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The 2008 UEFA Intertoto Cup was the last UEFA Intertoto Cup football tournament, the 14th to be organised by UEFA and the third since the competition's format was given a major overhaul. Fifty teams were invited, with the eleven winners after the third round then advancing to the second qualifying round of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup. The draw took place at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland on 21 April 2008. Based on the subsequent progress of the eleven co-winners in their UEFA Cup efforts, Braga is declared the outright winner of the Intertoto Cup.
Association team allocation
50 teams participated in the 2008 UEFA Intertoto Cup from 50 UEFA associations. Below is the scheme for the 2008 UEFA Intertoto Cup. The rankings throughout are based on the 2007 UEFA coefficients.
First round (28 teams):
28 from associations 23–36, 38–50, and 53
Second round (28 teams):
14 winners from the first round
14 from associations 9–22
Third round (22 teams):
14 winners from the second round
8 from associations 1–8
First round
First leg matches were played on 21 and 22 June 2008 and second leg matches were played on 28 and 29 June 2008.
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!colspan="5"|Southern-Mediterranean region
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|-
!colspan="5"|Central-East region
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|-
!colspan="5"|Northern region
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First leg
Second leg
Ethnikos Achnas 1–1 Besa on aggregate. Besa won on away goals rule.
Grbalj 4–4 Čelik on aggregate. Grbalj won on away goals rule.
Renova won 2–0 on aggregate.
Gorica won 3–0 on aggregate.
Budapest Honvéd won 6–3 on aggregate.
Tiraspol 2–2 Mika on aggregate. Tiraspol won on away goals rule.
Nitra 3–3 Neftchi Baku on aggregate. Neftchi Baku won on away goals rule.
Shakhtyor Soligorsk won 5–1 on aggregate.
Locomotive Tbilisi 2–2 Etzella Ettelbruck on aggregate. Etzella Ettelbruck won on away goals rule.
Ekranas won 4–0 on aggregate.
Elfsborg won 4–1 on aggregate.
Bohemians won 9–3 on aggregate.
TPS Turku won 6–3 on aggregate.
Riga won 3–2 on aggregate.
Second round
The first leg was held on 5 and 6 July 2008, while the second leg was held on 12 and 13 July 2008.
|-
!colspan="5"|Southern-Mediterranean region
|-
|-
!colspan="5"|Central-East region
|-
|-
!colspan="5"|Northern region
|-
First leg
Second leg
Chernomorets Burgas won 3–1 on aggregate.
Sivasspor won 3–2 on aggregate.
Grasshopper Zürich won 5–1 on aggregate.
Bnei Sakhnin won 3–1 on aggregate.
Panionios won 3–2 on aggregate.
Neftchi Baku won 2–1 on aggregate.
Saturn Moscow Oblast won 8–1 on aggregate.
Tavriya Simferopol won 3–1 on aggregate.
Sturm Graz won 2–0 on aggregate.
Budapest Honvéd 3–3 Teplice on aggregate. Budapest Honvéd advanced on away goals rule.
Odense won 4–1 on aggregate.
Elfsborg won 4–0 on aggregate.
Rosenborg won 7–1 on aggregate.
Bohemians 2–2 Riga on aggregate. Riga advanced on the away goals rule.
Third round
The first leg was held on 19 and 20 July 2008, while the second leg was held on 26 and 27 July 2008. The 11 winners entered the second qualifying round of the UEFA Cup.
|-
!colspan="5"|Southern-Mediterranean region
|-
|-
!colspan="5"|Central-East region
|-
|-
!colspan="5"|Northern region
|-
First leg
Second leg
Deportivo La Coruña won 3–1 on aggregate.
Napoli won 2–0 on aggregate.
Braga won 5–0 on aggregate.
Grasshopper Zürich won 4–0 on aggregate.
Stuttgart won 3–1 on aggregate.
Vaslui won 3–2 on aggregate.
Tavriya Simferopol 1–1 Rennes on aggregate. Rennes won in a penalty shootout.
Sturm Graz won 2–1 on aggregate.
Rosenborg won 2–1 on aggregate.
Aston Villa won 3–2 on aggregate.
Elfsborg won 1–0 on aggregate.
Winners
Eight of the eleven Intertoto Cup co-winners entered the UEFA Cup by winning their qualifying ties and progressed to the first round. Five of those eight sides survived the first round and entered the Group stage. Four of those five qualified for the round of 32. Only Braga progressed to the round of 16, making them the overall winners.
The 11 co-winners were:
Braga (Overall winners) (round of 16, lost to Paris Saint-Germain)
Aston Villa (round of 32, lost to CSKA Moscow)
Deportivo La Coruña (round of 32, lost to AaB)
Stuttgart (round of 32, lost to Zenit Saint Petersburg)
Rosenborg (Group stage, fifth in Group G)
Napoli (First round, lost to Benfica)
Rennes (First round, lost to Twente)
Vaslui (First round, lost to Slavia Prague)
Elfsborg (Second qualifying round, lost to St Patrick's Athletic)
Grasshopper Zürich (Second qualifying round, lost to Lech Poznań)
Sturm Graz (Second qualifying round, lost to Zürich)
See also
2008–09 UEFA Champions League
2008–09 UEFA Cup
Notes
References
External links
Official UEFA site
UEFA Intertoto Cup
3 |
```python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
requests.exceptions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions.
"""
from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError
class RequestException(IOError):
"""There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your
request.
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects."""
response = kwargs.pop('response', None)
self.response = response
self.request = kwargs.pop('request', None)
if (response is not None and not self.request and
hasattr(response, 'request')):
self.request = self.response.request
super(RequestException, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
class HTTPError(RequestException):
"""An HTTP error occurred."""
class ConnectionError(RequestException):
"""A Connection error occurred."""
class ProxyError(ConnectionError):
"""A proxy error occurred."""
class SSLError(ConnectionError):
"""An SSL error occurred."""
class Timeout(RequestException):
"""The request timed out.
Catching this error will catch both
:exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and
:exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors.
"""
class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout):
"""The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.
Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.
"""
class ReadTimeout(Timeout):
"""The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time."""
class URLRequired(RequestException):
"""A valid URL is required to make a request."""
class TooManyRedirects(RequestException):
"""Too many redirects."""
class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
"""The URL schema (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
"""See defaults.py for valid schemas."""
class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError):
"""The URL provided was somehow invalid."""
class InvalidHeader(RequestException, ValueError):
"""The header value provided was somehow invalid."""
class InvalidProxyURL(InvalidURL):
"""The proxy URL provided is invalid."""
class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
"""The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk."""
class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
"""Failed to decode response content"""
class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
"""The content for this response was already consumed"""
class RetryError(RequestException):
"""Custom retries logic failed"""
class UnrewindableBodyError(RequestException):
"""Requests encountered an error when trying to rewind a body"""
# Warnings
class RequestsWarning(Warning):
"""Base warning for Requests."""
pass
class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
"""A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length."""
pass
class RequestsDependencyWarning(RequestsWarning):
"""An imported dependency doesn't match the expected version range."""
pass
``` |
The Town of Spencer is located in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the Wausau, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,581 at the 2010 census. The village of Spencer is located in the northeastern part of the town.The unincorporated community of Mann also is located in the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 31.7 square miles (82.2 km2), of which 31.5 square miles (81.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.5 km2), or 0.63%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,341 people, 475 households, and 378 families living in the town. The population density was 42.5 people per square mile (16.4/km2). There were 496 housing units at an average density of 15.7 per square mile (6.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.43% White, 0.30% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.75% from other races, and 0.15% from two or more races. 0.89% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 475 households, out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.4% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.15.
The population distribution was 29.5% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $47,315, and the median income for a family was $49,773. Males had a median income of $31,042 versus $22,619 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,702. About 3.6% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Town of Spencer, Wisconsin
Towns in Marathon County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin |
Parliamentary elections were held in Niger on 23 November 1996. They followed the constitutional changes approved in a referendum earlier in the year, which re-introduced multi-party democracy suspended by an earlier military coup. However, the eight main opposition parties boycotted the elections after forming the Front for the Restoration and Defence of Democracy. The result was a victory for the National Union of Independents for Democratic Renewal, which won 59 of the 83 seats, three of which were won in by-elections after the original result had been invalidated by the Supreme Court.
Results
References
Niger
1996 in Niger
Elections in Niger
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
In obstetrics a trial of labour is the conduction of spontaneous labour in a moderate degree of cephalopelvic disproportion. It is performed under close observation by an obstetrician in order to assess a woman's chances of a successful vaginal birth. The physician may allow labor to continue against contraindications during birth or even stimulate labor with oxytocin when pelvic measurements are borderline to see if the fetal head will descend making vaginal delivery possible; if progressive changes in dilation and station do not occur, a cesarean delivery is performed.
References
Female genital procedures |
John Codrington Warwick Bampfylde or Bampfield (27 August 1754 – 1796/7) was an 18th-century English poet. He came from a prominent Devon family, his father being Sir Richard Bampfylde, 4th Baronet, and was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He had financial problems, having fallen into dissipation on going to London. His romantic advances to Mary Palmer (later wife of Murrough O'Brien, 1st Marquess of Thomond), niece of Joshua Reynolds, were refused by her and discouraged by Reynolds, who expelled Bampfylde from the house. Bampfylde was subsequently arrested for breaking Reynolds's windows, and he spent the latter part of his life in a psychiatric hospital in London, briefly regaining his sanity before his death. He died of tuberculosis.
His only published work was Sixteen Sonnets (1778), which attracted the attention of Robert Southey.
References
Leslie Stephen, "Bampfylde, John Codrington Warwick (1754–1796)", rev. S. C. Bushell, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1262, retrieved 25 June 2007.
External links
John Codrington Bampfylde
National Portrait Gallery: John Codrington Bampfylde (1754-1796), Poet
1754 births
1796 deaths
18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
18th-century English poets
Tuberculosis deaths in England
Younger sons of baronets
English male poets
18th-century English male writers
18th-century English writers
Sonneteers |
The Windsor Wolves are a rugby league team based in the town of Windsor, New South Wales. The club fields both junior and senior teams in the Penrith District Rugby League competitions. The club has fielded teams in semi-professional, New South Wales Rugby League competitions. In March 2020 the club re-entered the third-tier Ron Massey Cup and fourth-tier Sydney Shield competitions. These competitions were cancelled after one round of matches due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. When the Sydney Shield was reorganised for a restart in July 2020, Windsor did not participate.
Playing Record in NSWRL Competitions
Second Tier
The Wolves received an enormous boost in July 2007 as they signed a deal with the Penrith Panthers to act as a feeder club for them in the NSW Cup for three seasons. This was a great achievement for the small club and meant that they participated in one of two competitions that sit immediately below the National Rugby League. The deal was extended, but ended at the conclusion of the 2013 season.
Third Tier
The Windsor Wolves had played in the NSWRL Jim Beam Cup since the inception of the competition in 2003 to 2016. This competition is now known as the Ron Massey Cup. In the mid-1970s, Windsor competed in an equivalent, the Metropolitan Cup. They also participated for a single season in 1993.
The Wolves won the Jim Beam Cup competition twice, in 2005 and 2008, defeating Sydney Bulls on both occasions 23–18 in 2005 & 36–16 in 2008 grand finals.
Fourth Tier
The Windsor Wolves competed in the 2015 and 2016 Sydney Shield seasons. They entered a team in the 2020 competition, playing one match before the competition was cancelled. Windsor did not enter a team when the competition was reorganised and run through July to September. In the mid-1970s, Windsor fielded a team in the Metropolitan Cup Reserve Grade competition, winning that premiership on two occasions.
Team Of The Century
Chris Walker
2. Collin Murphy
3. Vaughan Humphreys
4. Terry Glover
5. Dan Randall
6. Ron Phillips
7. Garry Longhurst
8. Tito Nuimata
9. Keith Sunderland
10. Leo Grosso
11.Tony Buckpitt
12. Jim Moffat
13. Richie Grech
14. Ray Robinson
15. Val De Bono
16. Craig Trindall
17. Tony Saunders
Coach. Rod Payne
Notable Juniors
Mitchell Kenny
Matt Moylan
Lachlan Coote
Reagan Campbell-Gillard
George Jennings
Brandon Smallwood
Matthew Wickett
Debbie Wickett
Brendan Martin-Wein
James Moss
Ryan Arnold (convicted sex offender)
Gallery
See also
List of rugby league clubs in Australia
Rugby league in New South Wales
References
External links
Rugby league teams in Sydney
Rugby clubs established in 1912
1912 establishments in Australia
Ron Massey Cup
Windsor, New South Wales |
Sexy Beat is the fifth EP by the South Korean boy group MBLAQ. It includes the single "Smoky Girl". Love Beat, a repackaged studio album, was released two months later on August 12, 2013.
Track listing
Track listing for Sexy Beat
Track listing for the repackaged version Love Beat
Chart performance
Sexy Beat
Album chart
Single chart
Sales and certifications
Love Beat
Album chart
Sales and certifications
Release history
References
External links
MBLAQ's Official Site
MBLAQ EPs
2013 EPs
Korean-language EPs
J. Tune Entertainment EPs |
Rolland Douglas Todd (born April 26, 1934) is a former player and coach in the National Basketball Association, and a former player in the American Basketball League, who also coached basketball at University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). He was the first coach of the then-expansion Portland Trail Blazers, leading the team to a 29–53 record in its inaugural season (best of the three expansion clubs who entered the NBA that year); though was let go the next season when the team failed to improve. According to Sports Illustrated his nickname while coaching the Blazers was "Mod Todd".
Early life
Todd grew up in Strathmore, California, the oldest of four children. He attended Fresno State College where he “was a star 6-4 guard at Fresno State in the mid-1950s, leading the Bulldogs to a 19-8 record and the California Collegiate Athletic Association championship as a senior in 1957-58.” His roommate and teammate for three years was Jerry Tarkanian. He attended graduate school at the University of Washington.
After graduating from Fresno State, Todd played for the Seattle, Washington based Buchan Bakers of the National Industrial Basketball League (NIBL) from 1958 to 1960. He briefly joined the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots in 1960 during their unsuccessful attempt to qualify as the team to represent the United States during the 1960 Summer Olympics.
Todd signed with the St. Louis Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in June 1960, but was placed on waivers before the start of the regular season. Todd reportedly signed with the Washington Tapers of the American Basketball League (ABL) in October 1961, but never joined the team and took a teaching job in Seattle, Washington. In December 1961, Todd signed with the San Francisco Saints of the ABL. On October 26, 1962, Todd signed with the Oakland Oaks of the ABL.
Career statistics
|-
| align="left" | 1960–61
| align="left" | San Francisco Saints
|| 53 || — || 25.1 || .380 || .256 || .752 || 4.1 || 3.7 || — || — || 8.2
|-
| align="left" | 1961–62
| align="left" | Oakland Oaks
|| 24 || — || 30.5 || .409 || .292 || .837 || 5.6 || 3.1 || — || — || 14.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 77 || — || 26.8 || .392 || .270 || .787 || 4.5 || 3.5 || — || — || 10.1
Source:
References
External links
Todd Coaching, LLC website
1934 births
Living people
Akron Goodyear Wingfoots players
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from California
Cal State Los Angeles Golden Eagles men's basketball coaches
College of the Sequoias alumni
Fresno State Bulldogs men's basketball players
Junior college men's basketball coaches in the United States
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Portland Trail Blazers head coaches
San Francisco Saints players
Sportspeople from Tulare County, California
UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball coaches
UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball coaches
University of Washington alumni |
Groupe Dynamite is a Canada-based clothing company, originally founded in 1975 as The Garage Clothing Company. The company creates, designs, markets and distributes from its head office in Montreal, Quebec, and operates over 300 stores across Canada and the United States, with more than 3,800 employees (as of 2020).
In September 2020, the group filed for creditor protection under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act.
In December 2020, the group partnered with Uber to offer same-day delivery to customers in the Montreal area. Groupe Dynamite became the first national retailer in Canada to offer this service.
History
Garage
Created in 1975, The Garage Clothing Company was the inception of the current company.
Groupe Dynamite
Groupe Dynamite was established in 1984. In 2020, Groupe announced they would be restructuring the company, following their filing for creditor protection under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act. They also announced following the approval of that protection by the Superior Court of Quebec, they would seek provisional recognition under Chapter 15 of the US Bankruptcy Code .
External links
References
Clothing retailers of Canada
Companies based in Montreal
Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada
Companies that have filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy
Mount Royal, Quebec |
Martin Ray Simmons (born February 21, 1965) is an American basketball coach and former player. He is the head men's basketball coach at Eastern Illinois University, a position he has held since 2021. Simmons served as the head men's basketball coach at Wartburg College from 1996 to 1997, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville from 2002 to 2007, and the University of Evansville from 2007 to 2018. As a high school player, Simmons was named Illinois Mr. Basketball in 1983. He played college basketball at Indiana University Bloomington and Evansville.
High school
Simmons was born and raised in Lawrenceville, Illinois, and attended Lawrenceville High School, graduating in 1983. While attending high school, Simmons led the Indians to consecutive 34–0 seasons and Illinois High School Association (IHSA) Class A state championships, becoming one of the most celebrated players in Illinois prep history. Because of Simmons' ability to "carry" his team the nickname of "Mule" was given to him during his junior year. His 2,986 career points were the third most in Illinois history when he graduated in 1983. Simmons played for coach Ron Felling, who went on to become an assistant coach at Indiana University.
In 2006, Simmons was voted as one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament, a group of former players and coaches in honor of the 100th anniversary of the IHSA boys basketball tournament.
College
After high school, Simmons spent his first two years of college playing for Bob Knight and the Indiana Hoosiers. During his freshman year, he was an integral part of the Hoosiers' Elite Eight run in the 1984 NCAA tournament. His 1985 team at Indiana finished second in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT). After Simmons' sophomore year, however, he transferred to the University of Evansville to play for former Indiana assistant coach Jim Crews. Crews made Simmons the team captain for the Purple Aces, even though he had to redshirt the 1985–86 season. When Simmons became eligible, he immediately helped turn around the Evansville program. During the 1986–87 season he averaged 22.4 points per game and led Evansville to a first place tie in the Midwestern Collegiate Conference. During his senior year, Simmons finished sixth in the nation in scoring at 25.9 points per game, and finished ninth in balloting for the Associated Press College Basketball Player of the Year. Evansville posted a 21–8 record in 1988 and recorded a first-round win over Utah in the NIT. Simmons was named to the first team all-MCC in both of his seasons at UE. Despite playing only two seasons at Evansville, Simmons ranks 22nd all-time with 1,265 points.
Coaching career
After graduating from Evansville, Simmons played the 1988–89 season for the La Crosse Catbirds of the Continental Basketball Association. During the 1989–90 season, while playing for the Illinois Express, Simmons made the World Basketball League all-star team.
After being a part-time assistant coach for Evansville from 1990 to 1996, Simmons became the head coach at Wartburg College, an NCAA Division III school in Waverly, Iowa, for the 1996–97 season. Simmons returned to the University of Evansville the next season as a full-time assistant coach, and stayed at Evansville until becoming the head coach at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville in April 2002. In 2007, after five years of coaching while producing a record of 88–59 for the Cougars, Simmons once again returned to Evansville, this time as head coach. He coached the Aces for 11 seasons, compiling a record of 184–175 before being fired following the 2017–18 season. In July 2018, Simmons accepted an assistant coaching position under his longtime friend, Brad Brownell, for the Clemson Tigers. The two coached together at the University of Evansville from 1991 to 1992.
Simmons was hired by Eastern Illinois University on March 31, 2021, to take over as head coach for the men’s basketball program.
Honors
Simmons was inducted into the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association (IBCA) Hall of Fame in 1994, and the University of Evansville Athletics Hall of Fame in 1997. In 2007, Simmons was voted one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament, recognizing his superior performance in his appearances in the tournament.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Clemson profile
Evansville profile
1965 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Basketball players from Illinois
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball coaches
Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball players
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
La Crosse Catbirds players
People from Lawrenceville, Illinois
SIU Edwardsville Cougars men's basketball coaches
Wartburg Knights men's basketball coaches
Eastern Illinois Panthers men's basketball coaches |
Dwight Aerodrome is located southeast of Dwight, Ontario, Canada.
References
Registered aerodromes in Ontario |
KCMH may refer to:
the ICAO airport code for John Glenn Columbus International Airport, outside Columbus, Ohio, United States
Kaohsiung City Music Hall in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
KCMH (FM), a radio station (91.5 FM) licensed to Mountain Home, Arkansas, United States
King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand |
Two steamships of the Clan Line were named Clan Colquhoun:
Ship names |
Pastoral theology is the branch of practical theology concerned with the application of the study of religion in the context of regular church ministry. This approach to theology seeks to give practical expression to theology. Normally viewed as an 'equipping' of ministers, practical theology is often considered to be more pragmatic than speculative, indeed, essentially a practical science. Hence its main interests are in those areas of theology which will aid clergy in ministry. Topics tend to include homiletics, pastoral care, sacramental theology, and ethics.
All branches of theology, whether theoretical or practical, purpose in one way or another to make priests, pastors, and others in a pastoral role "the ministers of Christ, and the dispensers of the mysteries of God" (1 Corinthians 4:1). Pastoral theology presupposes other various branches, accepts the apologetic, dogmatic, exegetic, moral, juridical, ascetical, liturgical, and other conclusions reached by the ecclesiastical student, and scientifically applies these various conclusions to the priestly ministry.
History
During the Middle Ages, there was not yet a separated and systematized science of pastoral theology. Scholasticism did not recognize this science apart from other branches of theology. Dogma and morals were so taught as to include the application of their conclusions to the care of souls. Still, even then writings of the great Doctors of the Church were at times purely pastoral; such was the "Pastoral Care" of Pope Gregory I; "Opuscula", 17–20, of Thomas Aquinas; Bonaventure's "De sex alis seraphim", "De regimine animæ", "Confessionale"; the "Summa theologica" (Books II, III), together with the "Summa confessionalis" of Antoninus, Bishop of Florence. At the same time, writers on mystical theology have often entered into the domain of pastoral theology.
Not until the period of the Counter-Reformation did the science of pastoral theology take its present systematized form. During the latter half of the fifteenth century, in certain places, pastoral duties were very much neglected. By the dawn of the sixteenth century, the care of souls was to many priests and not a few bishops a lost or a never-acquired art, with the result that the laity were ready to throw off what was deemed to be a useless clerical yoke. The Council of Trent set itself to bring about a true reformation of the priesthood. Catholic bishops and theologians followed the lead of the council. The result was the treatment of the care of souls as a science by itself.
References
Catholic Encyclopedia "Pastoral theology"
Practical theology |
Maghrebi script or Maghribi script () refers to a loosely related family of Arabic scripts that developed in the Maghreb (North Africa), al-Andalus (Iberia), and Bilad as-Sudan (the West African Sahel). Maghrebi script is directly derived from the Kufic script, and is traditionally written with a pointed tip (), producing a line of even thickness.
The script is characterized by rounded letter forms, extended horizontal features, and final open curves below the baseline. It also differs from Mashreqi scripts in the notation of the letters faa (Maghrebi: ; Mashreqi: ) and qoph (Maghrebi: ; Mashreqi: ).
For centuries, Maghrebi script was used to write Arabic manuscripts and record Andalusi and Moroccan literature, whether in Classical Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic, or Amazigh languages.
History
Origins
Arabic script first came to the Maghreb with the Islamic conquests (643–709). The conquerors, led by Uqba ibn Nafi, used both Hijazi and Kufic scripts, as demonstrated in coins minted in 711 under Musa ibn Nusayr. Maghrebi script is a direct descendant of the old Kufic script that predated Ibn Muqla's al-khat al-mansub ( proportioned line) standardization reforms, which affected Mashreqi scripts. The Arabic script in its Iraqi Kufic form spread from centers such as Fes, Cordoba, and Qairawan throughout the region along with Islam, as the Quran was studied and transcribed. Qayrawani Kufic script developed in al-Qayrawan from the Iraqi Kufic script.
African and Andalusi scripts
Early on, there were two schools of Maghrebi script: the African script (, ) and the Andalusi script (, ). The African script evolved in Ifriqiya (Tunisia) from Iraqi Kufic by way of the Kufic of Qairawan. The Andalusi script evolved in Iberia from the Damascene Kufic script with the establishment of the second Umayyad state, which would become the Caliphate of Córdoba. The Andalusi script was particular for its rounded letters, as attested to in Al-Maqdisi's geography book The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions. The African script had spread throughout the Maghreb before the spread of the Andalusi script. One of the most famous early users of the Arabic script was Salih ibn Tarif, the leader of the Barghawata Confederacy and the author of a religious text known as the Quran of Salih.
In (, 'the Far West', Morocco), the script developed independently from the Kufic of the Maghrawa and Bani Ifran under the Idrisid dynasty (788–974); it gained Mashreqi features under the Imam Idris I, who came from Arabia. The script under the Idrisids was basic and unembellished; it was influenced by Iraqi Kufic, which was used on the Idrisid dirham.
Imperial patronage
Almoravid
Under the Almoravid dynasty, the Andalusi script spread throughout the Maghreb, reaching Qairawan; the Jerīd region, however, kept the African script. A version of Kufic with florid features developed at this time. The University of al-Qarawiyyin, the Almoravid Qubba, and the Almoravid Minbar bear examples of Almoravid Kufic.
The Kufic script of the Almoravid dinar was imitated in a maravedí issued by Alfonso VIII of Castile.
The minbar of the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, created in 1144, was the "last major testament of Almoravid patronage," and features what is now called Maghrebi thuluth, an interpretation of Eastern thuluth and diwani traditions.
Almohad
Under the Almohad dynasty, Arabic calligraphy continued to flourish and a variety of distinct styles developed. The Almohad caliphs, many of whom were themselves interested in Arabic script, sponsored professional calligraphers, inviting Andalusi scribes and calligraphers to settle in Marrakesh, Fes, Ceuta, and Rabat. The Almohad caliph Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada established the first public manuscript transcription center at the madrasa of his mosque in Marrakesh (now the Ben Youssef Madrasa).
The Maghrebi thuluth script was appropriated and adopted as an official "dynastic brand" used in different media, from manuscripts to coinage to fabrics. The Almohads also illuminated certain words or phrases for emphasis with gold leaf and lapis lazuli.
For centuries, the Maghrebi script was used to write Arabic manuscripts that were traded throughout the Maghreb. According to , there were 104 paper mills in Fes under the reign of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin in the 11th century, and 400 under the reign of Sutlan Yaqub al-Mansur in the 12th century.
Nasrid
In the Emirate of Granada under the Nasrid dynasty, and particularly under Yusuf I and Muhammad V, Arabic epigraphy further developed. Kufic inscriptions developed extended vertical strokes forming ribbon-like decorative knots. Kufic script also had "an enormous influence on the decorative and graphic aspects of Christian art."
Aljamiado
In Iberia, the Arabic script was used to write Romance languages such as Mozarabic, Portuguese, Spanish or Ladino. This writing system was referred to as Aljamiado, from ʿajamiyah ().
Fesi Andalusi script
Waves of migration from Iberia throughout the history of al-Andalus impacted writing styles in North Africa. Ibn Khaldun noted that the Andalusi script further developed under the Marinid dynasty (1244–1465), when Fes received Andalusi refugees. In addition to Fes, the script flourished in cities such as Ceuta, Taza, Meknes, Salé, and Marrakesh, although the script experienced a regression in rural areas far from the centers of power. The Fesi script spread throughout much of the Islamic west. gives the exception of the region around Algiers, which was more influenced by the African script of Tunisia. noted that Maghrebi script essentially reached its final form during the Marinid period, as it became independent of the Andalusi script. There were three forms of Maghrebi script in use: one in urban centers such as those previously mentioned, one in rural areas used to write in both Arabic and Amazigh, and one that preserved Andalusi features. Maghrebi script was also divided into different varieties: Kufic, mabsūt, mujawhar, Maghrebi thuluth, and musnad (z'mami).
Saadi reforms
The reforms in the Saadi period (1549–1659) affected manuscript culture and calligraphy. The Saadis founded centers for learning calligraphy, including the madrasa of the Mouassine Mosque, which was directed by a dedicated calligrapher as was the custom in the . Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur himself was proficient in Maghrebi thuluth, and even invented a secret script for his private correspondences. Decorative scripts flourished under the Saadi dynasty and were used in architecture, manuscripts, and coinage.
Alawi era
Maghrebi script was supported by the 17th-century Alawite sultans Al-Rashid and Ismail. Under the reign of Sultan Muhammad III, the script devolved into an unrefined, illegible badawi script () associated with rural areas. Under Sultan Suleiman, the script improved in urban areas and particularly in the capital Meknes. Meanwhile, Rabat and Salé preserved some features of Andalusi script, and some rural areas such as Dukāla, Beni Zied, and al-Akhmas excelled in the Maghrebi script.
The script quality then regressed again, which led Ahmed ibn Qassim ar-Rifā'ī ar-Ribātī to start a script reform and standardization movement as Ibn Muqla and Ibn al-Bawwab had done in the Mashriq. He authored Stringing the Pearls of the Thread (), a book in the form of an urjuza on the rules of Maghrebi script.
Muhammad Bin Al-Qasim al-Qundusi, active in Fes from 1828–1861, innovated a unique style known as al-Khatt al-Qundusi ().
After introduced the first Arabic lithographic printing press to Morocco in 1864, the mujawher variety of the Maghrebi script became the standard for printing body text, although other varieties were also used.
Colonial period
The French Protectorate in Morocco represented a crisis for Maghrebi script, as Latin script became dominant in education and public life, and the Moroccan Nationalist Movement fought to preserve Maghrebi script in response. In 1949, Muhammad bin al-Hussein as-Sūsī and Antonio García Jaén published Ta'līm al-Khatt al-Maghrebi () a series of five booklets teaching Maghrebi script printed in Spain.
Additionally, books from the Mashreq printed in naskh scripts were imported for use in schools and universities, and handwriting began to be taught with mashreqi letter forms.
Post-independence
In the period after independence, there were a number of initiatives to modernize Arabic script to suit the typewriter, prominent among which was that of the Moroccan linguist of the Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization: Standard Arabic Script ().
Recently
In 2007, Muḥammad al-Maghrāwī and cowrote Maghrebi Script: History, Present, and Horizons (). The following year, the Muhammad VI Prize for the Art of Maghrebi Script, organized by the , was announced.
In early 2020, the President of Tunisia, Kais Saied, garnered significant media attention for his handwritten official letters in the Maghrebi script.
Variations
In the book al-Khat al-Maghrebi, five main subscripts of Maghrebi script are identified:
Maghrebi Kufic () variations of Kufic script used in the Maghreb and al-Andalus.
Almoravid Kufic () a decorative script that does not receive Arabic diacritics. It was used in coin minting and is usually accompanied by fine floral designs. The Almoravid minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh features a fine example.
Almohad Kufic ()
Marinid Kufic ()
Alawite Kufic ()
Qayrawani Kufic ()
Pseudo Kufic ()
Mabsout () script, used for body text and to write the Quran, similar in usage to the eastern Naskh.
Andalusi Mabsout
Saadi Mabsout
Alawite Mabsout
Mujawher () cursive script, mainly used by the king to announce laws. This is the script that was used for body text when lithographic prints started to be produced in Fes.
Thuluth Maghrebi () script, formerly called Mashreqi (مشرقي) or Maghrebized Mashreqi (مشرقي متمغرب) a script inspired by the Mashreqi Thuluth script. It is mainly used as a decorative script for book titles and walls in mosques. It was used as an official script by the Almohads.
Musnad () script, or Z'mami () script, a cursive script mainly used by courts and notaries in writing marriage contracts. This script is derived from Mujawher, and its letters in this script lean to the right. Because is difficult to read, this script was used to write texts that the author wanted to keep obscure, such as texts about sorcery.
In addition, Muhammad Bin Al-Qasim al-Qundusi, a 19th-century Sufi calligrapher based in Fes, developed a flamboyant style now known as Qandusi () script.
Among the publications of , a 19th-century French orientalist, dealing with the subject of Maghrebi script, there are Essai sur l'Ecriture Maghrebine (1886) and Recueil de Lettres Arabes Manuscrites (1891). In 1886, he identified 4 main subscripts within the Maghrebi script family:
Qairawani—"smooth and even"
Andalusi—"small, compact, and jerky"
Fasi—"large, round, and elegant"
Sudani—"thicker and blacker"
West African Maghrebi scripts
Various West African Arabic scripts, also called Sudani scripts (in reference to Bilad as-Sudan), also fall under the category of Maghrebi scripts, including:
Suqi () named after the town of Suq, though also used in Timbuktu. It is associated with the Tuareg people.
Fulani ()
Hausawi ()
Mauretanian Baydani ()
Kanemi () or Kanawi, is associated with the region of Kano in modern-day Chad and northern Nigeria, associated with Borno—also Barnawi script
Saharan
Contrast with Mashreqi scripts
One of the prominent ways Maghrebi scripts differ from scripts of the Arabic-speaking East is the dotting of the letters faa () and qoph (). In eastern tradition, the faa is represented by a circle with a dot above, while in Maghrebi scripts the dot goes below the circle (). In eastern scripts, the qoph is represented by a circle with two dots above it, whereas the Maghrebi qoph is a circle with just one dot above (), similar to the eastern faa. In fact, concerns over the preservation of Maghrebi writing traditions played a part in the reservations of the Moroccan ulama's against importing the printing press.
Additionally, Nico van den Boogert notes that in Maghrebi script:
the loop of Ṣād () and Ḍād ()has no "tooth"
the stems of alif (), lam (), lamalif (), Ṭāʾ (), and Ẓāʾ () are drawn with a knot at the end
the stems of Ṭāʾ (), and Ẓāʾ () are drawn diagonally
the final alif () is written top-to-bottom
the final and isolated dāl () and dhāl () resemble initial and medial Kaph ()
Additionally, Maghrebi scripts differ from Mashreqi scripts in that Maghrebi scripts are traditionally written with a pointed tip instead of a chisel tip. As a result, Maghrebi scripts typically have less contrast in line thickness than Mashreqi scripts, which have wider horizontal strokes and thinner vertical strokes.
Gallery
See also
Rashi script
Tifinagh
References
O. Houdas, "Essai sur l'écriture maghrebine", in Nouveaux mélanges orientaux, IIe série vol. xix., Publications des Langues Vivantes Orientales (Paris 1886)
N. van den Boogert, on the origin of Maghribi script
External links
Arabic article
Example of a Quran in Maghrebi script
Arabic calligraphy
Islamic culture
Maghrebi Arabic
Moroccan culture
Algerian culture
Tunisian culture
Malian culture |
Boule bretonne is a sport popular in Brittany, France, similar to boule lyonnaise and to a lesser extent, pétanque. The method of playing varies widely among those that play it.
Rules
Boule bretonne is very similar to bocce in that it involves one team tossing out a jack, known as the 'petit', and following it with tossing of boules, points being scored for having balls ending up closest to the jack. Games are played with varying teams of various sizes, from one to four players per team.
Balls used to play are 92 to 110 mm diameter and weigh 600 grams to 1 kg. In the past, wooden balls were common, but since the 1960s, resin balls have come into favor.
The game can be played on grass, gravel, or in a courtyard. During the 20th century, courts consisting clay walkways clay two to three feet wide by fifteen to twenty feet long surrounded by a wooden border were installed in many cafes. Boules can be bounced off the side borders but are out of play if they touch the backboard.
External links
Bowls |
Camille Palenfo (born 6 September 1971) is a Burkinabé footballer. He played in nine matches for the Burkina Faso national football team from 1995 to 1997. He was also named in Burkina Faso's squad for the 1996 African Cup of Nations tournament.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Burkinabé men's footballers
Burkina Faso men's international footballers
1996 African Cup of Nations players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football players not categorized by position
21st-century Burkinabé people |
Nikola Jozić (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Јозић; born 29 September 1982) is a German-born Serbian retired football defender.
