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Walter de Brugge, Walter de Brigge, or Walter de Bingee (died 1396) was an English-born clergyman and judge in fourteenth-century Ireland; much of his career was spent in the service of the Earl of March. He is mainly remembered now as the first person known to have owned a copy of the celebrated poem Piers Plowman. Ironically he himself is clearly identifiable in the poem as a corrupt Irish priest.
Biography
Two common versions of his family name are early forms of Brydges (de Bingee is presumably a misspelling), so he may have been connected to the Brydges family of Coberley in Gloucestershire which held the title Baron Chandos from about 1337, and who at that time usually spelt their name Brugge. He was already "connected with Ireland" in 1369, when he was guardian of the Irish estates of Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March; he later received custody of the lands held in Ireland by Roger's widow, Countess Philippa, including Moylagh, County Meath and Baliskeagh Castle, also in Meath. He spent much of his career in the service of the Mortimer family, and spent a great deal of his time travelling between the various Mortimer estates "shipping cash and auditing accounts". In the political crisis of 1387, where the 2nd Earl's natural son Sir Thomas Mortimer worked with the powerful faction of the nobility called the Lords Appellant to defeat King Richard II, Brugge, who was described as being constantly "on the move", served as a useful go-between among the Appellants.
As a clergyman he was frequently accused of corruption, and he was certainly guilty of pluralism, being Archdeacon of Meath, Archdeacon of Kells, vicar of Burwell, Cambridgeshire, vicar of St. Patrick's Church, Trim, (now Trim Cathedral) from 1381, prebendary of York, Hereford, St. David's, and of Howth in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. He attempted to become Chancellor of St Patrick's Cathedral, but was opposed by John de Karlell, a fellow Baron of the Exchequer. A petition from Brugge to the English Privy Council dating from about 1377 survives, asking for the King to examine the evidence so that justice might be done to him in the dispute. In spite of his pleas, the office went to Karlell, who had filed a counter-petition. Brugge became a Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland) in 1381, and died in 1396. He was a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. The John Brugge who was granted the manors of Ratoath and Ardmulchan in County Meath by the Crown in 1425 may have been a nephew of Walter.
Piers Plowman
He is said to have possessed a considerable library, and he is the first person known to have owned a copy of the famous medieval poem Piers Plowman, by William Langland, which was written between 1370 and 1380. This is somewhat ironic since the "false priest in Ireland" whom the poet denounces for corruption- "I care nothing for conscience so that I catch silver" - has recently been identified as none other than de Brugge himself: but even if de Brugge knew that the reference was to him it clearly did not prevent him from enjoying the poem.
References
1396 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Barons of the Irish Exchequer
Archdeacons of Meath
Archdeacons of Kells |
Martin Elmiger (born 23 September 1978) is a Swiss former road racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2001 and 2017 for the Post Swiss Team, , , and squads. During his career, Elmiger was a four-time winner of the Swiss National Road Race Championships.
Career
Early career
Born in Hagendorn, Elmiger's sporting career began with RMV Cham-Hagendorn.
AG2R Prévoyance (2007–12)
One of the best moments in Elmiger's career was leading the 2007 Tour Down Under for 2 stages and then winning it by a mere 3 seconds over Australian Karl Menzies. He started the UCI ProTour strongly with a 19th place in E3 Prijs Vlaanderen, 17th in Gent–Wevelgem and 24th in Paris–Roubaix after crashing. On stage 2 of the Tour de Romandie, Elmiger finished 5th behind stage winner Robbie McEwen in the wake of a massive pileup involving several riders at high speed. Elmiger started the Tour de Suisse strongly with a 7th place in the prologue, finishing 10.82 seconds behind Fabian Cancellara and in front of riders like Andreas Klöden and Michael Rogers.
IAM Cycling (2013–16)
Elmiger left at the end of the 2012 season, and joined the new team for the 2013 season.
On the fifteenth stage of the 2014 Tour de France, Elmiger broke away with Jack Bauer for , only to be caught by the charging peloton a few metres from the line.
Major results
2000
1st Stausee-Rundfahrt Klingnau
6th Rund um den Henninger Turm U23
2001
1st Road race, National Road Championships
3rd Stausee-Rundfahrt Klingnau
8th Tour du Lac Léman
2002
1st Circuito de Getxo
4th GP Ouest–France
4th Boucles de l'Aulne
4th Stausee-Rundfahrt Klingnau
2003
1st Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
2nd Circuito de Getxo
2nd Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli
2nd Stausee-Rundfahrt Klingnau
7th Coppa Sabatini
8th Giro del Lazio
2004
1st Stage 3 Tour du Languedoc-Roussillon
2nd Grand Prix Pino Cerami
2nd Paris–Bourges
3rd Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
2005
National Road Championships
1st Road race
2nd Time trial
1st Stage 1 (TTT) Volta a Catalunya
6th HEW Cyclassics
7th Tour de Berne
8th Giro di Lombardia
10th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
2006
2nd Trofeo Mallorca
5th Trofeo Magaluf-Palmanova
9th Milan–San Remo
2007
1st Overall Tour Down Under
1st Grand Prix d'Isbergues
3rd Grand Prix de la Somme
8th Gran Premio di Chiasso
9th Giro della Romagna
10th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
2008
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
2nd Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
3rd Overall Tour de Picardie
1st Stage 2
7th Dwars door Vlaanderen
2009
3rd Monte Paschi Strade Bianche
4th Overall Tour Down Under
5th Overall Circuit de Lorraine
8th Tour de Vendée
9th Tour of Flanders
2010
National Road Championships
1st Road race
3rd Time trial
1st Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
1st Stage 4
1st Grand Prix de la Somme
3rd Overall Tour du Poitou-Charentes
2011
5th Overall Tour du Poitou-Charentes
2012
3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
10th Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
10th Overall Tour de Luxembourg
10th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
2013
1st Overall Tour du Limousin
1st Stage 1
National Road Championships
2nd Road race
2nd Time trial
2nd Overall Tour of Britain
1st Points classification
8th Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
9th Overall Bayern–Rundfahrt
2014
1st Road race, National Road Championships
6th Overall Tour du Poitou-Charentes
7th Overall Arctic Race of Norway
Combativity award Stages 7 & 15 Tour de France
2015
5th Overall Tour of Belgium
5th Paris–Roubaix
10th Tour of Flanders
2016
1st Best Swiss rider classification Tour de Suisse
4th Overall Arctic Race of Norway
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Swiss male cyclists
Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Switzerland
People from Cham, Switzerland
Sportspeople from the canton of Zug |
Giacomo Andrea da Ferrara (also known as Iacomo Andrea; died May 12, 1500) was an architect from Ferrara and the author on a commentary on Vitruvius. Very little is known about him; his name did not appear on any buildings in Milan.
Luca Pacioli wrote that Giacomo Andrea was almost like a brother to Leonardo da Vinci. Giacomo Andrea, active by the 1480s, drew a prototypical Vitruvian Man which may have served as the basis for Leonardo's drawing, or have been conceived alongside it as a collaborative effort.
Giacomo Andrea was very loyal to the Sforza family. After the occupation of Milan by the French, he is said to have plotted against the French. He was put on trial and sentenced to death. Archbishop Pallavicini attempted to plead for his innocence. Giacomo Andrea was publicly beheaded on May 12, 1500. His body was quartered and placed on four different gates of the city. Leonardo da Vinci did not plot against the French, but instead went into their service.
References
15th-century Italian architects
1500 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Architects from Ferrara |
Intake Two is a small lake created by a dam on Bishop Creek. It is approximately 16 miles west of Bishop, California. It is well known for its fishing as it is annually stocked with Rainbow Trout, and has a healthy population of wild Brown Trout.
See also
Lake Sabrina
References
Data
Rivers of Inyo County, California
Rivers of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Tributaries of the Owens River
Inyo National Forest
Bishop, California
Owens Valley
Rivers of Northern California
Rivers of the Sierra Nevada in California |
```html
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<title>buffered_read_stream::buffered_read_stream (1 of 2 overloads)</title>
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(1 of 2 overloads)</a>
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<p>
Move constructor.
</p>
<h7><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__buffered_read_stream.buffered_read_stream.overload1.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__buffered_read_stream.buffered_read_stream.overload1.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="overload1.html#beast.ref.boost__beast__buffered_read_stream.buffered_read_stream.overload1.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h7><pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffered_read_stream</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">buffered_read_stream</span><span class="special">&&);</span>
</pre>
<h7><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__buffered_read_stream.buffered_read_stream.overload1.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__buffered_read_stream.buffered_read_stream.overload1.description"></a></span><a class="link" href="overload1.html#beast.ref.boost__beast__buffered_read_stream.buffered_read_stream.overload1.description">Description</a>
</h7><h7><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__buffered_read_stream.buffered_read_stream.overload1.h2"></a>
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</h7><p>
The behavior of move assignment on or from streams with active or pending
operations is undefined.
</p>
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file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
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``` |
Alban Lucien Pierson (born 27 December 1972) is a French sport shooter.
He participated at the 2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships, winning a medal.
References
External links
Living people
1972 births
French male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters |
Steve Davis Snooker is a sports simulation video game developed and published by CDS Software in 1984. The budget release published by Blue Ribbon Software reached the top of the UK charts in May 1988. Steve Davis Snooker simulates the cue sport snooker. Released under licence from 6-time Snooker World Champion, Steve Davis.
The game is the first to feature a license of a professional snooker player, with later Jimmy White creating the Cueball series. CDS called the game the "ultimate successor" to their 1983 pool simulator, titled Pool. Davis would also be involved with the 1989 follow-up Steve Davis World Snooker, as well as 1996's Virtual Snooker.
Overview
Steve Davis Snooker allows players to play against themselves, or against a human opponent in either Snooker, or Pool. However, there is no opponent AI. The game could be controlled by either a Joypad or a Cursor and Keyboard control scheme. The game has two different modes, with a short game (a game of Ten-Red Snooker similar to power snooker), or long game, a game of traditional fifteen-red Snooker.
The Atari game's box art boasts that the game has a "trick shot edit mode", "accurate spin", and "friction factor."
Reception
Critical reception for the game was generally high, with Zzap! magazine scoring the Commodore 64 game at 79% commenting "Steve Davis Snooker is the best version of the sport I have ever seen on the 64, with its excellent approach and options helping make it so if you're a snooker fan or you want to try something different from your everyday shoot em up, then this makes a worthy and refreshing change." Commodore Format also mentioned the game in a review, scoring the game at 70% before stating that whilst Snooker was a "hideously dull game", the game was a "nice conversion."
Crash Magazine also reviewed the game for the ZX Spectrum, scoring the game at 77% saying "A very good, user-friendly simulation, which (possibly for the first time) really calls on skill." Sinclair User were also positive with the game, scoring the game at 7/10, but did cite the lack of a mechanic in game as an oversight.
Commodore User gave the game 60%, commenting that the game's developer were "too ambitious this time", commenting on the game's downgrade in the port from the Commodore 64 to the Commodore 16. However "If you're a dedicated afficionado [sic] then Steve Davis will no doubt appeal to you."
Sequel
An updated version of the game would be released in 1989 for the Amiga and Atari ST, known as Steve Davis World Snooker. The game featured similar gameplay as that of the original, however, also included AI opponents, and improved graphical designs. The game also features additional modes, such as Eight-Ball and Nine-Ball Pool, with Billiards.
See also
Steve Davis
Steve Davis World Snooker
References
1984 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari 8-bit family games
CDS Software games
Commodore 16 and Plus/4 games
Commodore 64 games
Davis
Davis
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Pool video games
Sinclair QL games
Snooker video games
Video games based on real people
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games |
The Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine was a Royal Air Force aviation medicine research unit active between 1945 and 1994.
Early days
The RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine (IAM) was opened on 30 April 1945 by the Princess Royal. It was located on land to the south side of the Farnborough Airfield in Hampshire, and was successor to the wartime RAF Physiological Laboratory. Initially having separate sections for acceleration, altitude, biochemistry, biophysics, personal equipment and teaching, its mandate was to conduct both pure and applied research in support of flying personnel. Initially run by Dr Bryan Matthews, Group Captain Bill Stewart was appointed head in 1946. A former pupil of the Hamilton Academy school, Stewart was to be promoted to Air Vice-Marshal, and awarded CB and CBE. The Stewart Lecture at the Royal Aeronautical Society was established in his memory in 1969.
The IAM obtained a decompression chamber (moved from the Physiological Laboratory) in 1945, and this was supplemented by a climatic chamber in 1952, and human centrifuge in 1955 (the latter facility is still in operation and was designated a Grade 2 Listed Building in August 2007).
Additionally, the Institute was responsible for a number of mobile decompression chambers and the training of operators for chambers deployed at certain RAF operational stations with the object of familiarising flying personnel with the effects of anoxia at operational altitudes.
Heyday
The IAM became a world leading centre for aviation medicine research in the 1960s and 1970s, gaining additional facilities, and continuing an active flight research programme that commenced in World War II. Research into protection against the effects of high altitude, high G force, heat and cold stress, noise and vibration, sleep and wakefulness, spatial disorientation, vision, aviation psychology and human error, and aircraft accident investigation dominated activities at the IAM. Much work was done to develop and improve aircrew life support equipment.
