of the family Tephritidae. References dryades
The girls' 200 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 18 and the final on August 19, at the Singapore Sports School. Medalists Heats Heat 1 Heat 2 Heat 3 Heat 4 Heat 5 Heat 6 Final References Heat Results Final Result Swimming at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
The RFE Phonetic Alphabet, named for a journal of philology, the (RFE), is a phonetic alphabet originally developed in 1915 for the languages and dialects of Iberian origin, primarily Spanish. The alphabet was proposed by Tomás Navarro Tomás and adopted by the in Madrid for the RFE and by the . It is used solely in works based on Hispanic themes, such as the (ALPI), as well as phonetics manuals. Additionally, this phonetic alphabet is taught at the universities of Spanish-speaking countries such as Mexico. Symbols Sources RFE (1915) "Alfabeto fonético de la revista de filología española"; Revista de Filología Española 2: 374-376. Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1966) "El alfabeto fonético de la Revista de Filología Española"; Anuario de Letras 6: 5-19. See also Phonetics Phonology Phonetic transcription International Phonetic Alphabet Phonetic alphabet (disambiguation) References Bibliography Alvar, Manuel; & Mouton, Pilar García. Textos Andaluces en Transcription fonética. Madrid : Editorial Gredos. Cuétara Priede, Javier. 2004. Fonética de la ciudad de México: Aportaciones desde las tecnologías del habla. México : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Face, Timothy L. 2008. Guide to the Phonetic Symbols of Spanish. Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. García Mouton, Pilar; & Moreno Fernández, Francisco (dir.). 2003. « Alfabeto fonético y otros signos », in Atlas Lingüístico (y etnográfico) de Castilla - La Mancha, Universidad de Alcalá. <http://www2.uah.es/alecman> Llisterri, Joaquim. 2012. La Transcription fonética, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Navarro Tomás, Tomás. 1915. “Alfabeto fonético ”, in Revista de Filología Española, tomo 2, pp. 374–376. Navarro Tomás, Tomás. 1966. “El alfabeto fonético de la Revista de Filología Española”, in Anuario de Letras, tome 6, 1966, pp. 5–19. Martín Butragueño, Pedro. 2012. Fonología variable del español de México. sección Alfabeto fonético Pop, Sever. La dialectologie : aperçu historique et méthodes d'enquêtes linguistiques, J. Duculot, Louvain, 1950, 2 vol. (volumen 1 y volumen 2) El International Phonetic Alphabet y el de la RFE External links Irabar, Alexander. ''La transcripción fonética: Comentarios y materiales. Phonetic alphabets 1915 introductions 1915 in Spain Spanish phonology 1915 in science
Hurdcott House is a 19th-century country house in Winterbourne Earls, Wiltshire, England, in the Bourne valley about north-east of Salisbury. It became a Grade II listed building on 29 May 1987. The two-storey house with three bays dates to the early-mid 19th century, and features Flemish brickwork with a slate roof, and a Tuscan doorcase. At the base of the rear wings of the house are four-flue brick stacks. Hurdcott House, Barford St Martin There is another Hurdcott House in the west of Barford St Martin parish, on the banks of the River Nadder about west of Wilton (the house and the hamlet of Hurdcott were transferred to Barford from Baverstock parish in 1884). This house, which is not a listed building, was rebuilt in the 1970s. The entomologist John Henry Leech had his home at Hurdcott House, and died there in 1900. It is not clear which Hurdcott House this was. References Country houses in Wiltshire Grade II listed buildings in Wiltshire Grade II listed houses
Joseph Patrick Schaefer (December 21, 1924 – December 27, 2000) was an American ice hockey goaltender. He played two games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers, one game each in the 1959–60 and 1960–61 seasons. Schaefer was born in Long Island, New York. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs External links 1924 births 2000 deaths American men's ice hockey goaltenders Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players Ice hockey players from New York (state) Johnstown Jets players New Haven Blades players New York Rangers players Philadelphia Ramblers players
The 1995 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 49th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1995 Formula One World Championship for Drivers and the 1995 Formula One World Championship for Constructors, which were contested concurrently over a seventeen-race series that commenced on 26 March and ended on 12 November. Michael Schumacher won his second consecutive Drivers' Championship, and Benetton won the Constructors' Championship, the first and only Constructors' title for the Benetton team. Schumacher won nine races en route to the championship, equalling the record set by Nigel Mansell in . He also continued his rivalry with Williams-Renault driver Damon Hill, including collisions at the British and Italian Grands Prix. Both these races were won by Schumacher's Benetton teammate Johnny Herbert, taking his first two F1 victories. Hill's Williams teammate, David Coulthard, claimed his first victory in Portugal, while Ferrari's Jean Alesi achieved his only F1 victory in Canada. Just like Honda in 1988, Renault engines won all but one race in this season. Background The calendar was initially announced at the beginning of 1995. The European Grand Prix moved to the Nürburgring circuit. The Argentine Grand Prix was the only newly announced race, with it taking place at the Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez circuit. The circuit was due to begin the season on 12 March, but there were doubts over whether the circuit would be ready in time. The third race in Japan was also under threat, as the TI Circuit was badly affected after the Great Hanshin earthquake, which damaged local infrastructure. The San Marino round, Spanish round and the Italian round required safety upgrades. The Circuit de Catalunya was also in financial difficulty. On 6 February, a revised calendar was announced, with the Argentine Grand Prix moved to 9 April, despite the fact it had now received official clearance from FIA safety inspector Roland Bruynseraede. The Pacific round was moved due to the Kobe earthquake, with it now one week before the Japanese Grand Prix. The European Grand Prix was moved forward seven days, leaving just a seven-day gap between the Portuguese and European rounds. However, some tracks still needed clearance to race. Although 14 teams and 28 drivers respectively were on the official 1995 entry list, the Larrousse team with drivers Éric Bernard and Christophe Bouchut failed to turn up for any of the on-track sessions. This was due to the team running short of money: in the period prior to the event, with French government aid not forthcoming and a 1995 chassis not yet built, team owner Gérard Larrousse elected to miss the first two rounds of the season in the hope of competing from the San Marino Grand Prix onwards. No funding ever arrived and it was too late for them to build a car for the season. There were some arrangements with the DAMS Formula 3000 team, but DAMS bosses wanted to buy Larrousse and run the team themselves. On 13 February, the boss of DAMS, Jean-Paul Driot announced that they had abandoned plans to enter Formula One for 1995, as he could not find a good amount of sponsorship to run the team at a competitive level. Driot said he intended to return to Formula 3000 and prepare for an F1 bid in . Larrousse's withdrawal, in addition to the collapse of the Lotus team after the end of the 1994 season, dropped the number of participating cars to 26, guaranteeing all the entrants of a race start, without the threat of failing to qualify, for the first time since the 1994 Canadian Grand Prix. The threat of a drivers' strike over the terms of the 1995 Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Super Licences, which allowed the FIA to demand promotional appearances and forbade the drivers from criticising the championship. This was resolved by the governing body prior to the race, ensuring full driver participation. Of the teams that did appear, all had completely new chassis to cope with the revised Technical Regulations, which stipulated a variety of changes including the reduction of engine capacity to 3 litres, reduction in the size of aerodynamic wings, the introduction of more stringent crash testing, the raising of the cars' ride height, and more rigorous testing of fuel specifications all with the aim of reducing speeds and increasing driver safety. This process had begun in the aftermath of the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna during the weekend of the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. The cars were still in various stages of development heading into the new season; the Footwork FA16 and Simtek S951 chassis arrived at the event with virtually no testing, having been completed shortly beforehand. There was one new team in the shape of the Italian Forti outfit, whilst the Benetton, McLaren, Footwork, Jordan, Pacific, Ligier and Sauber teams had all changed their engine suppliers in the course of the off-season. The biggest change perhaps was made by Benetton, who after running Fords joined Williams as a Renault powered team. However, McLaren's long-term relationship with Mercedes was established in 1995 and would continue until 2014. Of the initial 1995 drivers, Pedro Diniz was the only complete rookie, whilst Andrea Montermini started his first race after failing to qualify for the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix due to injury. Mika Salo and Domenico Schiattarella had competed in two races, with Taki Inoue competing in one race the previous season. The 1995 season also saw the debut of Jan Magnussen when he replaced regular McLaren driver, Mika Häkkinen for the 1995 Pacific Grand Prix. It was also the last season for champion, Nigel Mansell. Minardi had been expected to run with Mugen-Honda engines, but at the last minute, Ligier boss Flavio Briatore persuaded the Japanese engine supplier to supply Ligier, leaving Minardi in a mess. Their car was designed for the Mugen-Honda V10 and parts were already being made. The Minardi team then had to work flat out to build a brand new car with a Ford ED engine. Team owner Giancarlo Minardi announced he was taking legal action against the Japanese supplier. The status of Ligier and who its owners were was also coming under scrutiny. The news that Martin Brundle had signed with them for 1995 brought up rumours that Tom Walkinshaw was the new boss of the team. Walkinshaw's move to Ligier from Benetton (where he had been Benetton's Engineering Director) was part of the agreement between Flavio Briatore and FIA's Max Mosley the previous year to get Benetton regarding the use of an illegal fuel filter in the 1994 German Grand Prix. Benetton admitted that the filter was illegal on the understanding that major changes would be made within the team. Briatore appeared to have asked Walkinshaw to control Ligier. Controversy surrounded the Ligier JS41 car, with rival team owners comparing it to the Benetton B195 car because of their similar design, the only apparent difference being the engine in each car. Commenting on the design similarities, Walkinshaw said: At the front of the field, Michael Schumacher and Damon Hill in the Benetton and Williams cars respectively were the favourites to battle for the Drivers' Championship, with Schumacher anticipating a "struggle" for the championship. Bernard Dudot, Renault Sport's Chief Engineer, said that he believed Benetton was less well-prepared than Williams, as the former team had changed its engine supplier to Renault, whereas Williams had been in partnership with the company since . McLaren were also concerned about the standard refuelling equipment provided for 1995 by suppliers Intertechnique, having suffered a major leak in a test of the new rig outside of its factory. Intertechnique had redesigned the fuel equipment, which was used by all of the teams, in the wake of a pit lane fire suffered by driver Jos Verstappen during the previous year's German Grand Prix. The new fuel rigs, in addition to being half the size of the 1994, also featured longer nozzles, and were designed to lock onto the car before any fuel could begin to flow. Intertechnique traced the problem to a faulty valve within the equipment, which caused of fuel to leak, and modified the parts accordingly. It was only the seventeenth race since refuelling had been reintroduced to the sport at the start of the 1994 season. Another rule revision meant that the minimum weight limit of applied to both car and driver together. Prior to the first session of the season, all of the drivers were weighed to establish a reference weight to be used on occasions when the two were weighed separately, or if the driver was unavailable to be weighed. As such, a small competitive advantage could be established if the driver attempted to register a weight as heavy as possible, so their actual weight when driving the car would be lower. Drivers and constructors The following teams and drivers competed in the 1995 FIA Formula One World Championship. All teams competed with tyres supplied by Goodyear. Team changes The 1995 season saw major reshuffle among the engine suppliers. Benetton ended their 7-year association with Ford Motor Company by switching to the Renault RS7 engines which were the same used by the Williams F1 team which was Renault's main works team. Sauber took the Ford full-works deal after parting ways with long time partner Mercedes-Benz, who elected to supply engines to McLaren. McLaren ended their relationship with Peugeot after only one season, with Jordan taking on the Peugeot full-works engines deal, replacing Hart, who began supplying Footwork Arrows for the season. Pacific Racing replaced their 1993-spec Ilmor engines for customer Ford EDC engines. At the end of the 1994 season Team Lotus left F1 after 36 years in the sport winning 6 Drivers' and 7 Constructors' Championships with the team ceasing operations in January 1995. Shortly before the team closed doors, the team's assets were bought by David Hunt, brother of 1976 Formula One champion James Hunt, who later announced that the Lotus name will be used by Pacific Grand Prix under the name Pacific Team Lotus. Following increased debts after the 1994 season Larrousse left Formula One. They were originally entered for the 1995 season under the name Larrousse Junior Team with drivers Christophe Bouchut and Éric Bernard, but did not appear at any of the races. Subsequent talks about merger with Formula 3000 team DAMS fell apart. The team was also supposed to be sponsored by the Malaysian oil company Petronas, but this deal also fell through. Formula 3000 team Forti entered Formula One for the 1995 season. Their Forti FG01 was the last F1 car to use a manual gearbox. Ligier underwent an ownership change for the 1995 season. The status of the team and its owners came under scrutiny by the FIA. The news that Martin Brundle had signed with them for 1995 brought up rumours that Tom Walkinshaw was the new boss of the team. Walkinshaw's move to Ligier was part of the agreement the previous year by Flavio Briatore and FIA's Max Mosley regarding Benetton's use of an illegal fuel filter in the 1994 German Grand Prix. Ligier also secured a Mugen-Honda engine deal for the season. Originally Minardi were expected to use Mugen engines, but in the last minute, Ligier boss Flavio Briatore persuaded the Japanese engine supplier to supply Ligier, leaving Minardi being forced to use customer Ford EDM engines, which were tuned by Magneti Marelli. Driver changes At the start of the season Mika Salo replaced Mark Blundell at Tyrrell, with Gabriele Tarquini now the team's test driver. Before being confirmed as race driver, Salo was involved in a contract dispute with the Pacific team. The Contract Recognition Board lawyers and Tyrrell representatives were astounded when Team Lotus owner David Hunt announced to them that the Lotus name would be in Formula One in 1995, having been leased to Pacific. However, the board announced on 13 February that it had ruled in favour of Tyrrell because the Team Lotus which Salo had signed for was not the same Team Lotus which now claimed his services. Salo was unveiled as Tyrrell driver later that evening when they unveiled their 1995 car. Williams retained Damon Hill and David Coulthard in their race seats, with Nigel Mansell leaving the team at the beginning of January. Mark Blundell replaced fellow countryman Martin Brundle at McLaren. However, Nigel Mansell was in the McLaren seat from the San Marino Grand Prix. Mansell was reported to join McLaren ever since leaving Williams in January. However, Mansell said that the 1995 season will almost certainly be his last in Formula One. Mansell was confirmed as a McLaren driver at the end of January, but he could not fit in the car. His deal was also dropped from $15 million to $10 million because Marlboro refused to pay his asking price. Christian Fittipaldi left Footwork at the end of 1994 and was replaced by Taki Inoue. Simtek retained Domenico Schiattarella and brought in Jos Verstappen from Benetton with Hideki Noda the team's test driver. Noda was scheduled to be the team's first driver, but due to lack of funds due to the Great Hanshin earthquake was not able to race, and was therefore relegated to share the second drive with Schiattarella. Noda ended up not driving for the team at all as they went bankrupt after the Monaco round. Pacific kept Bertrand Gachot as race driver, but Paul Belmondo was replaced by Andrea Montermini. New team Forti brought in veteran Roberto Moreno along with rookie Pedro Diniz. Diniz was partly selected as his family controls one of Brazil's largest food distribution companies. Pierluigi Martini was retained by Minardi, but Michele Alboreto was replaced by Luca Badoer. On 28 October 1994, Ligier issued a press release stating that Olivier Panis and Johnny Herbert were going to be their official drivers for all of the 1995 season. However, at the end of January, they announced that Herbert was no longer at the team, joining Benetton instead, and that Aguri Suzuki and Martin Brundle would share the second seat. The announcement came as a big shock to Suzuki and his Japanese backers, who believed he had secured the Ligier seat for the whole season. During his "off" races, Brundle joined veteran commentator Murray Walker in the BBC commentary box as well as Jonathan Palmer. Brundle and Walker later became commentators for ITV after Brundle retired from F1 at the end of the season. Brundle currently commentates for Sky Sports F1 alongside David Croft. During the season From the British Grand Prix Footwork replaced Gianni Morbidelli with International Formula 3000 driver Massimiliano Papis, who made his racing début, citing sponsorship reasons. Morbidelli would eventually return for the final three races of the season. Bertrand Gachot stepped away from driving duties after the British Grand Prix in an effort to get riders with funding. From the German to Italian Grand Prix he was replaced by Giovanni Lavaggi, while Jean-Denis Delétraz raced at the Portuguese and European Grand Prix. Gachot returned for the final three rounds of the season after subsequent attempts to field Katsumi Yamamoto and Oliver Gavin were denied by the FIA after the governing body refused to grant them superlicences. Minardi replaced Pierluigi Martini with Pedro Lamy from the Hungarian Grand Prix onwards. Gabriele Tarquini filled in for Ukyo Katayama at the European Grand Prix as Katayama was still recovering from neck injuries and severe bruising sustained during a crash at the previous round in Portugal. Jan Magnussen was promoted from test driver at McLaren to replace Mika Häkkinen for the Pacific Grand Prix, due to Häkkinen suffering from appendicitis. Calendar Calendar changes The Argentine Grand Prix returned after a 14-year absence, it had been originally scheduled in 1994 but it was cancelled as the Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez track was still undergoing work and the owners were not finished with the project. The project was completed in time for 1995 with the race held on 9 April. The Pacific Grand Prix was originally scheduled for 16 April, but was moved to 22 October due to the effects of the Great Hanshin earthquake. The Spanish Grand Prix and Monaco Grand Prix swapped places on the calendar so that the Monaco round follows the Spanish Grand Prix. The European Grand Prix moved from the Circuito Permanente de Jerez to the Nürburgring, it was the first time since 1985 that a F1 race was held at the Nürburgring. Season review The 1995 F1 season featured several dramatic incidents, including seven Grands Prix affected by rain and four Grands Prix which were red-flagged on the first lap of the race. The Formula One regulations underwent several changes prior to the 1995 season. The most significant change was to the engine capacity, which was reduced from 3.5 litres to 3.0 litres in order to reduce horsepower. Higher sidepods were required, together with raised cockpit side protection (above shoulder height; to be raised even more for ) and a larger cockpit opening than that of the 1994 cars. The front and rear wings were reduced in depth to lessen downforce, thereby reducing cornering speeds. To further reduce downforce, the flat-bottomed undertray which was made mandatory in was to now feature a large "stepped" section underneath each sidepod, raised about an inch higher and parallel to the wooden plank originally introduced in 1994. The overall height of the car was also lowered. Deformable structures, particularly the sidepods and nose section, were subject to more stringent crash testing. Many of these changes were in reaction to the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, who both died of head and neck injuries. Some of the circuits were also changed, with larger run-off areas featuring at tracks such as Monza and Imola. The Benetton team had Renault V10 engines for the first time, after running Ford V8s for several years. Michael Schumacher won nine out of the seventeen Grands Prix, and won his second World Championship. Schumacher's main title rival was Damon Hill, who was driving for Williams-Renault. Hill and Schumacher were involved in some very close battles at numerous races, including at the 1995 Belgian Grand Prix, where the two championship contenders fought wheel-to-wheel for extended periods. Making its last appearance in F1 to date was the V12, used consistently by Ferrari since the 640 in . They would use V10s in 1996. Damon Hill received criticism during 1995, after several incidents that were attributed to driving errors. The 1995 British Grand Prix was overshadowed by a controversial collision between Hill and Schumacher, and Hill was widely blamed for the accident. Hill also suffered with mechanical problems in his Williams-Renault. Jean Alesi won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix, which was his first and only victory in Formula One. Alesi also nearly won the European, Italian and Japanese Grand Prix, only being passed by Schumacher with a few laps to go in the former, and retiring with a wheel bearing and driveshaft failure in the latter two, respectively. Nigel Mansell made a brief return to Formula One with McLaren. The McLaren-Mercedes cockpit was initially too small for Mansell, and he had to miss the first two races whilst McLaren redesigned the monocoque. His eventual return for the 1995 San Marino Grand Prix was disappointing, and he was outpaced by Häkkinen. After another disappointing race at the Spanish Grand Prix Mansell and McLaren parted ways, and Mark Blundell drove the second McLaren for the remainder of 1995. Mika Häkkinen suffered serious head injuries after a high-speed crash during the first qualifying session on the Friday of the 1995 Australian Grand Prix. The fast actions of the medical crew, including performing an emergency tracheotomy, saved his life, and he later returned to the track in . Later that year, Mansell revealed that he intended to "fight for the championship with Williams", but the Williams team chose David Coulthard instead. One of the rookies for 1995 was Taki Inoue who drove for Footwork Arrows. During the first qualifying session for the 1995 Monaco Grand Prix his car stalled on the track, and the session was stopped in order to recover the car. A course car driven by Jean Ragnotti was travelling too fast and Ragnotti was unsighted by the barriers on the twisty circuit. Ragnotti's car crashed into Inoue's stranded car, flipping the Arrows. Inoue was knocked unconscious but he recovered and took part in the race on Sunday. At the 1995 Hungarian Grand Prix Inoue's car retired with a mechanical problem. He got out of his car and grabbed a fire extinguisher in order to put out a small fire on his car. Inoue then walked into the path of a course car, and was knocked over. Inoue bounced off the front of the car and collapsed on to the grass. He suffered minor leg injuries. Results and standings Grands Prix Points scoring system Points were awarded to the top six finishers in each race as follows: World Drivers' Championship standings Notes: – Driver did not finish the Grand Prix but was classified, as he completed more than 90% of the race distance. World Constructors' Championship standings Notes: – Driver did not finish the Grand Prix but was classified, as he completed more than 90% of the race distance. Non-championship event results The 1995 season also included a single event which did not count towards the World Championship, the Formula One Indoor Trophy at the Bologna Motor Show. Notes References External links formula1.com – 1995 official driver standings (archived) formula1.com – 1995 official team standings (archived) 1995 FIA Formula One World Championship – Drivers positions at web.archive.org (archived) 1995 FIA Formula One World Championship – Constructors placings at web.archive.org (archived) Notes Formula One seasons
was a castle of the Aki clan in what is now the city of Aki, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. Ruins still remain and the site was designated an Aki City Historic Site. It is believed the castle was built by Aki Chikauji in 1308. In 1569, the castle was besieged by Chōsokabe Motochika's force. Aki Kunitora, who was known as one of the seven great samurai of the Aki, entrenched himself in the castle, but later surrendered and committed seppuku. Following the fall of the castle, Motochika appointed his younger brother Kōsokabe Chikayasu as the lord of the castle and the castle became an important base for the Chōsokabe clan to invade Awa. After the Battle of Sekigahara, Tosa Province was given to Yamanouchi Kazutoyo and he appointed his senior vassal Goto Tameshige as the lord of the castle. The castle is now in ruins, with low some stone walls, wet moats, and ramparts or other earthworks. The Aki City Historical Museum is on site. Adjacent to the castle is the preserved samurai residential district of Doi Kachū. Doi Kachū was designated a Group of Traditional Buildings of Japan in 2012. Gallery See also List of historic sites of Japan (Kōchi) References Castles in Kōchi Prefecture Aki, Kōchi Former castles in Japan Ruined castles in Japan Chōsokabe clan