Career
After playing with several clubs in Germany, in January 2001 he moved from Eintracht Frankfurt to French Ligue 1 club Auxerre which would be his first senior experience. After a successful two and a half seasons there, he moved to Serbia to play with FK Železnik where he will win a 2005 Serbia and Montenegro Cup.
He also holds German citizenship making his football debut at Eintracht Frankfurt. The 1.94 m defender also played at Auxerre and Gaziantepspor.
Position
Nikola was a versatile footballer, he played in the defence as central, left back, right back, central for the back four or central Midfield.
International
Jozić played with his homeland FR Yugoslavia at the 2001 UEFA European Under-18 Championship in Finland. He played 6 games for the under 18.
Honours
2005: Serbia and Montenegro Cup
2003: Coupe de France
External links
Living people
1982 births
Serbian men's footballers
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
FSV Oggersheim players
SV Waldhof Mannheim players
Eintracht Frankfurt II players
FK Železnik players
Gaziantepspor footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
AJ Auxerre players
Ligue 1 players
Expatriate men's footballers in France
FC Gloria Buzău players
Liga I players
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Ludwigshafen |
is the third animated film adaptation of the anime and manga series Bleach. In the film, Ichigo Kurosaki enters the Soul Society once more in order to save Rukia Kuchiki, who has been kidnapped by two spirits who have a history with Rukia. They also erase Rukia's memories along with the Gotei 13, who now view Ichigo as a threat. Directed by Noriyuki Abe, the film was released on December 13, 2008 in Japan, later to be released in the US. The film's theme music is "Koyoi, Tsuki ga Miezutomo", performed by Porno Graffitti and its screenplay was written by Natsuko Takahashi and Masahiro Ōkubo. The DVD was released on September 30, 2009, in Japan, with additional footage of Ichigo, Rukia and Kon leaving for the World of the Living. The English dub was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 15, 2011, in the United States and on May 28, 2012, in the United Kingdom.
Plot
In the Soul Society, Soul Reaper scientist Mayuri Kurotsuchi is attacked in his laboratory by a pair of mysterious siblings wielding a scythe that erases his memories. In a frightened panic, Kurotsuchi damages one of his machines, causing a massive spirit energy explosion that covers much of Soul Society, killing or freezing many Soul Reapers. Rukia Kuchiki is the next to be attacked by the siblings, erasing her memories and those of everybody that has memories of her, and is carried away to Soul Society's Rukon District by the siblings.
In the real world, one of Rukia's friends, Ichigo Kurosaki, briefly forgets her but Kon, being a modified soul, is unaffected by the memory wipe and reminds him. Ichigo and Kon go to former Soul Reaper Kisuke Urahara for information; but Urahara does not remember Rukia. Ichigo and Kon travel to the Soul Society with all the captains unable to remember Ichigo, believing him to be a threat. Meanwhile, Rukia wakes up in the Rukon District with no memory of being a Soul Reaper. The nameless siblings, a sister and a brother, remind Rukia that they used to be close friends living together and she was to give them names, although she has forgotten them. Ichigo seeks the help of Rukia's adopted brother, Byakuya, but he does not remember Rukia either. After another confronting with Renji Abarai, Rukia's childhood friend, Byakuya directs Ichigo to his wife, Hisana's, birthplace, where they are briefly reunited with Rukia before the siblings flee with her from Ichigo and Kon.
Ichigo and Kon are attacked again by other Soul Reapers, but are saved by Renji Abarai, who follows his instinct to trust Ichigo. When Soul Society's head-captain and other captains arrive to capture Ichigo, Urahara interferes. He sends Ichigo, Renji and Kon off to save Rukia, and explains to the captains that he studied a parasitic Hollow which could erase memories with its scythe-like tentacle, but it escaped and appears to be influencing the siblings' actions to an extent. Meanwhile, the siblings go to Kurotsuchi's laboratory to fully destroy the Soul Reapers with another spiritual machine of Kurotsuchi's, under the belief that the Soul Reapers were responsible for taking Rukia away from them when they were younger. Rukia suddenly objects to this, and Ichigo and Renji's arrival prompts her to remember them and her entire past, with both the siblings and her time as a Soul Reaper. The female sibling succumbs to rage, and she forces herself, her brother and Rukia to all fuse into one, creating "Dark Rukia".
Dark Rukia, seemingly hollowfied, unleashes the machine upon Soul Society before battling Ichigo. The machine takes the form of a monster, and the Soul Reapers fight against it. Ichigo fights Dark Rukia and holds back initially to refrain from injuring her. Byakuya arrives and claims that he should be the one to finish this, but Ichigo intervenes and manages to free her with his own similar spirit energy, destroying the Hollow; Byakuya and Renji also destroy the monster. Rukia regains her memories, but the siblings are left mortally wounded, though they are regretful for their actions. Urahara arrives and explains that the Hollow attacked Rukia and the siblings while controlling a Soul Reaper's body previously, but when the body was destroyed, the siblings trapped the Hollow in their bodies and were sent to Hueco Mundo—the Hollow's world—for a time, managing to escape to reunite with Rukia because of their desire to be with her. Rukia tells the siblings their names, Homura and Shizuku, but the two die from their wounds, much to Rukia's despair. Later, Ichigo asks Rukia at the hill shrine where she previously visited before, about the shrines were made in remembrance of her childhood friends who died during adolescence due to poverty, reminding her that her memories of the siblings will not fade.
Cast
Novelization
Light novel adaptation of movie was published on December 15, 2008.
Reception
The film opened in second or third place at the Japanese box office (sources vary) and held a top ten location until its fifth week.
Notes
References
External links
2008 anime films
2008 films
Anime films composed by Shirō Sagisu
Fade to Black
Films directed by Noriyuki Abe
2000s Japanese-language films
Toho animated films
Viz Media anime |
Nuvvus is a village on the Finland–Norway border on the Deatnu river.
Villages in Finland
Utsjoki |
```c
/* edit_packet_comment_dlg.c
* Dialog box for editing or adding packet comments.
*
* Wireshark - Network traffic analyzer
* By Gerald Combs <gerald@wireshark.org>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include "ui/main_statusbar.h"
#include "ui/gtk/dlg_utils.h"
#include "ui/gtk/expert_comp_dlg.h"
#include "ui/gtk/gui_utils.h"
#include "ui/gtk/main.h"
#include "ui/gtk/packet_list.h"
#include "ui/gtk/edit_packet_comment_dlg.h"
static GtkWidget *edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg = NULL;
static GtkWidget *edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg = NULL;
static void
pkt_comment_text_buff_ok_cb(GtkWidget *w _U_, GtkWidget *view)
{
GtkTextBuffer *buffer;
GtkTextIter start_iter;
GtkTextIter end_iter;
gchar *new_packet_comment;
buffer = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view));
gtk_text_buffer_get_start_iter (buffer, &start_iter);
gtk_text_buffer_get_end_iter (buffer, &end_iter);
new_packet_comment = gtk_text_buffer_get_text (buffer, &start_iter, &end_iter, FALSE /* whether to include invisible text */);
/*g_warning("The new comment is '%s'",new_packet_comment);*/
packet_list_update_packet_comment(new_packet_comment);
expert_comp_packet_comment_updated();
status_expert_update();
window_destroy(edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg);
}
static void
capture_comment_text_buff_ok_cb(GtkWidget *w _U_, GtkWidget *view)
{
GtkTextBuffer *buffer;
GtkTextIter start_iter;
GtkTextIter end_iter;
gchar *new_capture_comment;
buffer = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view));
gtk_text_buffer_get_start_iter (buffer, &start_iter);
gtk_text_buffer_get_end_iter (buffer, &end_iter);
new_capture_comment = gtk_text_buffer_get_text (buffer, &start_iter, &end_iter, FALSE /* whether to include invisible text */);
/*g_warning("The new comment is '%s'",new_capture_comment);*/
cf_update_capture_comment(&cfile, new_capture_comment);
/* Update the main window as appropriate */
main_update_for_unsaved_changes(&cfile);
status_capture_comment_update();
window_destroy(edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg);
}
void
edit_packet_comment_dlg (GtkAction *action _U_, gpointer data _U_)
{
GtkWidget *vbox;
GtkWidget *view;
GtkWidget *scroll;
GtkWidget *bbox;
GtkWidget *ok_bt, *cancel_bt, *help_bt;
GtkTextBuffer *buffer;
gchar *opt_comment;
edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg = dlg_window_new ("Edit or Add Packet Comments");
gtk_widget_set_size_request (edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg, 500, 160);
gtk_window_set_resizable (GTK_WINDOW (edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg), TRUE);
gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg), DLG_OUTER_MARGIN);
vbox = ws_gtk_box_new(GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL, DLG_UNRELATED_SPACING, FALSE);
gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg), vbox);
gtk_widget_show (vbox);
view = gtk_text_view_new ();
gtk_text_view_set_wrap_mode(GTK_TEXT_VIEW(view), GTK_WRAP_WORD);
buffer = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view));
gtk_widget_show (view);
scroll = gtk_scrolled_window_new(NULL, NULL);
gtk_scrolled_window_set_policy(GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW(scroll),
GTK_POLICY_NEVER, GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC);
gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(scroll), view);
gtk_widget_show(scroll);
gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX (vbox), scroll, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
/* Get the comment */
opt_comment = packet_list_get_packet_comment();
/*g_warning("Fetched comment '%s'",opt_comment);*/
if(opt_comment){
gtk_text_buffer_set_text(buffer, opt_comment, -1);
g_free(opt_comment);
}
/* Button row. */
bbox = dlg_button_row_new (GTK_STOCK_OK, GTK_STOCK_CANCEL, GTK_STOCK_HELP, NULL);
gtk_box_pack_end (GTK_BOX(vbox), bbox, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
ok_bt = (GtkWidget *)g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT(bbox), GTK_STOCK_OK);
g_signal_connect (ok_bt, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(pkt_comment_text_buff_ok_cb), view);
gtk_widget_set_sensitive (ok_bt, TRUE);
cancel_bt = (GtkWidget *)g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT(bbox), GTK_STOCK_CANCEL);
window_set_cancel_button (edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg, cancel_bt, window_cancel_button_cb);
help_bt = (GtkWidget *)g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT(bbox), GTK_STOCK_HELP);
#if 0
g_signal_connect (help_bt, "clicked",/* G_CALLBACK(topic_cb)*/NULL, /*(gpointer)HELP_MANUAL_ADDR_RESOLVE_DIALOG*/NULL);
#endif
gtk_widget_set_sensitive (help_bt, FALSE);
gtk_widget_grab_default (ok_bt);
g_signal_connect (edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg, "delete_event", G_CALLBACK(window_delete_event_cb), NULL);
gtk_widget_show (edit_or_add_pkt_comment_dlg);
}
static void
edit_capture_comment_destroy_cb(GtkWidget *win _U_, gpointer user_data _U_)
{
/* Note that we no longer have an "Edit Capture Comment" dialog box. */
edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg = NULL;
}
void
edit_capture_comment_dlg_launch (GtkAction *action _U_, gpointer data _U_)
{
GtkWidget *vbox;
GtkWidget *view;
GtkWidget *scroll;
GtkWidget *bbox;
GtkWidget *ok_bt, *cancel_bt, *help_bt;
GtkTextBuffer *buffer = NULL;
const gchar *comment_str = NULL;
if (edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg != NULL) {
/* There's already an "Edit Capture Comment" dialog box; reactivate it. */
reactivate_window(edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg);
return;
}
edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg = dlg_window_new ("Edit or Add Capture Comments");
gtk_widget_set_size_request (edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg, 500, 160);
gtk_window_set_resizable (GTK_WINDOW (edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg), TRUE);
gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg), DLG_OUTER_MARGIN);
g_signal_connect(edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg, "destroy",
G_CALLBACK(edit_capture_comment_destroy_cb), NULL);
vbox = ws_gtk_box_new(GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL, DLG_UNRELATED_SPACING, FALSE);
gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg), vbox);
gtk_widget_show (vbox);
view = gtk_text_view_new ();
gtk_text_view_set_wrap_mode(GTK_TEXT_VIEW(view), GTK_WRAP_WORD);
buffer = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (view));
gtk_widget_show (view);
scroll = gtk_scrolled_window_new(NULL, NULL);
gtk_scrolled_window_set_policy(GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW(scroll),
GTK_POLICY_NEVER, GTK_POLICY_AUTOMATIC);
gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(scroll), view);
gtk_widget_show(scroll);
gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX (vbox), scroll, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
/* Get the comment */
comment_str = cf_read_shb_comment(&cfile);
if(comment_str != NULL){
gtk_text_buffer_set_text (buffer, comment_str, -1);
}
/* Button row. */
bbox = dlg_button_row_new (GTK_STOCK_OK, GTK_STOCK_CANCEL, GTK_STOCK_HELP, NULL);
gtk_box_pack_end (GTK_BOX(vbox), bbox, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
ok_bt = (GtkWidget *)g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT(bbox), GTK_STOCK_OK);
g_signal_connect (ok_bt, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(capture_comment_text_buff_ok_cb), view);
gtk_widget_set_sensitive (ok_bt, TRUE);
cancel_bt = (GtkWidget *)g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT(bbox), GTK_STOCK_CANCEL);
window_set_cancel_button (edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg, cancel_bt, window_cancel_button_cb);
help_bt = (GtkWidget *)g_object_get_data (G_OBJECT(bbox), GTK_STOCK_HELP);
#if 0
g_signal_connect (help_bt, "clicked",/* G_CALLBACK(topic_cb)*/NULL, /*(gpointer)HELP_MANUAL_ADDR_RESOLVE_DIALOG*/NULL);
#endif
gtk_widget_set_sensitive (help_bt, FALSE);
gtk_widget_grab_default (ok_bt);
g_signal_connect (edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg, "delete_event", G_CALLBACK(window_delete_event_cb), NULL);
gtk_widget_show (edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg);
}
void
edit_capture_comment_dlg_hide(void)
{
window_destroy(edit_or_add_capture_comment_dlg);
}
/*
* Editor modelines - path_to_url
*
* Local Variables:
* c-basic-offset: 2
* tab-width: 8
* indent-tabs-mode: nil
* End:
*
* vi: set shiftwidth=2 tabstop=8 expandtab:
* :indentSize=2:tabSize=8:noTabs=true:
*/
``` |
Hugh Downman (c. 1765 – 4 January 1858) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, eventually rising to the rank of admiral.
Downman spent most of the American War of Independence as a midshipman, with a spell in French captivity after his ship was wrecked off the coast of Ushant while chasing an enemy frigate. He was promoted to lieutenant shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars and served with distinction during operations in the Mediterranean. Downman served under several Admirals, and fought with Jervis at Battle of Cape St Vincent. Shortly after the battle he was rewarded with his own command, going on to capture several privateers and fighting off an attack by a larger vessel. Promoted to post-captain and given a frigate to command, he operated in the Mediterranean and performed services for the nobles and monarchs of the Italian states. Downman went on to command several ships of the line, often as a flag-captain, and took part in the capture of the Cape Colony and operations on the Río de la Plata.
Left without active employment after the end of the wars with France, he briefly returned to service in 1824. before being promoted to flag rank the following year. Downman continued to rise through the ranks, reaching the rank of full admiral before his death in 1858.
Family and early life
Hugh Downman was born in Plympton, Devon around 1765. His uncle was Dr Hugh Downman, a physician and poet, who obtained for his nephew an offer to serve aboard the 32-gun as a midshipman. Downman took up the offer, joining the ship, which was then under the command of Captain Mitchell Graham, on 10 October 1776. He served aboard Thetis for the next two years, leaving the ship in August 1778 and joining . The Arethusa was wrecked off Ushant on 19 March 1779 while chasing a French ship, and Downman and the rest of the crew were taken prisoner by the French. Exchanged in January 1780 Downman went on to serve aboard under Captain Samuel Marshall, before moving into the 74-gun in May 1782. Edgar at this time was flying the broad pennant of Commodore William Hotham, and in October that year was part of the fleet sent out under Lord Howe to relieve Gibraltar. In the brief encounter with the Spanish fleet that followed on 20 October Edgar had six men wounded.
French Revolutionary Wars
Little is known of Downman's activities during the years of peace that followed, until his appearance in February 1789 with the fleet despatched to the East Indies under Commodore William Cornwallis. Cornwallis promoted him to lieutenant while serving in the East Indies on 5 March 1790. He returned to England at the start of 1793. With the commencement of the French Revolutionary Wars, Downman joined the 74-gun and went out to the Mediterranean, where served with Commodore Robert Linzee's squadron. He was present at the occupation of Toulon and assisted in the attack on the tower and redoubt at Fornelli in September 1793. While helping in the reduction of Corsica, Downman cut out a French gunboat from under the guns of a battery at St Fiorenzo, and later led a party of 100 seamen and marines in scaling a cliff to place a gun overlooking the enemy's defences. For these actions he received the thanks of Lieutenant-General David Dundas.
Linzee was advanced to rear-admiral on 11 April 1794 and shifted his flag to the 98-gun , bringing Downman with him as his second lieutenant. He was then moved into the 100-gun , the flagship of Admiral Lord Hood, and returned with Hood to England. Hood was preparing to return to the Mediterranean aboard Victory, when on 2 May he was ordered to strike his flag. Victory then went out to the Mediterranean as a private ship, whereupon she became the flagship of Rear-Admiral Robert Mann, and then Sir John Jervis. Under Mann Downman saw action at the Naval Battle of Hyères Islands on 13 July 1795, and under Jervis he was at the Battle of Cape St Vincent on 14 February 1797.
Command
Speedy
Several months after Cape St Vincent, on 20 July, Downman was promoted to the rank of commander and appointed to command the 14-gun brig . He made several cruises with Speedy, capturing a number of enemy vessels. On 3 February 1798 she encountered the large enemy privateer Papillon, mounting 18 guns and carrying 160 men, while sailing off Vigo. The Papillon attacked Speedy, which had a reduced crew owing to her master Mr Marshall, and 12 men, being absent in command of a prize Speedy had taken earlier. The two ships fought each other for two days, and by the second Downman had exhausted his supply of shot, and resorted to firing nails and pieces of iron hoop at his opponent. Having observed the difficulty his captain was in, Master Marshall secured the Spanish crew of his prize below deck, and then took the prize crew off in a small boat to come to Downman's assistance. After a fierce fight the Papillon was driven off, with Speedy suffering losses of five killed and four wounded. Downman then recaptured his prize that the master had been compelled to abandon, and returned to Lisbon to carry out repairs. During his time in command of Speedy Downman captured five privateers, altogether mounting 17 guns and 28 swivels, and carrying 162 men. For his efforts protecting British trade out of Oporto, the merchants presented him with a letter of thanks, and a piece of plate valued at £50.
Santa Dorothea
As a reward for his good service Downman was advanced to post-captain on 26 December 1798 and was appointed to command the 32-gun , a frigate that had recently been captured from the Spanish. On 28 November that year Santa Dorothea, operating in company with , and captured the 16-gun San Leon on the Lisbon station. Captain William Brown was to have succeeded Downman in 1799, but he was given another ship instead, and Downman retained Santa Dorothea. He cut out vessels from Bordiguera on 11 January 1800 and Hospitallier on 11 February 1800, before taking command of a small squadron blockading Savona. The town surrendered after 41 days, on 15 May. Downman then destroyed all the fortifications on the Gulf of Spezia. He went on to land the Duke of Savoy at Naples and evacuated the gallery of Florence to Sicily, ahead of the invading French. For his services to the monarchies of Italy he received several presents of money and rings. In July 1801 he conveyed troops to Egypt and received the Order of the Crescent. Also during this time Downman captured three vessels sailing from Egypt carrying General Dessaix and some of Napoleon's staff.
Caesar, Diomede and Diadem
Downman then took command of the 80-gun , which was then the flagship of Sir James Saumarez on the Lisbon station. Downman was flag-captain to Saumarez until Caesar was paid off at Portsmouth on 23 July 1802. Saumarez then requested Downman to serve as his flag-captain aboard the 50-gun on the Guernsey station, where he spent the next 14 months. In November 1805 he took command of the 64-gun , flying the broad pennant of Commodore Sir Home Popham. He was supported the operations under Lieutenant-General Sir David Baird to capture the Cape Colony, and landed in Table Bay at the head of a party of marines and two howitzers. He was sent home with the despatches announcing the capture of the colony, after which he was sent out to the Rio de la Plata, where he resumed command of his old ship, Diomede. Downman supported the British assaults, and was present at the capture of Montevideo. After this he returned home, carrying General William Beresford. Diomede was paid off in September 1807, and Downman went ashore.
Prison ships and Princess Charlotte
Downman's next appointment was to superintend the prison ships moored at Portsmouth, a task he carried out until January 1811, when he was given another seagoing command, the 74-gun and attached to the fleet in the North Sea. He took part in the destruction of the 40-gun French frigate Amazone off Cape Barfleur, conveyed a fleet of East Indiamen to Madeira and carried out cruises in the North Sea. In November 1813 he landed marines at Scheveningen in support of the Prince of Orange, and went on to visit Spitsbergen. Princess Carolina was paid off in 1814 and Downman spent the next ten years with no active service.
Later years, family and legacy
Downman briefly returned to active service in 1824, taking command of the 74-gun . He commanded her until being promoted to flag rank in May 1825. He was advanced to vice-admiral in 1837 and a full admiral in 1847. From 1851 he received a service pension of £150 a year. On 4 January 1858, he died at his seat in Hambledon, Hampshire.
Downman married Dorothea Palmer, the youngest daughter of Peter Palmer of Portsmouth on 23 June 1803. The couple had a son, the Reverend Hugh Downman, and two daughters, Dorothea Frances and Caroline. Caroline married Edward Hale and had two sons, Henry George Hale who joined the navy, and William Godfrey Hale, who joined the army. Henry Hale distinguished himself in the Baltic campaign during the Crimean War and was twice mentioned in dispatches by Vice-Admiral Richard Saunders Dundas. Lieutenant-General T. Downman, superintendent at Woolwich, was a first-cousin of Admiral Hugh Downman.
Politically Downman was an ardent supporter of Whig Charles James Fox and opposed the Melvilles, Henry and his son Robert, who were for a number of years powerful at the Admiralty. Downman attributed this political interest as being the cause of his period of unemployment after having reached flag-rank. He was described as a "strict disciplinarian, but an accomplished gentleman; well-read...[and] temperate..." Whilst serving in the Mediterranean he was apparently especially disliked by Emma Hamilton, with Downman's obituary noting that "from this fact some slight judgement of his character may be formed."
See also
Notes
References
1760s births
1858 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Plympton
Knights of the Order of the Crescent |
The Hapee Fresh Fighters was a basketball team owned by Lamoiyan Corporation that played in the PBA Developmental League (PBA D-League).
The franchise began in the Philippine Basketball League from 1994 until the league became dormant in 2010. The franchise was revived in 2014 when it took over the franchise of the NLEX Road Warriors in the PBA D-League. The team has forged a school tie-up with San Beda College for its participation in the PBA D-League.
Final roster
Notable players
Rich Alvarez
Mark Borboran
Jayson Castro
Larry Fonacier
Caloy Garcia
Reed Juntilla
Gabe Norwood
Larry Rodriguez
Enrico Villanueva
Cyrus Baguio
Gec Chia
Peter June Simon
Jervy Cruz
Gabby Espinas
LA Tenorio
John Ferriols
Beau Belga
Chris Tiu
JVee Casio
Francis Mercado
Joel Dualan
Eugene Tan
Jesus Ramon Pido
Leo Austria
Ronilo Padilla
Erwin Framo
Frechie Ang
Jovie Sese
Aldrich Jareño
Biboy Simon
JC Intal
Chris Newsome
Troy Rosario
Baser Amer
Arthur dela Cruz
Ola Adeogun
Arnold Van Opstal
Bobby Ray Parks Jr.
Garvo Lanete
Ma Jian
Notes
References
External links
Lamoiyan Corp. website
PBA Developmental League teams
Philippine Basketball League teams
Basketball teams established in 1994
1994 establishments in the Philippines
Basketball teams disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in the Philippines |
Harchakian is a town and sub-tehsil located on the ranital-32-mile road in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh.
It contains the office of the executive magistrate. The executive magistrate office serves the common public by giving various services like issuance of community certificates, bonafide certificates and all the matters related to the land.
It has a senior secondary school, SBI branch, HP Grameen Bank, Post office and veteranary hospital.
References
Villages in Kangra district |
Fellows may refer to Fellow, in plural form.
Fellows or Fellowes may also refer to:
Places
Fellows, California, USA
Fellows, Wisconsin, ghost town, USA
Other uses
Fellows Auctioneers, established in 1876.
Fellowes, Inc., manufacturer of workspace products
Fellows, a partner in the firm of English canal carriers, Fellows Morton & Clayton
Fellows (surname)
See also
North Fellows Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Wapello County, Iowa
Justice Fellows (disambiguation) |
Czołpin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobre, within Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Radziejów and south of Toruń.
References
Villages in Radziejów County |
Darunavir (DRV), sold under the brand name Prezista among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. It is often used with low doses of ritonavir or cobicistat to increase darunavir levels. It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure. It is taken by mouth once to twice a day.
Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, rash and vomiting. Severe side effects include allergic reactions, liver problems, and skin rashes such as toxic epidermal necrolysis. While poorly studied in pregnancy it appears to be safe for the baby. It is of the protease inhibitor (PI) class and works by blocking HIV protease.
Developed by pharmaceutical company Tibotec, darunavir is named after Arun K. Ghosh, the chemistry professor who discovered the molecule at the University of Illinois at Chicago. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2006. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.
The fixed-dose combination medication darunavir/cobicistat (Prezcobix, Rezolsta) is available as a single pill.
Medical uses
Darunavir is an Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council (DHHS) recommended treatment option for adults and adolescents, regardless of whether they have received HIV treatment in the past. In a study of patients that had never received HIV treatment, darunavir was as effective as lopinavir/ritonavir at 96 weeks with a once-daily dosing. It was approved by the FDA on 21 October 2008 for people not previously treated for HIV. As with other antiretrovirals, darunavir does not cure HIV/AIDS.
It is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in adults and children three years of age and older when co-administered with ritonavir, in combination with other antiretroviral agents.
Adverse effects
Darunavir is generally well tolerated by people. Rash is the most common side effect (7% of patients). Other common side effects are diarrhea (2.3%), headache (3.8%), abdominal pain (2.3%), constipation (2.3%), and vomiting (1.5%). Darunavir can also cause allergic reactions, and people allergic to ritonavir can also have a reaction to darunavir.
High blood sugar, diabetes or worsening of diabetes, muscle pain, tenderness or weakness, and increased bleeding in people with hemophilia have been reported in patients taking protease inhibitor medicines like darunavir. Changes in body fat have been seen in some patients taking medicines for HIV, including loss of fat from legs, arms and face, increased fat in the abdomen and other internal organs, breast enlargement, and fatty lumps on the back of the neck. The cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known.
Drug interactions
Darunavir may interact with medications commonly taken by people with HIV/AIDS such as other antiretrovirals, and antacids such as proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists. St. John's wort may reduce the effectiveness of darunavir by increasing the breakdown of darunavir by the metabolic enzyme CYP3A.
Mechanism of action
Darunavir is a nonpeptidic inhibitor of protease (PR) that lodges itself in the active site of PR through a number of hydrogen bonds. It was developed to increase interactions with HIV-1 protease and to be more resistant against HIV-1 protease mutations. With a Kd (dissociation constant) of 4.5 x 10−12 M, darunavir has a much stronger interaction with PR and its dissociation constant is 1/100 to 1/1000 of other protease inhibitors. This strong interaction comes from increased hydrogen bonds between darunavir and the backbone of the PR active site (Figure 2). Darunavir's structure allows it to create more hydrogen bonds with the PR active site than most PIs that have been developed and approved by the FDA. Furthermore, the backbone of HIV-1 protease maintains its spatial conformation in the presence of mutations. Because darunavir interacts with this stable portion of the protease, the PR-PI interaction is less likely to be disrupted by a mutation.
Catalytic site
The chemical activity of the HIV-1 protease depends on two residues in the active site, Asp25 and Asp25’, one from each copy of the homodimer. Darunavir interacts with these catalytic aspartates and the backbone of the active site through hydrogen bonds, specifically binding to residues Asp25, Asp25’, Asp 29, Asp 30, Asp 30’, and Gly 27 (Figure 3). This interaction prevents viral replication, as it competitively inhibits the viral polypeptides from gaining access to the active site and strongly binds to the enzymatic portions of this protein.
Cost
In the US and UK, healthcare costs were estimated to be lower with boosted darunavir than with investigator-selected control protease inhibitors in treatment-experienced patients.
History
Darunavir was approved for use in the United States in June 2006 and for use in the European Union in February 2007.
The development of first-generation clinical inhibitors was founded on creating more protease-ligand interactions through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The first HIV protease inhibitor approved by the FDA was saquinavir, which was designed to target wild-type HIV-1 protease. However, this inhibitor is no longer effective due to resistance-causing mutations on the HIV-1 protease structure. The HIV genome has high plasticity, so has been able to become resistant to multiple HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Since saquinavir, the FDA has approved several PIs, including darunavir.
See also
Brecanavir
References
Further reading
External links
Belgian inventions
Carbamates
Hepatotoxins
Johnson & Johnson brands
HIV protease inhibitors
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Sulfonamides
World Health Organization essential medicines |
The Christian Motorcyclists Association (CMA) is an international Christian non-profit organization established in 1975. Its purpose is evangelizing to the motorcycling community.
History
CMA was started by Herb Shreve, an Arkansas pastor who purchased a motorcycle to close the generation gap with his rebellious son. He began evangelizing motorcycle rallies, and in 1975, he resigned from his church to start CMA.
The organization grew to over 125,000 members and over 1200 chapters in all 50 states, and then gained chapters in 31 foreign countries, through the CMA International Ministry. René Changuion started CMA South Africa in 1980 and was the first country to be in the CMA International Coalition, now called CMA International. The UK organization was formed in 1983 when members of the Christian Bikers Association, established in the UK in 1979, approached the CMA in the USA and South Africa.
Organization
CMA is not a club but a ministry. This distinguishes CMA from other biker organizations that associate due to manufacturer brand loyalty or riding style. CMA's ministry team program is designed to "make ministers of their members." This implies a breakdown of the traditional distinction between clergy and laity that exist in most Christian ministries. Members are associated with the national organization and then independently may become members of local chapters.
CMA operates under a Board of Directors working in conjunction with six regional evangelists, a Lead evangelist, and Special Projects Evangelist, in order to support the goals and objectives of the organization. The current Chairman is John Ogden, Sr. This leadership team oversees CMA from a national level by appointing other state, area, and local leaders across the country. The headquarters is in Hatfield, Arkansas.
CMA publishes a monthly magazine, Heartbeat. The CMA is a member of Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA) and Evangelical Press Association (EPA).
CMA (UK), which has an estimated 1,000 members, has an outreach arm called Holy Joe's whose members provide a cafe and helmet park at motorcycling shows and events. Proceeds from these and HJ's annual bike show are donated to charities such as emergency medical motorcycle couriers Freewheelers EVS.
References
External links
Evangelical parachurch organizations
International transport organizations
Motorcycle clubs in the United States
Christian organizations established in 1975 |
Fusiconus is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus Conasprella, family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015), Fusiconus has become a subgenus of Conasprella: Conasprella (Fusiconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929
Distinguishing characteristics
The Tucker & Tenorio 2009 taxonomy distinguishes Fusiconus from Conus in the following ways:
Genus Conus sensu stricto Linnaeus, 1758
Shell characters (living and fossil species)
The basic shell shape is conical to elongated conical, has a deep anal notch on the shoulder, a smooth periostracum and a small operculum. The shoulder of the shell is usually nodulose and the protoconch is usually multispiral. Markings often include the presence of tents except for black or white color variants, with the absence of spiral lines of minute tents and textile bars.
Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
The radula has an elongated anterior section with serrations and a large exposed terminating cusp, a non-obvious waist, blade is either small or absent and has a short barb, and lacks a basal spur.
Geographical distribution
These species are found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Feeding habits
These species eat other gastropods including cones.
Subgenus Fusiconus da Motta, 1991
Shell characters (living and fossil species)
The shell is fusiform in shape. The protoconch is paucispiral, the spire is scalariform. The anal notch is deep. The early and middle spire whorl are ornamented with a single cord. The body whorl is conspicuously ornamented with has evenly spaced cords or sulci that continue the entire length. The periostracum is smooth, and the operculum is small.
Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
The anterior sections of the radular tooth is shorter than the posterior section, and the blade is short. The waist and corresponding waist fold are obvious. A basal spur is present, and the barb is short. A shaft fold is present. (Similar to Dalliconus, however the species of Fusiconus do not have a posterior blade.)
Geographical distribution
These species are found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Feeding habits
These species are vermivorous (meaning that they prey on marine worms).
Species list
This list of species is based on the information in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) list. Species within the genus Fusiconus include:
Fusiconus dictator (Melvill, 1898) is equivalent to Conasprella dictator Melvill, 1898
Fusiconus elegans (G.B. Sowerby III, 1895) is equivalent to Conasprella elegans G. B. Sowerby III, 1895
Fusiconus hopwoodi (Tomlin, 1937) is equivalent to Conasprella hopwoodi Tomlin, 1937
Fusiconus lentiginosus (Reeve, 1844) is equivalent to Conasprella lentiginosa Reeve, 1844
Fusiconus lizarum (G. Raybaudi Massilia & da Motta, 1992) is equivalent to Conasprella lizarum (G. Raybaudi Massilia & da Motta, 1992)
Fusiconus longurionis (Kiener, 1850) is equivalent to Conasprella longurionis Kiener, 1850
Fusiconus stocki (Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1990) is equivalent to Conasprella stocki Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1990
Significance of "alternative representation"
Prior to 2009, all cone species were placed within the family Conidae and were placed in one genus, Conus. In 2009 however, J.K. Tucker and M.J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family. Their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails, including the family Conilithidae. This classification was based upon shell morphology, radular differences, anatomy, physiology, cladistics, with comparisons to molecular (DNA) studies. Published accounts of genera within the Conidae (or Conilithidae) that include the genus Fusiconus include J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011).
Testing in order to try to understand the molecular phylogeny of the Conidae was initially begun by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn, and is continuing, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to mDNA testing.
However, in 2011, some experts still use the traditional classification, where all species are placed in Conus within the single family Conidae: for example, according to the current November 2011 version of the World Register of Marine Species, all species within the family Conidae are in the genus Conus. The binomial names of species in the 82 cone snail genera listed in Tucker & Tenorio 2009 are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species as "alternative representations." Debate within the scientific community regarding continues, and additional molecular phylogeny studies are being carried out in an attempt to clarify the issue.
All this has been superseded in 2015 by the new classification of the Conidae
References
Further reading
Kohn A. A. (1992). Chronological Taxonomy of Conus, 1758-1840". Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
Monteiro A. (ed.) (2007). The Cone Collector 1: 1-28.
Berschauer D. (2010). Technology and the Fall of the Mono-Generic Family The Cone Collector 15: pp. 51-54
Puillandre N., Meyer C.P., Bouchet P., and Olivera B.M. (2011), Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea)'', Zoologica Scripta 40(4) 350-363.
External links
To World Register of Marine Species
Gastropods.com: Conidae setting forth the genera recognized therein.
Gastropods.com: Conilithidae setting forth the genera recognized therein.
Conidae
Gastropod subgenera |
FC Real Odesa was a professional football club based in Odesa, Ukraine.
History
The club was established in December 2002 in Odesa under the premise of a sports school who were fans of Real Madrid was created on the initiative of members of the Odesa City Council Serhiy and Anatoly Dire.