Latter history
The IAM ceased to exist in 1994, when many research staff and facilities were transferred to the DERA Centre for Human Sciences. In the RAF, the spiritual successor to the IAM is the RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine, which opened in 1998 at RAF Henlow in Bedfordshire, and conducts training and operational support for RAF aircrew.
Commanding Officers
1945-46 Sir Bryan Matthews
1946-67 AVM William K Stewart
1967-74 AVM Henry L Roxburgh
1975-88 AVM Peter Howard
1988-92 AVM John Ernsting
References
1994 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Aviation medicine organizations
Aviation organisations based in the United Kingdom
Aviation research institutes
Farnborough, Hampshire
Medical units and formations of the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Hampshire
Research institutes in Hampshire
Royal Air Force
Military medical research organizations of the United Kingdom |
```asciidoc
[[rewritelocationresponseheader-filter]]
= `RewriteLocationResponseHeader` Filter
The `RewriteLocationResponseHeader` filter modifies the value of the `Location` response header, usually to get rid of backend-specific details.
It takes the `stripVersionMode`, `locationHeaderName`, `hostValue`, and `protocolsRegex` parameters.
The following listing configures a `RewriteLocationResponseHeader` filter:
.application.yml
[source,yaml]
----
spring:
cloud:
gateway:
mvc:
routes:
- id: rewritelocationresponseheader_route
uri: path_to_url
filters:
- RewriteLocationResponseHeader=AS_IN_REQUEST, Location, ,
----
.GatewaySampleApplication.java
[source,java]
----
import static org.springframework.cloud.gateway.server.mvc.filter.AfterFilterFunctions.addResponseHeader;
import static org.springframework.cloud.gateway.server.mvc.filter.RewriteLocationResponseHeaderFilterFunctions.StripVersion;
import static org.springframework.cloud.gateway.server.mvc.handler.GatewayRouterFunctions.route;
import static org.springframework.cloud.gateway.server.mvc.handler.HandlerFunctions.http;
@Configuration
class RouteConfiguration {
@Bean
public RouterFunction<ServerResponse> gatewayRouterFunctionsRewriteLocationResponseHeader() {
return route("rewritelocationresponseheader_route")
.GET("/**", http("path_to_url"))
.after(rewriteLocationResponseHeader(config -> config.setLocationHeaderName("Location").setStripVersion(StripVersion.AS_IN_REQUEST)))
.build();
}
}
----
For example, for a request of `POST path_to_url`, the `Location` response header value of `path_to_url` is rewritten as `path_to_url`.
The `stripVersionMode` parameter has the following possible values: `NEVER_STRIP`, `AS_IN_REQUEST` (default), and `ALWAYS_STRIP`.
* `NEVER_STRIP`: The version is not stripped, even if the original request path contains no version.
* `AS_IN_REQUEST`: The version is stripped only if the original request path contains no version.
* `ALWAYS_STRIP`: The version is always stripped, even if the original request path contains version.
The `hostValue` parameter, if provided, is used to replace the `host:port` portion of the response `Location` header.
If it is not provided, the value of the `Host` request header is used.
The `protocolsRegex` parameter must be a valid regex `String`, against which the protocol name is matched.
If it is not matched, the filter does nothing.
The default is `http|https|ftp|ftps`.
``` |
Chartered Surveyor is the description (protected by law in many countries) of Professional Members and Fellows of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) entitled to use the designation (and a number of variations such as "Chartered Building Surveyor" or "Chartered Quantity Surveyor" or "Chartered Civil Engineering Surveyor" depending on their field of expertise) in the (British) Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland. Chartered originates from the Royal Charter granted to the world's first professional body of surveyors. Chartered Surveyors are entitled to use "MRICS" or "FRICS" after their names as appropriate.
Chartered Surveyors are highly trained and experienced property professionals. Surveyors offer impartial, specialist advice on a variety of property related issues and the services which they provide are diverse.
Chartered Surveyors work in all fields of property and building consultancy. At the most basic level, their duties include valuing property and undertaking structural surveys of buildings. They also provide expert consultancy advice in property, construction, and related environmental issues.
United Kingdom
A Chartered surveyor in the United Kingdom is a surveyor who is a member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors ("RICS"). Until the end of the 20th century, some members were members of the ISVA ("Incorporated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers"), but this organization merged with the RICS in 1999.
In the reforms of the RICS in the 1990s, the former divisional structure of the institution was abolished, and the use of the alternative designations was retained solely for the use of members to retain clarification when informing clients of specialist areas of expertise. Despite the attempt to unify the profession under one title "chartered surveyor", there is very little in common across the whole range of disciplines that are within the grasp of all members. The core membership is based in the construction profession and another large sector deals with property ownership and management. Beyond these cores, there are marine, land, rural, and antiques specialists.
Chartered surveyors in the core of the profession may offer mortgage valuations, homebuyer's surveys and valuations, full building surveys, building surveyors' services, quantity surveying, land surveying, auctioneering, estate management, and other forms of survey and building-related advice. It is not usual for an individual member to have expertise in several areas, and hence partnerships or companies are established to create general practices able to offer a wider spectrum of surveying services.
Building surveying
As well as surveying, building surveyors in the UK give advice on design, construction, maintenance and repair. They may also assess damage or dilapidations on behalf of an insurance company.
A Chartered Surveyor is one who attains MRICS professional membership via the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) by undergoing rigorous training and attaining key work experience across various technical competencies set out by the RICS who then in turn test, scrutinize, examine and assesses such candidates before awarding them Chartered status (MRICS). It is therefore accurate to say that all chartered surveyors can be qualified building surveyors, but not all qualified building surveyors are necessarily Chartered Surveyors.
Quantity surveying
Quantity surveyors work for private and commercial clients, main contractors and subcontractors in the construction industry. Their function is the management of the commercial interfaces of construction: writing, negotiating, awarding, and administering contracts, including variations and claims arising during the performance of a contract; cost control and cost engineering, i.e. to document and estimate costs, progress, and risks. In the UK, not all quantity surveyors are necessarily chartered surveyors; some may be chartered through the Chartered Institute of Building ("CIOB"). Albeit, the title of 'Chartered Quantity Surveyor' can only be used by Members of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.
Additional duties may include performing feasibility studies, preparing tenders, procuring materials, managing subcontractors, and even advice on taxation or building management. Surveyors may also be involved in dispute resolution.
Quantity surveyors sometimes act as project managers of a construction site.
Land surveying
Essentially, land surveying is making accurate maps and plans. Land surveying encompasses cadastral surveying, cartography, engineering surveying, hydrographic surveying and oceanographic surveying. Land surveyors may be accredited by the RICS, the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB), or the Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (CICES), but only RICS members can call themselves "chartered land surveyors". Members and Fellows of CICES are eligible to attain Chartered Engineer status through the Engineering Council.
Auctioneering
Firms of chartered surveyors sometimes act in property auctions.
Other aspects of surveying practice
As well as the services mentioned above, UK chartered surveyors may offer advice in boundary disputes, business rates, compulsory purchase matters and party walls. ("Party walls" in the UK are walls on your property shared with your neighbors.)
Employers
The largest employer of Chartered Surveyors is Turner & Townsend.
Becoming a Chartered Surveyor
In order to become a Chartered Surveyor, trainees must undertake a degree accredited by the RICS and pass the Assessment of Professional Competence. Occasionally RICS withdraws accreditation of degree courses.
Notable Chartered Surveyors
Andy Irvine - retired rugby union footballer who played for Scotland is a Chartered Valuation Surveyor.
Gavin Kerr - retired rugby union footballer who played prop for Scotland is a Chartered Building Surveyor.
Paul Morrell - a Chartered Quantity Surveyor.
Tim Wonnacott is a Chartered Valuation Surveyor and television presenter.
Marianne Suhr - writer, expert on historic buildings and co-presenter of the television series Restoration is a Chartered Building Surveyor.
Ewen Cameron, Baron Cameron of Dillington - a landowner and life peer who sits as a crossbench member of the House of Lords.
Philip Serrell - Television presenter, chartered valuation surveyor and racing driver.
United Arab Emirates
A Chartered surveyor in the are professionals who provide expert advice on various aspects related to real estate, construction, and property-related matters. Their primary role is to offer specialized services to individuals, businesses, and government entities to help them make informed decisions about property assets. Here are some of the key tasks and responsibilities of chartered surveyors in the UAE:
Property Valuation
Chartered surveyors assess the value of residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural properties. They consider factors such as location, condition, market trends, and other relevant variables to provide accurate and impartial property valuations.
Property Management
They manage and oversee real estate properties on behalf of property owners, ensuring that they are well-maintained and generating maximum returns. This may include rent collection, lease negotiations, and property maintenance.
Building Surveys
Chartered surveyors conduct detailed inspections of buildings to assess their condition and identify any structural issues, defects, or potential risks. They provide comprehensive reports to clients, which are crucial for buyers, sellers, and property investors.
Project Management
They may act as project managers for construction and development projects. They oversee the planning, design, and execution of projects, ensuring they are completed on time, within budget, and meeting quality standards.
Feasibility Studies
Chartered surveyors conduct feasibility studies for proposed real estate developments. These studies assess the viability of a project, taking into account factors such as market demand, costs, and regulatory requirements.
See also
Australian Property Institute, a similar professional body which has a reciprocity agreement with RICS
Construction Industry Council
RICS
Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
References
Construction industry of the United Kingdom
Real estate valuation
Mortgage industry of the United Kingdom
Property law of the United Kingdom |
Rebecca Leslie is a Canadian ice hockey forward, currently a member of the PWHPA.
Career
Across four seasons at Boston University, Leslie scored 171 points in 139 games, and captained the team in her final year. In 2018, she signed her first professional contract with the Calgary Inferno of the CWHL, with whom she won the Clarkson Cup, and was a finalist for rookie of the year. After the CWHL folded, she announced she would join the newly-formed PWHPA.
International
In 2014, Leslie put up 5 points in 5 games for the Canadian team that won the gold medal in the U18 IIHF Women's World Juniors. In 2019, she made her first senior appearance for Team Canada in the Rivalry Series.
Personal life
Her brother Zac Leslie also plays hockey professionally. Most of his career has been in the AHL.
References
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from Elite Prospects
1996 births
Living people
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
Canadian women's ice hockey forwards
Professional Women's Hockey Players Association players
Calgary Inferno players
Boston University Terriers women's ice hockey players |
The 1947 Campeonato de Selección y Competencia, the top category of Peruvian football at the time, was played by 8 teams. The national champion was Atlético Chalaco.
Teams
Campeonato de Selección y Competencia
Standings
See also
1947 Peruvian Segunda División
References
External links
Peru 1947 season at RSSSF
Peruvian Football League News
Peru1
Peruvian Primera División seasons
1 |
Wesley Douglas is a South African politician. He was a Member of parliament for the African Christian Democratic Party in the Parliament of South Africa from 2007 until 2009, but joined the African National Congress in 2013.
References
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
African Christian Democratic Party politicians
African National Congress politicians
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa |
Capital punishment was abolished in Togo in 2009. Togo last executed in 1978. Prior to the death penalty's de jure abolition, Togo was classified as "Abolitionist in Practice."
Togo acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on 14 Sep 2016. Togo voted in favor of the 2020 United Nations moratorium on the death penalty resolution.
References
Togo
Law of Togo |
The Coosa Valley Fair is an annual fair in Floyd County, Georgia. The fair is organized by the Coosa Valley Fair Association, composed of members of the Exchange Club of Rome, Georgia.
History
The first Coosa Valley Fair was held in October 1949 at the farmer's market on Furnace Road in Rome, Georgia. A permanent fairground was established and first used for the 1953 fair.
There was no fair in 2020.
Attractions
Five main exhibits make up the fair: livestock, homemaking arts and crafts, horticulture and agriculture, arts and photography, and a community, educational and health agency exhibit.
A carnival midway and the Coosa Village vendor booths are popular attractions, as are fair events that include a cheerleading competition, a talent contest and the Miss Coosa Valley Fair pageant.
Beneficiaries
The prime beneficiary of the fair's proceeds is the Exchange Club Family Resource Center. A portion of the proceeds also support art programs in Floyd County schools.
References
External links
Rome Exchange Club
Annual fairs
Tourist attractions in Floyd County, Georgia
Recurring events established in 1949
Fairs in the United States
Festivals in Georgia (U.S. state)
1949 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) |
The karate competition at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games was held in Veracruz, Mexico.
The tournament was scheduled to be held from 27 to 29 November at the Coatzacoalcos Convention Center.
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
Medal table
References
External links
Official Website
2014 Central American and Caribbean Games events
2014 in karate
Qualification tournaments for the 2015 Pan American Games
Karate at the Central American and Caribbean Games |
Synaptosomal-Associated Protein, 25kDa (SNAP-25) is a Target Soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) Attachment Protein Receptor (t-SNARE) protein encoded by the SNAP25 gene found on chromosome 20p12.2 in humans. SNAP-25 is a component of the trans-SNARE complex, which accounts for membrane fusion specificity and directly executes fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes together.