STS-72 was a Space Shuttle Endeavour mission to capture and return to Earth a Japanese microgravity research spacecraft known as Space Flyer Unit (SFU). The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 11 January 1996. Crew Spacewalks Chiao and Barry – EVA 1 EVA 1 Start: 15 January 1996 – 05:35 UTC EVA 1 End: 15 January – 11:44 UTC Duration: 6 hours, 9 minutes Chiao and Scott – EVA 2 EVA 2 Start: 17 January 1996 – 05:40 UTC EVA 2 End: 17 January – 12:34 UTC Duration: 6 hours, 54 minutes Mission highlights STS-72, the 74th flight of the Space Shuttle program and the 10th of the orbiter Endeavour was launched at 4:41AM EST 11 January 1996 after a brief hold at the T-5-minute mark due to communication issues. The nighttime launch window was in support of the mission's primary objective, the capture and return to Earth of a Japanese microgravity research spacecraft known as Space Flyer Unit (SFU). The SFU was launched by Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA) from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan on 18 March 1995 aboard a Japanese H-II rocket (HII-3), and spent ten months in orbit conducting automated research in materials science, biology, engineering, and astronomy. Mission Specialist Koichi Wakata operated the orbiter's remote manipulator system arm on flight day three to pluck SFU from orbit. Both of the satellites's solar arrays had to be jettisoned prior to retrieval when sensors indicated improper latching following their retraction. This jettison procedure had been incorporated in preflight training as a contingency in the event of such an occurrence. The canisters housing the arrays were jettisoned 12 minutes apart as Endeavour and the SFU traveled across Africa on the thirtieth orbit of the mission. The contingency procedure delayed the capture of the satellite by about an hour and half. Once in Endeavour'''s payload bay, the satellite's internal batteries were bypassed following connection of a remotely operated electrical cable to the side of the satellite. On this mission, Daniel T. Barry and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata were the first people to play Go in space; for this achievement, both Barry and Wakata received the honorary awards of Ni Dan rank by the Nihon Kiin making Barry one of only four Western Go players to receive such an award. Barry and Wakata used a special Go set, which was named Go Space, designed by Wai-Cheung Willson Chow. OAST-Flyer The STS-72 mission also flew with the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Flyer (OAST-Flyer) spacecraft. OAST-Flyer was the seventh in a series of missions aboard the reusable free-flying Spartan carrier spacecraft series. It consisted of four experiments: Return Flux Experiment (REFLEX) to test accuracy of computer models predicting spacecraft exposure to contamination; Global Positioning System Attitude Determination and Control Experiment (GADACS) to demonstrate GPS technology in space; Solar Exposure to Laser Ordnance Device (SELODE) to test laser ordnance devices; Spartan Packet Radio Experiment (SPRE) and the Amateur Radio Association at the University of Maryland (W3EAX) amateur radio communications experiment. On flight day four, Wakata again operated Endeavour's robot arm to deploy the Spartan, sending the experiment-laden platform on its way to a 50-hour free-flight at a distance of approximately 45 miles (72 kilometers) from the orbiter. OAST-Flyer was retrieved on flight day six, with Wakata again operating the remote manipulator system arm to retrieve the platform. Spacewalks Two 6.5-hour spacewalks were conducted by three astronauts to test hardware and tools to be used in the assembly of the International Space Station starting in late 1998. EVA-1 on flight day five consisted of Crewmembers Leroy Chiao (EV1) and Dan Barry (EV2). After taking a few minutes to acclimate themselves in the payload bay, first-time spacewalkers Chiao and Barry attached a portable work platform to the end of the robot arm, operated by Pilot Brent Jett and Mission Specialist Koichi Wakata. Jett used the arm to grapple various pieces of hardware designed to hold large modular components, mimicking the way equipment boxes and avionics gear will be moved back and forth in assembling the Space Station. Chiao and Barry then unfolded a cable tray diagonally across the forward portion of the cargo bay housing simulated electrical and fluid lines similar to those which would later connect modules and nodes of the Space Station. The rigid umbilical, as it is known, was tested for its ease of handling and the ability of the astronauts to hook up the lines to connectors on the side of Endeavour's bay. While Chiao unraveled various lengths of cable from a caddy device, Barry spent time practicing the hookup of the various cables in the rigid umbilical to connectors in the bay, testing his ability to manipulate tiny bolts and screws in weightlessness. He reported that most tasks could be accomplished with little difficulty. Barry and Chiao then traded places, as Barry mounted the portable work platform to evaluate its worth. The first EVA lasted 6 hours, 9 minutes. EVA-2 on Flight Day 7 consisted of Leroy Chiao (EV1) and Winston Scott (EV2), lasting 6 hours, 53 minutes. Chiao and Scott worked with utility boxes, slidewires and a portable work stanchion affixed to Endeavour's robot arm to gather additional data on methods and procedures which would be incorporated in the techniques used to assemble the International Space Station. Late in the spacewalk, Scott climbed into foot restraints on the OAST-Flyer satellite platform for a thermal evaluation exercise. Endeavour was maneuvered to the coldest position possible, with its payload bay facing out toward deep space and allowing temperatures to dip to about 104 degrees below zero at the point where Scott was positioned to test the ability of his spacesuit to repel the bitter cold temperature of space. Additional payloads Other experiments onboard STS-72 included the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment (SSBUV-8) (previously flown on STS-34, STS-41, STS-43, STS-45, STS-56, STS-62 and STS-66), EDFT-03, Shuttle Laser Altimeter Payload (SLA-01/GAS(5)), VDA-2, National Institutes of Health NIH-R3 Experiment, Space Tissue Loss Experiment (STL/NIH-C), Pool Boiling Experiment (PBE) (hardware previously flown on STS-47, STS-57 and STS-60) and the Thermal Energy Storage (TES-2) experiment (previously flown on STS-69). Get Away Special payloads included the United States Air Force Academy G-342 Flexible Beam Experiment (FLEXBEAM-2), Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies' G-459 – Protein Crystal Growth Experiment and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory GAS Ballast Can with Sample Return Experiment. Documentary The crew of STS-72 and their families were followed by a camera crew from PBS from the day they were assigned to the flight and then through their training and, finally, the mission itself. The result was a 90-minute documentary narrated by Bill Nye titled Astronauts'' which first aired on PBS on 17 July 1997 and was later released on VHS home video. In December 2020, photographer John Angerson released unseen photos of mission preparation. Image Gallery See also List of human spaceflights List of Space Shuttle missions Outline of space science Space Shuttle Spartan Packet Radio Experiment External links NASA mission summary STS-72 Video Highlights Notes Space Shuttle missions Spacecraft launched in 1996
The Weißer Kogel is a mountain in the Weisskamm group of the Ötztal Alps. Mountains of Tyrol (state) Mountains of the Alps Alpine three-thousanders Ötztal Alps
Group A of EuroBasket 2022 consisted of Belgium, Bulgaria, Georgia, Montenegro, Spain, and Turkey. The games were played from 1 to 7 September 2022 at the newly built Tbilisi Arena in Tbilisi, Georgia. The top four teams advanced to the knockout stage. Teams After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia was expelled from the tournament and replaced by Montenegro. Notes Russia was expelled due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Standings Matches All times are local (UTC+4). Spain vs Bulgaria Turkey vs Montenegro Belgium vs Georgia Montenegro vs Belgium Bulgaria vs Turkey Georgia vs Spain Bulgaria vs Montenegro Spain vs Belgium Turkey vs Georgia After a scuffle between Furkan Korkmaz and Duda Sanadze, both players were ejected. Korkmaz was reportedly attacked when leaving the arena by Georgian players. The following day, the Turkish federation threatened to leave the tournament. After the game, the Turkish federation also submitted a complaint because the game clock ran for 22 seconds while the game was paused; this complaint was dismissed by FIBA. Belgium vs Turkey Montenegro vs Spain Georgia vs Bulgaria Turkey vs Spain Bulgaria vs Belgium Georgia vs Montenegro References External links Official website Group A
The men's freestyle 79 kg is a competition featured at the 2019 European Wrestling Championships, and was held in Bucharest, Romania on April 8 and April 9. Medalists Results Legend F — Won by fall WO — Won by walkover Main Bracket Repechage References Men's freestyle 79
Francois Jakobus 'Frans' Viljoen (born 22 October 1982) is a South African rugby union footballer who plays as a loose forward. Career Viljoen represented the in the Currie Cup and the in Super Rugby. He has had something of a nomadic career with spells playing for the and in his home country and Aironi in Italy. He has also completed short loan spells for Stade Français and the . Only 13 July 2013 it was announced that Viljoen would join French side Lyon. References Living people 1982 births South African rugby union players Rugby union flankers Cheetahs (rugby union) players Griquas (rugby union) players Free State Cheetahs players Leopards (rugby union) players Griffons (rugby union) players Stade Français Paris players Aironi players Rugby union number eights Afrikaner people People from Ficksburg Alumni of Grey College, Bloemfontein Rugby union players from the Free State (province)
The is Japanese aerial lift line in Kōbe, Hyōgo, operated by the Sanyō Electric Railway. Opened in 1957, the line climbs Mount Hachibuse (246m) of the Suma coast. At the summit, there is a transfer to the , a sort of escalator with baskets. Carlator is a portmanteau of "Car" and "escalator". Basic data System: Aerial tramway, 1 track cable and 2 haulage ropes Distance: Vertical interval: Passenger capacity per a cabin: 30 Cabins: 2 Stations: 2 See also List of aerial lifts in Japan References External links Sumaura Sanjō Amusement Park, from Sanyō Electric Railway official website. Carlator from Kansai City Guide website. Aerial tramways in Japan 1957 establishments in Japan
The Ibanez K7 series is a signature series of seven-string guitars created by Korn guitarists James "Munky" Shaffer and Brian "Head" Welch. Specifications The K7 guitars were originally available in two finishes, Firespeak Blue (James "Munky" Shaffer's model), and Blade Gray (Brian "Head" Welch's model). They came factory tuned to KoRn signature tuning: A, D, G, C, F, A, D (low to high), and were retailed at USD 1,799. These guitars are characterized by the deep metallic sound, from the body being made of mahogany that is well suited for Korn's musical style. The last year of production on these particular models was 2006. In 2007 Ibanez released new versions of Korn's signature series as the Apex. There are two models linked to Munky only, however K7s can still be seen played by Munky in live performances. Although 7-string guitars were not used for recording his debut album Save Me from Myself, Welch had continued to use his original K7s as his exclusive signature guitar, even during his almost eight-year absence from Korn. References External links http://www.ibanez.com/ http://www.korn.com/ http://www.brianheadwelch.net/ http://www.sevenstring.org K7
Bhimakheda is a village near Mehidpur City, India. It is located in the state of Madhya Pradesh and the district Ujjain. As of the 2011 Census of India, it has a population of 1862 spread over 304 households. References Villages of Ujjain district
An I-beam is any of various structural members with an or -shaped cross-section. Technical terms for similar items include H-beam (for universal column, UC), w-beam (for "wide flange"), universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T (especially in Polish, Bulgarian, Spanish, Italian and German). I-beams are typically made of structural steel and serve a wide variety of construction uses. The horizontal elements of the are called flanges, and the vertical element is known as the "web". The web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the bending moment experienced by the beam. The Euler–Bernoulli beam equation shows that the I-shaped section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shear loads in the plane of the web. On the other hand, the cross-section has a reduced capacity in the transverse direction, and is also inefficient in carrying torsion, for which hollow structural sections are often preferred. History The method of producing an I-beam, as rolled from a single piece of wrought iron, was patented by Alphonse Halbou of the company Forges de la Providence in 1849. Bethlehem Steel was a leading supplier of rolled structural steel of various cross-sections in American bridge and skyscraper work of the mid-twentieth century. Today, rolled cross-sections have been partially displaced in such work by fabricated cross-sections. Overview There are two standard I-beam forms: Rolled I-beam, formed by hot rolling, cold rolling or extrusion (depending on material). Plate girder, formed by welding (or occasionally bolting or riveting) plates. I-beams are commonly made of structural steel but may also be formed from aluminium or other materials. A common type of I-beam is the rolled steel joist (RSJ)—sometimes incorrectly rendered as reinforced steel joist. British and European standards also specify Universal Beams (UBs) and Universal Columns (UCs). These sections have parallel flanges (shown as "W-Section" in the accompanying illustration), as opposed to the varying thickness of RSJ flanges (illustrated as "S-Section") which are seldom now rolled in the UK. Parallel flanges are easier to connect to and do away with the need for tapering washers. UCs have equal or near-equal width and depth and are more suited to being oriented vertically to carry axial load such as columns in multi-storey construction, while UBs are significantly deeper than they are wide are more suited to carrying bending load such as beam elements in floors. I-joists—I-beams engineered from wood with fiberboard and/or laminated veneer lumber—are also becoming increasingly popular in construction, especially residential, as they are both lighter and less prone to warping than solid wooden joists. However, there has been some concern as to their rapid loss of strength in a fire if unprotected. Design I-beams are widely used in the construction industry and are available in a variety of standard sizes. Tables are available to allow easy selection of a suitable steel I-beam size for a given applied load. I-beams may be used both as beams and as columns. I-beams may be used both on their own, or acting compositely with another material, typically concrete. Design may be governed by any of the following criteria: deflection: the stiffness of the I-beam will be chosen to minimize deformation vibration: the stiffness and mass are chosen to prevent unacceptable vibrations, particularly in settings sensitive to vibrations, such as offices and libraries bending failure by yielding: where the stress in the cross section exceeds the yield stress bending failure by lateral torsional buckling: where a flange in compression tends to buckle sideways or the entire cross-section buckles torsionally bending failure by local buckling: where the flange or web is so slender as to buckle locally local yield: caused by concentrated loads, such as at the beam's point of support shear failure: where the web fails. Slender webs will fail by buckling, rippling in a phenomenon termed tension field action, but shear failure is also resisted by the stiffness of the flanges buckling or yielding of components: for example, of stiffeners used to provide stability to the I-beam's web. Design for bending A beam under bending sees high stresses along the axial fibers that are farthest from the neutral axis. To prevent failure, most of the material in the beam must be located in these regions. Comparatively little material is needed in the area close to the neutral axis. This observation is the basis of the I-beam cross-section; the neutral axis runs along the center of the web which can be relatively thin and most of the material can be concentrated in the flanges. The ideal beam is the one with the least cross-sectional area (and hence requiring the least material) needed to achieve a given section modulus. Since the section modulus depends on the value of the moment of inertia, an efficient beam must have most of its material located as far from the neutral axis as possible. The farther a given amount of material is from the neutral axis, the larger is the section modulus and hence a larger bending moment can be resisted. When designing a symmetric I-beam to resist stresses due to bending the usual starting point is the required section modulus. If the allowable stress is and the maximum expected bending moment is , then the required section modulus is given by where is the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section and is the distance of the top of the beam from the neutral axis (see beam theory for more details). For a beam of cross-sectional area and height , the ideal cross-section would have half the area at a distance above the cross-section and the other half at a distance below the cross-section. For this cross-section However, these ideal conditions can never be achieved because material is needed in the web for physical reasons, including to resist buckling. For wide-flange beams, the section modulus is approximately which is superior to that achieved by rectangular beams and circular beams. Issues Though I-beams are excellent for unidirectional bending in a plane parallel to the web, they do not perform as well in bidirectional bending. These beams also show little resistance to twisting and undergo sectional warping under torsional loading. For torsion dominated problems, box beams and other types of stiff sections are used in preference to the I-beam. Shapes and materials (US) In the United States, the most commonly mentioned I-beam is the wide-flange (W) shape. These beams have flanges whose inside surfaces are parallel over most of their area. Other I-beams include American Standard (designated S) shapes, in which inner flange surfaces are not parallel, and H-piles (designated HP), which are typically used as pile foundations. Wide-flange shapes are available in grade ASTM A992, which has generally replaced the older ASTM grades A572 and A36. Ranges of yield strength: A36: A572: , with the most common A588: Similar to A572 A992: Like most steel products, I-beams often contain some recycled content. Standards The following standards define the shape and tolerances of I-beam steel sections: European standards EN 10024, Hot rolled taper flange I sections – Tolerances on shape and dimensions. EN 10034, Structural steel I and H sections – Tolerances on shape and dimensions. EN 10162, Cold rolled steel sections – Technical delivery conditions – Dimensional and cross-sectional tolerances AISC manual The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) publishes the Steel Construction Manual for designing structures of various shapes. It documents the common approaches, Allowable Strength Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), (starting with 13th ed.) to create such designs. Other DIN 1025-5 ASTM A6, American Standard Beams BS 4-1 IS 808 – Dimensions hot rolled steel beam, column, channel and angle sections AS/NZS 3679.1 – Australia and New Zealand standard Designation and terminology In the United States, steel I-beams are commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam. For example, a "W10x22" beam is approximately in depth (nominal height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs . Wide flange section beams often vary from their nominal depth. In the case of the W14 series, they may be as deep as .' In Canada, steel I-beams are now commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam in metric terms. For example, a "W250x33" beam is approximately in depth (height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs approximately . I-beams are still available in US sizes from many Canadian manufacturers. In Mexico, steel I-beams are called IR and commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam in metric terms. For example, a "IR250x33" beam is approximately in depth (height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs approximately . In India I-beams are designated as ISMB, ISJB, ISLB, ISWB. ISMB: Indian Standard Medium Weight Beam, ISJB: Indian Standard Junior Beams, ISLB: Indian Standard Light Weight Beams, and ISWB: Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams. Beams are designated as per respective abbreviated reference followed by the depth of section, such as for example ISMB 450, where 450 is the depth of section in millimetres (mm). The dimensions of these beams are classified as per IS:808 (as per BIS). In the United Kingdom, these steel sections are commonly specified with a code consisting of the major dimension (usually the depth)-x-the minor dimension-x-the mass per metre-ending with the section type, all measurements being metric. Therefore, a 152x152x23UC would be a column section (UC = universal column) of approximately depth, 152 mm width and weighing of length. In Australia, these steel sections are commonly referred to as Universal Beams (UB) or Columns (UC). The designation for each is given as the approximate height of the beam, the type (beam or column) and then the unit metre rate (e.g., a 460UB67.1 is an approximately deep universal beam that weighs ). Cellular beams Cellular beams are the modern version of the traditional "castellated beam" which results in a beam approximately 40–60% deeper than its parent section. The exact finished depth, cell diameter and cell spacing are flexible. A cellular beam is up to 1.5 times stronger than its parent section and is therefore utilized to create efficient large span constructions. See also C-beam, also known as a structural channel or Parallel Flange Channel (PFC) DIN 1025 – a DIN standard which defines the dimensions, masses and sectional properties of a set of I-beams Open web steel joist Reinforced concrete Steel design Structural angle T-beam Weld access hole References Further reading See chapter 8, sections 8.4 ("Floor joists: wood or steel?") and 8.5 ("Increasing the stiffness of the steel sheet"). External links Canadian Institute of Steel Construction website American Institute of Steel Construction website Mexican Institute of Steel Construction website Wood I-joists British Constructional Steelwork Association website 1849 introductions Structural engineering Structural steel
The Ehvam - International Spiritual Center for Peace () also known as the Arava Spiritual Center (), which is located in the southern Arava region in Israel, is a non-profit, non-governmental, and non-political organization founded in 2013 by Dvora Tzvieli. It is funded by donations through the "Shita Vechochma" () (Method & Wisdom) NPO. History The Ehvam - International Spiritual Center for Peace was established in 2013 by Dvora Tzvieli, known to her students as Lama Dvora-Hella, a student of Lama Sermey Rinpoche Geshe Lobsang Tarchin, whom she met in 1998. Tzvieli, a veteran of the Diamond Mountain Retreat Center in Phoenix Arizona where she spent 3 years in solitary retreat in the late 2000s, has devoted her life to the study, teaching and practice of Buddhism and traditions of the Far East. Goal The main focus in the establishment of the center was to act towards sustainable peace in the Middle East and thus contribute to World Peace. The meaning of Ehvam The name "Ehvam" is composed of two Sanskrit syllables and has a deep symbolic meaning in the Buddhist tradition. Amongst other things it conveys the ultimate enlightened state of complete freedom, purity, and wisdom. It also conveys the inseparability of a pure and peaceful world with peace and purity in the hearts of its inhabitants and the attainment of inner purity and peace which is ultimately reflected in the environment around us. Activities The center facilitates study programs on the topic of Buddhism, Yoga and Meditation courses and workshops, workshops led by both local and guest speakers, retreats, joint activities between Israeli Jews, Arabs, Palestinians and people from around the world. In 2019, the center hosted Lama Gyume Khensur Rinpoche Lobsang Jampa, a Lama globally-known for his Buddhist teachings. That same year, the center hosted world-renowned meditation researcher B. Alan Wallace. On January 8, 2021, the center initiated a year-long silent retreat workshop which will conclude in January 2022. During this silent retreat, participants are completely devoid of any communication with the outside world. This workshop is thought to be the first of its kind conducted in Israel. Controversy A report published in Haaretz highlighted criticisms, made by at least ten past students and students' family members, of the unconventional methods endorsed in the center. Those include the unreserved loyalty demanded by Tzvieli, services students felt expected to provide to the teacher, such as feeding, cleaning, massage, and monetary donations, and a practice of boycotting students who decided to leave. Some students turned to the Israeli Center for Cult Victims after a period in the center. The report described an incident in which a student's marriage nearly terminated following an episode of "tantric relationship" with Tzvieli. Further reading Buddhism Yoga Meditation External links Method & Wisdom NPO website Arava Spiritual Center References Organizations established in 2007 Spiritual retreats Non-profit organizations based in Israel Buddhism in Israel Yoga organizations Spiritual organizations Community-building organizations Peace organizations
The Hoher Ifen (also Hochifen) is a 2,230 metre (according to German survey: 2,229 m) high mountain in the Allgäu Alps, west of the Kleinwalsertal valley. In winter it forms the backdrop for a small ski area. It lies on the border between Germany and Austria. The summit is the highest point on the gently, tilted Ifen plateau. Northeast of the Ifen plateau is the Gottesacker plateau, a karst landscape which has been designated a nature reserve and which has numerous caves and rare mountain plants. The most important caves are the Hölloch im Mahdtal and the Schneckenloch Cave near Schönenbach. On the eastern slopes of the massif a Stone Age dwelling site was discovered on the mountain pasture of Schneiderkürenalpe at a height of about 1,500 m. Climbing, hunting and conservation On the southern side of the mountain an undisturbed wildlife area has been declared by the Bregenz district commission at the instigation of the Walser Hunting Club (Walser Jägerschaft), that has restricted the usual Austrian freedom of passage in accordance with § 33 of the Forestry Act. Mountaineering clubs, in particular the German Alpine Club, the Austrian Alpine Club and Allgäu Climbing Group (IG Klettern Allgäu) have criticised the regulation by the Bregenz district commission, because, within its boundaries, on the southern edge of the plateau and at Bärenköpfe is one of the best sport climbing areas in the Alps. The south faces are called the Céüse of the Allgäu, a comparison to the most famous climbing area in Europe. Ski area At the beginning of the 1970s the first ski lifts appeared on the Ifen, from which today's company, the Ifen-Bergbahn-Gesellschaft, emerged. For a long time it was mostly owned by Ruth Merckle, the wife of the pharmaceutical businessman Adolf Merckle. By taking over the Merckle family's 82% share and the 18% share of the family of Kleinwalsertal tourism pioneer, Alfons Herz, on 1 July 2009, the Ifen Bergbahn GmbH u. Co gained full ownership of the Kleinwalsertaler Bergbahn (KBB), Riezlern, whose main shareholders are the Allgäuer Überlandwerk and the Raiffeisen Holding Kleinwalsertal. The Kleinwalsertaler Bergbahn AG plans to build a link lift to the Walmendinger Horn The expansion plans were sharply criticised by several associations because they were viewed as damaging to the environment and would promote mass tourism. The Austrian Alpine Club section in the Kleinwalsertal criticised the plans as follows: The construction of this lift cannot be done in harmony with nature as we would wish to remind those launching such an initiative! The Kleinwalsertal Landscape Protection Society (Landschaftsschutz Kleinwalsertal) expressed similar views. On October 21, 2012, a referendum was held. About 55% of the voters rejected the proposal to build the lift. Panorama Gallery References External links Hoher Ifen Home page of the Ifen Mountain Railway Mountains of the Alps Allgäu Alps Mountains of Bavaria Mountains of Vorarlberg Two-thousanders of Germany Oberallgäu Two-thousanders of Austria
Amicale Sportive Muretaine is a club located in Muret, France. Founded in 1903, it is mostly known for its football teams. The women's team played in the highest level of league competition, Division 1 Féminine for ten consecutive seasons during the 1970s and 1980s, and again in 2011–12 and 2013–14, but finished bottom of the table on both occasions. In 2019, the women's team created a sporting collective with FC Roquettes and FC Eaunes Labarthe, to compete in Régional 2 Féminine of the Ligue de Occitanie. The men's team played at the top level of amateur football between 1976 and 1996. It reached the round of 32 of the Coupe de France six times before exciting the competition: in 1979 and 1994 against Monaco, in 1987 against FC Martigues, in 1997 against Cannes, in 1999 against Trélissac FC, and in 2013 against Vendée Fontenay Foot. From 2018 until 2022 they played in Championnat National 3, the fifth level of men's football in France, after being promoted to the division in 2018. They were relegated to the regional league in 2022. References External links Association football clubs established in 1903 1903 establishments in France Women's football clubs in France Division 1 Féminine clubs Football clubs in Occitania (administrative region) Sport in Haute-Garonne
Phú Xuân is a rural commune () of Phú Tân District in An Giang Province, Vietnam. References Communes of An Giang province Populated places in An Giang province
SS Ransom A. Moore was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Ransom A. Moore, an American agronomist and professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Construction Ransom A. Moore was laid down on 18 October 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2330, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; sponsored by Mrs. Emmett Assenheimer, the wife of the director of Procurement and Expediting, JAJCC, and launched on 21 November 1944. History She was allocated to J. H. Winchester & Company, Inc., 30 November 1944. On 1 October 1948, she was placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in Beaumont, Texas. She was sold for scrapping, 15 March 1970, to Luria Bros. and Co., Inc., for $41,280. She was withdrawn from the fleet, 15 June 1970. References Bibliography Liberty ships Ships built in Panama City, Florida 1944 ships Beaumont Reserve Fleet