The team participated in the 2003 Odesa city championship and also in the Ukrainian Football Amateur League. The team also won the Winter Championship in Odesa (2003–2004) and the Odesa City Cup (2003).
The team applied for a professional license and were granted one. Real Odesa entered the Ukrainian Second League for the 2004–05 season. Before the 2005–06 season the club withdrew their professional license.
The club colors were white and black.
League and cup history
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
! Season
! Div.
! Pos.
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Domestic Cup
!colspan=2|Europe
!Notes
|-bgcolor=PowderBlue
|align=center|2004–05
|align=center|3rd "B"
|align=center|7
|align=center|26
|align=center|9
|align=center|10
|align=center|7
|align=center|25
|align=center|27
|align=center|37
|align=center|1/32 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}
References
Real Odesa
Real Odesa
Association football clubs established in 2002
Association football clubs disestablished in 2005
2002 establishments in Ukraine
2005 disestablishments in Ukraine |
(pronounced as Ika-limang Utos / international title: Revenge / ) is a Philippine television drama crime series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Laurice Guillen, it stars Jean Garcia, Valerie Concepcion and Gelli de Belen. It premiered on September 10, 2018 on the network's Afternoon Prime and Sabado Star Power sa Hapon line up replacing Contessa. The series concluded on February 8, 2019 with a total of 116 episodes. It was replaced by Inagaw na Bituin in its timeslot.
The series is streaming online on YouTube.
Premise
Eloisa had a perfect life due to her successful and loving husband, two nice kids and helpful friends. However Eloisa didn't expect that her friend Clarisse will destroy her peaceful life. When everything is almost gone, Eloisa runs to Kelly to start again. Years after, Eloisa is still hunted by Clarisse's sin.
Cast and characters
Lead cast
Jean Garcia as Eloisa Vallejo-Buenaventura
Valerie Concepcion as Clarisse Alfonso-Buenaventura / Cynthia Alfonso
Gelli de Belen as Kelly San Diego-Manupil
Supporting cast
Jeric Gonzales as Brix Lorenzo
Tonton Gutierrez as Emilio "Emil" Buenaventura Sr.
Migo Adecer as Francis "Frank" Buenaventura
Klea Pineda as Candy Buenaventura
Jake Vargas as Carlo Manupil
Inah de Belen as Joanna Alfonso
Antonio Aquitania as Benjie Manupil
Recurring cast
Rez Cortez as Dado Vallejo
Tanya Gomez as Marina Vallejo
Louella Cordova as Sonia Alfonso
Gigi dela Riva as Carmelle San Diego
Ollie Espino as Mando
Dea Formilleza as Eya
Yasser Marta as Macky
Kevin Sagra as Jepoy
Prince Clemente as Rey
Faith da Silva as Denise
Princess Guevarra as Lisa
Crisanta Mariano as Citadel
Guest cast
Neil Ryan Sese as Randy Lorenzo
Kiko Estrada as Emilio "Leo" Buenaventura Jr.
Marco Alcaraz as Richard Dela Fuenta
Kiel Rodriguez as Anton
Kelvin Miranda as Zach
Ralf King as David
Ralph Noriega as Paul
Divine Tetay as Ludwig
Kim Rodriguez as Roxanne
Franchesca Salcedo as Lara
Lovely Abella as Emily
Sheena Halili as Millet
Kevin Santos as Dennis
Production
Principal photography commenced on June 20, 2018. Filming concluded on February 6, 2019.
Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement People in television homes, the pilot episode of earned a 5.7% rating.
References
External links
2018 Philippine television series debuts
2019 Philippine television series endings
Filipino-language television shows
GMA Network drama series
Murder in television
Philippine crime television series
Television shows set in the Philippines |
Doris Brett (born 1950) is an Australian writer and clinical psychologist. She has written in a number of genres, including poetry, memoir and nonfiction.
Early life and education
Brett was born in Melbourne in 1950 to Polish Jewish parents. She is the younger sister of writer, Lily Brett. She was educated at Lee Street State School in Carlton where she was inspired by Gerald Murnane who taught her in 4th grade. She took her undergraduate degree at the University of New England, gaining a BA in psychology and English. She completed a MA in psychology at the University of Melbourne (MA) in 1974 and qualified as a clinical psychologist. In 2002 she was awarded a PhD by Victoria University of Technology (now Victoria University) for her thesis, "Eating the Underworld: A memoir in three voices".
Career
Alongside working as a psychologist, Brett conducted bread-making workshops to earn money to fund visits to the United States to develop her skills in hypnosis for her clinical practice. Her first published book was Doris Brett's Australian Bread Book.
Brett's first published poem, "Motel", appeared in The Bulletin in 1980. In 1984 she won the inaugural Mary Gilmore Award for a first book of poetry. Her poems have appeared in literary journals such as Poetry Australia, Island, Luna and Overland and in The Age newspaper as well as in the New Oxford Book of Australian Verse.
Brett worked as a psychotherapist in the oncology unit at the Alfred Hospital for eight years prior to her own diagnosis with ovarian cancer in 1994. Following surgery and treatment she recovered but cancer returned in 1996. She found storytelling through writing poetry and prose was a way of making sense of her life. She also draws on her dreams for inspiration.
Brett practices as a clinical psychologist in Melbourne, where she lives with her husband. She has a daughter, Amantha.
Awards
The Truth About Unicorns
Winner, Anne Elder Award, 1984
Winner, Mary Gilmore Award, 1985
In the Constellation of the Crab
Shortlisted, Banjo Award for Poetry, 1997
"Pages from the Other World Snap Shots from a Journey Through Illness" in Island
Winner, Gwen Harwood Poetry Prize, 1998
Selected works
Doris Brett's Australian bread book (1984) cookery
The Truth About Unicorns (1984) poetry
Annie's Stories: A special kind of storytelling (1988) nonfiction
More Annie Stories (1990 in the US, 1997 in Australia) nonfiction
Looking for Unicorns (1992) novel
In the Constellation of the Crab (1996) poetry
Eating the Underworld (2001) memoir
The Sunday Story Club (2019) nonfiction co-written by Kerry Cue
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
20th-century Australian women writers
21st-century Australian women writers
20th-century Australian poets
Australian psychologists
Victoria University, Melbourne alumni |
The 1992 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its eighteenth and final season under head coach Don James, the defending national champion Huskies won their first eight games and took the Pacific-10 Conference title for the third consecutive season.
Attempting to win a third straight Rose Bowl, the Huskies lost to Michigan by seven points and finished with a 9–3 record. Washington outscored its opponents 337 to 186.
Dave Hoffmann was selected as the team's most valuable player. Hoffmann, Mark Brunell, Lincoln Kennedy, and Shane Pahukoa were the team captains.
Schedule
Roster
Game summaries
Nebraska
The Nebraska game on September 19 was the first night game at Husky Stadium and Washington's seventeenth consecutive win. During the game, ESPN measured the noise level at over 130 decibels, well above the threshold of pain. The peak recorded level of 133.6 decibels is the highest ever recorded at a college football stadium.
Vs. Michigan (Rose Bowl)
NFL draft selections
The following Washington players were selected in the 1993 NFL draft:
This draft was eight rounds, with 224 selections
Source:
References
Washington
Washington Huskies football seasons
Pac-12 Conference football champion seasons
Washington Huskies football |
The 2017 Western Carolina Catamounts team represented Western Carolina University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by sixth-year head coach Mark Speir, the Catamounts compiled an overall record of 7–5 with a mark of 5–3 in conference play, placing fourth in the SoCon. Western Carolina played their home games at Bob Waters Field at E. J. Whitmire Stadium in Cullowhee, North Carolina.
Schedule
Game summaries
At Hawaii
Davidson
At Gardner–Webb
Samford
At Chattanooga
At Wofford
East Tennessee State
At VMI
Furman
At The Citadel
Mercer
At North Carolina
Ranking movements
References
Western Carolina
Western Carolina Catamounts football seasons
Western Carolina Catamounts football |
Émile Lejeune (born 17 February 1938) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender. He made ten appearances for the Belgium national team from 1960 to 1962.
References
External links
1938 births
Living people
Belgian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Belgium men's international footballers
RFC Liège players
Place of birth missing (living people) |
The Zabriskie House, also known as the Hohokus Inn, is located in Ho-Ho-Kus, Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983.
History
The home was built in 1796 by Andrew Zabriskie as a home for his son John Zabriskie. The home was later used as a parsonage. In 1890 the home was converted into a tavern. The borough of Ho-Ho-Kus purchased the home in 1941 and began leasing the home as a restaurant in 1953.
Ho-Ho-Kus Inn
The Ho-Ho-Kus Inn is a restaurant that is operated within the Zabriskie House.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bergen County, New Jersey
References
Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey
Houses completed in 1796
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Houses in Bergen County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Bergen County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
1796 establishments in New Jersey |
Cyprogenia aberti, the western fanshell, edible naiad, edible pearly mussel, or western fanshell mussel, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.
This species is endemic to the United States.
References
Molluscs of the United States
Unionidae
Bivalves described in 1850
Taxa named by Timothy Abbott Conrad
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Three Smart Girls Grow Up is a 1939 American musical comedy film directed by Henry Koster, written by Felix Jackson and Bruce Manning, and starring Deanna Durbin, Nan Grey, and Helen Parrish. Durbin and Grey reprise their roles from Three Smart Girls, and Parrish replaces Barbara Read in the role of the middle sister. Durbin would reprise her role once more in Hers to Hold.
Plot
Three sisters believe life is going to be easy now that their parents are back together, until one sister falls in love with another's fiancé, and the youngest sister plays matchmaker.
Cast
Deanna Durbin as Penelope 'Penny' Craig
Nan Grey as Joan Craig
Helen Parrish as Katherine 'Kay' Craig
Charles Winninger as Judson Craig
Nella Walker as Mrs. Craig
Robert Cummings as Harry Loren
William Lundigan as Richard Watkins
Ernest Cossart as Binns, the butler
Felix Bressart as a music teacher
Charles Coleman as Henry
Production
In August 1938 Bruce Manning and Felix Jackson were reported as working on a sequel.
In September, Barbara Read, who had been in the original, was considered "a little too grown up" for the sequel and was replaced by Helen Parrish, who had been in Mad About Music with Durbin.
Filming started in November. It halted because Durbin fell ill and resumed on 23 December.
Cummings received a long-term contract from Universal after being cast in the film.
References
External links
1939 films
1939 musical comedy films
American black-and-white films
American musical comedy films
American sequel films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Henry Koster
Films produced by Joe Pasternak
Universal Pictures films
1930s American films |
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S Venkata Mohan (born 1 July 1970) is an Indian engineer who has specialization in Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology, Bioenergy, Bioengineering. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2014, for his contributions to Engineering Sciences.
Dr.Mohan is working as a Scientist in CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad since 1998. He has done his B.Tech (Civil Engineering), M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) and PhD Environmentl Engineering)from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. He was Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Fellow at Technical University of Munich, Germany (2001-02), Visiting Professor at Kyoto University (2005) and Kyung Hee International Fellow, South Korea (2018). Dr Mohan is placed in 2nd position in India and 29th position in World in the field of ‘Biotechnology’ (0.057%) as per Standford University 2% Global Scientist List (https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918). Dr Mohan research majorly intended to understand and respond to the human-induced environmental change in the framework of sustainability in the interface of environment and bioengineering. He specifically explored the potential of negatively valued waste as a viable feedstock for harnessing clean energy and low carbon chemical/materials by developing novel and sustainable technologies through a nexus approach. His main research interests are in the areas of Advanced Waste Remediation, Aciodogenesis, Microbial Electrogenesis, Photosynthesis, biosequestration, Circular Bioeconomy, Self-regenerative systems and Biorefinery. He also undertook various research projects associated with societal relevance and industrial/consultancy projects in the area of environment and management. He has successfully demonstrated the production of Low-Carbon (Bio)Hydrogen from waste remediation at pilot scale and established a first of its kind waste biorefinery platform.
Dr Mohan authored more than 400 research articles, 60 chapters for books, edited 4 books and has 9 patents. His publications have more than 28,000 citations with an h-index of 90 (Google Scholar). He has guided 29 PhDs, 2 M.Phils and more than 100 M.Tech/B.Tech/M.Sc students.
Dr Mohan is recipient of the coveted ‘Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize’ for the year 2014 in Engineering Sciences from the Government of India. He also received several awards and honours, which include, 'DBT-Tata Innovation Fellow 2018' by Department of Biotechnology, VASVIK Award for the year 2018 in the category of ‘Environmental Science and Technology’ by Vividhlaxi Audyohik Samshodhan Vikas Kendra, ‘Most outstanding Researcher' in the field of Environmental Science in India-2018 by Careers 360, SERB-IGCW-2017 for ‘Biohydrogen Technology’ from DST-SERB and Green ChemisTree Foundation, 'Environmental Engineering Design Award 2017' by the National Design and Research Forum (NDRF) of Institute of Engineers, India (2017), ‘National Bioscience Award-2012’ by Department of Biotechnology (DBT),‘Prosper.net-Scopus Young Researcher Award in Sustainable Development-2010’ under Energy Category by United Nations University and Elsevier, ‘NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Award- 2010’ in Earth, Oceanographic & Environmental Sciences by NASI and Elsevier and Nawab Zain Yar Jung Bahadur Memorial Prize-1994 by The Institution of Engineers (India).
Dr Mohan is Fellow of National Academy of Engineering, Biotech Research Society of India, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Akademy of Sciences, Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation (AvH), International Forum on Industrial Bioprocesses, Institution of Engineers, International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability and Association for Biotechnology and Pharmacy .
Dr Mohan is subject Editor for the Journal of Energy, and is serving on the Editorial Board of journals viz., Bioresource Technology, Materials Circular Economy, Carbon Resources Conversion, Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering and Materials Science for Energy Technologies.
References
1970 births
Living people
Indian biochemists
N-BIOS Prize recipients
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science |
The Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005 (), nicknamed "Bioshield Two" and sponsored by Senator Richard Burr (R-North Carolina), aims to shorten the pharmaceutical development process for new vaccines and drugs in case of a pandemic, and to protect vaccine makers and the pharmaceutical industry from legal liability for vaccine injuries. The proposed bill would create a new federal agency, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Agency (BARDA), that would act "as the single point of authority" to promote advanced research and development of drugs and vaccines in response to bioterrorism and natural disease outbreaks, while shielding the agency from public Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. BARDA would be exempt from long-standing open records and meetings laws that apply to most government departments.
The Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee approved the bill, co-sponsored by Bill Frist (R-TN), Mike Enzi (R-WY), and Judd Gregg (R-NH), by voice vote, despite Democratic objections.
Several other proposals have contained, in part, similar provisions (or protections) as those found in the Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005.
Key provisions
The Bioshield Two bill would shift the main responsibility for developing bioterrorism countermeasures out of the Department of Homeland Security and into the new BARDA agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. The proposed new agency would improve on Project BioShield, a barely two-year-old program also meant to encourage the production of vaccines and drugs.
BARDA would receive a first-year budget of $1 billion. Other key aspects of the proposed legislation include:
Provision of rebates or grants as incentives for domestic manufacturing of vaccines and medical countermeasures against bioterrorism and natural disease outbreaks.
Liability protections for drug makers that develop vaccines for biological weapons. The measure would make manufacturers, distributors, health care providers, or administrators of security countermeasures immune from liability caused by a security countermeasure or any pandemic/epidemic product, by means of a limited antitrust exemption.
Establishment of a single agency, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Agency, as the lead federal agency for the development of countermeasures against bioterrorism. The new agency would report directly to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, which would have sole authority to decide whether a manufacturer violated laws mandating drug safety. Citizens would be banned from challenging such decisions in the civil court system. The agency would 'partner' with drug makers while placing information about such partnerships outside of public view.
Extension of some prescription drug patents.
Allow the Department of Health and Human Services to sign exclusive sales contracts with particular manufacturers for a particular product.
Forbid government purchases of generic versions of such new drugs or vaccines as well as public sales of the products for use as countermeasures.
Exempt countermeasures from certain federal cost oversight requirements.
Support
Much of the support for the bill comes from Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and its members. In the 2002 election cycle, PhRMA contributed $3,505,052 to politicians, with 95% going to Republicans. The top recipient in the Senate was the bill's sponsor, Senator Richard Burr, who received $288,684, according to the non-partisan OpenSecrets.
Senator Burr said the legislation "creates a true partnership" between the federal government, the pharmaceutical industry and academia to "walk the drug companies through the Valley of Death" in bringing a new vaccine or drug to market.
Exemptions from open records and meetings laws would streamline the development process, safeguard national security and protect the proprietary interests of drug companies, say Republican backers of the bill.
Opposition
Senator Chris Dodd (D-Connecticut) said "Their plan will protect companies that make ineffective or harmful medicines, and because it does not include compensation for those injured by a vaccine or drug, it will discourage first responders and patients from taking medicines to counter a biological attack or disease outbreak."
See also
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act − (), a similar bill
Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, a similar bill
List of vaccine topics
References
External links
LasVegasSun.com – 'GOP Wants to Create Secretive Gov't Agency', Andrew Bridges, Associated Press (December 2, 2005)
FEMA.gov – 'Senate Committee Approves Legislation to Promote Bio-Defense Projects', David Ruppe, Global Security Newswire (October 19, 2005)
Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress
United States proposed federal health legislation
Vaccination law
Disaster preparedness in the United States
Vaccination in the United States |
The Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI; English: "Institute for Industrial Reconstruction") was an Italian public holding company established in 1933 by the Fascist regime to rescue, restructure and finance banks and private companies that went bankrupt during the Great Depression. After the Second World War, IRI played a pivotal role in the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s. It was dissolved in 2002.
History
In 1930, the Great Depression affected the Italian financial sector, seriously disrupting credit lines and making it difficult for companies to obtain loans. The Fascist regime led by Benito Mussolini, fearing a credit crunch with subsequent mass dismissals and a wave of social unrest, started to take over the banks' stakes in large industrial companies (such as steel, weapons and chemicals). At the same time, Mussolini tried to inject capital into failing businesses (Though restructured later). Although initially conceived as a temporary measure, IRI continued to operate throughout the period of the Fascist regime and well beyond. Although IRI was not intended to carry out real nationalizations, it became the de facto owner and operator of a large number of major banks and companies. By January 1934, the IRI reported that it controlled “48.5 percent of the share capital of Italy,” and a few months later acquired the capital of the banks themselves, prompting Mussolini to declare on May 26, 1934 to Italy's Chamber of Deputies that “Three-fourths of Italian economy, industrial and agricultural, is in the hands of the State.” The IRI heavily succeeded in its goals as it saved failing banks and companies by restructuring and refinancing the companies and banks. By 1939 the IRI and other government agencies “controlled over four-fifths of Italy’s shipping and shipbuilding, three-quarters of its pig iron production and almost half that of steel.” Political Historian noted that “This level of state intervention greatly surpassed that in Nazi Germany, giving Italy a public sector second only to that of Stalin’s Russia.” In reality, the IRI's activity was actually limited on the one hand to providing assistance mostly financing, and the other it was reduced exclusively to accounting and administrative control, without much interference in drawing up technical and economic plans on a large scale.
After the war
After the war, the survival of the Institute was uncertain, as it had been created more as a temporary solution than to meet long-term goals. But it proved difficult for the state to make the large investments needed for private companies that would only yield returns in the long term. So IRI retained the structure it had under fascism. Only after 1950 was IRI's function better defined: a new thrust was instigated by Oscar Sinigaglia, who, planning to increase the production capacity of the Italian steel industry, formed an alliance with private industry. This gave IRI the new role of developing the industrial infrastructure of the country, not by means of individual investments, but by an unwritten division of labour. Examples were the development of the steel industry and the telephone network and the construction of the Autostrada del Sole, which began in 1956.
"The IRI formula"
The Italian economy grew rapidly in the 1960s, the IRI was one of the protagonists of the "Italian economic miracle". Other European countries, particularly the British Labour government, saw the "IRI formula" as a positive example of state intervention in the economy, better than the simple "nationalization" because it allowed for cooperation between public and private capital. Many companies had both kinds of capital. Many in the IRI group remained publicly traded, and corporate bonds issued by the Institute to fund their companies were heavily subscribed.
At the head of IRI were leading members of the Christian Democracy party, such as Giuseppe Petrilli, president of the Institute from 1960 to 1979. In his writings, Petrilli developed a theory that emphasized the positive effects of the "IRI formula". Across IRI, companies were used for social purposes, and the state had to bear the costs and inefficiencies generated by their investments. IRI did not always follow normal commercial practices, but invested in the interests of the community, even uneconomically and to the extent of generating "improper charges".
Critical of these welfare-oriented practices was the second President of the Italian Republic, the Liberal Luigi Einaudi, who said: "A public company, if not based on economic criteria, tends to a hospice-type of charity."
Since the objectives of the state were to develop the southern economy and to maintain full employment, the IRI had to concentrate its investments in the south and to develop jobs in their companies. Petrilli's position reflected those, already widespread in Christian Democracy, that sought a "third way" between liberalism and communism, dating from the 1943 ; IRI's mixed system of state-owned enterprises seemed to achieve this hybrid between the two polarised systems.
Investments and rescues
IRI invested very large amounts in southern Italy, such as in the construction of in Taranto, Alfasud Pomigliano d'Arco and Pratola Serra in Irpinia. Others were planned but never carried out, such as the steelworks of Gioia Tauro. To avoid serious employment crises, the IRI was often called in to help private companies in trouble: examples are the bailouts of Motta and Shipbuilding Rinaldo Piaggio and the acquisition of food companies by Montedison. This gave rise to more activities and dependents for the Institute.
Governance
For most of its history the IRI was an ente pubblico economico, which reported formally to the . At its head were a board of directors and an advisory board, consisting of a Chairman and members appointed by the ruling political parties. The president of IRI was always appointed by the Christian Democrats, the vice-presidency was often provided by the Republican Party, for example Bruno Visentini for more than twenty years and then , to counterbalance the weight of the Catholics with those of big business and the laity, represented by the Republicans. The appointment of the heads of banking, financial and other major companies was decided by the presidential committee, but especially during the tenure of Petrilli, the powers were concentrated in the hands of the president and a few people close to him.
After the transformation of IRI into a limited company in 1992, the board was reduced to only three members, and the influence of Christian Democrat and other parties, in a period when many of their members were involved in the Tangentopoli investigation, was greatly reduced. In the year of privatization, the management of IRI was centralized in the hands of the Treasury.
The IRI name remained in journalistic language as a byword for those who assign public investments to companies without strong business criteria. Government agencies such as the Cassa Depositi e Prestiti (a bank) and have been dubbed "new IRI", with some negative connotations, to indicate that their purposes and policies tend to patronage, according to critics, rather than economic criteria.
In 1980, IRI was a group of about 1,000 companies with more than 500,000 employees. For many years, it was the largest industrial company outside the United States. In 1992 it ended the year with revenues of 75,912 trillion lire, but with losses of 5,182 billion. In 1993 it was the world's seventh-largest company by revenue, with 67.5 billion dollars in sales.
Privatisation
After World War II, IRI became one of the largest state conglomerates in the world, owning many diverse businesses such as the autostrada system, the flag carrier Alitalia and many banks, steel, food, chemicals and telecom companies. It was divested and privatized during the 1980s and 1990s and eventually dissolved in 2002. The Andreatta-Van Miert agreement marked a significant acceleration of privatization, which started in 1992. Despite some opinions to the contrary, the Treasury chose not to privatize the IRI, but to sell off its operating companies; this policy was inaugurated under the first government of Giuliano Amato and was never called into question by later governments. In 1997 it reached the levels of indebtedness secured by the Andreatta-Van Miert agreement, but divestitures continued and the institute had lost any function but to sell its assets and to move towards settlement.
See also
Alitalia (Flag carrier)
Autostrade per l'Italia (highways)
Banca Commerciale Italiana (Bank of National Interest)
Banco di Roma (Bank of National Interest)
Credito Italiano (Bank of National Interest)
Economy of Italy under fascism
Fincantieri (naval construction)
Leonardo-Finmeccanica (mechanics and automobiles)
RAI (Public broadcaster)
STET (telephone company owned by IRI and founded by it in 1933; merged with Telecom Italia in 1997)
References
Sources
Vera Lutz, Italy: A Study in Economic Development, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1962.
Pasquale Saraceno, Il sistema delle imprese a partecipazione statale nell'esperienza italiana, Milano, Giuffrè, 1975.
Bruno Amoroso – O.J. Olsen, Lo stato imprenditore, Bari, Laterza, 1978.
Nico Perrone, Il dissesto programmato. Le partecipazioni statali nel sistema di consenso democristiano, Bari, Dedalo, 1992,
Stuart Holland (ed.) The State as Entrepreneur, New dimensions for public enterprise: the IRI state shareholding formula. 1972, The Centre for Contemporary European Studies, University of Sussex.
Formerly government-owned companies of Italy
Italian Fascism
Holding companies established in 1933
Financial services companies disestablished in 2002
Italian companies established in 1933
Conglomerate companies established in 1933
Financial services companies established in 1933
Holding companies disestablished in 2002
Italian companies disestablished in 2002 |
The 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, often referred to as the 1MDB scandal or just 1MDB, is a corruption, bribery and money laundering conspiracy in which the Malaysian sovereign wealth fund 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) was systematically embezzled, with assets diverted globally by the perpetrators of the scheme. Although it began in Malaysia, the scandal's global scope implicated institutions and individuals in politics, banking, and entertainment, and led to criminal investigations in a number of nations. The 1MDB scandal has been described as "one of the world's greatest financial scandals" and declared by the United States Department of Justice as the "largest kleptocracy case to date" in 2016.
In 2015, a document leak reported in The Edge, Sarawak Report, and The Wall Street Journal showed that Malaysia's then-Prime Minister Najib Razak had channeled over RM (approximately US$) into his personal bank accounts from 1MDB, a government-run strategic development company. The alleged mastermind of the scheme, Jho Low, was central in the movement of 1MDB funds internationally through shell companies and offshore bank accounts. The U.S. Department of Justice later found that more than US$4.5 billion was diverted from 1MDB by Low and other conspirators including officials from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. These were used to purchase luxury items and properties, including superyacht Equanimity, and finance the American film company Red Granite Pictures and the production of The Wolf of Wall Street and other films. 1MDB funds supported lavish lifestyles for Low, Najib and his wife Rosmah Mansor, and established Najib's stepson Riza Aziz in Hollywood. Attempts were also made for embezzled funds to be put towards political donations and lobbying in the United States.
The revelations became a major political scandal in Malaysia, triggering protests and backlash. After several Malaysian investigations were opened, Najib responded by dismissing several of his critics from government positions, including his deputy Muhyiddin Yassin and attorney-general Abdul Gani Patail. Charges against Najib were subsequently dismissed. Among Najib's critics was former ally and Malaysia's fourth Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, who chaired the Malaysian Citizens' Declaration, bringing together political figures and other organisations in calling for Najib Razak's resignation or removal. The Malaysian Conference of Rulers called for prompt investigation of the scandal, saying that it was causing a crisis of confidence in Malaysia.
Outside of Malaysia, investigations into financial and criminal activity relating to 1MDB opened in at least six countries. According to its publicly filed accounts, 1MDB had nearly RM 42 billion (US$11.73 billion) in debt by 2015. Some of this debt resulted from a $3 billion state-guaranteed 2013 bond issue led by the American investment bank Goldman Sachs, which had been reported to have received fees of up to $300 million for the deal, although the bank disputes this figure. Nevertheless, Goldman Sachs was charged under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and agreed to pay over $2.9 billion in a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). American rapper Pras, former Goldman Sachs chairman Tim Leissner and fundraiser Elliott Broidy were among those charged in the United States in connection with 1MDB.
After the 2018 election, the newly elected prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, reopened Malaysian investigations into the scandal. The Malaysian Immigration Department barred Najib and 11 others from leaving the country, while the police seized more than 500 handbags and 12,000 pieces of jewellery estimated to be worth US$270 million from property linked to Najib, the largest seizure of goods in Malaysian history. Najib was later charged with criminal breach of trust, money laundering and abuse of power, while alleged mastermind Jho Low, by then an international fugitive, was charged with money laundering. Najib was subsequently found guilty of seven charges connected to SRC International, a 1MDB subsidiary, and was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment.
In September 2020, the alleged amount stolen from 1MDB was estimated to be US$4.5 billion and a Malaysian government report listed 1MDB's outstanding debts to be at US$7.8 billion. The government has assumed 1MDB's debts, which includes 30-year bonds due in 2039. In August 2021, the United States had recovered and returned a total of US$1.2 billion of 1MDB funds misappropriated within its jurisdiction, joining countries such as Singapore and several others which have also initiated recovery or that have already repatriated smaller recovered amounts.
Background
Najib Razak became Prime Minister of Malaysia in 2009. In his first year in office, he established 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a sovereign wealth fund, which sought out to make strategic investments and alleviate poverty, as part of his economic liberalisation policy and trademark 1Malaysia program. The fund had a budget of $1 billion to invest, with Najib having the sole authority to sign off investments and manage the personnel on its board and management team. His wife is Rosmah Mansor, whose son is Riza Aziz from a previous relationship.
Jho Low is a Malaysian businessman and financier from Penang. Despite not having a formal position at 1MDB, Low supported its establishment and was given extensive access to the fund due to high-profile political connections in Malaysia and the Middle East, and entertainment connections in the United States. Low joined high-level meetings and facilitated numerous deals.
Tim Leissner is a German banker who was chairman of American investment bank Goldman Sachs in its Southeast Asia ventures. Leissner was credited with making lucrative deals for Goldman in the region in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The head of Goldman Sachs in Malaysia, Roger Ng, introduced Leissner to Jho Low. Leissner and Ng worked with Low and used his political connections to establish deals and orchestrate the scheme.
Scheme
The US DOJ described the scheme as involving three phases. In August 2009, Najib and Low met with representatives of private oil company PetroSaudi on a yacht in Monaco to discuss 1MDB's first investment. This included Saudi royal Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud and Saudi national Tarek Obaid. During a subsequent visit to Saudi Arabia, Najib signed a $2.5 billion joint venture between PetroSaudi and 1MDB. The DOJ later said this was used as a "pretence" to move $1 billion into a Swiss bank account.
An additional $1.4 billion was then raised by Goldman Sachs in a bond issue and misappropriated into a bank account in Switzerland. An additional $1.3 billion from Goldman Sachs was also diverted into a bank account in Singapore. US authorities say that Goldman Sachs, particularly Roger Ng, were central with orchestrating the scheme, particularly the laundering of money from the fund, some of which was used to pay bribes to officials in Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates.
Use of funds
More than $4 billion was stolen from the 1MDB fund and spent by perpetrators on art, diamonds and property.
Low allegedly used 1MDB funds to support a lavish lifestyle in the United States. The DOJ traced $100m from the PetroSaudi deal to the purchase of properties in Hollywood and $40m to apartments in New York. He established friendships with musicians Swizz Beats, Alicia Keys and Pras, was pictured partying with socialite Paris Hilton, and used funds to purchase luxury items for model Miranda Kerr and singer Elva Hsiao, with whom he was romantically involved.
Hollywood film production company Red Granite Pictures, co-founded by Riza Aziz and Joey McFarland in 2010, also reportedly received misappropriated funds. The DOJ suggested these were put towards the production of The Wolf of Wall Street, Daddy's Home and Dumb and Dumber To, and by 2017 had seized royalties from all three films. Jho Low was personally thanked in the credits of The Wolf of Wall Street.
Malaysian investigations and actions
Change of auditors and transparency
The RM 425 million profit declared between 25 September 2009 and 31 March 2010 raised many criticisms and controversies about the lack of transparency in 1MDB's published accounts. Tony Pua, DAP Member of Parliament for Petaling Jaya Utara, questioned Najib, 1MDB's advisory board chairman, as to whether the figures were the result of an asset injection into 1MDB by the government such as the transfer of land rights to the company.
During the October 2010 parliamentary session, 1MDB explained that its accounts had been fully audited and signed off by KPMG, and closed as of 31 March 2010. Deloitte was involved in the valuation and analysis of the portfolio, while Ernst & Young provided tax advice for 1MDB.
1MDB eventually rang alarm bells by asking for a six-month extension on the filing of its annual report with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM) due by 30 September 2013. At the same time, the change of three auditors since its inception in 2009 was considered suspicious. Responding to earlier criticism, CCM said that 1MDB had responded and lodged the necessary information, including registering an address, as required by law.
The Sungai Besi airport land transfer took place in June 2011 as a precedent for the development known as Bandar Malaysia, a mixed integrated project of commercial, residential, and hi-tech green environment. Prior to this, there had been questions in parliament by the opposition regarding the lack of progress on Bandar Malaysia even though 1MDB had already raised RM 3.5 billion in loans and Islamic bonds to fund the project and take ownership of the land. In April 2013, 1MDB finally awarded a RM 2.1 billion contract to Perbadanan Perwira Harta Malaysia (PPHM), a subsidiary of Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (LTAT) to develop eight sites for the relocation of Pangkalan Udara Kuala Lumpur, the military base on the Sungai Besi land that was to be developed. The construction of Bandar Malaysia was set to commence following the completion of this relocation. As part of its debt rationalisation plan, on 31 December 2015, 1MDB inked an agreement with a consortium comprising Iskandar Waterfront Holdings and China Railway Engineering Corporation to sell 60% of its stake in Bandar Malaysia Sdn Bhd. However, this deal eventually fell through.
On 7 September 2015, a member of the board of advisors to 1MDB, Abdul Samad Alias, resigned stating that he did so after many of his requests for information on 1MDB affairs were ignored. 1MDB subsequently denied receiving repeated requests from Abdul Samad, stating that its president, Arul Kanda, had personally met Abdul Samad in January and March that year to "discuss the company's affairs".
1MDB had not had a proper external accounts audit since 2013, partly as a result of Deloitte Malaysia, their auditors at the start of that period, issuing a statement in July 2016 saying that their audit reports of 1MDB financial statements, dated 28 March 2014 and 5 November 2014 covering financial years 2013 and 2014 respectively, should no longer be relied upon. By early March 2015, with public discontent growing at the perceived lack of financial transparency at 1MDB, the Prime Minister, who was also the Chairman of 1MDB's Board of Advisors, ordered the Auditor General of Malaysia to carry out an audit of 1MDB. However, on completion of the audit, the final report was classified as an Official Secret and only made available to the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) tasked to investigate improprieties at 1MDB. Purported copies of the report however surfaced on the internet. After Najib's ouster in the 2018 general election, the much-leaked audit report was declassified by the new government on 12 May 2018.
In May 2018, after the formation of the new Cabinet following Pakatan Harapan's victory in the General Elections, Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng ordered the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a special position audit and review of 1MDB.
Debts and rating downgrade
It was reported that by early 2015, 1MDB has accumulated debts of nearly RM 42 billion. Further alleged financial challenges caused 1MDB bonds to trade at a record low. Additionally, the Malaysian cabinet rejected a requested RM 3 billion cash injection by 1MDB, narrowing its options to pay off its debts on time.
Donation explanation from government
On 3 August 2015, the MACC stated that the RM 2.6 billion that had been banked into Najib's personal account came from donors, not 1MDB, but did not elaborate on who the donors were or why the funds were transferred, nor why this explanation had taken so long to emerge since the allegations were first made on 2 July 2015. UMNO Kuantan division chief Wan Adnan Wan Mamat later claimed that the RM 2.6 billion was from Saudi Arabia as thanks for fighting ISIS. He further claimed that the Muslim community in the Philippines as well as southern Thailand had also received similar donations, and that since the donations were made to Najib personally as opposed to UMNO, the funds were deposited into Najib's personal accounts.
Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir said he was aware of the donation, and said that it was a genuine donation with nothing expected in return. Attorney-general Mohamad Apandi Ali has said that the donation was from one of the sons of the late Saudi King Abdullah, namely Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud. In an interview with ABC News, WSJ finance editor Ken Brown stated that the money did not come from the Saudis and they had evidence that it came from companies related to 1MDB.
