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The 2015–16 Liga Națională season was the 66th season of the Liga Națională, the highest professional basketball league in Romania. CSM U Oradea won its first national championship this season.
Teams
Defending champion Asesoft Ploiești left the league due to its financial trouble to play in the first league. Meanwhile, Universitatea Cluj and Timba Timișoara were relegated to the Liga I as last qualified teams of the previous season. Dinamo București and Phoenix Galați promoted as champions and runners-up from the 2014–15 Liga I season.
Regular season
Play-offs
References
External links
Official site of the Romanian Basketball Federation
Halfcourt.info (Romanian and English)
Numaibaschet.ro (Romanian)
Baschetromania.ro (Romanian)
2016-17
Romanian
Lea |
The Maison du Roi (, 'King's Household') was the royal household of the King of France. It comprised the military, domestic, and religious entourage of the French royal family during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration.
Organisation
The exact composition and duties of its various divisions changed constantly over the Early Modern period. Officers of the Maison du Roi were directly responsible to the Grand maître de France (Chief Steward). Starting in the 16th century and then from the 17th century on, the Maison du Roi was overseen by a ministry, the Département de la Maison du Roi, directed by a secretary of state, the Secrétaire d'État à la Maison du Roi. The structure of the Maison du Roi was officially reorganized under Henry III in 1578 and 1585, and in the 17th century by Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
The Military Maison du Roi
The military branch of the Maison du Roi was the French Army Lifeguard brigade, made up of cavalry and infantry units. Officer rank was only open to gentlemen, though some of its units were drawn from elite troops among commoners in the rest of the army. It was not ceremonial and participated in all of France's 16th- and 17th-century campaigns.
The Religious Maison du Roi
The Ecclesiastical Household of the king was headed by the Grand Almoner of France (Grand aumônier de France) (created by Francis I), most often a bishop. The king's chapel (la chapelle du roi)—which did not originally refer to a building, but to the religious entourage of the king—was in charge of the Mass and religious ceremonies (marriages, baptisms) for the sovereign and the royal family and the king's alms and public charities.
It was headed by the Grand Almoner, who was assisted by the First Almoner, who fulfilled the duties of the Grand Almoner when the latter was unable to. Other officers of the Maison ecclésiastique included several aumôniers ordinaires (who maintained the regular service of the chapel), the prédicateur du roi (or "king's preacher"), who preached in the presence of the king, and the king's confessor.
The royal chapel also included a group of ecclesiastics and musicians for the religious services, divided into two sections: the chapel and oratory (chapelle et oratoire)—directed by the master of the Oratory (sous-maître de l'Oratoire)—which celebrated spoken Masses, and the grande chapelle—directed by the master of the chapel (maître de la chapelle)—which celebrated Masses in plainchant. In the reign of Louis XV, the musicians of the two chapels were united. Oversight was eventually transferred (in 1761) from the Ecclesiastical household to the King's Chamber, and the position of master of the chapel was eliminated.
The Domestic Maison du Roi
The Maison du Roi civile, or domestic entourage of the king, was divided into a number of departments, whose number varied over the years. Under Louis XIV it consisted of 22 departments. Each department was directed by the grands officiers de la maison du roi de France (a title similar to, but not the same as, grand officier de la couronne de France). From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the Maison du Roi civile consisted of around 1000–2000 individuals.
The most important departments were the following:
The "Bouche du roi"
The largest of the departments, the Bouche du roi oversaw the meals of the king. It was run by the Premier Maître d'hôtel. The seven offices of the department were:
gobelet: wine and drink, run by the Grand Bouteiller
cuisine-bouche: cuisine
paneterie: bakers
échansonnerie
cuisine-commun
fruiterie: fruits
fourrière
Officers included the Maître d'hôtel ordinaire, the 12 Maîtres d'hôtel servant par quartier, the Grand panetier, the Premier écuyer tranchant and the Grand échanson (three offices that had become purely honorific in the Early Modern period), and the 36 gentleman servants.
The King's Chamber
Directed by the Grand Chambrier of France or Grand Chambellan of France, this department oversaw the king's rooms and his personal escort. After the Bouche du roi, it was the second largest. It consisted of four First Gentlemen of the chambre, the gentlemen of the chambre, the valets de chambre, the pages, the huissiers and the children of honor. Their proximity to the king made these charges particularly esteemed.
The "Menus-Plaisirs"
The complete name of this department was argenterie, menus plaisirs et affaires de la chambre du roi ("silver, small entertainments and affairs of the king's chamber"). The Menus-Plaisirs du Roi was in charge of theater decor, costumes and props for plays, ballets and other court entertainments. It was run by an intendant.
The Ceremonies
Created in 1585 by Henry III, this service was in charge of public ceremonies such as: baptisms, marriages and royal funerals, coronations and the "sacre" (or anointment), royal entries into towns, royal festivals, ambassadorial receptions, États généraux, etc. It was run by the Grand maître des cérémonies, assisted by the maître and the aide of cérémonies.
The Royal Stables
Divided in 1582 into two parts:
the Grande Écurie, run by the Grand écuyer of France, called « M. le Grand », who oversaw the transport of the king and his ceremonial entourage (heralds, men of arms, musicians, etc.)
the Petite Écurie, run by the premier écuyer, called « M. le Premier », comprising squires, pages, foot valets, coaches, harnesses, saddles and coachmen.
The Venery
This was the king's hunting service, run by the Grand Veneur (the Master of the Hunt and Royal Game Warden), consisted of the vénerie (hunting on horseback), louveterie (the hunt of wolves run by the Grand Louvetier), falcon hunting (run by the Grand Falconer) and the vautrait (boar hunt, run by the Capitaine du vautrait or Capitaine des toiles).
Great Officers of the Royal Household
The major offices of the royal household are sometimes listed as the grands officiers de la maison du roi de France, not to be confused with the Great Officers of the Crown of France, with which it overlaps in part. Although lists of the Great Officers vary, the following are generally considered Great Officers of the Royal Household:
Domestic household:
Grand Maître de France (also one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France)
the First Maître d'hôtel (Chief Butler) - overseeing the king's table and the bouches du roi
the Grand Panetier of France, overseeing bread
the Grand Échanson de France, overseeing wine
the First "Écuyer tranchant", who cuts the meat of the king
the Grand Chambrier of France or the Grand Chambellan of France, head of the King's chambre, (also one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France)
the four First gentlemen of the King's Chamber, who oversee the King's chambre
the four First Valets of the King's Chamber, who oversee, under the direction of the first gentlemen, the King's chambre
the Grand Maître de la garde-robe, who oversees the King's wardrobe
the Grand Écuyer de France, the head stablemaster (also one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France)
the first écuyer de France, who seconds the Grand écuyer
the Grand Huntsman of France (Grand Veneur), who directs royal hunts, especially the stag hunt
the Grand Falconer of France, who directs royal hunts using birds of prey
the Grand Louvetier of France, who directs royal hunts of wolves and boar
the Grand Master of Ceremonies of France (grand maître des cérémonies), who directs court ceremonies and protocol
the Grand Marshal of lodging (maréchal des logis), who oversees lodging of the king, of the court and of the royal household
the Grand Provost of France, who heads the court police, and for this purpose, has jurisdiction over the military troops of the Maison du Roi
the Grand Almoner of France, at the head of the royal chapel and the head of the Ecclesiastical House of the King (the maison ecclésiastique du roi de France)
the first Almoner of France, who aids the Grand Almoner
Military household:
Captain of the bodyguard
Captain-colonel of the Cent-Suisses
Colonel General of the Suisses et Grisons
Captain-colonel of the guards of the king's door
Captain-lieutenant of the gendarmes of the guard
Captain-lieutenant of the chevau-légers (light cavalry) of the guard
Colonel General of the Musketeers of the guard
Captain-lieutenant of the first company of the Musketeers of the guard
Captain-lieutenant of the grenadiers à cheval of the guard
The Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi
Starting in the 16th century and then from the 17th century on, the Maison du Roi was overseen by a ministry, the Département de la Maison du Roi. This ministry was directed by a secretary of state, the Secrétaire d'État à la Maison du Roi, although this oversight was purely formal, as the officers of the Maison du Roi were under the direct authority of the Grand maître de France (Chief Steward of France).
In practice, the military branch of the Maison du Roi was run by the Minister of War. The Secrétaire d'État à la Maison du Roi was, however, in charge of recruiting officers for the Maison du Roi and would receive prospective applications for posts and submit them to the king for his approval.
See also
Conseil du Roi
Great Officers of the Crown of France
General:
Early Modern France
French nobility
References
Bernard Barbiche, Les institutions de la monarchie française à l'époque moderne, XVIe - XVIIIe siècle, Paris : PUF, 1999, 2nd edition. 2001.
Père Anselme de Sainte-Marie (o.c.m.), Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la Maison royale de France, des pairs et grands officiers de la Couronne et de la Maison du Roi, Compagnie des Libraires associés, 1737.
Jean-François Solnon, art. « Maison du roi », Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle, s. dir, François Bluche, Fayard, 1990.
Louis Susane, Histoire de la cavalerie française (3 vols). Reprinted C. Terana, Paris, 1984. .
External links
La Maison du Roi on www.heraldica.org (in English)
French heraldry site (in French) - Grand Officers of the Crown and Grand Officers of the Household
French heraldry site (in French) - Maison du roi civile
Maison du Roi - Emerging Designer Fashion Store named after the name (in English)
Royal households |
Operation Copperhead was a small military deception operation run by the British during the Second World War. It formed part of Operation Bodyguard, the cover plan for the invasion of Normandy in 1944 and was intended to mislead German intelligence as to the location of General Bernard Montgomery. The operation was conceived by Dudley Clarke in early 1944 after he watched the film Five Graves to Cairo. Following the war M. E. Clifton James wrote a book about the operation, I Was Monty's Double. It was later adapted into a film, with James in the lead role.
The German high command expected Montgomery (one of the best-known Allied commanders) to play a key role in any cross-channel bridgehead. Clarke and the other deception planners reasoned that a high-profile appearance outside the United Kingdom would suggest that an Allied invasion was not imminent. An appropriate look-alike was found, M. E. Clifton James, who spent a short time with Montgomery to familiarise himself with the general's mannerisms. On 26 May 1944, James flew first to Gibraltar and then to Algiers, making appearances where the Allies knew German intelligence agents would spot him. He then flew secretly to Cairo and remained in hiding until Montgomery's public appearance in Normandy following the invasion.
The operation did not appear to have any significant impact on German plans and was not reported high up the chain of command. It was executed some time before D-Day, and in the midst of several other Allied deceptions. German intelligence might have suspected a trick, or not attributed much importance to the visit.
Background
In preparation for the 1944 invasion of Normandy, the Allied nations conducted a complex series of deceptions under the codename Bodyguard. The overall aim of the plan was to confuse the German high command as to the exact location and timing of the invasion. Significant time was spent constructing the First United States Army Group, a notional army to threaten Pas de Calais, along with political and visual deceptions to communicate a fictional Allied battle plan. Copperhead was a small portion of Bodyguard conceived by Dudley Clarke. Earlier in the war Clarke had pioneered the idea of strategic deception, forming a deception department in Cairo named 'A' Force. Clarke and 'A' Force were not officially in charge of Bodyguard planning (a role that fell to the London Controlling Section), but because of the location of the deception the Cairo planners organised much of the operation.
On a visit to Naples in January 1944 Clarke had seen the movie Five Graves to Cairo, in which actor Miles Mander makes a brief appearance. The film involves one character impersonating another and Clarke suggested attempting the same trick in real life. He proposed an operation to mislead German commanders as to Montgomery's location in the days immediately before the Normandy landings (codenamed Operation Neptune).
Montgomery was one of the most prominent Allied commanders and the German high command expected him to be present for any invasion of France. Clarke hoped Montgomery's apparent presence in Gibraltar and Africa would lend support to the idea that the Allies might be planning landings in southern France, as part of Operation Vendetta, rather than across the Channel. While in London, in February 1944, Clarke, the London Controlling Section and Ops (B) drafted Copperhead in support of Vendetta.
Operation
Mander, the actor from Five Graves to Cairo, was located in Hollywood but found to be too tall in real life. Another look-alike was identified but before he could be drafted into the operation he broke a leg in a motorbike accident. Eventually, Lieutenant-Colonel J. V. B. Jervis-Reid, head of Ops (B), spotted a photograph of Meyrick Clifton James in the News Chronicle. James, an Australian, had spent 25 years as an actor before the war, and at the time was assigned to the Royal Army Pay Corps. Colonel David Niven, a well-known British actor, was asked to contact James and offer him a screen test for future army films. When he arrived at the meeting, James was told his true role.
James was not a perfect stand-in for Montgomery. He had lost a finger during the First World War, so a prosthetic had to be made. He had also never flown before, so the London Controlling Section's Dennis Wheatley took James up for a test flight to make sure he did not suffer from air sickness. Finally, James both drank heavily and smoked cigars, while Montgomery was a teetotaler and disliked smoking. The deception planners were worried that James might be spotted drinking, spoiling the performance. Despite these hitches, and with Montgomery's approval, the plan went forward. To get into character, James spent some time with the general, posing as a journalist, to study his mannerisms.
Allied deceivers used their double agent network to circulate the idea that Montgomery would command ground forces during the invasion. Then, on 26 May 1944, James flew overnight from RAF Northolt to Gibraltar, where the Germans maintained an observation post overlooking the airport from across the Spanish border. The plane had to circle for an hour before landing to allow James, who had smuggled a bottle of gin onto the flight, to sober up. He then attended breakfast with the British governor, Sir Ralph Eastwood, before departing again for the airfield. The Allies had arranged for Ignacio Molina Pérez, a Spanish envoy known to be a German spy, to visit Government House. After observing James's departure, Pérez hurriedly crossed the border to place a call to his German handler.
James then flew to Algiers, where he was publicly paraded through the airport and driven to meet General Maitland Wilson, ostensibly for a meeting to discuss operations against the south of France. Instead, he was moved quietly to a remote villa by 'A' Force's Rex Hamer. Rumours suggest this was because James had been spotted smoking and staggering around Algiers, so the deceivers decided to cut his appearances short. Whatever the reason, the next day, out of character, James was flown to Cairo. He was to remain hidden there until the public disclosure of Montgomery's presence in France. Meanwhile, double agents in North Africa were used to extend the masquerade for a few more days, by hinting Montgomery was still in the region.
Impact
The impact of Copperhead is unclear. The visit was reported up the German chain of command, and some double agents later received requests for information about Montgomery's movements. There is no indication that Montgomery's appearance affected German views of the imminent invasion threat. Writing in 2011, historian Joshua Levine attributes this to the fact that the deception was carried out ten days before D-Day, arguing that there would be no reason for a flying visit to North Africa to preclude an imminent invasion.
Another factor was that, in early May 1944, an uncontrolled agent based in Spain (who sold fictional intelligence to the Germans) had passed on details of a meeting in Gibraltar between several high-ranking Allied officers. Documents found after the war indicate that the Germans found this information suspect, and may have treated Montgomery's appearance as equally so. Although double agents received several urgent requests from the Abwehr about his whereabouts it does not appear that this information was passed on to the German command in France. According to captured enemy generals, German intelligence in fact believed Montgomery had been present but still presumed it to be part of a feint. The Bodyguard deception had confused the German command as to Allied intentions, and the apparent arrival of Montgomery in Gibraltar added little to the picture.
James did not enjoy the experience. Although he received equivalent pay (£10 per day) to Montgomery during the operation, it had been a stressful assignment. Following Montgomery's public appearance on the Normandy beachhead, James flew back to England and resumed his role within the Pay Corps and was warned not to discuss the operation. Dennis Wheatley, in his memoirs, commented that he felt James had been treated "shabbily" for his efforts.
Later depictions
In 1954 James wrote an account of the operation, I Was Monty's Double (published in the United States as The Counterfeit General). The British government made no attempt to stop publication, and in 1958 the book was adapted into a film of the same name. James starred as himself, alongside John Mills as an intelligence agent.
References
Bibliography
Further reading
British National Archives, "A" Force Permanent Record File, Narrative War Diary, CAB 154/4 pp. 85–90
1944 in the United Kingdom
Operation Bodyguard |
The Yankee Clipper was a luxury train offering service between Boston and New York City. Early, it pulled by a Class I-4 Pacific engine and later led by Class I-5 Hudsons. All of its cars, including Club car, two Parlor cars, Dining car, and Sun Parlor Observation car, were Pullmans.
Its first ever stop was at Readville station on April 14, 1934. At that stop, it dropped off Irving and Murton Millen, two brothers who robbed a Needham, Massachusetts bank and shot two police officers, Francis Oliver Haddock and Forbes McLeod. Thousands came to see the brothers get off the train.
References
Works cited
Passenger trains of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
Passenger rail transportation in Massachusetts
Passenger rail transportation in Rhode Island
Passenger rail transportation in Connecticut
Passenger rail transportation in New York (state) |
Literacy is a peer-reviewed academic journal published thrice annually by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the United Kingdom Literacy Association. The journal was established in 1967 as Reading and obtained its current name in 2004. It covers research on the study and development of literacy, including topics such as phonics, phonology, morphology, and language. The editors-in-chief are Natalia Kucirkova (University of Stavanger) and Diane Collier (Brock University).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.400, ranking it 91st out of 162 journals in the category "Linguistics" and 150th out of 206 journals in the category "Education & Educational Research".
References
External links
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
English-language journals
Linguistics journals
Triannual journals
Academic journals established in 1967 |
Roughley is an electoral ward within the Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield, and is the most northerly part of the administrative area covered by the Royal Sutton Coldfield Town Council and the City of Birmingham.
Over half of Roughley Ward is attractive Green Belt countryside, including arable and dairy farms, historic field boundaries survive with mature hedgerows and woodlands. Several public footpaths provide access to the countryside and the one linking Hillwood Road and Dale Farm provides distant views of Lichfield Cathedral and on a clear day the Pennine Hills.
Roughley was historically part of the county of Warwickshire and is now within the West Midlands. It includes parts of the old parishes of Hill and Canwell, and before May 2018 most of the area was within Four Oaks Ward.
Local facilities within Roughley include the Mitchell Centre with independent shops, an art gallery, and bistro, all in premises converted from agricultural buildings, and nearby is the Chase Farm Shop with links to the farmer and butcher, Walter Smith.
Roughley Ward includes the Moor Hall Estate, containing Moor Hall Farm House, (listed grade II*), dating from the late fourteenth century, which was the birthplace of John Vesey, Bishop of Exeter (born circa 1462), who became the great benefactor of Sutton Coldfield through his connections with King Henry VIII. The estate also includes Moor Hall Hotel upon the site of the former mansion built by John Vesey for his own occupation, and there is also a golf course and exclusive housing.
John Vesey built 51 stone houses for the people of Sutton Coldfield in the sixteenth century and surviving houses within Roughley Ward include Vesey Grange (grade II* listed), on Weeford Road, and Vesey Cottage, (grade II* listed), upon the land of Wheatmoor Farm, accessed off Withyhill Road.
Other notable buildings include Ashfurlong Hall, (grade II* listed), Tamworth Road, a manor house dating mainly from the late eighteenth century, but incorporating earlier sixteenth century buildings.
Roughley Ward includes the Harvest Fields development, built by Barratt Homes and Crest Nicholson at the start of the twenty-first century, with several hundred homes arranged around a small park containing a community centre and nursery school, together with an access to Little Sutton Primary School.
Transport
The X5 bus route goes from Roughley-Birmingham every 30 minutes Mon - Sat daytime and every hour evenings and Sundays. The 604, operating hourly Mon-Sat daytime between Mere Green and Kingstanding, stops at Little Sutton Road, which is within walking distance of Roughley. These services are operated by National Express West Midlands and Claribel Coaches respectively.
Four Oaks railway train station is approximately one mile from the Harvest Fields development in Roughley.
The M6 Toll Road and A38 run along the Eastern boundary of Roughley Ward.
References
Sutton Coldfield |
Delyth Non Jewell (born 1988) is a Welsh Plaid Cymru politician. She is a Member of the Senedd (MS) for South Wales East region. She is also the current Deputy Leader of Plaid Cymru.
Early life
Jewell was born in Caerphilly and grew up in Ystrad Mynach, and attended Ysgol Bro Allta and Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhymni. She graduated from the University of Oxford with a BA in English Language and Literature, and an MA in Celtic Studies. In 2007, she was president of the Dafydd ap Gwilym Society, the university's Welsh-language society.
Career
Jewell spent five and a half years as a researcher and speechwriter for Plaid's Members of Parliament, and took part in new laws against stalking in 2012 and domestic violence in 2015. She also worked for Citizens Advice and Welsh Water, as well as for the charity ActionAid on matters of women's rights and international development. Two days before entering the Senedd, she wrote an article for The Independent in which she highlighted the abuse and harassment of female politicians.
Senedd
Jewell was second on the party list in the South Wales East region in the 2016 Welsh election, from which only Steffan Lewis was elected. After Lewis died on 11 January 2019, Jewell succeeded him into the Senedd on 16 January 2019. She was sworn into office on 8 February 2019.
References
1988 births
Living people
Female members of the Senedd
Plaid Cymru members of the Senedd
Wales MSs 2016–2021
Wales MSs 2021–2026
People from Caerphilly
People educated at Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhymni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Welsh-speaking politicians |
Mickaël Rol (born 30 October 1976) is a former professional footballer who played as a defender or defensive midfielder.
Post-playing career
After his retirement from playing, Rol ended up working for Danone.
References
External links
Mickaël Rol profile at chamoisfc79.fr
1976 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Olympique Lyonnais players
OGC Nice players
Chamois Niortais F.C. players
AS Cherbourg Football players
Ligue 2 players
Thonon Evian Grand Genève FC players
Montluçon Football players |
The Battle of Kupa occurred at Kupa river in 819. It involved Frankish vassal Duke Borna of Dalmatia, with an army of Guduscani, against the advancing army of Frankish rebel, Duke Ljudevit of the Slavs in Lower Pannonia. During the battle, the Guduscans abandoned Borna and joined Ljudevit. While Borna's forces suffered massive losses, he managed to escape with his bodyguards. However, Dragomuž, Ljudevit's father-in-law, who sided with Borna, was killed. Ljudevit suffered heavy casualties that included 3,000 soldiers and over 300 horses. Afterwards, Ljudevit used the momentum to invade Dalmatia in December 819.
Sources
Kupa
9th-century military history of Croatia
Kupa
819
9th century in Croatia
History of Slovenia
Battles involving Slovenia |
Oedematopiella is a genus of flies belonging to the family Dolichopodidae. It was established in 2011 for two species from Costa Rica, Oedematopiella sarae and Oedematopiella nathaliae. It is related to the genus Oedematopus.
References
Hydrophorinae
Dolichopodidae genera
Diptera of North America |
Jack Duffy (born September 25, 1970) is an American ice hockey coach and former defenseman who was an All-American for Yale.
Career
Duffy began attending Yale University in the fall of 1989, joining a program that had slowly improving over the course of the 1980s. Duffy was not a big scorer for the Bulldogs, but he was instrumental in getting Yale's defense to allow fewer goals in each of his four seasons. He was able to help Yale to a winning record as a junior while producing at a point per game pace. he was named team captain for his senior season and, while the results were still positive, the team stalled a bit and wasn't able to build on their modest success. Duffy was named an All-American and began his professional career the following year.
Duffy split time between leagues in 1994 but was impressive enough to find himself in the IHL for the entirety of 1994–95. He played one more year at that level before deciding to retire as a player. He immediately turned to coaching, returning to Connecticut to work with the Greenwich Skating Club, but took several years off after starting a family. When his daughter Hayley began playing hockey, he returned to coaching. Duffy was the assistant coach of the boys hockey team at Greenwich High School for two seasons. In July 2020, head coach Chris Rurak died suddenly at the age of 47. A few months later, Duffy agreed to take over as head coach.
Statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Awards and honors
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
Ice hockey coaches from Connecticut
People from North Branford, Connecticut
Sportspeople from New Haven County, Connecticut
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey players
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans
Knoxville Cherokees players
Las Vegas Thunder players
Chicago Wolves players
New York Islanders draft picks
National Hockey League supplemental draft picks
Ice hockey players from Connecticut |
The men's 800 metres event at the 2011 Military World Games was held on 19 and 20 and 22 July at the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and CISM record were as follows:
Schedule
Medalists
Results
Round 1
Semifinals
Final
References
800 |
On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves is an 1860 dissertation written by Albert Niemann. Its title in German is Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern. The piece describes, in detail, how Niemann isolated cocaine, a crystalline alkaloid. It also earned Niemann his Ph.D., and is now in the British Library. He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that, "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" — as with other alkaloids its name carried the "-ine" suffix.
References
Cocaine
Theses
Works about cocaine
1860 essays |
Display lag is a phenomenon associated with most types of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) like smartphones and computers and nearly all types of high-definition televisions (HDTVs). It refers to latency, or lag between when the signal is sent to the display and when the display starts to show that signal. This lag time has been measured as high as or the equivalent of 3-4 frames on a 60 Hz display. Display lag is not to be confused with pixel response time, which is the amount of time it takes for a pixel to change from one brightness value to another. Currently the majority of manufacturers quote the pixel response time, but neglect to report display lag.
Analog vs digital technology
For older analog cathode ray tube (CRT) technology, display lag is nearly zero, due to the nature of the technology, which does not have the ability to store image data before display. The picture signal is minimally processed internally, simply for demodulation from a radio-frequency (RF) carrier wave (for televisions), and then splitting into separate signals for the red, green, and blue electron guns, and for the timing of the vertical and horizontal sync. Image adjustments typically involve reshaping the signal waveform but without storage, so the image is written to the screen as fast as it is received, with only nanoseconds of delay for the signal to traverse the wiring inside the device from input to the screen.
For modern digital signals, significant computer processing power and memory storage is needed to prepare an input signal for display. For either over-the-air or cable TV, the same analog demodulation techniques are used, but after that, then the signal is converted to digital data, which must be decompressed using the MPEG codec, and rendered into an image bitmap stored in a frame buffer.
For progressive scan display modes, the signal processing stops here, and the frame buffer is immediately written to the display device. In its simplest form, this processing may take several microseconds to occur.
For interlaced video, additional processing is frequently applied to deinterlace the image and make it seem to be clearer or more detailed than it actually is. This is done by storing several interlaced frames and then applying algorithms to determine areas of motion and stillness, and to either merge interlaced frames for smoothing or extrapolate where pixels are in motion, the resulting calculated frame buffer is then written to the display device.
De-interlacing imposes a delay that can be no shorter than the number of frames being stored for reference, plus an additional variable period for calculating the resulting extrapolated frame buffer; delays of 16-32ms are common.
Causes of display lag
While the pixel response time of the display is usually listed in the monitor's specifications, no manufacturers advertise the display lag of their displays, likely because the trend has been to increase display lag as manufacturers find more ways to process input at the display level before it is shown. Possible culprits are the processing overhead of HDCP, Digital Rights Management (DRM), and also DSP techniques employed to reduce the effects of ghosting – and the cause may vary depending on the model of display. Investigations have been performed by several technology-related websites, some of which are listed at the bottom of this article.
LCD, plasma, and DLP displays, unlike CRTs, have a native resolution. That is, they have a fixed grid of pixels on the screen that show the image sharpest when running at the native resolution (so nothing has to be scaled full-size which blurs the image). In order to display non-native resolutions, such displays must use video scalers, which are built into most modern monitors. As an example, a display that has a native resolution of 1600x1200 being provided a signal of 640x480 must scale width and height by 2.5x to display the image provided by the computer on the native pixels. In order to do this, while producing as few artifacts as possible, advanced signal processing is required, which can be a source of introduced latency. Interlaced video signals such as 480i and 1080i require a deinterlacing step that adds lag. Anecdotally, display lag is significantly less when displays operate in native resolutions for a given LCD screen and in a progressive scanning mode. External devices have also been shown to reduce overall latency by providing faster image-space resizing algorithms than those present in the LCD screen. In practice this would stack the internal and external latencies.
Many LCDs also use a technology called "overdrive" which buffers several frames ahead and processes the image to reduce blurring and streaks left by ghosting. The effect is that everything is displayed on the screen several frames after it was transmitted by the video source.
Testing for display lag
Display lag can be measured using a test device such as the Video Signal Input Lag Tester. Despite its name, the device cannot independently measure input lag. It can only measure input lag and response time together.
Lacking a measurement device, measurement can be performed using a test display (the display being measured), a control display (usually a CRT) that would ideally have negligible display lag, a computer capable of mirroring an output to the two displays, stopwatch software, and a high-speed camera pointed at the two displays running the stopwatch program. The lag time is measured by taking a photograph of the displays running the stopwatch software, then subtracting the two times on the displays in the photograph. This method only measures the difference in display lag between two displays and cannot determine the absolute display lag of a single display. CRTs are preferable to use as a control display because their display lag is typically negligible. However, video mirroring does not guarantee that the same image will be sent to each display at the same point in time.