Victor W. Miller (born October 19, 1951) is an American politician who currently serves in the Kansas House of Representatives representing the 58th district and a former Kansas state senator. Political career Miller was originally elected to the Kansas House in 1978 from the 53rd House district, serving from 1979 to 1984. In 1984, he ran for the Kansas State Senate in the 18th Senate district, but was defeated by Republican Jeanne Hoferer. After leaving the House in 1984, he served as a County Commissioner in Shawnee County, Kansas, then as a Topeka Municipal Court Judge. In 2016, he re-entered the legislature, winning election to the 58th House district. He served one term there before being appointed to the 18th Senate district in January of 2019, after the seat was left vacant when Laura Kelly resigned to serve as Governor of Kansas. Miller finished out the remaining two years of Kelly's term, and then returned to his House seat, successfully running for the House in 2020. During his tenure in the Kansas Senate, he served as Ranking Minority Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Kansas House of Representatives Committee Assignments 2021-2022 Ranking Minority Member of Elections Insurance and Pensions Federal and State Affairs Redistricting Commerce, Labor and Economic Development Joint Committee on Special Claims Against the State Kansas Senate Committee Assignments 2019-2020 Ranking Minority Member of Judiciary Assessment and Taxation Select Committee on Federal Tax Code Implementation Joint Committee on Pensions, Investment and Benefits 2019 Special Committee on Judiciary Kansas House of Representatives Committee Assignments 2017-2018 Ranking Minority Member of Elections Federal and State Affairs Judiciary 2017 Special Committee on Elections Personal On May 7, 2019, he was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving when he drove his car into a Topeka ditch. He was charged with DUI on November 25, 2019 by a special prosecutor assigned the case to avoid conflicts of interest. Miller agreed to enter a diversion program to resolve the charge on July 14, 2020. References 1951 births 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American politicians County commissioners in Kansas Democratic Party Kansas state senators Democratic Party members of the Kansas House of Representatives Kansas state court judges Living people Politicians from Topeka, Kansas
Ireland has issued its own trading banknotes for several centuries, both when the whole of Ireland was one legal entity, and following partition of the island into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Notes have been issued by individual banks and by state agencies of the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. First Irish pound Currency notes first appeared in Ireland the late 1600s when merchants began to issue paper notes for purchases which they promised to redeem at a later stage. These notes began to change hands prior to redemption, becoming the first paper to circulate as currency notes in Ireland. Some of these merchants went on to become bankers and issued paper currency in the form of banknotes and post bills as a service. These became the Irish private banks which issued the banknotes in use throughout Ireland for over 100 years. The most famous of these is the House of La Touche. Irish private banks issued a wide variety of denominations in guineas, pence, shillings, and pounds. Their notes tended to correspond to coin denominations, and are known to range up to £100. Many banks issued only small notes, those with a face value below £5. Private banks were small partnerships, and were limited to 6 partners or less by an act of 1756. Some of the private banks were very successful and their banknotes were reliable instruments. However, because of their nature as small organisations, many of the private banks failed, with their banknotes becoming worth a fraction of their face value. The weakness of the paper currency in Ireland lead to pressure for the creation of a ‘National Bank’ to provide a stable currency. Eventually, the Bank of Ireland was created to fill this need. The Bank of Ireland was the first joint stock bank to produce notes intended for use throughout Ireland; its first issue was in 1783. Early notes were denominated either in Irish pounds or guineas, with 1 guinea equal to 1 pound 2 shillings 9 pence Irish. The suspension of cash payments by the Bank Restriction Act 1797 lead to an increase in the usage of banknotes in Ireland, and the notes of many of the private banks became payable in Bank of Ireland notes, which was stated on each banknote often worded as ‘National Bank Paper’. The Bank of Ireland also began to issue small notes pound and guinea denominations in place of gold. The highest denomination banknote that has been recorded for an Irish bank is a £500 note issued by the Bank of Ireland dated in 1869. Pound sterling In 1826, the Irish pound was replaced by the pound sterling and later Irish banknotes were issued denominated in sterling. Banks issuing notes during this period were the Bank of Ireland, the Belfast Banking Company, the National Bank, the Northern Banking Company, the Provincial Bank of Ireland and the Ulster Bank. From 1824 banking regulation in Ireland was changed to allow for the formation of joint stock banks with branch networks. This resulted in the foundation of several large joint stock banks which started to issue banknotes in Ireland. The notes of these banks quickly replaced those of the Irish private banks in circulation. By 1836, six banks were issuing notes in Ireland. The following denominations are known for each bank up to 1844: Agricultural and Commercial Bank of Ireland (Founded 1834): £1, 35 Shillings, £3, £5, £10. Bank of Ireland (Founded 1783): 30 Shillings, £1, £3, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100, £200, £500. Others likely Belfast Banking Company (Founded 1827): 25 Shillings. Others likely. National Bank of Ireland (Founded 1835): 30 Shillings, £1, £3, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. Northern Banking Company (Founded 1824): £1, 25 Shillings, 30 Shillings. Others likely. Provincial Bank of Ireland (Founded 1825): £1, 25 Shillings, 30 Shillings, £2, £3, £4, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. Ulster Banking Company (Founded 1836): £1, 25 Shillings, 30 Shillings, 35 Shillings, £3, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. In addition, the Bank of Ireland issued notes denominated in One Guinea and One Guinea and a Half up until around 1819, as evidenced by images of surviving examples, the latest known of which is dated 4 Jan 1819. An early proof One Guinea note is known for Northern Banking Company, ca1824. The Agricultural and Commercial Bank of Ireland failed in 1840. After 1845 fractional denominations were prohibited, and the denominations issued by the banks settled on the following up to 1920: Bank of Ireland: £1, £3, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100, £500. Belfast Banking Company: : £1, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. National Bank of Ireland: £1, £3, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. Northern Banking Company: £1, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. Provincial Bank of Ireland: £1, £3, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. Ulster Banking Company: £1, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland Initially the partition of Ireland did not have any direct impact on currency; however, the Currency Act of 1927 gave the Currency Commission the sole authority to print and circulate legal tender in the Irish Free State. This resulted in notes issued directly by the Commission and also by the eight shareholding banks. From 1943 to 2001, the Central Bank of Ireland took over this role, until the introduction of the euro. Currently euro banknotes circulate in the Republic as legal tender. Northern Ireland In 1929, six banks began issuing sterling notes for circulation in Northern Ireland. These were Bank of Ireland, Belfast Banking Company, National Bank, Northern Bank, Provincial Bank of Ireland and Ulster Bank. Today, four banks retain the right to issue banknotes in Northern Ireland, based at Belfast, two of which are Irish owned, one Scottish owned and one Danish owned. These banks are Bank of Ireland (NI), Northern Bank trading as Danske Bank, First Trust Bank, and Ulster Bank. Their notes are backed by deposits at the Bank of England. First Trust or AIB as they are now known will cease their banknote issue in 2022. See also Irish pound Pound sterling References Further reading Mac Devitt, M (1999) Irish Banknotes. Irish Government Papermoney from 1928 (1st ed.) Mac Devitt, M (1999) Irish Banknotes. Irish Papermoney 1783–2005 (3rd ed.) Blake, R., Callaway, J. (2009). Paper Money of Ireland, (1st Ed.) Hall, F.G., 'The Bank of Ireland 1783-1946', Hodges Figgis, Dublin, 1949. Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, General Issues 1368-1960, Tracy L. Schmidt, Editor, (16th Ed.), Krause Pub. (2016). Kenny, S., Turner, J. D. (2019). "Wildcat bankers or political failure? The Irish financial pantomime, 1797-1826" Barrow, G. L. (1975). The Emergence of the Irish Banking System 1820-1845, Gill & Macmillan. External links Irish paper money Economic history of Ireland fr:Billets d'Irlande nl:Bankbiljetten van Ierland be:Банкноты Ірландыі
William Morley (ca. 1531 – 24 November 1597) was an English politician. He was the eldest son of Thomas Morley of Glynde, Sussex and educated at Cambridge University. He was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex for 1580–81. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Lewes in 1571. He was married twice: firstly Ann, the daughter of Anthony Pelham of Warbleton, Sussex, with whom he had 1 or 2 sons and 3 daughters and secondly Margaret, the daughter of William Roberts of Warbleton, with whom he had a further 2 or 3 sons and a daughter. He was succeeded by his son Herbert Morley. References 1531 births 1597 deaths English MPs 1571 High Sheriffs of Surrey High Sheriffs of Sussex
Nikolay Fyodorovich Gamaleya (; – 29 March 1949) was a Russian and Soviet physician and scientist who played a pioneering role in microbiology and vaccine research. Biography Gamaleya was born in Odessa, then part of the Russian Empire. He graduated from Odessa's Novorossiysky University (now Odesa University) in 1880 and the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy (now the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy) in 1883. He became a respected hospital physician in his native Odessa afterward. Gamaleya worked in Louis Pasteur's laboratory in France in 1886. Following Pasteur's model after his return, he joined Ilya Mechnikov in organizing an Odessa bacteriological station for rabies vaccination studies and research on combating cattle plague and cholera, diagnosing sputum for tuberculosis, and preparing anthrax vaccines. The Odessa Bacteriological Institute became Russia's first-ever bacteriological observation station. Despite the poor facilities and the small staff, the scientists were able to succeed in figuring out the conditions under which the rabies vaccination was most effective. Gamaleya's proposal for using killed bacilli in anti-cholera vaccines was later successfully applied on a wide scale as well. Similar stations were soon founded in Kiev (1886), Yekaterinoslav (1897), and Chernigov (1897). After defending his 1892 dissertation on the etiology of cholera (published in 1893), Gamaleya served as director of the Odessa Bacteriological Institute in 1896-1908. Reporting of the lysis of Bacillus anthracis bacteria by a transmissible "ferment" in 1898, Gamaleya was the discoverer of the bacteria-destroying antibodies known as bacteriolysins. Gamaleya initiated a public health campaign of exterminating rats to fight the plague in Odessa and southern Russia and pointed to the louse as the carrier of typhus. In 1910-1913, Gamaleya edited the journal Gigiena i sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation). Gamaleya's later work, including organizing the supply and distribution of smallpox vaccines for the Red Army, made strides toward the eventual eradication of smallpox in the USSR. The author of more than 300 academic publications on bacteriology, Gamaleya was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. He also served as head of the All-Union Society of Microbiologists, Epidemiologists and Infectionists. The highly regarded Gamaleya's state honors included two Lenin Orders, the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, and the 1943 State Stalin Prize. Gamaleya died in Moscow. The N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology in Moscow is named after him. References Further reading External links 1859 births 1949 deaths Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Academicians of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Physicians from Odesa Recipients of the Stalin Prize Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Russian bacteriologists Russian microbiologists Russian medical researchers Soviet bacteriologists Soviet microbiologists Ukrainian bacteriologists Ukrainian microbiologists Odesa University alumni S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy alumni Russian scientists
Jaatinen is a Finnish surname. Geographical distribution As of 2014, 90.2% of all known bearers of the surname Jaatinen were residents of Finland, 2.8% of Australia, 2.0% of Sweden, 1.4% of Estonia and 1.2% of Canada. In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:2,099) in the following regions: 1. North Karelia (1:839) 2. Southern Savonia (1:947) 3. Central Finland (1:1,102) 4. South Karelia (1:1,249) 5. Päijänne Tavastia (1:1,681) 6. Tavastia Proper (1:1,759) 7. Uusimaa (1:1,867) 8. Southern Ostrobothnia (1:1,920) 9. Kymenlaakso (1:2,035) People Antti Jaatinen, ice hockey player Arno Jaatinen (1895-1946), military figure Jussi Jaatinen (1899-1968), playwright Margit Jaatinen, Miss Finland competitor in 1958 Marjatta Jaatinen (1927–2003), architect Martti Jaatinen (1928–2008), architect Matti Jaatinen (1928–2005), Finnish politician Olli Jaatinen, bass player Pekka Jaatinen, writer Stig Jaatinen (1918-1999), professor of geography Timo Jaatinen, politician from Helsinki Toivo Jaatinen, sculptor, Saltus Award winner in 2002 References Finnish-language surnames
In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or soil pan is a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer. There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil that fuse and bind the soil particles. These deposits can range from dissolved silica to matrices formed from iron oxides and calcium carbonate. Others are man-made, such as hardpan formed by compaction from repeated plowing, particularly with moldboard plows, or by heavy traffic or pollution. Formations Soil structure strongly affects its tendency to form a hard pan. One such common soil condition related to hardpan is soil pH. Acidic soils are most often affected due to the propensity of certain mineral salts, most notably iron and calcium, to form hard complexes with soil particles under acidic conditions. Another major determinant is the soil particle size. Clay particles are some of the smallest particles commonly found in soils. Due to their structure the space between individual clay particles is small and already restricts the passage of water, reducing infiltration and hence drainage. Soils with a high clay content are also easily compacted and affected by man-made discharges. Clay particles have a strong negative electrostatic charge and will readily bond to positively charged ions dissolved in the soil-water matrix. Common salts such as sodium ions contained in wastewater can fulfil this role and lead to a localized hardpan in some soil types. This is a common cause of septic system failure due to the prevention of proper drainage in field. Problems and workarounds Hardpan can be a problem in farming and gardening by impeding drainage of water and restricting the growth of plant roots. In these situations, the hardpan can be broken up by either mechanical means such as digging or plowing, or through the use of soil amendments. The broadfork is a manual tool specifically designed for this task; a digging fork or a spade might also be used. The chisel plow does a similar job with the help of a tractor. The use of soil amendments can also be employed to alter the soil structure and promote the dissolution of the hard pan. It has been observed that increasing the amount of soil organic matter through the working-in of manure, compost or peat can both improve local drainage and promote the proliferation of earth worms that can, over time, break relatively thin hardpan layers. More difficult hardpans may be further improved through the action of both adjusting the soil pH with lime if the soil is acidic, and with the addition of gypsum. This combination can help loosen clay particles bound into a hardpan by the actions of hard salts such as iron, calcium carbonate and sodium, by promoting their mobility through a higher pH while proving a suitable source of exchanging minerals (the gypsum). This works because gypsum salts, although not "soft", are still water permeable and have a larger, more open structure, the results of which do not promote as hard a matrix as was replaced. However, unlike when employing mechanical means, breaking a hardpan through the use of amendments may require action over the course of years, and even then one is by no means assured success. The results are primarily determined by how extensive and / or intractable the hardpan is. See also Caliche Claypan Duricrust Duripan Fragipan Forestiere Underground Gardens References Soil Pedology
Carmelo Enrique Valencia Chaverra (; born 13 July 1984) is a former Colombian soccer player who retired in Atlético Junior. Club career Carmelo Valencia's greatest performance came in the 4-1 victory of Junior de Barranquilla “tu papá” against the #1 club in Copa Libertadores. He also played really well in the two games in which his team Atletico Nacional faced Atletico Huila for the 2007 Apertura National Championship Mustang Cup. He recorded the only goal in the game at Huila. In the second game he opened the score with a goal after the Huila defenders crashed into each other leading the way to Valencia putting Huila's championship hopes out of reach. The game ended 2-1 and the aggregate score was 3-1 in favor of the reigning champion Atletico Nacional. He then helped Nacional defend their title in the second semester finals versus La Equidad by scoring the first goal in a 3-0 defeat of the capital's team. He's now scored a combined three goals in Colombian Mustang Soccer finals. Valencia gained notoriety for his public admission that he faked a foul which resulted in the sending off of an opponent, Santa Fe's Agustín Julio, during a league match on 25 April 2009. League officials banned Valencia for one match following their review of the play in the wake of his admission. On 18 January 2010, Valencia signed for K-League club Ulsan Hyundai on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Valencia signed a contract with Chinese Super League side Tianjin Teda in February 2013. In February 2015, Valencia transferred to China League One side Beijing Enterprises Group. Personal life Valencia has a wife and a daughter. Notes References External links 1984 births Living people Colombian men's footballers Colombia men's international footballers Atlético Nacional footballers Real Cartagena footballers Deportivo Pasto footballers Millonarios F.C. players Ulsan Hyundai FC players Newell's Old Boys footballers La Equidad footballers Tianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C. players Beijing Sport University F.C. players América de Cali footballers Independiente Santa Fe footballers Cúcuta Deportivo footballers Atlético Junior footballers Categoría Primera A players Argentine Primera División players K League 1 players Chinese Super League players China League One players Colombian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Argentina Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea Colombian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea Expatriate men's footballers in China Colombian expatriate sportspeople in China Men's association football forwards Footballers from Chocó Department
The Man from the Rio Grande may refer to: The Man from the Rio Grande (1924 film), a film directed by Denver Dixon The Man from the Rio Grande (1943 film), a film directed by Howard Bretherton
Arad (, also Romanized as Ārād; also known as Arāth and Behbūdī) is a village in Koleyn Rural District, Fashapuyeh District, Ray County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 20 families. References Populated places in Ray County, Iran
Natham () is a taluka in Dindigul district in the Madurai Region in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Demographics India census, Natham had a population of 22,533. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Natham has an average literacy rate of 40%, lesser than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 36%, and female literacy is 46%. In Natham, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. References Cities and towns in Dindigul district
CACNA1C-related disorders are a group of rare diseases caused by variants in the CACNA1C gene, which encodes a subunit of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel. Genomic sequencing has linked a number of heterogenous phenotypes to pathogenic variants in the CACNA1C gene: Timothy syndrome, which may or may not occur with syndactyly Short QT syndrome or Brugada syndrome Long QT syndrome or other arrhythmia without additional symptoms. CACNA1C-related disorders are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Symptoms of CACNA1C-related disorders are primarily neurological and may include developmental delay, autism or autistic features, and seizures. Facial dysmorphism may also be present. References Genetic diseases and disorders
Ritterode is a village and a former municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 September 2010, it is part of the town Hettstedt. References Former municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt Mansfeld-Südharz
{{Infobox school \| name = Army Public School, Kunraghat \| image = Aps school.jpg \| image_size = 300 \| caption = The School Building \| address = NH-28 \| region = Kunraghat \| city = Gorakhpur \| motto = Truth Is God \| state = Uttar Pradesh \| province = \| postcode = 273008 \| country = India \| patron = GOC, HQ MB Area \| established = 1954 (1994 reestablised) \| founder = Neena Thapa \| chairman = Commandant GRD, Kunraghat \| principal = Mr Vishal Tripathi \| teaching_staff = 85 \| status = \| schoolboard = CBSE \| district = Gorakhpur District \| enrollment = 2,208 students \| classes = 1 - 12 \| language = English (official) Hindi \| campus_size = \| former_name = GRD School \| fundingtype = \| type = Indian Army School \| coordinates = \| free_label = \| fees = } \| colors = Normal Days: Wednesday: \| free_text = \| website = https://www.apsgorakhpur.org.in }}Army Public School, Kunraghat, Gorakhpur''' is a school located in the Kunraghat area, in Gorakhpur, India. It is operated under Indian Army supervision under the aegis of the Army Welfare Education Society. The school was founded in 1954 by Neena Thapa, wife of Colonel Gopal Kushal Singh Thapa, then Commandant GRD, Kunraghat. On 1 April 1994 it was re-designated as "Army School, Kunraghat" after dissolution of the existing Gorkha Recruiting Depot (GRD) High School and absorption of its students. The premises and assets of GRD High School in situ were transferred to Army School, Kunraghat. Most of the students in this school are from Army Background. References Education in Gorakhpur Indian Army Public Schools
Pierre Eugene du Simitiere (born Pierre-Eugène Ducimetière, ; 18 September 1737, Geneva – October 1784, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a Genevan American member of the American Philosophical Society, naturalist, American patriot, and portrait painter. Du Simitiere served as the artistic consultant for the committees that designed the Great Seal of the United States, and submitted the first proposed design to include the Eye of Providence and suggested the adoption of the U.S. motto E pluribus unum ("Out of Many, One"). Biography Born in Geneva, du Simitiere's original name was Pierre-Eugène Ducimetière or Pierre-Eugène du Cimetière. After leaving the Republic of Geneva, he spent more than a decade in the West Indies before moving to New York and then Philadelphia. He spelled his name Pierre-Eugène du Simitière, Pierre Eugene du Simitiere or du Symitiere after settling in Philadelphia. Elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768, he further became one of its curators (1777–1781). Du Simitiere served as the artistic consultant for the committees that designed the Great Seal of the United States, and in 1776 he submitted the first proposed design to include the Eye of Providence, which element was eventually adopted. Moreover, he suggested the adoption of the U.S. motto E pluribus unum ("Out of Many, One"). He also designed the Seal of New Jersey, of Delaware, and of Georgia. In 1779, du Simitiere painted the first known portrait of George Washington, later used for the 1791 one-cent coin. In 1781, he was conferred an honorary degree from Princeton University (which was still called College of New Jersey until 1896). Thomas Jefferson's daughter Martha took drawing lessons with du Simitiere. Du Simitiere was the translator into French for the Letters to the inhabitants of Canada from the Continental Congress designed to draw the new British subjects of Quebec into the American Revolutionary War. "His early interest in natural history had expanded to embrace geography, geology, mineralogy, archeology, numismatics, and every aspect of American history, including aboriginal, general, local, political, social, and cultural history. He collected books in English and other languages and was a bibliographer of skill and breadth. He accumulated pamphlets, newspapers, handbills, and every other kind of political publication. He strove to record the history of the Colonies, including their differences with England and their eventual struggle for independence. Perhaps oddly for a collector, he was generous in lending books and other materials from his collections. In 1781 the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) granted him an honorary degree of Master of Arts. "All the while he continued to practice his profession of artist and painter, from which he earned a precarious living. He drew designs for a variety of state, local, and institutional seals. He drew maps, frontispieces, and technical illustrations for publications. He did pencil, chalk, and water-color portraits for a fee — though he seems not to have worked in oil. He seized every opportunity to sketch from life the notables, both American and British, who came to Philadelphia; and more often than not his sketches went into his own collection. "His great personal vision embraced the founding of an American museum and the compiling of a history of the Colonies. In his efforts to achieve his objectives, he fought a constant battle with poverty and with the lack of interest of persons who might have helped him gather materials. In a measure he realized his vision briefly in his 'American Museum,' located in a house in Arch Street above 4th, which he advertised as early as September 1782. But the history was never written; he died destitute, and his collections were sold to pay his debts. He is now regarded as the founder of the first history museum in the United States." Other events First American museum of natural history He created the first American museum of natural history from his personal collections constituted during his travels and through his purchases. He opened it to the public in 1782, over forty years before the Charleston Museum, which is generally considered the first American museum. First coin auction sale in America His coin collection was the first record in Early American history to serve as collateral on a loan granted to him by William Dilwyn. This collection later on was sold at public auction by Matthew Clarkson and Ebenezer Hazard, on March 19, 1785 at Philadelphia. Included in the sale as Lot #19 was "A Mahogany cabinet containing ancient and modern Gold, Silver, and Copper Coins and Medals." This sale precedes all sales in Atinelli's Numisgraphics by 43 years and is considered to be the first known coin auction sale in America. An advertisement for this sale reposes in the Archives of the Library Company of Philadelphia. Du Simitiere has living descendants throughout Switzerland, France, and the US. In a letter to his wife on August 14, 1776, John Adams wrote "This Mr. du Simitière is a very curious Man. He has begun a Collection of Materials for an History of this Revolution. He begins with the first Advices of the Tea Ships. He cuts out of the Newspapers, every Scrap of Intelligence, and every Piece of Speculation, and pastes it upon clean Paper, arranging them under the Head of the State to which they belong and intends to bind them up in Volumes. He has a List of every Speculation and Pamphlet concerning Independence, and another of those concerning Forms of Government." Notes References Orosz, Joel J., The Eagle That is Forgotten (Wolfenboro, 1988) Van Horne, John C., Pierre Eugene DuSimitiere: His American Museum 200 Years after (Philadelphia, 1985) 1736 births 1784 deaths 18th-century artists from the Republic of Geneva 18th-century scientists from the Republic of Geneva American philosophers Members of the American Philosophical Society Natural history collectors Museum founders 18th-century philanthropists
Radimov () is a village and municipality in Skalica District in the Trnava Region of western Slovakia. History In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1392. Geography The municipality lies at an altitude of 254 metres and covers an area of 12.915 km². It has a population of about 576 people. References External links Official page http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html Villages and municipalities in Skalica District
My Two Wives is an Australian situation comedy series produced by Gary Reilly Productions in 1992. The situation of My Two Wives involved a divorced man who moves into an apartment with his new wife and her daughter, only to learn that his ex-wife resides in the apartment directly below. The cast included Peter Fisher, Patrick Ward, Linda Newton, Morna Seres, Kym Valentine, Brett Blewitt. The series debuted in Australia 8 September 1992. Only a moderate ratings success, the program was not renewed beyond its initial series of 13 half-hour episodes. The series was shown on Carlton Select for a time between 1996 and 1997. References External links Australian television sitcoms Nine Network original programming 1992 Australian television series debuts 1992 Australian television series endings