Structure and function
SNAP-25, a Q-SNARE protein, is anchored to the cytosolic face of membranes via palmitoyl side chains covalently bound to cysteine amino acid residues in the central linker domain of the molecule. This means that SNAP-25 does not contain a trans-membrane domain.
SNAP-25 has been identified to contribute two α-helices to the SNARE complex, a four-α-helix domain complex. The SNARE complex participates in vesicle fusion, which involves the docking, priming and merging of a vesicle with the cell membrane to initiate an exocytotic event. Synaptobrevin, a protein that is a part of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family, and syntaxin-1 also help form the SNARE complex by each contributing a single α-helix. SNAP-25 assembles with synaptobrevin and syntaxin-1, and the selective binding of these proteins enables vesicle docking and fusion to occur at active zones on the plasma membrane. The energy needed for fusion to occur, results from the assembly of the SNARE proteins along with additional Sec1/Munc18-like (SM) proteins.
To form the SNARE complex, synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25 associate and begin to wrap around each other to form a coiled coil quaternary structure. The α-helices of both synaptobrevin and syntaxin-1 bind to those of SNAP-25. Synaptobrevin binds the α-helix near the C-terminus of SNAP-25, while syntaxin-1 binds the α-helix near the N-terminus. Dissociation of the SNARE complex is driven by ATPase N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion (NSF) protein.
SNAP-25 inhibits presynaptic P-, Q-, and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels and interacts with the synaptotagmin C2B domain in a Ca2+-independent fashion. In glutamatergic synapses, SNAP-25 decreases the Ca2+ responsiveness, while it is normally absent in GABAergic synapses.
Two isoforms (mRNA splice variants) of SNAP-25 exist, which are SNAP-25a and SNAP-25b. The two isoforms differ by nine amino acid residues, including a re-localization of one of the four palmitoylated cysteine residues involved in membrane attachment. The major characteristics of these two forms are outlined in the table below.
SNAP-25 not only plays a role in synaptogenesis and the exocytotic release of neurotransmitters, but it also affects spine morphogenesis and density, post synaptic receptor trafficking and neuronal plasticity. Other non-neuronal processes such as metabolism can also be affected by SNAP-25 protein expression.
Clinical significance
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs)
Individuals harboring pathogenic heterozygous de novo missense or loss-of-function variants in SNAP-25 often present with an early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. The core symptoms comprise intellectual disability ranging between mild to profound and early-onset seizures mostly occurring before the age of two years. Further recurrent symptoms include movement disorders, cerebral visual impairment, and brain atrophy. Electrophysiological studies identified aberrant spontaneous neurotransmission as causative and suggest that structurally clustered pathogenic variants lead to similar synaptic phenotypes.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Consistent with the regulation of synaptic Ca2+ responsiveness, heterozygous deletion of the SNAP-25 gene in mice results in a hyperactive phenotype similar to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In heterozygous mice, a decrease in hyperactivity is observed with dextroamphetamine (or Dexedrine), an active ingredient in the ADHD drug Adderall. Homozygous deletions of the SNAP-25 gene are lethal. An additional study indicated that incorporation of a SNAP-25 transgene back into the heterozygous SNAP-25 mutant mouse can rescue normal activity levels similar to wildtype mice. This suggests that low protein levels of SNAP-25 can be a cause of hyper-kinetic behavior. Subsequent studies have suggested that at least some of the SNAP-25 gene mutations in humans might predispose to ADHD. Identification of polymorphisms in the 3’ untranslated region of the SNAP-25 gene was established in linkage studies with families that had been pre-diagnosed ADHD.
Schizophrenia
Studies in the post mortem brains of patients with Schizophrenia have shown that altered protein levels of SNAP-25 are specific to regions of the brain. Reduced SNAP-25 protein expression has been observed in the hippocampus as well as an area of the frontal lobe known as Broadman’s area 10 whereas SNAP-25 expression has increased in both the cingulate cortex and prefrontal lobe of Broadman’s area 9. The varying levels of SNAP-25 protein found in different areas of the brain have been thought to contribute to the conflicting psychological behaviors (depressive vs. hyperactive) expressed in some Schizophrenic patients.
The blind-drunk (Bdr) mouse model which has a point mutations in the SNAP-25b protein has provided a complex phenotype involving behaviors such as an abnormal circadian rhythm, uncoordinated gait, and disinterest in new objects/toys. Another mouse model generated from Cre-LoxP recombination, showed that conditional knockout (cKO) of the SNAP-25 gene in the forebrain, showed inactive SNAP-25 gene expression in glutamatergic neurons. However, significant glutamate levels were found in the cortex of these cKO mice. These mice also exhibited deficient social skills, impaired learning and memory, enhanced kinesthetic activity, a reduced startle response, impaired self-care, nursing ability and nest-building skills. Antipsychotic drugs such as Clozapine and Riluzole have been shown to significantly reduce the schizophrenic phenotype expressed in SNAP-25 cKO mice.
Alzheimer's disease
Individuals with Alzhiemer’s disease have been shown to have decreased presynaptic protein levels and impaired synaptic function in neurons. SNAP-25 can be used as a biomarker in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of patients exhibiting different variations of Alzheimer's disease (prodromal Alzheimer’s and overt Alzheimer’s). Increased levels of SNAP-25 protein were observed in patients with Alzheimer’s compared to control individuals. Additionally, the presence of truncated SNAP-25 protein can be seen in the CSF of some patients with this disease. In five distinct regions of the brain, low levels of SNAP-25 can be seen in patients with Alzheimer’s.
Bipolar disorder
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the SNAP-25 gene promoter has been shown to influence the expression levels of the SNAP-25b isoform in the prefrontal cortex. Increased levels of SNAP-25b have been shown to impair synaptic transmission and maturation which could lead to early-onset bipolar disorder (EOBD).The most abundant isoform of SNAP-25 is SNAP-25a during the early weeks of development in mice however in adulthood there is a change and the SNAP-25b isoform increases in the brain. This is shown to correlate with adolescent humans being increasingly diagnosed with EOBD during puberty. It has been suggested that early-onset bipolar disorder is more closely linked to Schizophrenia than to Bipolar Disorder itself. The single nucleotide polymorphism of SNAP-25 (rs6039769) associated with EOBD has been shown to increase the risk of patients developing Schizophrenia.
Botulism
A genome wide association study pointed to the rs362584 polymorphism in the gene as possibly associated with the personality trait neuroticism. Botulinum toxins A, C and E cleave SNAP-25, leading to paralysis in clinically developed botulism.
Epilepsy
Deletion of the SNAP-25b isoform has been shown to cause developmental abnormalities and seizures in mice. High levels of SNAP-25a and the protein syntaxin appear to be linked to seizures found in infantile-epilepsy. SNAP-25 knock-in mice have distinct phenotypic behavior similar to the fits and seizures of epileptic patients, as well as anxiety.
Learning disabilities
In the coloboma hyperactive mutant mouse model where SNAP-25 protein levels are reduced to 50% of the normal level, depolarized neurotransmitter release of dopamine and serotonin were reduced as well as glutamate release. The reduction in glutamate levels can lead to deficient memory and increased learning disabilities. Certain polymorphisms of SNAP-25 (rs363043, rs353016, rs363039, rs363050) have been shown to affect the cognitive behavior, specifically the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)), of patients without pre-existing neurological diseases.
Neonatal development
SNAP-25 protein expression can be altered by sex hormone levels in neonatal rats. Male rats that received an antiestrogen drug showed a 30% decrease in SNAP-25 levels and females treated with estrogen or testosterone showed a 30% increase in SNAP-25 levels. This suggests that synaptosomal proteins, such as SNAP-25, may have a dependence on neonatal hormone levels during brain development in rats. An additional study, showed that SNAP-25 levels in the hippocampus of the brain in neonatal mice were altered if the mother had been exposed to human influenza virus during pregnancy.
Impact in other non-humans
Loss is lethal to Drosophila, but can be fully substituted by overexpression of the related SNAP-24.
Interactive pathway map
Interactions
SNAP-25 has been shown to interact with:
CPLX1,
ITSN1,
KIF5B,
SNAPAP and
STX11,
STX1A,
STX2,
STX4,
SYT1,
Syntaxin 3,
TRIM9, and
VAMP2.
Synaptotagmin binds SNAP-25 and syntaxins in the presence of Ca (and thus the entire SNARE complex)
References
Further reading
External links
Integral membrane proteins
Neural synapse
Molecular neuroscience |
Sirvi Arfani (born 11 February 1992) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga 1 club Persita Tangerang.
Club career
Persita Tangerang
He was signed for Persita Tangerang to play in Divisi Utama Liga Indonesia in the 2011–12 season. Arfani made his first-team debut on 10 January 2011 in a match against PS Bengkulu and scored his first goal for Persita in a 0–1 win over Persip Pekalongan. Until the end of the season, he successfully brought his team promotion to the Indonesia Super League even though in the final match lose over Barito Putera.
On 19 January 2013, Arfani made his first Indonesia Super League appearance in Persita's starting XI in a 1–1 draw with Persipura Jayapura at the Mashud Wisnusaputra Stadium. He scored his first Super League goal of the 2013 season on 13 February 2013, scored a brace in a 3–1 home win over Persiba Balikpapan. He scored his goal on 27 April 2013, an equaliser in a 3–1 away lose over Persela Lamongan.
On 5 February 2014, Arfani scored his first goal of the 2014 season, scoring in a 2–1 lose over Persib Bandung at the Jalak Harupat Stadium. On 4 May 2014, Arfani scored a brace in a 4–0 home win to Persijap Jepara.
Persepam Madura United
In January 2015, he signed with Persepam Madura United. however, he is not making any appearances for his current club due to this season was officially discontinued by PSSI on 2 May 2015 due to a ban by Imam Nahrawi, Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs, against PSSI to run any football competition.
Return to Persita Tangerang
In early 2017, Arfani decided to re-join former club Persita Tangerang. Arfani scored his first league goal in the 2017 Liga 2 for Persita in a 2–0 win over Persika Karawang.
He scored his first Liga 2 goal of the 2018 season on 10 August 2018, coming on as a substitute in a 1–2 away win over Cilegon United.
On 23 June 2019, Arfani made his Liga 2 appearance in a match against PSGC Ciamis and then scored his first goal for the club in the injury time. On 2 July 2019, Arfani scored a hat-trick during a 4–0 win over Persibat Batang. with this result, he is listed as the first hat-trick in 2019 Liga 2. Arfani finished the season as leading Liga 2 goalscorer, with 14 goals, two ahead of Persiraja Banda Aceh striker Assanur Rijal in second and also successfully brought his team back to promotion to the Liga 1.
Arfani made his league debut on 6 March 2020 in new season 2020 Liga 1, coming on as a substitute for Samsul Arif in a 1–1 draw against PSM Makassar. And then, This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021. Arfani made his new season league debut on 28 August 2021 in a match against Persipura Jayapura at the Pakansari Stadium where he coming as a substitute for Ahmad Nur Hardianto.
Loan to RANS Cilegon
On 22 September 2021, Arfani joined RANS Cilegon on loan from Persita Tangerang for the 2021–22 season. Arfani made his Liga 2 debut for RANS on 28 September 2021, and scoring his first goal for the club against Dewa United.
Honours
Club
Persita Tangerang
Liga 2 runner-up: 2019
RANS Cilegon
Liga 2 runner-up: 2021
Individual
Liga 2 Top Goalscorer: 2019
References
External links
Sirvi Arfani at Liga Indonesia
1992 births
Living people
Indonesian men's footballers
Persita Tangerang players
Persepam Madura Utama players
RANS Nusantara F.C. players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Liga 2 (Indonesia) players
Men's association football forwards
People from Serang
Footballers from Banten |
Hubel, Hübel or Huebel is a German language topographic surname, denoting a person who lived near a hill (Middle High German hübel "hill") and may refer to:
Allison Hubel, American mechanical engineer and cryobiologist
David H. Hubel (1926–2013), Canadian American neurophysiologist
Erich Hubel, Australian wheelchair basketballer
Herbert Huebel (1889–1950), American football player, coach, and official
Herbert Hübel (1958), Austrian lawyer and sports official
Rob Huebel (1969), American actor, comedian and writer
References
German-language surnames
German toponymic surnames |
Fred Bernard "Sarge" Ferris (December 1, 1928 – March 12, 1989) was an American professional poker player. In 1978, Ferris was considered among the top 12 poker players in the world at that time, as ranked by Poker Magazine.
In the 1980 World Series of Poker, Ferris won a World Series of Poker bracelet in deuce-to-seven draw, winning $150,000. He defeated some of the best professional poker players of that time to win the tournament, including two-time world champion Doyle Brunson, who finished the tournament in second place, and 1978 WSOP Main Event champion Bobby Baldwin, who finished third.
He won a tournament at the 1983 Super Bowl of Poker, organized by Amarillo Slim. Ferris was mainly a cash game player, but also had tournament winnings exceeding $240,000.