Bank Negara actions
Using the premise that 1MDB had used inaccurate or incomplete disclosure of information, Bank Negara, in early 2016, revoked permissions previously granted to 1MDB for investments abroad totalling $1.83 billion. Bank Negara then called for the Attorney General to begin criminal prosecution of 1MDB after completing its own investigations into 1MDB fund transfers. 1MDB responded that they were unable to repatriate the $1.83 billion demanded by Bank Negara because the funds had already been utilized.
Police reports
The scandal took a dramatic twist on 28 August 2015 when a member of Najib Razak's own UMNO party filed a civil suit against him alleging a breach of duties as trustee and that he defrauded party members by failing to disclose receipt of the donated funds, and account for their use. This suit was filed in the Kuala Lumpur High Court and also named party executive secretary Abdul Rauf Yusof. Expressing fear that Najib Razak would wield influence to remove any member of UMNO "for the sole purpose of avoiding liability", the court was also being moved for an injunction to restrain UMNO, its Supreme Council, state liaison body, divisions and branches from removing the nominal plaintiff as a party member pending the determination of the suit. The plaintiff is also seeking a repayment amounting to $650 million, the amount allegedly deposited by Najib to a Singapore bank, an account of all monies that he had received in the form of donations, details of all monies in an AmPrivate Banking Account (No. 2112022009694), allegedly belonging to Najib, along with damages, costs, and other reliefs. One of the UMNO representatives, Anina Saadudin, who filed the lawsuit, was immediately expelled from the party.
Another police report was filed by a Johor UMNO member, Abdul Rashed Jamaludin, against Najib Razak, over the funds that went into his bank account and other wrongdoings at 1MDB.
Another UMNO member, Khairuddin Abu Hassan, and his lawyer Matthias Chang, has submitted evidence on the 1MDB scandal to the Swiss attorney general for investigation into whether any Swiss banks had done business with 1MDB. Khairuddin also lodged a police report in Hong Kong against Najib Razak and Jho Low, pertaining to four companies: Alliance Assets International, Cityfield Enterprises, Bartingale International and Wonder Quest Investment, which had purported dealings with 1MDB. Khairuddin and Matthias were barred from leaving Malaysia. Khairuddin and Matthias were charged under the Security Offenses Act (SOSMA) under the pretext of sabotaging Malaysia's banking and financial sector.
Local lawsuits
The opposition People's Justice Party (PKR) filed a lawsuit against Najib Razak, Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor, 1MDB and the Election Commission accusing them of violating election laws on campaign expenses, using funds from 1MDB. However, the Malaysian High Court threw out the suit, stating PKR had no legal standing to bring the suit against Najib and 1MDB.
Former Prime Minister Mahathir has filed a lawsuit against Najib Razak for alleged interference in government investigations on 1MDB and the RM 2.6 billion political donation.
Government actions
Following criticisms of the 1MDB issue, deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin was removed from office and his position was given to then Home Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi. Also removed from office was Rural and Regional Development Minister Shafie Apdal who was also critical of the 1MDB issue. Both were eventually expelled from UMNO in June 2016.
The attorney general Abdul Gani Patail, who was heading a multi-agency task force investigating claims of misappropriations of funds allegedly involving Najib Razak and 1MDB, was dismissed and his position given to Mohamed Apandi Ali, a former Federal Court judge. Additionally, the Public Action Committee that was investigating the purported losses in 1MDB was indefinitely postponed due to four of its members being given positions in Najib Razak's cabinet, namely the PAC chairman Nur Jazlan Mohamed, Reezal Merican Naina Merican, Wilfred Madius Tangau and Mas Ermieyati Samsudin.
The news publications The Edge Malaysia and The Edge Financial Daily were suspended, for three months in July 2015 for allegedly publishing false reports about 1MDB issues, by the Malaysian Home Ministry. Also in 2015, the website Sarawak Report was blocked by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, which regulates Internet services in Malaysia. The Malaysian police also issued an arrest warrant for Clare Rewcastle Brown, who was managing the Sarawak Report, alleging involvement in activities detrimental to parliamentary democracy and disseminating false reports about prime minister Najib.
The police also arrested UMNO member Khairuddin Abu Hassan after he lodged police reports in London, Singapore, France and Hong Kong regarding alleged financial improprieties by 1MDB. According to his lawyer, Khairuddin was going to the United States to meet with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to urge them to probe 1MDB over money laundering. However, the FBI's New York City office confirmed to the WSJ that no agent had arranged to meet Khairuddin or had any previous contact with him.
Former Kedah Menteri Besar Mukhriz Mahathir resigned his office on 3 February 2016, saying he did so because he had been told by Najib Razak that he was in the wrong by criticising him and 1MDB publicly. Four months later, in June, Mukhriz was expelled from UMNO. His father, Mahathir Mohamad, who had been Malaysia's fourth prime minister and who had been a Najib supporter since Najib assumed office, withdrew his support and quit UMNO later that same month.
Opposition member of parliament Rafizi Ramli was arrested and charged under the Official Secrets Act by the police and the government for leaking information about the Auditor General's report on 1MDB.
The Home Ministry stated that they and Interpol had been unsuccessful in locating various individuals linked to 1MDB to help in facilitating their investigations, including business tycoon Jho Low, 1MDB's former senior executives Casey Tang Keng Chee and Jasmine Loo Ai Swan, SRC International managing director Nik Faisal Ariff Kamil, and Deutsche Bank country manager Yusof Annuar Yaacob.
Internet access was blocked by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), to websites including Medium.com, a social journalism platform over just a single article posted by Sarawak Report. Another website, Asia Sentinel, was blocked after carrying a Sarawak Report article related to MACC completing a probe that allegedly resulted in 37 charges being drawn up against Najib. The Malaysian Insider was also blocked and its journalists investigated for carrying a report alleging that the MACC had found enough evidence in its investigations into Najib to charge him for corruption. Blocks were removed shortly after the handover of power from Najib's government in the 2018 general election.
Ramifications and debt restructuring default
The Malaysian Public Accounts Committee (PAC) inquiry into 1MDB revealed that the management of the fund acted without the board's approval and misled auditors several times, calling for the police to investigate its former manager. The PAC also found that the board of directors in which Najib Razak was the chairman failed in giving proper oversight of the fund's finances. The 1MDB board of directors immediately submitted their resignations after the PAC findings were made public. The PAC report stated that US$3.5 billion was paid to a company, Aabar Investments PJS, but IPIC released a statement that neither it or its subsidiary Aabar Investments PJS have any links to a British Virgin Islands-incorporated firm Aabar BVI or received any money from that BVI firm.
International Petroleum Investment Company made an announcement in a filing in the London Stock Exchange that 1MDB failed to make a US$1.1 billion payment as part of its debt restructuring agreement, and that the debt deal between the two companies has been terminated.
Renewed investigations after 14th general election
After the 14th Malaysian general election on 9 May 2018 which marked a historic defeat for the Barisan Nasional coalition led by Najib Razak, Pakatan Harapan formed a new government led by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. The government set up a special task force headed by former Attorney General Tan Sri Abdul Gani Patail to renew investigations into the 1MDB scandal.
The government barred Najib Razak from leaving the country, and the police seized cash and valuable items amounting to between RM 900 million and RM 1.1 billion ($220 million and $269 million) from residential units linked to Najib and his wife Rosmah Mansor. As claimed by the police, this was the biggest seizure in Malaysian history, with the seized items comprising more than 12,000 pieces of jewelry, 423 valuable watches and 567 handbags made up of 37 luxury brands. Najib was subsequently arrested by the MACC. In September 2018, he faced 25 charges relating to abuse of power and money laundering amounting to RM 2.3 billion ($556 million), on top of seven charges with criminal breach of trust and power abuse brought against him in the preceding two months. As of April 2019, he stands with 42 charges.
The government has also issued arrest warrants against Jho Low and former director of SRC International Nik Faisal Ariff Kamil in a graft probe related to the state fund 1MDB.
On 28 June 2018, two days before the end of his employment contract, 1MDB sacked its president and Chief Executive Officer Arul Kanda on grounds of dereliction of duties.
Media reports from June 2018 also indicate that the MACC froze bank accounts associated with UMNO, purportedly in relation to investigations into the 1MDB matter.
In August 2018, Malaysian police filed criminal charges against Jho Low and his father Larry Low over money laundering of US$457 million, which was allegedly stolen from 1MDB and most of the cash used for purchasing the superyacht Equanimity. From 29 October through 28 November 2018, the Equanimity was up for auction by investigators (pending a US$1 million deposit). It was eventually sold to the Genting Group at $126 million.
In December 2018, the Attorney-General Chambers of Malaysia filed criminal charges against subsidiaries of Goldman Sachs, their former employees Tim Leissner and Roger Ng Chong Hwa, former 1MDB employee Jasmine Loo, and Jho Low in connection with 1MDB bond offerings arranged and underwritten by Goldman Sachs in 2012 and 2013. The prosecutors were seeking criminal fines in excess of $2.7 billion misappropriated from the bonds proceeds, $600 million in fees received by Goldman Sachs, as well as custodial sentences against the individuals accused.
During an investigation into the 1MDB scandal, the then UAE crown prince, Mohammed Bin Zayed, was allegedly asked by Najib Tun Razak to help fabricate a loan agreement showing his stepson had received financing from IPIC and not from 1MDB in an attempt to cover up the scandal, according to the audio clips revealed by Malaysian anti-corruption officials in January 2020.
On 28 July 2020, Najib was found guilty in all seven charges related to SRC and was sentenced to 12 years' jail and a fine of RM 210 million ($49.5 million).
Respectively on 8 December 2021 and 23 August 2022, the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court upheld the conviction and sentence of Najib in all the SRC cases, in which Najib was found guilty of misappropriating RM42mil from the company's coffers. On 1 September 2022, Najib's wife Rosmah Mansor was also found guilty of three counts of corruption by the Malaysian High Court and sentenced to both a ten-year term of imprisonment and a RM970 million fine.
Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies
Australia
The Australian fund management company Avestra Asset Management, which managed up to RM 2.32 billion in 1MDB funds, is being liquidated, and is under investigation by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission for reported breaches of the law and potential losses to its members. The Australian High Court has ordered five investment schemes run by Avestra to close down after discovering undisclosed related-party transactions, with 13 potential breaches of corporate law and failure to invest according to the fund's individual mandates.
Hong Kong
Hong Kong police have begun investigations regarding $250 million in Credit Suisse branch deposits in Hong Kong linked to Najib Razak and 1MDB.
Indonesia
Indonesia seized the superyacht Equanimity on 28 February 2018 on the island of Bali at the request of the U.S. Department of Justice, as part of a corruption investigation linked to the 1MDB scandal. The Indonesian government returned the yacht to Malaysia in August 2018, following the activation of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties between Indonesia, the United States and Malaysia.
Luxembourg
State prosecutors in Luxembourg have also started money laundering investigations concerning 1MDB as it involved transfers of several hundred million dollars to an offshore company involving a bank account from Luxembourg. The bank in question is a private bank of the Edmond de Rothschild Group that manages money on behalf of wealthy clients.
Seychelles
The Seychelles's Financial Intelligence Unit is helping an international investigation into the troubled state fund 1MDB, by providing detailed information relating to offshore entities registered in Seychelles that are related to the international investigation.
1MDB has not contested, and appears unlikely to contest, any lawsuit which has arisen from the investigations of foreign investigating authorities.
Singapore
In Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the Commercial Affairs Department have seized a number of bank accounts in Singapore for possible money-laundering offences related to investigations into alleged financial mismanagement at 1MDB. One of the bank accounts frozen belonged to Yak Yew Chee, who was the relationship manager for 1MDB Global Investments Ltd, Aabar Investment PJS Limited and SRC International and Low Taek Jho. Singaporean Yeo Jiawei, an ex-BSI banker, has been charged with money laundering and cheating offences as part of the Singapore probe into 1MDB, and Yeo's dealings with firms linked to 1MDB, Brazen Sky Ltd. and Bridge Partners Investment Management. A second individual, Kelvin Ang Wee Keng, was charged with corruption in connection with the Singaporean investigation into 1MDB.
According to a joint statement from the Attorney General's Chambers and the Monetary Authority of Singapore, assets totalling S$240 million have been seized during their investigations into 1MDB. Of the bank accounts and properties seized were S$120 million belonging to Jho Low and his family.
In March 2017, MAS issued a 10-year prohibition order against former Goldman Sachs banker Tim Leissner for making false statements on behalf of his bank without its knowledge. The prohibition order, which prevents him from performing any regulated activity under the Securities and Futures Act and from managing any capital market services firm in Singapore, was extended in December 2018 from 10 years to lifetime after he admitted to charges related to an investigation into the 1MDB scandal.
In September 2018, the Singapore State Courts granted the return of 1MDB monies with a total value of S$15.3 million to Malaysia while solicitors for the Malaysian government stated that efforts to recover other unlawfully misappropriated assets were ongoing.
Switzerland
Swiss authorities under the direction of the Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland began to freeze bank accounts amounting to several million US dollars linked to 1MDB. The Swiss attorney general's office said its investigation revealed indications that funds estimated to be US$4 billion may have been misappropriated and said it was looking into four cases of potential criminal conduct. The Swiss prosecutor has said that money had been deposited into Swiss bank accounts of former Malaysian public officials and current and former officials of United Arab Emirates. Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (Finma) has begun investigations into several Swiss banks as part of the money laundering probe involving 1MDB.
On 15 March 2018, the Swiss parliament rejected a motion to return seized monies from their investigations into 1MDB to the Malaysian people, as had been lobbied for by Swiss politicians and non-governmental bodies. However, on 10 July 2018, Swiss Attorney General indicated that Switzerland would not enrich itself by keeping illicit or stolen assets and be able to have the monies returned by legal obligations.
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates has issued travel bans and frozen bank accounts of former Abu Dhabi sovereign-wealth fund International Petroleum Investment Company's employees Khadem al-Qubaisi and Mohammed Badawy Al Husseiny who had close connections to 1MDB, and may have used the British Virgin Islands-based Aabar Investments PJS to funnel money from 1MDB into various accounts and companies around the world.
United Kingdom
In September 2020, the U.S. Department of Justice initiated civil forfeiture proceedings against funds held by law firm Clyde & Co in London, United Kingdom. The US$330 million were misappropriated 1MDB money, apparently intended for an oil project in Venezuela that later failed.
United States
The Wall Street Journal reported in 2015 that the Federal Bureau of Investigation had begun investigations into money laundering involving 1MDB. The international corruption unit of the US Department of Justice (DOJ) began a probe into property purchases in the United States involving Najib Razak's stepson Riza Aziz and the transfer of millions of dollars into Najib Razak's personal account. The probe was looking at properties purchased by shell companies belonging to Riza Aziz and close family friend Jho Low. Investment banks such as JPMorgan Chase & Co., Deutsche Bank AG and Wells Fargo were asked by the DOJ to retain and turn over records that might be related to improper transfers from 1MDB. The FBI issued subpoenas to several past and present employees of film production company Red Granite Pictures, co-founded by Riza Aziz, also its chairman, in regards to allegations that US$155 million was diverted from 1MDB to help finance the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street.
Also under scrutiny by the FBI and DOJ was the role of global investment bank Goldman Sachs in alleged money laundering and corruption. The FBI probed the connection between Najib and a regional top executive of Goldman Sachs, and the nature of the latter's involvement in multibillion-dollar deals with 1MDB. Tim Leissner, the former chairman of Goldman Sachs' Southeast Asia branch and husband of Kimora Lee Leissner, was issued a subpoena by the DOJ as part of their investigations. In the July 2016 DOJ civil lawsuit, a high-ranking government official having control over 1MDB, who was referred to more than 30 times as "Malaysian Official 1" ("MO1"), was alleged to have received around US$681 million (RM 2.8 billion) of stolen 1MDB money via Falcon Bank in Singapore on 21 and 25 March 2013, of which US$650 million (RM 2.0 billion) was sent back to Falcon Bank on 30 August 2013. In September 2016, Najib Razak was identified as "MO1" by Datuk Abdul Rahman Dahlan, then Minister in the Prime Minister's Department. The wife of "MO1", Rosmah Mansor, was also alleged to have received US$30 million worth of jewels financed from pilfered 1MDB funds.
In June 2017, the DOJ began actions to recover more than US$1 billion from people close to Najib and 1MDB, seizing assets including high-end properties in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, Manhattan, New York City and London, as well as fine artwork, a private jet, a luxury yacht and royalties from the film The Wolf of Wall Street and its production company Red Granite Pictures. On 7 March 2018, in California courts, the producers of the film agreed to pay US$60 million to settle DOJ's claims that they financed the movie with money siphoned from 1MDB. The claims were settled in August 2018, with the settlement stipulating that the payment should not be construed as "an admission of wrongdoing or liability on the part of Red Granite".
On 1 November 2018, the DOJ announced that two former Goldman Sachs bankers, Tim Leissner and Roger Ng, as well as Malaysian fugitive financier Jho Low, were charged over funds misappropriated from 1MDB and paying bribes to various Malaysian and Abu Dhabi officials. Tim Leissner admitted in a plea that more than US$200 million in proceeds from 1MDB bonds flowed into accounts controlled by him and a relative. He agreed to forfeit US$43.7 million (RM 185 million) and pleaded guilty to conspiring to launder money and violate the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, while Roger Ng was arrested in Malaysia at the request of DOJ and extradited to the US for prosecution before returning and facing charges in Malaysia. According to Roger Ng's lawyers, he was infected with Dengue fever and leptospirosis while in Malaysian jail and lost a significant amount of weight.
On 30 November 2018, the DOJ announced that George Higginbotham, a former DOJ employee, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to deceive US banks about the source and purpose of foreign funds for a lobbying campaign against the US investigations into the 1MDB scandal. The DOJ filed a lawsuit to recover more than US$73 million (RM 305 million) in American bank accounts that Higginbotham helped open on behalf of Jho Low to finance the lobbying campaign. Further in May 2019, the DOJ announced that it had charged Jho Low and former Fugees rapper Pras for conspiring to funnel US$21.6 million from overseas accounts into the 2012 presidential election.
On 1 November 2019, Barron's reported that Jho Low had forfeited over $100 million in luxury homes as part of a settlement with prosecutors in the United States. Overall, he agreed to give up some $700 million in assets to the U.S. Department of Justice to have charges dropped, without admitting guilt.
Elliott Broidy was charged by the Federal authorities in the violation of Foreign Agents Registration Act as per public court filing published on 8 October 2020. Broidy reportedly took $6 million from agents of Malaysia and China to lobby officials from the administration to end the investigation 1MDB scandal. Broidy was also charged for lobbying White House officials in alignment to UAE's interest.
On 23 February 2022, the star witness in the bribery trial of former Goldman Sachs Group Inc banker Roger Ng being held in New York, testified that ex-Goldman chief Lloyd Blankfein met in 2009 with then Malaysian prime minister Najib Razak just ahead of big bond deals for the country's 1MDB fund — and that the meeting came with an agenda. In return for the lucrative business, Goldman was to get Najib's three children jobs at the bank. On 24 February, Najib's daughter Nooryana Najwa Najib has confirmed that she did try to apply for a job at Goldman Sachs. She said she once met two former Goldman Sachs employees, Roger Ng and Tim Leissner as part of her networking efforts to land a "competitive job". Ultimately, an officer within Goldman rejected progressing with any job offer within the group.
On 24 February 2022, it was announced that the trial of Roger Ng had been paused because the prosecutors did not share more than 15,000 documents with the defense lawyers representing Robert Ng. Ng was convicted of conspiring to launder money and bribe officials in Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates as well as violating the internal accounting controls of his employer under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. $4.5 billion of the stolen money was laundered through U.S. financial institutions.
Recovery of 1MDB assets
As of May 2019, Malaysia had recovered US$322 million (RM1.3 billion) worth of 1MDB assets since its renewed investigations into the 1MDB scandal after the 14th General Election in May 2018.
Steps have been taken to preserve the value of the assets caught up in the case, including the sale of the Park Lane Hotel in New York in November 2018, a step endorsed by the U.S. DOJ, in accordance with the rule of law and on the basis of no admission of wrongdoing or liability. In August 2018, Malaysian authorities seized a yacht allegedly purchased by Low, selling it some eight months later to minimize the costs associated with maintaining it. A spokesperson for Low described the seizure as "illegal". Leonardo DiCaprio returned gifts received from Low to US authorities in 2017, including an Oscar received by Marlon Brando and paintings by Picasso and Jean-Michel Basquiat.
The recovered funds include the sum of US$126 million from the Equanimity judicially sold to the Genting Group, US$139 million to be returned by the United States after sale of Jho Low's interest in Park Lane Hotel in Manhattan, and US$57 million from a forfeiture settlement of Red Granite Pictures, which has been repatriated to Malaysia after deducting the costs incurred for investigations, seizures and litigation.
Apart from the above, another sum of S$50 million (RM152 million) related to 1MDB has been ordered by the Singapore Courts to be repatriated.
Malaysia has been working with at least six countries to recover about US$4.5 billion worth of assets allegedly stolen from 1MDB, in which US$1.7 billion (RM7 billion) worth of assets have been sought by the DOJ to forfeit.
On 15 April 2020, it was reported that the DOJ had returned US$300 million in funds stolen during the 1MDB scandal to Malaysia.
On 24 July 2020, it was announced that the Malaysian government would receive US$2.5 billion in cash from Goldman Sachs, and a guarantee from the bank they would also return US$1.4 billion in assets linked to 1MDB bonds. Put together this was substantially less than the US$7.5 billion that had been previously demanded by the Malaysian finance minister. At the same time, the Malaysian government agreed to drop all criminal charges against the bank and that it would cease legal proceedings against 17 current and former Goldman directors. Some commentators argued that Goldman had got away with a very good deal.
In January 2022, the Malaysian government received RM 333 million ($111 million) as a fine from the local affiliate of KPMG in settlement of the lawsuit filed against it.
Reports by Offshore Alert indicate that actions to recover further misappropriated assets are ongoing in various jurisdictions.
Media coverage
In January 2015, around 227,000 leaked documents related to the fraud were provided to the Wall Street Journal and activist blogger Clare Rewcastle-Brown, who writes Sarawak Report. The documents were leaked by Swiss national Xavier Justo, a former PetroSaudi International employee. Xavier Justo was then targeted by a violent online smear campaign led by "Team Jorge," an Israeli disinformation company working for wealthy clients. In late 2020, a website and YouTube channel impersonating him portrayed him as a mercenary who acted solely to enrich himself and whose word is unreliable. This site and channel are widely circulated on social networks by fake accounts as part of a larger smear operation, calling him a thief, a drug addict, a blackmailer.
In February 2015, The Sunday Times newspaper and the Sarawak Report blog, referencing leaked email correspondences, that Penang-based Low Taek Jho, who has ties Najib Razak, siphoned out US$700 million from a joint venture deal between 1MDB and PetroSaudi International through an entity named Good Star Ltd. Although Low never received an official position in 1MDB, he is described as someone who was regularly consulted about 1MDB without having any decision-making authority. An email revealed that Low had the loan approval from Najib for $1 billion without getting any approval from Bank Negara.
According to a 2022 report by German local news site Neckarstadtblog, Suaad A. Al-Attas, former wife of Mohammed Badawy Al Husseiny, received nearly US$40 million from the 1MDB scandal and later acted as a shareholder in a company owned by German real estate developer Tom Bock, providing a loan of nearly €5.5 million, suggesting that some of the funds used in the Turley real estate project in Mannheim, Germany, came from misappropriated funds from the 1MDB scandal.
Within Malaysia, The Edge was one of the few media outlets which published investigations on the scandal. Its license was suspended by the Malaysian government, in a move that its publisher suggested was censorship.
Wall Street Journal reporting
It was claimed through a report by The Wall Street Journal that 1MDB made overpriced purchases of power assets in Malaysia through Genting Group in 2012. Genting then allegedly donated this money to a foundation controlled by Najib, who used these funds for election campaign purposes during the 2013 general elections. According to a news report quoting 1MDB, the company denied that it overpaid for its energy assets. 1MDB was quoted as saying that their energy acquisitions were made only when the company was convinced of its long-term value.
Further allegations were made by The Wall Street Journal that $700 million was transferred from 1MDB and deposited in AmBank and Affin Bank accounts under Najib's name. A task force to investigate these claims had frozen six bank accounts linked to Najib and 1MDB. The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) subsequently, in August 2015, cleared 1MDB of this allegation. MACC issued a statement saying, among other things, "Results of the investigation have found that the RM2.6bil which was allegedly transferred into the account belonging to Najib Razak came from the contribution of donors, and not from 1MDB".
Najib Razak had originally denied allegations that stolen money was found in his bank accounts, saying "If I wanted to steal, surely I won't steal the money and bring it into an account in Malaysia. The WSJ responded by revealing the bank account details online to rebut the denials by Najib and his supporters. Singapore police had frozen two Singapore bank accounts in connection with their own investigation into the alleged financial mismanagement at 1MDB, after reports stated that $700 million worth of deposits was moved through Falcon Bank in Singapore into Najib's personal accounts in Malaysia. However, 1MDB denied having any knowledge of their accounts being frozen, and said they have not been contacted by any of the foreign investigating authorities.
The WSJ also reported that 1MDB transferred around $850 million via three transactions in 2014 to a British Virgin Islands-registered company with a name disguising that it was controlled by International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC), a United Arab Emirates state investment vehicle, according to wire transfer documents.
The WSJ released a report stating that 1MDB failed to pay $1.4 billion to IPIC. The money was owed to IPIC after it had guaranteed a US$3.5 billion bond issued by 1MDB to fund its purchase of power plant assets in 2012. The WSJ released another report saying that a further $993 million was missing that 1MDB was supposed to pay IPIC. 1MDB responded to the WSJ report, saying that the company continues to enjoy a strong business relationship with IPIC, as proven by the execution of a binding term sheet that saw IPIC assume obligation for a $3.5 billion bond, currently held by 1MDB, and followed a $1 billion cash payment made by IPIC to 1MDB in June. Earlier in October 2015, IPIC reaffirmed their commitment to working with 1MDB and the Malaysian Ministry of Finance.
Another report by the WSJ pointed out that 1MDB, in connection with a United States political fundraiser DuSable Capital Management LLC, signed a joint venture agreement creating a fund, Yurus PE Fund, to develop solar power plants in Malaysia. Six months after the joint venture agreement was signed, 1MDB bought out DuSable's stake of 49% of Yurus for $69 million before any construction took place. Based on bank transfer information, the WSJ reported that Najib spent close to $15 million on clothes, jewellery, and a car in places such as the United States, Singapore, and Italy using a credit card that was paid from one of several private bank accounts owned by Najib, to which 1MDB funds had been diverted.
Timeline
See also
The Kleptocrats
Corruption in Malaysia
Goldman Sachs controversies
History of Malaysia
Najib Razak controversies
Citations
Bibliography
External links
The Guardian, "1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal", 28 July 2016.
Global Witness:
"The Real Wolves of Wall Street – The banks, lawyers and auditors at the heart of Malaysia's biggest corruption scandal" (HTML), March 2018.
" The Real Wolves of Wall Street – The banks, lawyers and auditors at the heart of Malaysia's biggest corruption scandal" (PDF), March 2018.
Bloomberg News, "A Guide to the Worldwide Probes of Malaysia's 1MDB Fund", 8 March 2018.
1Malaysia
2015 in Malaysian politics
2016 in Malaysian politics
Financial scandals
Political history of Malaysia
Political scandals in Malaysia
Corruption in Malaysia
Finance fraud
Embezzlement
2010s economic history
Accounting scandals
Goldman Sachs
Money laundering
Conspiracies
Bribery scandals
Lobbying in the United States
Corruption in the United States
Malaysia–Saudi Arabia relations
Malaysia–United States relations
Malaysia–United Arab Emirates relations
Corporate scandals
2015 scandals
2020s in Malaysian politics
2010s in Malaysian politics
Malaysia–Switzerland relations
Malaysia–Singapore relations
Film controversies in Malaysia |
Destination dispatch is an optimization technique used for multi-elevator installations, in which groups of passengers heading to the same destinations use the same elevators, thereby reducing waiting and travel times. Comparatively, the traditional approach is where all passengers wishing to ascend or descend enter any available lift and then request their destination.
Using destination dispatch, passengers request travel to a particular floor using a keypad, touch screen, or proximity card room-key prior in the lobby and are immediately directed to an appropriate elevator car.
History
The idea of a destination dispatch elevator was first conceived in 1961 by then-future Lord Mayor of Sydney Leo Port. The system was dubbed Port-El, a play on the words “portal” “elevator”, and his last name. IT was patented in 1961. It never came to fruition at the time as elevators were largely controlled using mechanical relays at that time, which were highly inflexible and not well suited for complex algorithms. Said patent expired in 1977. Microprocessor-controlled elevators were first introduced in the late 1970s and became more widespread in the 1980s which allowed destination dispatch to become more widespread. The first destination dispatch to be introduced was the Miconic 10 system introduced by Schindler Group in 1992.
Algorithms
Based on information about the trips that passengers wish to make, the controller will dynamically allocate individuals to elevators to avoid excessive intermediate stops. Overall trip-times can be reduced by 25% with capacity up by 30%.
Controllers can also offer different levels of service to passengers based on information contained in key-cards. A high-privilege user may be allocated the nearest available elevator and always be guaranteed a direct service to their floor, and may be allocated an elevator with exclusive use; other users, such as handicapped people, may be provided with accessibility features such as extended door-opening times.
Limitations
The smooth operation of a destination dispatch system depends upon each passenger indicating their destination intention separately. In most cases, the elevator system has no way of differentiating a group of passengers from a single passenger if the group's destination is only keyed in a single time. This could potentially lead to an elevator stopping to pick up more passengers than the elevator actually has capacity for, creating delays for other users. This situation is handled by two solutions, a load vane sensor on the elevator, or a group function button on the keypad. The load vane will tell the elevator controller that there is a high load in the elevator car, this makes it so the elevator doesn't stop at other floors until the load is low enough to pick up more passengers. The group function button asks for how many passengers are going to a floor, and then the system sends the correct number of elevators to that floor if available.
References
External links
Understanding the Benefits and Limitations of Destination Dispatch
Elevators
Optimization algorithms and methods |
The Denver Winter Olympics Referendum was held in 1972 following the awarding to Denver of the 1976 Winter Olympics.
The selection process for the 1976 Winter Olympics consisted of four bids, and saw Denver, Colorado, United States, selected ahead of Sion, Switzerland; Tampere, Finland; and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The selection was made at the 70th IOC Session in Amsterdam on 12 May 1970. In a 1972 referendum, voters in Colorado rejected funding for the Olympics, and for the only time a city awarded the Olympics rejected them. Denver officially withdrew on 15 November, and the IOC then offered the Olympics to Whistler, British Columbia, Canada, but they too declined owing to a change of government following elections. Whistler went on to be associated with neighbouring Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Sion, the runner-up, also declined. Salt Lake City, Utah offered to host the Olympics, but the IOC, still reeling from the Denver rejection, declined and selected Innsbruck to host the 1976 Winter Olympics, which had hosted the 1964 Winter Olympics twelve years earlier, on 5 February 1973. Salt Lake City later hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Contents
The amendment appeared on the ballot as:
Aftermath
Richard Lamm was an obscure state legislator from Denver when he led the campaign; after the referendum he was elected to three terms as governor, serving from 1975 to 1987.
Within three months, Innsbruck, Austria was selected as the replacement city, hosting the Winter Olympics for the second time, after 1964.
See also
List of Colorado ballot measures
References
1972 Colorado ballot measures
Constitution of Colorado |
Grandview is a town in Hammond Township, Spencer County, Indiana, along the Ohio River. The population was 749 at the 2010 census.
History
Grandview was laid out in 1851. The town received its name because of the "grand view" of the Ohio River. A post office has been in operation at Grandview since 1854.
Geography
Grandview is situated along the Ohio River at river mile 742, just upstream from Rockport, Indiana, and downstream from Lewisport, Kentucky. The Rockport Generating Station lies just west of Grandview. Indiana State Road 66 connects Grandview with Rockport to the southwest and the Tell City area to the northeast.
According to the 2010 census, Grandview has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 749 people, 288 households, and 199 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 314 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.1% White, 1.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.
There were 288 households, of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.9% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.14.
The median age in the town was 37.3 years. 27.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.1% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 12.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 45.8% male and 54.2% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 696 people, 266 households, and 194 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 296 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.84% White, 1.87% African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.43% Asian, and 0.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.14% of the population.
There were 266 households, out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.4% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $35,417, and the median income for a family was $42,727. Males had a median income of $29,732 versus $20,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,928. About 9.4% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Grandview has a public library, a branch of Spencer County Public Library.
Notable people
Bill Peet - American children's book illustrator and a story writer for Disney Studios.
See also
List of cities and towns along the Ohio River
References
Towns in Spencer County, Indiana
Indiana populated places on the Ohio River
Sundown towns in Indiana |
Hendra may refer to:
Hendra (name), given name and surname
Hendra, Cornwall, England, the name of several hamlets
Hendra, Queensland, Australia, a suburb of Brisbane
Hendra railway station, serves the Brisbane suburb
Hendra virus, broke out in Australia in 1994
Hendra (Ben Watt album) |
Probable G-protein coupled receptor 176 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR176 gene.
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
Gacka is a river located in the Lika region in central Croatia. Because for a large part of its course it is a subterranean river, estimates on its length vary. The overground part has undergone substantial human intervention - before it was long; now it is only long. It has been regulated by man to flow into an aqueduct in Gusić polje (known as Tunel Gacka-Gusić Jezero) and then into the Adriatic Sea through a hydroelectric installation HE Senj near Sveti Juraj. HE Senj takes inflow from Gacka and Lika, since it was built in 1965. The river passes through karst fields and most notably the town Otočac, and its headwaters are known as a popular locale for trout fishing.
References
Rivers of Croatia |
The Arlington Central School District (abbreviated ACSD) is one of thirteen public school districts serving residents of Dutchess County, New York.
Organization
Coverage area
The district's territory covers substantial parts of the Towns of Beekman, La Grange, Pleasant Valley, Poughkeepsie, and Union Vale. The district also includes small parts of the Towns of East Fishkill, Hyde Park, Pawling and Wappinger.
Enrollment
As of 2011, ACSD had 9,724 students. In the 2010–2011 school year one elementary school, LaGrange, was shut down, its last day being June 23, 2010. Its building was converted into office space for the district. In 2014, Arlington Middle School was converted into Arthur S. May Elementary School, and the former Arthur S. May building was shut down. Both structures had served as a high school for the district in the past.
Schools
Elementary
Beekman Elementary School
Vail Farm Elementary School
Noxon Road Elementary School
Titusville Intermediate School
Overlook Primary School
Arthur S. May Elementary School
Joseph D'Aquanni West Road Intermediate School
Traver Road Primary School
Middle
High
Arlington High School
Other
Dutchess County BOCES
References
School districts in Dutchess County, New York
School districts established in 1924
1924 establishments in New York (state) |
Żywa Woda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jeleniewo, within Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Jeleniewo, north of Suwałki, and north of the regional capital Białystok.
References
Villages in Suwałki County |
The 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for Group 3A Touring Cars. The championship, which was the 34th Australian Touring Car Championship, was contested over a nine-round series which began on 28 February 1993 at Amaroo Park and ended on 8 August at Oran Park Raceway. Promoted as the Shell Australian Touring Car Championship, it was won by Glenn Seton, driving a Ford EB Falcon, with teammate Alan Jones completing a one-two championship result for Glenn Seton Racing. It was Seton's first championship victory and the first major victory for the team he had started in 1989.