The Cardinal Knox Centre, is a noted Modernist church administration centre located adjacent to St Patrick's Cathedral, at 383 Albert Street, , Victoria, Australia. It was commissioned by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne in 1968, and the architects were Yuncken Freeman, lead architect, Roy Simpson. It replaced the 1855 bluestone Saint Patrick’s College, controversially demolished in 1971, leaving a single bluestone tower as a preserved fragment. Description The key idea behind what was at first simply called the Diocesan Centre was to allow for extensive office and meeting space, and living quarters for resident clergy, whilst also being as low and unobtrusive as possible, to allow uninterrupted views towards the 19th century Gothic Revival Cathedral from the east. This is achieved by being set into the low rise of the site, and partly below ground, and inward looking, with windows opening into a variety of courtyards, including a large central circular courtyard. From most aspects, the site appears to be mainly water features or landscaping, with long low concrete or stone walls. The Albert Street frontage consists of a series of reflecting pools, largely hiding the two storey building behind, composed of long low pre-cast concrete solid battered piers supporting a simple horizontal beam with deep inset glazed openings. The lower floor looks into courtyards planted with trees, formed by the L shaped pools. The same expression is used to the rear of the Albert Street frontage block and the interior of the circular courtyard. Varied shapes were tested for this courtyard, however, the final design chosen was circular, complete with another reflecting pool around its edge. The Albert Street water features step down the slight slope, and include water jets linking one to the next, with the main entrance located at the east end of the main building and pools. The Lansdowne Street corners are each built up with low sloped rough bluestone block bases supporting lawn and plantings. The Lansdowne Street frontage is primarily car parking, screened by ashlar bluestone block walls, with the entrance located next to the remaining tower of St Patrick's College. The Cathedral Place frontage was originally a private garden behind fencing; in 2000 this was opened up by the creation of the Pilgrim's Path landscaped walkway up to the east door of the Cathedral, also creating public access to the paths on top of the lower part of the Cardinal Knox Centre. Key influences and design approach St Patrick's Cathedral is a monumental icon of Melburnian architecture. Hence, Simpson wished to design a building that enhanced its greatness rather than attempting to add on or overshadow the cathedral’s design. Various historical precedents were looked at to help understand the best way to approach adapting such a historical landmark. These precedents include: Notre Dame Cathedral, York Minster, Church of St. Trophime, and Saint Mark's Basilica. The Victorian Heritage Database entry notes that "The sympathetic use of materials, low profile and use of water ponds to the roofs fronting Victoria Parade helps the offices and presbytery to seem more of a landscape element than a building." Simpson himself felt that "…The opening of the Cathedral grounds to Fitzroy Gardens could create great new civic space…" The 25 year award from the Architectural Institute of Australia (Victoria) in 2004 praised the design because "it speaks about its own time and architectural intent". Awards 25 Year Award Architect Victoria Awards 2004 Gallery References External links Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne Website Buildings and structures in the City of Melbourne (LGA) Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne East Melbourne, Victoria
Bramble is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alexander Bramble (born 1984), Montserratian footballer Anthony Bramble (born 1990), Guyanese cricketer A.V. Bramble (1884–1963) British actor and film director Curt Bramble, American politician and Certified Public Accountant from Utah Downer T. Bramble (1832–1887), American pioneer businessman and politician Eldon Bramble (1931–1977), Vincentian cricketer Fitzgerald Bramble (born 1967), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines politician and footballer James H. Bramble (1930–2021), American mathematician Kevin Bramble (born 1972), American disabled ski racer, freeskier, and monoski designer Lachlan Bramble (born 1998), professional Australian rules footballer Livingstone Bramble or Ras-I Alujah Bramble (born 1960), Kittian and Nevisian boxer Mark Bramble (1950–2019), American theatre director, author and producer Percival Austin Bramble (born 1931), Montserratian politician Tesfaye Bramble, English-born Montserratian footballer Titus Bramble (born 1981), English premier league footballer TJ Bramble (born 2001) English-born Antiguan footballer Todd Bramble (born 1967), American soccer coach Tom Bramble, Australian socialist activist, author and retired academic William Henry Bramble (1901–1988), Montserratian politician See also Bramble (disambiguation) Brambell English-language surnames
Diablo II: Resurrected is an action role-playing video game co-developed by Blizzard Entertainment and Blizzard Albany and published by Blizzard Entertainment. It is a remaster of Diablo II (2000) and its expansion Lord of Destruction (2001). The game was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and Series S on September 23, 2021. Gameplay The remaster mainly updated the original game's graphics and network functions and originally did not change any of its item systems or game balance. Resurrected overlays upgraded 3D models atop the original Diablo II 2D sprites, and is designed to toggle between the legacy and upgraded visuals with a button press. Its cutscenes were also remastered. Resurrected supports 4K graphics resolution and 7.1 Dolby Surround sound. Blizzard added small convenience upgrades while leaving the core gameplay unchanged. The addition of a Shared Stash lets players transfer items between their own characters, as compared with the original game, which involved a tertiary "mule" character to facilitate the transfer. Players can toggle automatic gold pickup, display ground items and other small upgrades. The game now reminds players to spend skill points and reminds that skill point allocation is permanent. The remaster allows players to import save files from the original Diablo II in local single-player and continue from that point. Unlike the original Diablo II, Resurrected allows the secret cow level, also known as the Moo Moo Farm, to be accessed repeatedly by players. Unlike the original, neither open Battle.net nor local multiplayer over TCP/IP (LAN gaming) are supported. Synopsis Diablo II: Resurrected has the same plot as the original game. Development Diablo II: Resurrecteds development began around 2019, as a joint effort between Blizzard's Diablo team (Team 3) and Vicarious Visions, at the time a subsidiary under Blizzard's corporate sibling Activision. According to Blizzard's president J. Allen Brack, Vicarious Visions was responsible for handling the front-end and 3D client while Blizzard handled the back-end server and Battle.net integration aspects of the remaster. About a month before the February 2021 announcement of the game, Activision announced that Vicarious Visions had been transferred and moved into Blizzard's corporate structure. Brack said this move was due to Vicarious having detailed knowledge of the Diablo series by this point, so that they could continue to provide support for Resurrected, Diablo IV and other Blizzard properties. During a 2019 media event, Max Schaefer, Erich Schaefer, and David Brevik stated they had been unsure if a remaster of Diablo II was possible due to a near-release loss of much of the game's source code and assets from corruption in their backup system. They were able to recover most of the code and assets through copies that employees of Blizzard North had taken home with them or other means, but the Schaefers felt there were still too many pieces missing to fully remaster the game. However, according to Blizzard's current Diablo lead Rod Fergusson and principal designer Rob Gallerani, the missing data was not as bad as the Schaefers had indicated. Their team scoured through other sources at Blizzard, such as through marketing material, to find additional resources to fill in the gaps. After assessing what was missing Blizzard decided they had enough to proceed with the remaster, with capabilities to recreate any missing assets and redraw the existing assets in higher definition with help of the original artists and animators. The remaster's design philosophy required the game to be identical to what legacy players remembered. While the developers did not make even minor changes to core gameplay, they upgraded the game's visuals, modeling its remastered graphics on art from the original game. The remaster includes some small usability changes like the Shared Stash and automatic gold pickup. Some new conveniences can be toggled to the user's playstyle preference. The two core principles for the remaster were preserving the authentic, original game's experience and making it accessible for modern play. The title was announced in the opening ceremony of the developer's February 2021 annual convention. Its development had been an open secret, having been leaked during Blizzard's acquisition of developer Vicarious Visions the month prior. A single-player beta period preceded the release. Unlike Warcraft III: Reforged, the prior remaster of Warcraft III which was met with criticisms from journalists and players, Diablo II: Resurrected is a separate release from the existing Diablo II on Battle.net. Brack said that they had learned various lessons from how fans reacted to their Warcraft III: Reforged approach. Prior to release, Blizzard opened two development tests to players. A single-player alpha ran in April and a multiplayer open beta followed in August, with early access for those who pre-ordered the game on supported platforms. Blizzard made multiple tweaks and additions based on community feedback during the technical alpha, including touch-ups of visual effects, revised item icons, interface usability toggles, and new features such as an in-game clock and extra player item storage. The developers decided to remove ultrawide monitor support, whose larger display resolution interfered with the game's artificial intelligence mechanics. TCP/IP multiplayer support, which let players connect locally in the original game, is unsupported in the remaster for reasons of security. In the original game, players had the freedom to apply whichever patch version they had access to (eg via magazine cover disk) and DRM was controlled via a serial number during installation; Resurrected'''s DRM model instead requires all installations to authenticate and update on a regular basis, establishing an ongoing dependency on Blizzard servers via the Internet, even for players who exclusively play solo offline sparking concern among preservation advocates regarding the future of DRM on consoles.Diablo II: Resurrected was released on September 23, 2021, for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X platforms. Server problems prevented some from playing the game at launch and in subsequent weeks. Blizzard explained that these problems resulted from several factors. Part of this was due to legacy game code related to game creation and database access, which they were trying to resolve with patches over this period. A second factor came from what they called "modern player behavior" resulting from players aware of well-documented strategies from Diablo II original release that stressed the servers. Besides working to patch the legacy concerns, Blizzard established game creation rate limiters and added login queues. With the game released and server problems rectified, the developers turned to focus on post-release player feedback, which showed overwhelming interest in further updates. In a slight break from the remaster's development philosophy of not altering core game mechanics, these post-release changes centered on supplemental, software quality of life, accessibility, and making underpowered options more powerful without affecting the overall game's balance. The development team considered user feedback and consulting original developer notebooks. In response to feedback, Blizzard added a new PC interface bar in December to let players cast skills immediately, similar to how the new controller scheme worked and a modernization of the old two-step method of choosing a skill and left- or right-clicking to cast. Blizzard had been hesitant to provide this option, considered a large deviation from the original. The developer also added a new "public test realm" where players could play-test new features before the main game is updated. Patch 2.4 was released April 2022 and brought the first game balance changes to Diablo II since 2010. Rather than affecting popular systems and items, the patch made some underused playstyles more viable for play in higher difficulty levels, such as a weapon-throwing Barbarian or martial arts-focused Assassin. Similarly, it made previously underpowered options (e.g., item sets and ally artificial intelligence) more effective. This patch also added Ladder Play, a competitive multiplayer feature well-known from the original that was omitted from the remaster's launch. ReceptionDiablo II: Resurrected received favorable reviews upon release according to Metacritic, where the PC version has a weighted average of 80 out of 100. While acknowledging that the gameplay sometimes feels dated, Game Informer said that Diablo II "remains the standard against which all other ARPGs are judged" and it is "still a blast, even today". PC Gamer, which called the game a proud dinosaur, said that its simple gameplay seems revolutionary compared to modern games oriented around micropayments. The reviewer said that the game is targeted toward diehard fans, who will resist any changes, which makes it a less appealing entry point for new players than Diablo IV. IGN wrote that the game is "pretty fun when you get past the clunkiness", but it ignores 20 years of evolution in game design. Although GameSpot's reviewer said Resurrecteds fidelity to the original game is sure to please fans, its retro design makes it "challenging to recommend over modern contemporaries".Game Informer called the new graphics "stunning", and PC Gamer'' praised the additional detail and changes, such as de-objectifying one of the female characters. GameSpot's review highlighted the graphics as "strikingly gorgeous". References External links 2021 video games Blizzard games Action role-playing video games Hack and slash role-playing games Diablo (series) video games Video game remasters Nintendo Switch games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 5 games Xbox One games Xbox Series X and Series S games Vicarious Visions games Video games developed in the United States Windows games Multiplayer and single-player video games
A151 or A-151 may refer to: A-151 Quad Sequential Switch, a 2004 Doepfer product RFA Dewdale (A151), a 1941 Royal Fleet Auxiliary fleet tanker and landing ship Roads A151 road (England), a road in Lincolnshire connecting Colsterworth and Holbeach A151 motorway (France), a road in Normandy connecting A150 autoroute to Rouen and the N27 to Dieppe A151 road (Malaysia), a road in Perak connecting the crossroad at Jalan Jawa, Jalan Sungai Nibong and Jalan Syed Abu Bakar to the junction at A147 Jalan Padang Tembak
Douglas Bernard Fournet (May 7, 1943 – May 4, 1968) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Biography Born on May 7, 1943, in Kinder, Louisiana, Fournet attended McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Fournet joined the Army from New Orleans, Louisiana in 1966, and went through Officer Candidate School at Fort Benning. By May 4, 1968, was serving as a first lieutenant in Company B, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). During a firefight on that day, in the A Shau Valley, South Vietnam, during Operation Delaware, Fournet was killed while attempting to disable an enemy Claymore mine. He shielded his fellow soldiers from the blast with his body, preventing serious wounds to everyone but himself. His squadron leader, Bill Krahl, recovered his body, for which Krahl was awarded a Bronze Star. He and his wife Marilyn Grissett had a son, Bill Fournet, who was born after his father's death. A portion of Interstate 210 which loops around Lake Charles was named the "Douglas Fournet Expressway" in the fall of 2001. On July 3, 2010, he and four other Medal of Honor recipients with ties to Louisiana were inducted into the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame and Museum in Abbeville. Medal of Honor citation First Lieutenant Fournet's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. 1st Lt. Fournet, Infantry, distinguished himself in action while serving as rifle platoon leader of the 2d Platoon, Company B. While advancing uphill against fortified enemy positions in the A Shau Valley, the platoon encountered intense sniper fire, making movement very difficult. The right flank man suddenly discovered an enemy claymore mine covering the route of advance and shouted a warning to his comrades. Realizing that the enemy would also be alerted, 1st Lt. Fournet ordered his men to take cover and ran uphill toward the mine, drawing a sheath knife as he approached it. With complete disregard for his safety and realizing the imminent danger to members of his command, he used his body as a shield in front of the mine as he attempted to slash the control wires leading from the enemy positions to the mine. As he reached for the wire the mine was detonated, killing him instantly. Five men nearest the mine were slightly wounded, but 1st Lt. Fournet's heroic and unselfish act spared his men of serious injury or death. His gallantry and willing self-sacrifice are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries References 1943 births 1968 deaths People from Lake Charles, Louisiana McNeese State University alumni United States Army officers United States Army Medal of Honor recipients Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor United States Army personnel killed in the Vietnam War
Laurent Durand (1712, Paris – 1763) was an 18th-century French publisher active in the Age of Enlightenment. His shop was established rue Saint-Jacques under the sign Saint Landry & du griffon. Durand was the son of a merchant born near Auxerre. From 1730, he worked for the Parisian bookseller and printer Jacques Chardon (1688-1766). On 31 January 1739, he married Elizabeth Carbonnier, a niece of a certain François Jouenne. He was one of the four publishers of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert, along with Michel-Antoine David, André le Breton, and Antoine-Claude Briasson. He also was Denis Diderot's main publisher as well as that of several clandestine books. Works published 1739: Année ecclésiastique ou Instructions sur le propre du tems, tome septième, à Paris, rue Saint-Jacques, chez Jacques Lambert et Laurent Durand, à la Sagesse et Saint Landry, 660 p. 1741: M. l'abbé Lebeuf, L'état des sciences en France, depuis la mort du roy Robert, arrivée en 1031, jusqu'à celle de Philippe le Bel, arrivée en 1314, À Paris, rue S. Jacques, chez Lambert & Durand, à la Sagesse, & à Saint Landry 1744: Henry Baker, trad. de l'anglois by P. Demours, Essai sur l'histoire naturelle du polybe 1745: Denis Diderot, Essai sur le mérite et la vertu 1745: M. Lesser, avec des remarques de M. P. Lyonnet, Theologie des insectes, ou démonstration des perfections de Dieu dans tout ce qui concerne les insectes, first volume, 384 p. 1746: Denis Diderot, Pensées philosophiques 1751–1763, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. 1754: Catalogue des livres imprimés, ou qui se trouvent en nombre chez Durand, Rue du Foin-Saint-Jacques, en entrant par la rue S. Jacques, la premiere porte cochere à droite, à S. Landry, 15 p. 1759: M. Demours, Table générale des matières contenues dans l'histoire & dans les mémoires de l'Académie générale des sciences, 1741-1750, tome VI, in-4° Bibliography Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland, Diderot et Laurent Durand, son éditeur principal, , 2005, n° 39, (p. 29–40). References External links Laurent Durant on data.bnf.fr Diderot et Laurent Durand, son éditeur principal Durand, Laurent (1712?-1763) on IdRef Publishers (people) from Paris 1712 births 1763 deaths Denis Diderot Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
Customer Alliance is a software company headquartered in Berlin, Germany. It offers a software-as-a-service platform designed for feedback management and analysis. The company serves various sectors, including hospitality, healthcare, automotive, and insurance. Its platform aggregates data from multiple customer touchpoints to give a holistic view of customer feedback. Feedback Collection: The system provides tools for organizations to gather feedback via methods such as Email, SMS, QR code, In-web, and In-App surveys. It tracks metrics including Customer Satisfaction Scores (CSAT), Net Promoter Scores (NPS), and Customer Effort Scores (CES). Feedback Analysis: All customer feedback and online reviews are centralized in one dashboard. The platform's analytics capabilities allow organizations to extract insights from the collected data. Feedback Sharing: Customer Alliance's platform enables the sharing of reviews on third-party sites like Google and TripAdvisor. Organizations can also embed a widget on their websites to display aggregated feedback. Feedback Response: An AI-powered feature suggests potential replies to customer reviews and feedback, assisting organizations in timely and appropriate responses. Overall, Customer Alliance's platform is geared towards helping businesses navigate the complexities of feedback management, offering tools to collect, analyze, share, and respond to customer feedback. The company has employees of 18 different nationalities and provides services in 35 countries over Europe and North America. History Torsten Sabel and Moritz Klussmann co-founded Customer Alliance in 2009, starting with the German hotel market. Since then, the company has expanded internationally and operates in the automotive and ecommerce industries as well. In 2010, Customer Alliance won second place in the "Sprungbrett" competition in the category "Best Startup". The competition was part of "Online Innovation Days" of the Verband Internet Reisevertrieb e.V. (VIR). In 2011, the company received a six-digit seed investment from Mountain Super Angel and Hightech Gründerfonds. In 2012, Customer Alliance became an official partner of the German Hotel Association (Deutscher Hotelverband IHA) and won the German Silicon Valley Accelerator. The program is supported by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. In the same year, the company opened a branch in Querétaro, Mexico. In June 2019, Customer Alliance announced its merger with Toocan, a Berlin-based company that owns HotelNavigator. References External links Companies based in Berlin Software companies of Germany
Prem Nagar is a village in the Bhiwani district of the Indian state of Haryana. It lies approximately north of the district headquarters town of Bhiwani. , the village had 684 households with a total population of 3,495 of which 1,849 were male and 1,646 female. The head(Sarpanch) of the village is Rajesh Bura. In village the most famous temple is situated the name is shri Shri 1008 jai Baba Gulab nath and Baba Bhani Nath temple. References Villages in Bhiwani district
Gęstowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Maszewo, within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately north of Maszewo, north-west of Krosno Odrzańskie, north-west of Zielona Góra, and south of Gorzów Wielkopolski. References Villages in Krosno Odrzańskie County
Ramón Osni Moreira Lage (born 24 May 1988), or simply Ramón, is a Brazilian former football attacking midfielder. Career Ramon started his professional career with Atlético Mineiro, before moving to Corinthians in 2006. In Brazil, many used to compare his playing style to that of Kaká. In 2007, Ramon moved to CSKA Moscow, despite being targeted by Arsenal and A.C. Milan, according to some rumours. Ramon scored one goal for CSKA against their fierce rivals Spartak Moscow in the final of the First Channel Cup, an annual exhibition tournament held in Israel. CSKA went on to beat Spartak 3–2. Ramon scored his first league goal for CSKA in the Russian Premier League second-round derby against Lokomotiv Moscow in March 2007. On August 2009 he was loaned to Krylya Sovetov. In December 2010 CSKA president Evgenii Giner said: "I think Ramon has finished with football. He is a talented footballer, but the ones like him finish standing by the beer stand bragging about past glories." Honours Brazil (u-17 team) South American Under-17 Football Championship: 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship runner-up: 2005 CSKA Moscow Russian Super Cup: 2007, 2009 Russian Premier League runner-up: 2008 References External links 1988 births Footballers from Minas Gerais Living people Brazilian men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Clube Atlético Mineiro players Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players PFC CSKA Moscow players PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players CR Flamengo footballers Esporte Clube Bahia players Clube Náutico Capibaribe players Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players Clube do Remo players Brasiliense FC players Goianésia Esporte Clube players Araxá Esporte Clube players Democrata Futebol Clube players Esporte Clube Rio Verde players Esporte Clube Democrata players Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Russian Premier League players Campeonato Pernambucano players J1 League players Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players Brazilian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Russia Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Russia Expatriate men's footballers in Japan Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan People from Nova Era
Cognate set may refer to two entities: in music theory, a cognate set is a type of cyclic set in historical linguistics, a cognate set is a set of cognates, i.e. of words descended from the same etymon. Disambiguation pages
Z14 may refer to: German destroyer Z14 Friedrich Ihn, a Second World War German destroyer HMCS Grizzly (Z14) and HMCS Moose (Z14), two armed yachts of the Canadian Navy IBM z14 (microprocessor), a microprocessor chip used in mainframe computers. Oshiage Station (Station code Z-14), a train station in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
The following is a representative list of games classified in the survival genre. List References Survival games Survival games