On April 22, 1983, Ferris gained notoriety as the Internal Revenue Service seized $46,000 during a high-stakes game at the Horseshoe Casino.
Ferris died in March 1989, and was posthumously inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame in December of that year.
References
Ferris, Fred
Super Bowl of Poker event winners
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
People from Waterville, Maine
1989 deaths
1928 births
Poker Hall of Fame inductees |
The Whalestoe Letters (2000), by the American fiction author Mark Z. Danielewski, is an epistolary novella which more fully develops the literary correspondence between Pelafina H. Lièvre and her son Johnny from 1982–1989, characters first introduced in Danielewski's prior work House of Leaves.
The letters are included in the second edition of House of Leaves, in Appendix II, under the name E – The Three Attic Whalestoe Institute Letters, although the companion piece includes eleven additional letters not found in House of Leaves.
Plot introduction
Pelafina writes these letters to Johnny from The Three Attic Whalestoe Institute, a mental institution where she has been residing for a number of years. While a number of these letters appear in House of Leaves, The Whalestoe Letters introduces a number of new letters which serve to more fully develop Pelafina's character as well as her relationship with Johnny.
References
External links
Pantheon Books catalog page
Powells Books review
2000 American novels
American novellas
Novels by Mark Z. Danielewski
Postmodern novels
Epistolary novels
Pantheon Books books |
Mayandi Bharathi (1917–2015) was an Indian journalist and revolutionary who participated in the independence movement. He was born on 1917 in Madurai, India. He was in various post in cpim for a long time and Gandhian philosophy. He was the president of the Chennai Province Extremist Youth Wing. He went to prison 13 times during 1942, 1943 and 1944 for participating in the Quit India Movement and a double-lifer in the Tirunelveli conspiracy case in which he was later acquitted. He worked as an editor on various communist print media like Janasakthi, Theekathir. he was one of the first persons to congratulate U Sagayam, IAS officer, when he returned to Madurai to investigate the multi-crore granite scam.
References
Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu
Writers from Madurai
1917 births
2015 deaths
Journalists from Tamil Nadu
20th-century Indian journalists |
Cornelius "Con" Kelleher (born 1891) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a forward for the Cork senior team.
Kelleher made his first appearance for the team during the 1910 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen for just two seasons. During that time he won a set of All-Ireland and Munster winners' medals.
At club level Kelleher was a multiple county championship medalist with Macroom.
References
1891 births
Macroom Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Winners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football)
20th-century deaths |
Burnt Offerings is the seventh in the Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter series of horror/mystery/erotica novels by Laurell K. Hamilton.
Plot introduction
Burnt Offerings continues the adventures of Anita Blake, as she attempts to solve a series of arsons and other crimes, and deal with a threat to her lover, the vampire Jean-Claude, as he fends off a political challenge from the Vampire Council. As with the other later novels in the series, Burnt Offerings blends elements of supernatural, police procedural, and erotic fiction.
Explanation of the title
As with previous novels, "Burnt Offerings" refers to a location within the novel itself. In this case, "Burnt Offerings" is a vampire-themed theme restaurant where some of the events of the novel take place. (The fictional restaurant is itself named after the real-world 1976 haunted house movie, Burnt Offerings.)
Plot summary
As in the previous novels, Burnt Offerings requires Anita to balance her romantic life with her roles as supernatural police consultant, vampire executioner, zombie animator, human servant and lover to the vampire Master of the City and lupa to the local werewolf pack. In this case, Anita is quickly confronted with several problems that ultimately prove to be interrelated:
Fire Captain Pete McKinnon wants Anita's help with a series of arson incidents that he believes to be the work of a pyrokinetic.
The local wereleopard pard needs leadership and protection after Anita killed its "alpha," Gabriel in the previous novel, The Killing Dance.
The Thronos Rokke pack of werewolves needs clear succession and protection, particularly while Richard is out of town studying for his master's degree.
A vampire has been set on fire at the vampire owned and themed restaurant, "Burnt Offerings." The woman who did so claims that the vampire tried to bite her against her will, and alleges self-defense. This attack later proves to be the first in a series of attacks on vampires and vampire businesses.
Most threatening, the Vampire Council has sent representatives to Jean-Claude's territory in an attempt to investigate and possibly destroy Jean-Claude. The Council is threatened by Jean-Claude's ability to destroy one of its most powerful members, The Earthmover, and by Jean-Claude's refusal to take The Earthmover's place on the Council himself. (Jean-Claude will not do so because he is not strong enough to hold the position against challengers; but the Council, based in Europe, fears that Jean-Claude is setting up a rival council in the United States). The Council has sent representatives of four of its six remaining members, as follows:
Council member The Traveler has arrived personally, or at least in spirit (one of his powers is the ability to possess other vampires, and the location of his actual body is never revealed). The Traveler is accompanied by Balthasar, his human servant, and has also recruited one of Jean-Claude's vampires, Liv, to leave Jean-Claude's service and swear fealty to the Traveler.
Council member the Master of Beasts has arrived personally, accompanied by his son, Fernando and the other members of his triumvirate, Gideon and Captain Thomas Carswell.
Belle Morte does not come personally, but is represented by Asher, Jean-Claude's former lover and current mortal enemy.
Morte d'Amour is represented by the vampires Yvette and Warrick.
Anita is forced to put the mysteries aside as she participates in a series of confrontations between Jean-Claude's followers and the council. Ultimately, Anita's combination of loyalty, ruthlessness, and naiveté allows her to triumph over each of the delegations of vampires.
The Master of Beasts and Fernando attempt to seize control of as many of the city's lycanthropes as possible, but are ultimately stopped by Anita, Richard and Rafael. Anita assumes control of the leopard pard and fully assumes her role as lupa, rescuing all of the local shapeshifters with Richard and Jean-Claude's help, but not before the Master of Beasts, Fernando, and Liv torture Rafael and Fernando and Liv torture and rape Sylvie and Vivian.
Anita shares Jean-Claude's love for Asher, notwithstanding Asher's scars and his hatred of them both. Ultimately, their love wins Asher over, and he decides to leave Belle Morte's service and remain in St. Louis with Anita and Jean-Claude.
Anita offers friendship to the Traveler, and challenges him to be a worthy ruler when she discovers that his power is causing local vampires to become feral. Intrigued, he accepts.
As she and Richard confront the Master of Beasts a second time, the Master lets Anita get too close. Anita draws on the power of Raina's munin, using Raina's powers to threaten harm rather than healing. With the Master's heart in her metaphysical grip, Anita threatens to kill him unless the Master leaves St. Louis and turns over Liv and Fernando to suffer the punishment for raping a member of Anita's werewolf pack. The Master is loath to give up his son, but ultimately agrees, and Anita turns Liv and Fernando over to Sylvie and the pack, winning their loyalty as their lupa.
Yvette then reveals her plan, solving the remaining mysteries. Like Mister Oliver before him, Yvette's master, Morte d'Amour, fears the US experiment with vampire legalization and wishes to sabotage it. Yvette, together with Harry, the owner of Burnt Offerings, has been provoking Humans First to attack vampires and vampire businesses, and plans for Asher to kill Jean-Claude, seize control of the city's vampires, and provoke them into a murderous rampage. Asher, won over by Jean-Claude and Anita, refuses. Yvette then reveals her back-up plan—at her instructions, Warrick, a pyrokinetic, has been setting the arson fires, and will burn down a stadium full of people. Warrick, a former crusader, announces that he has rediscovered his faith in God and refuses to assist Yvette. Yvette then announces that she personally will go on a rampage, but is stopped by Warrick, who uses his powers to burn both Yvette and himself to ash.
Characters in Burnt Offerings
Major characters
Burnt Offerings features the following major characters.
Anita Blake: Anita becomes even more deeply enmeshed in the supernatural world, as she accepts the role of Nimir-Ra of the St. Louis pard and becomes deeper enmeshed in her roles as Jean-Claude's human servant and the lupa of the Thronos Rokke clan of werewolves. Meanwhile, her romantic life grows more complicated as she and Richard enchange power and continue to argue over their relationship. Finally, Anita develops or explores three new powers - her control over the vampires she has raised (Damian and Willie), her ability to cause harm from a distance with a slashing attack similar to some vampires, and her ability to call Raina's munin to heal or harm.
Jean-Claude: Burnt Offerings continues an ongoing plotline as Jean-Claude struggles to assert control over his newly acquired territory and to assert independence in the larger vampire world. Meanwhile, Jean-Claude maneuvers Anita into admitting their romantic relationship publicly, and begins a reconciliation with Asher.
Richard: Richard continues his downward spiral after Anita's rejection in the previous novel, The Killing Dance. Anita learns that Richard is unable to accept his werewolf nature, making him vulnerable to challenge and interfering with his ability to lead and protect the pack. Unable to repair Richard, Anita attempts to contain the damage by preventing anyone from challenging Richard, and by defending the pack herself.
Other characters
Recurring characters in Burnt Offerings include:
Anita's friends and coworkers Larry and Ronnie.
Police officers Dolph, Zerbrowski, Clive Perry, and Tammy Reynolds. Burnt Offerings shows Dolph's mistrust of Anita increasing as she continues to date Jean-Claude, and introduces Tammy, RPIT's first witch officer;
Werewolves Irving, Jason, Jamil, Stephen, Sylvie and Teddy;
Wereleopards Cherry, Elizabeth, Nathaniel, Vivian, and Zane;
Wererats Lillian and Rafael;
Vampires Asher (Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter), Damian, Liv, and Willie; and
Jean-Claude's human flunky Ernie.
Non-recurring characters include:
Gwen: Sylvie Barker's girlfriend, a psychiatrist and a powerful werewolf, with long wavy blond hair and a dainty, "china doll" appearance.
Hannah: One of Jean-Claude's vampires. Hannah is also dating Willie McCoy.
Captain Pete McKinnon: A fire captain who Dolph refers to Anita for help with a series of pyrokinetic arson crimes.
Vampire Council members The Traveler and The Master of Beasts.
Vampire Council retainers Balthasar, Gideon, and Captain Thomas Carswell.
Non-dominant werewolves Kevin and Lorraine, who Anita forces to protect Stephen and Nathaniel along with non-recurring character Teddy
References
External links
1998 American novels
American erotic novels
Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter novels
Low fantasy novels
Novels set in St. Louis
Werewolf novels
Ace Books books |
Maurice Louis Eugène Martenot (; October 14, 1898 – October 8, 1980) was a French cellist, a radio telegrapher during the first World War, and an inventor.
Born in Paris, he is best known for his invention of the ondes Martenot, an instrument he first realized in 1928 and spent decades improving. He unveiled a microtonal model in 1938. He also was responsible for teaching the first generation of ondes Martenot performers, including Karel Goeyvaerts, Jeanne Loriod, Georges Savaria, Gilles Tremblay, and his sister Ginette Martenot.
Martenot himself performed as an "ondist" with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski in 1930. The 1937 World's Fair in Paris awarded him "Le Grand Prix de l'Exposition Mondiale." He taught at the Paris Conservatoire during the 1940s.
A Martenot biography, in French, has been written by ondist Jean Laurendeau. His invention of the ondes Martenot is the subject of the 2013 Quebec documentary Wavemakers, in which Laurendeau also appears.
Sources
Info.com
Sadie, S. (ed.) (1980). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians [vol. # 11].
External links
The Theremin And The Ondes Martenot.
SOS article, Feb. 2002.
Preoccupations, Oct. 2006.
Musicians from Paris
1898 births
1980 deaths
20th-century French musicians
20th-century French inventors
Ondists
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery |
St James Church, Southwick is the Church of England parish church of Southwick, Hampshire, England. The parish is part of the Diocese of Portsmouth.
The church is designated a Grade I listed building by Historic England.
The church has a Perpendicular tower and chancel. The west window is 14th century. Inside there is a 17th-century gallery supported by twisted wooden columns. The box pews, altar rail and pulpit also date from the 17th century.
References
Grade I listed churches in Hampshire
Church of England church buildings in Hampshire |
Noel Donaldson (born 16 December 1955) is an Australian former rowing coxswain and has since 1990 been a prominent and successful world-class rowing coach of Victorian state, Australian national and later, New Zealand national crews.
Rowing career
Donaldson's senior rowing was from the Mercantile Rowing Club. In 1979 he was selected to cox the Victorian men's eight who contested and won the King's Cup at the Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships.
Donaldson made his sole Australian representative appearance as coxswain of the 1979 Australian men's eight who contested the 1979 World Rowing Championships in Bled. That crew finished in fourth place.
Coaching career
Donaldson started coaching at Melbourne's Carey Baptist Grammar School where James Tomkins stroked the first VIII in both his senior years, 1982 and 1983. Donaldson was instrumental in Tomkins early development and brought him to Mercantile Rowing Club. Donaldson successful coaching career was then forged on the consistent performances he extracted from the Tomkins and the rest of the Oarsome Foursome, Australia's prominent world class crew of the 1990s and early 2000s. Donaldson was consistently the top Victorian men's coach of the 1990s, coaching ten Victorian men's King's Cup eights in that decade to eight victories, one silver and one bronze. In that period he also coached two Victorian women's fours to victory and twice took Georgina Douglas to victory as the Australian single sculling champion at the Interstate Regatta.