1993 marked the first year in which the championship was contested by the new Australian Group 3A Touring Car category which incorporated:
5.0 Litre Touring Cars (later to be known as V8 Supercars)
2.0 Litre Class II Touring Cars (later to be known as Super Touring Cars)
Normally aspirated, two wheel drive cars complying with the 1992 CAMS Group 3A regulations (commonly known as Group A cars)
Television coverage
Channel Seven broadcast the championship with the commentary team including Mike Raymond, Gary Wilkinson, Mark Oastler, Doug Mulray and Andy Raymond. Regular commentator Neil Crompton was absent as he was contesting the full series as a competitor for the first time.
Teams and drivers
The following drivers and teams competed in the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship.
Race calendar
The championship was contested over a nine-round series. Each round consisted of a "Peter Jackson Dash" for the top six cars from Qualifying, a Heat for the 2.0 Litre Class, a Heat for the 5.0 Litre Class and a combined Final. The two Class Heats were run separately at Round 1 but were combined from Round 2 onwards.
Points system
Championship points were awarded at each round on the following basis:
3 to the driver recording fastest time in Qualifying
3–2–1 to the first three finishers in the Peter Jackson Dash
9–6–4–3–2–1 to the first six finishers in each Class in the Heat
20–16–14–12–10–8–6–4–2–1 to the first ten outright finishers in the Final
Championship standings
Peter Jackson Dash
The Peter Jackson Dash series award was won jointly by Mark Skaife and Glenn Seton.
Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship
The 1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship, which was contested concurrently with the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, was won by Peter Doulman driving a BMW M3.
See also
1993 Australian Touring Car season
References
External links
Official V8 Supercar site
Cars Touring Car images at www.autopics.com.au
Australian Touring Car Championship seasons
Touring Cars
1993 in V8 Supercars |
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Mark Felix
| nickname = The Miracle Man
| image = Mark Felix.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = St. George's, Grenada
| residence = Rishton, Lancashire, England
| education =
| height =
| weight =
| sport = Strongman
| medaltemplates =
{{CompetitionRecord|1st| 2016 WSF World Cup'| }}
}}Mark Felix (born 17 April 1966) is a Grenadian-English strongman competitor and regular entrant to the World's Strongest Man competition. He has competed at a record 18 World's Strongest Man contests, reaching the finals three times. He is the winner of the 2015 Ultimate Strongman Masters World Championships, 2016 WSF World Cup India and has won numerous international grip contests, including the Rolling Thunder World Championships in 2008 and 2009, as well as the Vice Grip Viking Challenge in 2011 and 2012. Having competed in over 100 international competitions throughout 19 years, Felix is the 3rd most prolific strongman contestant in history.
Felix has been affectionately called "The Miracle Man" due to his immense grip strength, deadlift ability, and continued impressive performance in strongman competition despite his relatively older age, with many of his competitors over a decade younger than him.
Early life
Mark Felix was born in 1966 in St. George's, Grenada. At the age of 23, he moved to Rishton, Lancashire, England. He was a dedicated bodybuilder and turned his attention to strongman competitions in 2003 at the age of 37, comparatively late in relation to other strength athletes.
Felix also works as a plasterer, with his strength training done four evenings a week.
Strongman career
Felix turned pro as a strongman within a year when the IFSA Strongman Federation was launched in 2004.
Felix came third in England's Strongest Man in 2004, and in 2005 he went on to come second to Eddy Elwood in the IFSA version of England's Strongest Man. This led him to the IFSA British Championships, which he won in 2005. Of the five events, Felix won three (Deadlift, Farmer's Walk and Atlas Stones). Afterwards, Felix credited his victory to "Big hands, big heart".
In 2005, Felix was invited to compete in the IFSA World Open in Sao Paulo, Brazil which was a qualifier for the 2005 IFSA Strongman World Championships later in the year, but he failed to finish in the top four and did not qualify for the IFSA World Championships.
Felix also competed in the IFSA World Team Championships in 2005 as a part of Team World' representing Grenada, where the team placed third overall.
In 2006, Felix placed second in the Britain's Strongest Man competition and this led to a place in the 2006 World's Strongest Man (WSM), where he placed fourth in the finals.
In 2007, he repeated his second-place finish in Britain's Strongest Man and finished seventh in the 2007 World's Strongest Man. In the same year, he also finished third in the Strongman Super Series 2007 Mohegan Sun Grand Prix.
In 2008, he came fourth in Europe's Strongest Man and went on to finish third in Britain's Strongest Man, qualifying him for a third successive WSM appearance. Felix has said, "Every year I gain more experience and learn more about what I am capable of."
Felix regularly competed at the Europe's Strongest Man from 2008 to 2020. His highest placings were coming in at 3rd place in the 2010 and 2015 competitions. He was also a perennial contender in Britain's Strongest Man competitions, coming in 3rd place two times (2008 and 2013) and 2nd place four times (2006, 2007, 2015, 2016).
In both 2010 and 2012, Felix placed 3rd at the Jón Páll Sigmarsson Classic held in Reykjavík, Iceland.
In 2016, Felix won the World Strongman Federation World Cup held in Varanasi, India. This was his second international competition win.
In 2023, Felix became the oldest competitor ever in the 2023 World's Strongest Man at 57 years old. A new award, the Knaack Tools of the Strongman Award, was also awarded to both Felix and four-time WSM champion Brian Shaw. The award was voted on by the athletes to recognize the hardest working athlete in the year's competition.
Rolling Thunder/Grip
Felix won the inaugural 2008 Rolling Thunder World Championships which took place during the 2008 Fortissimus contest in Canada. He also set a new world record with a lift of 301 lb.
In June 2009, Felix successfully defended his Rolling Thunder World Championships title.
Felix won the inaugural 2011 Vice Grip Viking Challenge which took place on 29–30 January at the LA Fitexpo.
Felix retained his Vice Grip title by winning the 2012 Vice Grip Viking Challenge. He also set a world record in the Captains of Crush "COC" Silver Bullet event (holding a suspended weight from within the handles of a Captains of Crush no. 3 gripper) with a time of 43.25 seconds.
Felix set a new Rolling Thunder world record at the 2012 Bodypower Expo in Birmingham, England with a lift of , more than 20 lbs. heavier than his previous world record of .
Felix set a new world record in the Hercules Hold event at Giants live Manchester 2019 with a time of 87.52 seconds.
Felix set a new world record in the Dinnie Stone hold at the 2020 Arnold Strongman Classic with a time of 31.40 seconds.
Personal recordsdone in the gym Squat –
Bench press –
Deadlift (without wrist straps) – done in competition Equipped Deadlift – 420kg
Strongmandone in official Strongman competition''
Hummer Tire Deadlift (with straps) – (Arnold Strongman Classic 2013)
Hercules Hold – 92.37 seconds (World Record, Europe's Strongest Man 2020)
Silver Dollar Deadlift (no deadlift suit) – (UK's Strongest Man 2021)
References
1966 births
English strength athletes
Grenadian strength athletes
English sportsmen
Grenadian sportsmen
People from Great Harwood
Living people
Grenadian emigrants to England
Grenadian male athletes |
The crested francolin (Ortygornis sephaena) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae.
It is found in southern Africa. One of its subspecies, Ortygornis sephaena rovuma, is sometimes considered a separate species, Kirk's francolin.
Taxonomy
Formerly, the crested francolin was classified in its own genus Dendroperdix, but phylogenetic analysis indicates that it groups with the grey francolin (O. pondicerianus) and swamp francolin (O. gularis). As a result, all three species were reclassified into the genus Ortygornis.
Subspecies
Subspecies include:
O. s. grantii (Hartlaub, 1866)
O. s. rovuma (Gray, GR, 1867) - Kirk's francolin
O. s. spilogaster (Salvadori, 1888)
O. s. zambesiae (Mackworth-Praed, 1920)
O. s. sephaena (Smith, A, 1836)
References
External links
Crested Francolin - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
Birds described in 1836
Ortygornis
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
Bhadrakali Temple is one of the oldest temples for Goddess Bhadrakali, situated on a hilltop between the two cities of Hanamkonda and Warangal, Telangana, India.
History
The temple is believed to be built in 625 A.D by the King Pulakeshin II of Chalukya dynasty to commemorate his victory over Vengi region of Andhra Desham, as per the writings on the temple wall.
Kakatiya kings later have adopted the temple and considered Goddess Bhadrakali as their kuladevata. A lake was also built by Ganapati-deva adjacent to the temple. Due to the fall of Kakatiya dynasty to the Muslim rulers of Delhi, the temple lost its prominence. The Kakatiyas negotiated a truce with Allauddin Khilji by offering the diamond in exchange not to be invaded. He sent his slave and personal confidant Malik Kufur to personally transport the diamond. In 1950, the temple was renovated by Sri Ganesh Rao Sastri a devi upasaka along with Gujrati businessman Shri Maganlal Sameja.
After that the help of a local public and other affluent locals. Apara Ekadashi is observed as Goddess Bhadrakali Ekadashi. The history of the Koh-i-Noor diamond; part of British Crown Jewels, is closely associated with this temple as it was installed, as the left eye of Goddess Bhadrakali by the Kakatiya dynasty.
Architecture
The exceptional feature of the temple is the 2.7 x 2.7 m2 stone image of Goddess Bhadrakali with fierce looking eyes, and eight arms each carrying various weapons. Goddess Bhadrakali's vahana – Lion is placed opposite to the sanctum sanctorum. The temple also has dhvajasthambam and a bali pitham.
Transport
A good transport facility is available to reach out to temple by road through TSRTC or auto-rickshaw services. Warangal railway station and Kazipet railway station are the nearest railway stations to the temple.
See also
Koh-i-Noor
References
External links
Hindu temples in Hanamkonda district
Tourist attractions in Warangal
Bhadrakali temples
7th-century Hindu temples |
```java
/**
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.thingsboard.server.common.data.id;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import io.swagger.v3.oas.annotations.media.Schema;
import org.thingsboard.server.common.data.EntityType;
import java.util.UUID;
public class QueueId extends UUIDBased implements EntityId {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
@JsonCreator
public QueueId(@JsonProperty("id") UUID id) {
super(id);
}
public static QueueId fromString(String queueId) {
return new QueueId(UUID.fromString(queueId));
}
@Schema(requiredMode = Schema.RequiredMode.REQUIRED, description = "string", example = "QUEUE", allowableValues = "QUEUE")
@Override
public EntityType getEntityType() {
return EntityType.QUEUE;
}
}
``` |
Weyer may refer to:
Places
Weyer, Bas-Rhin, a commune in Alsace, France
Weyer, Austria, a town in Upper Austria
Weyer, Germany, a municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate
Weyer, New York, a hamlet
Burgruine Weyer, a ruined castle in Austria
People with the surname
Francis Weyer, better known as Francis Goya (born 1946), Belgian composer and guitarist
Jerry Weyer (born 1986), Luxembourgian politician
Johann Weyer (1515–1588), Dutch physician, occultist, and demonologist
Hannah Weyer, American filmmaker
Hans Hermann Weyer, German socialite
Jacob Weyer (1620s–1670), German painter
Johann Peter Weyer (1794–1864), German architect
Lee Weyer (1936–1988), American baseball umpire
Martin Vander Weyer, British journalist and editor
Sebastian Weyer, German Rubik's cube speedsolver
Sylvain Van de Weyer (1802–1874), 8th Prime Minister of Belgium
See also
Weijers, a surname; also Weyers
Weyher
Weyers
Van de Weyer |
Shorooq Khalil Moh'd Shathli (born 6 January 1987), known as Shorooq Shathli (), is a Jordanian footballer who plays as a midfielder for local Women's League club Shabab Al-Ordon and the Jordan women's national team.
References
1987 births
Jordan women's international footballers
Jordanian women's footballers
Jordanian women's futsal players
Living people
Footballers from Amman
Women's association football midfielders
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Jordan
Jordan Women's Pro League players
FIFA Women's Century Club |
```c
/*
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
* that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source
* tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
* in the file PATENTS. All contributing project authors may
* be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
*/
#include "webrtc/modules/audio_processing/aecm/aecm_core.h"
#include <assert.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "webrtc/common_audio/ring_buffer.h"
#include "webrtc/common_audio/signal_processing/include/real_fft.h"
#include "webrtc/modules/audio_processing/aecm/include/echo_control_mobile.h"
#include "webrtc/modules/audio_processing/utility/delay_estimator_wrapper.h"
#include "webrtc/system_wrappers/interface/compile_assert_c.h"
#include "webrtc/system_wrappers/interface/cpu_features_wrapper.h"
#include "webrtc/typedefs.h"
// Square root of Hanning window in Q14.
#if defined(WEBRTC_DETECT_NEON) || defined(WEBRTC_HAS_NEON)
// Table is defined in an ARM assembly file.
extern const ALIGN8_BEG int16_t WebRtcAecm_kSqrtHanning[] ALIGN8_END;
#else
static const ALIGN8_BEG int16_t WebRtcAecm_kSqrtHanning[] ALIGN8_END = {
0, 399, 798, 1196, 1594, 1990, 2386, 2780, 3172,
3562, 3951, 4337, 4720, 5101, 5478, 5853, 6224,
6591, 6954, 7313, 7668, 8019, 8364, 8705, 9040,
9370, 9695, 10013, 10326, 10633, 10933, 11227, 11514,
11795, 12068, 12335, 12594, 12845, 13089, 13325, 13553,
13773, 13985, 14189, 14384, 14571, 14749, 14918, 15079,
15231, 15373, 15506, 15631, 15746, 15851, 15947, 16034,
16111, 16179, 16237, 16286, 16325, 16354, 16373, 16384
};
#endif
#ifdef AECM_WITH_ABS_APPROX
//Q15 alpha = 0.99439986968132 const Factor for magnitude approximation
static const uint16_t kAlpha1 = 32584;
//Q15 beta = 0.12967166976970 const Factor for magnitude approximation
static const uint16_t kBeta1 = 4249;
//Q15 alpha = 0.94234827210087 const Factor for magnitude approximation
static const uint16_t kAlpha2 = 30879;
//Q15 beta = 0.33787806009150 const Factor for magnitude approximation
static const uint16_t kBeta2 = 11072;
//Q15 alpha = 0.82247698684306 const Factor for magnitude approximation
static const uint16_t kAlpha3 = 26951;
//Q15 beta = 0.57762063060713 const Factor for magnitude approximation
static const uint16_t kBeta3 = 18927;
#endif
static const int16_t kNoiseEstQDomain = 15;
static const int16_t kNoiseEstIncCount = 5;
static void ComfortNoise(AecmCore* aecm,
const uint16_t* dfa,
ComplexInt16* out,
const int16_t* lambda);
static void WindowAndFFT(AecmCore* aecm,
int16_t* fft,
const int16_t* time_signal,
ComplexInt16* freq_signal,
int time_signal_scaling) {
int i = 0;
// FFT of signal
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN; i++) {
// Window time domain signal and insert into real part of
// transformation array |fft|
int16_t scaled_time_signal = time_signal[i] << time_signal_scaling;
fft[i] = (int16_t)((scaled_time_signal * WebRtcAecm_kSqrtHanning[i]) >> 14);
scaled_time_signal = time_signal[i + PART_LEN] << time_signal_scaling;
fft[PART_LEN + i] = (int16_t)((
scaled_time_signal * WebRtcAecm_kSqrtHanning[PART_LEN - i]) >> 14);
}
// Do forward FFT, then take only the first PART_LEN complex samples,
// and change signs of the imaginary parts.
WebRtcSpl_RealForwardFFT(aecm->real_fft, fft, (int16_t*)freq_signal);
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN; i++) {
freq_signal[i].imag = -freq_signal[i].imag;
}
}
static void InverseFFTAndWindow(AecmCore* aecm,
int16_t* fft,
ComplexInt16* efw,
int16_t* output,
const int16_t* nearendClean) {
int i, j, outCFFT;
int32_t tmp32no1;
// Reuse |efw| for the inverse FFT output after transferring
// the contents to |fft|.
int16_t* ifft_out = (int16_t*)efw;
// Synthesis
for (i = 1, j = 2; i < PART_LEN; i += 1, j += 2) {
fft[j] = efw[i].real;
fft[j + 1] = -efw[i].imag;
}
fft[0] = efw[0].real;
fft[1] = -efw[0].imag;
fft[PART_LEN2] = efw[PART_LEN].real;
fft[PART_LEN2 + 1] = -efw[PART_LEN].imag;
// Inverse FFT. Keep outCFFT to scale the samples in the next block.
outCFFT = WebRtcSpl_RealInverseFFT(aecm->real_fft, fft, ifft_out);
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN; i++) {
ifft_out[i] = (int16_t)WEBRTC_SPL_MUL_16_16_RSFT_WITH_ROUND(
ifft_out[i], WebRtcAecm_kSqrtHanning[i], 14);
tmp32no1 = WEBRTC_SPL_SHIFT_W32((int32_t)ifft_out[i],
outCFFT - aecm->dfaCleanQDomain);
output[i] = (int16_t)WEBRTC_SPL_SAT(WEBRTC_SPL_WORD16_MAX,
tmp32no1 + aecm->outBuf[i],
WEBRTC_SPL_WORD16_MIN);
tmp32no1 = (ifft_out[PART_LEN + i] *
WebRtcAecm_kSqrtHanning[PART_LEN - i]) >> 14;
tmp32no1 = WEBRTC_SPL_SHIFT_W32(tmp32no1,
outCFFT - aecm->dfaCleanQDomain);
aecm->outBuf[i] = (int16_t)WEBRTC_SPL_SAT(WEBRTC_SPL_WORD16_MAX,
tmp32no1,
WEBRTC_SPL_WORD16_MIN);
}
// Copy the current block to the old position
// (aecm->outBuf is shifted elsewhere)
memcpy(aecm->xBuf, aecm->xBuf + PART_LEN, sizeof(int16_t) * PART_LEN);
memcpy(aecm->dBufNoisy,
aecm->dBufNoisy + PART_LEN,
sizeof(int16_t) * PART_LEN);
if (nearendClean != NULL)
{
memcpy(aecm->dBufClean,
aecm->dBufClean + PART_LEN,
sizeof(int16_t) * PART_LEN);
}
}
// Transforms a time domain signal into the frequency domain, outputting the
// complex valued signal, absolute value and sum of absolute values.
//
// time_signal [in] Pointer to time domain signal
// freq_signal_real [out] Pointer to real part of frequency domain array
// freq_signal_imag [out] Pointer to imaginary part of frequency domain
// array
// freq_signal_abs [out] Pointer to absolute value of frequency domain
// array
// freq_signal_sum_abs [out] Pointer to the sum of all absolute values in
// the frequency domain array
// return value The Q-domain of current frequency values
//
static int TimeToFrequencyDomain(AecmCore* aecm,
const int16_t* time_signal,
ComplexInt16* freq_signal,
uint16_t* freq_signal_abs,
uint32_t* freq_signal_sum_abs) {
int i = 0;
int time_signal_scaling = 0;
int32_t tmp32no1 = 0;
int32_t tmp32no2 = 0;
// In fft_buf, +16 for 32-byte alignment.
int16_t fft_buf[PART_LEN4 + 16];
int16_t *fft = (int16_t *) (((uintptr_t) fft_buf + 31) & ~31);
int16_t tmp16no1;
#ifndef WEBRTC_ARCH_ARM_V7
int16_t tmp16no2;
#endif
#ifdef AECM_WITH_ABS_APPROX
int16_t max_value = 0;
int16_t min_value = 0;
uint16_t alpha = 0;
uint16_t beta = 0;
#endif
#ifdef AECM_DYNAMIC_Q
tmp16no1 = WebRtcSpl_MaxAbsValueW16(time_signal, PART_LEN2);
time_signal_scaling = WebRtcSpl_NormW16(tmp16no1);
#endif
WindowAndFFT(aecm, fft, time_signal, freq_signal, time_signal_scaling);
// Extract imaginary and real part, calculate the magnitude for
// all frequency bins
freq_signal[0].imag = 0;
freq_signal[PART_LEN].imag = 0;
freq_signal_abs[0] = (uint16_t)WEBRTC_SPL_ABS_W16(freq_signal[0].real);
freq_signal_abs[PART_LEN] = (uint16_t)WEBRTC_SPL_ABS_W16(
freq_signal[PART_LEN].real);
(*freq_signal_sum_abs) = (uint32_t)(freq_signal_abs[0]) +
(uint32_t)(freq_signal_abs[PART_LEN]);
for (i = 1; i < PART_LEN; i++)
{
if (freq_signal[i].real == 0)
{
freq_signal_abs[i] = (uint16_t)WEBRTC_SPL_ABS_W16(freq_signal[i].imag);
}
else if (freq_signal[i].imag == 0)
{
freq_signal_abs[i] = (uint16_t)WEBRTC_SPL_ABS_W16(freq_signal[i].real);
}
else
{
// Approximation for magnitude of complex fft output
// magn = sqrt(real^2 + imag^2)
// magn ~= alpha * max(|imag|,|real|) + beta * min(|imag|,|real|)
//
// The parameters alpha and beta are stored in Q15
#ifdef AECM_WITH_ABS_APPROX
tmp16no1 = WEBRTC_SPL_ABS_W16(freq_signal[i].real);
tmp16no2 = WEBRTC_SPL_ABS_W16(freq_signal[i].imag);
if(tmp16no1 > tmp16no2)
{
max_value = tmp16no1;
min_value = tmp16no2;
} else
{
max_value = tmp16no2;
min_value = tmp16no1;
}
// Magnitude in Q(-6)
if ((max_value >> 2) > min_value)
{
alpha = kAlpha1;
beta = kBeta1;
} else if ((max_value >> 1) > min_value)
{
alpha = kAlpha2;
beta = kBeta2;
} else
{
alpha = kAlpha3;
beta = kBeta3;
}
tmp16no1 = (int16_t)((max_value * alpha) >> 15);
tmp16no2 = (int16_t)((min_value * beta) >> 15);
freq_signal_abs[i] = (uint16_t)tmp16no1 + (uint16_t)tmp16no2;
#else
#ifdef WEBRTC_ARCH_ARM_V7
__asm __volatile(
"smulbb %[tmp32no1], %[real], %[real]\n\t"
"smlabb %[tmp32no2], %[imag], %[imag], %[tmp32no1]\n\t"
:[tmp32no1]"+&r"(tmp32no1),
[tmp32no2]"=r"(tmp32no2)
:[real]"r"(freq_signal[i].real),
[imag]"r"(freq_signal[i].imag)
);
#else
tmp16no1 = WEBRTC_SPL_ABS_W16(freq_signal[i].real);
tmp16no2 = WEBRTC_SPL_ABS_W16(freq_signal[i].imag);
tmp32no1 = tmp16no1 * tmp16no1;
tmp32no2 = tmp16no2 * tmp16no2;
tmp32no2 = WebRtcSpl_AddSatW32(tmp32no1, tmp32no2);
#endif // WEBRTC_ARCH_ARM_V7
tmp32no1 = WebRtcSpl_SqrtFloor(tmp32no2);
freq_signal_abs[i] = (uint16_t)tmp32no1;
#endif // AECM_WITH_ABS_APPROX
}
(*freq_signal_sum_abs) += (uint32_t)freq_signal_abs[i];
}
return time_signal_scaling;
}
int WebRtcAecm_ProcessBlock(AecmCore* aecm,
const int16_t* farend,
const int16_t* nearendNoisy,
const int16_t* nearendClean,
int16_t* output) {
int i;
uint32_t xfaSum;
uint32_t dfaNoisySum;
uint32_t dfaCleanSum;
uint32_t echoEst32Gained;
uint32_t tmpU32;
int32_t tmp32no1;
uint16_t xfa[PART_LEN1];
uint16_t dfaNoisy[PART_LEN1];
uint16_t dfaClean[PART_LEN1];
uint16_t* ptrDfaClean = dfaClean;
const uint16_t* far_spectrum_ptr = NULL;
// 32 byte aligned buffers (with +8 or +16).
// TODO(kma): define fft with ComplexInt16.
int16_t fft_buf[PART_LEN4 + 2 + 16]; // +2 to make a loop safe.
int32_t echoEst32_buf[PART_LEN1 + 8];
int32_t dfw_buf[PART_LEN2 + 8];
int32_t efw_buf[PART_LEN2 + 8];
int16_t* fft = (int16_t*) (((uintptr_t) fft_buf + 31) & ~ 31);
int32_t* echoEst32 = (int32_t*) (((uintptr_t) echoEst32_buf + 31) & ~ 31);
ComplexInt16* dfw = (ComplexInt16*)(((uintptr_t)dfw_buf + 31) & ~31);
ComplexInt16* efw = (ComplexInt16*)(((uintptr_t)efw_buf + 31) & ~31);
int16_t hnl[PART_LEN1];
int16_t numPosCoef = 0;
int16_t nlpGain = ONE_Q14;
int delay;
int16_t tmp16no1;
int16_t tmp16no2;
int16_t mu;
int16_t supGain;
int16_t zeros32, zeros16;
int16_t zerosDBufNoisy, zerosDBufClean, zerosXBuf;
int far_q;
int16_t resolutionDiff, qDomainDiff, dfa_clean_q_domain_diff;
const int kMinPrefBand = 4;
const int kMaxPrefBand = 24;
int32_t avgHnl32 = 0;
// Determine startup state. There are three states:
// (0) the first CONV_LEN blocks
// (1) another CONV_LEN blocks
// (2) the rest
if (aecm->startupState < 2)
{
aecm->startupState = (aecm->totCount >= CONV_LEN) +
(aecm->totCount >= CONV_LEN2);
}
// END: Determine startup state
// Buffer near and far end signals
memcpy(aecm->xBuf + PART_LEN, farend, sizeof(int16_t) * PART_LEN);
memcpy(aecm->dBufNoisy + PART_LEN, nearendNoisy, sizeof(int16_t) * PART_LEN);
if (nearendClean != NULL)
{
memcpy(aecm->dBufClean + PART_LEN,
nearendClean,
sizeof(int16_t) * PART_LEN);
}
// Transform far end signal from time domain to frequency domain.
far_q = TimeToFrequencyDomain(aecm,
aecm->xBuf,
dfw,
xfa,
&xfaSum);
// Transform noisy near end signal from time domain to frequency domain.
zerosDBufNoisy = TimeToFrequencyDomain(aecm,
aecm->dBufNoisy,
dfw,
dfaNoisy,
&dfaNoisySum);
aecm->dfaNoisyQDomainOld = aecm->dfaNoisyQDomain;
aecm->dfaNoisyQDomain = (int16_t)zerosDBufNoisy;
if (nearendClean == NULL)
{
ptrDfaClean = dfaNoisy;
aecm->dfaCleanQDomainOld = aecm->dfaNoisyQDomainOld;
aecm->dfaCleanQDomain = aecm->dfaNoisyQDomain;
dfaCleanSum = dfaNoisySum;
} else
{
// Transform clean near end signal from time domain to frequency domain.
zerosDBufClean = TimeToFrequencyDomain(aecm,
aecm->dBufClean,
dfw,
dfaClean,
&dfaCleanSum);
aecm->dfaCleanQDomainOld = aecm->dfaCleanQDomain;
aecm->dfaCleanQDomain = (int16_t)zerosDBufClean;
}
// Get the delay
// Save far-end history and estimate delay
WebRtcAecm_UpdateFarHistory(aecm, xfa, far_q);
if (WebRtc_AddFarSpectrumFix(aecm->delay_estimator_farend,
xfa,
PART_LEN1,
far_q) == -1) {
return -1;
}
delay = WebRtc_DelayEstimatorProcessFix(aecm->delay_estimator,
dfaNoisy,
PART_LEN1,
zerosDBufNoisy);
if (delay == -1)
{
return -1;
}
else if (delay == -2)
{
// If the delay is unknown, we assume zero.
// NOTE: this will have to be adjusted if we ever add lookahead.
delay = 0;
}
if (aecm->fixedDelay >= 0)
{
// Use fixed delay
delay = aecm->fixedDelay;
}
// Get aligned far end spectrum
far_spectrum_ptr = WebRtcAecm_AlignedFarend(aecm, &far_q, delay);
zerosXBuf = (int16_t) far_q;
if (far_spectrum_ptr == NULL)
{
return -1;
}
// Calculate log(energy) and update energy threshold levels
WebRtcAecm_CalcEnergies(aecm,
far_spectrum_ptr,
zerosXBuf,
dfaNoisySum,
echoEst32);
// Calculate stepsize
mu = WebRtcAecm_CalcStepSize(aecm);
// Update counters
aecm->totCount++;
// This is the channel estimation algorithm.
// It is base on NLMS but has a variable step length,
// which was calculated above.
WebRtcAecm_UpdateChannel(aecm,
far_spectrum_ptr,
zerosXBuf,
dfaNoisy,
mu,
echoEst32);
supGain = WebRtcAecm_CalcSuppressionGain(aecm);
// Calculate Wiener filter hnl[]
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
// Far end signal through channel estimate in Q8
// How much can we shift right to preserve resolution
tmp32no1 = echoEst32[i] - aecm->echoFilt[i];
aecm->echoFilt[i] += (tmp32no1 * 50) >> 8;
zeros32 = WebRtcSpl_NormW32(aecm->echoFilt[i]) + 1;
zeros16 = WebRtcSpl_NormW16(supGain) + 1;
if (zeros32 + zeros16 > 16)
{
// Multiplication is safe
// Result in
// Q(RESOLUTION_CHANNEL+RESOLUTION_SUPGAIN+
// aecm->xfaQDomainBuf[diff])
echoEst32Gained = WEBRTC_SPL_UMUL_32_16((uint32_t)aecm->echoFilt[i],
(uint16_t)supGain);
resolutionDiff = 14 - RESOLUTION_CHANNEL16 - RESOLUTION_SUPGAIN;
resolutionDiff += (aecm->dfaCleanQDomain - zerosXBuf);
} else
{
tmp16no1 = 17 - zeros32 - zeros16;
resolutionDiff = 14 + tmp16no1 - RESOLUTION_CHANNEL16 -
RESOLUTION_SUPGAIN;
resolutionDiff += (aecm->dfaCleanQDomain - zerosXBuf);
if (zeros32 > tmp16no1)
{
echoEst32Gained = WEBRTC_SPL_UMUL_32_16((uint32_t)aecm->echoFilt[i],
supGain >> tmp16no1);
} else
{
// Result in Q-(RESOLUTION_CHANNEL+RESOLUTION_SUPGAIN-16)
echoEst32Gained = (aecm->echoFilt[i] >> tmp16no1) * supGain;
}
}
zeros16 = WebRtcSpl_NormW16(aecm->nearFilt[i]);
assert(zeros16 >= 0); // |zeros16| is a norm, hence non-negative.
dfa_clean_q_domain_diff = aecm->dfaCleanQDomain - aecm->dfaCleanQDomainOld;
if (zeros16 < dfa_clean_q_domain_diff && aecm->nearFilt[i]) {
tmp16no1 = aecm->nearFilt[i] << zeros16;
qDomainDiff = zeros16 - dfa_clean_q_domain_diff;
tmp16no2 = ptrDfaClean[i] >> -qDomainDiff;
} else {
tmp16no1 = dfa_clean_q_domain_diff < 0
? aecm->nearFilt[i] >> -dfa_clean_q_domain_diff
: aecm->nearFilt[i] << dfa_clean_q_domain_diff;
qDomainDiff = 0;
tmp16no2 = ptrDfaClean[i];
}
tmp32no1 = (int32_t)(tmp16no2 - tmp16no1);
tmp16no2 = (int16_t)(tmp32no1 >> 4);
tmp16no2 += tmp16no1;
zeros16 = WebRtcSpl_NormW16(tmp16no2);
if ((tmp16no2) & (-qDomainDiff > zeros16)) {
aecm->nearFilt[i] = WEBRTC_SPL_WORD16_MAX;
} else {
aecm->nearFilt[i] = qDomainDiff < 0 ? tmp16no2 << -qDomainDiff
: tmp16no2 >> qDomainDiff;
}
// Wiener filter coefficients, resulting hnl in Q14
if (echoEst32Gained == 0)
{
hnl[i] = ONE_Q14;
} else if (aecm->nearFilt[i] == 0)
{
hnl[i] = 0;
} else
{
// Multiply the suppression gain
// Rounding
echoEst32Gained += (uint32_t)(aecm->nearFilt[i] >> 1);
tmpU32 = WebRtcSpl_DivU32U16(echoEst32Gained,
(uint16_t)aecm->nearFilt[i]);
// Current resolution is
// Q-(RESOLUTION_CHANNEL+RESOLUTION_SUPGAIN- max(0,17-zeros16- zeros32))
// Make sure we are in Q14
tmp32no1 = (int32_t)WEBRTC_SPL_SHIFT_W32(tmpU32, resolutionDiff);
if (tmp32no1 > ONE_Q14)
{
hnl[i] = 0;
} else if (tmp32no1 < 0)
{
hnl[i] = ONE_Q14;
} else
{
// 1-echoEst/dfa
hnl[i] = ONE_Q14 - (int16_t)tmp32no1;
if (hnl[i] < 0)
{
hnl[i] = 0;
}
}
}
if (hnl[i])
{
numPosCoef++;
}
}
// Only in wideband. Prevent the gain in upper band from being larger than
// in lower band.
if (aecm->mult == 2)
{
// TODO(bjornv): Investigate if the scaling of hnl[i] below can cause
// speech distortion in double-talk.
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
hnl[i] = (int16_t)((hnl[i] * hnl[i]) >> 14);
}
for (i = kMinPrefBand; i <= kMaxPrefBand; i++)
{
avgHnl32 += (int32_t)hnl[i];
}
assert(kMaxPrefBand - kMinPrefBand + 1 > 0);
avgHnl32 /= (kMaxPrefBand - kMinPrefBand + 1);
for (i = kMaxPrefBand; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
if (hnl[i] > (int16_t)avgHnl32)
{
hnl[i] = (int16_t)avgHnl32;
}
}
}
// Calculate NLP gain, result is in Q14
if (aecm->nlpFlag)
{
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
// Truncate values close to zero and one.
if (hnl[i] > NLP_COMP_HIGH)
{
hnl[i] = ONE_Q14;
} else if (hnl[i] < NLP_COMP_LOW)
{
hnl[i] = 0;
}
// Remove outliers
if (numPosCoef < 3)
{
nlpGain = 0;
} else
{
nlpGain = ONE_Q14;
}
// NLP
if ((hnl[i] == ONE_Q14) && (nlpGain == ONE_Q14))
{
hnl[i] = ONE_Q14;
} else
{
hnl[i] = (int16_t)((hnl[i] * nlpGain) >> 14);
}
// multiply with Wiener coefficients
efw[i].real = (int16_t)(WEBRTC_SPL_MUL_16_16_RSFT_WITH_ROUND(dfw[i].real,
hnl[i], 14));
efw[i].imag = (int16_t)(WEBRTC_SPL_MUL_16_16_RSFT_WITH_ROUND(dfw[i].imag,
hnl[i], 14));
}
}
else
{
// multiply with Wiener coefficients
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
efw[i].real = (int16_t)(WEBRTC_SPL_MUL_16_16_RSFT_WITH_ROUND(dfw[i].real,
hnl[i], 14));
efw[i].imag = (int16_t)(WEBRTC_SPL_MUL_16_16_RSFT_WITH_ROUND(dfw[i].imag,
hnl[i], 14));
}
}
if (aecm->cngMode == AecmTrue)
{
ComfortNoise(aecm, ptrDfaClean, efw, hnl);
}
InverseFFTAndWindow(aecm, fft, efw, output, nearendClean);
return 0;
}
static void ComfortNoise(AecmCore* aecm,
const uint16_t* dfa,
ComplexInt16* out,
const int16_t* lambda) {
int16_t i;
int16_t tmp16;
int32_t tmp32;
int16_t randW16[PART_LEN];
int16_t uReal[PART_LEN1];
int16_t uImag[PART_LEN1];
int32_t outLShift32;
int16_t noiseRShift16[PART_LEN1];
int16_t shiftFromNearToNoise = kNoiseEstQDomain - aecm->dfaCleanQDomain;
int16_t minTrackShift;
assert(shiftFromNearToNoise >= 0);
assert(shiftFromNearToNoise < 16);
if (aecm->noiseEstCtr < 100)
{
// Track the minimum more quickly initially.
aecm->noiseEstCtr++;
minTrackShift = 6;
} else
{
minTrackShift = 9;
}
// Estimate noise power.