```objective-c /* * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA / #ifndef __PJSIP_SIP_TRANSPORT_H__ #define __PJSIP_SIP_TRANSPORT_H__ /* * @file sip_transport.h * @brief SIP Transport / #include <pjsip/sip_msg.h> #include <pjsip/sip_parser.h> #include <pjsip/sip_resolve.h> #include <pj/sock.h> #include <pj/list.h> #include <pj/ioqueue.h> #include <pj/timer.h> PJ_BEGIN_DECL /* * @defgroup PJSIP_TRANSPORT Transport * @ingroup PJSIP_CORE * @brief This is the transport framework. * * The transport framework is fully extensible. Please see * <A HREF="/docs.htm">PJSIP Developer's Guide</A> PDF * document for more information. * * Application MUST register at least one transport to PJSIP before any * messages can be sent or received. Please see @ref PJSIP_TRANSPORT_UDP * on how to create/register UDP transport to the transport framework. * * @{ / /**************************************************************************** * * GENERAL TRANSPORT (NAMES, TYPES, ETC.) * ****************************************************************************/ / * Forward declaration for transport factory (since it is referenced by * the transport factory itself). / typedef struct pjsip_tpfactory pjsip_tpfactory; /* * Flags for SIP transports. / enum pjsip_transport_flags_e { PJSIP_TRANSPORT_RELIABLE = 1, /< Transport is reliable. / PJSIP_TRANSPORT_SECURE = 2, /*< Transport is secure. / PJSIP_TRANSPORT_DATAGRAM = 4 /*< Datagram based transport. (it's also assumed to be connectionless) / }; /** * Check if transport tp is reliable. / #define PJSIP_TRANSPORT_IS_RELIABLE(tp) \ ((tp)->flag & PJSIP_TRANSPORT_RELIABLE) /* * Check if transport tp is secure. / #define PJSIP_TRANSPORT_IS_SECURE(tp) \ ((tp)->flag & PJSIP_TRANSPORT_SECURE) /* * Register new transport type to PJSIP. The PJSIP transport framework * contains the info for some standard transports, as declared by * #pjsip_transport_type_e. Application may use non-standard transport * with PJSIP, but before it does so, it must register the information * about the new transport type to PJSIP by calling this function. * * @param tp_flag The flags describing characteristics of this * transport type. * @param tp_name Transport type name. * @param def_port Default port to be used for the transport. * @param p_tp_type On successful registration, it will be filled with * the registered type. This argument is optional. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS if registration is successful, or * PJSIP_ETYPEEXISTS if the same transport type has * already been registered. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_register_type(unsigned tp_flag, const char tp_name, int def_port, int p_tp_type); /* * Get the transport type from the transport name. * * @param name Transport name, such as "TCP", or "UDP". * * @return The transport type, or PJSIP_TRANSPORT_UNSPECIFIED if * the name is not recognized as the name of supported * transport. / PJ_DECL(pjsip_transport_type_e) pjsip_transport_get_type_from_name(const pj_str_t name); /** * Get the first transport type that has the specified flags. * * @param flag The transport flag. * * @return Transport type. / PJ_DECL(pjsip_transport_type_e) pjsip_transport_get_type_from_flag(unsigned flag); /* * Get the socket address family of a given transport type. * * @param type Transport type. * * @return Transport type. / PJ_DECL(int) pjsip_transport_type_get_af(pjsip_transport_type_e type); /* * Get transport flag from type. * * @param type Transport type. * * @return Transport flags. / PJ_DECL(unsigned) pjsip_transport_get_flag_from_type( pjsip_transport_type_e type ); /* * Get the default SIP port number for the specified type. * * @param type Transport type. * * @return The port number, which is the default SIP port number for * the specified type. / PJ_DECL(int) pjsip_transport_get_default_port_for_type(pjsip_transport_type_e type); /* * Get transport type name. * * @param t Transport type. * * @return Transport name. / PJ_DECL(const char) pjsip_transport_get_type_name(pjsip_transport_type_e t); /** * Get longer description for the specified transport type. * * @param t Transport type. * * @return Transport description. / PJ_DECL(const char) pjsip_transport_get_type_desc(pjsip_transport_type_e t); /***************************************************************************** * * TRANSPORT SELECTOR. * ***************************************************************************/ / * This structure describes the type of data in pjsip_tpselector. / typedef enum pjsip_tpselector_type { /* Transport is not specified. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_NONE, /* Use the specific transport to send request. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_TRANSPORT, /* Use the specific listener to send request. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_LISTENER, /* Use the IP version criteria to send request. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_IP_VER, } pjsip_tpselector_type; /* * This enumerator describes the IP version criteria for pjsip_tpselector. / typedef enum pjsip_tpselector_ip_ver { /* IPv4 only. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_USE_IPV4_ONLY, /* * No preference. IP version used will depend on the order of addresses * returned by pjsip_resolver. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_NO_PREFERENCE, /* IPv4 is preferred. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_PREFER_IPV4, /* IPv6 is preferred. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_PREFER_IPV6, /* IPv6 only. / PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_USE_IPV6_ONLY } pjsip_tpselector_ip_ver; /* * This structure describes the transport/listener preference to be used * when sending outgoing requests. * * Normally transport will be selected automatically according to rules about * sending requests. But some applications (such as proxies or B2BUAs) may * want to explicitly use specific transport to send requests, for example * when they want to make sure that outgoing request should go from a specific * network interface. * * The pjsip_tpselector structure is used for that purpose, i.e. to allow * application specificly request that a particular transport/listener * should be used to send request. This structure is used when calling * pjsip_tsx_set_transport() and pjsip_dlg_set_transport(). * * If application disables connection reuse and wants to force creating * a new transport, it needs to consider the following couple of things: * - If it still wants to reuse an existing transport (if any), it * needs to keep a reference to that transport and specifically set * the transport to be used for sending requests. * - Delete those existing transports manually when no longer needed. / typedef struct pjsip_tpselector { /* The type of data in the union / pjsip_tpselector_type type; /* * Whether to disable reuse of an existing connection. * This setting will be ignored if (type == PJSIP_TPSELECTOR_TRANSPORT) * and transport in the union below is set. / pj_bool_t disable_connection_reuse; /* * Union representing the transport/listener/IP version criteria * to be used. / union { pjsip_transport transport; pjsip_tpfactory listener; pjsip_tpselector_ip_ver ip_ver; void ptr; } u; } pjsip_tpselector; /** * Add transport/listener reference in the selector to prevent the specified * transport/listener from being destroyed while application still has * reference to it. * * @param sel The transport selector. / PJ_DECL(void) pjsip_tpselector_add_ref(pjsip_tpselector sel); /** * Decrement transport/listener reference in the selector. * @param sel The transport selector / PJ_DECL(void) pjsip_tpselector_dec_ref(pjsip_tpselector sel); /***************************************************************************** * * RECEIVE DATA BUFFER. * ***************************************************************************/ / * A customized ioqueue async operation key which is used by transport * to locate rdata when a pending read operation completes. / typedef struct pjsip_rx_data_op_key { pj_ioqueue_op_key_t op_key; /< ioqueue op_key. / pjsip_rx_data rdata; /< rdata associated with this / } pjsip_rx_data_op_key; /** * Incoming message buffer. * This structure keep all the information regarding the received message. This * buffer lifetime is only very short, normally after the transaction has been * called, this buffer will be deleted/recycled. So care must be taken when * allocating storage from the pool of this buffer. / struct pjsip_rx_data { /* * tp_info is part of rdata that remains static for the duration of the * buffer. It is initialized when the buffer was created by transport. / struct { /* Memory pool for this buffer. / pj_pool_t pool; /** The transport object which received this packet. / pjsip_transport transport; /** Other transport specific data to be attached to this buffer. / void tp_data; /** Ioqueue key. / pjsip_rx_data_op_key op_key; } tp_info; /* * pkt_info is initialized by transport when it receives an incoming * packet. / struct { /* Time when the message was received. / pj_time_val timestamp; /* Pointer to the original packet. / char packet[PJSIP_MAX_PKT_LEN]; /* Zero termination for the packet. / pj_uint32_t zero; /* The length of the packet received. / pj_ssize_t len; /* The source address from which the packet was received. / pj_sockaddr src_addr; /* The length of the source address. / int src_addr_len; /* The IP source address string (NULL terminated). / char src_name[PJ_INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; /* The IP source port number. / int src_port; } pkt_info; /* * msg_info is initialized by transport mgr (tpmgr) before this buffer * is passed to endpoint. / struct { /* Start of msg buffer. / char msg_buf; /** Length fo message. / int len; /* The parsed message, if any. / pjsip_msg msg; /** Short description about the message. * Application should use #pjsip_rx_data_get_info() instead. / char info; /** The Call-ID header as found in the message. / pjsip_cid_hdr cid; /** The From header as found in the message. / pjsip_from_hdr from; /** The To header as found in the message. / pjsip_to_hdr to; /** The topmost Via header as found in the message. / pjsip_via_hdr via; /** The CSeq header as found in the message. / pjsip_cseq_hdr cseq; /** Max forwards header. / pjsip_max_fwd_hdr max_fwd; /** The first route header. / pjsip_route_hdr route; /** The first record-route header. / pjsip_rr_hdr record_route; /** Content-type header. / pjsip_ctype_hdr ctype; /** Content-length header. / pjsip_clen_hdr clen; /** "Require" header containing aggregates of all Require * headers found in the message, or NULL. / pjsip_require_hdr require; /** "Supported" header containing aggregates of all Supported * headers found in the message, or NULL. / pjsip_supported_hdr supported; /** The list of error generated by the parser when parsing this message. / pjsip_parser_err_report parse_err; } msg_info; /* * endpt_info is initialized by endpoint after this buffer reaches * endpoint. / struct { /* * Data attached by modules to this message. / void mod_data[PJSIP_MAX_MODULE]; } endpt_info; }; /** * Get printable information about the message in the rdata. * * @param rdata The receive data buffer. * * @return Printable information. / PJ_DECL(char) pjsip_rx_data_get_info(pjsip_rx_data rdata); /* * Clone pjsip_rx_data. This will duplicate the contents of * pjsip_rx_data and add reference count to the transport. * Once application has finished using the cloned pjsip_rx_data, * it must release it by calling #pjsip_rx_data_free_cloned(). * * By default (if flags is set to zero), this function copies the * transport pointer in \a tp_info, duplicates the \a pkt_info, * perform deep clone of the \a msg_info parts of the rdata, and * fills the \a endpt_info (i.e. the \a mod_data) with zeros. * * @param src The source to be cloned. * @param flags Optional flags. Must be zero for now. * @param p_rdata Pointer to receive the cloned rdata. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success or the appropriate error. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_rx_data_clone(const pjsip_rx_data src, unsigned flags, pjsip_rx_data p_rdata); / * Free cloned pjsip_rx_data. This function must be and must only * be called for a cloned pjsip_rx_data. Specifically, it must NOT * be called for the original pjsip_rx_data that is returned by * transports. * * This function will free the memory used by the pjsip_rx_data and * decrement the transport reference counter. * * @param rdata The receive data buffer. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success or the appropriate error. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_rx_data_free_cloned(pjsip_rx_data rdata); /***************************************************************************** * * TRANSMIT DATA BUFFER MANIPULATION. * ***************************************************************************/ / Customized ioqueue async operation key, used by transport to keep * callback parameters. / typedef struct pjsip_tx_data_op_key { /* ioqueue pending operation key. / pj_ioqueue_op_key_t key; /* Transmit data associated with this key. / pjsip_tx_data tdata; /** Arbitrary token (attached by transport) / void token; /** Callback to be called when pending transmit operation has completed. / void (callback)(pjsip_transport,void,pj_ssize_t); } pjsip_tx_data_op_key; /** * Data structure for sending outgoing message. Application normally creates * this buffer by calling #pjsip_endpt_create_tdata. * * The lifetime of this buffer is controlled by the reference counter in this * structure, which is manipulated by calling #pjsip_tx_data_add_ref and * #pjsip_tx_data_dec_ref. When the reference counter has reached zero, then * this buffer will be destroyed. * * A transaction object normally will add reference counter to this buffer * when application calls #pjsip_tsx_send_msg, because it needs to keep the * message for retransmission. The transaction will release the reference * counter once its state has reached final state. / struct pjsip_tx_data { /* This is for transmission queue; it's managed by transports. / PJ_DECL_LIST_MEMBER(struct pjsip_tx_data); /* Memory pool for this buffer. / pj_pool_t pool; /** A name to identify this buffer. / char obj_name[PJ_MAX_OBJ_NAME]; /* Short information describing this buffer and the message in it. * Application should use #pjsip_tx_data_get_info() instead of * directly accessing this member. / char info; /** For response message, this contains the reference to timestamp when * the original request message was received. The value of this field * is set when application creates response message to a request by * calling #pjsip_endpt_create_response. / pj_time_val rx_timestamp; /* The transport manager for this buffer. / pjsip_tpmgr mgr; /** Ioqueue asynchronous operation key. / pjsip_tx_data_op_key op_key; /* Lock object. / pj_lock_t lock; /** The message in this buffer. / pjsip_msg msg; /** Strict route header saved by #pjsip_process_route_set(), to be * restored by #pjsip_restore_strict_route_set(). / pjsip_route_hdr saved_strict_route; /** Buffer to the printed text representation of the message. When the * content of this buffer is set, then the transport will send the content * of this buffer instead of re-printing the message structure. If the * message structure has changed, then application must invalidate this * buffer by calling #pjsip_tx_data_invalidate_msg. / pjsip_buffer buf; /* Reference counter. / pj_atomic_t ref_cnt; /** Being processed by transport? / int is_pending; /* Transport manager internal. / void token; /** Callback to be called when this tx_data has been transmitted. / void (cb)(void, pjsip_tx_data, pj_ssize_t); /** Destination information, to be used to determine the network address * of the message. For a request, this information is initialized when * the request is sent with #pjsip_endpt_send_request_stateless() and * network address is resolved. For CANCEL request, this information * will be copied from the original INVITE to make sure that the CANCEL * request goes to the same physical network address as the INVITE * request. / struct { /* Server name. / pj_str_t name; /* Server addresses resolved. / pjsip_server_addresses addr; /* Current server address being tried. / unsigned cur_addr; } dest_info; /* Transport information, only valid during on_tx_request() and * on_tx_response() callback. / struct { pjsip_transport transport; /*< Transport being used. / pj_sockaddr dst_addr; /*< Destination address. / int dst_addr_len; /*< Length of address. / char dst_name[PJ_INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; /*< Destination address. / int dst_port; /*< Destination port. / } tp_info; /** * Transport selector, to specify which transport to be used. * The value here must be set with pjsip_tx_data_set_transport(), * to allow reference counter to be set properly. / pjsip_tpselector tp_sel; /* * Special flag to indicate that this transmit data is a request that has * been updated with proper authentication response and is ready to be * sent for retry. / pj_bool_t auth_retry; /* * Arbitrary data attached by PJSIP modules. / void mod_data[PJSIP_MAX_MODULE]; /** * If via_addr is set, it will be used as the "sent-by" field of the * Via header for outgoing requests as long as the request uses via_tp * transport. Normally application should not use or access these fields. / pjsip_host_port via_addr; /< Via address. / const void via_tp; /< Via transport. / }; /** * Create a new, blank transmit buffer. The reference count is initialized * to zero. * * @param mgr The transport manager. * @param tdata Pointer to receive transmit data. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS, or the appropriate error code. * * @see pjsip_endpt_create_tdata / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tx_data_create( pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_tx_data tdata ); / * Add reference counter to the transmit buffer. The reference counter controls * the life time of the buffer, ie. when the counter reaches zero, then it * will be destroyed. * * @param tdata The transmit buffer. / PJ_DECL(void) pjsip_tx_data_add_ref( pjsip_tx_data tdata ); /** * Decrement reference counter of the transmit buffer. * When the transmit buffer is no longer used, it will be destroyed and * caller is informed with PJSIP_EBUFDESTROYED return status. * * @param tdata The transmit buffer data. * @return This function will always succeeded eventhough the return * status is non-zero. A status PJSIP_EBUFDESTROYED will be * returned to inform that buffer is destroyed. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tx_data_dec_ref( pjsip_tx_data tdata ); /** * Print the SIP message to transmit data buffer's internal buffer. This * may allocate memory for the buffer, if the buffer has not been allocated * yet, and encode the SIP message to that buffer. * * @param tdata The transmit buffer. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success of the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tx_data_encode(pjsip_tx_data tdata); /** * Check if transmit data buffer contains a valid message. * * @param tdata The transmit buffer. * @return Non-zero (PJ_TRUE) if buffer contains a valid message. / PJ_DECL(pj_bool_t) pjsip_tx_data_is_valid( pjsip_tx_data tdata ); /** * Invalidate the print buffer to force message to be re-printed. Call * when the message has changed after it has been printed to buffer. The * message is printed to buffer normally by transport when it is about to be * sent to the wire. Subsequent sending of the message will not cause * the message to be re-printed, unless application invalidates the buffer * by calling this function. * * @param tdata The transmit buffer. / PJ_DECL(void) pjsip_tx_data_invalidate_msg( pjsip_tx_data tdata ); /** * Get short printable info about the transmit data. This will normally return * short information about the message. * * @param tdata The transmit buffer. * * @return Null terminated info string. / PJ_DECL(char) pjsip_tx_data_get_info( pjsip_tx_data tdata ); /* * Set the explicit transport to be used when sending this transmit data. * Application should not need to call this function, but rather use * pjsip_tsx_set_transport() and pjsip_dlg_set_transport() instead (which * will call this function). * * @param tdata The transmit buffer. * @param sel Transport selector. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tx_data_set_transport(pjsip_tx_data tdata, const pjsip_tpselector sel); /* * Clone pjsip_tx_data. This will duplicate the message contents of * pjsip_tx_data (pjsip_tx_data.msg) and add reference count to the tdata. * Once application has finished using the cloned pjsip_tx_data, * it must release it by calling #pjsip_tx_data_dec_ref(). * Currently, this will only clone response message. * * @param src The source to be cloned. * @param flags Optional flags. Must be zero for now. * @param p_rdata Pointer to receive the cloned tdata. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success or the appropriate error. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tx_data_clone(const pjsip_tx_data src, unsigned flags, pjsip_tx_data p_rdata); /*************************************************************************** * * TRANSPORT * ***************************************************************************/ / * Type of callback to receive transport operation status. / typedef void (pjsip_transport_callback)(pjsip_transport tp, void token, pj_ssize_t sent_bytes); /** * This structure describes transport key to be registered to hash table. / typedef struct pjsip_transport_key { /* * Transport type. / long type; /* * Destination address. / pj_sockaddr rem_addr; } pjsip_transport_key; /* * Enumeration of transport direction types. / typedef enum pjsip_transport_dir { PJSIP_TP_DIR_NONE, /< Direction not set, normally used by connectionless transports such as UDP transport. / PJSIP_TP_DIR_OUTGOING, /*< Outgoing connection or client mode, this is only for connection-oriented transports. / PJSIP_TP_DIR_INCOMING, /*< Incoming connection or server mode, this is only for connection-oriented transports. / } pjsip_transport_dir; /** * This structure represent the "public" interface of a SIP transport. * Applications normally extend this structure to include transport * specific members. / struct pjsip_transport { char obj_name[PJ_MAX_OBJ_NAME]; /< Name. / pj_pool_t pool; /< Pool used by transport. / pj_atomic_t ref_cnt; /< Reference counter. / pj_lock_t lock; /< Lock object. / pj_grp_lock_t grp_lock; /< Group lock for sync with ioqueue and timer. / pj_bool_t tracing; /*< Tracing enabled? / pj_bool_t is_shutdown; /*< Being shutdown? / pj_bool_t is_destroying; /*< Destroy in progress? / /** Key for indexing this transport in hash table. / pjsip_transport_key key; char type_name; /*< Type name. / unsigned flag; /*< #pjsip_transport_flags_e / char info; /< Transport info/description./ int addr_len; /*< Length of addresses. / pj_sockaddr local_addr; /*< Bound address. / pjsip_host_port local_name; /*< Published name (eg. STUN). / pjsip_host_port remote_name; /*< Remote address name. / pjsip_transport_dir dir; /*< Connection direction. / pjsip_endpoint endpt; /< Endpoint instance. / pjsip_tpmgr tpmgr; /< Transport manager. / pjsip_tpfactory factory; /< Factory instance. Note: it may be invalid/shutdown. / pj_timer_entry idle_timer; /*< Timer when ref cnt is zero./ pj_timestamp last_recv_ts; /*< Last time receiving data. / pj_size_t last_recv_len; /*< Last received data length. / void data; /< Internal transport data. / unsigned initial_timeout;/*< Initial timeout interval to be applied to incoming TCP/TLS transports when no valid data received after a successful connection. / /** * Function to be called by transport manager to send SIP message. * * @param transport The transport to send the message. * @param packet The buffer to send. * @param length The length of the buffer to send. * @param op_key Completion token, which will be supplied to * caller when pending send operation completes. * @param rem_addr The remote destination address. * @param addr_len Size of remote address. * @param callback If supplied, the callback will be called * once a pending transmission has completed. If * the function completes immediately (i.e. return * code is not PJ_EPENDING), the callback will not * be called. * * @return Should return PJ_SUCCESS only if data has been * succesfully queued to operating system for * transmission. Otherwise it may return PJ_EPENDING * if the underlying transport can not send the * data immediately and will send it later, which in * this case caller doesn't have to do anything * except wait the calback to be called, if it * supplies one. * Other return values indicate the error code. / pj_status_t (send_msg)(pjsip_transport transport, pjsip_tx_data tdata, const pj_sockaddr_t rem_addr, int addr_len, void token, pjsip_transport_callback callback); /** * Instruct the transport to initiate graceful shutdown procedure. * After all objects release their reference to this transport, * the transport will be deleted. * * Note that application MUST use #pjsip_transport_shutdown() instead. * * @param transport The transport. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / pj_status_t (do_shutdown)(pjsip_transport transport); /* * Forcefully destroy this transport regardless whether there are * objects that currently use this transport. This function should only * be called by transport manager or other internal objects (such as the * transport itself) who know what they're doing. Application should use * #pjsip_transport_shutdown() instead. * * @param transport The transport. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / pj_status_t (destroy)(pjsip_transport transport); / * Application may extend this structure.. / }; /* * Register a transport instance to the transport manager. This function * is normally called by the transport instance when it is created * by application. * * @param mgr The transport manager. * @param tp The new transport to be registered. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_register( pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_transport tp ); /* * Start graceful shutdown procedure for this transport. After graceful * shutdown has been initiated, no new reference can be obtained for * the transport. However, existing objects that currently uses the * transport may still use this transport to send and receive packets. * * After all objects release their reference to this transport, * the transport will be destroyed immediately. * * @param tp The transport. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_shutdown(pjsip_transport tp); /** * Start shutdown procedure for this transport. If \a force is false, * the API is the same as #pjsip_transport_shutdown(), while * if \a force is true, existing transport users will immediately * receive PJSIP_TP_STATE_DISCONNECTED notification and should not * use the transport anymore. In either case, transport will * only be destroyed after all objects release their references. * * @param tp The transport. * @param force Force transport to immediately send * disconnection state notification. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_shutdown2(pjsip_transport tp, pj_bool_t force); /** * Destroy a transport when there is no object currently uses the transport. * This function is normally called internally by transport manager or the * transport itself. Application should use #pjsip_transport_shutdown() * instead. * * @param tp The transport instance. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success or the appropriate error code. * Some of possible errors are PJSIP_EBUSY if the * transport's reference counter is not zero. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_destroy( pjsip_transport tp); /** * Add reference counter to the specified transport. Any objects that wishes * to keep the reference of the transport MUST increment the transport's * reference counter to prevent it from being destroyed. * * @param tp The transport instance. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_add_ref( pjsip_transport tp ); /** * Decrement reference counter of the specified transport. When an object no * longer want to keep the reference to the transport, it must decrement the * reference counter. When the reference counter of the transport reaches * zero, the transport manager will start the idle timer to destroy the * transport if no objects acquire the reference counter during the idle * interval. * * @param tp The transport instance. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_dec_ref( pjsip_transport tp ); /** * This function is called by transport instances to report an incoming * packet to the transport manager. The transport manager then would try to * parse all SIP messages in the packet, and for each parsed SIP message, it * would report the message to the SIP endpoint (#pjsip_endpoint). * * @param mgr The transport manager instance. * @param rdata The receive data buffer containing the packet. The * transport MUST fully initialize tp_info and pkt_info * member of the rdata. * * @return The number of bytes successfully processed from the * packet. If the transport is datagram oriented, the * value will be equal to the size of the packet. For * stream oriented transport (e.g. TCP, TLS), the value * returned may be less than the packet size, if * partial message is received. The transport then MUST * keep the remainder part and report it again to * this function once more data/packet is received. / PJ_DECL(pj_ssize_t) pjsip_tpmgr_receive_packet(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_rx_data rdata); /**************************************************************************** * * TRANSPORT FACTORY * ***************************************************************************/ / * A transport factory is normally used for connection oriented transports * (such as TCP or TLS) to create instances of transports. It registers * a new transport type to the transport manager, and the transport manager * would ask the factory to create a transport instance when it received * command from application to send a SIP message using the specified * transport type. / struct pjsip_tpfactory { /* This list is managed by transport manager. / PJ_DECL_LIST_MEMBER(struct pjsip_tpfactory); char obj_name[PJ_MAX_OBJ_NAME]; /< Name. / pj_pool_t pool; /< Owned memory pool. / pj_lock_t lock; /< Lock object. / pjsip_transport_type_e type; /*< Transport type. / char type_name; /< Type string name. / unsigned flag; /*< Transport flag. / char info; /< Transport info/description./ pj_sockaddr local_addr; /*< Bound address. / pjsip_host_port addr_name; /*< Published name. / /** * Create new outbound connection suitable for sending SIP message * to specified remote address. * Note that the factory is responsible for both creating the * transport and registering it to the transport manager. / pj_status_t (create_transport)(pjsip_tpfactory factory, pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_endpoint endpt, const pj_sockaddr rem_addr, int addr_len, pjsip_transport transport); / * Create new outbound connection suitable for sending SIP message * to specified remote address by also considering outgoing SIP * message data. * Note that the factory is responsible for both creating the * transport and registering it to the transport manager. / pj_status_t (create_transport2)(pjsip_tpfactory factory, pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_endpoint endpt, const pj_sockaddr rem_addr, int addr_len, pjsip_tx_data tdata, pjsip_transport transport); /* * Destroy the listener. / pj_status_t (destroy)(pjsip_tpfactory factory); / * Application may extend this structure.. / }; /* * Register a transport factory. * * @param mgr The transport manager. * @param tpf Transport factory. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS if listener was successfully created. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_register_tpfactory(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_tpfactory tpf); /* * Unregister factory. * * @param mgr The transport manager. * @param tpf Transport factory. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS is sucessfully unregistered. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_unregister_tpfactory(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_tpfactory tpf); /**************************************************************************** * * TRANSPORT MANAGER * ***************************************************************************/ / * Type of callback to be called when transport manager receives incoming * SIP message. * * @param ep Endpoint. * @param status Receiption status. * @param rd Received packet. / typedef void (pjsip_rx_callback)(pjsip_endpoint ep, pj_status_t status, pjsip_rx_data rd); /** * Type of callback to be called before transport manager is about * to transmit SIP message. * * @param ep Endpoint. * @param td Transmit data. / typedef pj_status_t (pjsip_tx_callback)(pjsip_endpoint ep, pjsip_tx_datatd); /** * Create a transport manager. Normally application doesn't need to call * this function directly, since a transport manager will be created and * destroyed automatically by the SIP endpoint. * * @param pool Pool. * @param endpt Endpoint instance. * @param rx_cb Callback to receive incoming message. * @param tx_cb Callback to be called before transport manager is sending * outgoing message. * @param p_mgr Pointer to receive the new transport manager. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS or the appropriate error code on error. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_create( pj_pool_t pool, pjsip_endpoint * endpt, pjsip_rx_callback rx_cb, pjsip_tx_callback tx_cb, pjsip_tpmgr p_mgr); / * Find out the appropriate local address info (IP address and port) to * advertise in Contact header based on the remote address to be * contacted. The local address info would be the address name of the * transport or listener which will be used to send the request. * * In this implementation, it will only select the transport based on * the transport type in the request. * * @see pjsip_tpmgr_find_local_addr2() * * @param tpmgr The transport manager. * @param pool Pool to allocate memory for the IP address. * @param type Destination address to contact. * @param sel Optional pointer to prefered transport, if any. * @param ip_addr Pointer to receive the IP address. * @param port Pointer to receive the port number. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_find_local_addr( pjsip_tpmgr tpmgr, pj_pool_t pool, pjsip_transport_type_e type, const pjsip_tpselector sel, pj_str_t ip_addr, int port); /** * Parameter for pjsip_tpmgr_find_local_addr2() function. / typedef struct pjsip_tpmgr_fla2_param { /* * Specify transport type to use. This must be set. / pjsip_transport_type_e tp_type; /* * Optional pointer to preferred transport, if any. / const pjsip_tpselector tp_sel; /** * Destination host, if known. The destination host is needed * if \a local_if field below is set. / pj_str_t dst_host; /* * Specify if the function should return which local interface * to use for the specified destination in \a dst_host. By definition, * the returned address will always be local interface address. / pj_bool_t local_if; /* * The returned address. / pj_str_t ret_addr; /* * The returned port. / pj_uint16_t ret_port; /* * Returned pointer to the transport. Only set if local_if is set. / const void ret_tp; } pjsip_tpmgr_fla2_param; /** * Initialize with default values. * * @param prm The parameter to be initialized. / PJ_DECL(void) pjsip_tpmgr_fla2_param_default(pjsip_tpmgr_fla2_param prm); /** * Find out the appropriate local address info (IP address and port) to * advertise in Contact or Via header header based on the remote address * to be contacted. The local address info would be the address name of the * transport or listener which will be used to send the request. * * @see pjsip_tpmgr_find_local_addr() * * @param tpmgr The transport manager. * @param pool Pool to allocate memory for the IP address. * @param prm Function input and output parameters. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_find_local_addr2(pjsip_tpmgr tpmgr, pj_pool_t pool, pjsip_tpmgr_fla2_param prm); /** * Return number of transports currently registered to the transport * manager. * * @param mgr The transport manager. * * @return Number of transports. / PJ_DECL(unsigned) pjsip_tpmgr_get_transport_count(pjsip_tpmgr mgr); /** * Destroy a transport manager. Normally application doesn't need to call * this function directly, since a transport manager will be created and * destroyed automatically by the SIP endpoint. * * @param mgr The transport manager. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_destroy(pjsip_tpmgr mgr); /** * Dump transport info and status to log. * * @param mgr The transport manager. / PJ_DECL(void) pjsip_tpmgr_dump_transports(pjsip_tpmgr mgr); /** * Parameter for pjsip_tpmgr_shutdown_all() function. / typedef struct pjsip_tpmgr_shutdown_param { /* * Specify whether disconnection state notification should be sent * immediately, see pjsip_transport_shutdown2() for more info. * * Default: PJ_TRUE. / pj_bool_t force; /* * Specify whether UDP transports should also be shutdown. * * Default: PJ_TRUE. / pj_bool_t include_udp; } pjsip_tpmgr_shutdown_param; /* * Initialize transports shutdown parameter with default values. * * @param prm The parameter to be initialized. / PJ_DECL(void) pjsip_tpmgr_shutdown_param_default( pjsip_tpmgr_shutdown_param prm); /** * Shutdown all transports. This basically invokes pjsip_transport_shutdown2() * on all transports. * * @param mgr The transport manager. * @param param The function parameters. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_shutdown_all( pjsip_tpmgr mgr, const pjsip_tpmgr_shutdown_param param); /**************************************************************************** * * PUBLIC API * ***************************************************************************/ / * Find transport to be used to send message to remote destination. If no * suitable transport is found, a new one will be created. * * This is an internal function since normally application doesn't have access * to transport manager. Application should use pjsip_endpt_acquire_transport() * instead. * * @param mgr The transport manager instance. * @param type The type of transport to be acquired. * @param remote The remote address to send message to. * @param addr_len Length of the remote address. * @param sel Optional pointer to transport selector instance which is * used to find explicit transport, if required. * @param tp Pointer to receive the transport instance, if one is found. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_acquire_transport(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_transport_type_e type, const pj_sockaddr_t remote, int addr_len, const pjsip_tpselector sel, pjsip_transport tp); / * Find suitable transport for sending SIP message to specified remote * destination by also considering the outgoing SIP message. If no suitable * transport is found, a new one will be created. * * This is an internal function since normally application doesn't have access * to transport manager. Application should use pjsip_endpt_acquire_transport2() * instead. * * @param mgr The transport manager instance. * @param type The type of transport to be acquired. * @param remote The remote address to send message to. * @param addr_len Length of the remote address. * @param sel Optional pointer to transport selector instance which is * used to find explicit transport, if required. * @param tdata Optional pointer to data to be sent. * @param tp Pointer to receive the transport instance, if one is found. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_acquire_transport2(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_transport_type_e type, const pj_sockaddr_t remote, int addr_len, const pjsip_tpselector sel, pjsip_tx_data tdata, pjsip_transport tp); /* * Type of callback to receive notification when message or raw data * has been sent. * * @param token The token that was given when calling the function * to send message or raw data. * @param tdata The transmit buffer used to send the message. * @param bytes_sent Number of bytes sent. On success, the value will be * positive number indicating the number of bytes sent. * On failure, the value will be a negative number of * the error code (i.e. bytes_sent = -status). / typedef void (pjsip_tp_send_callback)(void token, pjsip_tx_data tdata, pj_ssize_t bytes_sent); /** * This is a low-level function to send a SIP message using the specified * transport to the specified destination. * * @param tr The SIP transport to be used. * @param tdata Transmit data buffer containing SIP message. * @param addr Destination address. * @param addr_len Length of destination address. * @param token Arbitrary token to be returned back to callback. * @param cb Optional callback to be called to notify caller about * the completion status of the pending send operation. * * @return If the message has been sent successfully, this function * will return PJ_SUCCESS and the callback will not be * called. If message cannot be sent immediately, this * function will return PJ_EPENDING, and application will * be notified later about the completion via the callback. * Any statuses other than PJ_SUCCESS or PJ_EPENDING * indicates immediate failure, and in this case the * callback will not be called. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_send( pjsip_transport tr, pjsip_tx_data tdata, const pj_sockaddr_t addr, int addr_len, void token, pjsip_tp_send_callback cb); /* * This is a low-level function to send raw data to a destination. * * See also #pjsip_endpt_send_raw() and #pjsip_endpt_send_raw_to_uri(). * * @param mgr Transport manager. * @param tp_type Transport type. * @param sel Optional pointer to transport selector instance if * application wants to use a specific transport instance * rather then letting transport manager finds the suitable * transport. * @param tdata Optional transmit data buffer to be used. If this value * is NULL, this function will create one internally. If * tdata is specified, this function will decrement the * reference counter upon completion. * @param raw_data The data to be sent. * @param data_len The length of the data. * @param addr Destination address. * @param addr_len Length of destination address. * @param token Arbitrary token to be returned back to callback. * @param cb Optional callback to be called to notify caller about * the completion status of the pending send operation. * * @return If the message has been sent successfully, this function * will return PJ_SUCCESS and the callback will not be * called. If message cannot be sent immediately, this * function will return PJ_EPENDING, and application will * be notified later about the completion via the callback. * Any statuses other than PJ_SUCCESS or PJ_EPENDING * indicates immediate failure, and in this case the * callback will not be called. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_send_raw(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_transport_type_e tp_type, const pjsip_tpselector sel, pjsip_tx_data tdata, const void raw_data, pj_size_t data_len, const pj_sockaddr_t addr, int addr_len, void token, pjsip_tp_send_callback cb); /* * Enumeration of transport state types. / typedef enum pjsip_transport_state { PJSIP_TP_STATE_CONNECTED, /< Transport connected, applicable only to connection-oriented transports such as TCP and TLS. / PJSIP_TP_STATE_DISCONNECTED, /*< Transport disconnected, applicable only to connection-oriented transports such as TCP and TLS. / PJSIP_TP_STATE_SHUTDOWN, /*< Transport shutdown, either due to TCP/TLS disconnect error from the network, or when shutdown is initiated by PJSIP itself. / PJSIP_TP_STATE_DESTROY, /*< Transport destroy, when transport is about to be destroyed. / } pjsip_transport_state; /** * Definition of transport state listener key. / typedef void pjsip_tp_state_listener_key; /* * Structure of transport state info passed by #pjsip_tp_state_callback. / typedef struct pjsip_transport_state_info { /* * The last error code related to the transport state. / pj_status_t status; /* * Optional extended info, the content is specific for each transport type. / void ext_info; /** * Optional user data. In global transport state notification, this will * always be NULL. / void user_data; } pjsip_transport_state_info; /** * Type of callback to receive transport state notifications, such as * transport connected/disconnected. Application may shutdown the transport * in this callback. * * @param tp The transport instance. * @param state The transport state. * @param info The transport state info. / typedef void (pjsip_tp_state_callback)( pjsip_transport tp, pjsip_transport_state state, const pjsip_transport_state_info info); /** * Set callback of global transport state notification. The caller will be * notified whenever the state of any transport is changed. The type of events * are defined in #pjsip_transport_state. * * Note that this function will override the existing callback, if any, so * application is recommended to keep the old callback and manually forward * the notification to the old callback, otherwise other component that * concerns about the transport state will no longer receive transport state * events. * * @param mgr Transport manager. * @param cb Callback to be called to notify caller about transport * state changing. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_set_state_cb(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_tp_state_callback cb); /** * Get the callback of global transport state notification. * * @param mgr Transport manager. * * @return The transport state callback or NULL if it is not set. / PJ_DECL(pjsip_tp_state_callback) pjsip_tpmgr_get_state_cb( const pjsip_tpmgr mgr); /** * Add a listener to the specified transport for transport state notification. * * @param tp The transport. * @param cb Callback to be called to notify listener about transport * state changing. * @param user_data The user data. * @param key Output key, used to remove this listener. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_add_state_listener ( pjsip_transport tp, pjsip_tp_state_callback cb, void user_data, pjsip_tp_state_listener_key key); /* * Remove a listener from the specified transport for transport state * notification. * * @param tp The transport. * @param key The listener key. * @param user_data The user data, for validation purpose. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_transport_remove_state_listener ( pjsip_transport tp, pjsip_tp_state_listener_key key, const void user_data); /** * Structure of dropped received data. / typedef struct pjsip_tp_dropped_data { /* * The transport receiving the data. / pjsip_transport tp; /** * The data. / void data; /** * The data length. * If the status field below indicates an invalid SIP message * (PJSIP_EINVALIDMSG) and application detects a SIP message * at position p, it can pass the data back to PJSIP to be processed * by setting the len to p. This can be useful for apps which * wishes to use the same transport for SIP signalling and non-SIP * purposes (such as SIP outbound using STUN message). / pj_size_t len; /* * The status or reason of drop. For example, a leading newlines (common * keep-alive packet) will be dropped with status PJ_EIGNORED, an invalid * SIP message will have status PJSIP_EINVALIDMSG, a SIP message overflow * will have status PJSIP_ERXOVERFLOW. / pj_status_t status; } pjsip_tp_dropped_data; /* * Type of callback to data dropping notifications. * * @param data The dropped data. / typedef void (pjsip_tp_on_rx_dropped_cb)(pjsip_tp_dropped_data data); /* * Set callback of data dropping. The caller will be notified whenever any * received data is dropped (due to leading newlines or keep-alive packet or * invalid SIP message). This callback can be useful for application, * for example, to implement custom keep-alive mechanism or connection * availability detection. * * @param mgr Transport manager. * @param cb The callback function, set to NULL to reset the callback. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_set_drop_data_cb(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_tp_on_rx_dropped_cb cb); /** * Structure of received data that will be passed to data received * notification callback. / typedef struct pjsip_tp_rx_data { /* * The transport receiving the data. / pjsip_transport tp; /** * The data. / void data; /** * The data length. * If application wishes to discard some data of len p, it can pass * the remaining data back to PJSIP to be processed by setting the len * to (len - p). * If application wants to shutdown the transport from within the * callback (for example after if finds out that the data is * suspicious/garbage), app must set the len to zero to prevent * further processing of the data. / pj_size_t len; } pjsip_tp_rx_data; /* * Type of callback to data received notifications. * * @param data The received data. / typedef pj_status_t (pjsip_tp_on_rx_data_cb)(pjsip_tp_rx_data data); /* * Set callback to be called whenever any data is received by a stream * oriented transport. This can be useful for application to do its own * verification, filtering, or logging of potential malicious activities. * * @param mgr Transport manager. * @param cb The callback function, set to NULL to reset the callback. * * @return PJ_SUCCESS on success, or the appropriate error code. / PJ_DECL(pj_status_t) pjsip_tpmgr_set_recv_data_cb(pjsip_tpmgr mgr, pjsip_tp_on_rx_data_cb cb); /** * @} / PJ_END_DECL #endif / __PJSIP_SIP_TRANSPORT_H__ */ ```
Mattli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Georg Mattli (1954–1991), Swiss ice hockey player Giuseppe Mattli (1907–1982), Swiss fashion designer known as "Mattli" Walter Mattli, Swiss-born British political scientist
The 2016–17 WPI Engineers men's basketball team represented Worcester Polytechnic Institute during the 2016–17 NCAA Division III men's basketball season. They were coached by a 19-year coaching veteran, Chris Bartely. The Engineers played their home games at Harrington Auditorium in Worcester, Massachusetts and were a part of the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC). The Engineers finished the regular season with a 17-9 record and lost 61-63 to MIT in the Semifinal round of the NEWMAC Tournament. Previous season WPI received an at-large bid to the 2016 NCAA Men's Division III basketball tournament. The Engineers lost in the first round to the SUNY Cortland Red Dragons, 50-69. Schedule \|- !colspan=9 style="background:#AC2B37; color:#FFFFFF;"\| Regular season \|- !colspan=9 style="background:#AC2B37; color:#FFFFFF;"\| NEWMAC men's tournament References WPI Engineers men's basketball seasons
A stage box is an interface device used in sound reinforcement and recording studios to connect equipment to a mixing console. It provides a central location to connect microphones, instruments, and speakers to a multicore cable (snake), which allows the sound desk to be further from the stage and simplifies setup. Stage boxes typically consist of a rugged metal enclosure, with XLR connectors on the front whose signals are routed through a snake. In the traditional sense, a stage box is effectively a simple termination box at the end of an analog multicore cable. However, many modern stage boxes convert between analog and digital, using a single twisted pair cable instead of an analog multicore. Design Stage boxes typically house 16–32 female XLR connectors and 4–8 male connectors, but occasionally phone connectors are used instead. These connections to the mixer are often called sends (inputs) and returns (outputs). The connector configuration depends on the number of conductors in the multicore cable (for analog signals), or the bandwidth (for digital signals). Some stage boxes are rack-mountable which allows them to be mounted in either a road case or equipment rack. Smaller stage boxes use compact metal cases which may sit on a stage inconspicuously. Labels on the stage box make it easier to identify cables for troubleshooting and setup. Many stage boxes, especially digital ones, include microphone preamps. This is intended to amplify the signal as early as possible in the signal flow in order to minimize interference in the cabling. However, this is unfavorable for some sound engineers who prefer the tone of a specific preamp. Another feature of some stage boxes is integrated DI interfaces for direct connection of instruments. Digital stage boxes Digital mixing consoles inherently introduce conversion between analog and digital signals. Since digital signals are practically immune to noise, it is preferable to use them for long cable runs. As a result, many modern stage boxes contain an array of DACs and ADCs. This allows all the signals to be transmitted over a single twisted pair cable rather than a bulkier and more expensive analog multicore. Digital stage boxes are typically easier to set up and more reliable than their analog counterparts, and their cables are much more compact. Some digital stage boxes are designed for use with analog mixers, and this type include a corresponding converter box which is located at the mixing console. This converts the input signals back to analog to feed in the mixer. Others are intended for use with a digital mixer, and a cable can be connected directly from the stage box to the mixer, or through an Ethernet switch in some cases. One of the main disadvantages of digital stage boxes, and digital audio systems in general, is their latency which is introduced in the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion processes. Latency is cumulative through all devices in the signal flow, so more complex networks, especially Ethernet-based ones, can experience latency significant enough to cause an audible delay. This was originally a major drawback of digital stage boxes, but recent systems have lowered latency to insignificant levelstypically 2–3 ms. Common cables used for digital stage boxes are Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 7, and fiber optic cable. The EtherCON locking connector is commonly used for twisted pair cables. Whilst these cables may be informally referred to as "ethernet", they do not necessarily use the Ethernet protocol, merely the same cables. Many manufacturers use proprietary standards for the transmission of digital audio, for example Behringer's ULTRANET, Digigram's EtherSound or Allen & Heath's dSNAKE. Open standards such as AES10 (used by DiGiCo, Soundcraft, Yamaha etc.) and AES50 (used by Midas, Behringer, Klark Teknik) also exist. Usage In a live setting, all of the microphones and musical instruments on stage connect to the stage box, which then connects to the mixing console with a single cable. This is usually more practical than running many individual cables between the stage and the mixer, especially for touring systems. Stage boxes are sometimes also used to connect speakers to a mixereither foldbacks or front-of-house speakers. Some sound engineers connect wireless microphone receivers to the stage box and position them in the same rack next to the stage. In recording studios, stage boxes are used to connect the control room and the live room. They are commonly rack-mounted or mounted on walls in studios, in contrast to the portable method of installation used for live sound. Drop boxes Smaller stage boxes (typically with 2 or 4 connectors) with shorter multicore cables are called drop boxes. These are typically used to carry microphone signals from one side of the stage to the other, or as an extension cable for a few channels on a larger stage box. The multicore cable attached to a drop box is often called a subsnake, although this may also refer to the entire assembly of drop box and multicore cable. References Audio engineering Audiovisual connectors
District Township is a township in eastern Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,381 at the 2020 census. District Township was founded in 1759. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , all of it land. It is drained by the Schuylkill River via the Manatawny Creek and the Perkiomen Creek via the West Branch Perkiomen Creek, which starts in the township. District Township is located in the South Mountains, and its elevations range from over 600 feet to over 1,100 feet. Its villages are Fredericksville and Landis Store. District Township has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb) and is in hardiness zone 6b except for some higher areas that are 6a. The average monthly temperature in Landis Store ranges from 27.2 °F in January to 71.6 °F in July. The average annual absolute minimum temperature in Landis Store is -4.2 °F. Adjacent townships Longswamp Township (north) Hereford Township (east) Washington Township (southeast) Pike Township (south) Rockland Township (west) Demographics As of the 2000 census, there were 1,449 people, 522 households, and 416 families living in the township. The population density was . There were 548 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 99.03% White, 0.41% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.41%. There were 522 households, 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.9% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.3% were non-families. 16.5% of households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.12. The age distribution was 26.6% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.4 males. The median household income was $53,233 and the median family income was $58,158. Males had a median income of $42,404 versus $30,556 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,663. About 4.1% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. Transportation As of 2019, there were of public roads in District Township, of which were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and were maintained by the township. No numbered highways pass through District Township. The main roads in District Township include Bitting Road, Conrad Road, Forgedale Road/Baldy Hill Road, Huffs Church Road, Landis Store Road, Long Lane, and Oysterdale Road. Government and politics Legislators State Representative David Maloney Sr., Republican, 130th district State Senator Judy Schwank, Democrat, 11th district US Representative Dan Meuser, Republican, 9th district Recreation A parcel of the Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 315 is located in the northwestern portion of the township. Gordon Park is located near the southern corner of the township. References Townships in Berks County, Pennsylvania Townships in Pennsylvania
```smalltalk using System.Reflection; namespace UnityEditor.ShaderGraph { [Title("Math", "Trigonometry", "Arcsine")] public class ArcsineNode : CodeFunctionNode { public ArcsineNode() { name = "Arcsine"; } public override string documentationURL { get { return "path_to_url"; } } protected override MethodInfo GetFunctionToConvert() { return GetType().GetMethod("Unity_Arcsine", BindingFlags.Static \| BindingFlags.NonPublic); } static string Unity_Arcsine( [Slot(0, Binding.None)] DynamicDimensionVector In, [Slot(1, Binding.None)] out DynamicDimensionVector Out) { return @" { Out = asin(In); } "; } } } ```
Ursula Pankraths is a retired East German rower who won six medals at European championships between 1961 and 1969, including three gold medals. References Living people East German female rowers Year of birth missing (living people)
```ruby # frozen_string_literal: true require_relative "../base" require_relative "../events/event" module Fusuma module Plugin module Detectors # Inherite this base class Detector < Base def initialize(*args) super @tag = self.class.tag @type = self.class.type end attr_reader :tag attr_reader :type # @return [Array<String>] def sources @sources \|\|= self.class.const_get(:SOURCES) end # Always watch buffers and detect them or not # @return [TrueClass,FalseClass] def watch? false end # @param _buffers [Array<Buffer>] # @return [Event] if event is detected # @return [NilClass] if event is NOT detected def detect(_buffers) raise NotImplementedError, "override #{self.class.name}##{__method__}" # create_event(record:) end # @param record [Events::Records::Record] # @return [Events::Event] def create_event(record:) @last_time = Time.now Events::Event.new(time: @last_time, tag: tag, record: record) end def last_time @last_time \|\|= Time.now end def first_time? @last_time.nil? end class << self def tag name.split("Detectors::").last.underscore end def type(tag_name = tag) tag_name.gsub("_detector", "") end end end end end end ```
```html <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII"> <title>windows::overlapped_handle::assign (1 of 2 overloads)</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css"> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"> <link rel="home" href="../../../../boost_asio.html" title="Boost.Asio"> <link rel="up" href="../assign.html" title="windows::overlapped_handle::assign"> <link rel="prev" href="../assign.html" title="windows::overlapped_handle::assign"> <link rel="next" href="overload2.html" title="windows::overlapped_handle::assign (2 of 2 overloads)"> </head> <body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"> <table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr> <td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../boost.png"></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="path_to_url">People</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="path_to_url">FAQ</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td> </tr></table> <hr> <div class="spirit-nav"> <a accesskey="p" href="../assign.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../assign.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../../../boost_asio.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="overload2.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"> <a name="boost_asio.reference.windows__overlapped_handle.assign.overload1"></a><a class="link" href="overload1.html" title="windows::overlapped_handle::assign (1 of 2 overloads)">windows::overlapped_handle::assign (1 of 2 overloads)</a> </h5></div></div></div> <p> Assign an existing native handle to the handle. </p> <pre class="programlisting">void assign( const native_handle_type & handle); </pre> </div> <table xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr> <td align="left"></td> file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url </p> </div></td> </tr></table> <hr> <div class="spirit-nav"> <a accesskey="p" href="../assign.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../assign.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../../../boost_asio.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="overload2.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a> </div> </body> </html> ```