In the past it was seen as common knowledge that the results of this test were exact as they seemed to be easily reproducible, even when the displays were plugged into different ports and different cards, which suggested that the effect is attributable to the display and not the computer system. An in depth analysis that has been released on the German website Prad.de revealed that these assumptions have been wrong. Averaging measurements as described above lead to comparable results because they include the same amount of systematic errors. As seen on different monitor reviews the so determined values for the display lag for the very same monitor model differ by margins up to or even more.
To minimize the effects of asynchronous display outputs (the points of time an image is transferred to each monitor is different or the actual used frequency for each monitor is different) a highly specialized software application called SMTT or a very complex and expensive test environment has to be used.
Several approaches to measure display lag have been restarted in slightly changed ways but still reintroduced old problems, that have already been solved by the former mentioned SMTT. One such method involves connecting a laptop to an HDTV through a composite connection and run a timecode that shows on the laptop's screen and the HDTV simultaneously and recording both screens with a separate video recorder. When the video of both screens is paused, the difference in time shown on both displays have been interpreted as an estimation for the display lag. Nevertheless, this is almost identical to the use of casual stopwatches on two monitors using a "clone view" monitor setup as it does not care about the missing synchronisation between the composite video signal and the display of the laptop's screen or the display lag of that screen or the detail that the vertical screen refresh of the two monitors is still asynchronous and not linked to each other. Even if V-sync is activated in the driver of the graphics card the video signals of the analog and the digital output will not be synchronized. Therefore, it is impossible to use a single stop watch for display lag measurements, nevertheless if it is created by a timecode or a simple stopwatch application, as it will always cause an error of up to or even more.
Effects of display lag on users
Display lag contributes to the overall latency in the interface chain of the user's inputs (mouse, keyboard, etc.) to the graphics card to the monitor. Depending on the monitor, display lag times between have been measured. However, the effects of the delay on the user depend on each user's own sensitivity to it.
Display lag is most noticeable in games (especially older video-game consoles), with different games affecting the perception of delay. For instance, in World of Warcraft's PvE, a slight input delay is not as critical compared to PvP, or to other games favoring quick reflexes like Counter-Strike. Rhythm-based games, such as Guitar Hero, also require exact timing; display lag will create a noticeable offset between the music and the on-screen prompts. Notably, many games of this type include an option that attempts to calibrate for display lag. Arguably, fighting games such as Street Fighter, Super Smash Brothers Melee and Tekken are the most-affected, since they may require move inputs within extremely tight event windows that sometimes only last 1 frame or 16.67 ms on the screen.
By assuming a Gaussian human response time to a particular in-game event, it becomes possible to discuss the effect of lag in terms of probabilities. Given a lag-less display, a human has a certain probability to land his/her input within a window of frames. As video games operate on discrete frames, missing the last frame of the window even by 0.1 ms causes an input to be interpreted a full frame later. Because of this, any amount of lag will affect a human's ability to hit a particular timing window. The severity of this impact is a function of the position and variance of a human's response to a visual cue, the amount of lag introduced, and the size of the timing window. For example, given a very large window of 30 frames, a human would likely have a 99.99% chance of hitting this window. By introducing one frame of lag, the human's ability to hit the 30 frame window would likely remain in the 99.99% range (assuming the human is responding somewhere near the middle of the window). Given a smaller window of say 2 frames, however, the effect of lag becomes much more significant. Assuming the human's response is centered on the 2 frame window and the super-human has a 99.99% chance to hit the window, introducing a full frame of lag causes the success rate to drop all the way to about 50%.
If the game's controller produces additional feedback (rumble, the Wii Remote's speaker, etc.), then the display lag will cause this feedback to not accurately match up with the visuals on-screen, possibly causing extra disorientation (e.g. feeling the controller rumble a split second before a crash into a wall).
TV viewers can be affected as well. If a home theater receiver with external speakers is used, then the display lag causes the audio to be heard earlier than the picture is seen. "Early" audio is more jarring than "late" audio. Many home-theater receivers have a manual audio-delay adjustment which can be set to compensate for display latency.
Solutions
Game mode
Many televisions, scalers and other consumer-display devices now offer what is often called a "game mode" in which the extensive preprocessing responsible for additional lag is specifically sacrificed to decrease, but not eliminate, latency. While typically intended for videogame consoles, this feature is also useful for other interactive applications. Similar options have long been available on home audio hardware and modems for the same reason. Connection through VGA cable or component should eliminate perceivable input lag on many TVs even if they already have a game mode. Advanced post-processing is non existent on analog connection and the signal traverses without delay.
Renaming input
A television may have a picture mode that reduces display lag for computers. Some Samsung and LG televisions automatically reduce lag for a specific input port if the user renames the port to "PC".
Display lag versus response time
LCD screens with a high response-time value often do not give satisfactory experience when viewing fast-moving images (they often leave streaks or blur; called ghosting). But an LCD screen with both high response time and significant display lag is unsuitable for playing fast-paced computer games or performing fast high-accuracy operations on the screen, due to the mouse cursor lagging behind.
See also
Input lag
References
External links
Database with measurements from input lag for over 200 televisions (German)
Article on PRAD.de - first scientific approach to determine display lag (German)
Input Lag Testing - Article on TFT Central comparing different methods (14 Dec 2011)
SMTT - Highly optimized display lag test software to reduce the error margin that is usual for plain stopwatch applications
FlatpanelsHD.com - Display lag test software (Dec 15, 2008)
BeHardware test - LCDs images delayed compared to CRTs? Yes ! (Aug 3, 2006)
BeHardware tests 22inch TFT monitors for display lag (Dec 19, 2006)
Avs Forum posting on display lag
Video demonstrating display lag in Quake (June 24, 2006)
Video demonstrating display lag in UT2003 (June 27, 2006)
TFT Central - Display lag and TFT features (Oct 29, 2008)
Video demonstrating display lag in Windows UI (Dec 12, 2006)
The HDTV-Gaming-Lag Report (July 21, 2006) (Note: this article is compiled from IGN reader opinions and not guaranteed to be accurate)
Anandtech article about Input Lag (July 16, 2009)
Display technology
Liquid crystal displays |
The red-spectacled amazon (Amazona pretrei) is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, dry savanna, and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Red-spectacled Amazon migrates seasonally from the northern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul to the south-eastern state of Santa Catarina to feed on the mass-produced seeds of the Brazilian Pine.
The species is distributed in the area of the frontier between southern Corrientes province in Argentina and the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
They are a quiet species with a relaxed disposition.
Description
The red-spectacled amazon is long. It is mostly green with some sparse red spots on head, variable extent of red on forehead, lores and around eyes, white eyerings, red on the bend of the wings with blue tips to secondaries and primaries and yellowish bill. Females have less red on the bend of the wing.
Diet:
90 percent of the Red-spectacled amazon's diet that inhabits the wild contains Angustifolia seeds, those in captivity, their diets consist of vegetables along with Araucaria seeds.
Conservation and threats
The red-spectacled amazon is a declining species as it is highly threatened by the destruction of the Aruacaria moist forests and the illegal exotic pet trade. An analysis of the extinct Amazona pretrei population records reveals that the species disappeared due to severe habitat loss, and in the past, the parrot's geographical range was at least 10% larger than the current range.
The red-spectacled amazon is prized for its colorful feathers, mimicry ability, exotic appeal, and relative rarity, so eggs and live parrots are frequently smuggled from the wild and bred in captivity. It is estimated that nearly 500 chicks are stolen from their nests and sold in Brazilian cities every year.
References
red-spectacled amazon
Birds of the South Region
Vulnerable animals
Vulnerable biota of South America
red-spectacled amazon
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Species endangered by the pet trade
Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
Birds of the Atlantic Forest |
Boekhorst is a surname of Dutch origin. People with the name include:
Blaine Boekhorst (born 1993), Australian rules footballer
Fieke Boekhorst (born 1957), Dutch hockey player
Sven Boekhorst (born 1980), Dutch skater
See also
Vrije en Lage Boekhorst ("Free and Low Boekhorst"), an abolished municipality in South Holland
Dutch-language surnames |
The 2010–11 FA Trophy is the 41st season of the FA Trophy, the Football Association's cup competition for teams at levels 5–8 of the English football league system. A total of 266 clubs have entered the competition. This was reduced to 265 when Ilkeston Town withdrew after the club was wound up.
Calendar
Preliminary round
Ties will be played on 2 October 2010.
Ties
Replays
† – After extra time
First round qualifying
Ties will be played on 16 October 2010.
Teams from Premier Division of Southern League, Northern Premier League and Isthmian League entered in this round.
Ties
Replays
† – After extra time
Second round qualifying
Ties will be played on 30 October 2010.
Ties
Replays
† – After extra time
Third round qualifying
Ties will be played on 20 November 2010
This round is the first in which Conference North and South teams join the competition. After Ilkeston Town folded, Redditch United received a bye to the first round.
Ties
Replays
First round
Ties will be played on 11 December 2010
This round is the first in which Conference Premier teams join those from lower reaches of the National League System.
The Curzon Ashton vs. Altrincham match on 11 December 2010 was abandoned at half time due to a power failure with the score 2–1 in favour of Curzon Ashton. The re-scheduled game on 14 December 2010 finished 2–0 to Altrincham.
Ties
Replays
† – After extra time
Second round
Ties will be played on 15 January 2011
Ties
Replays
† – After extra time
Third round
Ties will be played on 5 February 2011
Ties
Replays
† – After extra time
Quarter finals
Ties will be played on 26 February 2011
Ties
Replay
† – After extra time
Semi-finals
First leg
Second leg
Mansfield Town win 2–1 on aggregate
Darlington win 3–2 on aggregate
Final
References
General
Football Club History Database: FA Trophy 2010-11
Specific
2010–11 domestic association football cups
League
2010-11 |
The Ottoman Turkish satirical magazine Güleryüz (meaning "laughing face" in Turkish) appeared in Istanbul weekly from 1921 to 1923 with a total of 122 editions. Its publisher and founder, Sedat Simavi (1896-1952), was a Turkish journalist, political cartoonist, writer and film director. He is also known as co-founder of the Turkish Association of Journalists (Türkiye Gazeteciler Cemiyeti) in 1946 and the daily newspaper Hürriyet (1948).
During the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923) Güleryüz was the most influential humoristic magazine in Istanbul. It supported Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and frequently published his cartoons. Moreover, it publicly contributed to the assumption that the war could be won. Parts of its volumes were regularly censored.
Its texts and numerous caricatures were written and designed by Sedat Simavi himself. The contributors included Ahmet Rasim, Ercümend Ekrem, Fazıl Ahmed, Cevad Şakir and Mustafa İzzet.
As a counterpart and support of the Turkish government the politico-humorous journal Aydede was founded in 1922.
References
Defunct magazines published in Turkey
Magazines established in 1921
Magazines disestablished in 1923
Magazines published in Istanbul
Turkish-language magazines
Satirical magazines published in Turkey
Weekly magazines published in Turkey |
National Route 323 is a national highway of Japan connecting the cities of Saga and Karatsu in Saga prefecture in Japan, with a total length of 46.8 km (29.08 mi).
References
National highways in Japan
Roads in Saga Prefecture |
Marco Holster (born 4 December 1971 in the Netherlands) is a Dutch retired footballer who is last known to have worked as head coach of VVA Achterberg reserves in his home country in 2017.
Career
Holster started his senior career with BFC (Bussum) in 1991. In 1998, he signed for Ipswich Town in the English Football League First Division, where he made twelve appearances without scoring. After that, he played for Dutch clubs Go Ahead Eagles, Door Ons Vrienden Opgericht, Lienden and VVA Achterberg before retiring in 2013.
References
External links
'Als profvoetballer ben je gewoon strontverwend, simpel zat'
De Gelderlander Tag
De 36 sollicitatiebrieven van Marco Holster
Pride of Anglia Profile
1971 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Go Ahead Eagles players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
FC Lienden players
SV Huizen players
AZ Alkmaar players
Heracles Almelo players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
VV DOVO players |
Jorge Drexler is a Uruguayan singer-songwriter who has received awards and nominations for his contributions to the music industry. Drexler released his first album in 1992, La Luz Que Sabe Robar, and following an invitation from Spanish singer-songwriter Joaquín Sabina, he relocated from Uruguay to Spain, where he signed an international recording contract. In 2005, he received Uruguay's first Academy Award, taking Best Original Song for "Al Otro Lado del Río", written for the film The Motorcycle Diaries; the track also received Latin Grammy and World Soundtrack Awards nominations. Drexler has been nominated four times at the Grammy Awards, for the albums Eco (2004), 12 Segundos de Oscuridad (2006), Cara B (2008), Bailar en la Cueva (2014), and Salvavidas de Hielo (2018); for Bailar en la Tierra, he won the award for Best Singer-Songwriter Album at the 15th Latin Grammy Awards. At the same ceremony, the singer earned a Latin Grammy for Record of the Year for his song "Universos Paralelos", performed with Chilean artist Ana Tijoux. In 2022, Drexler won six Latin Grammy Awards, including his first for Song of the Year for "Tocarte", his collaboration with C. Tangana.
For his work writing Spanish-language versions of singles by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira, he has received five ASCAP Latin Awards. Drexler received his only Goya Award in 2010 with the song "Que El Soneto Nos Tome Por Sorpresa", written for the Spanish film Lope; the same year he was named Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic for his musical contributions. For his acting debut in the film La Suerte en Tus Manos (2012), Drexler was nominated for a Premio Sur in Argentina for Breakthrough Male Performance. Overall, Drexler has received 13 awards from 53 nominations.
Academy Awards
The Academy Awards are awarded annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the United States. Drexler has received one award.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2005
|scope="row"| "Al Otro Lado del Río"
|scope="row"| Best Original Song
|
|-
ASCAP Latin Awards
The ASCAP Latin Awards are awarded annually by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in the United States. Drexler has received five awards.
|-
|2010
| "Loba"
|rowspan="4"|Pop/Ballad
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2011
|scope="row"| "Did It Again (Lo Hecho Está Hecho)"
|
|-
|scope="row"| "Gitana"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"
|
|-
|scope="row"|Television
|
|-
Gardel Awards
The Gardel Awards are awarded annually by the Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers in Argentina. Drexler has received two nominations.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2000
|scope="row"| Frontera
|rowspan="2"| Best Male Pop Album
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2001
|scope="row"| Sea
|
|-
Goya Awards
The Goya Awards are awarded annually by the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas in Spain. Drexler has received one award from two nominations.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2008
|scope="row"| "La Vida Secreta de las Pequeñas Cosas"
|rowspan="2"| Best Original Song
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2010
|scope="row"| "Que El Soneto Nos Tome Por Sorpresa"
|
|-
Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences in the United States. Drexler has received six nominations.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2006
|scope="row"| Eco
|rowspan="3"| Best Latin Pop Album
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2008
|scope="row"| 12 Segundos de Oscuridad
|
|-
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2009
|scope="row"| Cara B
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2015
|scope="row"| Bailar en la Cueva
|rowspan="3"| Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2018
|scope="row"| Salvavidas de Hielo
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2023
|scope="row"| Tinta y Tiempo
|
|-
Latin Grammy Awards
The Latin Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences in the United States. As of 2022, Drexler has received thirteen awards from 31 nominations.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2002
|scope="row"| Sea
|scope="row"| Best Male Pop Vocal Album
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2005
|scope="row"| "Al Otro Lado del Río"
|scope="row"| Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2007
|scope="row"| 12 Segundos de Oscuridad
|scope="row" rowspan="2"| Best Singer-Songwriter Album
|
|-
|rowspan="4" scope="row"| 2010
|scope="row"| Amar la Trama
|
|-
|scope="row"| La Trama Circular
|scope="row"| Best Long Form Music Video
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| "Una Canción Me Trajo Hasta Aquí"
|scope="row"| Record of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2011
|scope="row"| "Que El Soneto Nos Tome Por Sorpresa"
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2012
|scope="row"| "1987"
|scope="row"| Best Alternative Song
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2013
|scope="row"| "Sacar la Voz"
|scope="row"| Best Urban Song
|
|-
|rowspan="4" scope="row"| 2014
|rowspan="2"| Bailar en la Cueva
|scope="row"| Album of the Year
|
|-
|scope="row"| Best Singer-Songwriter Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| "Universos Paralelos"
|scope="row"| Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="4" scope="row"| Record of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2015
|scope="row"| "Ella Es"
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2017
|scope="row"| "El Surco"
|
|-
|rowspan="4" scope="row"| 2018
|rowspan="2"| "Telefonía"
|
|-
|scope="row"| Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| Salvavidas de Hielo
|scope="row"| Album of the Year
|
|-
|scope="row"| Best Singer-Songwriter Album
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2020
|scope="row"| "Codo con Codo"
|scope="row"| Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 2021
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| "Nominao"
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| Best Alternative Song
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| "Hong Kong"
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| Best Pop/Rock Song
|
|-
|rowspan="8" scope="row"| 2022
| rowspan="2"|Tinta y Tiempo
| Album of the Year
|
|-
| Best Singer-Songwriter Album
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|"Tocarte"
| Record of the Year
|
|-
| Song of the Year
|
|-
| Best Short Form Music Video
|
|-
| "La Guerra de la Concordia"
| Best Pop Song
|
|-
| "El Día Que Estrenaste el Mundo"
| Best Alternative Song
|
|-
| "Vento Sardo"
| Best Portuguese Language Song
|
|-
Lo Nuestro Award
The Lo Nuestro Award is an honor presented annually by American television network Univision. Drexler received one nomination.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2020
|scope="row"| "Blue (Diminuto Planeta Azul)"
|scope="row"| Video of the Year
|
|-
Málaga Film Festival
The Málaga Film Festival is a film festival held annually in Málaga, Spain. Drexler received one award.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2009
|scope="row"| Un Instante Preciso
|scope="row"| Biznaga de Plata
|
|-
MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamerica
The MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamerica were awarded annually by the MTV Networks Latin America in the United States. Drexler received one nomination.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2002
|scope="row"| Himself
|scope="row"| Best New Artist — South
|
|-
Premio de la Música
The Premio de la Música was awarded annually by the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores in Spain. Drexler received two awards from four nominations.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2005
|scope="row"| Eco
|scope="row"| Album of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2007
|scope="row"| 12 Segundos de Oscuridad
|scope="row"| Album of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2009
|scope="row"| Cara B
|scope="row"| Pop Album of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2011
|scope="row"| La Trama Circular
|scope="row"| Best Musical Audiovisual Production
|
|-
Graffiti Award
The Graffiti Award (Premio Graffiti) is awarded annually by media members specialized in music and entertainment in Uruguay. Drexler has received one award from eight nominations.
|-
|rowspan="4" scope="row"| 2005
|rowspan="3" scope="row"| Eco
|scope="row"| Best Album
|
|-
|scope="row"| Best Songwriter
|
|-
|scope="row"| Best Solo Artist
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| www.jorgedrexler.com
|scope="row"| Best Website
|
|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 2007
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 12 Segundos de Oscuridad
|scope="row"| Best Solo Artist
|
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| "Transoceanica"
|scope="row"| Best Music Video
|
|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 2009
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| Cara B
|scope="row"| Best Live Album
|
|-
|scope="row"| Best Popular Music Album and Urban Song
|
|-
Premio Sur
The Premio Sur is awarded annually by the Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards in Argentina. Drexler has received one nomination for his performance in the film La Suerte En Tus Manos.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2012
|scope="row"| Himself
|scope="row"| Breakthrough Male Performance
|
|-
Shock Awards
The Shock Awards are awarded annually by the Colombian magazine Shock. Drexler has received one nomination.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2015
|scope="row"| Bailar en la Cueva
|scope="row"| Latin American Album of the Year
|
|-
World Soundtrack Awards
The World Soundtrack Awards are awarded annually by the FIAPF during the Flanders International Film Festival Ghent in Belgium. Drexler has received one nomination.
|-
|rowspan="1" scope="row"| 2005
|scope="row"| "Al Otro Lado del Río"
|scope="row"| Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film
|
|-
References
Drexler, Jorge |
The redspot barb (Enteromius kerstenii) is a species of freshwater cyprinid fish found in East Africa. It is named for the large, orange-red spot found on each operculum.
According to FishBase, the South African Enteromius tangandensis (also referred to as "redsport barb") is a synonym of E. kerstenii, whereas the Catalog of Fishes lists them as separate species.
Size
This species reaches a length of .
Etymology
The fish is named in honor of Otto Kersten (1839-1900), an early explorer of Mount Kilimanjaro, who sent a small collection of fishes to Peters, including the type specimen of this species.
References
Eschmeyer, W. (2014) Barbus tangandensis CAS, Catalog of Fishes
Enteromius
Cyprinid fish of Africa
Fish described in 1868
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters |
Brookline Avenue is a principal urban artery in the city of Boston, Massachusetts. It runs from Kenmore Square in the Fenway-Kenmore neighborhood, forming a 1.5-mile straight line to its other terminus at Washington Street in the Brookline Village neighborhood of Brookline, Massachusetts. The Landmark Center, Fenway Park, Emmanuel College, Longwood Medical and Academic Area and Kenmore Square are sites along its length.
Along its way, the street intersects (from east to west) Boylston Street, Park Drive, the Fenway, and the Riverway, crossing the Emerald Necklace twice; the street ends at Brookline Avenue's westernmost crossing of the Necklace.
The road was laid out between 1818 and 1821 during the construction of the Boston & Roxbury Mill Dam across Boston's Back Bay. It led from the western end of the dam at Sewall's Point (now Kenmore Square) to the Punch Bowl Tavern on Washington Street in Brookline. The road was known by various names, including the Punch Bowl Road, the Mill Dam Road, and Western Avenue. (Mill Dam Road and Western Avenue were also used for the road that crossed the dam (now Beacon Street) and for its extension west to Brighton. "Brookline Branch" was sometimes used to distinguish this road from the others.) The name Brookline Avenue was officially adopted in 1868.
References
External links
Streets in Boston |
Distorsio mcgintyi is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Personidae, the Distortio snails.
Description
The length of the shell attains 32 mm.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, mainly off Florida.
References
Rosenberg, G.; Moretzsohn, F.; García, E. F. (2009). Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
Parth, M. (2017). Seashells and Chinese snuff bottles. The collection Manfred Parth. München: Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil. 288 pp.
External links
Olsson, A. A. & McGinty, T. L. (1951). A Distorsio new to the Florida fauna. The Nautilus. 65(1): 26-28, pl. 1, figs. 5-6, 9
Personidae |
{{safesubst:#invoke:RfD||2=Grade A producer of grapes|month = October
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REDIRECT Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro
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An electric reef (also electrified reef) is an artificial reef made from biorock, being limestone that forms rapidly in seawater on a metal structure from dissolved minerals in the presence of a small electric current. The first reefs of this type were created by Wolf Hilbertz and Thomas J. Goreau in the 1980s. By 2011 there were examples in over 20 countries.
History
Artificial reefs have been built since the 1950s using materials including sunken ships, concrete blocks. While artificial reefs have been effective at boosting fish populations and are valuable areas for benthic organisms and other marine life (e.g. sponges) to colonise, they are less viable for coral restoration. due to the slow growth of corals and their susceptibility to environmental changes.
In the 1970s, whilst studying how seashells and reefs grow, Wolf Hilbertz discovered a simple method of creating limestone from minerals dissolved in seawater, which he called biorock. Together with Thomas J. Goreau he realised that this process could be adapted to rapidly create artificial coral reefs during the 1980s. Using the name "Seacrete", the process was publicised in the 1992 futurology book titled The Millennial Project.
With others, Hilbertz and Goreau made expeditions to the Saya de Malha bank in 1997 and 2002 where they grew an artificial island around steel structures anchored to the sea floor using this process. In the Maldives, 80% of the electric reefs survived the 1998 warming which killed 95% of the natural reef corals.
Goreau continued the work after Hilbertz's death in 2007. By 2011 there were electric reef projects installed in over 20 countries. In 2012, both Goreau and Robert K. Trench published works on how the process could generate building materials as well as restore damaged ecosystems.
Construction process
The base of an electrified reef is a welded electrically conductive frame, often made from construction grade rebar or wire mesh which submerged and attached to the seafloor to which an electrical field applied. The frame (cathode) and a much smaller metal plate (anode) placed at a suitable distance from the frame initiates the electrolytic reaction.
Dissolved calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide and other minerals naturally found in seawater breakdown in the vicinity of the anode and recombine and precipitate out of the water onto the cathode. The exact composition of the minerals within the crystal formation is depends on their abundance, the climatic conditions and the voltage used. The structure takes on a whitish appearance within days.
This electric field, together with shade and protection offered by the metal/limestone frame soon attracts colonizing marine life, including fish, crabs, clams, octopus, lobster and sea urchins. Once the structure is in place and minerals begin to coat the surface divers transplant coral fragments from other reefs to the frame which soon bond to the newly accreted mineral substrate.
Because of the availability of evolved oxygen at the cathode and the electrochemically facilitated accretion of dissolved ions such as bicarbonate, they start to grow, some three to five times faster than normal and soon the reef takes on the appearance and utility of a natural reef ecosystem.
As shore protection
Shorelines are increasingly susceptible to beach erosion and loss due to climate change which is resulting in rising sea levels and increasingly frequent and more powerful storms. Large structures such as breakwaters constructed to reflect waves to prevent erosion are problematic and can in fact contribute to further beach erosion since for force of waves is doubled due to the reversal of the wave direction vector with the reflected wave carrying sand from the structure's base back out to sea resulting in the structure failing over time.
Common electrified reef used for shore protection mimic the effect of a natural reef which prevent erosion by dissipating wave energy and causing waves to break before they impact the shore. In nature, large reefs, have been shown to dissipate up to 97% of their energy. They are based around the same open mesh frameworks as those used for coral restoration. Skeletons of dead coral and algae from the reef are then deposited and help grow beaches. Because these reefs mimic the properties of natural reefs they solve some of the challenges they have in storm dissipation and their self-healing qualities helps structures survive extreme storms as long as the electricity supply remains in operation.
In Turks and Caicos trials of electrified reefs of coastal protection survived the two worst hurricanes in the history of the islands, which occurred three days apart and damaged or destroyed 80% of the buildings on the island. Sand was observed to build up around the bases of the reef structure.
In Maldives in 1997, shore protection reefs helped save several buildings, including a hotel, that had risked washing away due to severe beach erosion. The 50-meter-long shore protection reef stabilized and ultimately reversed erosion in several years, even allowing the beach to survive a tsunami in 2004.
Distribution
Electric reef projects had been installed in over 20 countries, in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Pacific and Southeast Asia. Projects are located in French Polynesia, Indonesia, Maldives, Mexico, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, the Philippines, Thailand and on one of the most remote and unexplored reef areas of the world, the Saya de Malha Bank in the Indian Ocean.
Indonesia has the most reef projects, with sites near over half a dozen islands, including the world's two largest reef restoration projects: Pemuteran with the Karang Lestari and the Gili islands with the Gili Eco Trust.
Non-coral reef projects have been conducted in places such as Barataria Bay, Galveston, seagrasses in the Mediterranean, oyster reefs and salt marshes in New York City, in Port Aransas, and in St. Croix.
Effectiveness
Electrolysis of electric reefs enhances coral growth, reproduction and ability to resist environmental stress. Coral species typically found on healthy reefs gain a major advantage over the weedy organisms that often overgrow them on stressed reefs.
Biorock can enable coral growth and regrowth even in the presence of environmental stress such as rising ocean temperatures, diseases, and nutrient, sediment, and other types of pollution. Biorock represents the only known method that can sustain and grow natural coral species using only basic conducting elements, typically of a common metal such as steel.
The process accelerated growth on coral reefs by as much as fivefold and restoration of physical damage by as much as 20 times. and the rate of growth can be varied by altering the amount of current flowing into the structure.
In one study, Porites colonies with and without an electric field were compared for 6 months after which time the current to the electric reef was eliminated. Growth differences were significant only during the first 4 months with longitudinal growth being relatively high in the presence of the field. The treatment corals survived at a higher rate.
On Vabbinfaru island in the Maldives, a 12-meter, 2 ton steel cage called the Lotus was secured on the sea floor. As of 2012, coral was so abundant on the structure that the cage is difficult to discern. The 1998 El Nino killed 98% of the reef around Vabbinfaru. Abdul Azeez, who led the Vabbinfaru project, said coral growth on the structure is up to five times that of elsewhere. A smaller prototype device was in place during the 1998 warming event and more than 80% of its corals survived, compared to just 2% elsewhere. However, power is no longer supplied to the project, leaving it vulnerable to the next round of bleaching.
Drawbacks
Electric reefs require electrical power to maintain them. In Maldives, several electric reefs successfully survived a 1998 bleaching event that killed off nearly all local wild coral, however after being depowered they were killed by the bleaching event of 2016.
A study conducted in the Bahamas in 2015 showed that the electric field deterred sharks, specifically the bull shark and the Caribbean reef shark, from swimming and feeding in the area. The electric field is believed to affect sharks because of their electroreception abilities, however species with similar capabilities such as the bar jack and Bermuda chub did not appear to be affected by the electric field.