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
// Shift to the noise domain.
tmp32 = (int32_t)dfa[i];
outLShift32 = tmp32 << shiftFromNearToNoise;
if (outLShift32 < aecm->noiseEst[i])
{
// Reset "too low" counter
aecm->noiseEstTooLowCtr[i] = 0;
// Track the minimum.
if (aecm->noiseEst[i] < (1 << minTrackShift))
{
// For small values, decrease noiseEst[i] every
// |kNoiseEstIncCount| block. The regular approach below can not
// go further down due to truncation.
aecm->noiseEstTooHighCtr[i]++;
if (aecm->noiseEstTooHighCtr[i] >= kNoiseEstIncCount)
{
aecm->noiseEst[i]--;
aecm->noiseEstTooHighCtr[i] = 0; // Reset the counter
}
}
else
{
aecm->noiseEst[i] -= ((aecm->noiseEst[i] - outLShift32)
>> minTrackShift);
}
} else
{
// Reset "too high" counter
aecm->noiseEstTooHighCtr[i] = 0;
// Ramp slowly upwards until we hit the minimum again.
if ((aecm->noiseEst[i] >> 19) > 0)
{
// Avoid overflow.
// Multiplication with 2049 will cause wrap around. Scale
// down first and then multiply
aecm->noiseEst[i] >>= 11;
aecm->noiseEst[i] *= 2049;
}
else if ((aecm->noiseEst[i] >> 11) > 0)
{
// Large enough for relative increase
aecm->noiseEst[i] *= 2049;
aecm->noiseEst[i] >>= 11;
}
else
{
// Make incremental increases based on size every
// |kNoiseEstIncCount| block
aecm->noiseEstTooLowCtr[i]++;
if (aecm->noiseEstTooLowCtr[i] >= kNoiseEstIncCount)
{
aecm->noiseEst[i] += (aecm->noiseEst[i] >> 9) + 1;
aecm->noiseEstTooLowCtr[i] = 0; // Reset counter
}
}
}
}
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
tmp32 = aecm->noiseEst[i] >> shiftFromNearToNoise;
if (tmp32 > 32767)
{
tmp32 = 32767;
aecm->noiseEst[i] = tmp32 << shiftFromNearToNoise;
}
noiseRShift16[i] = (int16_t)tmp32;
tmp16 = ONE_Q14 - lambda[i];
noiseRShift16[i] = (int16_t)((tmp16 * noiseRShift16[i]) >> 14);
}
// Generate a uniform random array on [0 2^15-1].
WebRtcSpl_RandUArray(randW16, PART_LEN, &aecm->seed);
// Generate noise according to estimated energy.
uReal[0] = 0; // Reject LF noise.
uImag[0] = 0;
for (i = 1; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
// Get a random index for the cos and sin tables over [0 359].
tmp16 = (int16_t)((359 * randW16[i - 1]) >> 15);
// Tables are in Q13.
uReal[i] = (int16_t)((noiseRShift16[i] * WebRtcAecm_kCosTable[tmp16]) >>
13);
uImag[i] = (int16_t)((-noiseRShift16[i] * WebRtcAecm_kSinTable[tmp16]) >>
13);
}
uImag[PART_LEN] = 0;
for (i = 0; i < PART_LEN1; i++)
{
out[i].real = WebRtcSpl_AddSatW16(out[i].real, uReal[i]);
out[i].imag = WebRtcSpl_AddSatW16(out[i].imag, uImag[i]);
}
}
``` |
Muideen Akanji (born May 12, 1992) is a Nigerian boxer who competes as a middleweight. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was defeated in the heats of the Men's middleweight by Darren O'Neill.
References
Living people
Sportspeople from Lagos
Olympic boxers for Nigeria
Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Middleweight boxers
Boxers at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
1992 births
Yoruba sportspeople
Nigerian male boxers
African Games bronze medalists for Nigeria
African Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2011 All-Africa Games |
ONE: Winter Warriors (also known as ONE 148: Eersel vs. Murtazaev) was a Combat sport event produced by ONE Championship that took place on December 3, 2021, at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Kallang, Singapore.
Background
This event featured a kickboxing title fights. In the headline attraction, the reigning ONE Kickboxing Lightweight Champion Regian Eersel will defend his title for the fourth time against Islam Murtazaev.
The co-main event featured the atomweight women's grand prix final between Stamp Fairtex and Ritu Phogat.
Results
Bonus awards
The following fighters were awarded bonuses:
MMA Fight of the Year 2021: Dagi Arslanaliev vs. Timofey Nastyukhin
$50,000 Performance of the Night: Dagi Arslanaliev, Timofey Nastyukhin
See also
2021 in ONE Championship
List of ONE Championship events
List of current ONE fighters
References
Events in Singapore
ONE Championship events
2021 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Singapore
Sports competitions in Singapore
December 2021 sports events in Singapore |
Sicklers Mountain is a mountain located in the Catskill Mountains of New York north-northwest of Windham. Stevens Mountain is located northwest, and Mount Royal is located west of Sicklers Mountain.
References
Mountains of Schoharie County, New York
Mountains of New York (state) |
Generation Sap is the debut album from the band Cyclefly, released on 9 August 1999.
Reception
Stuart Green of Exclaim! considered the album "halfway decent", but criticised its perceived lack of originality.
Track listing
All songs written by O'Shea/O'Shea, unless otherwise noted.
Notes
https://web.archive.org/web/20091024224228/http://geocities.com/darak77/INTERVIEW.html
1999 debut albums
Cyclefly albums
Albums recorded at Sound City Studios |
Ines Donati (June 8, 1900 in San Severino Marche – November 3, 1924 in Matelica) was a political activist and a supporter of the first wave of Italy's Fascist movement.
Early years
Ines Donati was the daughter of David Donati, a shoemaker, and Ludmilla Bertolli, a clockmaker. She was described as a short girl with dark hair. She was a nationalist supporter from a young age, during the World War I years, and became known as "La Capitana" (the Captain) and "La Patriottica" (the Patriot).
At age 18, Donati moved to Rome to pursue her education. She attended a convent school in Trastevere, where she studied Fine Arts. In Trastevere, she became involved in popular youth organizations such as Corpo Nazionale Giovani Esploratori ed Esploratrici Italiani (CNGEI, National Corps of Young Italian Scouts and Guides), similar to the Scouting and Girl Guides organizations in the English-speaking countries. She also joined the Italian Nationalist Association, and the Gruppo Giovanile Ruggero Fauro (Ruggero Fauro Youth Group) established by the Italian nationalist and irredentist Ruggero Timeus. She was the only female member of the Rome Italian nationalist group "Sempre Pronti" (Always Ready).
She attended the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma with Piera Gatteschi Fondelli, both later enrolled in the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento on the same day.
During a 1920 labour strike by garbage collectors in Rome, Donati was one of two women (the other being Maria Rygier) who engaged in street cleaning. She also worked as a mail carrier and electrician during this period.
The following year, during the 1921 Italian General Election, Donati participated in the civil voluntary service and created propaganda for the Fascist national candidates. On February 18, 1921, at the Caffè Aragno in Rome, near the Montecitorio Palace, the Deputy of the Italian Socialist Party, Alceste Della Seta, was beaten, the second attack that he suffered. The first planned target of the attack was Nicola Bombacci, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Italy. She was arrested and spent one month in jail in connection with the attack. On July 31 she was attacked by the anti-Fascist group Arditi del Popolo in Trastevere, who spent 20 days in hospital as a result. In 1921 she received what Fascists would later call her "battesimo del fuoco" (baptism by fire) at Ravenna, the location of a nationalist congress; Luigi Federzoni described her as "fearless, standing between the whistle of bullets".
Squadrismo and death
In 1922, Donati was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which was difficult to treat at the time and usually resulted in death. Mussolini's March on Rome that year, viewed as a power grab, instigated the Italian General Strike by opponents of Fascism. The strike was organized by Alleanza del Lavoro (a 1922 labour group coalition) as well as Ancona. It had a disruptive effect on rail service. On August 2, a train derailed at Osimo. This resulted in the death of the firefighter Attilio Forlani, who was a veteran and a Fascist supporter, and many passengers were injured. Donati, although ill, took part in violent actions against strikers on August 5. With a paramilitary group, the squadrismo, nationalists, many coming from Central Italy, succeeded in occupying the city. Two strikers were killed, Amilcare Biancheria and Giuseppe Morelli.
On September 28, Donati took part in rescue operations after a gunpowder explosion destroyed several homes in Pitelli. Donati was one of only several women who joined the Fascist March on Rome; After reaching Ancona, and possessing two pistols, she took a train to the capitol, and personally met Mussolini. In 1923 she applied to join the paramilitary Blackshirts (Voluntary Militia for National Security), created that year; on March 4, Mussolini responded: "I have known of her fame for a long time and know that she is a fierce Italian, an indomitable fascist".
In 1924, her health deteriorated. She died of tuberculosis on November 3, in Matelica, at the age of 24 years, and was proclaimed a martyr by the Fascists. Some historians believe her last words were, "I wanted to be strong like a man, but forgot that I am a frail woman". The Fascist establishment in fact opposed Donati's assertive behaviour in support of their causes, a disinhibition that could "damage the movement in public opinion" The Fascists, according to their mentality, believed that woman should submit to man, in subjection and inferiority, and prohibited any political activity by women.
Her reputation was used in propaganda by the Fascists however, and on the request of Achille Starace, Donati's body was exhumed on March 23, 1933, and reburied at the Chapel of Heroes at the Verano cemetery in Rome. She was made into an icon of youth. In 1926, a health clinic in Matelica was dedicated to her.
On October 17, 1937, a bronze statue of Donati was dedicated, designed by Rutilio Ceccolini and sculptor Luigi Gabrielli, in the vicinity of the square San Severino Marche. The presentation speech was delivered by Wanda Bruschi, wife of Raphael Gorjux and an important provincial fascist. The work was removed by the partisans in 1944, and rebuilt into a memorial to victims of all wars.
See also
Fascism
Maria Rygier
Squadrismo
San Severino Marche
References
Further reading
Italian fascists
1900 births
1924 deaths
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Infectious disease deaths in Marche |
BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge 2013 is a compilation album consisting of live tracks played on Fearne Cotton's BBC Radio 1 show, both cover versions and original songs. The album was released on 28 October 2013, and is the ninth in the series of Live Lounge albums.
Track listing
Charts
References
2013 compilation albums
2013 live albums
Live Lounge
Covers albums
Rhino Entertainment compilation albums
Sony Music compilation albums
Universal Music Group compilation albums
Universal Music TV albums |
Yua is a small genus of vines in the family Vitaceae, native to Nepal, S. China, Taiwan and Vietnam.
Species
The genus Yua includes:
Yua austro-orientalis
Yua thomsonii (synonym Yua chinensis )
References
Vitaceae
Vitaceae genera |
Trudy Hellier is an Australian actress, director and screenwriter with many television credits to her name.
Selected credits
She was a main star in the Australian television programs Round the Twist and Frontline. She appeared on Blue Heelers, The Games, Neighbours, The Secret Life of Us, Guinevere Jones, State Coroner, Law of the Land and Driven Crazy.
In 2011 she appeared as Deb in the touring production of Furiously Fertile. In addition to her acting, Hellier has also written and directed in the Australian TV and film industries. She won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Screenplay in a Short Film for Break and Enter in 1999.
External links
Australian film directors
Australian screenwriters
Australian women film directors
Australian television actresses
Australian television directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian women television directors |
Jade Amelia Thirlwall (born 26 December 1992) is an English singer and songwriter. She rose to prominence as a member of the girl group Little Mix. With the group, Thirlwall achieved nineteen top-ten singles, five number-ones, and six top-five studio albums on the UK Albums Chart, becoming the first girl group to achieve this milestone and also the first girl group to spend a total of 100 weeks within the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart. In 2022, she signed a recording contract with RCA Records following the group's hiatus.
In addition to her solo work, Thirlwall signed a songwriter's publishing deal in 2019 with Sony/ATV Music, and shares songwriting credits for Little Mix, Twice, Billy Porter, Britney Spears, Iggy Azalea, and Nayeon. Aside from music, she is an ambassador for Stonewall and is noted for her political reviews and social activism, advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, the ban against transgender conversion therapy in the UK and Black Lives Matter. Her involvement with charity work earned her the Gay Times Honour for Allyship in 2021.
Early life
Jade Amelia Thirlwall was born on 26 December 1992 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear, England, to parents Norma Badwi and James Thirlwall. She has an older brother called Karl. She has Egyptian and Yemeni descent from her mother's side and English descent from her father's side. Thirlwall identifies as mixed-race, and is learning to connect more with her Arab-Egyptian-Yemeni heritage and its language in hopes of travelling more to the Middle East.
As a child, she attended Muslim school to learn how to read and write in Arabic and attended church. During her teenage years she attended performing arts college at South Tyneside. In 1943, Thirlwall's grandfather Mohammed Ahmed Saleh Badwi a devoted Muslim, emigrated to South Shields, from Yemen, and worked as a firefighter in the merchant navy, and as a laborer at the docks. He met his wife Amelia in South Shields. Thirlwall's great-grandfather was from Egypt.
Music career
2008–2022: Career beginnings and Little Mix
In 2008, at the age of 15, Thirlwall auditioned for The X Factor UK, singing "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" by Whitney Houston, but was eliminated at the boot- camp stage. She returned for a second time in 2010, but was unsuccessful. In 2011, at age 18, Thirlwall returned for the show's eighth series and auditioned with "I Want to Hold Your Hand" by the Beatles, and advanced to bootcamp stage. After failing the first challenge she was placed into a group named "Orion" with Leigh-Anne Pinnock. Perrie Edwards and Jesy Nelson, both were in another group called "Faux Pas". Both groups were later eliminated. Edwards, Thirlwall, Pinnock, and Nelson were called back by the judges and placed into another group originally known as Rhythmix. They progressed to the judges' houses and reached the live shows where they was mentored by Tulisa Contostavlos.
On 28 October 2011, it was announced that the group name had changed to Little Mix, because of legal issues. On 11 December 2011, Little Mix was announced as the first group to win the series. They also became the first girl group to make it past week seven of the live shows, the first girl group to reach The X Factor final and the first and only girl group to win the show.
Thirlwall shares songwriting credits for more than 50 songs, across Little Mix's six studio albums. She has co-written two UK number one singles with "Wings" in 2012 and "Shout Out to My Ex" in 2016. In 2019, she was recognised as an official songwriter after signing with Sony/ATV. Since Little Mix's debut they have been cited for helping the girl band renaissance in the UK and for re-defining girl groups. They have gone onto become one of the best-selling girl groups and one of Britain's biggest selling acts. In December 2021, the group announced they would be going on a hiatus, after The Confetti Tour in 2022 to allow its members to pursue solo projects.
2022–present: Solo career and projects
On 1 March 2022, Thirlwall appeared on RuPaul's Drag Race, special UK vs The World series. On 2 March 2022, she made her acting debut and a cameo appearance in the British musical television drama series Mood. In the same month, she signed a recording contract with RCA Records in the UK and USA and with Full Stop Management. In May 2022, in collaboration with Sink The Pink's Manifesto for Misfits Book, Thirlwall wrote about her experiences with bullying, anorexia and her identity issues because of her mixed race.
On 24 June, she co-wrote a track for Nayeon's debut album, Im Nayeon, marking the second time she had worked with the artist after she contributed to the Twice album Taste of Love in 2021. Thirlwall won Cover of the Year at the PPA Awards in 2022 for her Gay Times Honours Special Issue for 2021. In August 2022, she took a break from the music industry, with plans to release solo music in 2023. In November 2022, she appeared on Heat magazine's "UK and Ireland 30 under 30" rich list for the first time with an estimated net worth of £17.5 million.
Artistry
Thirwall's sound has been described as a combination of pop, R&B, and dance-pop with influences from other genres including tropical house, latin pop, and electronic music. She grew up listening to motown music, with her grandfather playing arabic music to her as a child. She cites Diana Ross as a music influence and has also expressed her love for Drag Culture, Drag Queens and is fan of RuPaul. In 2020, for an interview for Attitude (magazine) she added:"Doing a lot of performing arts growing up and stuff, I’ve always been surrounded by a lot of LGBTQ+ friends that have been in theatre school with me or at school. When we used to go on holiday Benidorm, one of the favourite things was when me mam used to the drag shows. Me mam’s always been into the glitz and the glamour [of drag] and her idol and my idols are Dana Ross, and all the big divas. And I think for me growing up, whenever I saw drag shows as a little girl, I associated drag queens with the big divas. It’s something that we’ve always loved".
Personal life
Since 2020, Thirlwall has been in a relationship with British singer Jordan Stephens, from the hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks. The pair started dating in 2020 after first being spotted together at a Black Trans Lives Matter rally in central London.
Thirlwall has multiple tattoos. On her spine, she has an Arabic tattoo that reads "Anyone can achieve their dreams if they’ve got the courage" as a tribute to her Egyptian and Yemeni ancestry, as well as a tattoo on her ribcage that means "queen" in Arabic. She also has tattoos located on her feet, and in 2019 revealed a henna-style design on her right foot. In 2021, she got a tattoo on her leg to commemorate the day Little Mix were formed in celebration of the group's 10 year anniversary.
Thirlwall is open about her struggles with body image, racism, bullying, and eating disorder, which she first developed at that age of 13. As a child and teenager she experienced prejudice and racism for her mixed ethnicity, recalling in an interview for Vogue Arabia:"At school, I didn’t fit into any group, and started to experience prejudice and racism. I was one of the very few people of color in the school, so from the off I felt like an outcast. I used to get called the P-word, which I didn’t understand as I’m not Pakistani. I was also called half-caste. During one incident someone pinned me down in the toilets and put a bindi spot on my forehead. There was a complete lack of education and understanding of different races and faiths. It affected my mental health. I became very depressed and it triggered the eating disorder I had throughout school."Thirlwall began recovery and left the hospital weeks before she auditioned for The X Factor in 2011. In 2020, she was featured in a documentary titled Leigh-Anne: Race, Pop & Power, and spoke about the time that she wanted cosmetic surgery after discovering her images were heavily edited to make her look as "white as possible" during her earlier days in Little Mix.
Endorsements and fashion
Thirlwall is a patron for Cancer Connections and a ambassador for Stonewall. In November 2019, Thirlwall opened her own cocktail bar, called Arbeia, in South Shields. In June 2020, she collaborated with Skinnydip London, a British clothing brand, with the money from her collection being donated to help struggling families in South Shields. In the same year she launched a second collaboration with them. In August 2020, she was announced as the Honorary President for South Shields F.C. and became a shareholder for the club in the same year.
In September 2020, she was photographed alongside Heidi Klum, Lil Nas and Helen Christensen by fashion campaign Christian Cowan for his Spring/Summer 2021 collection. On 10 September 2021, Thirlwall was announced as the new face ambassador of the Italian sportswear brand, Ellesse "Autumn/Winter" collection. On 11 October 2021, she released her own eyeshadow palette in collaboration with Beauty Bay. She has also graced the cover for Interview (magazine), Vogue Arabia, and Gay Times Magazine, which won cover of the year at the PPA Awards in 2022.
Activism
She is noted for her political reviews and social activism, advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, ban against transgender conversion therapy in the UK, and Black Lives Matter. In May 2014, she donated a haul of clothes, with all of the proceedings going to the homeless. In 2017, Thirlwall donated another collection of her clothes to help raise money for Cancer Connections. In the same year she helped raised money for Stonewall at her drag-themed 25th birthday party. In May 2018, she also spoke at the Stonewall Youth Awards about what it meant to be an ally and encouraged more artists to do the same. In 2018, she became an LGBTQ+ rights ambassador for LGBTQ+ charity Stonewall, and in 2018, attended Manchester Pride with them.
In 2019, Thirlwall and Michelle Visage raised £10,000 for the Mermaids UK, and in the same year she climbed Mount Kilimanjaro to raise funds for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day with Leigh-Anne Pinnock, and other British celebrities. In December 2019, she spent her birthday raising money for cancer charities which has become a yearly tradition for her. In 2020, she attended a march with Stonewall during Manchester Pride and took to social media to call out someone who questioned the importance of pride month.
In June 2020, Thirlwall attended a Black Lives Matter protest in the UK that surfaced due to the death of an African-American man George Floyd, and attended the Black Trans Lives Matter march in London. In July 2020, she called L'Oréal, for not supporting the black trans community after their treatment towards model Munroe Bergdorf. In 2020, she called out the media after journalists had mistaken her for band member Leigh-Anne Pinnock. A journalist had used an image of her in an article that was focused around Thirlwall. In the interview she revealed that journalists often confuse the pair during interviews and that photographers often shout Pinnock's name at her whenever she is attending events.
In January 2021, Thirlwall won the fourth series of The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off. In March 2021 she partnered up with UNICEF to learn about the war in Yemen. In July 2021, she signed an open letter to the UK Equalities minister Liz Truss calling for a ban on all forms of LGBT+ conversion therapy. In October 2022, she wrote an open letter for the Gay Times, Sink The Pink book; detailing her experiences with bullying and how she learned to use the "insults as fuel." She also teamed up with a designer to create a limited edition community shirt for a North East football club, for all donations to be donated to charity Cancer Connections. Thirlwall attended the Not Safe To Be Me protest at Downing Street to ban transgender conversion therapy in the UK, following the government's reversal on the issue.
Discography
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Listicles
References
1992 births
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English songwriters
English women pop singers
English women songwriters
English people of Egyptian descent
English people of Yemeni descent
English people of Greek descent
Feminist musicians
Labour Party (UK) people
English LGBT rights activists
Little Mix members
Living people
Musicians from South Shields |
The Saint Joseph of the Lake Church is located on the Menominee Indian Reservation in Menominee County, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
History
Roman Catholic missionaries had settled in the area by 1875, serving both the Menominee and other white settlers. The cemetery for Roman Catholics and a burial ground for non-Roman Catholics were established soon after. Under the direction of Father Blase Krake, the church was constructed in the 1890s. The site would become a sanctuary for the Menominee to live their way of life. As the federal government of the United States began prohibiting many Native American tribes from speaking their traditional languages and performing their traditional ceremonies, the church allowed the Menominee to do such things on the property. It has been credited for allowing the Menominee way of life and traditions to be passed on to further generations.
References
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Former Roman Catholic church buildings in Wisconsin
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay
Roman Catholic cemeteries in Wisconsin
Churches in Menominee County, Wisconsin
Gothic Revival church buildings in Wisconsin
Native American history of Wisconsin
Roman Catholic churches completed in the 1890s
National Register of Historic Places in Menominee County, Wisconsin
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Cemeteries established in the 1870s
1876 establishments in Wisconsin |
Kurhaus (German for "spa house" or "health resort") may refer to:
Kurhaus of Baden-Baden in Germany
Kurhaus, Wiesbaden in Germany
Kurhaus, Meran in South Tyrol, Italy
Kurhaus of Scheveningen in the Netherlands
Kurhaus Bergün, a grand hotel |
The Connacht Intermediate Club Hurling Championship is an annual club competition in Connacht. Prior to 2008, county champions competed in the senior grade, but since then the senior champions from Mayo and Roscommon compete at intermediate level along with the Galway intermediate champions, who receive a bye to the final. The winners go on to compete for the All-Ireland Intermediate Club Hurling Championship.
Beginning with the 2018 championship, the London champions compete in the competition, entering at the semi-final stage. The competition has been won by the Galway representatives on each occasion, with the exception of Mayo club Tooreen's wins in 2017, 2019 & 2021.
Teams
Recent championships
2021
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
List of Finals
Roll of Honour
Wins by Club
Wins by County
See also
Munster Intermediate Club Hurling Championship
Leinster Intermediate Club Hurling Championship
Ulster Intermediate Club Hurling Championship
References
2 |
This is a list of the members of the European Parliament for France in the 1999 to 2004 session.
See also
Members of the European Parliament 1999–2004
List of members of the European Parliament, 1999–2004 - for a full alphabetical list
1999 European Parliament election in France
References
1999
List
France |
The history of Bournemouth and human settlement in the surrounding area goes back for thousands of years. Bournemouth is a coastal town on the island of Great Britain in Dorset, England, United Kingdom.
Before Inclosure
In 1800, the area was largely a remote and barren heathland, used only by smugglers – most notably Isaac Gulliver, now considered one of the founding fathers of Bournemouth – and revenue troops. 'Bourne Heath' was also known as Wallis Down in the north and Little Down in the south and east, and was part of the Great Heath of central Dorset which extended as far as Dorchester. To the east was Christchurch, to the west was Poole and to the north east was the River Stour. There were villages at Kinson, Throop, Holdenhurst (where the oldest dwelling is located) and Iford and a handful of buildings at Pokesdown but the area between these communities was just a wilderness of pine trees, gorse, ferns and heather. The area now called central Bournemouth and the Pier Approach was 'Bourne Mouth' – the mouth of the Bourne Stream. No-one lived at Bourne Mouth and the only regular visitors were a few fishermen, turf cutters and gangs of smugglers who landed their cargoes of spirits, tea and tobacco on the deserted beach.
The eastern part of the heath was called the Liberty of West Stour (later, the Liberty of Westover). It was divided into six tythings: 'Muscliff', 'Muccleshell', 'Throop', 'Holdenhurst', 'Iford' and 'Tuckton & Wick'. These areas were common land used by the inhabitants for livestock and by the poor for wood and turves.
The western and southern parts of the heath had once been a hunting estate 'Stourfield Chase' but by the late 18th century only a small part of this was maintained: the 'Decoy Pond Estate' (now known as 'Coy Pond' and being wholly in the neighbouring historic town of Poole) comprising several fields around the Bourne Stream and including a cottage known as Decoy Pond House, which stood near where The Square is today.
Christchurch Inclosure Act 1802
Until 1802 the area was common land. The Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802 and the Inclosure Commissioners' Award of 1805 transferred hundreds of acres into private ownership for the first time. To implement the Act, three Commissioners were appointed to divide up the land and allot it according to an individual's entitlement. They were also empowered to set out the roads and to sell plots of land to pay for their work in creating the award. The Commissioners were Richard Richardson of Lincoln's Inn Fields, John Wickens of Mapperton and William Calpcott of Holdenhurst. Their clerk was William Baldwin of Ringwood.
Whilst the landed gentry were well represented with the Commissioners, the ordinary commoners who used and depended on the common land were concerned that they would lose all rights and would have nowhere for their animals and nowhere from which to collect wood and turves. However, they managed to persuade William West, the farmer at Muscliff Farm, to create a petition on their behalf and to present it to the Commissioners at a meeting in Ringwood. The result was that five areas of land, totalling , were set aside for the benefit of the occupiers of certain cottages "in lieu of their Rights or pretended Rights or customs in cutting Turves". These five areas are today known as 'Meyrick Park', 'Queen's Park', 'King's Park', 'Redhill Common' and 'Seafield Gardens' and are held in trust by the Five Parks Charity.
More than half the land sold was bought by two men, William Dean of Littledown House, who paid £639 for including the West Cliff and what is now King's Park. Sir George Ivison Tapps, the Lord of the Manor of Christchurch, paid £1,050 for including the East Cliff and part of central Bournemouth. Sir George decided to plant thousands of pine trees on his land. It was the valuable medicinal properties of these trees, combined with the invigorating sea air, that the town owes its origin.
In 1809, a new building appeared on the heath. Originally called the Tapps Arms after Sir George Tapps, and later the Tregonwell Arms. It stood where Post Office Road meets Old Christchurch Road. The pub was a favourite haunt of smugglers and later became Bournemouth's first post office. It was demolished in 1885.
When retired army officer Lewis Tregonwell visited in 1810, he found only a bridge crossing a small stream at the head of an unspoilt valley (or 'chine') that led out into Poole Bay. An inn had recently been built near what is now The Square (the centre of Bournemouth), catering both for travellers and for the smugglers who lurked in the area at night. Captain Tregonwell and his wife were so impressed by the area that they bought several acres and built a home, which is today part of the Royal Exeter Hotel. Tregonwell also planted pine trees, providing a sheltered walk to the beach. The town was to grow up around its scattered pines. Twenty-five years after the Tregonwells started work on their holiday mansion, Bournemouth was still only a small community with a scattering of houses and cottages.
Growth and development as a resort
In 1835 after the death of Sir George Ivison Tapps, his son Sir George William Tapps-Gervis inherited his father's estate and started developing the seaside village into a resort similar to those that had already grown up along the south coast such as Weymouth and Brighton. Sir George employed Christchurch architect Benjamin Ferrey to plan the Gervis Estate. The Westover Villas were commenced in 1837. Ferrey included hotels in his design for Bournemouth. The first two hotels opened in 1838. One was the Bath Hotel, which went on to become the Royal Bath, although the original building was much smaller and less grand than the current facility. The other was the Belle Vue Boarding House, which stood where the Pavilion is now and later became the Belle Vue and Pier Hotel. The 1830s also saw the beginnings of Bournemouth Gardens.
Bournemouth also acquired its first church in 1838; before this people had to travel to Poole, Holdenhurst or Christchurch for Sunday worship. The first church was converted from a pair of semi-detached cottages which stood in The Square roughly where Debenhams is today. A pointed turret was added to the roof and fitted with a bell. During the week the building was used as a schoolroom.
In 1840, Bournemouth was officially referred to as a single word.
By 1841, there were still only a few hundred people living in Bournemouth but that was soon to change. In that year the seaside village had an important visitor, a physician called Augustus Bozzi Granville, the author of a book called The Spas of England which described health resorts around the country. As a result of his visit, Dr Granville included a chapter on Bournemouth in the second edition of his book. It was this more than anything that put the town on the map as the perfect place for people with health problems, especially chest complaints which were far more common in the 19th century than today.
Bournemouth quickly became a destination for affluent holiday-makers and for invalids in search of the sea air. In the 1840s, the fields south of the road crossing (later The Square) were drained and laid out with shrubberies and walks.
In 1849, a bridge was built over the Bourne Stream, providing the beginning of The Square.
In 1856, Parliament approved the Bournemouth Improvement Act. Under the Act, a board of 13 Commissioners was established to organise all the things involved in the running of a small but growing town, such as paving, sewers, drainage, street lighting and street cleaning. Under the guidance of their surveyor, Christopher Crabb Creeke, the Bournemouth Commissioners quickly launched a programme of work designed to improve the amenities of their town and make it more attractive to visitors. The Commissioners continued to govern the town until 1890 and were the forerunners of the Bournemouth Borough Council of today.
By the 1860s, the fields to the north were also laid out with walks by the owners of the Branksome Estate.
In the early 1870s all the fields were leased to the Bournemouth Commissioners, by the freeholders. These fields now form The Pleasure Gardens, which run through the centre of the town; although the name The Lower Pleasure Gardens is no longer officially applied to the area south of The Square. The area continued to progress with the development of the railways and the popular idea of visiting the seaside for holidays. Among the people who contributed to the development of Bournemouth at this time were Sir Percy Shelley (son of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley) and Sir Merton Russell-Cotes.
The Holdenhurst Road drill hall was completed in 1897.
History of transport in Bournemouth
Railway
On 14 March 1870, the London and South Western Railway Company opened the first railway station in the town, following an extension of the Ringwood-Christchurch branch line. The station was built on the east side of Holdenhurst Road. The facilities offered by this station were very basic. On 18 June 1874 a second station opened in Queens Road, near Westbourne, at the end of an extension from Broadstone Junction. It was served initially only by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway with trains connecting with the LSWR at Wimborne. On 20 July 1885 the present mainline station, designed by William Jacob, was opened on the west side of Holdenhurst Road. A link between the two stations, then known as Bournemouth West and Bournemouth East, was opened on 28 September 1886. Also in 1886 a Boscombe station was opened, the name was later changed to Pokesdown (Boscombe). In 1897 when a new Boscombe station (since closed) was opened on land situated between Ashley Road and Gloucester Road, the original was renamed Pokesdown. The new Bournemouth East station was renamed Bournemouth Central on 1 May 1899. The building of railway links made Bournemouth much easier to get to and more people began to visit the town.
Tram
Between July 1902 and April 1936, Bournemouth Corporation operated a tramway between Bournemouth, Poole, Christchurch and Winton. On 1 May 1908, a tram was derailed on Avenue Road (near to the present day library), killing 7 people and seriously injuring 2. The tramway system began its closure in 1929 when motorbuses of Hants and Dorset Motor Services were introduced as a tram replacement on the Lower Parkstone route. Bournemouth tram number 85 is preserved and on static display at the Museum of Electricity in Christchurch.
Trolleybuses
The town also had an extensive network which opened on 13 May 1933 and closed on 20 April 1969.
The Pleasure Gardens and the sanatorium
The Pleasure Gardens are still an important landmark and the Central Gardens contain the town's impressive war memorial, guarded by two stone lions. The War Memorial was installed in 1921 when the Borough Council moved to the adjacent Mont Dore Hotel, which it still occupies. Various building works were carried out – such as the Saint Stephen's Road bridge – to stamp the municipal identity on this area of the town; the war memorial was one of them. It was designed by Bournemouth's deputy architect Albert Edward Shervey, who copied the two lions (one sleeping, the other awake and roaring) from Antonio Cavona's lions which guarded the tomb of Pope Clement XIII.
A large sanatorium, overlooking the Central Gardens, treated patients with chest diseases. It has recently been re-developed as Brompton Court, a complex of retirement homes, preserving its remarkable chapel. Next to the sanatorium was built the magnificent Mont Dore Hotel, which is now Bournemouth Town Hall. In the hotel's heyday in the 1880s it was renowned nationally and internationally for its sumptuous luxury which included possessing one of the first telephones in England – the number was "3". The hotel was then used during the First World War as a hospital to treat wounded soldiers. Although the number of invalids sent to the town dropped in the late 19th century, the resort was still booming and its population increasing rapidly. As Bournemouth's popularity increased, the town centre spawned theatres, concert halls, cafés, cinemas and more hotels.
History of Bournemouth Pier
The first pier in Bournemouth consisted of a short wooden jetty that was completed in 1856. This was replaced by a much longer wooden pier, designed by George Rennie, which opened on 17 September 1861. Due to an attack by Teredo worm, the wooden piles were removed in favour of cast iron replacements in 1866, but even with this additional benefit just over a year later the pier was made unusable when the T-shaped landing stage was swept away in a gale. After repairs, the pier continued in use for a further ten years until November 1876 when another severe storm caused further collapse rendering the pier too short for steamboat traffic. The Rennie pier was subsequently demolished, and replaced in 1877 by a temporary structure. During the next three years a new pier, designed by Eugenius Birch, was completed.
At a cost of £2,600 the new Bournemouth Pier was opened by the Lord Mayor of London on 11 August 1880. Consisting of an open promenade, it stretched to a length of 838 ft (255.4 m) and spanned some 35 ft (10.6 m) across the neck of the pier, extending to 110 ft (33.3 m) at the head. With the addition of a bandstand in 1885, military band concerts took place three times a day in summer and twice daily throughout the winter. Covered shelters were also provided at this time. Two extensions, in 1894 and 1909 respectively, took the pier's overall length to more than 1000 ft (304.8 m).