ModelSaint is an American hard rock band from Los Angeles, California, United States. The band was formed in 2010 by Skyla Talon (guitars and lead vocals). From 2005- 2008 Skyla was on full-time guitar duty as a member of Scum of the Earth, a band fronted by former Rob Zombie guitarist Riggs. Skyla is also well known for the long established gutter rock band Killingbird, who recently released their album Scar in 2009. Dan Laudo from the metal band Prong is the backbone in ModelSaint. Dan got his drumming start by teaming up with Nine Inch Nails founder Trent Reznor. Dan met up with Skyla Talon in 2007 while on tour with Scum of the Earth. The teaming up kickstarted the song writing process and led to the formation of ModelSaint in 2010. In early 2011, the band added Kevin Lewis, known as a tattoo artist and member of Factory 81 and LiftPoint at the time. Rounding out the line-up is the Chicago-based guitarist, Kyle Hickey. ModelSaint's video for "Starin' Down A Loaded Barrel" was released in November 2010. Their debut CD is scheduled for release in 2012. References External links ModelSaint Official website ModelSaint on YouTube Glam metal musical groups from California Hard rock musical groups from California Heavy metal musical groups from California Musical groups from Los Angeles
Parapsilorhynchus is a genus of cyprinid fishes endemic to India. There are currently four described species in this genus. Species Parapsilorhynchus discophorus Hora, 1921 (Ratnagiri minnow) Parapsilorhynchus elongatus D. F. Singh, 1994 Parapsilorhynchus prateri Hora & Misra, 1938 (Deolali minnow) Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus (Annandale, 1919) (Khandalla minnow) Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis References Taxa named by Sunder Lal Hora Freshwater fish genera Cyprinidae
```php <?php /* * This file is part of the Symfony package. * * (c) Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com> * * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE * file that was distributed with this source code. / namespace Symfony\Component\Console\Formatter; use Symfony\Component\Console\Exception\InvalidArgumentException; use Symfony\Contracts\Service\ResetInterface; /* * @author Jean-Franois Simon <contact@jfsimon.fr> / class OutputFormatterStyleStack implements ResetInterface { /* * @var OutputFormatterStyleInterface[] / private $styles; private $emptyStyle; public function __construct(?OutputFormatterStyleInterface $emptyStyle = null) { $this->emptyStyle = $emptyStyle ?? new OutputFormatterStyle(); $this->reset(); } /* * Resets stack (ie. empty internal arrays). / public function reset() { $this->styles = []; } /* * Pushes a style in the stack. / public function push(OutputFormatterStyleInterface $style) { $this->styles[] = $style; } /* * Pops a style from the stack. * * @return OutputFormatterStyleInterface * * @throws InvalidArgumentException When style tags incorrectly nested / public function pop(?OutputFormatterStyleInterface $style = null) { if (empty($this->styles)) { return $this->emptyStyle; } if (null === $style) { return array_pop($this->styles); } foreach (array_reverse($this->styles, true) as $index => $stackedStyle) { if ($style->apply('') === $stackedStyle->apply('')) { $this->styles = \array_slice($this->styles, 0, $index); return $stackedStyle; } } throw new InvalidArgumentException('Incorrectly nested style tag found.'); } /* * Computes current style with stacks top codes. * * @return OutputFormatterStyle / public function getCurrent() { if (empty($this->styles)) { return $this->emptyStyle; } return $this->styles[\count($this->styles) - 1]; } /* * @return $this / public function setEmptyStyle(OutputFormatterStyleInterface $emptyStyle) { $this->emptyStyle = $emptyStyle; return $this; } /* * @return OutputFormatterStyleInterface */ public function getEmptyStyle() { return $this->emptyStyle; } } ```
In psychology, Desensitization is a treatment or process that diminishes emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive, or positive stimulus after repeated exposure. Desensitization can also occur when an emotional response is repeatedly evoked when the action tendency associated with the emotion proves irrelevant or unnecessary. The process of desensitization was developed by psychologist Mary Cover Jones and is primarily used to assist individuals in unlearning phobias and anxieties. Desensitization is a psychological process where a response is repeatedly elicited in circumstances where the emotion's propensity for action is irrelevant. Joseph Wolpe (1958) developed a method of a hierarchal list of anxiety-evoking stimuli in order of intensity, which allows individuals to undergo adaptation. Although medication is available for individuals with anxiety, fear, or phobias, empirical evidence supports desensitization with high rates of cure, particularly in clients with depression or schizophrenia. Wolpe's "reciprocal inhibition" desensitization process is based on well-known psychology theories such as Hull's "drive-reduction" theory and Sherrington's concept of "reciprocal inhibition." Individuals are gradually exposed to anxiety triggers while using relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety. It is an effective treatment for anxiety disorders. Steps The hierarchical list is constructed between client and therapist in an ordered series of steps from the least disturbing to the most alarming fears or phobias. The therapist and the patient for acrophobia create a list of escalating exposure scenarios. The patient progresses from using a low step ladder to standing and taking the first step. The scenes are arranged in a commonly used version of this treatment to increase arousal. Secondly, the client is taught techniques that produce deep relaxation. This is repeated until the hierarchy element no longer causes anxiety or fear, at which point the next scene is shown. This procedure is repeated until the client has finished the hierarchy. It is impossible to feel both anxiety and relaxation simultaneously, so easing the client into deep relaxation helps inhibit any anxiety. Systematic desensitization (a guided reduction in fear, anxiety, or aversion) can then be achieved by gradually approaching the feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation. Desensitization works best when individuals are directly exposed to the stimuli and situations they fear, so anxiety-evoking stimuli are paired with inhibitory responses. This is done either by clients performing in real-life situations (vivo desensitization) or, if it is not practical to directly act out the steps of hierarchy, by observing models performing the feared behaviour (known as vicarious desensitization). Clients slowly move up the hierarchy, repeating performances if necessary, until the last item on the list is performed without fear or anxiety. According to research, it is not necessary for the hierarchy of scenes to be presented in a specific order, nor is it essential for the client to have mastered a relaxation response. Recent research suggests that none of the three conditions listed above are required for successful desensitization when taken as a whole. The only prerequisite appears to be the ability to imagine frightening scenes, which need not be ordered in a particular order or lead to the relaxation of the muscles. Suggested mechanisms Reciprocal Inhibition Reciprocal inhibition is based on the idea that two opposing mental states cannot coexist and is used as both a psychological and biological mechanism. The theory that "two opposing states cannot occur simultaneously" i.e. relaxation methods that are involved with desensitization inhibit feelings of anxiety that come with being exposed to phobic stimuli. Deep muscle relaxation techniques are the primary method used by Wolpe to increase parasympathetic nervous system activity, the nervous system the body uses to relax. According to Tryon (2005), being relaxed does not always imply being anxious, and it is critical to avoid tautology when discussing reciprocal inhibition. This phenomenon is only observed when two events have a strong negative correlation. Reflex research has revealed the biological basis of reciprocal inhibition, which occurs when a tap on the patellar tendon results in muscle relaxation (inhibition) of the flexors and muscle activation (excitation) of the extensors. This is an example of coordinated inhibition and excitation in different muscles. One criticism is that reciprocal inhibition isn't a necessary part of the process of desensitizing people as other therapies that are along similar lines, such as flooding, work without pre-emptive, inhibitory relaxation techniques. A review of empirical evidence confirmed that therapy without relaxation was equally effective and gave birth to exposure therapy. A review of Taylor's (2002) classification of reciprocal inhibition as being short-term but with long-term effects within the understanding of desensitization doesn't make sense due to it being theoretically similar to reactive inhibition, which is longer-term as it develops conditioned inhibition. Counterconditioning Counterconditioning suggests that the anxiety response is replaced by a relaxation response through conditioning during the desensitization process. Counterconditioning is the behavioural equivalent of reciprocal inhibition which is understood as a neurological process. Wolpe (1958) used this mechanism to explain the long-term effects of systematic desensitization as it reduces avoidance responses and therefore excessive avoidance behaviours contributing to anxiety disorders. However, this explanation is not supported by empirical evidence. For similar reasons to reciprocal inhibition, counterconditioning is criticized as the underpinning mechanism for desensitization due to therapies that don't suggest a replacement emotion for anxiety being effective in desensitizing people. It is to be noted that there would be no behavioural difference if reciprocal inhibition or counterconditioning were the functioning mechanisms. Habituation This theory explains that with increased exposure to stimulus there will be a decreased response from the phobic subject. There is empirical evidence to suggest that overall phobia responses are reduced in people who have specific phobias with in vivo exposure. However, empirical evidence does not support habituation as an explanation of desensitization due to its reversible and short-term nature. Extinction Phobic responses are decreased after exposure to stimuli without avoidance and with a lack of reinforcement. However, this cannot be used to explain why desensitization works, as it solely describes the functional relationship between absent reinforcement and phobic responses and lacks an actual mechanism for why such a relationship exists. Wolpe disagreed that extinction could be the explanatory mechanism of how desensitization occurs with therapies based on exposure, as he believed that repeated exposure was insufficient and had likely already happened during the lives of people with specific phobia's lives. Two-Factor Model Exposure to phobic stimuli and then a subsequent avoidance response may strengthen the future anxiety as the avoidance response reduces the stress which therefore reinforces the avoidant behaviour (prominent feature of specific phobias and anxiety disorders). Therefore, exposure with non-avoidance is seen as essential in the desensitization process. Self-Efficacy This is the view that a person's belief in themselves of being able to cope increases, especially when moving up the exposure hierarchy and having confirmatory experiences of coping from the lower levels. The increase in self-efficacy then explains fear reduction i.e. desensitization to stimuli. This mechanism as an explanation for desensitization lacks an explanation for how increased expectation of fear reduction leads to reduced fear responses and how if a person didn't experience a reduced fear response whether desensitization will have occurred as their anxiety response will reaffirm their phobia. Expectancy Theory This theory suggests that because people expect that the therapy is going to work and change their view on how they are going to receive the phobic stimuli after speaking with the therapist, their responses will align with that and display reduced anxiety Marcia et al. (1969) found that those with high expectancy change (receiving full expectancy treatment) had comparable results to those who had systematic desensitization therapy suggesting its just a change in expectancy that reduces fear responses. Emotional Processing Theory R.J McNally explains, "fear is represented in memory as a network comprising stimulus propositions that express information about feared cues, response propositions that express information about behavioural and physiologic responses to these cues, and meaning propositions that elaborate on the significance of other elements in the fear structure". Excessive fear such as phobias can be understood as a problem in this structure which lead to problems processing information leading to exaggerated fear responses. Using this information about fear networks, desensitization can be achieved accessing the fear network using matching stimuli to information in the fear network and then having the person engage with the stimuli to input new information into the network by disconfirming existing propositions. Neuroscience Medial Prefrontal Cortex The medial prefrontal cortex works with the amygdala,; when damaged, a phobic subject finds desensitization more difficult. Neurons in this area aren't fired during the desensitization process despite reducing spontaneous fear responses when artificially fired, suggesting the area stores extinction memories that reduce phobic responses to future stimuli related to the phobia (conditioned), which explains the long-term impact of desensitization. N-methyl-D-aspartate Glutamatergic Receptors NMDA receptors have been found to play a key role in the extinction of fear and therefore, the use of an agonist would accelerate the reduction in fear responses during the process of desensitization. Self-control Desensitization Self-control desensitisation is a variant of systematic desensitisation, which Joseph Wolpe pioneered. Instead of using a passive counter-conditioning model, it uses an active, mediational, coping skills change model. It uses coping mechanisms like relaxation as an alternative to an anxiety response when anxiety-inducing stimuli are present. In-person practise in actual anxiety-producing situations is encouraged. In many ways, it is comparable to other methods for controlling anxiety, like applied relaxation and anxiety management training. During self-control desensitisation, clients are given a justification that is primarily coping skills oriented in nature. They are told that they have learned to react to certain situations by becoming anxious, tense, or nervous based on previous experience. Then it is explained to them that they will learn new coping skills to swap out their unfavorable reactions for more flexible ones. They are instructed to use relaxation techniques and other coping mechanisms in a hierarchy of anxiety-producing situations to reduce tensions and serve as covert rehearsal for eventualities. These techniques include breathing control, attention to internal sensations, and relaxation techniques. According to research, self-control desensitisation is effective for various anxiety disorders but is not more effective than other cognitive or behavioural techniques. Criticism and Developments With the widespread research and development of behavioural therapies and experiments being conducted in order to understand the mechanisms driving desensitization, a consensus often arises that exposure is the key element of desensitization. This suggests the steps leading up to the actual exposure such as relaxation techniques and the development of an exposure hierarchy are redundant steps for effective desensitization. It would seem that crucial elements for a successful therapeutic outcome in both desensitisation and more conventional forms of psychotherapy are the cognitive and social aspects of the therapeutic situation. These factors include the expectation of therapeutic benefit, the therapist's ability to foster social reinforcement, the information-feedback of approximations towards successful fear reduction, training in attention control, and the vicarious learning of contingencies of non-avoidance behaviour in the fear situation (via instructed imagination). Effects on animals Animals can also be desensitized to their rational or irrational fears. A race horse who fears the starting gate can be desensitized to the fearful elements (the creak of the gate, the starting bell, the enclosed space) one at a time, in small doses or at a distance. Clay et al. (2009) conducted an experiment whereby he allocated rhesus macaques to either a desensitization group or a control group, finding that those in the desensitization group showed a significant reduction in both the rate and duration of fearful behavior. This supports the use of PRT training. Desensitization is commonly used with simple phobias like insect phobia. In addition, desensitization therapy is a useful tool in training domesticated dogs. Systematic desensitization used in conjunction with counter-conditioning was shown to reduce problem behaviours in dogs, such as vocalization and property destruction. Effects on violence Desensitization also refers to the potential for reduced responsiveness to actual violence caused by exposure to violence in the media. However, this topic is debated in the scientific literature. Desensitization may arise from different media sources, including TV, video games, and movies. Some scholars suggest that violence may prime thoughts of hostility, possibly affecting how we perceive others and interpret their actions. Desensitization has been shown to lower arousal to violent scenes in heavy versus light television viewers at the physiological level. It has frequently been suggested that those who commit extreme violence have blunted sensibilities as a result of watching violent videos repeatedly. Desensitization to violence has been linked to a number of outcomes. It has been observed, for example, as less arousal and emotional disturbance when witnessing violence, as greater hesitancy to call an adult to intervene in a witnessed physical altercation, and as less sympathy for victims of domestic abuse. Recent school shootings have sparked a lot of discussion about the desensitising effects of violent video games and the possible involvement of "shooter" games, which teach gun handling skills and provide intense desensitisation training. It is hypothesized that initial exposure to violence in the media may produce a number of aversive responses, such as increased heart rate, fear, discomfort, perspiration, and disgust. However, prolonged and repeated exposure to violence in the media may reduce or habituate the initial psychological impact until violent images do not elicit these negative responses. Eventually, the observer may become emotionally and cognitively desensitized to media violence. In one experiment, participants who played violent video games showed lower heart rate and galvanic skin response readings, which the authors interpreted as displaying physiological desensitization to violence. However, other studies have failed to replicate this finding. Some scholars have questioned whether becoming desensitized to media violence specifically transfers to becoming desensitized to real-life violence. In addition, psychological research frequently focuses on how members of a group behave, and these studies demonstrate that media violence raises the likelihood that members of the group will become desensitised and act aggressively. However, more sensitive developmental studies might find that this effect can be moderated by some individual difference variables (such as empathy, perspective taking, or trait hostility). See also Sensitization Flooding (psychology) Extinction (psychology) Habituation Conditioning Alarm fatigue References Anxiety disorder treatment Behavior therapy Behaviorism
Santa Kyriaki was a cargo ship that was built in 1945 as Empire Crusoe by Ailsa Shipbuilding Co, Troon, Ayrshire, Scotland for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was sold in 1946 and renamed Greenland and a further sale in 1955 saw her renamed Heminge. In 1956, she was sold to Liberia and renamed Maria Luisa. A sale in 1963 to a Panamanian company saw her renamed Santa Kyriaki. She served until running aground off IJmuiden, Netherlands in 1965 and was scrapped in 1966. Description The ship was built in 1945 by Ailsa Shipbuilding Co, Troon, Ayrshire. She was Yard Number 448. The ship was long, with a beam of . She was assessed at . The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine. History Empire Crusoe was built for the MoWT, which later became the Ministry of Transport. In 1946, she was sold to Currie Line Ltd, Leith, Midlothian and was renamed Greenland. In 1955, she was sold to Constants Ltd, Cardiff, Glamorgan and renamed Heminge. She was sold the next year to Socoa Shipping Co Ltd, Monrovia, Liberia, and renamed Maria Luisa. She was operated under the management of Ramon de la Sota, France, remaining under the Liberian flag. In 1963, Maria Luisa was sold to Nereide Compagnia Maritime SA, Panama and renamed Santa Kyriaki. On 24 November 1965, Santa Kyriaki was in ballast off the coast of the Netherlands when she was caught in a Force 10-11 storm. The Dutch tug Titan offered assistance to Santa Kyriaki, which was refused. At 15:00 CET (14:00 GMT), Santa Kyriaki came ashore south of IJmuiden. Her 17 crew were taken off by a Koninklijke Marine helicopter. After the storm had subsided, Santa Kyriaki became a temporary tourist attraction. On 30 December, the contract for the salvage of the ship was awarded to NV Bureau Wijsmuller under Lloyds Open Form conditions. Over of sand was excavated to form a basin which enabled Santa Kyriaki to be turned through 60°. She was refloated on 8 March 1966 with assistance from the tugs Titan and Simson, aided by the use of her own engine. Titan towed her into IJmuiden, where she was declared to be a constructive total loss. She was later towed to Amsterdam. Santa Kyriaki arrived under tow on 17 July 1966 at Avilés, Spain for scrapping. References External links Photo of Greenland Photo of the stranded Santa Kyriaki Two photos of the stranded Santa Kyriaki British Pathé newsreel of the stranded ship 1945 ships Ships built in Scotland Empire ships Ministry of War Transport ships Steamships of the United Kingdom Merchant ships of the United Kingdom Steamships of Liberia Merchant ships of Liberia Maritime incidents in 1965
Sidi Abdallah Al Khayat is a small town and rural commune in Meknès Prefecture of the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 10,014 people living in 1678 households. References Populated places in Meknès Prefecture Rural communes of Fès-Meknès
SoonerCon is a fan-run multi-genre convention held annually in Central Oklahoma, founded in Oklahoma City proper before being held in Midwest City from 2013 until 2018 and then Norman, Oklahoma in June 2019 at the vastly larger Embassy Suites Hotel & Convention Center. SoonerCon was founded in 1986 by Mike Hodge and Tamara Hodge, but went dormant after the 1997 event. In 2005, a group of fans headed by con chair Jerry Wall re-established SoonerCon and worked to a 2007 relaunch event. While originally created as a traditional sci-fi/fantasy "litcon" embracing art, TV/film, costuming, gaming, folksinging, comics and real-space advocacy, SoonerCon now crosses over to even more aspects of fandom including anime, miniature modeling, and film production. As with both the state nickname and the mascot of the University of Oklahoma athletic teams (located in Norman), SoonerCon takes its name from the doubly unique angle of Oklahoma Territory's opening-settler "Land Runs" and the Sooners who crossed into the target areas early in several of the runs, illegally ahead of the opening hour. Programming SoonerCon programming includes featured guests, a large (over 7,200 square feet) dedicated gaming area, demonstrations, exhibitors hall and artist alley, workshops (including a Writer’s Workshop), a dance, art show and auction, a costume contest, and panels for every fandom subject (examples include kid’s programming, art, gaming, cosplay, anime, writing, author readings, and film/tv). History First held in June 1986 under founding chair Mike Hodge and mainly sponsored by the STAR OKC SF fan club and other individuals, SoonerCon was Oklahoma City’s fan-based sci-fi convention until SoonerCon 13 in 1997. (SC 1 and 2 were both held in 1986, in order to reset the date from summer to the pre-Thanksgiving weekend in November.) During those years, many headliner artist and writer guests of honor, from Tim Powers and Gene Wolfe to Brad W. Foster and Robin Bailey, were welcomed to Oklahoma City. SC1 was held at the Northwest Hilton, SC2 moved to the recently refurbished Skirvin Plaza downtown. In 1991, a sister event, ThunderCon, was formed by STAR OKC member Larry Nemecek. ThunderCon was designed to be a local charity "media con" emphasizing much of what SoonerCon did not: genre TV/film, comics, gaming, model-building, anime and pop culture, with actors, designers, and other guests—especially from the Star Trek franchise. ThunderCon drew its name from three local ties: Oklahoma’s notorious spring weather, the mythical thunderbird from Native American heritage, and the same-named bird that was mascot of the state's heroic 45th Infantry Division (aka "Thunderbird Division"). It debuted in June 1991 (balancing SoonerCon’s November setting) and lasted for seven annual editions, often with staff and helpers working on both OKC events. Note that ThunderCon's name preceded by 17 years the coming and similar moniker of the NBA franchise Oklahoma City Thunder—but the team obviously sourced its name from the same Oklahoma roots. With few exceptions over the years, Infant Crisis Services of Oklahoma City, which assists infants and toddlers of low-income families, was ThunderCon's primary charity of choice (as well as several 1990s editions of SoonerCon). After the end of the original SoonerCons under STAR OKC in 1997, seven years passed without a local sci-fi convention until a group of fans, with permission from the original founders, returned to the name SoonerCon in 2005 and began working on its resurrection. SoonerCon 2006 was held July 15–16 at the Bricktown Plaza in Oklahoma City, home to several early SoonerCons and Thundercons as the "Central Plaza Hotel," with over 500 paid attendees and $1000 raised for a local charity, Citizens Caring for Children. SoonerCon 2007, now expanded to a three-day event, moved to ThunderCon's old "first June weekend" slot over June 8–10 and moved physically to the westside Biltmore Hotel, where it stayed for several years; guests included Star Trek actors Vaughn Armstrong and Casey Biggs, and native Trek pros Janet and Larry Nemecek. SoonerCon 2008 was held June 6–8 with a theme of "Pieces of '08," with honored guests including toastmaster Selina Rosen, author John Ringo, and artist Tom Kidd. SoonerCon 2009 was held June 5–7 with featured guests Eric Flint and Selina Rosen; and the theme "Slideways in Time." Then followed "2010: A Bubba Odyssey" with "Bubba Ho-Tep" author guest Joe R. Lansdale, artist GoH John E. Kaufmann, and comic book artist John Lucas—once again with the inimitable Selina Rosen as toastmaster. For 2011, SoonerCon moved downtown June 3–5 to the Sheraton "Century Center" of SoonerCons and ThunderCons of old, switched from a title using years to sequential numbers (at 20), and featured a theme "Heroes & Villains" with author Tim Powers as guest of honor. SoonerCon 21 proclaimed "I'll Be Back to the Future" at the Sheraton June 15–17, 2012 (a time slot shift) with author Eric Flint and Selina Rosen. For SoonerCon 22, the con themed "Beyond Thunderdome" moved just east of downtown to the Reed Conference Center at Rose State College in Midwest City and Sheraton Midwest City, and to end of the month: June 28–30. Those 2013 guests were Oklahoma author C.J. Cherryh as guest of honor, writers workshop leader Tim Powers, artist and comic illustrator Mark Texeira. Ric Meyers—and perennial toastmaster Selina Rosen. Pending updates to dates, themes and guests, Soonercon continued annually in its June slot at the Reed Center and Sheraton in Midwest City through 2018, when it was realized the large but limited parking lot was actually causing a ceiling on attendees. Growth immediately resumed the next year with a move to the larger Embassy Suites Hotel and Conference Center in Norman on June 7-9 with actor Nana Visitor of Star Trek: DS9 among the guests. The current string was interrupted by two years postponed during the general COVID-19 pandemic shutdowns, but SoonerCon 30 resumed at the Norman Embassy Suites over June 24-26, 2022. The 2023 dates for SoonerCon 31 were June 30-July 2; the 32nd edition is planned for June 21-23, 2024. References External links SoonerCon's official website SoonerCon article on Startrek.com Multigenre conventions Science fiction conventions in the United States
Ericentrus rubrus, the orange clinid, is a species of clinid endemic to the waters around New Zealand where it can be found in tide pools and in the subtidal zone from low water to depths of about . It prefers to inhabit beds of brown algae where it preys on the small crustaceans that also inhabit these areas. It is currently the only known member of the genus Ericentrus. References Clinidae Endemic marine fish of New Zealand Taxa named by Frederick Hutton (scientist) Fish described in 1872 Monotypic ray-finned fish genera