See also
Gili Eco Trust
References
Further reading
"Changes in zooxanthellae density, morphology, and mitotic index in hermatypic corals and anemones exposed to cyanide", 2003
Goreau + Hilbertz: "Marine Ecosystem Restoration: Costs and benefits for coral reefs", World Resource Review, 2005
Vaccarella, R. + Goreau: "Applicazione della elettrodeposizione nel recupero die mattes di Posidonia oceanica", 2008
Goreau + Hilbertz, "Bottom-Up Community-Based Coral Reef and Fisheries Restoration in Indonesia, Panama, and Palau", 2008
Goreau + Hilbertz, "Reef Restoration as a Fisheries Management Tool", UK 2008, on GCRA website
Strömberg + Lundälv + Goreau: "Suitability of Mineral Accretion as a Rehabilitation Method for Cold-Water Coral Reefs", 2010
"Effect of severe hurricanes on Biorock Coral Reef Restoration Projects in Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Islands", 2010
Goreau, T. J.: "Coral Reef and Fisheries Habitat Restoration in the Coral Triangle", Indonesia 2010
External links
Wolf Hilbertz website
Global Coral Reef Alliance
Biorock.net
CCell Supplier of equipment
Marine biology |
White Hills is a suburb of the city of Bendigo in central Victoria, Australia. It is located four kilometres immediately north-east of the city centre between North Bendigo and East Bendigo.
"The White Hills" were named for the colour of the clay exposed by gold miners at that part of the Bendigo diggings in the 1850s.
The Bendigo Creek, the site of the area's first gold find, runs through White Hills.
At the , White Hills had a population of 3,275.
Facilities
White Hills Post Office opened on 21 August 1857 during the gold rush.
The Bendigo Jockey Club, a horse racing club, is based at the Bendigo racecourse in White Hills and the Bendigo Cup is run there in mid-November.
White Hills is the home of the White Hills Cricket Club; there is also a public swimming pool.
Weeroona College Bendigo, formerly known as White Hills Technical School, is a co-educational secondary college catering for students in years 7 to 10, is located in the suburb.
The Bendigo Botanic Gardens, formerly known as the White Hills Botanical Gardens, are located in the area.
Notable people
Alfred Hampson (1864–1924) Labor MLA for Bendigo East and MHR for Bendigo was born in White Hills
Thomas Flanagan (1832-1899), who found the first gold in Kalgoorlie in 1893 with his companions Paddy Hannan and Daniel Shea, is buried in the White Hills cemetery
Michael John Flannigan (1862-1901), nephew of Thomas Flanigan (above), after whom King Island's Lake Flannigan is named
References
External links
City of Greater Bendigo
White Hills Botanical Gardens
White Hills Public Cemetery
Gallery
Bendigo
Suburbs of Bendigo
1857 establishments in Australia
Towns in Victoria (state)
Mining towns in Victoria (state) |
Urban economics is broadly the economic study of urban areas; as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance. More specifically, it is a branch of microeconomics that studies the urban spatial structure and the location of households and firms .
Historically, much like economics generally, urban economics was influenced by multiple schools of thought, including original institutional economics and Marxist economics. These heterodox economic currents continue to be used in contemporary political-economic analyses of cities. But, most urban economics today is neoclassical in orientation and centred largely around urban experiences in the Global North (Obeng-Odoom 2016:1-4). This dominant urban economics also influences mainstream media like The Economist (Obeng-Odoom 2023). Today, much urban economic analysis relies on a particular model of urban spatial structure, the monocentric city model pioneered in the 1960s by William Alonso, Richard Muth, and Edwin Mills. While most other forms of neoclassical economics do not account for spatial relationships between individuals and organizations, urban economics focuses on these spatial relationships to understand the economic motivations underlying the formation, functioning, and development of cities.
Since its formulation in 1964, Alonso's monocentric city model of a disc-shaped Central Business District (CBD) and the surrounding residential region has served as a starting point for urban economic analysis. Monocentricity has weakened over time because of changes in technology, particularly, faster and cheaper transportation (which makes it possible for commuters to live farther from their jobs in the CBD) and communications (which allow back-office operations to move out of the CBD).
Additionally, recent research has sought to explain the polycentricity described in Joel Garreau's Edge City. Several explanations for polycentric expansion have been proposed and summarized in models that account for factors such as utility gains from lower average land rents and increasing (or constant) returns due to economies of agglomeration .
Introduction
Urban economics is rooted in the location theories of von Thünen, Alonso, Christaller, and Lösch that began the process of spatial economic analysis . Economics is the study of the allocation of scarce resources, and as all economic phenomena take place within a geographical space, urban economics focuses on the allocation of resources across space in relation to urban areas . Other branches of economics ignore the spatial aspects of decision making but urban economics focuses not only on the location decisions of firms but also of cities themselves as cities themselves represent centers of economic activity .
Many spatial economic topics can be analyzed within either an urban or regional economics framework as some economic phenomena primarily affect localized urban areas while others are felt over much larger regional areas . Arthur O'Sullivan believes urban economics is divided into six related themes: market forces in the development of cities, land use within cities, urban transportation, urban problems and public policy, housing and public policy, and local government expenditures and taxes. .
Market forces in the development of cities
Market forces in the development of cities relate to how the location decision of firms and households causes the development of cities. The nature and behavior of markets depend somewhat on their locations therefore market performance partly depends on geography.. If a firm locates in a geographically isolated region, its market performance will be different than a firm located in a concentrated region. The location decisions of both firms and households create cities that differ in size and economic structure. When industries cluster, like in Silicon Valley in California, they create urban areas with dominant firms and distinct economies.
By looking at location decisions of firms and households, the urban economist is able to address why cities develop where they do, why some cities are large and others small, what causes economic growth and decline, and how local governments affect urban growth . Because urban economics is concerned with asking questions about the nature and workings of the economy of a city, models and techniques developed within the field are primarily designed to analyze phenomena that are confined within the limits of a single city .
Land use
Looking at land use within metropolitan areas, the urban economist seeks to analyze the spatial organization of activities within cities. In attempts to explain observed patterns of land use, the urban economist examines the intra-city location choices of firms and households. Considering the spatial organization of activities within cities, urban economics addresses questions in terms of what determines the price of land and why those prices vary across space, the economic forces that caused the spread of employment from the central core of cities outward, identifying land-use controls, such as zoning, and interpreting how such controls affect the urban economy .
Economic policy
Economic policy is often implemented at the urban level thus economic policy is often tied to urban policy . Urban problems and public policy tie into urban economics as the theme relates urban problems, such as poverty or crime, to economics by seeking to answer questions with economic guidance. For example, does the tendency for the poor to live close to one another make them even poorer? .
Transportation and economics
Urban transportation is a theme of urban economics because it affects land-use patterns as transportation affects the relative accessibility of different sites. Issues that tie urban transportation to urban economics include the deficit that most transit authorities have and efficiency questions about proposed transportation developments such as light-rail . Megaprojects such as this have been shown to be synonymous with unexpected costs and questionable benefits.
Housing and public policy
Housing and public policy relate to urban economics as housing is a unique type of commodity. Because housing is immobile, when a household chooses a dwelling, it is also choosing a location. Urban economists analyze the location choices of households in conjunction with the market effects of housing policies .
In analyzing housing policies, we make use of market structures e.g., perfect market structure. There are however problems encountered in making this analysis such as funding, uncertainty, space, etc.
Government expenditures and taxes
The final theme of local government expenditures and taxes relates to urban economics as it analyzes the efficiency of the fragmented local governments presiding in metropolitan areas .
See also
Georgism
Megaprojects
MONU – magazine on urbanism
New Urbanism
Regional economics
Regional science
Rural economics
Urban decay
Urban ecology
Urban geography
Urban history
Urban planning
Urban sociology
Urban studies
Urban vitality
References
Literature
Obeng-Odoom, Franklin (2016). Reconstructing Urban Economics: Towards a Political Economy of the Built Environment.. Zed Books
Obeng-Odoom, Franklin (2023). "Urban Economics in the Global South: A Study of The Economist", Urban Challenge Journal, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 107 -118.
Further reading
Garreau, Joel. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. 1992. Anchor. .
Kahn, Matthew. Green Cities: Urban Growth and the Environment. 2006. Brookings .
Obeng-Odoom, Franklin. Reconstructing Urban Economics: Towards a Political Economy of the Built Environment. 2016. Zed.
Stilwell, Frank. Understanding Cities & Regions: Spatial Political Economy. 1993 .
Urban planning
Regional science |
Fusinus colus, common name the Distaff spindle or Long-tailed Spindle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.
Distribution
This species is present in the Indian Ocean and in the western and central Pacific Ocean, from East Africa to Melanesia, southern Japan, and southern Queensland.
Habitat
These sea snails are common in coastal waters at depths of 5 to 40 m. They inhabit littoral and the tidal zone and prefer sandy bottoms. They feed on benthic invertebrates.
Description
The size of an adult shell can reach . These shells are thick, long, biconic, spindle-shaped, with many spiral ribs, grooves and nodules. The spire is elongated. The siphonal canal is very long. The outer surface is usually whitish, but may be yellowish, brown or reddish in color.
References
Bibliography
A. G Hinton – Guide to shells of Papua New Guinea: 68 colour plates illustrating over 1,450 individual shells representing 950 distinct species Paperback
Arianna Fulvo and Roberto Nistri (2005). 350 coquillages du monde entier. Delachaux et Niestlé (Paris) : 256 p. ()
Callomon P. & Snyder M.A. (2007). On the genus Fusinus in Japan III: Nine further species, with type selections. Venus 66(1–2): 19–47.
Cornelis Swennen and Robert Moolenbeek – The Molluscs of the southern Gulf of Thailand
Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988) Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata Vermes. Testacea. str. 753. Holmiae. (Salvius).
Marais J.P. & R.N. Kilburn (2010) Fasciolariidae. pp. 106–137, in: Marais A.P. & Seccombe A.D. (eds), Identification guide to the seashells of South Africa. Volume 1. Groenkloof: Centre for Molluscan Studies. 376 pp.
colus
Gastropods described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
Kingston on Soar is a village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe borough of Nottinghamshire, England.
Description
Setting
Kingston on Soar predominantly lies within the Trent Washlands character area, and partially in the Nottinghamshire Wolds character area.
White's Directory of Nottinghamshire, written in 1853, describes Kingston on Soar such:Kingston-Upon-Soar is a small village and parish 10 miles south west by south of Nottingham, betwixt the Wolds and the Leicestershire border.John Throsby, writing during 1790 in his new edition of Robert Thoroton's Antiquities of Nottinghamshire, describes Kingston on Soar such:This Lordship contains 1100 acres of old inclosed land, divided into 3 farms, exclusive of some patches of home ground, attached to some inferior dwellings: It belongs chiefly to the Duke of Leeds, who is lord of the manor. [...] The village contains about 30 dwellings.
Local geography
The River Soar does not pass through the village, but very close by to the west. At this point the Soar, flowing south to north, forms the border with Leicestershire. The Kingston Brook drains west through the village. Nearby places are Kegworth in Leicestershire, New Kingston in Nottinghamshire and, further downstream, Ratcliffe on Soar.
John Throsby, writing during 1790 in his new edition of Robert Thoroton's Antiquities of Nottinghamshire, describes Kingston on Soar's geography such:The soil in the upper part of the lordship is clayey; but towards the Soar it is of a light sand, and appears good grazing ground.
Population
The 2011 census records the population of Kingston on Soar as 296.
The parish has four centres of population: the village, Kingston Hall, New Kingston and Kingston Fields.
The table below displays the historic number of households, families and people living in Kingston on Soar:
Toponymy
The Doemsday Book, written in 1086, records the village's place name as 'Chinestan'.
Robert Thoroton writing in his book The Antiquities of Nottinghamshire first published in 1677, later published with additions by John Throsby in 1790, states:In Doomsday-Book written Cheniston: So called, probably, from some Owner, as most Towns of that Termination, in this County, generally are.The book The Place-Names of Nottinghamshire differs from Robert Thoroton stating that the origin of the name means 'royal stone'. The name derives from the Old English words 'cyne', meaning royal or kingly, and 'stan', meaning stone or rock. In Old English the word 'cyne' could refer to a local chief and does not necessarily refer to a ruler of a larger dominion. The '-on-soar' originates from the village's location near the River Soar.
Heritage
Listed buildings
Kingston on Soar has a Grade I listed church along with 18 other listed structures in the parish, all Grade II listed.
St Winifred's Church (Grade I)
St Winifred's church dates back to 1540, when the chancel was built under the Babington family of Dethick. Before, when Kingston on Soar belonged to the parish of Ratcliffe on Soar, a chapel-of-ease existed dating back to the late 11th or early 12th century. The church was largely rebuilt in 1900 by R Creed. The tomb of the 1st Baron Belper is located in the churchyard.
Simon Jenkins listed St Winifred's in his book, England's Thousand Best Churches.
Kingston Hall (Grade II)
Kingston Hall, which is a large Grade II listed country house, was built 1842-46 for Mr Edward Strutt, who would later become the 1st Lord Belper. The hall was built by the architect Edward Blore who had previously worked on Buckingham Palace. Ronald Strutt, the 4th Lord Belper, sold the hall in 1976. In 1980 the hall was converted into 12 individual dwellings and the surrounding buildings were sold for separate occupation.
The grounds of Kingston Hall contain three Grade II listed structures: a garden pavilion, a stable block and a lodge with an attached gateway.
Kingston Park Pleasure Gardens, which surrounds Kingston Hall, is also Grade II listed.
Other listed buildings
As well as St Winifred's Church (Grade I) and Kingston Hall (Grade II), there are 17 other listed structures in Kingston on Soar, all Grade II listed: 1, 3, 5 and 7, the Green; 9, 11, 15, 17 and 19, the Green; 21, 23, 25 and 27, the Green; Church Farmhouse; K6 Telephone Kiosk; Kegworth Bridge; Kegworth Shallow Lock; Kingston Fields Farmhouse and Workshops; Lodge and Attached Gateway; Lychgate at Entrance to Churchyard of Church of St Winifred; Manor Farmhouse; Pavilion in the Garden of Kingston Hall; Pumphouse; Stable Block at Kingston Hall; Stables at Manor Farm; The Old Schoolhouse and The Post Office.
Kingston Park Pleasure Gardens, which surrounds Kingston Hall, is also Grade II listed.
Other heritage
Agricultural college
The precursor to the Midland Agricultural and Dairy College (which became the University of Nottingham's Sutton Bonington Campus in the neighbouring parish of Sutton Bonington) was the Midland Dairy Institute and was located in the parish of Kingston on Soar. Stilton cheese was made along with other types at the Institute. The University Farm, a commercial research farm, partly lies in the parish, including an associated high-technology dairy centre.
Notable people
John Berridge (1717–93) was born into a Kingston on Soar farming family but soon realised he had little talent for the land. He entered Cambridge University and then the ministry of the Church of England. In this he was at first totally inept, but in 1757 experienced a religious conversion while reading the Bible and became a great preacher at Everton in Bedfordshire. His visitors included John Wesley and Selina, Countess of Huntingdon. His sermons were often met with 'strange convulsions' in the congregation, and people falling down as if dead, described in detail in Wesley's journals in 1758-9. Berridge's tomb at Everton is famous for its evangelistic inscription. His funeral was conducted by Charles Simeon.
Local government and elections
Parliamentary elections
The Member of Parliament for the parliamentary constituency of Rushcliffe is Ruth Edwards, of the Conservative party, who has held the seat since 2019. She was elected with 28,765 votes. The constituency had previously been represented by Kenneth Clarke, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, from 1970 until 2019.
Local government
County council
For Nottinghamshire County Council elections the parish comes within the Leake & Ruddington electoral ward, which has two council seats. The most recent election was in May 2021, when Matt Barney and Reg Adair, both of the Conservative party, won the two available seats.
Borough council
For the election of a councillor to Rushcliffe Borough Council, the parish forms part of the Gotham ward, which elects two councillors. The most recent election was on 4 May 2023, in which Rex Walker and Andy Brown of the Conservatives were elected.
Parish council
The parish council has 7 seats. Council meetings usually take place on the first Tuesday every two months.
Historic
The parish fell within the ancient Rushcliffe wapentake of Nottinghamshire. Before 1894 the parish was part of the Shardlow sanitary district, along with other nearby villages such as Ratcliffe on Soar and Kegworth. Between 1837 and 1930 the parish was also part of the Shardlow poor law union and registration district. From 1927 the parish was part of the Leake Rural District, until its abolition in 1935, when the parish was then transferred to the Basford Rural District. In April 1974 the Basford Rural District was abolished and the non-metropolitan district of Rushcliffe was created, which Kingston on Soar became part of.
Amenities
Transport
There is no railway station in the village, however East Midlands Parkway opened in January 2009 at nearby Ratcliffe on Soar providing links on the Midland Main Line with journeys to London St Pancras taking approximately 90 minutes.
The Soar Valley Bus routes 1-7 serve the village, including a regular service to East Leake Academy during school term time, a weekly service to Loughborough on Thursday (market day), a weekly service to East Leake on Tuesday and a service every Friday to either Long Eaton Asda or West Bridford Asda. The Nottinghamshire 865 bus also serves the village providing a regular service to Clifton NET Park & Ride between Monday to Saturday.
Other amenities
The Village Hall, built in 1935, is located near the centre of the village on The Green.
Kingston on Soar has one postbox, located on The Green.
Gallery
References
External links
Villages in Nottinghamshire
Civil parishes in Nottinghamshire
Rushcliffe |
Inbuan is a form of wrestling native to the people of Mizoram in India. Inbuan is said to have originated in the village of Dungtlang in 1750. It was recognized as a sport after the Mizo people migrated from Burma to the Lushai Hills.
History
It is thought to have originated in 1750 at the village of Dungtlang in Mizoram, India. It was recognized as a sport after the Mizo people migrated from Burma to the Lushai Hills. From 1871 to 1940, boys would gather after evening meal in village dormitory and played Inbuan almost every night. It was also played ceremonially between villages when a sick or dead person's body is carried from one village to another, which was called Hlang inchuh or Mizawn inchuh.
Characteristics
Inbuan involves very strict rules prohibiting kicking, stepping out of the circle and even bending of the knees. The contest is held in a circle 15–16 feet in diameter on carpet or grass. The objective is to lift one's opponent off his feet while strictly adhering to the rules. The matches are held in three rounds each of 30–60 seconds of duration, the match generally continues till a wrestler either breaks a rule or is lifted off his feet.
Another feature of this form of wrestling is the catch-hold belt worn by the wrestlers around the waist. It has to remain tight all through the match.
See also
Akhara
Boli Khela
Gatta Gusthi
Malakhra
Malla-yuddha
Mukna
Naban
Pehlwani
Vajra-mushti
References
External links
Inbuan Traditional Sports in India
Indian martial arts
Folk wrestling styles
Individual sports |
Pierre Thiolon (January 17, 1927 – April 14, 2014) was a French basketball player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was part of the French basketball team, which won the silver medal.
References
1927 births
2014 deaths
French men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for France
Basketball players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for France
Olympic medalists in basketball
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Stade Français basketball players |
Ercall Magna is a civil parish in the district of Telford and Wrekin, Shropshire, England. It contains 28 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, two are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of High Ercall, and smaller settlements including Roden and Rowton, and is almost entirely rural. Most of the listed buildings are houses, farmhouses and farm buildings. The other listed buildings include two churches, a churchyard wall, a former manor house, the remaining parts of a former Jacobean mansion, a former watermill and mill house, a mounting block, and a monument.
Key
Buildings
References
Citations
Sources
Lists of buildings and structures in Shropshire |
Gaurax dorsalis is a species of frit fly in the family Chloropidae.
References
Oscinellinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1863 |
The World Drug Report is a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime annual publication that analyzes market trends, compiling detailed statistics on drug markets. Using data, it helps draw conclusions about drugs as an issue needing intervention by government agencies around the world. UNAIDs stated on its website "The use of illicit drugs needs to be understood as a social and health condition requiring sustained prevention, treatment, and care. This is one of the major conclusions emerging from the 2015 World Drug Report, published on 26 June by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime."
History
The World Drug Report is published annually by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The first report was published in 1997, the same year the agency was established. The agency was tasked with the responsibility of crime prevention, criminal justice and criminal law reform. The World Drug Report is utilized as an annual overview of the major developments of global drug markets and as a tool to publish evidence-based drug prevention plans. There have been 19 World Drug Reports published since the original report was made public.
Leader of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
On July 9, 2010, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Yury Fedotov of the Russian Federation as executive director for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Leadership. Mr. Fedotov is also Under-Secretary General for the United Nations as a whole. Mr. Fedotov has been active in the UN since 1972, when he was a member of the USSR delegation to the United Nations Disarmament Committee in Geneva. Since then, he has championed international issues around global human and drug trafficking. In that vein, he strongly advocates for supporting counter drug trafficking by building upon regional initiatives by providing technical assistance. Mr. Fedotov also promotes the idea that successful drug policies that stem from the World Drug Report have the ability to develop entire economies. On June 26, 2015, he gave remarks to announce the release of the 2015 World Drug Report. In those remarks, he said, "The report also shows that successful projects can foster a sustainable licit economy, including the transfer of skills and access to land, credit and infrastructure, as well as marketing support and access to markets." He uses his position as executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to encourage UN members to support these programs and initiatives through funding under the premise that this funding will grow their domestic economies.
Research methodology
The World Drug Report relies mainly on data submitted by member states through the Annual Reports Questionnaire, which is revised and monitored by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. These Member States are all required to submit national drug control related information to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime annually, although historically the United Nations does not receive a response from 100% of the surveyed Member States. The World Drug Report will be based on the submitted information from the prior year. If there is insufficient information submitted from a Member State or in other relevant circumstances, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime will seek information from additional, reliable sources, such as government sources.
There have been several attempts made to standardize and improve the reliability of information provided for the report. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has noted many challenges in relying on the Annual Reports Questionnaire such as the difficulty of validating data, irregular data reporting by Member States and bridging data gaps. According to the 2015 World Drug Report, there was greater success in data reporting on illicit drug supply, 78% complete, as opposed to drug demand, 61% complete. The office has also noted budgetary constraints, as 90% of its budget is reliant on voluntary contributions.
Structure
The World Drug report is an extensive and comprehensive document. The first substantive piece of the report is the preface which is written by the executive director of the United Nations Drug Control Programme and gives readers insight into the purposes of publishing this research. Next is the explanatory notes which provides readers with definitions of the acronyms and abbreviations within the report. In addition, it notes how the United Nations Drug Control Programme distinguished borders in terms of international drug trafficking and that the it measures drug values in United States currency. Next is the executive summary, which gives a heavily condensed overview of the findings of the report and includes data and graphs. Using the 2014 report as an example, data from the report is formatted in the following way:
After the preface, explanatory notes, and executive summary, the World Drug Report has two main sections. The first section is titled "Research Statistics and Trend Analysis of Illicit Drug Materials" and has several subsections. There are subsections for the following categories: global extent of drug use, health and social impacts of drugs, regional drug use trends, overview of opiate data, overview of cocaine data, overview of cannabis data, overview of amphetamine-type stimulant data, and overview of psychoactive substances data. The second section is centered around a relevant topic as determined by information compiled in the accumulation of research and data. For example, the 2014 report's second category is titled, "Precursor Control". It contains the following subsections: an introduction, a description of precursor chemicals, the potential vulnerability of the chemical industry to the diversion of precursor chemicals, the response from the international community, trends in precursor chemicals, key precursors in the manufacturing of illicit drugs, and concluding remarks. After these two main sections, the report contains annexes and a glossary.
Opioids, which include both heroin and legal pain relievers, were responsible for around two-thirds of drug-related deaths in 2017, World Drug Report revealed on June 26, 2019. The number for global opioids users contained within the World Drug Report, some 585,000 people, is more than double the previous estimate. The study from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, also shows that the negative health consequences associated with drugs are more severe and widespread than previously thought, with around 35 million people with drug use disorders and requiring treatment services.
Criticism
The report has now been criticized for its accuracy and the figures are said to be gross exaggerations of global market drug valuation. In their article, Measuring Global Drug Markets, Peter Reuter and Victoria Greenfield claim that the United Nations Drug Control Programme overlooks factors like consumer-base (using numbers from a drug consumer base like the US, for heroin, to determine the flow and price, when in actuality they only constitute around 5% of the heroin globally, and at much higher prices than Southwest and Southeast Asia). Another fundamental problem with the drug data they cite is that it reflects not the " trade flow but the estimate of turnover." The article projects an estimated valuation number for global drug market to be at $20–25 billion annually which is a stark contrast to the United Nations Drug Control Programme's $500 billion.
In their book Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers In Global Crime and Conflict, Peter Andreas, Kelly M. Greenhill too argue that these figures may be, and in fact often are, distorted and manipulated. They write, " Illicitness makes possible a politics of numbers." Andreas and Kelly discuss how political actors may play with the numbers intentionally. They cite a few incentives for the inflation distortion and fabrication of numbers, one of the main ones being that the government or any NGO is viewed in a positive light, if it is seen as providing good security (high number of drug confiscations) to a big threat (the inflated number of drug trade).
References
External links
World Drug Report
Drug Trafficking Statistics
Illegal drug trade
United Nations reports
Publications established in 1997
1997 in the United Nations |
Krakow am See is an Amt in the district of Rostock, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Krakow am See.
The Amt Krakow am See consists of the following municipalities:
Dobbin-Linstow
Hoppenrade
Krakow am See
Kuchelmiß
Lalendorf
Ämter in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Rostock (district) |
Sineh Kuiyeh (, also Romanized as Sīneh Kū’īyeh; also known as Sīneh Kūh) is a village in Ravar Rural District, in the Central District of Ravar County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 98, in 22 families.
References
Populated places in Ravar County |
Aksel-Otto Bull (born 22 February 1963) is a Norwegian theatre director.
He is born in Oslo. He worked as a stage director at Nova Teater from 1984 to 1985, and has later worked for Nordland Teater, Agder Teater and Den Nationale Scene. He was artistical director at Den Nationale Scene in 1997.
References
1963 births
Living people
Norwegian theatre directors
Theatre people from Oslo |
Jane Ng is a Chinese-American 3D environment artist, best known for her work on Firewatch, The Cave, and Brütal Legend. She previously worked at Campo Santo, a game studio that is part of Valve, as a Senior Environment Artist. Other notable works include Stacking, Costume Quest, Spore, and The Godfather.
She graduated from Swarthmore College in 2001 having studied Studio Arts and Engineering.
Career
Ng has worked in the video game industry for more than 10 years. She started her journey into the video game industry through a summer internship position at Ronin Studios.
After Ronin went out of business, she moved on to working at Electronic Arts and began work on Return of the King.
After three years of working at Electronic Arts, she moved to Double Fine Productions where she worked on titles such as Stacking, Costume Quest, and Brutal Legend. Then after 6 years of employment, she moved on to her most notable role as the lead environment artist at Campo Santo as they made their flagship title Firewatch.
References
Further reading
External links
1987 births
Living people
American digital artists
Women digital artists
Swarthmore College alumni
21st-century American artists
21st-century American women artists
American artists of Chinese descent
Valve Corporation people
Women in the video game industry |
Enamorada may refer to:
Film and TV
Enamorada (film), a 1946 Mexican drama film
Enamorada (1986 TV series), a 1986 Venezuelan telenovela
Enamorada (1999 TV series), a 1999 Venezuelan telenovela
Music
Enamorada (Lucía Méndez album), 1983
Enamorada (Yuri album), 2002
Enamorada, a 1998 album by María Félix
Enamorada, a 1996 album by Zayda y Su Grupo
"Enamorada" (I'm So In Love), a song by Paulina Rubio from Planeta Paulina
"Enamorada", a standard song written by Consuelo Velázquez
See also |
Caique ( or ) refers to a group of four species of parrots in the genus Pionites endemic to the Amazon Basin in South America.
Name
The term "caique" is primarily used in aviculture, with ornithologists typically referring to them as the "black-headed parrot" and "white-bellied parrot" (which is sometimes further split into three separate species - green-thighed parrot, yellow-tailed parrot and black-legged parrot) to describe the nominal species. They have historically been called the “seven-colored parrot”. They are relatively small and stocky, with a short, square tail and bright colors; this may be why they are referred to as “caique” based on the term for a similarly described Turkish vessel.
Description
The two primary nominal species are best distinguished by the black-headed caique's black crown; both have white “bellies”. Their typical weight is 150–170 grams, with the white-bellied species being the larger and heavier of the two nominal species. They can live up to 40 years, but this is not common in captivity.
Distribution and habitat
The black-headed caique is found north of the Amazon River, and the white-bellied caique south; there is a large area of overlap between ranges. They can produce fertile hybrids, but this is not common in the wild as it is in captivity. They generally prefer forested areas and subsist on fruit and seeds. Caiques are generally canopy dwellers, spending most of their time in the tops of trees, foraging and playing.