In the 1990s he coached the Oarsome Foursome to five World Championship campaigns, winning four gold medals and one silver in fours and pairs combinations. He twice took Georgina Douglas to World Championships in 1998 and 1999. For the World Championships of 2001, 2002 and 2003 he was the Head Men's Coach of the Australian squads. In 2009, 2010 and 2011 he was the coach of the Australian men's eight in their World Championship campaigns.
Donaldson took Australian crews to five Olympic games including gold medal victories by the Oarsome Foursome at Barcelona 1992 and Atlanta 1996. He was the Australian head men's coach for 2004 Athens where the Australians finished as the most successful men's team at the Olympic Regatta.
From 2001 to 2003 Donaldson was Head Coach at the Victorian Institute of Sport. From 2004 to 2008 he was the High Performance Director of Rowing Australia. From 2008 to 2012 he was the Head Men's Coach at the Australian National Rowing Centre of Excellence. In 2010 he was inducted into the Victorian Rowing Hall of Fame.
In 2013 he took a role as head coach of the New Zealand men's sweep crews in the World Championship campaign and that year coached the coxless pair of Hamish Bond and Eric Murray who were at that point in the middle of their six years of world dominance as a coxless pair.
Coaching palmares
Australian interstate regatta
1990 Interstate men's eight (Kings's Cup) co-coach Victoria – First
1991 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – First
1992 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – First
1994 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – First
1995 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – First
1996 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – First
1997 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – Third
1998 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – First
1999 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – Second
2000 Interstate men's eight (King's Cup) coach Victoria – First
1995 Interstate women's four coach Victoria – First
1998 Interstate women's four co-coach Victoria – First
1998 Interstate women's single scull coach Victoria – First
1999 Interstate women's single scull coach Victoria – Second
2000 Interstate women's single scull coach Victoria – First
2004 Interstate men's youth eight co-coach Victoria – Second
World Championships
1990 World Championships men's coxless four - Gold
1991 World Championships men's coxless four - Gold
1993 World Championships men's eight - 4th
1995 World Championships men's coxless four - 5th
1998 World Championships men's coxed pair - Gold
1998 World Championships men's coxless pair - Silver
1998 World Championships men's coxed four - Gold
1998 World Championships women's scull - 8th
1999 World Championships men's coxless pair - Gold
1999 World Championships women's scull - 8th
1999 World Championships men's coxed pair - 4th
2001 World Championships head men's coach (Australia)
2002 World Championships head men's coach (Australia)
2003 World Championships head men's coach (Australia)
2009 World Championships men's eight coach – 7th
2010 World Championships men's eight coach – Bronze
2010 World Championships men's coxed pair coach - Gold
2011 World Championships men's eight coach – 4th
2011 World Championships men's coxed pair coach – Silver
2013 World Championships lead men's sweep coach (New Zealand)
2013 World Championships NZ men's pair coach - Gold
Olympics
1992 Barcelona Olympics men's coxless four coach – Gold
1996 Atlanta Olympics men's coxless four coach – Gold
2000 Sydney Olympics men's coxless pair coach – Bronze
2000 Sydney Olympics women's single scull coach – 5th
2004 Athens Olympics Australian head men's coach
2012 London Olympics men's eight co-coach – 6th
U23 World Championships
1994 Nations Cup men's eight coach – 4th
1997 Nations Cup men's eight coach – 4th
2003 U23 World Championships men's single scull co-coach – Gold
2003 U23 World Championships men's l'weight single scull co-coach – Silver
1994 U23 Trans Tasman series – Australian men's eight coach
References
1955 births
Australian male rowers
Australian rowing coaches
Coxswains (rowing)
Living people
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Place of birth missing (living people) |
A sponge bomb is a specialized device designed to seal the end of a tunnel. Small enough that it can be set by a single person, it is a non-explosive, chemical bomb that releases a burst of expanding foam that quickly hardens.
Development
The sponge bomb was developed by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to address the Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip.
Design
Housed in a plastic container, the bomb has a metal partition that separates two liquids. Once the partition is removed, the liquids mix, and the device is either set at its target by an individual or thrown.
In 2021, testing of sponge bombs was reportedly conducted by IDF in simulated tunnels.
During initial testing of these bombs, the liquid emulsion was found to be hazardous to work with when mishandled – some Israeli soldiers lost their eyesight.
Historical perspective
This is not the first time that sticky foam has been used by a military force. Reportedly, the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Army have used streams of foam as non-lethal tools for crowd control or restraint of hostile combatants.
References
External links
Military use of non-lethal foam (at 20 seconds on video)
Bombs of Israel
Foams
Tunnel warfare |
Sonnet 66 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It's a member of the Fair Youth sequence, in which the poet expresses his love towards a young man.
Synopsis
Sonnet 66 is a world-weary, desperate list of grievances of the state of the poet's society. The speaker criticizes three things: general unfairness of life, societal immorality, and oppressive government. Lines 2 and 3 illustrate the economic unfairness caused by one's station or nobility:
As, to behold desert a beggar born,
And needy nothing trimm'd in jollity, (66.2-3)
Lines 4-7 portray disgraced trust and loyalty, unfairly given authority, as by an unworthy king "gilded honour shamefully misplaced", and female innocence corrupted "Maiden virtue rudely strumpeted".
Lines 8, 10, and 12, as in lines 2 and 3, characterize reversals of what one deserves, and what one actually receives in life.
As opposed to most of his sonnets, which have a "turn" in mood or thought at line 9, (the beginning of the third quatrain (See: Sonnets 29, 18) the mood of Sonnet 66 does not change until the last line, when the speaker declares that the only thing keeping him alive is his lover. This stresses the fact that his lover is helping him merely survive, whereas sonnets 29 and 30 are much more positive and have 6 lines in which they affirm that the lover is the fulfillment of the poet's life.
Structure
Sonnet 66 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form, ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, and is composed in iambic pentameter, a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. The tenth line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter:
× / × / × / × / × /
And folly doctor-like controlling skill, (66.10)
/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.
This line and its rhyme-mate, line 12, happen to have a fully stressed syllable for each ictus; all the other regular lines have one unstressed syllable taking the ictus (for example the final syllables of line four's "unhappily" and line eight's four-syllable "disabled"). These highly-patterned lines are bookended by four lines — two at the beginning and two at the end — with an initial reversal, as in line one:
/ × × / × / × / × /
Tired with all these, for restful death I cry, (66.1)
Interpretations and adaptations
Dmitri Shostakovich set Boris Pasternak's Russian translation of this sonnet to music as part of his 1942 song cycle Six Romances on Verses by English Poets (Op. 62). Because Pasternak's translation is also in iambic pentameter, the piece can be, and sometimes is, performed with Shakespeare's original words instead (for example, by Gerald Finley on his 2014 album of Shostakovich songs for Ondine). The critic Ian MacDonald suggested that Shostakovich may have used this sonnet, with its reference to "art made tongue-tied by authority," as an oblique commentary on his own oppression by the Soviet state; however, the scholar Elizabeth Wilson pointed out that Pasternak's translation "somewhat watered down" the original's meaning, with his version of that line translating as "And remember that thoughts will close up the mouth."
Sonnet 66 has historically been much more popular in Europe than in the English-speaking world, particularly in German and Czech translation.
Alan Bates performed this sonnet for the 2002 compilation album, When Love Speaks (EMI Classics).
Notes
References
External links
Analysis of the sonnet
British poems
Sonnets by William Shakespeare |
James Simon (29 September 1880 – 12/14 October 1944) was a German composer, pianist and musicologist.
Timeline
Born on 29 September 1880 in Berlin
Married on 1 May 1907 to Anna Levy in Berlin
Birth of his son, Jörn Martin Simon on 14 September 1910 in Berlin
Birth of his son, Ulrich Ernst Simon on 21 September 1913 in Berlin
Emigration: 1 April 1933, via Zürich to Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Death of his son, Jörn in 1937 in Russia during the purge of the Moscow Trials
Deported from Westerbork 5 April 1944 to Theresienstadt, ghetto
Transferred 12 October 1944, to Auschwitz, extermination camp
Death: 14 October 1944, Auschwitz, extermination camp - officially declared dead, age 64
Biography
James Simon was born into a Jewish family in Berlin and murdered in Auschwitz in 1944 following his internment at Theresienstadt. He studied at the Musikhochschule in Berlin piano (Conrad Ansorge) and composition (Max Bruch). In 1934 he was forced to leave Germany to Zurich, later Amsterdam where he was arrested and deported to Theresienstadt. From there, on 12 October 1944, James Simon boarded the transport to Auschwitz and was murdered in a gas chamber shortly after his arrival. He was last seen sitting on his suitcase composing music.
His older son, Jörn Martin Simon, died in the purge of the Moscow Trials in 1937. The younger son, Ulrich Ernst Simon, survived, escaping to London, where as a young man he converted to Christianity, became a noted Anglican writer and theologian, and was a member of the council of King's College, London.
Published works
While some of Simon's piano pieces, songs and his opera Frau im Stein (1918) (based on Rolf Lauckner’s work) were published, many of his compositions remain unperformed. He is called the "Lost Composer".
His Lamento für Cello und piano (in jemenitischer Weise), Meinem Lieber Martin! (17/18. XII. 1938) was premiered in Prague by Czech cellist František Brikcius as part of the "Weinberger Tour" on 23 April 2007 at the Spanish Synagogue.
A cantata, Ein Pilgermorgen (A Pilgrim’s Morning, 1929-30) for soprano, tenor, baritone, chorus and orchestra to a text by Rilke, survives in manuscript.
See also
Karel Berman
Ladislav Grünbaum Grinsky
Pavel Haas
Gideon Klein
Paul Kling
Hans Krása
Egon Ledeč
Rafael Schächter
Zikmund Schul
Viktor Ullmann
References
External links
Biography with photo at World ORT's Music and the Holocaust
One of James Simon's home addresses in Amsterdam
Guide to the James Simon Collection at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.
Family Tree for James Simon on Geni.com
Biography and Recordings of James Simon's Compositions for Cello: https://www.mollyjonescello.com/recital-1.html
1880 births
1944 deaths
20th-century pianists
20th-century German musicians
20th-century German male musicians
20th-century German musicologists
German opera composers
German pianists
German male pianists
German male classical composers
German Jews who died in the Holocaust
German civilians killed in World War II
German people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
Jewish composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Berlin
Musicologists from Berlin
People associated with King's College London |
Passolanciano-Maielletta is a ski area of italy, located in the Apennine Mountains, on the north-eastern slope of the Maiella massif, inside of the Maiella National Park, in the territory of the municipalities of Pretoro, Rapino and Pennapiedimonte (in province of Chieti) and Roccamorice (province of Pescara) in Abruzzo, Italy. Born in the mid-nineties, it consists of two different ski resorts that are neighboring, but not directly connected to each other in terms of skiing: that of Passo Lanciano and that of the Maielletta located along the road that first climbs up to the Bruno Pomilio refuge and then up to Blockhaus, with a catchment area aimed mainly at the lower Abruzzo with the provinces of Pescara and Chieti.
Description
It is one of the three ski poles of the Maiella together with Campo di Giove and Passo San Leonardo, the largest and most important of the three, reachable from the north from Scafa-Lettomanoppello, from the east from Pretoro, from the west from Roccamorice. The upper part of the district also falls within the Piana Grande della Maielletta nature reserve, while to the west of the Blockhaus it borders on the Valle dell'Orfento nature reserve.
Passolanciano
Surrounded by woods of beech from 1100 m up to approximately 1550 m in altitude, it has several ski lifts with chairlifts and skilift that reach 1600 m of altitude and serve several ski slopes of different difficulty.
Maielletta
From the Maielletta slopes, starting from 1600 m up to 2000 m of altitude, it is instead possible to see on clear days, in addition to the highest peaks of the massif, the Gran Sasso to the north, the Velino-Sirente to the north-west, in the distance to the east also the view of the Adriatic Sea (the only ski resort in the Abruzzo Apennines, together with Prati di Tivo, where you can ski with a sea view in the distance), with the whole underlying hilly and flat part and the related centers of Pescara and Chieti, 1500 M|2000 m further downstream. Ski mountaineering and hiking in summer on the paths towards the peaks of the Maiella.
Block house
The top part of the area, located at the end of a long and demanding climb with a small ridge plateau at high altitude, is known as Cima Blockhaus 2143 m, whose road access has been forbidden to the transit of vehicles since 2010 starting from an altitude of 1980 m just beyond the Bruno Pomilio refuge, with the summit (where there is the Blockhaus plateau and the statue of the Madonnina) reachable only on foot or by bicycle.
It represents an ancient surface of erosion formed when the relief had a modest height, and was found in sub-tropical environmental conditions. The original coral island, which emerged from the sea, was subjected to physical and chemical degradation phenomena, which could make the surface thinner. The process continued over the millennia, leveling the island and the roughness, while the biogenic activity of the organisms that manufactured calcium carbonate continued in the submerged edges. The elevation caused the mountain to arch, keeping these internal surfaces in a sub-level position; glacial erosion then formed valleys which reduced these areas, isolating the central part. It therefore had the shape of a triangular acrocorus, since the surface was not eroded with the glacial activity, as in other cases of the Majella, transformed into crests.