In common with virtually all other piers in the south and east of the country, Bournemouth Pier was substantially demolished by soldiers from the 18th Field Park Company of the Royal Engineers on 5 July 1940 as a precaution against German invasion. The pier was repaired and re-opened in August 1946. Refurbishment of the pier head was carried out in 1950, and ten years later a rebuild of the substructure was completed in concrete to take the weight of a new pier theatre. A structural survey of 1976 found major areas of corrosion, and in 1979 a £1.7m restoration programme was initiated. Having demolished the old shoreward end buildings, replacing them with a new two-storey octagonal leisure complex, and reconstructed the pier neck in concrete giving it the bridge-like appearance that it retains today, the work was completed in two years.
As of 2019, the council levies a charge to walk on the pier during peak season – early April until late October. The charge is £1.20 for adults and 80 pence for children.
World War Two
In World War II, the town was hit by Air Raids. The Methodist Church on Exeter Road was destroyed and 77 people were killed.
The Winter Gardens
The town's first large entertainment venue was the original glass Winter Gardens, built in 1875 as the home of the town's municipal orchestra, (now the internationally renowned Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra). Elgar, Sibelius and Holst conducted there, but the acoustics were reputedly poor. In 1935, the original Winter Gardens was demolished. Its replacement, opened two years later, was intended as an indoor bowls centre, but by chance turned out to have superb acoustics, and after the Second World War it became the orchestra's new home. Before the opening of the BIC, the Winter Gardens welcomed just about every major entertainer of the day, including Maurice Chevalier, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Queen and Morecambe and Wise. The building had been in decline since the late 1970s, and stood closed as the town council examined alternative uses. Then, despite a local vote and promises that it would be kept open, the hall was demolished in May 2006.
The Pavilion and the Westover Road cinemas
The Pavilion dates from 1925 and was built on the site of the former Belle Vue boarding house, one of the town's first buildings. Theatrical legends, including Ralph Richardson and Trevor Howard, played the Pavilion Theatre in its heyday. The Pavilion faces the cinemas and upmarket shops of Westover Road, which prides itself on being the town's "Bond Street".
Westover Road's Odeon cinema began life as the Regent in 1929 and retains many of the art deco features of the era. It was known as the Gaumont from 1949–86 and used to host live performances as well as films. Stars who appeared there included Ella Fitzgerald, Dusty Springfield, Victor Borge and, in 1963, the Beatles. The cinema now has six screens.
The nearby ABC cinema dates from 1937, when it contained one 2,600-seater auditorium. It has three auditoriums today, one of them boasting the areas largest cinema screen, and is capable of projecting epics in 70mm. Recent research has suggested that local residents, especially those of a younger demographic are keen to see a new live entertainment venue, easily accessible to the surrounding areas.
Both cinemas closed in early 2017 to make way for a new Odeon multiplex in the BH2 leisure complex.
Recent history
The section of the coast both to the east and to the west of Bournemouth was very important during the Second World War. For example, Poole (Poole Harbour) was the departure point for many ships participating in the D-Day landings, and Studland Bay (just south of Poole) was the scene of practice live fire beach landings in preparation for the Normandy Landings. Bournemouth itself was not a main target of bombing during the war but was on the route for other raids (e.g. on Coventry) and German bombers were known to unload their spare bombs on the town; 219 civilians were killed by bombing during the war, 2,200 bombs dropped and almost 14,000 buildings damaged.
During World War II a Bournemouth man lost his life when his Royal Air Force training airplane crashed in the United States. Local residents living near the site, in the State of Oklahoma, erected a monument in 2000 honouring the lives of all four RAF fliers who perished. The residents, who include Choctaw Indians and the Choctaw Nation government, continue honouring the lives of all four on each anniversary of the crashes, which took place in February 1943.
After the Second World War, Bournemouth saw a period of decline as a seaside resort and a tourist destination, similar to other resorts across England. However the population of the town and its surrounding suburbs continued to grow at a considerable rate. In 1880, the town had a population of 17,000 people. By 1900 this had risen to 60,000, and by 1990 it had more than doubled again, reaching 150,000. In the latest census, the town had a population of 163,441. Since the 1990s there have been increasing calls for the town, together with Poole, to attain official city status (as per the example of Brighton & Hove) due to its sheer expanse and regional importance.
A local government reorganisation of county boundaries saw Bournemouth being moved from Hampshire to Dorset in 1974. In 1997, Bournemouth became a unitary authority.
On 15 September 1980 Bournemouth was one of the first areas outside a major city to get its own independent radio station. 2CR FM broadcast from near Bournemouth railway station; its name, meaning 2 Counties' Radio, is derived from the fact that its broadcast area includes parts of the counties of Dorset and Hampshire.
The town itself has continued to expand its business and tourist destination potential. The Bournemouth Big Wheel, for example, is situated at Pier Approach. Visitors and residents can enjoy stunning, panoramic views of Bournemouth beach, pier and town from the Big Wheel standing more than 100 feet tall.
In the 1990s a leisure complex including an IMAX cinema was constructed on the sea front by Bournemouth Pier. The building itself proved deeply unpopular amongst locals for its lack of aesthetic quality and for blocking the sea view. It featured on and came second in Demolition, a 2005 Channel 4 programme asking the public to choose the building that they most wanted to demolish . Questions were asked of the Council about the cost of demolition as a result . The building was demolished in 2013 to create an outdoor public space.
Bournemouth was the first local council in the UK to install CCTV cameras in public places, introducing them on the seafront in 1985. The original intention for using CCTV was to deter petty vandalism and crime; however, with local authorities increasingly reliant on parking penalties as a form of revenue, CCTV in Bournemouth is used to send fast response personnel in vans to ticket parking offenders within minutes of their violation.
Recently, a new £9.5 million Bournemouth Library was completed in 2003, winning the Prime Minister's Better Public Building Award in the British Construction Industry Awards competition in recognition of its relatively low cost and high fit with client requirements.
In recent years the town has attracted a high number of jobs in financial services, with JP Morgan Chase, Liverpool Victoria, Abbey Life and Portman Building Society all opening major offices. JP Morgan Chase has a large campus style office on the outskirts of the town in the Littledown area supplemented by further offices in the town centre, and employs over 4,000 people in the town. The financial sector is in fact the biggest source of income for Bournemouth, although a general misbelief is that the tourism sector is responsible for this.
On 28 April 2015, AFC Bournemouth gained promotion to the Premier League , marking their first time in the top tier of English football since their founding in 1899.
February 2017: A new complex called BH2 opened in the town centre, housing a state of the art multiplex cinema, with an I-sense experience and other cinemas with reclining seats. The complex also houses at least 12 restaurants and an underground car park for up to 250 cars. This replaces both the Odeon and ABC cinemas in Westover Road, which have now closed.
In 2019, the council was abolished as Bournemouth became part of the new Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole unitary authority area.
In 2022, both of the towns Conservative MPs, Conor Burns (Bournemouth West) and Tobias Ellwood (Bournemouth East) had the whip withdrawn forcing them to sit as Independents.
References
External links
Streets of Bournemouth
Dorset History Centre
Bournemouth |
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<source>Build Skeleton</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Paint Rigid</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Animate</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rigid</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Flex</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Mode:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Vertex Name:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Allow Stretching</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Thickness</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Keep Distance</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Global Key</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>A group of skeletons already exists for current column. Replacing it will also substitute any existing vertex animation.
Do you want to continue?</source>
<translation>
</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Ok</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Copy Skeleton</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Paste Skeleton</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Delete Vertex</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Set Key</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Set Rest Key</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Set Global Key</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Set Global Rest Key</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Show Mesh</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Show Rigidity</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Show SO</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Show Skeleton Onion Skin</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The previous vertex name will be discarded, and all associated keys will be lost.
Do you want to proceed?</source>
<translation>
</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Edit Mesh</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Snap To Mesh</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Angle Bounds</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Swap Edge</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Collapse Edge</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Split Edge</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Cut Mesh</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>PlasticToolOptionsBox</name>
<message>
<source>Create Mesh</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Skeleton:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>SO</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Angle</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Distance</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>PrimitiveParam</name>
<message>
<source>Shape:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Thickness:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Opacity:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Hardness:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Polygon Sides:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Auto Group</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Auto Fill</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Selective</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Pencil Mode</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Miter:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Size:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Snap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rectangle</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Circle</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Ellipse</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Line</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Polyline</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Arc</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Polygon</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Butt cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Round cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Projecting cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Miter join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Round join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Bevel join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Low</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>High</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Med</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>MultiArc</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Smooth</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rotate</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>PumpTool</name>
<message>
<source>Size:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Accuracy:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>QObject</name>
<message>
<source>Min:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Max:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Yes</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>No</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The copied selection cannot be pasted in the current drawing.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current column is locked.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current column is not visible in Camera Stand.</source>
<translation type="vanished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>It is not possible to edit the audio column.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>It is not possible to edit the Magpie column.</source>
<translation type="vanished"> MAGPIE </translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used on a Level column.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used on a Mesh column.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used in Level Strip mode.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used to edit a motion path.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current level is not editable.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used on a Vector Level.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used on a Toonz Level.</source>
<translation> Toonz </translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used on a Raster Level.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used on a Mesh Level.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current tool cannot be used on a mesh-deformed level</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current frame is locked: any editing is forbidden.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Ok</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Paste</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Move Center</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>RGB Picker (R%1, G%2, B%3)</source>
<translation>RGB (R%1, G%2, B%3)</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Group</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Ungroup</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Move Group</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Modify Fx Gadget </source>
<translation> </translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>%1 Level : %2 Frame : %3</source>
<translation>%1 : %2 : %3</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Modify Stroke Tool</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Modify Spline</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Deform Raster</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Transform Raster</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Set Save Box : (X%1,Y%2,W%3,H%4)->(X%5,Y%6,W%7,H%8)</source>
<translation>(X%1,Y%2,W%3,H%4)->(X%5,Y%6,W%7,H%8)</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The current column is hidden.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Note columns can only be edited in the xsheet or timeline.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source> to Front</source>
<translation> </translation>
</message>
<message>
<source> to Forward</source>
<translation> </translation>
</message>
<message>
<source> to Back</source>
<translation> </translation>
</message>
<message>
<source> to Backward</source>
<translation> </translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The selection cannot be updated. It is not editable.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The selection cannot be deleted. It is not editable.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The selection cannot be pasted. It is not editable.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The selection cannot be grouped. It is not editable.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The selection cannot be entered. It is not editable.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The selection cannot be ungrouped. It is not editable.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>The selection cannot be moved. It is not editable.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Snap At Intersection</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>RGBPickerTool</name>
<message>
<source>Type:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Passive Pick</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Normal</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rectangular</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Freehand</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Polyline</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>RGBPickerToolOptionsBox</name>
<message>
<source>Pick Screen</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>RasterSelectionTool</name>
<message>
<source>No Antialiasing</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Modify Savebox</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>RasterTapeTool</name>
<message>
<source>Type:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Distance:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Style Index:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Opacity:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Frame Range</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Angle:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Normal</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rectangular</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Freehand</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Polyline</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>current</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>RotateTool</name>
<message>
<source>Rotate On Camera Center</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>RotateToolOptionsBox</name>
<message>
<source>Reset Rotation</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>RulerToolOptionsBox</name>
<message>
<source>X:</source>
<comment>ruler tool option</comment>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Y:</source>
<comment>ruler tool option</comment>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>W:</source>
<comment>ruler tool option</comment>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>H:</source>
<comment>ruler tool option</comment>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>A:</source>
<comment>ruler tool option</comment>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>L:</source>
<comment>ruler tool option</comment>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>SelectionTool</name>
<message>
<source>Type:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rectangular</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Freehand</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Polyline</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>SelectionToolOptionsBox</name>
<message>
<source>H:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>V:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rotation</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>X:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Y:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Thickness</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Link</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Scale</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Position</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Flip Selection Horizontally</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Flip Selection Vertically</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rotate Selection Left</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rotate Selection Right</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>ShiftTraceToolOptionBox</name>
<message>
<source>Reset Previous</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Reset Following</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Previous Drawing</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Following Drawing</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>SkeletonTool</name>
<message>
<source>Global Key</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Show Only Active Skeleton</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Mode:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Reset Pinned Center</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Build Skeleton</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Animate</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Inverse Kinematics</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>StylePickerTool</name>
<message>
<source>No current level.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Current level has no available palette.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Palette must have more than one palette to be organized.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Mode:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Passive Pick</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Organize Palette</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Lines</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Areas</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Lines & Areas</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>StylePickerToolOptionsBox</name>
<message>
<source>With this option being activated, the picked style will be
moved to the end of the first page of the palette.</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>ToonzRasterBrushTool</name>
<message>
<source>Size</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Hardness:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Smooth:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Draw Order:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Over All</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Under All</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Palette Order</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Preset:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source><custom></source>
<translation><></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Pencil</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Pressure</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Lock Alpha</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>ToonzVectorBrushTool</name>
<message>
<source>Size</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Accuracy:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Smooth:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Preset:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source><custom></source>
<translation><></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Break</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Pressure</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Miter:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Range:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Snap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Off</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Linear</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>In</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Out</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>In&Out</source>
<translation>&</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Low</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Med</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>High</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Butt cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Round cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Projecting cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Miter join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Round join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Bevel join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>TrackerTool</name>
<message>
<source>Width:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Height:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>X:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Y:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>TypeTool</name>
<message>
<source>Font:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Style:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Vertical Orientation</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Size:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>VectorSelectionTool</name>
<message>
<source>Mode:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Preserve Thickness</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Miter:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Standard</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Selected Frames</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Whole Level</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Same Style</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Same Style on Selected Frames</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Same Style on Whole Level</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Boundary Strokes</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Boundaries on Selected Frames</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Boundaries on Whole Level</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Butt cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Round cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Projecting cap</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Miter join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Round join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Bevel join</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Include Intersection</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>VectorTapeTool</name>
<message>
<source>Smooth</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Join Vectors</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Distance</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Mode:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Type:</source>
<translation>:</translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Endpoint to Endpoint</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Endpoint to Line</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Line to Line</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Normal</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<source>Rectangular</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>ZoomToolOptionsBox</name>
<message>
<source>Reset Zoom</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
</TS>
``` |
Deng Chanyu (Chinese: 鄧嬋玉) is a character in the classic Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi. An assertive and highly skilled Shang female warrior in martial arts, she eventually fights alongside her father Deng Jiugong in the Zhou army.
In Fengshen Yanyi
Deng Chanyu was the daughter of Shang general of the Three Mountains Pass, Deng Jiugong. She possessed exceptional skills in sword fighting and the mysterious ability to conjure golden pebbles, which she used to inflict harm upon her adversaries. Armed with a longsword, she accompanied her father during the siege of West Qi.
After her father sustained a severe injury during the initial attack, Deng Chanyu fearlessly approached the city gates the following day, challenging her enemies to a duel. Nezha and Huang Tianhua accepted her challenge, confident they could easily overpower her. She used five-light stones to swell Nezha and Huang Tianhua's faces. Despite their initial confidence, both of them suffered defeat on separate occasions. On the third day, she faced a formidable opponent who possessed skills similar to her own, known as Dragon Beard Tiger. The fierce battle ended with Deng Chanyu emerging as the victor. However, before she could deliver the final blow, Yang Jian intervened. Unaffected by her powerful pebbles, he commanded his Celestial Hound to bite her neck, compelling Deng Chanyu to retreat to her army's camp.
She and her father received magical healing from Earth Traveler Sun, a previously low-ranked member of their troops. The boy possessed mystical remedies, artifacts, and incredible speed that granted him an advantage over the mystical army at West Qi. After successfully capturing Nezha and Hiang Tianhua, Earth Traveler Sun was honored at a banquet.
Deng Jiugong, in a state of inebriation from many hours of wine consumption, made a promise to the young man. He vowed to give him his daughter's hand in marriage if he could conquer West Qi. Earth Traveler Sun took this pledge to heart and embarked on a mission to subdue King Wu of Zhou's city single-handedly. Yang Jian, using his shape-shifting abilities, deceived the young man and captured him.
During the initiation of negotiations between the involved parties, Deng Jiugong was suddenly reminded of his imprudent promise to Earth Traveler Sun. Jiang Ziya had prophesied that the union of the two young individuals was fated to occur. Enraged by Jiang Ziya's meddling in his daughter's marital affairs, Deng Jiugong reluctantly agreed to employ cunning and subterfuge as a means to thwart the impending marriage. He pretended to endorse her apparent consent, intending to use this pretense to assassinate Jiang Ziya.
However, Jiang Ziya was not deceived by this artifice. He counteracted with an ambush of his own and instructed Earth Traveler Sun to seize Deng Chanyu immediately upon hearing the sound of a cannon, which Deng Jiugong had employed as a signal for his own planned ambush. When these stratagems were set in motion, Deng Chanyu was abducted, and Deng Jiugong's military forces were significantly depleted.
Faced with the prospect of marrying the amorous Earth Traveler Sun, Deng Chanyu wept profusely but ultimately consented to the marriage to honor her father's wishes. After her night with Earth Traveler Sun, Deng Chanyu sought permission to speak with her father and persuade him to surrender. Recognizing Deng Jiugong's waning morale and wanting to avert any future defection from his new wife, Jiang Ziya granted her request. Accompanied by a substantial contingent of Zhou troops, she gained entry to her father's encampment.
There, she divulged her marriage to Earth Traveler Sun and presented a compelling argument that the anticipated Shang reinforcements would not arrive in time. Weighing the bitterness and humiliation of their predicament, Deng Jiugong conceded to his daughter's rationale and chose to surrender to West Qi. Both father and daughter pledged their loyalty to King Wu.
Deng Chanyu often accompanied her husband when the Shang army came under attack from Su Hu's loyal general, Zheng Lun. During one such confrontation, when Earth Traveler Sun found himself incapacitated by their adversary's powerful beams, she managed to evade capture by inflicting an injury on Zheng Lun using one of her magical pebbles. Her unwavering commitment led her to continue fighting in King Wu's army until she became the final casualty, ultimately falling into the hands of General Zhang Kui and his wife, Gao Lanying. After Deng Chanyu's courageous sacrifice for her nation, Nezha sought revenge on her behalf. Following Gao Lanying's killing of Deng Chanyu, the Zhou army launched a large-scale assault on Shanchi. While defending the city, Gao Lanying was struck in the neck by Nezha's Golden Ring and subsequently met her demise. In significant recognition of her valor and dedication, when Jiang Ziya was naming gods, she was honored as the Goddess of the Six Combinations Star (六合星).
In popular culture
Deng Chanyu is the featured one of the main characters in the upcoming second part of the hit Chinese film Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms, portrayed by Nashi (那爾那茜).
References |
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Lleida in Catalonia, Spain.
Prior to 20th century
216 BCE – Hanno II the Great was defeated by Scipio Africanus nearby.
49 BCE – Battle of Ilerda fought during Caesar's Civil War.
400-500 CE – Roman Catholic Diocese of Lleida established.
546 – Religious council held.
793 – The Franks in power.
797 – Re-taken by the Moors.
832 – Old Cathedral of Lleida rebuilt to serve as a mosque.
1039 – Muslim Taifa of Lérida begins.
1149 – Christian Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona in power.
1278 – Cathedral of St. Mary of La Seu Vella consecrated.
1300 – University of Lleida established by James II of Aragon.
1390 – Public clock installed (approximate date).
1445 – (city archives) active (approximate date).
1479 – Printing press in use.
1669 – construction begins.
1707 – by French forces.
1717
University of Lleida closed by order of Philip V of Spain.
University of Cervera opened by order of Philip V of Spain.
1719 – (government entity) established.
1781 – New Cathedral of Lleida built.
1810 – Lleida besieged by French forces.
1834 – Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Lerida established.
1835 – University of Cervera closed.
1842 – Population: 12,236.
1860 – Railway begins operating.
1864 – (park) opens.
20th century
1900 – Population: 21,432.
1910 – Population: 24,531.
1912 – (art exhibit) held.
1915 – Cinema Vinyes built.(en)
1917 – Museu d'Art Jaume Morera (museum) opens.
1924 – Balaguer-Lleida railway begins operating.
1938 – La Mañana newspaper begins publication.
1942 – Institut d'Estudis Ilerdencs established.
1950 – Population: 52,849.
1951 – Teatre Principal (theatre) active.
1952 – Archivo Histórico Provincial de Lérida (archives) established.
1981 – Population: 109,573.
1982 – Diari Segre newspaper begins publication.
1985 – begin operating.
1989 – CaixaForum Lleida established.
1992 – University of Lleida established.
1994 – Auditori Enric Granados (concert hall) built.
1995 – Lleida Latin-American Film Festival begins.
1998 – Teatre Municipal de l'Escorxador opens.
21st century
2004 – Àngel Ros becomes mayor.
2005 – Autoritat Territorial de la Mobilitat de l'Àrea de Lleida (regional transit entity) established.
2010 – La Llotja de Lleida (convention centre) opens.
2011 – Population: 137,283.
2021 – Catalan rapper and poet Pablo Hasél is jailed for Lèse-majesté, mass protests condemning the arrest
See also
List of mayors of Lleida
List of bishops of Lleida
Timeline of Catalan history
Other cities in the autonomous community of Catalonia:(ca)
Timeline of Barcelona
References
This article incorporates information from the Spanish Wikipedia and Catalan Wikipedia.
Bibliography
External links
Items related to Lleida, various dates (via Europeana)
Items related to Lleida, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
Lleida
Lleida |
Louden may refer to:
Louden, New Jersey, unincorporated community
Louden, Ohio, unincorporated community
R. Bruce and May W. Louden House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Iowa
R. B. and Lizzie L. Louden House, Fairfield, Iowa
Louden Machinery Company, American engineering, manufacturing and design company
People with the name
Bill Louden or "Baldy" (1883–1935), American baseball player
Chris Louden, American animator
George Louden (1885–1972), British cricketer
James Keith Louden (1905–1994), American industrial engineer
LeRoy J. Louden (born 1936), American politician in Nebraska
Lou Louden (1919–1989), American baseball player
Margaret Louden (1910–1998), British surgeon
Michael Louden (1964–2004), American actor
Robert Louden (died 1867), Confederate messenger in the American Civil War
Sharon Louden (born 1964), American artist
Louden Ryan (1923–2018), Irish economist and academic
Louden Swain, fictional character in American film Vision Quest
See also
Loudon (disambiguation)
Loudoun, parish in East Ayrshire, Scotland |
Communications Earth & Environment is a peer-reviewed, open-access, scientific journal in environmental science and planetary science published by Nature Portfolio in 2020. The editor-in-chief is Heike Langenberg. Communications Earth & Environment was created as a sub-journal to Nature Communications following the introduction of Communications Biology, Communications Chemistry, and Communications Physics in 2018.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 7.9, ranking it 36th out of 274 journals in the category "Environmental Sciences" and 10th out of 201 journals in the category "Geosciences, Multidisciplinary".
See also
Nature
Nature Communications
Scientific Reports
References
External links
Nature Research academic journals
Earth and atmospheric sciences journals
Environmental science journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 2020
English-language journals
Creative Commons-licensed journals
Continuous journals |
The 1974–75 Bulgarian Hockey League season was the 23rd season of the Bulgarian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Bulgaria. Nine teams participated in the league, and HK CSKA Sofia won the championship.
Standings
External links
Season on hockeyarchives.info
Bulgar
Bulgarian Hockey League seasons
Bulg |
Harry Ingle Martin IV (born August 15, 1982) is an American former college and professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for three seasons during the late 2000s. Martin played college football for the University of Florida and Furman University, and thereafter, he played professionally for the Tennessee Titans, Kansas City Chiefs and Denver Broncos of the NFL and the New York Sentinels of the United Football League (UFL). Martin is currently the head football coach for Christ Presbyterian Academy, a private preparatory school in Nashville, Tennessee.
Early years
Martin was born in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1982. He attended Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, Tennessee, and was a letterman in football, basketball, soccer and baseball. Martin led Montgomery Bell to three consecutive Tennessee state championships with thirty-two consecutive wins and final USA Today national Top 25 rankings in both 1999 and 2000.
While at Montgomery Bell, Martin was named to the Parade magazine high school All-American team, while also adding national honors from Prep Star, Super Prep and National Bluechips. He was ranked among the nation's top twenty quarterbacks by Prep Football Report and Super Prep ranked him the top player in Tennessee. Martin was also a two-time Division II Player of the Year in Tennessee.
As a junior, he completed 97 out of 140 passes for 1,450 yards and 14 touchdowns. As a senior in 2000, he completed 62 out of 137 passes for 964 yards with seven touchdowns and he also rushed for 935 yards. In 2000, he made six field goals in nine attempts in 2000, with three field goals of more than fifty yards, including a school-record kick of fifty-six yards.
College career
Florida
Martin was heavily recruited by the Tennessee Volunteers, LSU Tigers, Alabama Crimson Tide and Virginia Cavaliers programs before accepting an athletic scholarship offer to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. Martin played for coach Steve Spurrier and coach Ron Zook's Florida Gators football team from 2001 to 2003.
As a freshman, the Gators coaching staff decided to redshirt Martin and he worked as a member of Florida's scout team, winning the Gators' John Eibner Award, which is presented annually to the Gators scout team's "unsung hero." As a sophomore in 2002, he played in twelve of thirteen games, primarily as the backup to the starting quarterback, Rex Grossman, but he also served as the starting punter in seven games and played as a wide receiver in eight games. As a passer, he completed seven of ten passes for ninety-six yards, and also caught two passes for fourteen yards and rushed eleven times for fifty-one yards; as a punter, he averaged 35.2 yards on forty-six punts.
During his junior season in 2003, Martin started the first four games of the season before new head coach Ron Zook replaced him in the starting lineup with Chris Leak, one of the nation's top freshmen quarterback recruits, after Martin suffered a concussion against the Miami Hurricanes. After replacing Ingle in the fourth game of the season, Leak remained the starter for the rest of the year, placing Martin's quarterback career as a Gator in limbo. In Martin's four starts against San Jose State Spartans, Miami Hurricanes, Florida A&M Rattlers and Tennessee Volunteers, he completed forty-seven of seventy-seven passes (a 61.0% completion average) for 654 yards and three touchdowns, and a quarterback efficiency rating of 140.5.
Furman
After the end of his junior season at Florida, Martin transferred to Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina, where he had two successful years and set a number of passing records for the Furman Paladins football team.
In 2004, his first season at Furman, Martin led the most balanced offense in school history (an average of 226.2 rushing yards and 228.8 passing yards per game). He started all 13 games, completing 198 of 320 passes (61.9%) for 2,792 yards, 22 touchdowns and nine interceptions. Martin also carried 62 times for 292 yards (an average of 4.7 yards per attempt) and three touchdowns. He gained 3,084 yards on 382 plays, an average of 237.2 yards per game in total offense. Martin also punted 10 times for 308 yards (an average of 30.8 yards per punt, with six of his kicks being downed inside the 20-yard line.
In 2005, Martin was a Division I FCS first-team All-American selection at quarterback by The Sports Network, and earned first-team All-American honors as a punter from 1-AA.org. He also won All-Southern Conference first-team honors at both quarterback and punter. Martin was named All-South Carolina as a quarterback by the South Carolina state sportswriters. He also won, Furman's Vince Perone (team most valuable player) Award following his senior season.
Martin served as team captain, starting 14 games. On the season, he completed 212 of 349 passes attempted (60.7%) for 2,959 yards, a new team single-season record, 20 touchdowns (second behind his 2004 total) and 13 interceptions. He also rushed 77 times for 232 yards (an average of 3.0 yards per attempt) and five touchdowns. Martin accounted for 3,193 yards in total offense, also a school record, on 426 plays, an average of 227.9 yards per game. He punted 34 times for 1,446 yards (an average of 43.2 yards per punt—third-best season record in team history) with the longest being 70 yards, as 11 kicks were downed inside the 20-yard line and eight others resulted in fair catches. Only 13 of Martin's punts were returned, finishing with a 38.79-yard net average.
Martin started every game during his two seasons at Furman, setting new school records for passing yards (5,761), passing touchdowns (42), and total offense (6,277), while finishing second in career touchdown completions (50) and passer rating (147.65), and third in completion percentage (61.3%, 410-of-669). Martin also rushed the ball 139 times for 524 yards (3.8 avg) and eight touchdowns, accounting for 6,275 yards in total offense on 808 plays. He also punted 44 times for 1,754 yards (39.9 avg) with 17 kicks downed inside the 20-yard line while only 24 of his punts were returned, finishing with a 36.27-yard net average.
Professional playing career
Overall NFL stats
Although he was on the roster for multiple seasons, Martin was only on field for a total of 2 plays during one single game of his NFL career.
Green Bay Packers
Martin was selected in the fifth round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers. Martin signed with the Packers on July 28, 2006. He served as the Packers third-string quarterback behind former first round pick Aaron Rodgers and starter Brett Favre. On August 25, 2007, he was released by the Packers.
Tennessee Titans
The Tennessee Titans signed Martin to their practice squad on September 2, 2007. Martin was released during final cuts on August 30, 2008.
Kansas City Chiefs
After Kansas City Chiefs starting quarterback Brodie Croyle suffered a shoulder injury in the team's regular season opener, the Chiefs signed Martin to their active roster off Tennessee's practice squad. He was released on November 7 when the team signed safety Oliver Celestin. The Chiefs re-signed Martin to the practice squad on November 12. Following the 2008 season, Martin was re-signed to a future contract on January 12, 2009. He was waived on August 5.
Denver Broncos
Martin was signed by the Denver Broncos on August 26, 2009, after an injury to quarterback Chris Simms. He was waived on September 4.
New York Sentinels
Following his NFL career, Martin left for the UFL. He joined one of 6 inaugural teams of the UFL, the Sentinels. However, he left after only a season, and UFL folded in 2012.
Coaching career
Since 2011, Martin has been the head high school football coach at Christ Presbyterian Academy, a private school located in Nashville, Tennessee, where his wife also served as the varsity softball coach until she retired in 2014.
Family
Martin's wife, Jennifer, is an alumna of the University of Alabama who made two trips to the College World Series with the Alabama Crimson Tide softball team. His father-in-law, Mike Wright, was a 12th-round selection (308th pick overall) of Cincinnati Bengals in the 1980 NFL Draft. Wright was also drafted by the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB).
See also
List of Furman Paladins in the NFL Draft
List of Furman University alumni
List of Green Bay Packers players
References
1982 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American football punters
Denver Broncos players
Florida Gators football players
Furman Paladins football players
Green Bay Packers players
Kansas City Chiefs players
New York Sentinels players
Tennessee Titans players
High school football coaches in Tennessee
Players of American football from Memphis, Tennessee |
```javascript
import ElProgress from './src/progress';
/* istanbul ignore next */
ElProgress.install = function(Vue) {
Vue.component(ElProgress.name, ElProgress);
};
export default ElProgress;
``` |
Richard Chai is an American fashion designer.
Career
Chai creates clothes for an eponymous label. Before launching his own line, he designed for Marc by Marc Jacobs, and Cristiano Ronaldo for two labels, for underwear and socks from 2013 and then for shirts from 2014.
In 2008, he released a capsule line under Target's Go International.
Collaborations
Richard Chai partnered with design firm Snarkitecture for a new pop-up retail store underneath the Highline at 504 West 24th Street in Manhattan. The project entitled "Building Fashion" and conceived by BOFFO and Spilios Gianakopoulos aimed to promote collaborations between architecture and fashion. Snarkitecture's installation re-imagined the retail interior as a glacial cavern, hand carved from EPS foam. The store carried Chai's men's and women's collections and was open for 10 days in October 2010.
Awards and nominations
2008 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund top 10 finalists
2010 Council of Fashion Designers of America Designer of the Year – Men's Wear
See also
Korean Americans in New York City
References
External links
Richard Chai bio unofficial
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American fashion designers
Menswear designers |
Samuel E. Hogg (April 18, 1783 – May 28, 1842) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives who represented Tennessee from 1817 to 1819.
Biography
Hogg was born in Halifax, North Carolina son of Thomas and Rebecca Edwards Hogg. His uncle, Samuel Hogg, for whom he was named, became his guardian after his father's death. He attended public schools in Caswell County and taught for a while before studying medicine in Gallatin, Tennessee around 1804.
Career
Hogg subsequently moved to Lebanon County, Tennessee and joined the army as a surgeon. He served in the First Regiment of Tennessee Volunteer Infantry from November 21, 1812 to April 22, 1813. He was on the staff of Major General Andrew Jackson in the expedition against the Creek Indians from February 22 to May 25, 1814. He also served on the staff of Major General William Carroll from November 13, 1814 to May 13, 1815. After three years of working as a surgeon in the army, He was given a leave of absence after an encounter with death.
Hogg then came back to Tennessee where he worked as a waiter in a local diner for a few years before being elected a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifteenth Congress, which lasted from March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1819.
Hogg went back into practicing medicine in Lebanon, Tennessee until 1828. He then practiced in Nashville from 1828 to 1836, and in Natchez from 1836 to 1838. He returned and again practiced in Nashville from 1838 to 1840. He was president of the State Medical Society of Tennessee in 1840.
Death
Hogg died in Rutherford County, Tennessee on May 28, 1842 (age 59 years, 40 days), and is interred at the Nashville City Cemetery.
References
External links
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
American surgeons
1783 births
1842 deaths
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians |
Alex Clark was an American Negro league outfielder in the 1930s.
Clark played for the Louisville White Sox in 1931. In 12 recorded games, he posted six hits with a home run in 44 plate appearances.
References
External links
and Seamheads
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Louisville White Sox players
Baseball outfielders |
Knowlesville is a small community in Carleton County in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Knowlesville is in Aberdeen Parish, with a population in the 2011 Census of 981. It is located approximately 20 km east of Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick, along the Knowlesville Road.
Mount Frederic Clark in Knowlesville has an elevation of 531 meters or 1742 feet.
History
Knowlesville is close to Skedaddle Ridge, where a number of Skedaddlers, draft evaders from the American Civil War lived during the 1860s.
It was named for Rev. Charles Knowles, a Free Will Baptist minister from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, who persuaded some local fishermen to take up farming in the area in 1861.
Notable people
Earle Avery - Canadian & U.S. Hall of Fame harness racing driver/trainer.
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
Readings
Corey, Judson M. The Story of Knowlesville: The Community and Its People., J. M. Corey, 1985.
Corey, Judson M. Knowlesville II: the Corey story. Saint John: Inspiration Graphics, 2003.
The South Knowlesville Community Land Trust
Communities in Carleton County, New Brunswick |
Wheeling is a city in eastern Livingston County, Missouri, United States. The population was 220 at the 2020 census.
History
Wheeling was laid out in 1865, and named after Wheeling, West Virginia, the native home of a first settler. A post office called Wheeling has been in operation since 1866.
Geography
Wheeling is located on Missouri Route B one-half mile north of US Route 36 and one mile west of the Livingston-Linn county line. Meadville is four miles to the east. Muddy Creek flows past 1.5 miles to the west.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 271 people, 107 households, and 78 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 125 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.9% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, and 0.4% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population.
There were 107 households, of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.1% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.92.
The median age in the city was 40.2 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 268 people, 100 households, and 71 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 115 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.25% White and 0.75% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.75% of the population.
There were 100 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.0% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.20.
In the city the population was spread out, with 32.8% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,154, and the median income for a family was $35,208. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $17,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,150. About 16.4% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 8.9% of those 65 or over.