Taxonomy and systematics
Originally Pionites were classified as two species, the black-headed parrot and white-bellied parrot. However, recent morphological work has indicated that the white-bellied parrot should be split into three species based on plumage and leg coloration. In the past these parrots were often allied with the conures or other South American parakeets. Recent mitochondrial and nuclear DNA work has found Pionites to be the sister taxon to the Deroptyus (the genus that contains the red-fan parrot); the two genera occupy a basal position in the tribe Arini.
Natural history
Behavior and ecology
These parrots are found in the edges of forests and secondary-growth forests. They usually forage on at higher levels in the canopy, although can also be found lower at forest edges. At least two members of the flock act as sentries during feeding time. Their diet consists of flowers, fruit, pulp, and seeds, although in captivity they are known to eat insects. Depending on the species and the location, they can breed from October to May at various times of the year. Caiques are high-nesting cavity birds and roost communally. They defend themselves in something like packs, together [reference or personal observation note needed or discuss in talks section]. This may help to explain their relative self-confidence, compared to other parrots. Caiques are also known to form ad-hoc defensive committees in response to predators. The number of the flock is usually around 10 to 30 individuals. White-bellied caiques in the Tambopata National Reserve have been observed to be geophagous.
The species of the white-bellied parrot complex is found in humid forest and wooded habitats in the Amazon south of the Amazon River in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. It is generally fairly common throughout its range and is easily seen in a wide range of protected areas, such as the Manú National Park and Tambopata-Candamo in Peru, Cristalino State Park (near Alta Floresta), Xingu National Park and Amazônia National Park in Brazil, and Madidi National Park in Bolivia.
The black-headed parrot is found in forest (especially, but not exclusively, humid) and nearby wooded habitats in the Amazon north of the Amazon River and west of the Ucayali River in Brazil, northern Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It is generally fairly common and occurs in many protected areas throughout its range.
Caiques have a few unique ways of moving. They “surf” (described below), “hop” (when excited or to move quickly without flying), and “shuffle” (often in a rapid, backwards direction). They flip their wings rapidly, which exposes their red/orange patch under the wing, to potentially communicate to one another or other animals. They make different types of “purring” noises; some express wariness, others interest. They purr quietly when enjoying a drink. A startle call causes all caiques in the vicinity to take flight in random directions regardless of the initiator. A sound resembling a dead battery on a smoke detector is the typical contact call for the Black-headed Parrot.
When highly stimulated, caiques pin and flash their pupils, making their emotional state obvious. They are likely to attack and bite when displaying pinning and/or flashing eyes. Caiques are highly vocal and can inflict severely damaging bites. Caiques' wing feathers produce a distinctive whirring sound in flight.
Aviculture
Caiques are growing in popularity in aviculture. The more commonly found species is the black-headed caique since it was introduced first in captivity, but the white-bellied caique's popularity is growing rapidly. Well-raised caiques bond well with humans and have a reputation as playful and energetic birds that enjoy playing with toys and lying on their backs. These birds sometimes perform a behavior unusual for avian species in which they roll over on their backs in apparent play-fighting with other caiques—sometimes called "wrestling". They are not particularly good flyers, becoming tired and winded after only a short distance. They also tend to be clumsy and slow in the air compared to other birds. They often prefer to walk, jump, climb, ride other animals' backs, or hop as a mode of transportation. They are excellent climbers, with very strong feet and legs.
Caiques also exhibit a unique behavior known as "surfing", where the bird will vigorously rub its face, wings and chest against any nearby soft item (e.g. carpets, towels, cushions, crumpled paper, curtains or human hair) while using its beak to pull itself along. The bird will display jerky movements and may roll over several times. This behavior is thought to be a cleaning or bathing motion and occurs regardless of age or sex. In the wild, caiques use wet leaves for this behavior.
In captivity caiques are capable of breeding at under three years of age. They typically lay a clutch of four eggs, with incubation taking between 24 and 27 days. Most pairs will struggle to raise all four chicks; often the last chick to hatch will not survive unless it is taken for hand-rearing or co-parenting. Chicks are fed by both parents and remain in the nest box for approximately 70–75 days. Parents can be very affectionate towards their offspring and after the chicks have fledged they will return to the nest box each night with their parents where the family will roost as a group.
Conservation
The nominal species of black-headed caique and white-bellied caique are listed on Appendix 2 of CITES as a species of Least Concern but subspecies are more endangered; in reality, data is insufficient as with many parrots.
References
External links
Popular description - Companion Parrot Online Website
Parrots of South America
Arinae
. |
Saint-Pierre-Baptiste is a parish municipality in Quebec.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Pierre-Baptiste had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
References
Parish municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Centre-du-Québec
Canada geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Tau Pegasi (τ Pegasi, abbreviated Tau Peg, τ Peg), formally named Salm , is a magnitude 4.6 star 162 light years away in the constellation of Pegasus. With about twice the mass of the Sun and thirty times as luminous, tt is a δ Scuti variable star with its brightness changing by a few hundredths of a magnitude over about an hour.
Nomenclature
τ Pegasi (Latinised to Tau Pegasi) is the star's Bayer designation.
The star bore the traditional names Salm, Kerb (or El Khereb) and Markab (often spelled Markeb), a name shared with Alpha Pegasi, k Puppis and Kappa Velorum. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Salm (a homophone with the planet Samh) for this star and Markeb for the component Kappa Velorum A, both on 5 September 2017. Markab had previously been approved for Alpha Pegasi on 30 June 2016. All three are now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.
In Chinese, (), meaning Resting Palace, refers to an asterism consisting of Tau Pegasi, Lambda Pegasi, Mu Pegasi, Omicron Pegasi, Eta Pegasi and Nu Pegasi. Consequently, the Chinese name for Tau Pegasi itself is (), "the Fifth Star of Resting Palace".
Properties
Tau Pegasi belongs to spectral class A5 Vp, making it an A-type main-sequence star. It is a type of chemically peculiar star with unusually weak spectral lines of iron peak elements, a class known as λ Boötis stars.
Tau Pegasi is a multiperiodic Delta Scuti variable, with reported pulsation periods ranging from 0.94 to 1.30 hours. It is rotating rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 150 km/s. Tau Pegasi is radiating nearly 30 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,762 K.
References
Pegasi, Tau
Pegasus (constellation)
A-type main-sequence stars
Salm
Pegasi, 62
115250
8880
220061
BD+22 4810
Delta Scuti variables
Ap stars |
Narenj Kola () may refer to:
Narenj Kola-ye Olya
Narenj Kola-ye Sofla |
Moses Pinheiro (d. 1689) was an Italian Jew who lived in Livorno in the seventeenth century. He was one of the most influential pupils and followers of Sabbatai Zevi.
He was held in high esteem on account of his religious and kabbalistic knowledge; and, as the brother-in-law of Joseph Ergas, the well-known anti-Sabbatean, he had great influence over the Jews of Leghorn, urging them to believe in Sabbatai. Even later, in 1667, when Shabbethai's apostasy was rumored, Pinheiro, in common with numerous other adherents of Zevi, still believed him to be the messiah.
Pinheiro was "the center of the Shabbatean group in Livorno", and he maintained a correspondence with Shabbetai Zevi over the years, after his return from Constantinople to Livorno in 1667. He spent some time with Sabbatai in Constantinople in 1666-67. Nathan stayed at Pinheiro's house on his visit to Italy in 1668.
Pinheiro was the teacher of Abraham Miguel Cardoso, whom he initiated into the Kabbalah and into the mysteries of Sabbateanism.
Notes
References
Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., x. 190, 204, 225, 229, 312
Italian Sephardi Jews
Italian people of Portuguese descent
Livornese Jews
17th-century Italian rabbis
Sabbateans |
Guinea-Bissau–India relations refers to the international relations that exist between Guinea-Bissau and India. The embassy of India in Dakar, Senegal is concurrently accredited to Guinea-Bissau. India opened an Honorary Consulate in Bissau on 28 May 2010. Guinea-Bissau has no diplomatic mission in India.
The prime minister of the transitional government of Guinea-Bissau, Rui Duarte de Barros, led a delegation that included the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Economy to India to attend the 9th CII EXIM Bank Conclave on India Africa Project Partnership in March 2013. Minister of State for Mines and Steel, Vishnudeo Sai, visited Guinea-Bissau in September 2015 as the Prime Minister's Special Envoy. He invited President José Mário Vaz to attend the third India Africa Forum Summit in New Delhi. Vaz accepted the invitation and in October 2015, became the first Bissau-Guinean head of state to visit India. He held bilateral talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 30 October 2015. Vaz was accompanied by a delegation that included Foreign Minister Artur Antonio da Silva. Silva participated in the India-Africa foreign ministers’ meeting in New Delhi along with his Indian counterpart Sushma Swaraj and several African Foreign Ministers.
Guinea-Bissau and India were among the first 19 countries to join the International Solar Alliance, proposed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on 15 November 2016.
Trade
India is an important trade partner of Guinea-Bissau, and was Guinea-Bissau's largest destination for exports in 2010 and 2011. Guinea-Bissau is the world's fourth largest exporter of cashew nuts, and the sector accounts for 90% of the country's income and employs over 80% of its labour force making it vital to its economy. India is the largest importer of unprocessed cashews from Guinea-Bissau, importing over 90% of the country's annual cashew exports. Almost 98% of the cashew crop is exported to India for processing. Since 2011, India has increased its domestic cashew production and reduced imports from Guinea-Bissau. India's decision to slash imports of cashews in 2012 resulted in a cashew nut export crisis in Guinea-Bissau.
Bilateral trade between Guinea-Bissau and India totaled US$212.64 million in 2015–16, recording a growth of 26.46% over the previous fiscal. India exported $14.47 million worth of goods to Guinea-Bissau, and imported $198.17 million.
The Indian defence industry has supplied patrol boats to Guinea-Bissau.
In May 2008, India offered to provide Guinea-Bissau unilateral duty free tariff preferential (DFTP) market access for export of goods and services.
Foreign aid
Under India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum’s “Poverty Alleviation Funding Facility”, an Indian expert visited Guinea-Bissau in early 2006 to help the country in rice cultivation, and an Indian team of experts visited to assist in a solar power project.
Guinea-Bissau is a founding member of the TEAM-9 initiative. Under TEAM-9, the Indian government has provided the country with a line of credit worth $25 million, which includes a $5 million line of credit for the food processing and agricultural sector and $20 million for rural electrification projects. IBSA Trust Fund Board approved a sum of $830,000 in February 2009 for renewable energy and agricultural capacity building in Guinea Bissau.
Citizens of Guinea-Bissau are eligible for scholarships under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. Five Bissau-Guinean women from rural regions attended training at Barefoot College in Tilonia, Rajasthan in 2009. After completing their course, they returned to Guinea-Bissau and successfully installed solar energy facilities in their villages.
Indians in Guinea-Bissau
As of December 2016, around 100 Indians reside in Guinea-Bissau on a long-term basis. About 40-50 Indians visit the country annually during cashew season, staying in the country for a few weeks to negotiate, purchase and ship consignments of raw cashew to India.
References
Bilateral relations of India
Africa–India relations
India |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA6 gene.
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABA-A receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABA-A receptors have been identified.
One study has found a genetic variant in the gene to be associated with the personality trait neuroticism.
See also
GABAA receptor
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
The Western Zhdanovskoye mine is a large copper mine located in the north-west of Russia in Murmansk Oblast. Western Zhdanovskoye represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.4 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.3% copper.
See also
List of mines in Russia
References
Copper mines in Russia |
GPN-loop GTPase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GPN3 gene.
References
Further reading |
Benjamin R. Waxman (born February 9, 1985) is an American journalist, progressive activist and politician. He is the Representative for District 182 of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Waxman previously served as an editorial writer for The Philadelphia Daily News and a reporter for WHYY-FM and as a political aide to State Senator Vincent Hughes and Philadelphia District Attorney Larry Krasner.
Early life and education
Waxman was raised in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Raised in an apolitical family, his father Michael is a realtor and his mother Barbara Buonocore worked as a nurse. Waxman's father owned a glass business in Germantown, Philadelphia, which closed, in part, after The Home Depot opened competing stores in the area. He credits the incident as shaping his political outlook. Waxman became involved with activism at a young age and as a high schooler, he served as a leader of Unite for Peace, an anti-war organization in Philadelphia that was created following the September 11th attacks. Additionally, Waxman served on the board of Pennsylvania Abolitionists United Against the Death Penalty. He graduated from Springfield Township High School in 2003. He received a college scholarship from the American Civil Liberties Union for his work in opposition to the death penalty. Waxman attended Juniata College and graduated in 2007.
Career
Journalism career
As a college student, Waxman wrote left-leaning opinion pieces for The Huntingdon Daily News and served as a Field Reporter for Generation Progress. These experiences lead to him becoming a journalist after college. From 2008 to 2011, Waxman worked as an opinion columnist for The Philadelphia Daily News and as a reporter WHYY-FM. He focused on covering stories relating to city government and the flow of funds between state and local institutions. While with The Philadelphia Daily News, Waxman wrote multiple editorials in favor of marriage equality and the need for Pennsylvania to pass a non-discrimination law.
Press Secretary for Vincent Hughes
In 2013, Waxman was named Press Secretary for Pennsylvania State Senator Vincent Hughes, who represents District 7 which includes Montgomery and Philadelphia Counties. Waxman's work for Hughes was mainly focused on the Appropriation's Committee. While working for Hughes, Waxman also served as Press Secretary for the Pennsylvania Senate Democratic Caucus. Waxman left this position in February 2017 to join Larry Krasner's campaign for Philadelphia District Attorney.
Communications Director for Larry Krasner
Krasner was elected District Attorney of Philadelphia in 2017 and inaugurated in January 2018. As District Attorney, Krasner garnered national attention for his efforts to spearhead criminal justice reform. Waxman served as the Krasner's spokesperson and Director of Communications from January 2018 to May 2019 In this role, Waxman was often on the frontlines of pushing back against Krasner's critics, who believed Krasner's policies were responsible for violent crime and the rise in homicides in Philadelphia. He also advised on Krasner on sentencing reform. Waxman was featured in the 2021 documentary Philly D.A. that chronicled the Krasner administration. Waxman left his role as Communications Director for Krasner to focus full time on his consulting firm A. Waxman & Company where he helped advise Krasner's successful re-election bid in 2020.
Campaigns for State Representative
2016
In 2016, Waxman announced he would run for Pennsylvania State Representative in District 182 in a primary challenge against Democratic incumbent Brian Sims. Waxman's campaigned centered around increased funding for Philadelphia's public schools and he was endorsed by the Philadelphia Federation of Teachers. In a close race, Sims defeated Waxman by about 6% of the vote.
2022
Sims announced that he would not be running for re-election and instead would run for Lieutenant Governor. With the seat open, Waxman announced that he would once again run for State Representative in the 182nd District. Waxman's platform is centered around a post-COVID-19 economic recovery, that takes into account equality, for Philadelphia. His campaign has been endorsed by Krasner, State Representative Morgan Cephas and Philadelphia City Councilmembers Maria Quiñones-Sánchez and Kenyatta Johnson. In a four way race, Waxman won the Democratic nomination, with 41% of the vote. In the heavily Democratic district, he faced Albert Robles Montas in the November, 2022 general election and was elected with 89% of the vote.
Personal life
Waxman's father is Jewish. Waxman's mother converted from Catholicism to become a Quaker before he was born. Waxman is a practicing Conservative Jew, who keeps kosher and is a member of Temple Beth Zion Beth Israel in Philadelphia. He is married to Julie Wertheimer, a former Philadelphia city government official and current director at the Pew Charitable Trusts.
At the age of 20, Waxman was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and following the 2019 El Paso shooting, Waxman disclosed his own illness publicly after then-President Donald Trump blamed mental illness for the mass shooting. Writing for PoliticsPA, Waxman said that such rhetoric leads those who can be assisted to "hide their illnesses and not seek the treatment they need."
Filmography
References
Living people
21st-century American politicians
American political journalists
Candidates in the 2022 United States elections
Juniata College alumni
Left-wing politics in the United States
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Progressivism in the United States
Pennsylvania Democrats
1985 births |
The 12119 / 20 Amravati - Ajni Intercity Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways Central Railway zone that runs between and in India.
It operates as train number 12119 from to and as train number 12120 in the reverse direction serving the states of Maharashtra.
Coaches
The 12119 / 20 Amravati Ajni Intercity Express has nine general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a pantry car coach.
As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.
Service
The 12119 - Intercity Express covers the distance of in 2 hours 45 mins (65 km/h) and in 3 hours 10 mins as the 12120 - Intercity Express (56 km/h).
As the average speed of the train is lower than , as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.
Routing
The 12119 / 20 Intercity Express runs from via , , to .
Traction
As the route is electrified, a Kalyan Loco Shed based WCAM 3 electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.
References
External links
12119 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
12120 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains
Transport in Nagpur
Rail transport in Maharashtra
Transport in Amravati |
National Park Drentsche Aa is a national park of the Netherlands located in the province of Drenthe on the west side of the Hondsrug. It consists of the cultural landscape surrounding the valley of the small river the Drentsche Aa. The landscape is currently nearly the same as it was in the mid 19th century, as the several agricultural landscape reforms of the 20th century were not implemented in this area. Because of this, many hedges, heathlands and traditionally managed fields ('essen' in Dutch) were spared from transformation. The national park is part of the (three times) larger national landscape Drentsche Aa.
References
External links
Official website
Protected areas established in 2002
2002 establishments in the Netherlands
National parks of the Netherlands
Geography of Drenthe
Tourist attractions in Drenthe
Aa en Hunze |
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Norvelt is a census-designated place in Mount Pleasant Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, founded in 1934 as Westmoreland Homesteads. In 1937 it was renamed to honor Eleanor Roosevelt. The community was part of the Calumet-Norvelt CDP for the 2000 census, but was split into the two separate communities of Calumet and Norvelt for the 2010 census. Calumet was a typical company town, locally referred to as a "patch" or "patch town", built by a single company to house coal miners as cheaply as possible. On the other hand, Norvelt was created during the Great Depression by the federal government of the United States as a model community, intended to increase the standard of living of laid-off coal miners.
Award winning writer Jack Gantos was born in the village and wrote two books about it
State of Pennsylvania Historical Marker
Dedicated on September 8, 2002 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
A Pennsylvania Historical Marker located at LR 6406 Mount Pleasant Road (State Route 982) on the Volunteer Fire Department V.F.D. property, Norvelt reads:
History
Background
As part of the sweeping National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA), Congress allocated $25 million for the creation of "subsistence homesteads" for dislocated industrial workers. Over the course of the program's eleven-year history, the federal government seeded nearly 100 planned, cooperative communities. Norvelt, in southwestern Pennsylvania, was the fourth. The idea for the program was a throwback to the Jeffersonian ideal of a back-to-the-land movement, popularized by Americans who promoted small-scale subsistence farming as an antidote to economic exploitation and the alienation of modern life. The idea gained strength in the 1920s among a wide variety of progressive organizations, including church-related groups such as the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) which was the social services arm of the Quakers. During the 1920s, the AFSC had become deeply concerned with the violence that resulted from labor strife, particularly in the bituminous coal fields of Appalachia. So AFSC volunteers traveled to the bituminous-coal regions in West Virginia and Pennsylvania to help the families of striking and unemployed coal miners. The AFSC also believed in the necessity of economic and social justice as a means of insuring lasting peace in this section of the United States. To that end, it clothed and fed the families of unemployed miners during strikes, and later launched subsistence gardening and vocational retraining programs. After the onset of the Great Depression, these experiences placed the AFSC in the forefront of the movement for cooperative communities, so much so that the United States Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes recruited AFSC staff to guide its subsistence homesteads program.
The Great Depression was an opportunity to implement these ideals. Supporters lobbied for creating a government-sponsored resettlement program that would place unemployed industrial workers in farmstead communities. Promoted as a relief measure, it quickly became weighted with the much more ambitious goal of cooperative living. In 1934, Interior Secretary Ickes named Milburn Wilson to head the newly created "Division of Subsistence Homesteads". Wilson, in turn, selected the AFSC's Clarence Pickett to help administer the program. As the AFSC's executive secretary, Pickett already had overseen vocational reeducation and cooperative farm programs for unemployed coal miners in West Virginia. The AFSC's work supplied the prototype for the federal program. In the years that followed, AFSC lent its support to the federal program and later sponsored its own cooperative community, Penn-Craft in Fayette County.
Although the government opened its program to broad segments of the unemployed, the division was especially keen on it reaching bituminous coal miners. Geographically isolated and dominated by a single employer, the residents of most patch towns were especially vulnerable once employment evaporated. So the division designed the homestead program to give miners and their families an opportunity to become economically independent by working the land, which, in theory, would also free them from the boom/bust cycle of industrial capitalism. Once the division had identified its target populations, the federal government began buying large parcels of land for subdivision into individual homesteads for up to 300 families. Encouraging home ownership through a rent-to-own program, the program's administrators expected residents to grow or raise everything they needed to survive, but they also hoped that the new communities would lure local industries that would in turn provide jobs and needed income.
Political opposition
Although the project faced few political hurdles, the design of the houses for Norvelt and other subsistence farmstead communities set off a debate that revealed top government officials' contrasting ambitions for the program. Both President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Interior Secretary Ickes believed that the houses should be constructed to minimal standards, without electricity and running water, as befit a relief program. But program director Milburn Wilson and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt insisted that the homes be furnished with plumbing, electric lights, and other modern conveniences. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a Democrat from Virginia, criticized such features as an "extravagance" for "simple mountain folk," but Wilson and the First Lady prevailed. Both argued that the project, as a demonstration project, should afford its residents with homes that would elevate their standard of living.
Building Norvelt
In April 1934, federal officials acquired of farmland in Mount Pleasant Township, and announced construction of the Westmoreland Homesteads. Following Division guidelines, local architect Paul Bartholomew designed the planned community's buildings and its overall layout. On he arranged 254 individual lots, ranging in size from 1.7 to , in six, mostly curvilinear sections. Each lot was to feature a simply designed, -story Cape Cod. Originally, the houses were available in 4- to 6-room models, with a living room, eat-in kitchen, utility room, bathroom and bedroom space. Utilities included water and electricity. The remaining Bartholomew reserved for a cooperative farm, a schoolhouse, playground, post office, and other common buildings. These original depression-era Cape Cod–style homes are called "Norvelt Houses" by the locals. A six-room house on more than sold for $2131.28, a price that reflected annual mortgage payments of $212.50, which was one-fourth of the prospective purchasers' estimated annual cash income of $850, and a 40-year mortgage at 3% interest. Over 1,850 applied for the government properties, which spanned nearly 1,500 acres. Two hundred and fifty four families received houses.
Pickett helped establish the first American Friends Service Committee work camp in, what would become Norvelt, to help the Homesteads project with the construction of a reservoir and ditch to hold a water main for the community. In the summer of 1934, 55 young volunteers contributed 10,000 hours at Norvelt by digging a ditch one-and-a-half miles long and constructing a 260,000-gallon reservoir. The directors of this work camp were Mildred and Wilmer Young, who later led several experiments with cooperative enterprises in Mississippi and South Carolina. The first 1,200 residents were broadly representative of the region's ethnic and racial diversity. As they arrived, heads of households were put to work building the houses they would later occupy.
Three years later, Westmoreland Homesteads was the largest of President Roosevelt's 92 model subsistence homesteads that provided relief for displaced miners and industrial workers.
Basically the government purchased the land and people built their own homes on a lease-to-purchase agreement. Families rented their homes from the government for $12 to $14 a month, which was applied to the future purchase price of the house. By 1946, all the renters had purchased their homes. These early homes had everything a family would need to survive. These amenities included a grape arbor, 3-4 acres of land to plant a garden, and chicken coops. To make construction as efficient and cost-effective as possible, the division assigned crews to a single, specific construction task, such as digging the foundation or installing flooring—thus anticipating the mass building methods that would characterize large-scale residential developments such as Levittown after World War II—and applied most of workers' wages directly to the cost of their homesteads. After a resident's home was built, the government then provided each family with a wheelbarrow, rake, hoe and shovel. Mounds of earth were then dumped in front of the houses, and the tenants prepared their own lawns. Families were also expected to paint their own homes. Their choices of paint were white, gray or yellow. In May 1935, the first families began moving into Westmoreland Homesteads, and the task of creating a community began. Under the direction of a community manager, homesteaders established garden plots and raised livestock, including hogs and chickens. Some families produced enough to sell their surplus at a market, but for most, subsistence farming failed to meet their needs. To remedy the situation, in 1939, administrators at the Division, now under the "Rural Resettlement Administration", approved a loan for the construction of a small garment factory on site. Administered by the "Cooperative Association", a non-profit entity which also operated a cooperative store and a community health center, the garment factory by 1940 employed around 150 men and women.
Eleanor Roosevelt's visit and legacy
On May 21, 1937, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt visited Westmoreland Homesteads to mark the arrival of the community's final homesteader. Accompanying her on the trip was the wife of United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. "I am no believer in paternalism. I do not like charities," she had said earlier. But cooperative communities such as Westmoreland Homesteads, she went on, offered an alternative to "our rather settled ideas" that could "provide equality of opportunity for all and prevent the recurrence of a similar disaster [depression] in the future." Residents were so taken by the First Lady's personal expression of interest in the program that they promptly agreed to rename the community in her honor. (The new town name, Norvelt, was a combination of the last syllables in her names: EleaNOR RooseVELT.)
Support from many high-level politicians helped Norvelt survive until 1944, when the federal government disbanded the homestead program and dispersed its assets. Most residents had by this time managed to purchase their homes and property. By 1950, the cooperative store and farm had shut down, but the garment factory, under private ownership of AMCO of Norvelt, continued for many years. The garment factory, on Mount Pleasant Road in Norvelt, is owned and operated by Union Apparel Incorporated, which manufactures and exports men's and boy's tailored dress and sport coats as well as women's, misses' and juniors' suits and coats.
Norvelt was born out of the socialist idea of community farming and of a need to eliminate the strains of capitalism. However, it wasn't long before many in the community abandoned working on the cooperative farms in exchange for higher paying jobs in the private sector. Residents took up jobs in neighboring Latrobe, Greensburg and Mount Pleasant.
Norvelt never achieved the lofty goals that Eleanor Roosevelt and others had invested in it. As a relief measure, however, it was a success. In 2002, Norvelt's handful of surviving original pioneers expressed their appreciation for their town during the festivities for the historic marker designation. Evidence of the town's original name is still visible. The village's laundromat still carries the name Homestead. The entrance to Roosevelt Hall reads Westmoreland Homestead's "Norvelt" Volunteer Fire Department.
Education
Hurst High School
Hurst High School was built in 1905, and has been used as a high school and a junior high school. The school was an important stop on the Latrobe line of the West Penn Railways' electric interurban railway system. The distinctive orange cars carried many Hurst students to and from school. The Hurst name in Mount Pleasant Township dates from colonial times. It is understood that the land on which Hurst High School was built was owned by the Hurst family and given to the School District.
In 1961, the Mount Pleasant Township and Borough districts were joined and Hurst and Ramsay High Schools became the present Mt. Pleasant Area Jr. and Sr. High School. Today the old Hurst High School houses many small businesses, offices, and shops.
Norvelt Elementary School
Norvelt Elementary School, founded in 1938, is a primary school that is a part of the Mount Pleasant Area School District. It is the largest structure in Norvelt. It was originally built as a replica of Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The structure is a two-story brick building which was renovated and expanded in the early 1990s. It sits on top of a hill in the middle of "B" section, overlooking the fire department and post office. Norvelt School has a wide lawn in front with a baseball field and playground equipment. The flat grassy lawn at the base of the hill is about wide and deep. The Norvelt Colts use the open space for football practices. Other use the space for golf practice, dog walking, or jogging.
The original Norvelt schoolhouse, later became the Norvelt Fireman's Social Club, once Norvelt Elementary was built in 1960. The first school that was built was not big enough to accommodate all of the children, so some students went to class in the morning and some in the afternoon. School lunches provided to students by the government usually consisted of bean soup and peanut butter and honey sandwiches. The club was demolished and the organization moved to a new facility that was added on to Roosevelt Hall during the late 1990s. The new Norvelt Fireman's Club-Roosevelt Hall is located only a few yards away from the old school site.
Public services
Fire Department
The Norvelt Fire Department is an all-volunteer fire department. The department is on Mount Pleasant Road.
Roosevelt Hall
The Norvelt firefighter's hall is named Roosevelt Hall in honor of Eleanor Roosevelt. It is primarily used for wedding receptions.
Post office
Norvelt's US Post Office branch was originally across the street from the garment factory. Today, it is on Norvelt's main strip in a renovated section of building that burned down in the early 1980s. The new post office is located only a few yards from the fire department.
Sports and recreation
Baseball
Norvelt is the home to PONY League Field which fields Little League and PONY League Baseball games throughout the summer. A second baseball field is located below the hill in front of Norvelt Elementary School. This field was used by workers at the garment factory, who field a team each year. It was also used by the members of the volunteer fire department, who also fielded an annual team.