Ski areas
The area consists of 4 ski areas:
Pretoro
Rapino
Pennapiedimonte
Roccamorice
Accessibility
The district is easily reachable from Pretoro via the Maielletta state road 614, Scafa (motorway exit of the A25 Torano-Pescara) and Roccamorice.
References
Ski areas and resorts in Italy
External links
Official Majelletta/Passo Lanciano Skipass Site (Italian) |
Acleris busckana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Maine, Manitoba, Massachusetts, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec and West Virginia.
The wingspan is 20–22 mm for males and about 20 mm for females. The female forewings are light violet-grey, shaded with deeper purple-grey. There is a small black-brown patch at the base of the wing, shaded with light brown scaling, just beyond this is a smaller dark patch with brownish scaling and a dark scale-tuft. This patch is enclosed in a broad oblique band of the violet-grey ground colour,
defined outwardly in the costal half and on the inner margin by a row of blackish dots. The terminal area of the wing is violet-grey with a few scattered black dots. Males have paler forewings, with the basal patch and costal triangle less obvious. The hindwings are very pale smoky, but somewhat darker apically. Adults have been recorded on wing from March to November.
The larvae feed on Spiraea species (including Spiraea alba).
References
Moths described in 1934
busckana
Moths of North America |
Phocoena is a genus of porpoises with four extant species:
References
External links
Phocoena in Mammal Species of the World
Cetacean genera
Porpoises
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier |
Charles Lundh (1856–1908) was a Norwegian painter who is remembered for joining the Skagen Painters who had created an artists' colony at Skagen in the north of Jutland, Denmark towards the end of the 19th century. Lundh spent the summers of 1883 and 1889 in Skagen. During his first visit, he lived together with Christian Krohg and the Swedish painters Johan Krouthén and Oscar Björck in the house on Markvej which Michael Ancher and his wife Anna bought in 1884. Lundh became Helga Ancher's godfather at her Christening in October 1883.
In 1883, Lundh travelled to Persia, where he remained until his return to Skagen in 1888. There are, however, no records of his paintings from 1888. After his second stay in Skagen, he abandoned painting and turned to forestry.
References
External links
1856 births
1908 deaths
19th-century Norwegian painters
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
Skagen Painters
19th-century Norwegian male artists
20th-century Norwegian male artists |
```c++
#include <DataTypes/DataTypeString.h>
#include <DataTypes/DataTypeNullable.h>
#include <Interpreters/Context.h>
#include <Interpreters/InterpreterInsertQuery.h>
#include <Interpreters/InterpreterSelectQuery.h>
#include <Parsers/ASTCreateQuery.h>
#include <Parsers/ASTExpressionList.h>
#include <Parsers/ASTInsertQuery.h>
#include <Processors/Executors/CompletedPipelineExecutor.h>
#include <Processors/Executors/PushingPipelineExecutor.h>
#include <Processors/Transforms/ExpressionTransform.h>
#include <Processors/QueryPlan/ReadFromPreparedSource.h>
#include <Processors/QueryPlan/QueryPlan.h>
#include <Storages/NATS/NATSSource.h>
#include <Storages/NATS/StorageNATS.h>
#include <Storages/NATS/NATSProducer.h>
#include <Storages/MessageQueueSink.h>
#include <Storages/StorageFactory.h>
#include <Storages/StorageMaterializedView.h>
#include <Storages/NamedCollectionsHelpers.h>
#include <QueryPipeline/Pipe.h>
#include <boost/algorithm/string/split.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
#include <Common/Exception.h>
#include <Common/Macros.h>
#include <Common/logger_useful.h>
#include <Common/setThreadName.h>
#include <openssl/ssl.h>
namespace DB
{
static const uint32_t QUEUE_SIZE = 100000;
static const auto RESCHEDULE_MS = 500;
static const auto MAX_THREAD_WORK_DURATION_MS = 60000;
namespace ErrorCodes
{
extern const int LOGICAL_ERROR;
extern const int BAD_ARGUMENTS;
extern const int NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH;
extern const int CANNOT_CONNECT_NATS;
extern const int QUERY_NOT_ALLOWED;
}
StorageNATS::StorageNATS(
const StorageID & table_id_,
ContextPtr context_,
const ColumnsDescription & columns_,
const String & comment,
std::unique_ptr<NATSSettings> nats_settings_,
LoadingStrictnessLevel mode)
: IStorage(table_id_)
, WithContext(context_->getGlobalContext())
, nats_settings(std::move(nats_settings_))
, subjects(parseList(getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_subjects), ','))
, format_name(getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_format))
, schema_name(getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_schema))
, num_consumers(nats_settings->nats_num_consumers.value)
, max_rows_per_message(nats_settings->nats_max_rows_per_message)
, log(getLogger("StorageNATS (" + table_id_.table_name + ")"))
, semaphore(0, static_cast<int>(num_consumers))
, queue_size(std::max(QUEUE_SIZE, static_cast<uint32_t>(getMaxBlockSize())))
, throw_on_startup_failure(mode <= LoadingStrictnessLevel::CREATE)
{
auto nats_username = getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_username);
auto nats_password = getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_password);
auto nats_token = getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_token);
auto nats_credential_file = getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_credential_file);
configuration =
{
.url = getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_url),
.servers = parseList(getContext()->getMacros()->expand(nats_settings->nats_server_list), ','),
.username = nats_username.empty() ? getContext()->getConfigRef().getString("nats.user", "") : nats_username,
.password = nats_password.empty() ? getContext()->getConfigRef().getString("nats.password", "") : nats_password,
.token = nats_token.empty() ? getContext()->getConfigRef().getString("nats.token", "") : nats_token,
.credential_file = nats_credential_file.empty() ? getContext()->getConfigRef().getString("nats.credential_file", "") : nats_credential_file,
.max_reconnect = static_cast<int>(nats_settings->nats_max_reconnect.value),
.reconnect_wait = static_cast<int>(nats_settings->nats_reconnect_wait.value),
.secure = nats_settings->nats_secure.value
};
if (configuration.secure)
SSL_library_init();
StorageInMemoryMetadata storage_metadata;
storage_metadata.setColumns(columns_);
storage_metadata.setComment(comment);
setInMemoryMetadata(storage_metadata);
setVirtuals(createVirtuals(nats_settings->nats_handle_error_mode));
nats_context = addSettings(getContext());
nats_context->makeQueryContext();
try
{
size_t num_tries = nats_settings->nats_startup_connect_tries;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_tries; ++i)
{
connection = std::make_shared<NATSConnectionManager>(configuration, log);
if (connection->connect())
break;
if (i == num_tries - 1)
{
throw Exception(
ErrorCodes::CANNOT_CONNECT_NATS,
"Cannot connect to {}. Nats last error: {}",
connection->connectionInfoForLog(), nats_GetLastError(nullptr));
}
LOG_DEBUG(log, "Connect attempt #{} failed, error: {}. Reconnecting...", i + 1, nats_GetLastError(nullptr));
}
}
catch (...)
{
tryLogCurrentException(log);
if (throw_on_startup_failure)
throw;
}
/// One looping task for all consumers as they share the same connection == the same handler == the same event loop
looping_task = getContext()->getMessageBrokerSchedulePool().createTask("NATSLoopingTask", [this] { loopingFunc(); });
looping_task->deactivate();
streaming_task = getContext()->getMessageBrokerSchedulePool().createTask("NATSStreamingTask", [this] { streamingToViewsFunc(); });
streaming_task->deactivate();
connection_task = getContext()->getMessageBrokerSchedulePool().createTask("NATSConnectionManagerTask", [this] { connectionFunc(); });
connection_task->deactivate();
}
VirtualColumnsDescription StorageNATS::createVirtuals(StreamingHandleErrorMode handle_error_mode)
{
VirtualColumnsDescription desc;
desc.addEphemeral("_subject", std::make_shared<DataTypeString>(), "");
if (handle_error_mode == StreamingHandleErrorMode::STREAM)
{
desc.addEphemeral("_raw_message", std::make_shared<DataTypeNullable>(std::make_shared<DataTypeString>()), "");
desc.addEphemeral("_error", std::make_shared<DataTypeNullable>(std::make_shared<DataTypeString>()), "");
}
return desc;
}
Names StorageNATS::parseList(const String & list, char delim)
{
Names result;
if (list.empty())
return result;
boost::split(result, list, [delim](char c) { return c == delim; });
for (String & key : result)
boost::trim(key);
return result;
}
String StorageNATS::getTableBasedName(String name, const StorageID & table_id)
{
if (name.empty())
return fmt::format("{}_{}", table_id.database_name, table_id.table_name);
else
return fmt::format("{}_{}_{}", name, table_id.database_name, table_id.table_name);
}
ContextMutablePtr StorageNATS::addSettings(ContextPtr local_context) const
{
auto modified_context = Context::createCopy(local_context);
modified_context->setSetting("input_format_skip_unknown_fields", true);
modified_context->setSetting("input_format_allow_errors_ratio", 0.);
if (nats_settings->nats_handle_error_mode == StreamingHandleErrorMode::DEFAULT)
modified_context->setSetting("input_format_allow_errors_num", nats_settings->nats_skip_broken_messages.value);
else
modified_context->setSetting("input_format_allow_errors_num", Field{0});
/// Since we are reusing the same context for all queries executed simultaneously, we don't want to used shared `analyze_count`
modified_context->setSetting("max_analyze_depth", Field{0});
if (!schema_name.empty())
modified_context->setSetting("format_schema", schema_name);
for (const auto & setting : *nats_settings)
{
const auto & setting_name = setting.getName();
/// check for non-nats-related settings
if (!setting_name.starts_with("nats_"))
modified_context->setSetting(setting_name, setting.getValue());
}
return modified_context;
}
void StorageNATS::loopingFunc()
{
connection->getHandler().startLoop();
looping_task->activateAndSchedule();
}
void StorageNATS::stopLoop()
{
connection->getHandler().updateLoopState(Loop::STOP);
}
void StorageNATS::stopLoopIfNoReaders()
{
/// Stop the loop if no select was started.
/// There can be a case that selects are finished
/// but not all sources decremented the counter, then
/// it is ok that the loop is not stopped, because
/// there is a background task (streaming_task), which
/// also checks whether there is an idle loop.
std::lock_guard lock(loop_mutex);
if (readers_count)
return;
connection->getHandler().updateLoopState(Loop::STOP);
}
void StorageNATS::startLoop()
{
connection->getHandler().updateLoopState(Loop::RUN);
looping_task->activateAndSchedule();
}
void StorageNATS::incrementReader()
{
++readers_count;
}
void StorageNATS::decrementReader()
{
--readers_count;
}
void StorageNATS::connectionFunc()
{
if (consumers_ready)
return;
bool needs_rescheduling = true;
if (connection->reconnect())
needs_rescheduling &= !initBuffers();
if (needs_rescheduling)
connection_task->scheduleAfter(RESCHEDULE_MS);
}
bool StorageNATS::initBuffers()
{
size_t num_initialized = 0;
for (auto & consumer : consumers)
{
try
{
consumer->subscribe();
++num_initialized;
}
catch (...)