Andinoacara stalsbergi is a species of South American freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae. It was previously included in A. rivulatus, but was described as a separate species in 2009. The specific name honours the Norwegian aquarist Alf Stalsberg who collected the type of this species and who has had a “longstanding commitment to increase the knowledge about cichlid fishes”. A. stalsbergi has scales on the body with light centres and dark edges, and narrow clearly defined white edging to the tail and dorsal fins. This separates it from A. rivulatus where the scale-pattern is reversed, and the fin-edging is gold-orange or less clearly defined white. A. stalsbergi are found in rivers and other freshwater habitats in western Peru from Piura to Ica, while A. rivulatus are found in far northwestern Peru (Tumbes) and western Ecuador. Although the largest officially measured A. stalsbergi only had a standard length of , it is known to reach a size comparable to A. rivulatus. In the aquarium Temperament A. stalsbergi live up to the name aquarium trade name green terror. They are not as aggressive as the species Mesoheros festae, known in the trade as the red terror. Sexing As with most cichlids, venting is the most reliable method for sexing when young. The males will develop a nuchal hump from around the first year. Water conditions They prefer a temperature in the range with a dH of 5-12 and a pH of 6.5-8.0. Breeding Male green terrors are sexually mature at and females at . Although spawning below these sizes is possible, few eggs hatch. It requires suitable breeding sites, such as flat rocks. The pair cleans the site before breeding. The female Green terror can deposit up to 300-400 eggs, while some produce more than 600 eggs. They are protective of their eggs. For this reason, breeding should take place in a separate tank. The eggs hatch after 3–4 days. Adults continue to guard and care for the larvae, moving the fry into pits in the substrate. At this stage, the larvae can be fed crushed flakes. After 9–12 days, the fry are big enough to swim freely. They are highly sensitive to poor water conditions and succumb absent regular water changes. Free swimming fry eat brine shrimp or fine fry powder. When the fry have reached a length of they typically experience a growth spurt and rapidly grow bigger. To increase brood sizes, once the pair start to clean a rock, separate the male and female with a divider for 3–5 days, increase the temperature by 5-7 °C (about 8-12 °F), perform a 50% water change and feed with live food (such as bloodworm). References Andinoacara Cichlid fish of South America Freshwater fish of Ecuador Freshwater fish of Peru Fish described in 2009 Taxa named by Ingo Schindler Taxa named by Wolfgang Staeck
Suriarachchi Kankanamalage Karunadasa Suriarachchi (5 February 1924 – 1991) was a Ceylonese politician. Suriarachchi received his education at the Government Senior School in Kadawatha and Ananda College, Colombo. He qualified as an English trained teacher (1st class) and worked as an assistant teacher at the Sivali Central College, Ratnapura. He then joined the faculty at Ananda College, where he taught for eight years. His first entry into politics was when he was returned uncontested to the Naranwala Village Committee in 1957, and became its chairman. At the 4th parliamentary election, held on 19 March 1960, Suriarachchi ran as the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate in the newly created electorate of Mahara. He polled 15,098 votes (52% of the total vote), 6,096 votes ahead of the United National Party candidate, Siridatta Jayakody. The election results however left neither of Ceylon's two major parties with a majority, with the result being the calling of another election. He was subsequently re-elected at the 5th parliamentary election held on 20 July 1960. This time receiving 17,791 votes (65% of the total vote) and 8,800 votes ahead of the United National Party candidate, Oscar de Levera. Suriarachchi was appointed the Chief Government Whip in September 1963 serving until 17 July 1964. In September 1964 he was appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance in the First Sirimavo Bandaranaike cabinet. He retained his seat at the 6th parliamentary election, held on 22 March 1965, receiving 20,573 votes (55.5% of the total vote), defeating Donald S. Gunasekara of the United National Party by 4,908 votes. He was also successful at the 7th parliamentary election, held on 27 May 1970, polling 27,679 votes (62% of the total vote), 10,796 votes ahead of Tudor Gunasekara. Following the 1970 parliamentary elections he was appointed the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Industries and Scientific Affairs. In 1975 he was elevated to the position of Minister of Food, Co-operatives and Small Industries in the Second Sirimavo Bandaranaike cabinet. On 11 March 1977, following the Communist Party leaving the Government and the resignation of T. B. Subasinghe, Suriarachchi was appointed Minister of Industries and Scientific Affairs a role he held until the dissolution of the parliament on 18 May 1977. At the 8th parliamentary election, held on 21 July 1977 the United National Party won the largest electoral landslide in Sri Lankan history, with Suriarachchi failing to retain the seat of Mahara, losing to Tudor Gunasekara of the United National Party by 2,632 votes. In early 1983 Gunasekara resigned as the member for Mahara, with nominations being called to fill the vacancy, closing 22 April. Suriarachchi nominated as an independent, following Vijaya Kumaratunga being selected as the Sri Lanka Freedom party candidate. As a result at the by-election held on 18 May the United National Party candidate, Kamalawarana Jayakody, was controversially elected by a margin of 45 votes. Suriarachchi receiving 1,837 votes (3.5% of the total vote). Suriarachchi died in 1991. References 1924 births 1991 deaths Date of death missing Alumni of Ananda College Chief Government Whips (Sri Lanka) Faculty of Ananda College Industries ministers of Sri Lanka Local authority councillors of Sri Lanka Members of the 4th Parliament of Ceylon Members of the 5th Parliament of Ceylon Members of the 6th Parliament of Ceylon Members of the 7th Parliament of Ceylon Parliamentary secretaries of Ceylon Sri Lanka Freedom Party politicians Sinhalese teachers
John Lewis Griffiths (October 7, 1855 – May 17, 1914), was an American lawyer and diplomat. He served in the Indiana state legislature, was active in Republican politics, and was Consul General of the United States to Britain, from 1905 until his death in 1914. Early life John Lewis Griffiths was born in New York City, the son of Welsh immigrants David G. Griffiths and Elizabeth Griffiths. He moved with his parents to Iowa after the American Civil War, and completed his undergraduate and legal education at Iowa State University, earning a law degree in 1875. Career Griffiths practiced as a lawyer in Indianapolis. He served in the Indiana legislature in 1886 and 1887, and twice ran unsuccessfully for governor. He was active in Republican politics and a popular orator. In 1905, he was appointed as the United States consul in Liverpool. In 1909, he became the American consul-general in London. He was writing a biography of William Henry Harrison at the time of his death in 1914. Personal life Griffiths married Caroline Henderson in 1889. He died suddenly, from an apparent heart attack, in London in 1914, aged 58 years. His funeral was held in New York City, and his grave is in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery. His widow edited a collection of his speeches, The Greater Patriotism, published in 1918. His home in Indianapolis is now known as the Kemper House, and houses the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana. References 1914 deaths 1855 births Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery American diplomats
Gürümze is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Feke, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 625 (2022). References Neighbourhoods in Feke District
Estadio El Gigante del Norte, officially named Monumental de la Vicente López, is a multi-use stadium in Salta, Argentina. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 25,000 people and was built in 1993. References g Buildings and structures in Salta Sport in Salta Province
The Congress Hall (Dutch: Congreshal) is a convention and exhibition centre in Paramaribo, Suriname. It is located on Onafhankelijkheidsplein, and was completed in 1999. Overview In 1998, the Wijdenbosch government decided to build a convention centre for the 1999 CARICOM meeting. The Congress Hall was to be built on the location of the Palace Hotel. was chosen to design the building. Verkuijl wanted a completely transparent building. Aluminium was not an option, therefore, the building was constructed using steel and acrylite, commonly known as plexiglass. The Congresshall was built in six months, but initially suffered from a leakage problem which required the replacement of the stage and flooring. The Congress Hall is considered a controversial building. There are people who consider the building out of place among the historic wooden buildings in Paramaribo, and a poor replacement of the Palace Hotel, while others praise the vision of the architect. The statues of Jagernath Lachmon and Jopie Pengel are located on the square across the building. References Buildings and structures in Paramaribo Convention centres in Suriname
The San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Adapted Screenplay is a film award given by the San Diego Film Critics Society. Winners 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s References San Diego Film Critics Society - Awards Screenwriting awards for film
```makefile ################################################################################ # # sg3_utils # ################################################################################ SG3_UTILS_VERSION = 1.40 SG3_UTILS_SOURCE = sg3_utils-$(SG3_UTILS_VERSION).tar.xz SG3_UTILS_SITE = path_to_url SG3_UTILS_LICENSE = BSD-3c # utils progs are GPLv2+ licenced ifeq ($(BR2_PACKAGE_SG3_UTILS_PROGS),y) SG3_UTILS_LICENSE += GPLv2+ endif SG3_UTILS_LICENSE_FILES = COPYING BSD_LICENSE # install the libsgutils2 library SG3_UTILS_INSTALL_STAGING = YES ifeq ($(BR2_PACKAGE_SG3_UTILS_PROGS),) define SG3_UTILS_REMOVE_PROGS for prog in \ compare_and_write copy_results dd decode_sense \ emc_trespass format get_config \ get_lba_status ident inq logs luns map26 \ map sgm_dd modes opcodes sgp_dd persist prevent \ raw rbuf rdac read readcap read_block_limits \ read_buffer read_long reassign referrals \ rep_zones requests reset reset_wp rmsn rtpg safte sanitize \ sat_identify sat_phy_event sat_read_gplog sat_set_features \ scan senddiag ses ses_microcode start stpg sync test_rwbuf \ turs unmap verify vpd write_buffer write_long \ write_same write_verify wr_mode xcopy; do \ $(RM) $(TARGET_DIR)/usr/bin/sg_$${prog} ; \ done for prog in \ logging_level mandat readcap ready satl start stop \ temperature; do \ $(RM) $(TARGET_DIR)/usr/bin/scsi_$${prog} ; \ done for prog in \ sginfo sgm_dd sgp_dd; do \ $(RM) $(TARGET_DIR)/usr/bin/$${prog}; \ done endef SG3_UTILS_POST_INSTALL_TARGET_HOOKS += SG3_UTILS_REMOVE_PROGS endif $(eval $(autotools-package)) ```
The Seth Low was a fireboat built for the Brooklyn Fire Department in Brooklyn, New York, which operated from 1885 to 1917. Prior to her commissioning the Brooklyn Fire Department had relied on fireboats from neighboring municipality New York City. Unlike her opposite number of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY), which had hulls of iron, or steel, the Seth Low was a wooden-hulled vessel. Her namesake Seth Low was the 23rd mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885 and later served as the 92nd mayor of New York City from 1902 to 1903. The Seth Low had a small lounge for her officers in the bows, and a small bunkroom, with four bunks, for off-duty sailors in the stern. See also Fireboats in New York City References External links Fireboats of New York City
This is a list of armour used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The present list also includes other military armoured vehicles in use at the time (armoured personnel carriers, armoured cars, armoured trains, etc.). Renault FT Renault NC27 Type 89 I-Go medium tanks (Type 89A I-Go Kō and Type 89B I-Go Otsu) Type 92 heavy armoured car Jyu-Sokosha - tankette Type 94 tankette Type 97 Te-Ke tankette Type 95 Ha-Go light tank Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank Type 97 ShinHōtō Chi-Ha medium tank Sōkō Sagyō Ki ("SS-Ki") armored engineer vehicles Panzer I - German tank, one captured from Chinese forces Vickers Crossley armoured car Wolseley armoured car Chiyoda armored car Type 92. Sumida M.2593 Type 91 armored railroad car So-Mo Type 93 armoured car a/k/a Type 2593 Hokoku and Type 93 Kokusanor Type 95 So-Ki armored railroad car Type 1 Ho-Ki armored personnel carrier 20 mm AA machine cannon carrier truck Improvised Armoured Train Special Armoured Train Type 94 Armoured Train Type 95 crane vehicle Ri-Ki Armored Recovery Vehicle Se-Ri Type 100 Te-Re observation vehicle Type 94 Disinfecting vehicle Type 94 Gas scattering vehicle Notes References External links Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa Armoured fighting vehicles Second Sino-Japanese War Second Sino-Japanese War Second Sino-Japanese War, armoured fighting vehicles
The 28th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 15, 2023, at the Fairmont Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California, honoring the finest achievements of filmmaking and television programming in 2022. The ceremony was broadcast on The CW and hosted by Chelsea Handler, taking over the reins from Taye Diggs who had hosted the show consecutively in the previous four years. Like in the previous two years, film and television nominations were announced separately. The television nominations were announced on December 6, 2022. The film nominations were announced on December 14, 2022. Everything Everywhere All at Once led the film nominations with 14—a record shared with The Shape of Water (2017), The Favourite (2018), and The Irishman (2019)—followed by The Fabelmans with 11. ABC's first-year mockumentary comedy Abbott Elementary led the television nominations with six, followed by Better Call Sauls sixth and final season with five. Overall, Netflix received a total of 28 nominations, 13 for film and 15 for television, the most for any studio or network (for the sixth year in a row). Winners and nominees Film #SeeHer Award Janelle Monáe Lifetime Achievement Award Jeff Bridges Television Films with multiple nominations and wins The following nineteen films received multiple nominations: The following five films received multiple awards: Television programs with multiple nominations and wins The following thirty programs received multiple nominations: The following four programs received multiple awards: Presenters See also 2nd Critics' Choice Super Awards 3rd Critics' Choice Super Awards 7th Critics' Choice Documentary Awards References External links The Winners of the 28th Annual Critics Choice Awards at Critics Choice Association Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2022 film awards 2023 in Los Angeles 2022 television awards 2023 awards in the United States January 2023 events in the United States
Shailaja Salokhe is an Indian table tennis player. She was a top player in India. In 1975 Commonwealth Table Tennis Championships, she and her teammates won a silver medal. She is awarded with Arjun Puraskar. Salokhe currently coaches young children for developing skills in table tennis. References External links ITTF DATABASE Indian female table tennis players Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) 20th-century Indian women 20th-century Indian people Recipients of the Arjuna Award
In Newport News, Virginia, asbestos litigation is driven by the presence of Newport News Shipbuilding and other defense contractors. Asbestos was widely used in the shipbuilding industry. Cases About 500 people have died due to asbestos exposure at the Newport News shipyard. Exxon In March 2011, a jury in Newport News awarded about $25 million to a former shipyard worker named Rubert Minton. Minton had worked on 17 different Exxon tankers over the course of his career. Decades later he began to suffer from mesothelioma. He filed suit against Exxon in 2009. Minton's lead attorney was Robert Hatten. Hatten said the award would be reduced to about $17.5 million because the $12.5 million in punitive damages awarded by the jury exceeded the $5 million that had been demanded by Minton. Suits against ship owners were a novel legal development. Most of the asbestos suits in Newport News had previously been brought against parts makers. Shipyards have immunity from asbestos suits under worker's compensation laws. Exxon said the shipyard was solely responsible for the safety of its workers and that there was no proof on its ships. Minton lawyers said Exxon knew about health risks from asbestos in the 1930s and created rules to protect its own workers but did nothing to warn shipyard workers. Dorthe Crisp Gibbs v. Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. Gibbs was an active-duty member of the United States Navy when he was exposed to asbestos after being ordered to take part in pre-commission tests of a nuclear submarine. He later developed mesothelioma and died in 2009. Gibbs sued Newport News in 2008. His wife continued that suit and sued for wrongful death. The state circuit court dismissed her case. The court ruled that worker's compensation was her exclusive remedy. The Virginia state supreme court overturned the circuit court's decision in 2012. It found that because the Navy was not liable under worker's compensation Gibbs could file suit against Newport News. Criticism The American Tort Reform Association (ATRA) has named Newport News a "Judicial Hellhole" for allegedly applying the law in biased manner in favor of plaintiffs. Plaintiffs in Newport News have roughly an 87% success rate. Robert Hatten, a leading asbestos attorney in Newport News of the firm Patten, Wornom, Hatten & Diamondstein, said the ATRA was engaging in "propaganda." References Newport News, Virginia Asbestos disasters
Adi Koll (; born 19 March 1976) is an Israeli social activist and former politician. She served as a member of the Knesset for Yesh Atid between 2013 and 2015. Biography Koll studied for a bachelor's degree in law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where she established a careers centre. She later obtained an LLM and a JSD in law at Columbia University. In 2005 she started working as a lecturer at Tel Aviv University, and was also a member of the faculty at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev from 2009 until 2013. She founded the University of the People, which provides free university courses taught by students at Tel Aviv University. She joined the new Yesh Atid party in 2012 and was placed ninth on the party's list for the 2013 Knesset elections. She entered the Knesset after the party won 19 seats. In December 2014 she announced that she would not stand in the 2015 elections, and would return to the education field. Koll lives in Tel Aviv. References External links 1976 births Israeli Jews Academic staff of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Columbia Law School alumni Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni Israeli activists Israeli women activists Living people Women members of the Knesset Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015) Activists from Jerusalem Politicians from Jerusalem Academic staff of Tel Aviv University Yesh Atid politicians People from Tel Aviv
Sardar Farooq Ahmed Tahir is a Pakistani politician and former deputy speaker and Law minister of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. He belongs to PML-N. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians Place of birth missing (living people)
We-Sorts (also Wesorts) is a name for a group of Native Americans in Maryland who are from the Piscataway tribe. It is regarded as derogatory and a pejorative by some, and rarely used by the current younger generation. The Piscataway were powerful at the time of European encounter. Many individuals with the surnames Proctor, Newman, Savoy, Queen (name), Butler, Thompson, Swann, Gray, and Harley claim that Native heritage. Many are notably of a mixed race between black, white and Native American. "Some members of the Piscataway Indian groups now consider the name Wesort derogatory." Historian Frank Sweet lists "Wesorts" as among a group of "derogatory epithets given by mainstream society, not self-labels". However, "Wesort" is listed as a self-identified "Other race" on the 2000 United States Census. In the early 1930s, weekend-farmer Alice Ferguson noticed that people were finding small artifacts in her fields and decided to do some digging around, according to newspaper reports. Between 1935 and 1939, she uncovered at least five mass-burial pits containing the 300-year-old remains of about 500 Piscataway people. Over the years, she gave most of the remains, the bones from about 467 individuals, to the Smithsonian Institution. She called the trust to come pick up what was left—the very partial remains of 36 individuals—said Hughes. The trust has determined that the remains are of Piscataway people. Alice and Henry Ferguson wrote and the Alice Ferguson Foundation published The Piscataway Indians of Southern Maryland in 1960. State officials say that most of the about 25,000 Native Americans who live in Maryland are Piscataway. In literature Wayne Karlin's novel The Wished For Country (2002) represents the origins and struggles of the Wesorts as a multicultural people in the early days of Maryland's first European settlement at St. Mary's City. The Los Angeles Times reviewed The Wished-For Country as a contribution to the history of "the common people," calling the book "an attempt in novel form to bring to life the original Wesorts and their turbulent world." See also Doeg people Mattawoman Nanjemoy Nanticoke people Pamunkey Patuxent people Piscataway people Yaocomico Turkey Tayac List of place names in Maryland of Native American origin Maroon people Melungeon Black Indians in the United States Brass Ankles Redbone References External links Article by William Harlen Gilbert, Jr., of the Library of Congress, 1946 - see Section X, Wesorts of Southern Maryland The Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians Piscataway Indian Nation Gabrielle Tayac, "The story of Jamestown through the eyes of a Native American", McClatchy Newspapers (May 1, 2007) Piscataway Indians, Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911 Thomas Ford Brown, "Ethnic Identity Movements and the Legal Process: The Piscataway Revival", Lamar University host Charles County, Maryland American genealogy African–Native American relations African-American history of Maryland Ethnic and religious slurs Native American tribes in Maryland Piscataway
```objective-c #ifndef _DYNAMIC_NEEDLEMANWUNSCH_ #define _DYNAMIC_NEEDLEMANWUNSCH_ #include "Eigen/Core" #include <vector> #include <iostream> #include "basics.h" #ifdef _MSC_VER #include <float.h> // for _isnan() on VC++ #define isnan(x) _isnan(x) // VC++ uses _isnan() instead of isnan() //#else //#include <math.h> // for isnan() everywhere else #endif namespace DynamicProg{ /! Global alignment cmp: must define an eval function / template <typename Scalar, class DataType, template <typename, class> class Cmp > class NeedlemanWunsch{ private: Cmp<Scalar, DataType> _cmp; Scalar _gapPenalty; Scalar _confidence; public: typedef typename Eigen::Matrix<DynamicStep<Scalar>, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic> StepMatrix; public: inline NeedlemanWunsch(): _gapPenalty(-1), _confidence(0) {} inline DynamicStep<Scalar> eval (const DataType& v1, const DataType& v2, unsigned int x, unsigned int y, const StepMatrix& matrix, double multiplier) const; inline Scalar eval_couples (const DataType& v1, const DataType& v2, unsigned int x, unsigned int y, const StepMatrix& matrix, double multiplier) const; inline void setConfidence(double conf); inline void setGapPenalty(Scalar gapPenalty) {_gapPenalty = gapPenalty;} inline Scalar confidence() const { return _confidence;} }; //class NeedlemanWunsch template <typename Scalar, class DataType, template <typename, class> class Cmp > DynamicStep<Scalar> NeedlemanWunsch<Scalar, DataType, Cmp >::eval( const DataType& v1, const DataType& v2, unsigned int x, unsigned int y, const StepMatrix& matrix, double multiplier) const{ //std::cout << "here" << std::endl; DynamicStep<Scalar>nei[3]; // will contain top, left and topleft nei[2] = DynamicStep<Scalar> (matrix(x-1, y-1).value + _cmp.eval(v1, v2), DynamicRelation::TopLeft); return nei[2]; } template <typename Scalar, class DataType, template <typename, class> class Cmp > Scalar NeedlemanWunsch<Scalar, DataType, Cmp >::eval_couples( const DataType& v1, const DataType& v2, unsigned int x, unsigned int y, const StepMatrix& /matrix/, double multiplier) const{ return _cmp.eval(v1, v2); } template <typename Scalar, class DataType, template <typename, class> class Cmp > void NeedlemanWunsch<Scalar, DataType, Cmp >::setConfidence(double conf) { _confidence = conf; } } // namespace DynamicProg #endif // _DYNAMIC_PATH ```
Cremona (minor planet designation: 486 Cremona) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. References External links Lightcurve plot of 486 Cremona, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2006) Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center Background asteroids Cremona Cremona 19020511
A war diary is a regularly updated official record kept by military units of their activities during wartime. The purpose of these diaries is to both record information which can later be used by the military to improve its training and tactics as well as to generate a detailed record of units' activities for future use by historians. War diaries are focused on the administration and operations of the unit they cover, but may also contain information about individual personnel. War diaries (, plural ) were invented by the Prussian Army. On 22 April 1850, the Prussian Minister of War, August von Stockhausen, ordered that all commanders of major units should keep war diaries. All significant military actions, relocations, important messages and orders, casualties, material losses, reinforcements etc. were to be recorded. Subsequent regulations of 1870 in Prussia, of 1895 and 1916 in the German Empire, and of 1940 in Nazi Germany were largely identical to the Prussian 1850 regulations. The British Army first required that its units keep war diaries in 1907 as a means of preventing its mistakes of the Second Boer War from being repeated, and units operating in war zones continue to maintain such diaries. The war diaries kept by Australian military units are normally maintained by the unit's adjutant or intelligence officer and contain a regularly updated narrative of its activities as well as copies of reports, messages received and maps. World War II War Diaries from units of the US Navy (including all ships) and Marine Corps were declassified on December 31, 2012 by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OCNO) and made available to the public through the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). These war diaries are part of a larger collection of records from the OCNO at NARA, currently spanning 1875 to 2006. See also Logbook (also known as a "captain's log") Service record (a less detailed equivalent of a war diary for an individual soldier) List of Australian diarists of World War I Joseph Bédier (1864–1938), French writer and scholar who made use of German World War I Kriegstagebücher References Notes Bibliography External links Military historiography Government documents Works about history War diaries
Kadalundi River (Kadalundipuzha) is one of the four major rivers flowing through Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. The other three are the Chaliyar, the Bharathappuzha and the Tirur River. This rain-fed river is long and is one of the most important rivers in the district. Kadalundi River is also the sixth longest River in Kerala. Kadalundi River passes through [Karuvarakundu, Tuvvur [Melattur, Kerala\|Melattur]], Pandikkad, Manjeri, Malappuram, Panakkad, Parappur, Vengara, Tirurangadi, Parappanangadi, Vallikkunnu, and empties itself into Arabian sea at Kadalundi Nagaram in Vallikkunnu on the northwestern border of the district. It is formed by the confluence of the Olippuzha River and the Veliyar River. The Kadalundi originates from the Western Ghats at the western border of the Silent Valley and flows through the district of Malappuram. It has two main tributaries namely Olipuzha and Veliyar. Olipuzha and Veliyar merges together to become Kadalundi River near Melattur. Kadalundi River traverses through the historical regions of Eranad and Valluvanad. The Kadalundi River drains an area of 1274 km² and has a length of 120 km. The ancient port of Tyndis, which was the second-largest trading port of Chera dynasty, only after to Muziris, is identified with the mouth of this river at Vallikunnu. The Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary spreads over a cluster of islands where the Kadalundipuzha River flows into the Arabian Sea. There are over a hundred species of native birds and around 60 species of migratory birds in large numbers annually. Cultural significance The 16th century Malayalam poet and the author of Jnanappana, Poonthanam Nambudiri was born at Keezhattur near Perinthalmanna, on the bank of Kadalundi River. Kerala Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran (Kerala Kalidasan), Raja Raja Varma (Kerala Panini) and Raja Ravi Varma (Famous Painter) were from different branches of Parappanad Royal Family who migrated from Parappanangadi to Harippad, Changanassery, Mavelikkara and Kilimanoor. Parappanangadi also lies on the bank of Kadalundi River. The Chief Editor of the daily "The Hindu" (1898 to 1905) and Founder Chief Editor of "The Indian Patriot" Divan Bahadur Cozhisseri Karunakara Menon (1863–1922) was also from Parappanangadi. O. Chandu Menon wrote his novels "Indulekha" and "Saradha" while he was the judge at Parappanangadi Munciff Court. Indulekha is also the first Major Novel written in Malayalam language. Villages Mudikkode (Malappuram) Vallikkunnu See also Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary Kadalundi train derailment References External links Rivers of Malappuram district

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