Football
Hurst Hurricane football
Hurst High School fielded an annual football team, the Hurricanes. The team lost one game during their 1925 and 1926 seasons. The coach of the Hurst Hurricane Football team was Robert Mitinger Sr., a star guard in 1918 from Greensburg and a member of Lafayette College's 1921 National Championship team. He and his brother, assistant Ed Mitinger, coached at Hurst starting in 1925. Mitinger's son, Robert Mitinger was an All-American tight end and defensive end for Penn State in 1961. He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers and named the 1962 Chargers' team Rookie of the Year. He played 42 games at linebacker for the Chargers for seven seasons (1962–1964, 1966, 1968), including their 51-10 rout of the Boston Patriots at Balboa Stadium in the 1963 AFL Championship, the high point of the team's 44-year history. The Robert B. Mitinger Award, named in his honor, is presented to Penn State Nittany Lions football players who personify courage, character and social responsibility.
Hurst High fielded a magnificent unscored-on perfect record team in 1927. The team's tackle was John Murtha. His son, also named John Murtha, has been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing a district based in Johnstown. Hurst's 1931 team won the Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League (WPIAL) championship. The 1938 Hurst team won the WPIAL title again. Three members of the 1938 Hurst Hurricanes reached the National Football League, with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Joe Glamp and Walt Gorinski would go on to play college football at Louisiana State University, while Joe Cibulas would play tackle for the Duquesne Dukes. In 1942, Hurst again reached the championship heights, playing a 14-14 tie with Dormont in the title playoff. In 1959, Peter Billey, of the Hurst Hurricanes, finished second in total scoring for Westmoreland County with 121 points. Billey would go on to play college football at the University of Pittsburgh where he played on the 1963 Pitt team that finished #3 in the nation.
In 1961, the Mount Pleasant Township and Borough districts were joined and Hurst and Ramsay High Schools closed. The new combined school became Mount Pleasant Area High School.
Since 1965, the football field of Hurst Stadium has been the Home of the Mount Pleasant Junior Football Association.
The Norvelt Colts
Norvelt is also the Home of the Norvelt Colts Football Team of the Mount Pleasant Area Junior Football League. The team's motto is "The Area's Team" that was inspired by the Dallas Cowboys' use of the term "America's Team". The motto was established after the Colts dominated opponents and won league championships in 1990 and 1991. The Norvelt Colts currently have 12 league championships since 1965, second to only the rival United Steelers, who have 17.
Golf
Norvelt Golf Course is located at the Norvelt Golf Club located on Pennsylvania SR 981. The course has water hazards on various holes. The fairways are narrow, and the greens are average sized. It opened in 1968 and was designed by Larry S. Liprando of the Liprando Development Company Steve Bosdosh, rated by Golf Magazine as one of the top 100 teachers in the United States, is a native of Norvelt. He is a PGA golf professional and director of instruction at Four Streams Golf Club in Beallsville MD. and some of his students have included LPGA Tour players Jackie Gallagher-Smith and Katie Peterson-Parker.
Geography
Sections
The two main areas of Norvelt are "A" section and "B" section, connected into one loose circle made up of East Laurel Circle and West Laurel Circle running on either side of Mt. Pleasant Road. Both circles are built into the rolling hills, and the tree-lined roads.
Waterways
Norvelt has many small waterways. The largest is Sewickley Creek. The Sewickley stretches through Mammoth, Trauger, Calumet, and Norvelt. The Sewickley Creek Watershed Association, a non-profit organization monitors recommends and implements actions essential to the conservation of the Sewickley Creek watershed area for recreational purposes.
Norvelt also has many smaller creeks, most running through it. The small creeks are lined with stone blocks, and run parallel to the village's circular streets and through the yards.
Demographics
In literature
The Jack Gantos book Dead End in Norvelt, set in Norvelt, won the 2012 Newbery Medal for the best children's book of 2011, as well as the 2012 Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction.
Gantos also wrote a sequel, entitled From Norvelt to Nowhere, published in 2013.
See also
Calumet-Norvelt, Pennsylvania
Subsistence Homesteads Division
References
Census-designated places in Pennsylvania
Census-designated places in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh metropolitan area
New Deal subsistence homestead communities
Populated places established in 1934
Pittsburgh Labor History |
The Temple of One Thousand Buddhas is a Tibetan Buddhist temple in the commune of La Boulaye, located in the French region of Burgundy. The temple, founded in 1987, follows the Karma Kagyu tradition. It lies in the middle of Dashang Kagyu Ling, a Buddhist retreat center established by the Tibetan lama, Kalu Rinpoche in 1974.
References
Buddhist temples in France
Tibetan Buddhism in France
Tibetan Buddhist organizations
21st-century Buddhist temples
21st-century architecture in France |
Quehuesiri (possibly from Aymara q'iwisiña to fight, -ri a suffix, "fighter") is a mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about high. It is located in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Marcapata District. It lies west of the peak of Quinsachata.
References
Mountains of Cusco Region
Mountains of Peru |
Bardeh Rash-e Tabriz Khatun (, also Romanized as Bardeh Rash-e Tabrīz Khātūn; also known as Bardarash, Bardeh Rash, Bardeh Rasheh Yangī Arakh, and Bardrash) is a village in Chehel Cheshmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 128, in 21 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
Towns and villages in Divandarreh County
Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan Province |
The Newz is the twenty-first studio album by the hard rock band Nazareth, released in March 2008. It is the first album by the band to feature new drummer Lee Agnew, who replaced original drummer Darrell Sweet, who died in 1999.
Track listing
All songs by Dan McCafferty, Pete Agnew, Jimmy Murrison, and Lee Agnew
"Dying Breed" Includes the hidden track "The Goblin King" featuring Rammstein starting at 9:05; The vinyl edition doesn't contain the hidden track.
Personnel
Nazareth
Pete Agnew - bass guitar, backing vocals
Dan McCafferty - lead vocals
Jimmy Murrison - guitars
Lee Agnew - drums
Chart performance
References
Nazareth (band) albums
2008 albums
Edel Music albums |
Hugh Scott Robertson (born 19 March 1975 in Aberdeen is a Scottish former professional footballer.)
Playing career
Aberdeen
Robertson started his career playing in the youth team for Aberdeen. He was loaned out to junior football team, Lewis United for a season to continue his apprenticeship. Aberdeen were satisfied enough with his progress to offer him another contract which he signed in 1993. While at Aberdeen, Shuggy made 22 Premier appearances, scoring twice. However, he never quite established himself as a first team regular and he was sold to Dundee in January 1997.
Dundee
He started brightly for Dundee and played in 15 of the team's remaining fixtures. However, he failed to figure in Dundee's following promotion season, which was partly due to a family bereavement. His lack of first team football saw manager Jocky Scott loan him to Brechin City and Inverness. It looked as though Robertson was heading out of the club until he was surprisingly recalled to the side for the December win at Tynecastle. This saw Robertson rediscover his form and Robertson become a regular for the remainder of the season 1998–99 season. However, in 2000, Robertson once again gradually found his first team opportunities limited and he spent two months on loan to Ayr United before he was signed by Neale Cooper for Ross County in February 2001.
Ross County
Robertson formed a strong relationship with manager Neale Cooper and he found himself playing regular football for the next three years. Robertson played over league 100 games, scoring 13 goals. He was played in a number of positions and he even found himself playing up front for a short period of time. Despite his popularity amongst the Ross County fans, Hugh Robertson decided to follow his former manager Neale Cooper and signed for Hartlepool United in January 2004.
Hartlepool United
Robertson made his Hartlepool debut against Barnsley and initially seemed to lack pace and stamina during his first few games at Hartlepool and the fans were unsure of whether he would be a success. However, Robertson won the fans over in a memorable performance against Blackpool. This match saw Hugh Robertson take several free kicks that were inches away from going in. As the match entered its final quarter Robertson stepped up and took another free kick and scored. However, the goal was disallowed as the referee had deemed it to have been taken too early. Not to be deterred, Robertson retook the free kick and scored, placing the ball in almost an identical position.
Robertson continued scoring from free kicks and long distances and this earned him cult status amongst the Hartlepool fans who began calling him "Hugh the Hammer". Robertson scored yet another memorable long distance goal, this time against Luton. As the ball spun towards him from open play, Robertson smashed the ball into the back of the net. Robertson hit the ball so powerfully that it gave the keeper little time to react and by the time he had dived the ball was already in the net. This goal earned him the 2004 Hartlepool United Goal of the Season award and it is widely regarded as one of the best Hartlepool goals of the club's history. In his first season at the club Robertson scored 4 goals despite only arriving towards the end. All of these goals bar one were from outside the box. Despite his record from free kicks, Robertson claimed that he has never practised free kicks.
Robertson started the 2004–05 season in much the same fashion and scored another free kick against Bradford City on the opening day. However, Robertson's season was cut short after a niggling foot and ankle injury required surgery and kept him out for the majority of the season. The following season saw Robertson finally regain fitness and he appeared in the match against AFC Bournemouth.
However, Robertson suffered from the same recurring injury and was once again injured. He was released from Hartlepool shortly after, and in August 2006 rejoined his former club Ross County. In the summer of 2007, Robertson was given a one-year contract extension with County after impressing in the 2006 season.
Honours
Aberdeen
Scottish League Cup: 1
1995–96
Ross County
Scottish Challenge Cup: 1
2006–07
References
External links
1975 births
Footballers from Aberdeen
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish football managers
Aberdeen F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Brechin City F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football wingers
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players
Ross County F.C. players
Culter F.C. players
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers |
Tropodiaptomus burundensis is a species of calanoid copepod in the family Diaptomidae.
The IUCN conservation status of Tropodiaptomus burundensis is "VU", vulnerable. The species faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term. The IUCN status was reviewed in 1996.
References
Diaptomidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Crustaceans described in 1988 |
Aedes (Verrallina) butleri, sometimes as Verrallina butleri, is a species of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Aedes. It is found in Sri Lanka Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Indochina, Thailand, and Maluku.
References
External links
A REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF SUBGENUS GENUSAEDES, FROM SRI LANKA AND A XVI. VERRA LLINA , REVISED DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBGENUS (DIPTERA : c ULICIDAE)
TEMPORAL CHANGES OF AEDES AND ARMIGERES POPULATIONS IN SUBURBAN AND FORESTED AREAS IN MALAYSIA.
butleri
Insects described in 1901 |
Squillace is a town and commune in southern Italy.
Squillace may also refer to:
Gulf of Squillace, an inlet of the Ionian Sea off the coast of Italy
Diocese of Squillace, a former diocese, now part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Catanzaro-Squillace
See also
Gioffre Borgia (1482–1522), Prince of Squillace, youngest son of Pope Alexander VI, brother of Lucrezia and Cesare Borgia
Anne of Savoy (1455–1480), Princess of Squillace, Altamura, and Taranto
Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marquis of Esquilache, originally Squillace (1741–1785)
Jean de Montfort-Castres (died 1300), Count of Squillace |
"Io che amo solo te" (; i.e. "I who love only you") is a song composed and performed by Sergio Endrigo and arranged by Luis Bacalov. One of Endrigo's major hits, the song was released in the summer of 1962 but became a success only at the end of year, eventually peaking at the second place on the Italian hit parade and selling over 650,000 copies.
According to Endrigo, the song was inspired by his love for a secretary and both music and lyrics were composed in about twenty minutes. A hymn to pure love and to absolute fidelity, in 1974 the song was used by the "Vote Yes" Committee for the Italian divorce referendum.
The song was later covered by several artists, including Mina, Ornella Vanoni, Gianna Nannini, Rita Pavone, Massimo Ranieri, Nicola Di Bari, Franco Simone, Marco Mengoni, Claudio Baglioni, Fiorella Mannoia and Fabio Concato. It also named a 2015 film, Io che amo solo te, where the song was covered by Alessandra Amoroso.
Charts
Track listing
7" single – PM45 - 3098
"Io che amo solo te" (Sergio Endrigo)
"Vecchia Balera" (Sergio Endrigo)
References
1962 singles
Italian songs
1962 songs
Sergio Endrigo songs
Songs written by Sergio Endrigo
Number-one singles in Brazil |
Viking Wind Farm is a large on-shore wind farm under construction in the Shetland Islands which is being developed by Viking Energy, a partnership between Shetland Islands Council and SSE plc. When complete, it will have a generation capacity of 443 MW.
Construction started in September 2020 and should be complete by 2024.
History
Initial plan
In 2005 SSE and Shetland Islands Council (via development company Viking Energy.) signed a memorandum of understanding to combine independent proposals for 300 MW wind farms on mainland Shetland and jointly develop a large scale (600 MW) wind farm. The companies formalised the agreement in January 2007.
In 2009 the developers submitted a planning application for 150 turbines (estimated 600 MW capacity) on the main island of Shetland.
In 2010 the plan was reduced in scope, with the number of turbines reduced to 127; the turbines were to be 3.6 MW machines with hub height of and blade tip height of . The scope area of the wind farm was , of which only would be permanently built upon, additionally the plan required construction of approximately of access roads, and the quarrying of of rock, and the disturbance of between 650 and 900,000 cubic metres of peat. The development was dependent on the Shetland HVDC Connection being built connecting Shetland to the UK mainland's national grid. The cost of the connector was estimated at £300 million in late 2011; Viking Energy would be liable for 10% or less of the cost, other energy producing projects in Shetland, such as Aegir wave farm, were also dependent on the grid connector being built.
The scheme proved contentious with both significant opposition and support, receiving 2,772 formal objections and 1,115 in support, as well as objections from RSPB Scotland; in part due to concerns on its impact on the rare Whimbrel.
Approval and legal challenges
The converter station at Kergord for the HVDC link to the Scottish mainland reached an initial stage of planning consent in early 2011, after several previous attempts starting 2009. In April 2012, the Scottish Minister for Energy, Enterprise and Tourism, Fergus Ewing, granted planning permission for a 103 wind turbine development, withholding consent on 24 turbines in Delting Parish due to potential interference with equipment at Scatsta Airport, and limiting maximum height to . The reduced development had an estimated capacity of up to 370 MW. The income from the development to shareholder Shetland Islands Trust was estimated at £20 million per year and the capital cost of the development was estimated at £556 million.
In September 2013, a ruling on an objection from Sustainable Shetland to the development held that the consent given under section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989 was incompetent because Viking Energy did not hold a licence under the 1989 Act, and that the Scottish Ministers had failed to have proper regard to their obligations under the Birds Directive [2009/147/EC] to the protected Whimbrel species.
In October 2013, the Scottish Government signalled its intention to appeal the decision. In July 2014, appeal judges at Edinburgh's Court of Session announced that there was insufficient reason to stop the wind farm and gave the project the go-ahead. Sustainable Shetland appealed the decision at the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom but lost the appeal in February 2015. They were also refused leave to appeal to the European Court of Justice. Viking applied to get electricity price subsidies under the UK government's low carbon "Contracts for Difference" programme. Due to the slow progress of Viking's application, two of their four staff were made redundant in 2017.
Recent history
In 2019, Viking Energy was unsuccessful in winning a CfD contract in the government auction held in September 2019, making the future of the windfarm uncertain.
The wind farm depends on the construction of the Shetland HVDC Connection. In April 2020, Ofgem approved revised proposals for that project, subject to 'evidence that the Shetland Viking Wind Farm project will go ahead'.
On 17 June 2020, the project sponsor, SSE Renewables, made a final investment decision to proceed with the Viking Wind Farm investment, conditional on certain industry code modifications, and "the outcome of the consultation on Ofgem's minded-to position to approve the transmission link, expected in July 2020".
According to Shetland News, this means that both the wind farm and the HVDC Connection "are likely to go ahead".
Construction works started in September 2020 and the farm is due to be operational by 2024.
Design
If constructed, turbines would be erected in Kergord, North Nesting, and South Nesting. Original proposals included 24 turbines in the Delting area (refused 2012 consent.) and 23 turbines in the Collafirth area (removed from application.)
Estimated construction time for the 127 turbine farm was five years. The wind farm was expected to have a high utilisation rate, smaller wind turbines on the island having attained high capacity factors of over 50%.
Objections
Initially proposed as a 150 turbine 600 MW project in 2009, the scheme had significant opposition, on grounds including effects on wildlife, and the general environment; part of the wind farm was also removed because of a potential interference with equipment at Scatsta Airport.
Notes
References
Sources
External links
, documentation
, map of 2010 application wind turbine placement
Wind farms in Scotland
Energy in Shetland
Proposed buildings and structures in Scotland
Mainland, Shetland |
The 1997–97 Atlético Morelia season was the 82nd season in the football club's history and the 15th consecutive season in the top flight of Mexican football.
Coaching staff
Players
Squad information
Players and squad numbers last updated on 31 January 2019.Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Competitions
Overview
Torneo Invierno
League table
Results summary
Torneo Verano
League table
Results summary
Statistics
Goals
Hat-tricks
Own goals
Clean sheets
References
Atlético Morelia seasons
1996–97 Mexican Primera División season
1996–97 in Mexican football |
is a passenger railway station located in the city of Aki, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the third-sector Tosa Kuroshio Railway with the station number "GN30".
Lines
The station is served by the Asa Line and is located 19.6 km from the beginning of the line at . local trains and rapid train which runs in the morning stop at the station.
Layout
The station consists of a side platform serving a single elevated track. There is no station building and the station is unstaffed but a shelter comprising both an open and an enclosed compartment is provided on the platform for waiting passengers. Access to the platform is by means of a flight of steps. Another waiting room is provided near the station entrance at the base of the elevated structure, together with parking lots and a bike shed.
Adjacent stations
Station mascot
Each station on the Asa Line features a cartoon mascot character designed by Takashi Yanase, a local cartoonist from Kōchi Prefecture. The mascot for Akano Station is a figure of a seagull dressed in a sailor suit named . The design is chosen because the line runs by the coast of the Pacific Ocean near the station and many seagulls can be seen in the area.
History
The train station was opened on 1 July 2002 by the Tosa Kuroshio Railway as an intermediate station on its track from to .
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2011, the station was used by an average of 42 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Japan National Route 55
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
Railway stations in Kōchi Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 2002
Aki, Kōchi |
The Thin Mercury Sound is the second album by Caviar. It was released July 27, 2004. Vocalist/guitarist Blake Smith claimed the album would be reminiscent of bands such as Joy Division, New Order, and the Cure.
Track listing
"Aloha" – 3:23
"Clean Getaway" – 4:18
"Lioness" – 3:42
"Hey Let Go" – 4:24
"You've Got a Black Black Heart" – 4:18
"On the DL" – 3:49
"Last of the Gold" – 4:32
"Tiny Cannibal Bites" – 3:08
"666" – 3:46
"Deep Down I'm Shallow" – 3:48
"Where Are You_" – 3:40
"Light Up the Sky" – 3:29
"10% November" – 4:02
"Ego Trippin'" – 3:25
"Last Rays of the Sun" – 4:20
Credits
Logo, logo design – Brock Manke
Main performer – Caviar
Art direction, photography – Chris Strong
Guest appearance – Christiaan Webb
Mastering – Howie Weinberg
Drums – Jason Batchko
Assistant, assistant engineer – Luke Tierney
Assisnant, assistant engineer – Mark Ralston
Bass Guitar, Keyboards, mixing, producer – Mike Willison
Vocals, Lyrics, Guitar, producer – Blake Smith
Engineer, guest appearance – Neal Ostrovsky
Engineer, guest appearance – Paul David Hager
Engineer – Rob Ruccia
Assistant, assistant engineer – Scott Guitierrez
Guitar – Dave Suh
Guest Artist – Scott Lucas
Guest Artist – Tamar Berk
Caviar (band) albums
2004 albums |
Peter Charles William Sanders (born 7 September 1942) is a Welsh former association football and rugby union player. He played professional association football for Newport County and Gillingham before switching to rugby union and playing for Newport and Cross Keys.
Sporting career
Association football
Sanders was born in Newport and began his career playing association football as a centre forward for local team Newport County, one of the four Welsh clubs then playing in England's Football League. After a year as an amateur, he turned professional with the club in October 1959, soon after his 17th birthday. He went on to make three appearances for the "Ironsides" in the Football League Third Division, and was also selected for the Wales national youth team.
In July 1961 he left Newport to join Gillingham of the Fourth Division. He spent one season with the Kent-based club but was only selected to play for the first team twice. In July 1962 he dropped out of professional football and joined Prescot Cables of the Lancashire Combination.
Rugby union
Sanders later returned to his native Wales and played rugby union for his hometown club, Newport, as well as for Cross Keys.
Baseball
After retiring from playing sport, Sanders became involved with promoting sport in the Pillgwenlly area of Newport. For 40 years he has run the local baseball club, St Michael's, serving variously as chairman, secretary and coach, and in 2007 won a "Services to Sport" award from the South Wales Argus for his work with the club.
Personal life
Sanders' son, Alan Sanders, also became a professional footballer, playing for Cardiff City in the early 1980s.
References
1942 births
Welsh men's footballers
Newport County A.F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Welsh rugby union players
Cross Keys RFC players
Newport RFC players
Rugby union players from Newport, Wales
Footballers from Newport, Wales
Living people
Prescot Cables F.C. players
Men's association football forwards |
Ázqueta is a town in Navarre, Spain. It is located in the municipality of Igúzquiza. Ázqueta is located on the French Way path of the Camino de Santiago.
References
Municipalities in Navarre |
Euphorbia fiherenensis is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
Endemic flora of Madagascar
Least concern plants
fiherenensis
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Liqiao Town () is a town on the south side of Shunyi District, Beijing. It shares border with Renhe Town in the north, Lisui Town in the east, Songzhuang Town in the south, and Tianzhu Town in the west. The town had 97,059 people residing within it in 2020.
The name Liqiao used to be Lijiaqiao () due to its concentration of people with the last name Li.
History
Administrative divisions
In 2021, Liqiao Town was composed of 35 subdivisions, more specifically 4 communities and 31 villages:
Gallery
See also
List of township-level divisions of Beijing
References
Towns in Beijing
Shunyi District |
Biography
Lil Weavah is an American writer and producer from Atlanta, Georgia who has contributed to the background production of TV shows and films.
References
External links
Lil Weavah on Apple Music
Lil Weavah on MusicBrainz
American writers about music
Southern hip hop musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Eduardo Barbosa de Albuquerque (born 22 February 1943), also known as Eduardo Albuquerque or Eduardo, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.
Career
Revealed at Corinthians, he played at the club for most of the 1960s, when he even reached the Brazilian national team due to his extreme loyalty in his style of play. He also played for Cruzeiro, where he was part of the Minas Gerais state champion squad in 1968, and for São Paulo FC, Paulista champion in 1970. He ended his career at Náutico, without ever having scored a goal as a professional player.
Personal life
After retiring, he worked with graphic productions in the city of Santana de Parnaíba.
Honours
Corinthians
Taça São Paulo: 1962
Cruzeiro
Campeonato Mineiro: 1968
São Paulo
Campeonato Paulista: 1970
References
External links
Eduardo Albuquerque at ogol.com.br
1943 births
Living people
Men's association football central defenders
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
São Paulo FC players
Clube Náutico Capibaribe players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Footballers from São Paulo |
Griselda is an opera (dramma per musica) in three acts composed by Antonio Maria Bononcini. The opera uses a slightly revised version of the 1701 Italian libretto by Apostolo Zeno that was based on Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron (X, 10, "The Patient Griselda"). The opera was dedicated to Prince Maximilian Karl von Löwenstein, the Austrian governor of Milan, who died during the opera's world première on 26 December 1718 at the Teatro Regio Ducale in Milan. Nevertheless, Bononcini's opera was well received and enjoyed several revivals during the eighteenth century.
His brother, Giovanni Bononcini, wrote an even more popular version of his own to Zeno's libretto in 1722.
Roles
Synopsis
Act 1
Years before the action begins, Gualtiero, King of Sicily, had married a poor shepherdess, Griselda. The marriage was deeply unpopular with the king's subjects and when a daughter, Costanza, was born, the king had to pretend to have her killed while secretly sending her to be brought up by Prince Corrado of Apulia. Now, faced with another rebellion from the Sicilians, Gualtiero is forced to renounce Griselda and promises to take a new wife. The proposed bride is in fact Costanza, who is unaware of her true parentage. She is in love with Corrado's younger brother, Roberto, and the thought of being forced to marry Gualtiero drives her to despair.
Act 2
Griselda returns to her home in the countryside where she is pursued by the courtier Ottone, who is in love with her. She angrily rejects his advances. Gualtiero and his followers go out hunting and come across Griselda's cottage. Gualtiero foils an attempt by Ottone to kidnap Griselda and allows her back to the court, but only as Costanza's slave.
Act 3
Ottone still resolutely pursues Griselda and Gualtiero promises him her hand as soon as he himself has married Costanza. Griselda declares she would rather die and, moved by her faithfulness, Gualtiero takes her back as his wife. He reveals the true identity of Costanza and allows her to marry Roberto.
Sources
External links
Libretto
Operas
Operas by Antonio Maria Bononcini
1718 operas
Italian-language operas
Operas based on literature
Operas based on works by Giovanni Boccaccio |
The men's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 1977 Summer Universiade was held at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia on 22 and 23 August.
Results
Heats
Final
References
Athletics at the 1977 Summer Universiade
1977 |
```c++
// This file was automatically generated on Fri Jul 1 18:47:25 2016
// by libs/config/tools/generate.cpp
// Use, modification and distribution are subject to the
// LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
// See path_to_url for the most recent version.//
// Revision $Id$
//
// Test file for macro BOOST_NO_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL
// This file should compile, if it does not then
// BOOST_NO_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL should be defined.
// See file boost_no_cxx11_thread_local.ipp for details
// Must not have BOOST_ASSERT_CONFIG set; it defeats
// the objective of this file:
#ifdef BOOST_ASSERT_CONFIG
# undef BOOST_ASSERT_CONFIG
#endif
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#include "test.hpp"
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL
#include "boost_no_cxx11_thread_local.ipp"
#else
namespace boost_no_cxx11_thread_local = empty_boost;
#endif
int main( int, char *[] )
{
return boost_no_cxx11_thread_local::test();
}
``` |
Dioscorea balcanica is a herbaceous perennial in the family Dioscoreaceae.
Description
Height 2–5 m. Flowers cup-shaped, arranged in racemes, producing loculicidal capsules.
Taxonomy
This species was named in 1914 by Nedeljko Kosanin (1874–1934), manager (1906–1934) of the Jevremovac botanical gardens in Belgrade, Serbia.
Distribution
Balkans: Montenegro to North Albania (see map). As such it is the only wild Dioscorea species found on the Balkan Peninsula where it is endemic. It is considered an endangered species and has been placed under protection.
References
Bibliography
Distribution maps
balcanica |
Diplectrona modesta is a species of netspinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae. It is found in North America.
References
External links
Trichoptera
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1908 |
Sanhedrin 1994–1997 is a 2005 double album by John Zorn's Masada featuring previously unreleased studio recordings.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Sean Westergaard awarded the album 4 stars stating "This band has become one of the finest jazz ensembles of the last several decades, and there will probably come a time when folks will be drooling over any previously unreleased scraps the same way they do today over lost Monk and Coltrane recordings. The improvisations and interactions -- not to mention the dynamics -- can change from one performance to the next, and it's interesting to hear how these players approach the tunes on different takes. The package is lovely, with liner notes from all the bandmembers, and, of course, the playing is phenomenal".
Track listing
All compositions by John Zorn.
Disc One
"Piram" – 6:22
"Lebaoth" – 6:08
"Idalah Abal" – 7:38
"Midbar" – 5:06
"Zelah" – 4:27
"Katzatz" – 2:20
"Abidan" – 6:53
"Hekhal" – 3:07
"Tannaim" – 8:34
"Nefesh" – 5:40
"Neshamah" – 7:15
"Lakom" – 3:46
"Tiferet" – 5:33
"Evel" – 5:42
Disc Two
"Hath Arob" – 3:33
"Mahshav" – 6:06
"Zemer" – 2:36
"Ne'Eman" – 8:46
"Meholalot" – 7:11
"Kochot" – 5:19
"Jachin" – 4:46
"Moshav" – 7:26
"Acharei Mot" – 8:50
"Kilayim" – 3:08
"Otiot" – 3:44
"Nashim" – 3:50
"Karet" – 1:25
"Hashmal" – 3:21
"Ruach" – 5:28
Disc 1, Tracks 1-5 Recorded Feb. 20, 1994
Disc 1, Tracks 6-10 Recorded Jun. 22, 1994
Disc 1, Tracks 11-13 Recorded Jul. 16-17, 1995
Disc 1, Track 14 and Disc 2, Tracks 1-3 Recorded Apr. 16, 1996
Disc 2, Track 4 Recorded Aug. 1, 1996
Disc 2, Tracks 5-9 Recorded Apr. 21, 1997
Disc 2, Tracks 10-15 Recorded Sep. 15, 1997
Produced by John Zorn and Kazunori Sugiyama
Personnel
John Zorn – alto saxophone
Dave Douglas – trumpet
Greg Cohen – bass
Joey Baron – drums
References
2005 albums
Masada (band) albums
Albums produced by John Zorn
Tzadik Records albums |
```ruby
class CreatePushNotificationSubscriptions < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.1]
def change
create_table :push_notification_subscriptions do |t|
t.string :endpoint
t.string :p256dh_key
t.string :auth_key
t.string :notification_type
t.references :user, foreign_key: true, null: false
t.timestamps
end
end
end
``` |
Art Gallery Theorems and Algorithms is a mathematical monograph on topics related to the art gallery problem, on finding positions for guards within a polygonal museum floorplan so that all points of the museum are visible to at least one guard, and on related problems in computational geometry concerning polygons. It was written by Joseph O'Rourke, and published in 1987 in the International Series of Monographs on Computer Science of the Oxford University Press. Only 1000 copies were produced before the book went out of print, so to keep this material accessible O'Rourke has made a pdf version of the book available online.