{
tryLogCurrentException(log);
break;
}
}
startLoop();
const bool are_consumers_initialized = num_initialized == num_created_consumers;
if (are_consumers_initialized)
consumers_ready.store(true);
return are_consumers_initialized;
}
/* Need to deactivate this way because otherwise might get a deadlock when first deactivate streaming task in shutdown and then
* inside streaming task try to deactivate any other task
*/
void StorageNATS::deactivateTask(BackgroundSchedulePool::TaskHolder & task, bool stop_loop)
{
if (stop_loop)
stopLoop();
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(task_mutex, std::defer_lock);
lock.lock();
task->deactivate();
}
size_t StorageNATS::getMaxBlockSize() const
{
return nats_settings->nats_max_block_size.changed ? nats_settings->nats_max_block_size.value
: (getContext()->getSettingsRef().max_insert_block_size.value / num_consumers);
}
void StorageNATS::read(
QueryPlan & query_plan,
const Names & column_names,
const StorageSnapshotPtr & storage_snapshot,
SelectQueryInfo & query_info,
ContextPtr local_context,
QueryProcessingStage::Enum /* processed_stage */,
size_t /* max_block_size */,
size_t /* num_streams */)
{
if (!consumers_ready)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::CANNOT_CONNECT_NATS, "NATS consumers setup not finished. Connection might be lost");
if (num_created_consumers == 0)
return;
if (!local_context->getSettingsRef().stream_like_engine_allow_direct_select)
throw Exception(
ErrorCodes::QUERY_NOT_ALLOWED, "Direct select is not allowed. To enable use setting `stream_like_engine_allow_direct_select`");
if (mv_attached)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::QUERY_NOT_ALLOWED, "Cannot read from StorageNATS with attached materialized views");
std::lock_guard lock(loop_mutex);
auto sample_block = storage_snapshot->getSampleBlockForColumns(column_names);
auto modified_context = addSettings(local_context);
if (!connection->isConnected())
{
if (!connection->reconnect())
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::CANNOT_CONNECT_NATS, "No connection to {}", connection->connectionInfoForLog());
}
Pipes pipes;
pipes.reserve(num_created_consumers);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_created_consumers; ++i)
{
auto nats_source = std::make_shared<NATSSource>(*this, storage_snapshot, modified_context, column_names, 1, nats_settings->nats_handle_error_mode);
auto converting_dag = ActionsDAG::makeConvertingActions(
nats_source->getPort().getHeader().getColumnsWithTypeAndName(),
sample_block.getColumnsWithTypeAndName(),
ActionsDAG::MatchColumnsMode::Name);
auto converting = std::make_shared<ExpressionActions>(std::move(converting_dag));
auto converting_transform = std::make_shared<ExpressionTransform>(nats_source->getPort().getHeader(), std::move(converting));
pipes.emplace_back(std::move(nats_source));
pipes.back().addTransform(std::move(converting_transform));
}
if (!connection->getHandler().loopRunning() && connection->isConnected())
startLoop();
LOG_DEBUG(log, "Starting reading {} streams", pipes.size());
auto pipe = Pipe::unitePipes(std::move(pipes));
if (pipe.empty())
{
auto header = storage_snapshot->getSampleBlockForColumns(column_names);
InterpreterSelectQuery::addEmptySourceToQueryPlan(query_plan, header, query_info);
}
else
{
auto read_step = std::make_unique<ReadFromStorageStep>(std::move(pipe), getName(), local_context, query_info);
query_plan.addStep(std::move(read_step));
query_plan.addInterpreterContext(modified_context);
}
}
SinkToStoragePtr StorageNATS::write(const ASTPtr &, const StorageMetadataPtr & metadata_snapshot, ContextPtr local_context, bool /*async_insert*/)
{
auto modified_context = addSettings(local_context);
std::string subject = modified_context->getSettingsRef().stream_like_engine_insert_queue.changed
? modified_context->getSettingsRef().stream_like_engine_insert_queue.value
: "";
if (subject.empty())
{
if (subjects.size() > 1)
{
throw Exception(
ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH,
"This NATS engine reads from multiple subjects. "
"You must specify `stream_like_engine_insert_queue` to choose the subject to write to");
}
else
{
subject = subjects[0];
}
}
auto pos = subject.find('*');
if (pos != std::string::npos || subject.back() == '>')
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS, "Can not publish to wildcard subject");
if (!isSubjectInSubscriptions(subject))
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS, "Selected subject is not among engine subjects");
auto producer = std::make_unique<NATSProducer>(configuration, subject, shutdown_called, log);
size_t max_rows = max_rows_per_message;
/// Need for backward compatibility.
if (format_name == "Avro" && local_context->getSettingsRef().output_format_avro_rows_in_file.changed)
max_rows = local_context->getSettingsRef().output_format_avro_rows_in_file.value;
return std::make_shared<MessageQueueSink>(
metadata_snapshot->getSampleBlockNonMaterialized(), getFormatName(), max_rows, std::move(producer), getName(), modified_context);}
void StorageNATS::startup()
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_consumers; ++i)
{
try
{
auto consumer = createConsumer();
pushConsumer(std::move(consumer));
++num_created_consumers;
}
catch (...)
{
if (throw_on_startup_failure)
throw;
tryLogCurrentException(log);
}
}
if (!connection->isConnected() || !initBuffers())
connection_task->activateAndSchedule();
}
void StorageNATS::shutdown(bool /* is_drop */)
{
shutdown_called = true;
/// In case it has not yet been able to setup connection;
deactivateTask(connection_task, false);
/// The order of deactivating tasks is important: wait for streamingToViews() func to finish and
/// then wait for background event loop to finish.
deactivateTask(streaming_task, false);
deactivateTask(looping_task, true);
/// Just a paranoid try catch, it is not actually needed.
try
{
if (drop_table)
{
for (auto & consumer : consumers)
consumer->unsubscribe();
}
connection->disconnect();
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_created_consumers; ++i)
popConsumer();
}
catch (...)
{
tryLogCurrentException(log);
}
}
void StorageNATS::pushConsumer(NATSConsumerPtr consumer)
{
std::lock_guard lock(consumers_mutex);
consumers.push_back(consumer);
semaphore.set();
}
NATSConsumerPtr StorageNATS::popConsumer()
{
return popConsumer(std::chrono::milliseconds::zero());
}
NATSConsumerPtr StorageNATS::popConsumer(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout)
{
// Wait for the first free consumer
if (timeout == std::chrono::milliseconds::zero())
semaphore.wait();
else
{
if (!semaphore.tryWait(timeout.count()))
return nullptr;
}
// Take the first available consumer from the list
std::lock_guard lock(consumers_mutex);
auto consumer = consumers.back();
consumers.pop_back();
return consumer;
}
NATSConsumerPtr StorageNATS::createConsumer()
{
return std::make_shared<NATSConsumer>(
connection, *this, subjects,
nats_settings->nats_queue_group.changed ? nats_settings->nats_queue_group.value : getStorageID().getFullTableName(),
log, queue_size, shutdown_called);
}
bool StorageNATS::isSubjectInSubscriptions(const std::string & subject)
{
auto subject_levels = parseList(subject, '.');
for (const auto & nats_subject : subjects)
{
auto nats_subject_levels = parseList(nats_subject, '.');
size_t levels_to_check = 0;
if (!nats_subject_levels.empty() && nats_subject_levels.back() == ">")
levels_to_check = nats_subject_levels.size() - 1;
if (levels_to_check)
{
if (subject_levels.size() < levels_to_check)
continue;
}
else
{
if (subject_levels.size() != nats_subject_levels.size())
continue;
levels_to_check = nats_subject_levels.size();
}
bool is_same = true;
for (size_t i = 0; i < levels_to_check; ++i)
{
if (nats_subject_levels[i] == "*")
continue;
if (subject_levels[i] != nats_subject_levels[i])
{
is_same = false;
break;
}
}
if (is_same)
return true;
}
return false;
}
bool StorageNATS::checkDependencies(const StorageID & table_id)
{
// Check if all dependencies are attached
auto view_ids = DatabaseCatalog::instance().getDependentViews(table_id);
if (view_ids.empty())
return true;
// Check the dependencies are ready?
for (const auto & view_id : view_ids)
{
auto view = DatabaseCatalog::instance().tryGetTable(view_id, getContext());
if (!view)
return false;
// If it materialized view, check it's target table
auto * materialized_view = dynamic_cast<StorageMaterializedView *>(view.get());
if (materialized_view && !materialized_view->tryGetTargetTable())
return false;
// Check all its dependencies
if (!checkDependencies(view_id))
return false;
}
return true;
}
void StorageNATS::streamingToViewsFunc()
{
bool do_reschedule = true;
try
{
auto table_id = getStorageID();
// Check if at least one direct dependency is attached
size_t num_views = DatabaseCatalog::instance().getDependentViews(table_id).size();
bool nats_connected = connection->isConnected() || connection->reconnect();
if (num_views && nats_connected)
{
auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
mv_attached.store(true);
// Keep streaming as long as there are attached views and streaming is not cancelled
while (!shutdown_called && num_created_consumers > 0)
{
if (!checkDependencies(table_id))
break;
LOG_DEBUG(log, "Started streaming to {} attached views", num_views);
if (streamToViews())
{
/// Reschedule with backoff.
do_reschedule = false;
break;
}
auto end_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
auto duration = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end_time - start_time);
if (duration.count() > MAX_THREAD_WORK_DURATION_MS)
{
LOG_TRACE(log, "Reschedule streaming. Thread work duration limit exceeded.");
break;
}
}
}
}
catch (...)
{
tryLogCurrentException(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
}
mv_attached.store(false);
if (!shutdown_called && do_reschedule)
streaming_task->scheduleAfter(RESCHEDULE_MS);
}
bool StorageNATS::streamToViews()
{
auto table_id = getStorageID();
auto table = DatabaseCatalog::instance().getTable(table_id, getContext());
if (!table)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::LOGICAL_ERROR, "Engine table {} doesn't exist.", table_id.getNameForLogs());
// Create an INSERT query for streaming data
auto insert = std::make_shared<ASTInsertQuery>();
insert->table_id = table_id;
// Only insert into dependent views and expect that input blocks contain virtual columns
InterpreterInsertQuery interpreter(
insert,
nats_context,
/* allow_materialized */ false,
/* no_squash */ true,
/* no_destination */ true,
/* async_isnert */ false);
auto block_io = interpreter.execute();
auto storage_snapshot = getStorageSnapshot(getInMemoryMetadataPtr(), getContext());
auto column_names = block_io.pipeline.getHeader().getNames();
auto sample_block = storage_snapshot->getSampleBlockForColumns(column_names);
auto block_size = getMaxBlockSize();
// Create a stream for each consumer and join them in a union stream
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<NATSSource>> sources;
Pipes pipes;
sources.reserve(num_created_consumers);
pipes.reserve(num_created_consumers);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_created_consumers; ++i)
{
LOG_DEBUG(log, "Current queue size: {}", consumers[0]->queueSize());
auto source = std::make_shared<NATSSource>(*this, storage_snapshot, nats_context, column_names, block_size, nats_settings->nats_handle_error_mode);
sources.emplace_back(source);
pipes.emplace_back(source);
Poco::Timespan max_execution_time = nats_settings->nats_flush_interval_ms.changed
? nats_settings->nats_flush_interval_ms
: getContext()->getSettingsRef().stream_flush_interval_ms;
source->setTimeLimit(max_execution_time);
}
block_io.pipeline.complete(Pipe::unitePipes(std::move(pipes)));
if (!connection->getHandler().loopRunning())
startLoop();
{
CompletedPipelineExecutor executor(block_io.pipeline);
executor.execute();
}
size_t queue_empty = 0;
if (!connection->isConnected())
{
if (shutdown_called)
return true;
if (connection->reconnect())
{
LOG_DEBUG(log, "Connection restored");
}
else
{
LOG_TRACE(log, "Reschedule streaming. Unable to restore connection.");
return true;
}
}
else
{
for (auto & source : sources)
{
if (source->queueEmpty())
++queue_empty;
connection->getHandler().iterateLoop();
}
}
if (queue_empty == num_created_consumers)
{
LOG_TRACE(log, "Reschedule streaming. Queues are empty.");
return true;
}
else
{
startLoop();
}
/// Do not reschedule, do not stop event loop.
return false;
}
void registerStorageNATS(StorageFactory & factory)
{
auto creator_fn = [](const StorageFactory::Arguments & args)
{
auto nats_settings = std::make_unique<NATSSettings>();
if (auto named_collection = tryGetNamedCollectionWithOverrides(args.engine_args, args.getLocalContext()))
{
for (const auto & setting : nats_settings->all())
{
const auto & setting_name = setting.getName();
if (named_collection->has(setting_name))
nats_settings->set(setting_name, named_collection->get<String>(setting_name));
}
}
else if (!args.storage_def->settings)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS, "NATS engine must have settings");
nats_settings->loadFromQuery(*args.storage_def);
if (!nats_settings->nats_url.changed && !nats_settings->nats_server_list.changed)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH, "You must specify either `nats_url` or `nats_server_list` settings");
if (!nats_settings->nats_format.changed)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH, "You must specify `nats_format` setting");
if (!nats_settings->nats_subjects.changed)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH, "You must specify `nats_subjects` setting");
return std::make_shared<StorageNATS>(args.table_id, args.getContext(), args.columns, args.comment, std::move(nats_settings), args.mode);
};
factory.registerStorage("NATS", creator_fn, StorageFactory::StorageFeatures{ .supports_settings = true, });
}
}
``` |
The songs on Sings the Best of Jimmy Webb 1967–1992 are single and album tracks recorded by Glen Campbell between 1967 and 1992, all written, as the title indicates, by Jimmy Webb.
Track listing
"Galveston" - 2:40
"Wichita Lineman" - 3:06
"By the Time I Get to Phoenix" - 2:43
"Just Another Piece of Paper" - 2:10
"Where's the Playground Susie" - 2:56
"Didn't We" - 3:46
"Honey Come Back" - 2:58
"Just This One Time" - 3:46
"You Might as Well Smile" - 3:35
"The Moon's a Harsh Mistress" - 3:07
"Wishing Now" - 3:16
"Ocean in His Eyes" - 3:27
"It's a Sin When You Love Somebody" - 2:24
"I Keep It Hid" - 3:27
"Adoration" - 3:16
"Highwayman" - 3:02
"This Is Sarah's Song" - 2:35
"I Was Too Busy Loving You" - 3:08
"Still Within the Sound of My Voice" - 4:08
"For Sure, For Certain, For Always" - 3:16
"Lightning in a Bottle" - 4:04
"If These Walls Could Speak" - 2:58
"Light Years" - 3:47
"Only One Life" - 4:05
Production
All songs written by Jimmy Webb
Compiled by Peter Shillito, Kevin Mueller, Glenn A. Baker
Annotated by Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Mastered by Warren Barnett, The Raven Lab
Design and Layout by Louise Cook/Louiville Graphics
Photographs by Glenn A. Baker/original albums
References
2006 compilation albums
Glen Campbell compilation albums |
Rebecca L. Binder is an American architect, designer, and educator. She established R. L. Binder FAIA Architects, LLP, in 1979, in Playa del Rey, California. In 1990, Binder was named a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. Her work has received significant recognition, including local, state
and national awards. In 2001, the American Institute of Architects California Chapter presented Binder with the California "Firm of the Year" award.