Notable people
Willis Glassgow, football player and attorney
Lawrence Walkup, eleventh president of Northern Arizona University
References
Cities in Livingston County, Missouri
Cities in Missouri |
Squires is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Bruce Squires (1910-1981), American swing jazz trombonist
Carolyn Squires (1940-2016), American politician
Catherine Squires (1941-2021), American scientist
Dorothy Squires (1915-1998), Welsh vocalist
Dougie Squires (1932–2023), English choreographer
Frank Squires, Welsh footballer
Frank C. Squires, American architect
Frederick C. Squires (1881-1960), Canadian lawyer
Geoffrey Squires (born 1942), Irish poet
Gerald Squires (1937–2015), Canadian painter
Greg Squires (born 1988), American ice hockey player
Helena Squires (1879-1959), Canadian politician
Hilary Squires (1933–2019), retired South African judge and barrister
Jamie Squires (born 1975), English footballer
John C. Squires (1925-1944), United States Army soldier
Mike Squires (born 1952), American baseball player
Peter Squires (sportsman) (born 1951), English rugby union footballer
Peter J. M. Squires, senior Royal Air Force officer
Raymond Squires (1926–2019), Canadian businessman
Richard Squires (1880-1940), Prime Minister of Newfoundland
Robert Squires (1927–2016), British Royal Navy officer
Ron Squires (1952-1993), United States politician in Vermont
Roger Squires (1932–2023), British crossword compiler
Stan Squires (1909-1950), English cricketer
Tony Squires (born 1961), Australian media personality
See also
Wilda Gerideau-Squires
Squire (name)
English-language surnames
Surnames of Norman origin
Patronymic surnames |
Olivier Pickeu (born 24 February 1970 in Armentières) is a French retired football forward.
Pickeu started his playing career at Stade Malherbe Caen. He later played at FC Tours and Montpellier HSC (on loan from Caen), Toulouse FC, Amiens SC, Lille OSC, Le Mans Union Club 72, Varzim SC in Portugal, and then Stade de Reims.
After his playing career ended, Pickeu joined the Angers SCO as general manager / sporting director. From 2006 to 2020, he was instrumental in the successes of his club, as it gradually moves from the Championnat National to the middle of Ligue 1. He was laid off in 2020.
He was appointed as Stade Malherbe Caen chairman in 2020, after club takeover by US fund Oaktree Capital Management.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Stade Malherbe Caen players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
People from Armentières
Footballers from Nord (French department)
Tours FC players
Montpellier HSC players
Toulouse FC players
Amiens SC players
Lille OSC players
Le Mans FC players
Varzim S.C. players
Stade de Reims players
French expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
French football chairmen and investors
INF Vichy players
France men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards |
Salvage anthropology, related to salvage ethnography, is a term referring to the practice of collecting and documenting in the face of presumed cultural decline. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, salvage anthropology influenced collectors of all kinds, including those interested in music, material culture, and osteology. Ideas connected to salvage anthropology influenced how cultures were written about and documented through a wide range of publications and popular exhibitions.
Origins of Term
When the term was coined in the 1960s, it referred mainly to archeological efforts to find cultural information before an area was obliterated by the construction of reservoirs, power plants, or roads, or before land was leveled for irrigation. These projects were often conducted under time restrictions, based on when the area was slated for destruction.
Despite the origins of the term, "salvage anthropology" is most frequently used to describe Euro-American attempts to “preserve” American Indian culture in the 19th and 20th centuries. While the term "salvage anthropology" did not emerge until later, a widespread belief in the eventual extinction of Indigenous societies drove widespread efforts to document, record, and collect.
Vanishing Race Theory
Beginning in the Jacksonian Era, many Americans subscribed to the belief that American Indians were "vanishing". Despite the fact that governmental actions, including the forced removal of the Cherokee from Georgia via the Trail of Tears, had much to do with the declining population of American Indians in the Eastern United States, leading American thinkers shifted the causes of “disappearance” to the Indians’ own destiny to give way to whites. In addition to the belief that American Indians would physically vanish due to forced migration, disease, and war, Americans also held the belief that Indians would "culturally" vanish through contact with whites and forced assimilation. Because of this belief, Euro-Americans took on the responsibility of externally preserving the cultural memory and traditions of American Indians, particularly through collecting tribal objects.
Changing Meanings of Artifacts
Since American Indians were erroneously thought to be going extinct, white American anthropologists did not trust them to preserve their own traditions within their communities and began an effort in the late nineteenth century to dispossess communities of spiritual and other items, which would be transplanted into museums. As Euro-Americans removed sacred objects from their communities, they placed spiritual items into an educational context. Although the collectors believed they were using these objects to showcase the memory of a “vanishing” people, the objects were taken from actual people, many of whom believed that public display was disrespectful and potentially harmful to viewers. Many American Indians also believed that exhibiting sacred objects stripped the items of their spiritual power. By creating new meanings for the objects on display, in attempts to externally preserve a culture, anthropologists and collectors diminished the meaning that items held for the people who had created them.
Collection Methods
Nineteenth- and early-twentieth century salvage anthropology often was undertaken through disrespectful and disingenuous methods. Archeologists often removed artifacts and human remains from grave sites, paying little attention to whether they were actively being used to bury relatives of tribe members. As archeologists and anthropologists scrambled to preserve a “disappearing” culture, they disrupted memorialization of relatives and ancestors. By the late 1980s, it was estimated that museums, other institutions and private collectors possessed between 300,000 and 2.5 million bodies of American Indians. Many objects were also obtained without the consent of their owners. Alanson Buck Skinner, who collected for the American Museum of Natural History from 1910 to 1914, was known as “The Little Weasel,” because of his collection techniques. Skinner used deception to acquire objects from the Menomini, claiming that the objects would be held in a “sacred place” with many other Menomini objects. By thus removing objects from native cultures, American anthropologists took on the power to interpret and create narratives for the objects, rather than allowing them to remain part of Native cultural memory.
References
Anthropology |
Gray Court-Owings School is a historic school building located at Gray Court, Laurens County, South Carolina. The building consists of a two-story central brick building constructed in 1914, with a flanking one-story brick-veneered high school building and a one-story brick-veneered auditorium, both built in 1928. The flanking buildings are designed in the Colonial Revival style with Tuscan order porticos. A two-story Tuscan order portico was added to the entrance of the 1914 building in 1928. A contributing one-story frame potato house was built in the 1930s to help local farmers preserve their crops.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
Gray Court-Owings is the home of the Tigers who participate in both junior high (7th and 8th grade) football and basketball in the Laurens District 55 school district.
References
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
School buildings completed in 1928
Colonial Revival architecture in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Laurens County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Laurens County, South Carolina
1928 establishments in South Carolina |
The Victorian Energy Networks Corporation (VENCorp) was a Victorian State Government-owned entity established in December 1997 responsible for the efficient operation of gas and electricity industries in Victoria, Australia, within Victoria's privatised energy industries. It was funded by energy industry participants.
Functions
VENCorp had major operational, planning and development roles for both gas and electricity, the key being:
independent system operator for the Victorian gas transmission network
manager and developer of the Victorian wholesale gas market
system planner providing planning services for the gas and electricity industries.
History
Since the 1950s, the Gas and Fuel Corporation was a government-owned monopoly supplier of household gas in Victoria. In 1965, natural gas was discovered in Bass Strait, and the Corporation undertook a conversion program, which took over 20-months ending in December 1970, to convert around one million appliances to operate on natural gas. In July 1994, the Gas and Fuel Corporation was dis-aggregated into three divisions: gas distributor and retail companies, a gas transmission company and an independent market operator, VENCorp. The Kennett Government subsequently privatised the gas distribution, retail and transmission divisions, along with the State Electricity Commission of Victoria, Victoria's main electricity utility. VENCorp remained a government entity though funded by energy industry participants.
VENCorp took over the electricity transmission planning function of the Victorian Power Exchange when it was wound up in 1998, after the establishment of NEMMCO and the commencement of the National Electricity Market.
The functions of VENCorp were assumed by the Australian Energy Market Operator, which commenced operations on 1 July 2009, and VENCorp was wound up.
See also
Energy policy of Australia
Renewable energy commercialization in Australia
Solar power in Australia
Wind power in Australia
References
External links
Energy Safe Victoria Website
Renewable resource companies established in 1997
Energy companies established in 1997
Energy companies disestablished in 2009
Defunct electric power companies of Australia
Energy in Victoria (state)
Companies based in Victoria (state)
Defunct government-owned companies of Australia
Australian companies established in 1997
Renewable resource companies disestablished in 2009
Australian companies disestablished in 2009 |
This is a discography of works by British singer-songwriter Robin Gibb as a solo artist. For information about recordings made by the Bee Gees see Bee Gees discography. Gibb's entire song catalogue is published by Universal Music Publishing Group.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
Other credits
The Titanic Requiem - Credited as "Composed by Robin Gibb and RJ Gibb" by Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
References
External links
Discography
Discographies of British artists
Rock music discographies |
A data mule is a vehicle that physically carries a computer with storage between remote locations to effectively create a data communication link. A data mule is a special case of a sneakernet, where the data is automatically loaded and unloaded when the data mule arrives at its terminal locations. Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) can use data mules to exchange data among computers that do not have access to the TCP/IP-based Internet.
Data mules have been used to offer internet connectivity to remote villages. Computers with a disk and wifi link are attached to buses on a bus route between villages. As a bus stops at the village to pick up passengers and cargo, the DTN router on the bus communicates with a DTN router in the bus station over Wi-Fi. Email is down-loaded to the village and up-loaded for transport to the Internet or to other villages along the bus route.
Data mules are a cost-effective mechanism for rural connectivity because they use inexpensive commodity hardware, can be quickly installed, and can be piggy backed on existing transportation infrastructure.
Despite potentially long delays for receiving data, surprisingly large bandwidths can be achieved. For example, delivering a 1TB disk once per day has an effective bandwidth of 100Mbit/s.
The term data mule is likely based on the use of the term mule in smuggling, but the backronym MULE (Mobile Ubiquitous LAN Extension) is also claimed to be the source.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173432/http://www.communityict.ca/docs/daknet-case.pdf
Network architecture |
Vladimír Maňka (born 19 September 1959 in Lučenec) is a Slovak politician and Member of the European Parliament (2004–2019) with the Direction, part of the Socialist Group.
In parliament, Maňka sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets. He is a substitute for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, substitute for the Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
In January 2017, Maňka was elected as quaestor of the European Parliament for two and a half years. His role as quaestor made him part of the Parliament's leadership under President Antonio Tajani.
Career
1978–1983: Slovak University of Technology (Bratislava), Faculty of Civil Engineering
1995–1998: City University (Bratislava)
1983–1992: Detva heavy engineering works
1992–1998: Manager of a commercial company
1995–1998: Chairman of the economic council of SDĽ (Party of the Democratic Left)
1996–1998: Head of the economy section
since 2003: Deputy Chairman of SDĽ
1997–1998: Member of the finance committee
since 1999: Lord Mayor of Zvolen
2002–2004: Chairman of the board of the Banská Bystrica regional development agency
Education
Member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic
Vice-chairman of the Committee for Finance, the Budget and Currency
Member of the Committee for European Integration
1998–2002: Member of the EU-Slovak Republic Joint Parliamentary Committee
1998–2002: Vice-chairman of the academic senate of City University (Bratislava)
since 2003: Chairman of the board of directors of Zvolen Technical University
2002: Holder of the 'Cena mesta Banská Bystrica' (City of Banská Bystrica Award)
See also
2004 European Parliament election in Slovakia
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Governors of Banská Bystrica Region
Direction – Social Democracy MEPs
MEPs for Slovakia 2004–2009
MEPs for Slovakia 2009–2014
MEPs for Slovakia 2014–2019
People from Lučenec
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1998-2002 |
Boris Vladimirovich Svistunov (; born October 22, 1959) is a Russian-American physicist specialised in the condensed matter physics. He received his MSc in physics in 1983 from Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow. In 1990, he received his PhD in theoretical physics from Kurchatov Institute (Moscow), where he worked from 1986 to 2003 (and is still affiliated with). In 2003, he joined the Physics Department of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst where he is currently full professor. He is currently also an affiliated faculty member of Wilczek Quantum Center in Shanghai at SJTU and is a participant of Simons collaboration on many electron systems.
Boris Svistunov is recognised for his works on superfluidity, supersolidity, superfluid turbulence, strongly correlated systems and pioneering numerical approaches. With his collaborators and students he made important contributions to superfluid turbulence (reviewed in), theory of supersolids, in collaboration with Nikolay Prokof'ev including the theory of superfluidity of crystalline defects (reviewed in) and superglass phase.
He is a co-inventor, with Nikolay Prokof'ev and Igor Tupitsyn of the widely used Worm Monte-Carlo algorithm. With Nikolay Prokof'ev he invented Diagrammatic Monte-Carlo method which is stochastic summation of Feynman diagrammatic series. Because the method is free from the Numerical sign problem it allowed to solve previously untreatable fermionic problems. He is elected Fellow of the American Physical Society for his highly influential works in superfluidity and supersolidity.
His research was recognised by his election as Fellow of the American Physical Society. The citation associated with of his Fellow election in the American Physical Society, for "pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of Monte Carlo simulations for strongly correlated quantum and classical systems, the invention of the worm algorithm and diagrammatic Monte Carlo techniques, and fundamental theoretical results on superfluid phenomena in quantum gases, liquids, and solids."
He is Outstanding Referee for American Physical Society and Distinguished Referee for Europhysics letters.
He co-authored the book on modern theory of Superfluidity
References
Fellows of the American Physical Society
American physicists
Living people
1959 births
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute alumni |
Richard M. Joel (born September 9, 1950) is a Jewish scholar who was the fourth president of Yeshiva University (YU), a Modern Orthodox Jewish university in New York City. He has written on topics that include Jewish leadership, the BDS movement on college campuses, and civil discourse.
Academic and professional credentials
Richard Joel received his BA and JD from New York University, where he was a Root-Tilden law scholar. He received honorary doctorates from Boston Hebrew College and Gratz College. He was an assistant district attorney and Deputy Chief of Appeals in the Bronx. His career continued as associate dean and professor of law at YU's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law.
Hillel presidency
From 1989 to 2003, Joel served as President and International director of Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, an organization which supports Jewish life for college and university students throughout the world. In 1994, Joel orchestrated Hillel's independence from B'nai B'rith, its parent organization since 1925. While at Hillel, Joel attracted major philanthropists such as Michael Steinhardt, Edgar Bronfman, Sr., and Lynn Schusterman and Charles Schusterman. During his tenure, Hillel partnered with Birthright Israel, launching the Steinhardt Jewish Campus Service Corps, a group of recent college graduates tasked with engaging unaffiliated Jews and drawing them to Judaism and Jewish events. Hillel also expanded to the former Soviet Union and South America. Joel's tenure at Hillel has been criticized by some as providing stylish instead of substantive Judaism. However, he also received praise for his "skilled management, magnetism, personal warmth," as well as revitalizing the Hillel movement.
During his tenure at Hillel, Joel served as the head of the special commission impaneled by the Orthodox Union (OU) to investigate allegations that community leaders had ignored charges against the abusive outreach rabbi Baruch Lanner, an executive with the OU's National Conference of Synagogue Youth (NCSY). The commission concluded that many OU and NCSY leaders had made serious errors in judgment.
Presidency of Yeshiva University
Joel became president of YU in 2003, succeeding Rabbi Dr. Norman Lamm, who had been president since 1976. He stepped down in June 2017. As YU President, Joel appointed new deans for Yeshiva College, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Syms School of Business, and the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS), and added faculty positions throughout the university. He facilitated the construction of the Jacob and Dreizel Glueck Center for Jewish Study, and established the Center for Jewish Future. Joel established the Katz School of Graduate and Professional Studies, and restructured Yeshiva University’s Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Joel also worked to strengthen the Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein and S. Daniel Abraham honors programs.
As president of RIETS, he established the Rabbinic Personal Development Program, a joint Graduate Program in Pastoral Counseling between RIETS and Ferkauf. The joint program provides opportunities for second-, third- and fourth-year RIETS students who plan to pursue a career in Jewish communal work. Additionally, President Joel established various centers and programs including the university's centers for Ethics, Public Health and the Jewish Future, and the Glatt Program on Israel and the Rule of Law. He also established a Presidential Fellowship program that provides training and professional development to recent graduates to further their path toward communal leadership.
He was appointed President Emeritus and continues as the Bravmann Family University Professor, teaching leadership courses across Yeshiva University.
Personal life
Joel was born on September 9, 1950, and was raised in Yonkers, New York. He and his wife Esther (née Ribner), who holds a PhD from YU's Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, have six children – all of whom have attended Yeshiva University schools – and thirteen grandchildren. They currently reside in Riverdale, New York.
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
Presidents of Yeshiva University
People from the Bronx
People from Riverdale, Bronx
Jewish American community activists
Articles containing video clips
New York University School of Law alumni
Activists from New York (state)
21st-century American Jews |
José Mba Nchama (born October 17, 1965) is an Equatoguinean judoka, who played for the half-middleweight category. At age forty-two, Nchama made his official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed in the men's half-middleweight class (81 kg). He received a bye for the second preliminary match, before losing out by an automatic ippon and a kata-gatame (seven mat holds) to Montenegro's Srđan Mrvaljević.
References
External links
NBC Olympics Profile
Equatoguinean male judoka
Living people
Olympic judoka for Equatorial Guinea
Judoka at the 2008 Summer Olympics
1965 births |
Mount Gregory is a mountain high at the south end of Hochstein Ridge in the Queen Elizabeth Range of Antarctica. It is the only large elevation rising from Cotton Plateau. The name was suggested by the Holyoake, Cobham and Queen Elizabeth Ranges Party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1964–65, for M. Gregory, a geologist in the party.
References
Mountains of Oates Land
Shackleton Coast |
The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.
Discovery
Discovery of these cytokines began with studies on the pathogenesis of fever. The studies were performed by Eli Menkin and Paul Beeson in 1943–1948 on the fever-producing properties of proteins released from rabbit peritoneal exudate cells. These studies were followed by contributions of several investigators, who were primarily interested in the link between fever and infection/inflammation. The basis for the term "interleukin" was to streamline the growing number of biological properties attributed to soluble factors from macrophages and lymphocytes. IL-1 was the name given to the macrophage product, whereas IL-2 was used to define the lymphocyte product. At the time of the assignment of these names, there was no amino acid sequence analysis known and the terms were used to define biological properties.
In 1985 two distinct, but distantly related complementary DNAs encoding proteins sharing human IL-1 activity were reported to be isolated from a macrophage cDNA library, thus defining two individual members of the IL-1 family – IL-1α and IL-1β.
The Interleukin-1 superfamily
IL-1 family is a group of 11 cytokines, which induces a complex network of proinflammatory cytokines and via expression of integrins on leukocytes and endothelial cells, regulates and initiates inflammatory responses.
IL-1α and IL-1β are the most studied members because they were discovered first and because they possess strong proinflammatory effects. They have a natural antagonist IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist). All three of them include a beta trefoil fold and bind IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) and activate signaling via MyD88 adaptor, which is described in the Signaling section of this page. IL-1Ra regulates IL-1α and IL-1β proinflammatory activity by competing with them for binding sites of the receptor.
Nine IL-1 superfamily members occur in a single cluster on human chromosome two; sequence and chromosomal anatomy evidence suggest these formed through a series of gene duplications of a proto-IL-1β ligand. In this way, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-36RA, IL-37, IL-38, and IL-1RA are very likely ancestral family members sharing a common lineage. However, IL-18 and IL-33 are on different chromosomes and there is insufficient sequence or chromosomal anatomy evidence to suggest they share common ancestry with the other IL-1 superfamily members. IL-33 and IL-18 have been included into the IL-1 superfamily due to structural similarities, overlap in function and the receptors involved in their signalling.
Synthesis
All of the members of IL-1 family, except IL-1Ra, are first synthesized as a precursor protein, which means it is synthesized as a long form of a protein which has to be proteolytically cleaved to a shorter, active molecule, which is generally called a mature protein. IL-1 family precursors do not have a clear signal peptide for processing and secretion and none of them are found in the Golgi; they belong to so-called leaderless secretory protein group. The similar feature of IL-1α and IL-33 is that their precursor forms can bind to their respective receptor and can activate signal transduction. But this is not a common feature for all IL-1 family members, since IL-1β and IL-18 precursor forms do not bind their receptors and require proteolytic cleavage by either intracellular caspase-1 or extracellular neutrophilic proteases.
Nomenclature
The interleukin-1 superfamily has 11 members, which have similar gene structure, although originally it contained only four members IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and IL-18. After discovery of another 5 members the updated nomenclature was generally accepted which included all members of IL-1 cytokine family. The old IL-1 members were renamed to IL-1F1, IL-1F2, IL-1F3 and IL-1F4.
But according to new trends in nomenclature, the old names of IL-1 family returned. In 2010, laboratories all around the world agreed that IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and IL-18 are more familiar to the general scientific knowledge. According to that, they suggested that IL-1F6, IL-1F8 and IL-1F9 should get new names IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ, even though they are encoded by distinct genes, they use the same receptor complex IL-1Rrp2 and coreceptor IL-1RAcP and deliver almost identical signals. The nomenclature also proposes that IL-1F5 should be renamed to IL-36Ra, because it works as an antagonist to IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ similar to how IL-1Ra works for IL-1α and IL-1β. Another revision was the renaming of IL-1F7 to IL-37 because this suppressing cytokine has many splicing variants, they should be called IL-37a, IL-37b and so on. For IL-1F10 there is a reserved name, IL-38.
Signaling
IL-1α and IL-1β bind to the same receptor molecule, which is called type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI). There is a third ligand of this receptor – the Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), which does not activate downstream signaling, so it acts as an inhibitor of IL-1α and IL-1β signaling by competing with them for binding sites of the receptor.
IL-1α or IL-1β bind first to the first extracellular chain of IL-1RI, that recruits the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP), which serves as a coreceptor and is necessary for signal transduction and it is also needed for activation of IL-1RI by IL-18 and IL-33.
After the formation of receptor heterodimeric complex which is assembled by IL-1α or IL-1β, IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP, two intracellular adaptor proteins are assembled by conserved cytosolic regions called Toll- and IL-1R-like (TIR) domains. They are called the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) and interleukin-1 receptor-activated protein kinase (IRAK) 4. Phosphorylation of IRAK4 is followed by phosphorylation of IRAK1, IRAK2 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6. TRAF6 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase, that in association with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (ubiquitin E2 ligase) complex attaches K63-linked polyubiquitin chains to some of IL-1signaling intermediates, for instance TGF-β-activated protein kinase (TAK-1). That facilitates the association of TAK-1 with TRAF6 and with MEKK3.
These signaling pathways lead to activation of many transcription factors, such as NF-κB, AP-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK.
IL-1α precursor and mature IL-1β lack a signal peptide which should direct them into the endoplasmic/Golgi-dependent secretion pathway and they are secreted by an unconventional protein secretion pathway, of which the mechanism and regulation are not known.
Biological activity
IL-1 is intensely produced by tissue macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells, but is also expressed by B lymphocytes, NK cells, microglia, and epithelial cells. They form an important part of the inflammatory response of the body against infection. These cytokines increase the expression of adhesion factors on endothelial cells to enable transmigration (also called diapedesis) of immunocompetent cells, such as phagocytes, lymphocytes and others, to sites of infection. They also affect the activity of the hypothalamus, the thermoregulatory center, which leads to a rise in body temperature (fever). That is why IL-1 is called an endogenous pyrogen. Besides fever, IL-1 also causes hyperalgesia (increased pain sensitivity), vasodilation and hypotension.
IL-1α
IL-1α is a “dual-function cytokine”, which means it plays a role in the nucleus by affecting transcription, as well as its extracellular receptor-mediated effects as a classical cytokine. IL-33 also belongs in this group.
IL-1α is synthesized as a precursor protein and it is constitutively stored in the cytoplasm of cells of mesenchymal origin and in epithelial cells. In contrast, monocytes and macrophages do not contain preformed IL-1α precursors, but instead rely on de novo synthesis. The IL-1α precursor is processed to its mature 17-kDa form by a Ca2+-activated protease, calpain. Processing liberates the 16-kDa N-terminal propiece cleavage product (ppIL-1α), which contains a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and translocates to the nucleus, functioning as a transcription factor. The precursor form of IL-1α, which has both the N-terminal and C-terminal receptor interacting domains, acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule. DAMPs, also known as alarmins, are recognized by innate immunity cells by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and function as danger signals for the immune system. In short, DAMPs are released from stressed cells, which undergo necrosis or pyroptosis and their intracellular components are released into extracellular space. Because of misfolding and other oxidative changes of these molecules in the context of altered pH, they are recognized by the innate immune system as molecules that should not be in extracellular space. Cell stress could be due to infection, injury, ischemia, hypoxia, acidosis and complement lysis. The IL-33 precursor molecule acts in a similar way as a DAMP molecule.
Inflammatory responses in the absence of infection (such as ischemia) are only dependent on IL-1α signaling via the Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), rather than TLRs signaling. IL-1α also stimulates transcription and secretion of IL-1β from monocytes, so the initiator of immune responses is likely IL-1α precursor by induction of neutrophil infiltration. IL-1β seems to be an amplifier of inflammation by recruitment of macrophages in the context of sterile inflammation.
IL-1β
IL-1β is synthesized as a precursor form protein only after stimulation, in contrast to IL-1α. Its expression is induced by transcription factor NF-κB after exposure of innate immune cells to alarmins. This occurs, for instance, after exposure of macrophages and dendritic cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which binds to TLR4 and acts as pathogen-associated molecular pattern, which is another group of alarmins.
The synthesis of IL-1β precursor (and IL-18) is induced by stimulation of innate immune cells by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or RIG-like receptors (RLRs), but to gain the ability to bind to IL-1 receptor, the IL-1β precursor has to be cleaved by a cysteine protease called caspase-1. Caspase-1 needs to be activated by a formation called the inflammasome which is mediated by cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling. So, the secretion of IL-1β needs these two steps and activation of different receptors to be activated. Under special circumstances IL-1β can be processed also by other proteases, like during high neutrophilic inflammation.
IL-18 is also synthesized as a precursor which is cleaved by caspase-1.
There are indications that IL-1, not least IL-1beta, is of importance for regulation energy metabolism. For instance, Rothwell and coworkers reported evidence that Leptin actions on food intake and body temperature are mediated by IL-1 at the level of the CNS (Luheshi GN, Gardner JD, Rushforth DA, Loudon AS, Rothwell NJ: Leptin actions on food intake and body temperature are mediated by IL-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:7047–7052, 1999). Moreover, lack of IL-1RI–mediated biological activity in IL-1 receptor knockout mice causes mature-onset obesity (Garcia M, Wernstedt I, Berndtsson A, Enge M, Bell M, Hultgren O, Horn M, Ahren B, Enerbäck S, Ohlsson C, Wallenius V, Jansson J-O. 2006. Mature onset obesity in interleukin-1 receptor I (IL-1RI) knockout mice. Diabetes, 55:1205-1213). A similar mature onset obesity has also been observed in IL-6 knockout mice (Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Ahrén B, Rudling M, Dickson SL, Ohlsson C, Jansson J-O. 2002 Interleukin-6 deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Nature Medicine 8:75-79). There are fewer reports on the effects on obesity by TNFalpha, the third classic proinflammatory cytokine, although Spiegelman and co-workers found that it has profound affects on glucose metabolism Gokhan S Hotamisligil, Narinder S Shargill, Bruce M. Spiegelman. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 01 Jan 1993: Vol. 259, Issue 5091, pp. 87–91DOI: 10.1126/science.7678183).
IL-1ra
IL-1ra is produced by monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, Sertoli cells, microglia. IL-1ra is synthesized as a preprotein containing a classical 25 amino acid long signal sequence that allows secretion via the endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi apparatus. Mouse, rat and rabbit IL-1ra show 77, 75, and 78% sequence homology to human IL-1ra. L-1ra shows approximately 30% homology to IL-1β at the protein level. Several forms of IL-1ra have been identified: the 17 kDa form, called sIL-1ra (s = soluble) or also IL-1ra1. It contains the classical signal sequence and is a secreted form of IL-1ra. The other 2 forms, commonly referred to as icIL-1ra or IL-1ra2 and IL-1ra3, do not have a signal sequence, are not secreted, and remain strictly interacellular. The soluble form is produced by hepatocytes and regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1-β and a combination of IL1-β and IL-6) and other acute phase proteins. The intracellular form was found in fibroblasts, monocytes, neutrophils, keratinocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. IL-1ra is an important regulator of IL-1-induced expression and physiological responses elicited by IL-1. IL-1ra functions as a competitive inhibitor of IL-1 receptor in vivo and in vitro. It counteracts the effects of both IL-1α and IL-1β. Upon binding of IL-1ra, the IL-1 receptor does not transmit a signal to the cell. IL-1ra inhibits the release of both IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-2 secretion, cell surface IL-2 receptor expression. It blocks the stimulation of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in synovial cells and thymocyte proliferation. It also inhibits the release of leukotriene B4 from monocytes after stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharides. It blocks insulin release from isolated pancreatic cells.
Polymorphism of this gene is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. IL-1ra antagonist deficiency (DIRA) is a rare congenital disease. Affected children experience severe skin and bone inflammation, other organs such as the lungs may be affected. IL-1ra is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is commercially produced as a recombinant form of IL-1ra and is called anakinra.
IL-18
IL-18 is known as a factor that induces the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). It is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that shares similar biological effects to IL-12 and structural forms with the IL-1 family. Together with IL-12 it mediates cellular immunity. It binds to the IL-18Rα receptor. It is produced by monocytes, macrophages, osteoblasts, keratinocytes. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is proteolytically cleaved to the active 18 kDa form. IL-18 stimulates IFN-γ production by T cells and NK cells. It acts either independently or synergizes with IL-12, which may lead to rapid activation of the monocyte / macrophage system. The combination of this cytokine and IL-12 inhibits IL-4 dependent production of IgE and IgG1 and, in turn, promotes IgG2 production by B cells. In addition to these physiological functions, IL-18 is involved in several serious inflammatory reactions. The amount of IL-18 receptor mRNA in the endometrium as well as the ratio of the amount of binding protein to interleukin is demonstrably increased in patients with endomyosis compared to individuals without endomyosis. IL-18 is also amplified in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This interleukin has been shown to increase β amyloid production in neurons in Alzheimer's disease.
IL-33
IL-33 is synthesized as a 31-kDa precursor form and binds the ST2 receptor and IL-1RAcP coreceptor, which stimulates signaling that activates transcription factors as NF-κB and ERK, p38 and JNK MAPKs. The signaling can be triggered by a precursor form of IL-33 in the same way as IL-1α precursor activates signaling through the IL-1 receptor. On the other hand, the mature forms IL-3395-270, IL-3399-270 and IL-33109-270, which are processed from a precursor by serine proteases cathepsin G and elastase, are even more potent activators of inflammatory responses. In contrast with IL-1, processing by caspases, like caspase-1, results in IL-33 inactivation.
IL-33 is a dual function cytokine. Besides its chromatin-associated function, it is constitutively expressed in healthy endothelial cells, because it acts as DAMPs after its release to extracellular space of cells in the context of immunologic not-silent cell death (necrosis or pyroptosis), and drives cytokine production in natural helper cells, nuocytes, Th2 lymphocytes, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, invariant natural killer and natural killer T cells. It is involved in allergic and parasite-induced inflammatory responses.
IL-36α
IL-36α is expressed in spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, bone marrow, B-cells. This member is unique in that it is additionally synthesized by T lymphocytes. It is most related to IL-37 and IL-36β.
IL-36β
IL-36β is expressed in the tonsils, bone marrow, heart, placenta, lung, testes, intestine, monocytes and B-lymphocytes. It is most similar to IL-36α (IL-1F6). Two alternative transcripts encoding the same protein have been described.
IL-36γ
IL-36γ is most produced by keratinocytes. It activates NF-κB via interleukin 1 receptor-like 2 (IL-1Rrp2) and is specifically inhibited by IL-36ra. Its production increases after IL-1β and TNF-α stimulation, but not after IL-18 or IFN-γ stimulation. IL-36γ plays an important role in skin immunity and inflammation. Expression is increased during chronic contact hypersensitivity, herpes simplex virus infection and psoriasis.
IL-36ra
IL-36ra is highly expressed by keratinocytes, in psoriatic skin, placenta, uterus, brain, kidneys, monocytes, B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells. IL-36ra is 155 amino acids long and lacks a signal sequence. IL-36ra shares with IL-1ra 52% homology in the amino acid sequence. IL-36ra acts as a non-specific inhibitor of inflammation and innate immunity. It inhibits IL-36α induced NF-κB activation.
IL-37
IL-37 is expressed in most tissues. It is the first member of the IL-1 family to form homodimers. IL-37 non-specifically inhibits the inflammatory response and innate immunity. IL-1F7 has also been found in the nucleus where it can function as a nuclear factor. This cytokine may bind or may itself be a ligand of the IL-18 receptor (IL18R1 / IL-1Rrp). It binds to the interleukin 18 binding protein (IL18BP), forming a complex with the beta subunit of the IL-18 receptor (IL-1F4), thereby inhibiting its activity. 5 alternative transcripts encoding different IL-37 isoforms have been described.
IL-38
IL-38 is expressed in the skin as well as in the tonsils. It regulates both innate and adaptive immunity. It binds to the soluble IL-1RI receptor. Two alternative transcripts encoding the same protein have been described.
Cytokine-induced effector cytokine production
IL-33 has a role in so called cytokine-induced effector cytokine production, which means that a production of effector cytokines by differentiated T helper lymphocytes is cytokine dependent and can happen without antigen stimulation by T-cell receptor of these cells. IL-33 in combination with some STAT5 activators, such as IL-2, IL-7 or TSLP, up-regulates expression of its own receptor on already differentiated Th2 lymphocytes, because naive T helper cells nor Th1 nor Th17 populations do not have ST2 receptors. This up-regulation works as a positive feedback which causes even more strong activation of IL-33 dependent-signaling pathways in the lymphocyte. This up-regulation is directly controlled by GATA3 transcription factor. IL-33 combined with IL-2, IL-7 or TSLP also stimulates cell proliferation. The effector cytokine which is secreted from IL-33- and STAT5 activator-stimulated Th2 cells is IL-13, which is NF-κB dependent. IL-13 is very similar to IL-4 in amino acid sequence and structure. They also used the same type II IL-4 receptor to activate STAT6.
Similar functions have IL-1 to Th17 cells and IL-18 to Th1 lymphocytes. IL-1 combined with some STAT3 activators, such as IL-6, IL-21 or IL-23, which are important for Th17 lymphocytes differentiation, have similar positive feedback in Th17 cells just like IL-33 and STAT5 activators have in Th2 cells. They highly up-regulate expression of IL-1 receptor and RORγt on the surface of stimulated Th17 lymphocytes. The effector cytokines mediated by this signalization are IL-17A, IL-4 and IL-6. IL-18 with IL-12, which is a STAT4 activator, have similar effects on Th1 cells by up-regulating expression of IL-18R1 receptor and T-bet.
IL-1 in disease and its clinical significance
IL-1 has a major role in neuroinflammation. During inflammation, there are increased levels of TNF and IL-1 in the brain, and their presence may cause the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Polymorphisms in IL-1 genes have been found to contribute to genetic susceptibility to some cancers, ankylosing spondylitis, and Graves' disease.
In terms of clinical use, because of its characterization as a hematopoietic factor, IL-1 was given to patients after bone marrow transplantation to improve the engraftment. But soon it was discovered that the patients were experiencing symptoms of systemic inflammation. Pharmacological blockade of these receptors was then sought in order to relieve symptoms. The endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), also known as anakinra, was tried in clinical trials to lessen systemic inflammation, but did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference from placebo.
Nowadays, the blockade of IL-1 activity (especially IL-1β) is a standard therapy for patients with autoimmune diseases or lymphomas. Anakinra (IL-1Ra) is FDA-approved as a therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, because it reduces symptoms and slows joint destruction of this inflammatory disease. It has also been prescribed to patients with indolent or smoldering myeloma with a high risk of progression to multiple myeloma. In combination with other medication, IL-1Ra provides a significant increase in the number of years of progression-free disease in its recipients. The benefits of this treatment are the natural structure and no toxicity or gastrointestinal disturbances.
References
Interleukins |
The Șucu (in its upper course also: Șuculețu) is a left tributary of the river Bistra Mărului in Romania. It flows into the Bistra Mărului in Poiana Mărului. Its length is and its basin size is .
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Caraș-Severin County |
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