Topics
The art gallery problem, posed by Victor Klee in 1973, asks for the number of points at which to place guards inside a polygon (representing the floor plan of a museum) so that each point within the polygon is visible to at least one guard. Václav Chvátal provided the first proof that the answer is at most for a polygon with corners, but a simplified proof by Steve Fisk based on graph coloring and polygon triangulation is more widely known. This is the opening material of the book, which goes on to covers topics including visibility, decompositions of polygons, coverings of polygons, triangulations and triangulation algorithms, and higher-dimensional generalizations, including the result that some polyhedra such as the Schönhardt polyhedron do not have triangulations without additional vertices. More generally, the book has as a theme "the interplay between discrete and computational geometry".
It has 10 chapters, whose topics include the original art gallery theorem and Fisk's triangulation-based proof; rectilinear polygons; guards that can patrol a line segment rather than a single point; special classes of polygons including star-shaped polygons, spiral polygons, and monotone polygons; non-simple polygons; prison yard problems, in which the guards must view the exterior, or both the interior and exterior, of a polygon; visibility graphs; visibility algorithms; the computational complexity of minimizing the number of guards; and three-dimensional generalizations.
Audience and reception
The book only requires an undergraduate-level knowledge of graph theory and algorithms. However, it lacks exercises, and is organized more as a monograph than as a textbook. Despite warning that it omits some details that would be important to implementors of the algorithms that it describes, and does not describe algorithms that perform well on random inputs despite poor worst-case complexity, reviewer Wm. Randolph Franklin recommends it "for the library of every geometer".
Reviewer Herbert Edelsbrunner writes that "This book is the most comprehensive collection of results on polygons currently available and thus earns its place as a standard text in computational geometry. It is very well written and a pleasure to read." However, reviewer Patrick J. Ryan complains that some of the book's proofs are inelegant, and reviewer David Avis, writing in 1990, noted that already by that time there were "many new developments" making the book outdated. Nevertheless, Avis writes that "the book succeeds on a number of levels", as an introductory text for undergraduates or for researchers in other areas, and as an invitation to solve the "many unsolved questions" remaining in this area.
References
Computational geometry
Polygons
Mathematics books
1987 non-fiction books |
Didier Claude Deschamps (; born 15 October 1968) is a French professional football manager and former player who has been managing the France national team since 2012. He played as a defensive midfielder for several clubs, in France, Italy, England and Spain, namely Marseille, Juventus, Chelsea and Valencia, as well as Nantes and Bordeaux. Nicknamed "the water-carrier" () by former France teammate Eric Cantona, Deschamps was an intelligent and hard-working defensive midfielder who excelled at winning back possession and subsequently starting attacking plays, and also stood out for his leadership throughout his career. As a French international, he was capped on 103 occasions and took part at three UEFA European Football Championships and one FIFA World Cup, captaining his nation to victories in the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000.
In addition to winning two Ligue 1 titles in 1990 and 1992, Deschamps was part of the Marseille squad that became the first, and so far only, French club to win the UEFA Champions League, a feat which the team achieved in 1993; with the Champions League victory, Deschamps became the youngest captain ever to lead his team to win the title. With Juventus he played three Champions League finals in a row between 1996 and 1998, winning the title in 1996. With the Turin side, he also won the UEFA Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup, as well as three Serie A titles, among other trophies. With Chelsea, he won the 1999–2000 FA Cup, and also reached another Champions League final with Valencia in 2001, before retiring later that season. After Franz Beckenbauer and followed by Iker Casillas, he was only the second captain in the history of football to have lifted the Champions League trophy, the World Cup trophy, and the European Championship trophy.
As a manager, Deschamps began his career with Monaco, and helped the club to win the Coupe de la Ligue in 2003, and reached the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final, being named Ligue 1 Manager of the Year in 2004. During the 2006–07 season, he helped his former club Juventus win the Serie B title and return to Serie A following their relegation due to their involvement in the 2006 Calciopoli Scandal the previous season. He subsequently managed another one of his former clubs, Marseille, where he won the Ligue 1 title during the 2009–10 season, as well as three consecutive Coupe de la Ligue titles between 2010 and 2012, and consecutive Trophée des Champions titles in 2010 and 2011.
On 8 July 2012, Deschamps was named as the new manager of the French national team. He led the team to the quarter-finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the final of UEFA Euro 2016, victory in the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and a back-to-back final appearance in the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Upon winning the World Cup in 2018, Deschamps became the third man to win the World Cup as both a player and a manager, alongside Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer. Deschamps follows Beckenbauer as only the second to do so as captain.
Club career
Deschamps was born in Bayonne in the French part of the Basque area. After a short passage at rugby in the Biarritz Olympique club, Deschamps started his football career at an amateur club, Aviron Bayonnais whilst still at school. His potential was spotted by scouts from Nantes, for whom he signed in April 1983. Deschamps made his league debut on 27 September 1985. He transferred to Marseille in 1989. Deschamps then spent a season on loan with Bordeaux in 1990, before returning to Marseille. In this second spell with Marseille, Deschamps gained his first honours as a professional player, winning two Division 1 titles in 1991 and 1992, and was a member of the first and only French side to win the Champions League in 1993, becoming the youngest captain ever to lift the trophy in the process.
In 1994, Deschamps joined Italian club Juventus, with whom he won three Serie A titles, one Coppa Italia, two Supercoppa Italiana, as well as his second Champions League title, a UEFA Super Cup, and an Intercontinental Cup in 1996; he also reached two more Champions League finals in his next two seasons, and a UEFA Cup final in 1995. After his spell with Juventus, Deschamps spent a season in England with Chelsea, winning the FA Cup, and scoring once against Hertha BSC in the Champions League. He finished his playing career in Spain, spending a season with Valencia, helping them to the 2001 UEFA Champions League final, but he remained on the bench as they lost to Bayern Munich. He then retired in the middle of 2001, only 32 years old.
International career
Receiving his first international call-up from Michel Platini on 29 April 1989 against Yugoslavia, Deschamps started his international career in what was a dark time for the France national team as they failed to qualify for the World Cup in both 1990 and 1994, also suffering a first-round elimination at UEFA Euro 1992.
When new team coach Aimé Jacquet began to rebuild the team for Euro 96, he initially selected Manchester United star Eric Cantona as captain. After Cantona earned a year-long suspension in January 1995, the make-up of the team changed dramatically, with veterans Cantona, Jean-Pierre Papin, and David Ginola being dropped in favour of younger players such as Zinedine Zidane. Deschamps, as one of the few remaining veterans, was chosen to lead what would later be called the "Golden Generation". He first captained France in 1996 in a friendly match against Germany as a warmup for Euro 96. During that tournament, held in England, he led them all the way to the semi-finals, their best finish in an international tournament since the 1986 World Cup.
In 1998, Deschamps captained France as they won the 1998 World Cup on home soil in Paris, holding an integral role in the team. Propelled by the momentum of this triumph, Deschamps also captained France as they won Euro 2000, giving them the distinction of being the first national team to hold both the World Cup and Euro titles since West Germany did so in 1974, a feat emulated and surpassed by the Spain national team between 2008 and 2012. Following the tournament, Deschamps announced his retirement from international football, making his second last appearance in a ceremonial match against a FIFA XI in August 2000, which resulted in 5–1 victory. His final appearance was against England. At the time of his retirement Deschamps held the record for the most appearances for France, though this has since been surpassed by Marcel Desailly, Zinedine Zidane and Lilian Thuram. In total, Deschamps earned 103 caps and scored four goals.
Deschamps was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004.
Style of play
In his position, Deschamps primarily excelled at impeding the opposition's attacking movements as a defensive midfielder, and so was capable of starting up attacking plays and distributing the ball to teammates once he won back possession, leading to him being derisively nicknamed "the water-carrier" by former France teammate Eric Cantona, who implied that Deschamps's primary contribution to the national team was to retrieve the ball and pass it forward to "more talented" players. Deschamps's ability to perform this role was made possible due to his high work-rate, tenacity, stamina, vision, reliable distribution and technique, and his efficacy at pressing and tackling opponents. He also had an excellent positional and organisational sense, and was known for his tactical intelligence, versatility, and his leadership as a footballer.
Managerial career
Monaco
After retiring as a player, he went into football management. He was appointed head coach of Monaco in France's Ligue 1, leading the club to the Coupe de la Ligue title in 2003 and to its first UEFA Champions League final in 2004. He resigned on 19 September 2005 after a poor start to the season, and disagreement with the club's president.
Juventus
On 10 July 2006, Deschamps was named head coach of Juventus, after Fabio Capello resigned in the wake of the Calciopoli scandal. Deschamps' first game in charge of Juventus was highly successful since Juventus beat Alessandria 8–0 in a friendly, but poor results followed as Juventus was knocked out in the 3rd round of the Coppa Italia and then drew 1–1 against Rimini on the first day of the league season. In the following three matches, Juventus beat Vicenza 2–1, Crotone 3–0 and Modena 4–0. Deschamps also helped Juventus to win their first competition since being relegated, which was the Birra Moretti Cup in which Juventus beat Internazionale 1–0 and Napoli in a penalty shoot-out. He led Juventus to its return to Serie A, which was confirmed on 19 May 2007 with a 5–1 away win at Arezzo. On 26 May, several media announced Deschamps had resigned as Juventus manager, following several clashes with the club management. However, this was denied by the club itself a few hours later. Later that evening, after the game against Mantova, which confirmed Juve as Serie B champions, Deschamps confirmed to the media that he had indeed resigned and the news was then made official by Juventus a few hours later.
Marseille
On 5 May 2009, it was announced that Deschamps would be named manager of Marseille to the upcoming season which began on 1 July 2009. In his first season, he managed them to their first Ligue 1 title in 18 years. His success had seen the Marseille manager linked to a return to Juventus where former president Giovanni Cobolli Gigli urged the club to bring back Deschamps to replace Ciro Ferrara. Ferrara was eventually replaced by Alberto Zaccheroni. On 29 June 2010, Deschamps signed a contract extension that would keep him at Marseille until June 2012. On 6 June 2011, he extended his contract again, this time until June 2014. On 13 March 2012, his Marseille side progressed to the Champions League quarter-finals for the first time since 1993 by beating Inter Milan. On 14 April 2012, Olympique de Marseille won the Coupe de la Ligue for third time in a row after they beat Lyon 1–0 with Brandão scoring in extra-time. The victory also ended a winless run of 12 matches in all competitions. Deschamps was delighted with Marseille's Coupe de la Ligue triumph and added: "All title wins are beautiful, as they are difficult to achieve. This is the sixth in three years. For a club that had not won anything for 17 years, it is something to be proud of. The credit goes mostly to the players, but I also want to associate my staff with the victory. This is a great source of pride for me, even if it does not change the fact it has been a difficult season in Ligue 1." On 2 July 2012, Deschamps left the club by mutual agreement, citing their poor finish of 10th place in 2011–12.
France
On 8 July 2012, Deschamps was appointed as head coach of the France national football team on a two-year contract, following in the footsteps of Laurent Blanc, who resigned after the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament.
France was placed in UEFA Group I for the qualification phase of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. UEFA Group I contained the defending world champions Spain, plus Belarus, Finland and Georgia. In that group, France earned a 1–1 draw away in the first match against Spain but lost 1–0 at home against the same opponents in the second match. After the 1–0 defeat by Spain, France failed to score a single goal in its next four matches – against Uruguay (friendly, 1–0), Brazil (friendly, 3–0), Belgium (friendly, 0–0) and Georgia (Group I qualifying match, 0–0). France finished second in the group, three points behind Spain, and thus had to win the two-legged play-off tie against Ukraine to advance to the final phase of the tournament. In the first leg held in Kyiv, France was beaten 2–0 by Ukraine. Coming into the second leg, Ukraine had kept eight consecutive clean sheets and had not lost their last 12 matches. In the second leg held at the Stade de France, France beat Ukraine 3–0 to win the tie 3–2 on aggregate and became the first team to overturn a two-goal, first-leg deficit in a FIFA World Cup or UEFA European Championship qualification play-off. France thus qualified for the final phase of the FIFA World Cup for the fifth consecutive time. At the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, Deschamps's team advanced to the quarter-finals where they lost 1–0 to eventual champions Germany, and Paul Pogba was named Best Young Player of the tournament.
On 20 November 2013, Deschamps extended his contract to coach the France national football team until the UEFA Euro 2016. The extension was triggered under the terms of an agreement reached with the French Football Federation (FFF) when Deschamps replaced Laurent Blanc after the UEFA Euro 2012, whereby qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup would earn Deschamps the right to lead France until the Euro 2016 to be held in France.
At Euro 2016, Deschamps led France to the final on 7 July after a brace from Antoine Griezmann helped defeat Germany 2–0. In the final, France were defeated 1–0 after extra time by Portugal.
On 31 October 2017, Deschamps signed a new contract until 2020.
For the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Deschamps "was careful in selecting his 23-man roster for Russia, selecting only players who he felt could gel as a cohesive unit", resulting in the omission of Real Madrid’s Karim Benzema. Although initially criticized for conservative tactics as the national team had indifferent showings to advance from the group stage with narrow wins over Australia and Peru and a draw against Denmark, they put in dominant performances during the knockout rounds, defeating Argentina 4–3 in the round of 16, and Uruguay 2–0 in the quarter-finals to reach the semi-finals. During the tournament, Deschamps also deployed Blaise Matuidi – normally a holding midfielder – out of position, playing him out wide, rather than in the centre, as a left-sided winger or attacking midfielder in a 4–2–3–1 formation. In this system, Matuidi proved to be equally effective, in spite of his unorthodox playing role, as he was able to track back and limit the attacking threat of the opposing full-backs on the flank. Moreover, he also often tucked into the centre, in order to help support Paul Pogba and N'Golo Kanté defensively, which also helped minimise the amount of space given to the main playmakers of France's opponents throughout the tournament, and ultimately helped to nullify their impact on the game in midfield. Furthermore, Matuidi's more defensive role on the left flank provided balance within the team, as it in turn gave Kylian Mbappé the licence to attack and run at defences from the right wing. Following these matches, France became World Cup winners after beating Belgium 1–0 in the semi-final and Croatia 4–2 in the final. As such, Deschamps became only the third man after Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer to win the World Cup as both a player and a manager, and only the second captain after Beckenbauer to do so.
In December 2019, Deschamps signed a new contract with France, keeping him with the national team until World Cup 2022. At the Euro 2020, France were knocked out on penalties by Switzerland in the round of 16, following a 3–3 draw. Deschamps was criticized for getting his team selections and tactics wrong. In the 2022 World Cup, he led France to reach their second final in a row, which they lost 4–2 on penalties to Argentina after a 3–3 draw. In January 2023, he extended his contract with France until June 2026.
Style of management
Due to his successes with the French national team, Deschamps is known for being an astute tournament manager and setting teams up with a solid foundation and work ethic. Goalkeeper Hugo Lloris describes him as being calm and collected which transmits to the players. He also brings understanding and pragmatism, common sense and adaptability; the same qualities that served him so well as a player in midfields with more glamorous talents.
Personal life
Deschamps married Claude Antoinette in 1989. Together they have a son, Dylan, who was born in 1996. He was raised a Catholic. Deschamps' brother Philippe died in a plane crash when Deschamps was 19 years old which he said has "marked [his] life".
He is first cousin with retired professional tennis player and 1998 Wimbledon finalist Nathalie Tauziat.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Deschamps goal.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Marseille
Ligue 1: 1989–90, 1991–92
UEFA Champions League: 1992–93
Juventus
Serie A: 1994–95, 1996–97, 1997–98
Coppa Italia: 1994–95
Supercoppa Italiana: 1995, 1997
Intercontinental Cup: 1996
UEFA Champions League: 1995–96; runner-up: 1996–97, 1997–98
UEFA Cup runner-up: 1994–95
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999
UEFA Super Cup: 1996
Chelsea
FA Cup: 1999–2000
Valencia
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2000–01
France
FIFA World Cup: 1998
UEFA European Championship: 2000
Individual
Division 1 Rookie of the Year: 1989
French Player of the Year: 1996
UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1996
FIFA 100: 2004
The Dream Team 110 years of OM: 2010
Golden Foot Award Legends: 2018
9th French Player of the Century
Manager
Monaco
Coupe de la Ligue: 2002–03
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2003–04
Juventus
Serie B: 2006–07
Marseille
Ligue 1: 2009–10
Coupe de la Ligue: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Trophée des Champions: 2010, 2011
France
FIFA World Cup: 2018; runner-up: 2022
UEFA Nations League: 2020–21
UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2016
Individual
Ligue 1 Manager of the Year: 2004
The Best FIFA Football Coach: 2018
Globe Soccer Awards Coach of the Year: 2018
World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year: 2018
IFFHS World's Best National Coach: 2018, 2020
Orders
Knight of the Legion of Honour: 1998
Officer of the Legion of Honour: 2018
See also
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Didier Deschamps at Premier League
!colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"| World Cup-winners status
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| style="width:32%; text-align:center;"| Previous:Franz Beckenbauer
| style="width:36%; text-align:center;"| Player and Manager1998, 2018
| style="width:32%; text-align:center;"| Next:Incumbent
1968 births
Living people
French-Basque people
Sportspeople from Bayonne
Footballers from Pyrénées-Atlantiques
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Aviron Bayonnais FC players
FC Nantes players
Olympique de Marseille players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Juventus FC players
Chelsea F.C. players
Valencia CF players
Ligue 1 players
Serie A players
Premier League players
La Liga players
UEFA Champions League winning players
France men's under-21 international footballers
France men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 1992 players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
European champions for France
FIFA World Cup-winning players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
FIFA Men's Century Club
FIFA 100
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Italy
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
French football managers
AS Monaco FC managers
Juventus FC managers
Olympique de Marseille managers
France national football team managers
Ligue 1 managers
Serie B managers
2014 FIFA World Cup managers
UEFA Euro 2016 managers
2018 FIFA World Cup managers
UEFA Euro 2020 managers
FIFA World Cup-winning managers
UEFA Nations League-winning managers
French expatriate football managers
French expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Expatriate football managers in Italy
Expatriate football managers in Monaco
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Legion of Honour
2022 FIFA World Cup managers
Association football people awarded knighthoods
French people of Basque descent |
Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on dosage, safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial—their approval does not mean the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted.
Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. Clinical trials can vary in size and cost, and they can involve a single research center or multiple centers, in one country or in multiple countries. Clinical study design aims to ensure the scientific validity and reproducibility of the results.
Costs for clinical trials can range into the billions of dollars per approved drug. and they take 11–14 years to complete. The sponsor may be a governmental organization or a pharmaceutical, biotechnology or medical-device company. Certain functions necessary to the trial, such as monitoring and lab work, may be managed by an outsourced partner, such as a contract research organization or a central laboratory. Only 10 percent of all drugs started in human clinical trials become approved drugs.
Overview
Trials of drugs
Some clinical trials involve healthy subjects with no pre-existing medical conditions. Other clinical trials pertain to people with specific health conditions who are willing to try an experimental treatment. Pilot experiments are conducted to gain insights for design of the clinical trial to follow.
There are two goals to testing medical treatments: to learn whether they work well enough, called "efficacy", or "effectiveness"; and to learn whether they are safe enough, called "safety". Neither is an absolute criterion; both safety and efficacy are evaluated relative to how the treatment is intended to be used, what other treatments are available, and the severity of the disease or condition. The benefits must outweigh the risks. For example, many drugs to treat cancer have severe side effects that would not be acceptable for an over-the-counter pain medication, yet the cancer drugs have been approved since they are used under a physician's care and are used for a life-threatening condition.
In the US the elderly constitute 14% of the population, while they consume over one-third of drugs. People over 55 (or a similar cutoff age) are often excluded from trials because their greater health issues and drug use complicate data interpretation, and because they have different physiological capacity than younger people. Children and people with unrelated medical conditions are also frequently excluded. Pregnant women are often excluded due to potential risks to the fetus.
The sponsor designs the trial in coordination with a panel of expert clinical investigators, including what alternative or existing treatments to compare to the new drug and what type(s) of patients might benefit. If the sponsor cannot obtain enough test subjects at one location investigators at other locations are recruited to join the study.
During the trial, investigators recruit subjects with the predetermined characteristics, administer the treatment(s) and collect data on the subjects' health for a defined time period. Data include measurements such as vital signs, concentration of the study drug in the blood or tissues, changes to symptoms, and whether improvement or worsening of the condition targeted by the study drug occurs. The researchers send the data to the trial sponsor, who then analyzes the pooled data using statistical tests.
Examples of clinical trial goals include assessing the safety and relative effectiveness of a medication or device:
On a specific kind of patient
At varying dosages
For a new indication
Evaluation for improved efficacy in treating a condition as compared to the standard therapy for that condition
Evaluation of the study drug or device relative to two or more already approved/common interventions for that condition
While most clinical trials test one alternative to the novel intervention, some expand to three or four and may include a placebo.
Except for small, single-location trials, the design and objectives are specified in a document called a clinical trial protocol. The protocol is the trial's "operating manual" and ensures all researchers perform the trial in the same way on similar subjects and that the data is comparable across all subjects.
As a trial is designed to test hypotheses and rigorously monitor and assess outcomes, it can be seen as an application of the scientific method, specifically the experimental step.
The most common clinical trials evaluate new pharmaceutical products, medical devices, biologics, diagnostic assays, psychological therapies, or other interventions. Clinical trials may be required before a national regulatory authority approves marketing of the innovation.
Trials of devices
Similarly to drugs, manufacturers of medical devices in the United States are required to conduct clinical trials for premarket approval. Device trials may compare a new device to an established therapy, or may compare similar devices to each other. An example of the former in the field of vascular surgery is the Open versus Endovascular Repair (OVER trial) for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm, which compared the older open aortic repair technique to the newer endovascular aneurysm repair device. An example of the latter are clinical trials on mechanical devices used in the management of adult female urinary incontinence.
Trials of procedures
Similarly to drugs, medical or surgical procedures may be subjected to clinical trials, such as comparing different surgical approaches in treatment of fibroids for subfertility. However, when clinical trials are unethical or logistically impossible in the surgical setting, case-controlled studies will be replaced.
History
Development
Although early medical experimentation was performed often, the use of a control group to provide an accurate comparison for the demonstration of the intervention's efficacy was generally lacking. For instance, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who campaigned for the introduction of inoculation (then called variolation) to prevent smallpox, arranged for seven prisoners who had been sentenced to death to undergo variolation in exchange for their life. Although they survived and did not contract smallpox, there was no control group to assess whether this result was due to the inoculation or some other factor. Similar experiments performed by Edward Jenner over his smallpox vaccine were equally conceptually flawed.
The first proper clinical trial was conducted by the Scottish physician James Lind. The disease scurvy, now known to be caused by a Vitamin C deficiency, would often have terrible effects on the welfare of the crew of long-distance ocean voyages. In 1740, the catastrophic result of Anson's circumnavigation attracted much attention in Europe; out of 1900 men, 1400 had died, most of them allegedly from having contracted scurvy. John Woodall, an English military surgeon of the British East India Company, had recommended the consumption of citrus fruit (it has an antiscorbutic effect) from the 17th century, but their use did not become widespread.
Lind conducted the first systematic clinical trial in 1747. He included a dietary supplement of an acidic quality in the experiment after two months at sea, when the ship was already afflicted with scurvy. He divided twelve scorbutic sailors into six groups of two. They all received the same diet but, in addition, group one was given a quart of cider daily, group two twenty-five drops of elixir of vitriol (sulfuric acid), group three six spoonfuls of vinegar, group four half a pint of seawater, group five received two oranges and one lemon, and the last group a spicy paste plus a drink of barley water. The treatment of group five stopped after six days when they ran out of fruit, but by then one sailor was fit for duty while the other had almost recovered. Apart from that, only group one also showed some effect of its treatment. Each year, May 20 is celebrated as Clinical Trials Day in honor of Lind's research.
After 1750 the discipline began to take its modern shape. The English doctor John Haygarth demonstrated the importance of a control group for the correct identification of the placebo effect in his celebrated study of the ineffective remedy called Perkin's tractors. Further work in that direction was carried out by the eminent physician Sir William Gull, 1st Baronet in the 1860s.
Frederick Akbar Mahomed (d. 1884), who worked at Guy's Hospital in London, made substantial contributions to the process of clinical trials, where "he separated chronic nephritis with secondary hypertension from what we now term essential hypertension. He also founded the Collective Investigation Record for the British Medical Association; this organization collected data from physicians practicing outside the hospital setting and was the precursor of modern collaborative clinical trials."
Modern trials
Sir Ronald A. Fisher, while working for the Rothamsted experimental station in the field of agriculture, developed his Principles of experimental design in the 1920s as an accurate methodology for the proper design of experiments. Among his major ideas, was the importance of randomization—the random assignment of individuals to different groups for the experiment; replication—to reduce uncertainty, measurements should be repeated and experiments replicated to identify sources of variation; blocking—to arrange experimental units into groups of units that are similar to each other, and thus reducing irrelevant sources of variation; use of factorial experiments—efficient at evaluating the effects and possible interactions of several independent factors.
The British Medical Research Council officially recognized the importance of clinical trials from the 1930s. The council established the Therapeutic Trials Committee to advise and assist in the arrangement of properly controlled clinical trials on new products that seem likely on experimental grounds to have value in the treatment of disease.
The first randomised curative trial was carried out at the MRC Tuberculosis Research Unit by Sir Geoffrey Marshall (1887–1982). The trial, carried out between 1946 and 1947, aimed to test the efficacy of the chemical streptomycin for curing pulmonary tuberculosis. The trial was both double-blind and placebo-controlled.
The methodology of clinical trials was further developed by Sir Austin Bradford Hill, who had been involved in the streptomycin trials. From the 1920s, Hill applied statistics to medicine, attending the lectures of renowned mathematician Karl Pearson, among others. He became famous for a landmark study carried out in collaboration with Richard Doll on the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. They carried out a case-control study in 1950, which compared lung cancer patients with matched control and also began a sustained long-term prospective study into the broader issue of smoking and health, which involved studying the smoking habits and health of more than 30,000 doctors over a period of several years. His certificate for election to the Royal Society called him "...the leader in the development in medicine of the precise experimental methods now used nationally and internationally in the evaluation of new therapeutic and prophylactic agents."
International clinical trials day is celebrated on 20 May.
The acronyms used in the titling of clinical trials is often contrived, and has been the subject of derision.
Types
Clinical trials are classified by the research objective created by the investigators.
In an observational study, the investigators observe the subjects and measure their outcomes. The researchers do not actively manage the study.
In an interventional study, the investigators give the research subjects an experimental drug, surgical procedure, use of a medical device, diagnostic or other intervention to compare the treated subjects with those receiving no treatment or the standard treatment. Then the researchers assess how the subjects' health changes.
Trials are classified by their purpose. After approval for human research is granted to the trial sponsor, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) organizes and monitors the results of trials according to type:
Prevention trials look for ways to prevent disease in people who have never had the disease or to prevent a disease from returning. These approaches may include drugs, vitamins or other micronutrients, vaccines, or lifestyle changes.
Screening trials test for ways to identify certain diseases or health conditions.
Diagnostic trials are conducted to find better tests or procedures for diagnosing a particular disease or condition.
Treatment trials test experimental drugs, new combinations of drugs, or new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy.
Quality of life trials (supportive care trials) evaluate how to improve comfort and quality of care for people with a chronic illness.
Genetic trials are conducted to assess the prediction accuracy of genetic disorders making a person more or less likely to develop a disease.
Epidemiological trials have the goal of identifying the general causes, patterns or control of diseases in large numbers of people.
Compassionate use trials or expanded access trials provide partially tested, unapproved therapeutics to a small number of patients who have no other realistic options. Usually, this involves a disease for which no effective therapy has been approved, or a patient who has already failed all standard treatments and whose health is too compromised to qualify for participation in randomized clinical trials. Usually, case-by-case approval must be granted by both the FDA and the pharmaceutical company for such exceptions.
Fixed trials consider existing data only during the trial's design, do not modify the trial after it begins, and do not assess the results until the study is completed.
Adaptive clinical trials use existing data to design the trial, and then use interim results to modify the trial as it proceeds. Modifications include dosage, sample size, drug undergoing trial, patient selection criteria and "cocktail" mix. Adaptive trials often employ a Bayesian experimental design to assess the trial's progress. In some cases, trials have become an ongoing process that regularly adds and drops therapies and patient groups as more information is gained. The aim is to more quickly identify drugs that have a therapeutic effect and to zero in on patient populations for whom the drug is appropriate.
Clinical trials are conducted typically in four phases, with each phase using different numbers of subjects and having a different purpose to construct focus on identifying a specific effect.
Phases
Clinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into five phases. Each phase of the drug approval process is treated as a separate clinical trial. The drug development process will normally proceed through phases I–IV over many years, frequently involving a decade or longer. If the drug successfully passes through phases I, II, and III, it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Phase IV trials are performed after the newly approved drug, diagnostic or device is marketed, providing assessment about risks, benefits, or best uses.
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Phase !! Aim!! Notes
|-
| Phase 0 || Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in humans || Phase 0 trials are optional first-in-human trials. Single subtherapeutic doses of the study drug or treatment are given to a small number of subjects (typically 10 to 15) to gather preliminary data on the agent's pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body) and pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drugs). For a test drug, the trial documents the absorption, distribution, metabolization, and clearance (excretion) of the drug, and the drug's interactions within the body, to confirm that these appear to be as expected.
|-
| Phase I || Screening for safety || Often are first-in-person trials. Testing within a small group of people (typically 20–80) to evaluate safety, determine safe dosage ranges, and identify side effects.
|-
| Phase II || Establishing the preliminary efficacy of the drug in a "treatment group", usually against a placebo control group|| Phase II-a is specifically designed to assess dosing requirements (how much drug should be given), while a Phase IIb trial is designed to determine efficacy, and studies how well the drug works at the prescribed dose(s), establishing a therapeutic dose range.
|-
| Phase III || Final confirmation of safety and efficacy || Testing with large groups of people (typically 1,000–3,000) to confirm drug efficacy, evaluate its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow it to be used safely.
|-
| Phase IV || Safety studies during sales || Postmarketing studies delineate risks, benefits, and optimal use. As such, they are ongoing during the drug's lifetime of active medical use.
|}
Trial design
A fundamental distinction in evidence-based practice is between observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Types of observational studies in epidemiology, such as the cohort study and the case-control study, provide less compelling evidence than the randomized controlled trial. In observational studies, the investigators retrospectively assess associations between the treatments given to participants and their health status, with potential for considerable errors in design and interpretation.
A randomized controlled trial can provide compelling evidence that the study treatment causes an effect on human health.
Some Phase II and most Phase III drug trials are designed as randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled.
Randomized: Each study subject is randomly assigned to receive either the study treatment or a placebo.
Blind: The subjects involved in the study do not know which study treatment they receive. If the study is double-blind, the researchers also do not know which treatment a subject receives. This intent is to prevent researchers from treating the two groups differently. A form of double-blind study called a "double-dummy" design allows additional insurance against bias. In this kind of study, all patients are given both placebo and active doses in alternating periods.
Placebo-controlled: The use of a placebo (fake treatment) allows the researchers to isolate the effect of the study treatment from the placebo effect.
Clinical studies having small numbers of subjects may be "sponsored" by single researchers or a small group of researchers, and are designed to test simple questions or feasibility to expand the research for a more comprehensive randomized controlled trial.
Clinical studies can be "sponsored" (financed and organized) by academic institutions, pharmaceutical companies, government entities and even private groups. Trials are conducted for new drugs, biotechnology, diagnostic assays or medical devices to determine their safety and efficacy prior to being submitted for regulatory review that would determine market approval.
Active control studies
In many cases, giving a placebo to a person suffering from a disease may be unethical. To address this, it has become a common practice to conduct "active comparator" (also known as "active control") trials. In trials with an active control group, subjects are given either the experimental treatment or a previously approved treatment with known effectiveness.
Master protocol
In such studies multiple experimental treatments are tested in a single trial. Genetic testing enables researchers to group patients according to their genetic profile, deliver drugs based on that profile to that group and compare the results. Multiple companies can participate, each bringing a different drug. The first such approach targets squamous cell cancer, which includes varying genetic disruptions from patient to patient. Amgen, AstraZeneca and Pfizer are involved, the first time they have worked together in a late-stage trial. Patients whose genomic profiles do not match any of the trial drugs receive a drug designed to stimulate the immune system to attack cancer.
Clinical trial protocol
A clinical trial protocol is a document used to define and manage the trial. It is prepared by a panel of experts. All study investigators are expected to strictly observe the protocol.
The protocol describes the scientific rationale, objective(s), design, methodology, statistical considerations and organization of the planned trial. Details of the trial are provided in documents referenced in the protocol, such as an investigator's brochure.
The protocol contains a precise study plan to assure safety and health of the trial subjects and to provide an exact template for trial conduct by investigators. This allows data to be combined across all investigators/sites. The protocol also informs the study administrators (often a contract research organization).
The format and content of clinical trial protocols sponsored by pharmaceutical, biotechnology or medical device companies in the United States, European Union, or Japan have been standardized to follow Good Clinical Practice guidance issued by the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Regulatory authorities in Canada and Australia also follow ICH guidelines. Journals such as Trials, encourage investigators to publish their protocols.
Design features
Informed consent
Clinical trials recruit study subjects to sign a document representing their "informed consent". The document includes details such as its purpose, duration, required procedures, risks, potential benefits, key contacts and institutional requirements. The participant then decides whether to sign the document. The document is not a contract, as the participant can withdraw at any time without penalty.
Informed consent is a legal process in which a recruit is instructed about key facts before deciding whether to participate. Researchers explain the details of the study in terms the subject can understand. The information is presented in the subject's native language. Generally, children cannot autonomously provide informed consent, but depending on their age and other factors, may be required to provide informed assent.
Statistical power
In any clinical trial, the number of subjects, also called the sample size, has a large impact on the ability to reliably detect and measure the effects of the intervention. This ability is described as its "power", which must be calculated before initiating a study to figure out if the study is worth its costs. In general, a larger sample size increases the statistical power, also the cost.
The statistical power estimates the ability of a trial to detect a difference of a particular size (or larger) between the treatment and control groups. For example, a trial of a lipid-lowering drug versus placebo with 100 patients in each group might have a power of 0.90 to detect a difference between placebo and trial groups receiving dosage of 10 mg/dL or more, but only 0.70 to detect a difference of 6 mg/dL.
Placebo groups
Merely giving a treatment can have nonspecific effects. These are controlled for by the inclusion of patients who receive only a placebo. Subjects are assigned randomly without informing them to which group they belonged. Many trials are doubled-blinded so that researchers do not know to which group a subject is assigned.
Assigning a subject to a placebo group can pose an ethical problem if it violates his or her right to receive the best available treatment. The Declaration of Helsinki provides guidelines on this issue.
Duration
Clinical trials are only a small part of the research that goes into developing a new treatment. Potential drugs, for example, first have to be discovered, purified, characterized, and tested in labs (in cell and animal studies) before ever undergoing clinical trials. In all, about 1,000 potential drugs are tested before just one reaches the point of being tested in a clinical trial. For example, a new cancer drug has, on average, six years of research behind it before it even makes it to clinical trials. But the major holdup in making new cancer drugs available is the time it takes to complete clinical trials themselves. On average, about eight years pass from the time a cancer drug enters clinical trials until it receives approval from regulatory agencies for sale to the public. Drugs for other diseases have similar timelines.
Some reasons a clinical trial might last several years:
For chronic conditions such as cancer, it takes months, if not years, to see if a cancer treatment has an effect on a patient.
For drugs that are not expected to have a strong effect (meaning a large number of patients must be recruited to observe 'any' effect), recruiting enough patients to test the drug's effectiveness (i.e., getting statistical power) can take several years.
Only certain people who have the target disease condition are eligible to take part in each clinical trial. Researchers who treat these particular patients must participate in the trial. Then they must identify the desirable patients and obtain consent from them or their families to take part in the trial.
A clinical trial might also include an extended post-study follow-up period from months to years for people who have participated in the trial, a so-called "extension phase", which aims to identify long-term impact of the treatment.
The biggest barrier to completing studies is the shortage of people who take part. All drug and many device trials target a subset of the population, meaning not everyone can participate. Some drug trials require patients to have unusual combinations of disease characteristics. It is a challenge to find the appropriate patients and obtain their consent, especially when they may receive no direct benefit (because they are not paid, the study drug is not yet proven to work, or the patient may receive a placebo). In the case of cancer patients, fewer than 5% of adults with cancer will participate in drug trials. According to the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), about 400 cancer medicines were being tested in clinical trials in 2005. Not all of these will prove to be useful, but those that are may be delayed in getting approved because the number of participants is so low .
For clinical trials involving potential for seasonal influences (such as airborne allergies, seasonal affective disorder, influenza, and skin diseases), the study may be done during a limited part of the year (such as spring for pollen allergies), when the drug can be tested.
Clinical trials that do not involve a new drug usually have a much shorter duration. (Exceptions are epidemiological studies, such as the Nurses' Health Study).
Administration
Clinical trials designed by a local investigator, and (in the US) federally funded clinical trials, are almost always administered by the researcher who designed the study and applied for the grant. Small-scale device studies may be administered by the sponsoring company. Clinical trials of new drugs are usually administered by a contract research organization (CRO) hired by the sponsoring company. The sponsor provides the drug and medical oversight. A CRO is contracted to perform all the administrative work on a clinical trial. For PhasesII–IV the CRO recruits participating researchers, trains them, provides them with supplies, coordinates study administration and data collection, sets up meetings, monitors the sites for compliance with the clinical protocol, and ensures the sponsor receives data from every site. Specialist site management organizations can also be hired to coordinate with the CRO to ensure rapid IRB/IEC approval and faster site initiation and patient recruitment. PhaseI clinical trials of new medicines are often conducted in a specialist clinical trial clinic, with dedicated pharmacologists, where the subjects can be observed by full-time staff. These clinics are often run by a CRO which specialises in these studies.
At a participating site, one or more research assistants (often nurses) do most of the work in conducting the clinical trial. The research assistant's job can include some or all of the following: providing the local institutional review board (IRB) with the documentation necessary to obtain its permission to conduct the study, assisting with study start-up, identifying eligible patients, obtaining consent from them or their families, administering study treatment(s), collecting and statistically analyzing data, maintaining and updating data files during followup, and communicating with the IRB, as well as the sponsor and CRO.
Quality
In the context of a clinical trial, quality typically refers to the absence of errors which can impact decision making, both during the conduct of the trial and in use of the trial results.
Marketing
An Interactional Justice Model may be used to test the effects of willingness to talk with a doctor about clinical trial enrollment. Results found that potential clinical trial candidates were less likely to enroll in clinical trials if the patient is more willing to talk with their doctor. The reasoning behind this discovery may be patients are happy with their current care. Another reason for the negative relationship between perceived fairness and clinical trial enrollment is the lack of independence from the care provider. Results found that there is a positive relationship between a lack of willingness to talk with their doctor and clinical trial enrollment. Lack of willingness to talk about clinical trials with current care providers may be due to patients' independence from the doctor. Patients who are less likely to talk about clinical trials are more willing to use other sources of information to gain a better insight of alternative treatments. Clinical trial enrollment should be motivated to utilize websites and television advertising to inform the public about clinical trial enrollment.
Information technology
The last decade has seen a proliferation of information technology use in the planning and conduct of clinical trials. Clinical trial management systems are often used by research sponsors or CROs to help plan and manage the operational aspects of a clinical trial, particularly with respect to investigational sites. Advanced analytics for identifying researchers and research sites with expertise in a given area utilize public and private information about ongoing research. Web-based electronic data capture (EDC) and clinical data management systems are used in a majority of clinical trials to collect case report data from sites, manage its quality and prepare it for analysis. Interactive voice response systems are used by sites to register the enrollment of patients using a phone and to allocate patients to a particular treatment arm (although phones are being increasingly replaced with web-based (IWRS) tools which are sometimes part of the EDC system). While patient-reported outcome were often paper based in the past, measurements are increasingly being collected using web portals or hand-held ePRO (or ) devices, sometimes wireless. Statistical software is used to analyze the collected data and prepare them for regulatory submission. Access to many of these applications are increasingly aggregated in web-based clinical trial portals. In 2011, the FDA approved a PhaseI trial that used telemonitoring, also known as remote patient monitoring, to collect biometric data in patients' homes and transmit it electronically to the trial database. This technology provides many more data points and is far more convenient for patients, because they have fewer visits to trial sites.
Analysis
A clinical trial produces data that could reveal quantitative differences between two or more interventions; statistical analyses are used to determine whether such differences are true, result from chance, or are the same as no treatment (placebo). Data from a clinical trial accumulate gradually over the trial duration, extending from months to years. Accordingly, results for participants recruited early in the study become available for analysis while subjects are still being assigned to treatment groups in the trial. Early analysis may allow the emerging evidence to assist decisions about whether to stop the study, or to reassign participants to the more successful segment of the trial. Investigators may also want to stop a trial when data analysis shows no treatment effect.
Ethical aspects
Clinical trials are closely supervised by appropriate regulatory authorities. All studies involving a medical or therapeutic intervention on patients must be approved by a supervising ethics committee before permission is granted to run the trial. The local ethics committee has discretion on how it will supervise noninterventional studies (observational studies or those using already collected data). In the US, this body is called the Institutional Review Board (IRB); in the EU, they are called Ethics committees. Most IRBs are located at the local investigator's hospital or institution, but some sponsors allow the use of a central (independent/for profit) IRB for investigators who work at smaller institutions.
To be ethical, researchers must obtain the full and informed consent of participating human subjects. (One of the IRB's main functions is to ensure potential patients are adequately informed about the clinical trial.) If the patient is unable to consent for him/herself, researchers can seek consent from the patient's legally authorized representative. In addition, the clinical trial participants must be made aware that they can withdraw from the clinical trial at any time without any adverse action taken against them. In California, the state has prioritized the individuals who can serve as the legally authorized representative.
In some US locations, the local IRB must certify researchers and their staff before they can conduct clinical trials. They must understand the federal patient privacy (HIPAA) law and good clinical practice. The International Conference of Harmonisation Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice is a set of standards used internationally for the conduct of clinical trials. The guidelines aim to ensure the "rights, safety and well being of trial subjects are protected".
The notion of informed consent of participating human subjects exists in many countries but its precise definition may still vary.
Informed consent is clearly a 'necessary' condition for ethical conduct but does not 'ensure' ethical conduct. In compassionate use trials the latter becomes a particularly difficult problem. The final objective is to serve the community of patients or future patients in a best-possible and most responsible way. See also Expanded access. However, it may be hard to turn this objective into a well-defined, quantified, objective function. In some cases this can be done, however, for instance, for questions of when to stop sequential treatments (see Odds algorithm), and then quantified methods may play an important role.
Additional ethical concerns are present when conducting clinical trials on children (pediatrics), and in emergency or epidemic situations.
Ethically balancing the rights of multiple stakeholders may be difficult. For example, when drug trials fail, the sponsors may have a duty to tell current and potential investors immediately, which means both the research staff and the enrolled participants may first hear about the end of a trial through public business news.
Conflicts of interest and unfavorable studies
In response to specific cases in which unfavorable data from pharmaceutical company-sponsored research were not published, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America published new guidelines urging companies to report all findings and limit the financial involvement in drug companies by researchers. The US Congress signed into law a bill which requires PhaseII and PhaseIII clinical trials to be registered by the sponsor on the clinicaltrials.gov website compiled by the National Institutes of Health.
Drug researchers not directly employed by pharmaceutical companies often seek grants from manufacturers, and manufacturers often look to academic researchers to conduct studies within networks of universities and their hospitals, e.g., for translational cancer research. Similarly, competition for tenured academic positions, government grants and prestige create conflicts of interest among academic scientists. According to one study, approximately 75% of articles retracted for misconduct-related reasons have no declared industry financial support. Seeding trials are particularly controversial.
In the United States, all clinical trials submitted to the FDA as part of a drug approval process are independently assessed by clinical experts within the Food and Drug Administration, including inspections of primary data collection at selected clinical trial sites.
In 2001, the editors of 12 major journals issued a joint editorial, published in each journal, on the control over clinical trials exerted by sponsors, particularly targeting the use of contracts which allow sponsors to review the studies prior to publication and withhold publication. They strengthened editorial restrictions to counter the effect. The editorial noted that contract research organizations had, by 2000, received 60% of the grants from pharmaceutical companies in the US. Researchers may be restricted from contributing to the trial design, accessing the raw data, and interpreting the results.
Despite explicit recommendations by stakeholders of measures to improve the standards of industry-sponsored medical research, in 2013, Tohen warned of the persistence of a gap in the credibility of conclusions arising from industry-funded clinical trials, and called for ensuring strict adherence to ethical standards in industrial collaborations with academia, in order to avoid further erosion of the public's trust. Issues referred for attention in this respect include potential observation bias, duration of the observation time for maintenance studies, the selection of the patient populations, factors that affect placebo response, and funding sources.
During public health crisis
Conducting clinical trials of vaccines during epidemics and pandemics is subject to ethical concerns. For diseases with high mortality rates like Ebola, assigning individuals to a placebo or control group can be viewed as a death sentence. In response to ethical concerns regarding clinical research during epidemics, the National Academy of Medicine authored a report identifying seven ethical and scientific considerations. These considerations are:
Scientific value
Social value
Respect for persons
Community engagement
Concern for participant welfare and interests
A balance towards benefit over risks
Post-trial access to tested therapies that had been withheld during the trial
Pregnant women and children
Pregnant women and children are typically excluded from clinical trials as vulnerable populations, though the data to support excluding them is not robust. By excluding them from clinical trials, information about the safety and effectiveness of therapies for these populations is often lacking. During the early history of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, a scientist noted that by excluding these groups from potentially life-saving treatment, they were being "protected to death". Projects such as Research Ethics for Vaccines, Epidemics, and New Technologies (PREVENT) have advocated for the ethical inclusion of pregnant women in vaccine trials. Inclusion of children in clinical trials has additional moral considerations, as children lack decision-making autonomy. Trials in the past had been criticized for using hospitalized children or orphans; these ethical concerns effectively stopped future research. In efforts to maintain effective pediatric care, several European countries and the US have policies to entice or compel pharmaceutical companies to conduct pediatric trials. International guidance recommends ethical pediatric trials by limiting harm, considering varied risks, and taking into account the complexities of pediatric care.
Safety
Responsibility for the safety of the subjects in a clinical trial is shared between the sponsor, the local site investigators (if different from the sponsor), the various IRBs that supervise the study, and (in some cases, if the study involves a marketable drug or device), the regulatory agency for the country where the drug or device will be sold.
A systematic concurrent safety review is frequently employed to assure research participant safety. The conduct and on-going review is designed to be proportional to the risk of the trial. Typically this role is filled by a Data and Safety Committee, an externally appointed Medical Safety Monitor, an Independent Safety Officer, or for small or low-risk studies the principal investigator.
For safety reasons, many clinical trials of drugs are designed to exclude women of childbearing age, pregnant women, or women who become pregnant during the study. In some cases, the male partners of these women are also excluded or required to take birth control measures.
Sponsor
Throughout the clinical trial, the sponsor is responsible for accurately informing the local site investigators of the true historical safety record of the drug, device or other medical treatments to be tested, and of any potential interactions of the study treatment(s) with already approved treatments. This allows the local investigators to make an informed judgment on whether to participate in the study or not. The sponsor is also responsible for monitoring the results of the study as they come in from the various sites as the trial proceeds. In larger clinical trials, a sponsor will use the services of a data monitoring committee (DMC, known in the US as a data safety monitoring board). This independent group of clinicians and statisticians meets periodically to review the unblinded data the sponsor has received so far. The DMC has the power to recommend termination of the study based on their review, for example if the study treatment is causing more deaths than the standard treatment, or seems to be causing unexpected and study-related serious adverse events. The sponsor is responsible for collecting adverse event reports from all site investigators in the study, and for informing all the investigators of the sponsor's judgment as to whether these adverse events were related or not related to the study treatment.
The sponsor and the local site investigators are jointly responsible for writing a site-specific informed consent that accurately informs the potential subjects of the true risks and potential benefits of participating in the study, while at the same time presenting the material as briefly as possible and in ordinary language. FDA regulations state that participating in clinical trials is voluntary, with the subject having the right not to participate or to end participation at any time.
Local site investigators
The ethical principle of primum non-nocere ("first, do no harm") guides the trial, and if an investigator believes the study treatment may be harming subjects in the study, the investigator can stop participating at any time. On the other hand, investigators often have a financial interest in recruiting subjects, and could act unethically to obtain and maintain their participation.
The local investigators are responsible for conducting the study according to the study protocol, and supervising the study staff throughout the duration of the study. The local investigator or his/her study staff are also responsible for ensuring the potential subjects in the study understand the risks and potential benefits of participating in the study. In other words, they (or their legally authorized representatives) must give truly informed consent.
Local investigators are responsible for reviewing all adverse event reports sent by the sponsor. These adverse event reports contain the opinions of both the investigator (at the site where the adverse event occurred) and the sponsor, regarding the relationship of the adverse event to the study treatments. Local investigators also are responsible for making an independent judgment of these reports, and promptly informing the local IRB of all serious and study treatment-related adverse events.
When a local investigator is the sponsor, there may not be formal adverse event reports, but study staff at all locations are responsible for informing the coordinating investigator of anything unexpected. The local investigator is responsible for being truthful to the local IRB in all communications relating to the study.
Institutional review boards (IRBs)
Approval by an Institutional Review Board (IRB), or Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), is necessary before all but the most informal research can begin. In commercial clinical trials, the study protocol is not approved by an IRB before the sponsor recruits sites to conduct the trial. However, the study protocol and procedures have been tailored to fit generic IRB submission requirements. In this case, and where there is no independent sponsor, each local site investigator submits the study protocol, the consent(s), the data collection forms, and supporting documentation to the local IRB. Universities and most hospitals have in-house IRBs. Other researchers (such as in walk-in clinics) use independent IRBs.
The IRB scrutinizes the study both for medical safety and for protection of the patients involved in the study, before it allows the researcher to begin the study. It may require changes in study procedures or in the explanations given to the patient. A required yearly "continuing review" report from the investigator updates the IRB on the progress of the study and any new safety information related to the study.
Regulatory agencies
In the US, the FDA can audit the files of local site investigators after they have finished participating in a study, to see if they were correctly following study procedures. This audit may be random, or for cause (because the investigator is suspected of fraudulent data). Avoiding an audit is an incentive for investigators to follow study procedures. A 'covered clinical study' refers to a trial submitted to the FDA as part of a marketing application (for example, as part of an NDA or 510(k)), about which the FDA may require disclosure of financial interest of the clinical investigator in the outcome of the study. For example, the applicant must disclose whether an investigator owns equity in the sponsor, or owns proprietary interest in the product under investigation. The FDA defines a covered study as "...any study of a drug, biological product or device in humans submitted in a marketing application or reclassification petition that the applicant or FDA relies on to establish that the product is effective (including studies that show equivalence to an effective product) or any study in which a single investigator makes a significant contribution to the demonstration of safety."
Alternatively, many American pharmaceutical companies have moved some clinical trials overseas. Benefits of conducting trials abroad include lower costs (in some countries) and the ability to run larger trials in shorter timeframes, whereas a potential disadvantage exists in lower-quality trial management. Different countries have different regulatory requirements and enforcement abilities. An estimated 40% of all clinical trials now take place in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central and South America. "There is no compulsory registration system for clinical trials in these countries and many do not follow European directives in their operations", says Jacob Sijtsma of the Netherlands-based WEMOS, an advocacy health organisation tracking clinical trials in developing countries.
Beginning in the 1980s, harmonization of clinical trial protocols was shown as feasible across countries of the European Union. At the same time, coordination between Europe, Japan and the United States led to a joint regulatory-industry initiative on international harmonization named after 1990 as the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH)
Currently, most clinical trial programs follow ICH guidelines, aimed at "ensuring that good quality, safe and effective medicines are developed and registered in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. These activities are pursued in the interest of the consumer and public health, to prevent unnecessary duplication of clinical trials in humans and to minimize the use of animal testing without compromising the regulatory obligations of safety and effectiveness."
Aggregation of safety data during clinical development
Aggregating safety data across clinical trials during drug development is important because trials are generally designed to focus on determining how well the drug works. The safety data collected and aggregated across multiple trials as the drug is developed allows the sponsor, investigators and regulatory agencies to monitor the aggregate safety profile of experimental medicines as they're developed. The value of assessing aggregate safety data is: a) decisions based on aggregate safety assessment during development of the medicine can be made throughout the medicine's development and b) it sets up the sponsor and regulators well for assessing the medicine's safety after the drug is approved.
Economics
Clinical trial costs vary depending on trial phase, type of trial, and disease studied. A study of clinical trials conducted in the United States from 2004 to 2012 found the average cost of PhaseI trials to be between $1.4 million and $6.6 million, depending on the type of disease. Phase II trials ranged from $7 million to $20 million, and PhaseIII trials from $11 million to $53 million.
Sponsor
The cost of a study depends on many factors, especially the number of sites conducting the study, the number of patients involved, and whether the study treatment is already approved for medical use.
The expenses incurred by a pharmaceutical company in administering a Phase III orIV clinical trial may include, among others:
production of the drug(s) or device(s) being evaluated
staff salaries for the designers and administrators of the trial
payments to the contract research organization, the site management organization (if used) and any outside consultants
payments to local researchers and their staff for their time and effort in recruiting test subjects and collecting data for the sponsor
the cost of study materials and the charges incurred to ship them
communication with the local researchers, including on-site monitoring by the CRO before and (in some cases) multiple times during the study
one or more investigator training meetings
expense incurred by the local researchers, such as pharmacy fees, IRB fees and postage
any payments to subjects enrolled in the trial
the expense of treating a test subject who develops a medical condition caused by the study drug
These expenses are incurred over several years.
In the US, sponsors may receive a 50 percent tax credit for clinical trials conducted on drugs being developed for the treatment of orphan diseases. National health agencies, such as the US National Institutes of Health, offer grants to investigators who design clinical trials that attempt to answer research questions of interest to the agency. In these cases, the investigator who writes the grant and administers the study acts as the sponsor, and coordinates data collection from any other sites. These other sites may or may not be paid for participating in the study, depending on the amount of the grant and the amount of effort expected from them. Using internet resources can, in some cases, reduce the economic burden.
Investigators
Investigators are often compensated for their work in clinical trials. These amounts can be small, just covering a partial salary for research assistants and the cost of any supplies (usually the case with national health agency studies), or be substantial and include "overhead" that allows the investigator to pay the research staff during times between clinical trials.
Subjects
Participants in Phase I drug trials do not gain any direct health benefit from taking part. They are generally paid a fee for their time, with payments regulated and not related to any risk involved. Motivations of healthy volunteers is not limited to financial reward and may include other motivations such as contributing to science and others. In later phase trials, subjects may not be paid to ensure their motivation for participating with potential for a health benefit or contributing to medical knowledge. Small payments may be made for study-related expenses such as travel or as compensation for their time in providing follow-up information about their health after the trial treatment ends.
Participant recruitment and participation
Phase 0 and Phase I drug trials seek healthy volunteers. Most other clinical trials seek patients who have a specific disease or medical condition. The diversity observed in society should be reflected in clinical trials through the appropriate inclusion of ethnic minority populations. Patient recruitment or participant recruitment plays a significant role in the activities and responsibilities of sites conducting clinical trials.
All volunteers being considered for a trial are required to undertake a medical screening. Requirements differ according to the trial needs, but typically volunteers would be screened in a medical laboratory for:
Measurement of the electrical activity of the heart (ECG)
Measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature
Blood sampling
Urine sampling
Weight and height measurement
Drug abuse testing
Pregnancy testing
It has been observed that participants in clinical trials are disproportionately white. Often, minorities are not informed about clinical trials. One recent systematic review of the literature found that race/ethnicity as well as sex were not well-represented nor at times even tracked as participants in a large number of clinical trials of hearing loss management in adults. This may reduce the validity of findings in respect of non-white patients by not adequately representing the larger populations.
Locating trials
Depending on the kind of participants required, sponsors of clinical trials, or contract research organizations working on their behalf, try to find sites with qualified personnel as well as access to patients who could participate in the trial. Working with those sites, they may use various recruitment strategies, including patient databases, newspaper and radio advertisements, flyers, posters in places the patients might go (such as doctor's offices), and personal recruitment of patients by investigators.
Volunteers with specific conditions or diseases have additional online resources to help them locate clinical trials. For example, the Fox Trial Finder connects Parkinson's disease trials around the world to volunteers who have a specific set of criteria such as location, age, and symptoms. Other disease-specific services exist for volunteers to find trials related to their condition. Volunteers may search directly on ClinicalTrials.gov to locate trials using a registry run by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and National Library of Medicine. There also is software that allows clinicians to find trial options for an individual patient based on data such as genomic data.
Research
The risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model analyzes social implications that affect attitudes and decision making pertaining to clinical trials. People who hold a higher stake or interest in the treatment provided in a clinical trial showed a greater likelihood of seeking information about clinical trials. Cancer patients reported more optimistic attitudes towards clinical trials than the general population. Having a more optimistic outlook on clinical trials also leads to greater likelihood of enrolling.
Decentralized trials
Although trials are commonly conducted at major medical centers, some participants are excluded due to the distance and expenses required for travel, leading to hardship, disadvantage, and inequity for participants, especially those in rural and underserved communities. In the 21st century, efforts are made to collect information within a participant's home, a capability improved by telehealth and wearable technologies.
See also
Outcome measure
Odds algorithm
References
External links
The International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, a guideline for regulation of clinical trials
ClinicalTrials.gov, a worldwide database of registered clinical trials; US National Library of Medicine
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); a concentrated source for bibliographic reports of randomized controlled trials
Design of experiments
Clinical pharmacology
Clinical research
Pharmaceutical industry
Medical statistics
Drug discovery
Food and Drug Administration |
Helvi Mustonen (born 1 July 1947 in Kemi), is a Finnish artist and a painter. Mustonen's works of art are mainly paintings, but she also creates sculptures in bronze. Helvi Mustonen's art has typically very strong and emotional themes and strong colours. The paintings are usually quite dark and symbolistic.
Mustonen was born in Kemi. She started painting and sculpting in Oulu during the early 1970s and continued in Hyvinkää where she moved in the early 1980s. Since then Mustonen has taken part in numerous group exhibitions and has had her own solo exhibitions in many art museums and galleries in Finland.
Helvi Mustonen was named the Artist of the Year by the Art Guild of Hyvinkää in 2000 and 2011.
References
External links
Helvi Mustonen Homepage and Internet Gallery
1947 births
Living people
People from Kemi
20th-century Finnish women artists
21st-century Finnish women artists
Finnish women painters |
Stanley Mario Betrian (born 1 November 1951) is a Curaçaoan politician who served as the second Prime Minister of Curaçao, in an interim capacity. He was sworn in on 29 September by Acting Governor Adèle van der Pluijm-Vrede. He led the government until a cabinet was formed, following the elections of 19 October 2012.
Netherlands Antilles
From 1983 to 1992, Betrian was executive vice-president of the Bank of the Netherlands Antilles and from 1992 to 1994 Lieutenant-Governor of Curaçao, when the island was still part of the Netherlands Antilles.
Minister-president
The appointment of Betrian followed a period of political turmoil in Curaçao that started upon the creation of the new status of Curaçao as a semiautonomous "country" within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. After Gerrit Schotte submitted the resignation of his cabinet to Governor Frits Goedgedrag on August 3, 2012, the parliament was dissolved. However, the parliament remains in function until the elections. After a majority in parliament requested the governor to form an interim cabinet until an elected cabinet takes office, he appointed Dito Mendes as formateur. On his advice, acting governor Van der Pluijm-Vrede (Goedgedrag was abroad for medical treatment) accepted Schotte's resignation, which he had submitted in August, and appointed Betrian as Prime Minister in an interim capacity. Nonetheless, Schotte calls this a coup d'état and refused to leave his post.
With the election, Betrian became prime minister in a demissionary capacity. Following the election, Betrian was succeeded by Daniel Hodge on 31 December 2012.
References
Living people
Prime Ministers of Curaçao
Curaçao politicians
1951 births |
refers to a residence of the Empress Dowager of Japan. Literally, Ōmiya means Large Palace, but it is also a courtesy title of the Empress Dowager. Thus, the name Ōmiya Palace does not refer to any specific place, such as Ōmiya-ku, Saitama.
In the modern history, there are three palaces called Ōmiya Palace:
, or simply Ōmiya Palace, in Kyoto was built in 1867 as the residence of Empress Eishō, the spouse of Emperor Kōmei. The palace is now used as a lodging for the imperial family and state guests.
in Akasaka, Minato, Tokyo was the residence of Empress Teimei, the spouse of Emperor Taishō. After her death at the palace in 1951, the site of the palace was converted to the Crown Prince's residence Tōgū Palace which is now used by Emperor Naruhito and his family.
in the Kōkyo in Tokyo was originally the residence of Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun and was called Fukiage Palace. After the Emperor's death in 1989, the palace was renamed Fukiage Ōmiya Palace where the Empress Dowager lived until her death in 2000.
References
See also
List of palaces
Imperial House of Japan
Japanese empresses
Imperial residences in Japan
Palaces in Tokyo
Buildings and structures in Kyoto
Former palaces in Japan |
Amar Bentoumi, born December 26, 1923, in Constantine, Algeria, to a family from Sidi Aïch (Béjaïa) and died March 29, 2013 (aged 89) in Algiers, was a lawyer, Algerian independence activist and Algerian politician. He was the first Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals, of independent Algeria.
In his youth, in Algiers, he was alternately lemonade, railway worker, day laborer. He sometimes develops a trade union activity.
Nationalist
He entered the Algerian nationalist movement very early on, in 1943: “I was recruited by Hocine Asselah, leader of the MCA basketball team. In the Mouloudéen formation, the two backs were Abdelmalek Temam and me. In September 1943, I participated in the first demonstration during Eid al-Fitr. I was arrested along with Sid Ali Abdelhamid and defended by French lawyers». In the baccalaureate, I obtained a very good mark in philosophy and intended to study for a bachelor's degree in history, but Asselah discouraged me from doing so. “Practice law to be the party's lawyer”This was what I did. I was sworn in on July 10, 1947 to plead all cases in which the PPA was involved. It happened at the Algiers Bar alongside my colleagues Gonon, Ali Boumendjel and Hocine Tayebi".
Insurgent
After All Saints' Day of 1954, Amar became one of the lawyers of the FLN. He was arrested in February 1957 and imprisoned in Berrouaghia then in Bossuet. "I had become the clandestine responsible for it with Cheikh Sahnoun as muphti, alongside Djennas, Kerbouche, Aroua, Dr Belouizdad."
Minister
In 1962, at the time of the ceasefire, he was rapporteur for the justice commission of the Evian accords, then a member of the central referendum commission for independence. Then he was appointed chief of cabinet of Rabah Bitat during the last months of the GPRA (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic) before being elected deputy of Algiers on July 22, 1962, within the Constituent Assembly. Finally, he was the first justice minister of independent Algeria in the government of Ahmed Ben Bella on September 27, 1962.
Human rights lawyer
Not renewed in the second Ben Bella government, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Algerian desert, with Ferhat Abbas and many others for more than a year in 1963. He resumed his legal profession in 1965, before become president of Algiers in 1971. He is a member of the sponsorship committee of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine whose work was presented on March 4, 2009. The last year of his life he violently attacked Ben Bella whom he accused of having denounced all the members of the OS (Special Organization) during his arrest following the attack in the city of'Oran.
He will defend Abane Ramdane as a persisting activist against Ben Bella's attempts to damage his past.
See also
Ali Yahia Abdennour
Hocine Zehouane
Mostefa Bouchachi
References
Algerian diplomats
Justice ministers of Algeria |
Austracris is a genus of Orthoptera: Caeliferan insect in the family Acrididae: subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae. It includes an Australian pest, the spur-throated locust.
Species
The Orthoptera Species File and Catalogue of Life lists:
Austracris basalis (Walker, 1870)
Austracris eximia (Sjöstedt, 1931)
Austracris guttulosa (Walker, 1870) - type species (as Cyrtacanthacris guttulosa Walker, F)
Austracris proxima (Walker, 1870)
Gallery
References
External links
Cyrtacanthacridinae
Acrididae genera
Taxa named by Boris Uvarov |
The Mineral Park mine is a large open pit copper mine located in the Cerbat Mountains 14 miles northwest of Kingman, Arizona, in the southwestern United States. A 2013 report said that Mineral Park represented one of the largest copper reserves in the United States and in the world, having estimated reserves of 389 million tonnes of ore grading 0.14% copper and 31 million oz of silver.
Large scale copper mining began in the old Mineral Park district in 1963 when Duval Corporation began the open pit operation. Cypress Mines (later Cyprus Amax Minerals acquired Duval's copper mines in 1986 and sold Mineral Park in 1997. The mine was acquired by Mercator Mineral Park Holdings of British Columbia in 2003. In December 2014 the mine closed as the company filed for bankruptcy.<ref>[http://www.azcentral.com/story/money/business/2014/12/30/mohave-county-mine-laying-off-hundreds-workers/21052285/ Arizona copper mine laying off hundreds of workers, The Arizona Republic, 12/31/2014]</ref> On January 20, 2015, it was reported that Origin Mining Company, a subsidiary of the Canadian company Waterton Global Resources who also own Elko Mining Group and Carlin Resources LLC in Nevada, had purchased the property.
Turquoise mining
Turquoise mined at this location is known as "Kingman Turquoise."
This mine was worked for turquoise by Native Americans before European contact. Archaeological evidence includes "Hohokam hammers, dating back to 600 a.d." and the Navajo hammers. "In the late 1880s to the early 1900s, Mineral Park was mined by the Aztec Turquoise Co., the Los Angeles Gem Co., Arizona Turquoise Co., Southwest Turquoise Co. and Mineral Park Turquoise Co." Since the 1970s, turquoise has been mined by members of the Colbaugh family.
Mineral Park
Mineral Park was a mining town, now a ghost town in the Mineral Park valley of the Cerbat Mountains in Mohave County, Arizona. Its ruins and cemetery are now located within the property of the mine.
Mining in the area began in 1871 and a camp was established soon after. The mines produced primarily silver, gold, copper, lead and zinc. The post office was opened December 23, 1872. It grew to be the largest town in the county and became the county seat in 1873. It had the county courthouse and jail, stores, hotels, saloons, shops, doctors, lawyers, assay offices and two stagecoach stations. The town published a newspaper, the Mohave County Miner''.
In 1887 it lost the county seat to the railroad town of Kingman in an election. Some of the population and the newspaper moved and mining began to slacken with the price of silver. The post office closed on April 30, 1893. It reopened in September 1894, but closed for the last time in 1912. Mining revived in the area since the 1960s, but the town never did.
, a cemetery, a few ruins and foundations remain within the property of the new mine.
References
External links
Minerals of Mineral Park mine at Mindat.org
Ghosts of the Cerbat Mountain Range, nice photos
Mineral Park from ghosttowns.com
Mineral Park – Ghost Town of the Month at azghosttowns.com
Copper mines in Arizona
Geography of Mohave County, Arizona
Ghost towns in Arizona
Cemeteries in Arizona |
The Military ranks of Morocco are the military insignia used by the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces. Being a former colony of France, Morocco shares a rank structure similar to that of France.
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
References
External links
Morocco
Military of Morocco
Morocco |
Mas-wrestling () is the international name used for the Yakut ethnosport derived from the traditional stick pulling game mas tard'yhyy (мас тардыhыы, 'stick tugging'). Reminiscent of the Eskimo Stick Pull featured at the World Eskimo Indian Olympics, Norwegian kjevletrekk, Finnish kartunveto or väkikapulan veto, as well as the Highland test of strength The Swingle Tree (played with a shepherd's crook), participants taking part in mas-wrestling competitions sit in front of each other, prop their feet against the board that divides the competition area and tug on a wooden stick (mas), making sure to keep it parallel to the propping board. Mas-wrestling demands great muscular strength from the hands, legs, back, and abdominals.
Rules
The athlete that wins the coin toss chooses the stick hold position (internal or external for the first match), and the one who chooses the external hold, shows his position (left or right) and has no right to change it. In second match the grip is reversed/switched (internal/external), and if third match is necessary, another coin toss. The stick must be over the board and parallel to it, hands and fingers are not to overlap. Victory is declared when a contestant manages to pull his opponent over the board and keep the stick in his hands.
The elimination tournament format in separate weight divisions also has a bonus point system:
Win 2-0 and receive 3 bonus points
Win 2-1 and receive 2 bonus points
Lose 1-2 and receive 1 bonus point
History
It was a common hobby amongst sailors, and therefore variants of mas-wrestling can be found throughout Alaska and Northern Europe. The game was especially common in these areas throughout the 19th century.
The sport was registered by the All-Russia Sports Registry (VRVS) in 2003 and has been governed by the International Mas-Wrestling Federation (registered in Latvia). The World Strongman Federation started including mas-wrestling as an event, stick pulling, at the strongman competition in December 2011. The first United States Open tournament was held in June 2013.
References
External links
International Mas-Wrestling Federation
Strength athletics
Sports originating in Russia
Sport in the Sakha Republic |
Loyd B. "Rob" Roberson II (born August 4, 1968) is an American politician. He is a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from the 43rd district, having been elected in 2015. He was previously a member of the House from the 37th district and ran unsuccessfully for the 15th state senate district in 2003.
References
1968 births
Living people
Republican Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians |
Sher Muhammad Baloch (died 18 June 2023) was a Pakistani politician who was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2002 to 2013.
Political career
Baloch was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Constituency NA-258 (Karachi-XX) as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in 2002 Pakistani general election. He received 38,225 votes and defeated Abdul Hakeem Baloch.
Baloch was re-elected to the National Assembly from Constituency NA-258 (Karachi-XX) as a candidate of PPP in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 134,696 votes and defeated Nisar Ahmed Shar, a candidate of Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM).
Death
Sher Muhammad Baloch died on 18 June 2023.
References
20th-century births
Year of birth missing
2023 deaths
Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007
Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013 |
Avinash D. Persaud (born 22 June 1966 in Barbados, West Indies) is Emeritus Professor of Gresham College in the UK. He was Chairman of Intelligence Capital Ltd., a company specializing in analyzing, managing and creating financial liquidity in investment projects and portfolios. He was also the non-Executive Chairman of the London-based Elara Capital, an investment bank. Persaud was a Non-resident Senior Fellow of the Peterson Institute of International Economics, Executive Fellow of London Business School and Senior Fellow with the Caribbean Policy Research Institute and Head of its Barbados office.
He was previously managing director and Global Head of Research at State Street Bank, the world's largest institutional investor, (1999–2003) and Global Head of Currency and Commodity Research at J.P. Morgan & Co.(1993–1999). He was ranked within the top 3 of currency analysts in major international investor surveys, (e.g. Institutional Investor and Global Finance) between 1992 and 1999. In December 2009, he was listed by a high level Panel set up by Prospect magazine, second of 25 world brains who have been the best contributors in the public conversation on the financial crisis. (Prospect, December 2009)
Persaud was Chairman of the Financial Services Commission of Barbados (2018-2021). He was Co-Chair of the OECD Emerging Market Network. He was a Director of the Global Association of Risk Professionals (2002–2009) (GARP). In 2008 he was appointed member of a French Presidential Commission on the global credit crunch. He was the economic expert on the UK Government's Advisory Panel on Public Sector Information, (2005–2009) (APPSI) In 2001 he was made a Distinguished Visitor of the Republic of Singapore. He was appointed a visiting scholar at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2001–2002) working on risk appetite measures and a visiting researcher at the European Central Bank (ECB) (2005) working on issues of liquidity and transparency in European financial markets. He is frequently a guest speaker at G20 central banks and meetings of officials.
In December 2008, he was appointed a Member of the UN Commission of Experts on International Financial Reform.
In January 2009, he was appointed Chairman of the Second Warwick Commission,
In October 2009, he was appointed an Expert Member of HMT's Audit and Risk Committee.
He held the Mercer's School Memorial Chair in Commerce at Gresham College (2002–2005) and was subsequently elected a Fellow of Gresham College (2005–2008) and Emeritus Professor of Gresham College (2007-). He is an elected member of the Council of the Royal Economic Society (2006–2010). He is a Governor and Member of the Council of the London School of Economics (2004–2008) and served on its Investments and Audit committees. He is a visiting fellow at the Centre for Financial Analysis and Policy, at the Judge Institute, University of Cambridge and is a Member of the Scientific Committee of the International Centre for Money and Banking Reports on the World Economy (Geneva, Switzerland).
Persaud has published widely in academic and professional journals including International Finance, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Central Banking and the Financial Regulator and his work has appeared in the financial press including The Economist and BusinessWeek. He has authored a dozen "Op Ed" pieces for the Financial Times. He co-authored with John Plender Ethics and Public Finance, published by Longtail (2007) and edited Liquidity Black Holes, published by Risk Books, 2005.
Persaud has won a number of prizes and awards in finance, including First Prize, Jacques de Larosiere Award from the Institute of International Finance (2000) and a Bronze, Amex Bank Award in 1994. He is known for creating a number of practical ideas and tools in finance including the EMU Calculator (1997), the Risk Appetite Index (1996) and the idea that market-sensitive risk management systems can create liquidity black holes in financial markets.
Persaud is actively involved in education and poverty related charities. He is Deputy Chair of the Overseas Development Institute, He is a Member of the Finance Committee of Coram Family. He is a patron of the Bishnodat Persaud Scholarship and a former trustee of the Nita and Errol Barrow Educational Trust and the Lokahi Foundation.
Persaud is the son of development economist Bishnodat Persaud and novelist Lakshmi Persaud. His elder brother is psychiatrist Raj Persaud and his younger sister is former city Economist Sharda Dean.
Major publications
The Fundamental Principles of Financial Regulation, with M. Brunnermeier, A. Crockett, C. Goodhart,H. Shin, Geneva Report on the World Economy Series, 11, ICMB/CEPR/NBER, May 2009.
Valuation, Regulation and Liquidity, Financial Stability Review, Bank of France, Autumn 2008.
Redesigning the regulation of pensions and other financial products, with J. Nugee, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Pensions, Vol 2, January 2006.
The Seven Rules of Foreign Exchange, Quarterly Journal of Central Banking, A. Persaud, May 2004.
Liquidity Black Holes, Risk Books, Ed. 2003.
Pure Contagion and shifting risk appetite, International Finance, M. Kumar, and A. Persaud, Winter 2002.
The Knowledge Gap, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2001.
Sending the herd off the cliff edge: the disturbing interaction between herding and market-sensitive risk management systems, Institute of International Finance, Washington, 2000.
References
1966 births
Barbadian people of Indian descent
Barbadian corporate directors
Finance and investment writers
Living people
Barbadian Hindus
Professors of Gresham College
Fellows of the Royal Economic Society |
Arthur Fils (; born 12 June 2004) is a French professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 36, which he achieved on 30 October 2023. He also has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 459, which he achieved on 18 July 2022. Fils won his first ATP Tour singles title in Lyon in 2023.
Early life
Born in Bondoufle in the department of Essonne next to the capital Paris in the region Île-de-France, Arthur Fils started playing tennis at the age of 5 with his father Jean-Philippe. Licensed at the tennis club of Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, he has been trained at the French National Training Center (indoor) of the French Tennis Federation just next to Roland Garros since 2019. He has been coached by Laurent Raymond since the end of 2022.
Juniors
As a junior, Fils achieved his best results at the Grand Slam level at the 2021 French Open, where he won the boys' doubles title with Giovanni Mpetshi Perricard and placed runner-up in the boys' singles tournament, after which he was ranked as high as world No. 3 in July 2021.
Professional career
2022: ATP & Masters & top 250 debuts
Ranked No. 308 at the 2022 Rolex Paris Masters on his ATP debut, he became the youngest French qualifier to enter the main draw of a Masters 1000 tournament with a win against former top-10 player Fabio Fognini since Gaël Monfils in 2004, the year of his birth. He lost in the first round to Fognini, who entered the draw as lucky loser. As a result he moved 50 positions up in the rankings.
2023: Maiden ATP win, Major win, Challenger and ATP titles, top 40 debut
He won his maiden Challenger title at the 2023 Oeiras Indoors II and moved close to 60 positions up into the top 200 at No. 195 on 16 January 2023.
Ranked No. 163, he received a wildcard entry into the 2023 Open Sud de France and recorded his first match win on the ATP Tour by defeating former world no. 7 Richard Gasquet in straight sets. Next he defeated fourth seed Roberto Bautista Agut to reach the quarterfinals becoming the first player born in 2004 or later to reach this ATP level. Next he defeated another countryman, Quentin Halys, becoming the youngest Frenchman since Gasquet to reach an ATP semifinal in Metz in 2004. As a result he rose nearly 50 positions in the top 150 at world No. 117 on 13 February 2023. In the semifinals, Fils lost to second seed Jannik Sinner.
He reached back to back semifinals at the 2023 Open 13 Provence in Marseille defeating Roman Safiullin, second seed Jannik Sinner after getting a walkover, and Stan Wawrinka in straight sets. As a result he moved another 15 positions up a few spots shy of the top 100 to No. 104 on 27 February 2023. He lost to compatriot Benjamin Bonzi.
He qualified into the main draw for his first Masters 1000 on clay, the Italian Open and defeated fellow qualifier Juan Manuel Cerúndolo.
He received a wildcard for the 2023 French Open.
Following reaching his third semifinal of the season in Lyon after a walkover from top seed Félix Auger-Aliassime due to shoulder injury, Fils made his debut in the top 100 of the rankings on 29 May 2023, the youngest active player to reach this milestone. He won his maiden title defeating fourth seed Francisco Cerúndolo becoming the youngest champion in the tournament history. Ranked No. 112, Fils was also the lowest-ranked champion and the third first time winner in the season.
In his French Open debut, his first-ever appearance in a Major tournament, he was defeated in the first round by Alejandro Davidovich Fokina. He reached the top 60 on 26 June 2023.
He was awarded a wildcard for his main draw debut at the 2023 Wimbledon Championships losing again in the first round to Alejandro Davidovich Fokina. At the same tournament in doubles, Fils recorded his first Grand Slam doubles win, playing along with fellow countryman Luca Van Assche, defeating brothers Stefanos Tsitsipas and Petros Tsitsipas in the first round.
Fils reached his first ATP 500 semifinal at the Hamburg European Open, defeating top seed Casper Ruud in the quarter final, his first win against a Top 5 player, before losing to the eventual winner Alexander Zverev, in the semi-finals. He made his debut into the Top 50 following the tournament.
At the US Open, Fils earned his first Major win, defeating 24th seed Tallon Griekspoor in the first round. He then lost to Matteo Arnaldi in the second round.
Ranked No. 44 at the 2023 Rolex Shanghai Masters, on his debut at this tournament, he defeated Alejandro Davidovich Fokina in the first round. He reached the top 40 on 16 October 2023.
He reached his second final at the 2023 European Open with a win over top seed Stefanos Tsitsipas in straight sets with two tiebreaks, his second top-10 win of the season and his career. He became the youngest finalist in the tournament's history.
Playing style
Arthur Fils is a powerful player and uses his serve and fore-hand to finish quickly the point. Indeed, as he said to Ouest-France in 2023: "In the way I play, [Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]'s the one I identify with the most".
Performance Timelines
Singles
Current through the 2023 Rolex Paris Masters.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Doubles: 1 (1 title)
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures/World Tennis Tour finals
Singles: 2 (1–1)
Record against other players
Fils' record against players who have been ranked in the top 10, with those who are active in boldface. Only ATP Tour main draw matches and Davis Cup matches are considered:
Top 10 wins
He has a win-loss record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10.
*
References
External links
2004 births
Living people
French male tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
French Open junior champions |
Rasim Inalyevich Khutov (; 9 July 1981) is a Russian retired professional footballer who played as a forward or midfielder.
Club career
Khutov played five seasons in the Russian Football National League for Dynamo Stavropol, FC Lada Togliatti and Dynamo Makhachkala.
Honours
Russian Second Division Zone South best player: 2004
References
1981 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
PFC Dynamo Stavropol players
FC Lada-Tolyatti players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
PFC Spartak Nalchik players
FC Dynamo Makhachkala players
FC Narzan Kislovodsk players
FC Nart Cherkessk players |
Montedinove is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ascoli Piceno in the Italian region Marche, located about south of Ancona and about north of Ascoli Piceno. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 566 and an area of .
The municipality of Montedinove contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Croce Rossa, Contrada lago, San Tommaso, and Trippanera.
Montedinove borders the following municipalities: Castignano, Montalto delle Marche, Montelparo, Rotella.
Demographic evolution
References
External links
www.comune.montedinove.ap.it/
www.montedinove.org
Cities and towns in the Marche |
The First Four Years is an autobiographical novel by Laura Ingalls Wilder, published in 1971 and commonly considered the last of nine books in the Little House series. The series had initially concluded at eight children's novels following Wilder to mature age and her marriage with Almanzo Wilder.
Roger Lea MacBride found the work in the belongings of Wilder's daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, while going through her estate after her death in 1968. Wilder wrote all of her books in pencil on dime store tablets, and this one's manuscript was found in manuscript form as Wilder had written it.
It is not clear whether Wilder intended this first draft to be a ninth book in the Little House series, or possibly a standalone novel for adults. Much of the material is more for an adult audience than anything in her Little House books. She seems to have written the extant first draft sometime around 1940, and then apparently lost interest in the project. MacBride, Lane's adopted grandson, and executor of her estate, made a decision to publish this novel without any editing (except for minor spelling errors) so it came directly from Wilder's pencil to the written page. Because she never reworked the manuscript - and Lane never edited it as she had her mother's previously published works, the novel is less polished in style than the books of the Little House series, but it is still unmistakably Wilder's writing.
Plot summary
The novel gets its title from a promise Laura made to Almanzo when they became engaged. She did not want to be a farmer, but decided to try farming for three years.
Laura keeps house and Almanzo tends the land and the livestock. They go on frequent pony rides together. At the end of the first year, just as the wheat is ready to harvest, a serious hailstorm destroys the entire crop, which would have made approximately three thousand dollars and paid off their debts on farm equipment and their house.
Faced with mounting debt, Almanzo mortgages the homestead claim. He and Laura have to live on it as a condition of the mortgage, so they rent out their house on the tree claim and Almanzo builds a small home on the homestead claim. Their daughter, Rose, is born in December. At the end of the second year, they harvest a fair wheat crop, and share the proceeds of the wheat sale with the tree claim's renter, making enough money themselves to pay some smaller debts.
In December of the third year, both Laura and Almanzo contract diphtheria, and Almanzo suffers a complication which leaves him permanently impaired physically. The renter decides to leave, and as Almanzo is unable to work both pieces of land, they sell the homestead claim and move back to their first house.
Laura invests money in a flock of sheep. The wool repays her initial investment, leaving only enough to pay the interest on their debts. Meanwhile, the wheat and oats grow well, but are totally ruined just before harvest after several days of hot, dry wind.
At the end of the third year, though farming has not yet been a success, Laura and Almanzo agree to continue for one more year, a "year of grace", in Laura's words, since they have no other prospects and Almanzo believes they just need one good year to turn things around. Unfortunately, hot winds again ruin the next planting of wheat and oats. Their unnamed son is born in August but dies a few weeks later. Finally, their house is destroyed by a flash fire.
Despite this, the novel ends at the close of the fourth year on an optimistic note, with Laura feeling hopeful that their luck will turn. In reality, continual debt and the hot, dry Dakota summers drove Laura and Almanzo from their land. They later settled in Mansfield, Missouri, founding a successful fruit and dairy farm where they lived comfortably until their respective deaths.
Reception
Wilder's first editor at Harper, Virginia Kirkus, had retired from her pre-publication book review service and long retired from writing all of its contents. Of the unfinished novel later marketed as volume 9, Kirkus Reviews wrote in part, "For a moment it's all wrong, this manuscript left unrevised by Mrs. Wilder, and then Manly (never 'Almanzo') takes hold, joking and reasoning and promising ... Compared to its predecessors this is telegraphic, with little dialogue or development of incident; one might also say less fictionalized. and consequently closer to the bone, to the hopes for a good harvest dashed year after year. ... The spirit as well as the format is that of the Little House (though the format will mislead those who expect a functional resemblance)."
Notes
References
External links
Little House Books at HarperCollins Children's Books
Little House books
1971 American novels
Children's historical novels
Novels set in South Dakota
Novels set in the 1880s
Novels published posthumously
Unfinished novels
Harper & Row books
1971 children's books |
Poznań uprising can refer to:
Greater Poland Uprising (1846)
Greater Poland Uprising (1848)
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)
Poznań 1956 protests |
The Sancak-ı Şerif () is the alleged original standard of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is currently kept along with other sacred relics of Muhammad, in the treasury of the Topkapı Palace, in Istanbul.
According to legend, the flag was used in the first Muslim wars; then passed into the hands of the Umayyads and Abbasids; and finally, with Selim I's conquest of Egypt in 1517, fell into Ottoman hands. The Ottomans carried the flag into battle, beginning with their Hungarian campaign circa 1521.
According to Ottoman historian Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha (d. 1727), the flag was made of black wool.
It was believed that if the Ottoman state, or Islam generally, were threatened with extreme danger, the flag should be taken into the field by the Ottoman sultan personally, whereupon every Muslim capable of taking arms must rally under the flag.
See also
Black Standard
Relics of Muhammad
References
Historical flags
Islamic religious objects
Possessions of Muhammad
Relics
Religious flags
Topkapı Palace |
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