Education
Binder received her Bachelor of Arts in English literature from the University of Pennsylvania and continued her studies at the University of Exeter, England. In 1975 she received her Masters of Architecture degree from University of California, Los Angeles.
Teaching
Binder was a professor at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc) from 1978-1988, teaching Architectural Design and Theory.
Significant buildings
Pacific Townhouses, Santa Monica, California (1982).
Satellite Food Facility, UCI, Irvine, California, United States (1989).
Information Computer Sciences / Engineering Research Facility – Phase 3, UCI, Irvine, California, United States (1991).
Visual Arts Facility, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States (1993).
University Dining Complex, Cal-Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States (1994).
Ackerman Student Union Building, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States (1997).
Cast Services Center, Disneyland, Anaheim, California, United States (1999).
Palms Area Child Care Center, Dept. of Rec. and Parks, West Los Angeles, California, United States (2002).
Admin. Building, Science Lab Building, Classroom Building, Theatre, Library, Gymnasium Building and Central Plant, Kennedy Senior High School, Granada Hills, California, United States (2002).
Extended Day Care Center, UCI, Irvine, California, United States (2002).
New Clinic Building, Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, California, United States (2003).
Orthopaedic Hospital Medical Magnet High School, Los Angeles, California, United States (2003).
North Campus Family Housing, Recreation & Daycare, UCSB, Goleta, California, United States (2003).
University Student Union, CSUN, Northridge, California, United States (2003).
City of Los Angeles, Playa Vista Fire Station No 67, Los Angeles, California (2005).
New Riverside County Banning Justice Center, Banning, California (2015).
Awards
AIA/National Council, Honor Award, 1985.
Pacific Townhouses - Santa Monica, California
AIA/California Council, Honor Award, 1985.
Pacific Townhouses - Santa Monica, California
AIA/Los Angeles Chapter, Honor Award, 1982.
Pacific Townhouses - Santa Monica, California
Restaurant & Hotel Magazine, Design Award of Merit, 1984.
Eats Restaurant - El Segundo, California
Los Angeles American Institute of Architects, Honor Award, 1982.
116 Pacific Condominiums - Santa Monica, CA
California Council, American Institute of Architects, Honor Award, 1985.
Eats Restaurant - Santa Monica, California
California Council, American Institute of Architects, Honor Award, 1985.
116 Pacific Condominiums - Santa Monica, California
National Council, American Institute of Architects, Honor Award, 1985.
116 Pacific Condominiums - Santa Monica, California
Los Angeles American Institute of Architects, Merit Award, 1985.
Eats Restaurant - El Segundo, California
Los Angeles American Institute of Architects, Honor Award, 1986.
Bernstein Residence - Sherman Oaks, California
Concrete Masonry Association of California & Nevada, Honor Award, 1986.
Binder Residence - Playa del Rey, California
Concrete Masonry Association of California & Nevada, Grand Award, 1990.
UC Irvine Satellite Food Facility - Irvine, California
San Diego, American Institute of Architects, Design Award, 1990.
UCSD Visual Arts Facility - San Diego, California
City of Los Angeles, Mayor's Award, 1992.
Northeast Valley Multipurpose Senior Center - Pacoima, California
National Council, American Institute of Architects with National Concrete Masonry Association, Award of Design Excellence, 1994.
UCSD Visual Arts Facility - San Diego, California
CCAIA / Western States Concrete Masonry Association Merit Award, 1994.
UCSD Visual Arts Facility - San Diego, California
American Concrete Institute, Southern California Chapter Award, 1997.
UCLA Ackerman Student Union - Westwood, California
LA Business Journal Awards, Best Design in LA County Award, 1998.
UCLA Ackerman Student Union - Westwood, California
NCMA / American Institute of Architects, National Honor Award, 1998.
Northeast Valley Multipurpose Senior Center - Pacoima, California
CCAIA / CMA Design Award, 2000.
Kennedy Sr. HS Administration Building.
AIACC Firm Award, 2001.
Excellence in Architectural Design Award, Los Angeles Cultural Affairs Commission, 2005.
Fire Station No. 67
Books
Nesmith, Eleanor L. Rebecca L. Binder. Rockport, Mass: Rockport Pub, 1995.
Predock, Antoine. Rebecca L. Binder: Spatial Dynamics. Milan: L'Arca Edizioni, 1999.
Bibliography
Whiteson, Leon. "Campus Moxie." Architecture 82.7 (1993): 86-92.
Nesmith, Lynn. "Church And State." Architecture 80.10 (1991): 34-35.
"Details." Architecture 81.8 (1992): 24.
M. J., C. "High-Tech Shell, Sculpted Spaces." Architecture 74.5 (1985): 294-297.
Light, Amy Gray. "An Ingratiating Entry And A Palette Of Muted Pastels." Architecture 78.(1989): 77. Art Source. Web. 4 Feb. 2016.
"Pacific Condominiums, Santa Monica, California, 1980-82. Architects: Stafford Binder Architects: Rebecca L. Binder And James G. Stafford; Associate: Ronald J. Fiala." GA Houses 13 (1983): 168-173.
“Binder, Rebecca – BWAF Dynamic National Archive.” Accessed October 12, 2021. https://dna.bwaf.org/architect/binder-rebecca.
“IAWA Biographical Database.” Accessed October 12, 2021. https://iawadb.lib.vt.edu/view_all.php?person_pk=10&table=bio.
Nesmith, Eleanor Lynn, and Stanley Tigerman. Rebecca L. Binder. Rockport, Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers, 1995.
References
American women architects
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture alumni
Architects from New Jersey
Living people
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women |
```qmake
# this file and {QtAssistant, QAssistantClient} were copied from the
# Qt 4.6.3 source code, directory "include/QtAssistant". This file
# was modified so that the Q* headers are located in the same
# directory as this file.
SYNCQT.HEADER_FILES = ../../qassistantclient.h ../../qassistantclient_global.h QtAssistant
SYNCQT.HEADER_CLASSES = QAssistantClient
SYNCQT.PRIVATE_HEADER_FILES =
``` |
Vani Vidyalaya high school and junior college is located in Mulund West, Mumbai headed by South Indians Organisation. It is one of the oldest junior college in Mulund area. The classes are taught in English. A highly qualified faculty of teachers are there in the school, science and commerce stream. The institution is equipped with a modern lab and a library. A ground is located just in front of the Institution. Mulund railway station is just from this college. A new structure is currently under construction and is expected to complete over next 1-2 years.
References
External links
Siovani Website
Universities and colleges in Mumbai
Schools in Mumbai |
The Royal Institution of Great Britain (often the Royal Institution, Ri or RI) is an organisation for scientific education and research, based in the City of Westminster. It was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish and its first president, George Finch. Its foundational principles were diffusing the knowledge of, and facilitating the general introduction of useful mechanical inventions and improvements, as well as enhancing the application of science to the common purposes of life (including through teaching, courses of philosophical lectures, and experiments).
Much of the Institution's initial funding and the initial proposal for its founding were given by the Society for Bettering the Conditions and Improving the Comforts of the Poor, under the guidance of philanthropist Sir Thomas Bernard and American-born British scientist Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. Since its founding it has been based at 21 Albemarle Street in Mayfair. Its Royal Charter was granted in 1800.
History
The Royal Institution was founded as the result of a proposal by Sir Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) for the "formation by Subscription, in the Metropolis of the British Empire, of a Public Institution for diffusing the Knowledge and facilitating the general Introduction of useful Mechanical Inventions and Improvements, and for the teaching by courses of Philosophical Lectures and Experiments, the application of Science to the Common Purposes of Life".
Rumford's proposal led to a 7 March 1799 meeting at the house of Joseph Banks, then president of the Royal Society, a similar but much older learned society. A follow-up meeting on 9 March saw the first meeting of the managers of the Institution. In June of that year, the society elected George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea as its first president, and in July it purchased the 21 Albemarle Street, Mayfair building that has served as its home ever since. Renovations began immediately on the building to provide appropriate meeting, office, and laboratory space for the Institution's mission.
The first Professor and Public Lecturer in Experimental Philosophy, Mechanics and Chemistry was Dr Thomas Garnett, whom Rumford poached from the newly founded Andersonian Institute in Glasgow in October 1799.
The steep-sided main lecture hall that has become the building's most publicly visible feature, as the home of its Christmas lectures, was completed in 1800, the same year that the Institution received its Royal Charter from George III. The lecture hall was put to use immediately; the first lecture given in it was by Garnett in March 1800.
Throughout its history, the Institution has supported public engagement with science through a programme of lectures, many of which continue today. The most famous of these are the annual Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, founded by Michael Faraday in 1825.
Despite Garnett's first lectures being a great success, his salary was frozen, he was not allowed to practise as a doctor, and Humphry Davy was appointed as his assistant, so he resigned. Humphry Davy was an even greater success, as was his assistant and successor Michael Faraday. Davy's immediate successor was William Thomas Brande.
Thus the Institution has had an instrumental role in the advancement of science since its founding. Notable scientists who have worked there include Sir Humphry Davy (who discovered sodium and potassium), Michael Faraday, James Dewar, Sir William Henry Bragg and Sir William Lawrence Bragg (winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics for their work on x-ray diffraction), Max Perutz, John Kendrew, Antony Hewish, and George Porter.
In the 19th century, Faraday at the Royal Institution carried out much of the research which laid the groundwork for the practical exploitation of electricity. In total fifteen scientists attached to the Royal Institution have won Nobel Prizes. Ten chemical elements including sodium were discovered there; the electric generator was devised at the Institution, and much of the early work on the atomic structure of crystals was carried out within it.
The Royal Institution was founded during the age of slavery, and one of its major supporters was John Fuller, whose fortune derived from two Jamaican plantations. Fuller contributed more than £10,000 to the institution, including endowing two professorships; Michael Faraday was the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry. In contemporary times, use of the Fullarian title has been discontinued, and the two chairs will no longer be filled.
Nobel laureates
John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1842–1919): Physics 1904 with William Ramsay for the discovery of argon
Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940): Physics 1906 for studies of electrical connection through gases
Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937): Chemistry 1908 for work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and the disintegration of the elements
William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971): Physics 1915 joint with WH Bragg, for determining the molecular structure of crystals using x-rays
William Henry Bragg (1862–1942): Physics 1915 joint with WL Bragg, for determining the molecular structure of crystals using x-rays
Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952): Medicine 1932 shared with Edgar Adrian, for his discovery of the function of neurons
Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968): Medicine 1936 joint with Otto Loewi, for their work on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses
Peter Brian Medawar (1915–1987): Medicine 1960 for his work on making permanent skin grafts
John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997): Chemistry 1962 with Perutz, for determining the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin using X-ray crystallography and (new at the time) electronic computers
Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002): Chemistry 1962 with Kendrew, for determining the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin using X-ray crystallography and (new at the time) electronic computers
Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917–2012): Medicine 1963 for explaining how nerves use electricity to send signals around the body
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994): Chemistry 1964 for determining the structure of important biochemical substances including vitamin B12 and penicillin using X-ray techniques
George Porter (1920–2002): Chemistry 1967 for work on chemical reactions triggered by light, and for photographing the behaviour of molecules during fast reactions
Antony Hewish (1924–2021): Physics 1974 for his work on the discovery of pulsars
Sir John Gurdon (1933–): in 2012, he and Shinya Yamanaka were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells
Chemical elements discovered or isolated
Potassium – Isolated from caustic potash by Humphry Davy in 1807 using electrolysis.
Sodium – Humphry Davy first isolated sodium in 1807 from molten sodium hydroxide.
Barium – Isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts by Humphry Davy in 1808.
Boron – Discovered by Humphry Davy who first used electrolysis to produce a brown precipitate from a solution of borates in 1808. He produced enough of the substance to identify it as an element but pure boron was not produced until 1909.
Calcium – Isolated by Humphry Davy in 1808 from a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide using electrolysis.
Chlorine – Elemental chlorine was discovered in 1774 but was thought to be a compound and was called "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air". Humphry Davy named it chlorine in 1810 after experimenting with it and declared it was an element.
Magnesium – First produced and discovered in 1808 by Humphry Davy using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and mercury oxide.
Strontium – Known in mineral form but isolated as an element in 1808 by Humphry Davy from a mixture of strontium chloride and mercuric acid.
Iodine – Discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811, he lacked the resources to investigate the substance but gave samples to various researchers. It was named by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac who thought it either a compound of oxygen or an element. A few days later Humphry Davy stated it was a new element leading to argument between the two over who identified it first.
Argon – Discovered in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay.
Past presidents
Since 1799, the Royal Institution has had fifteen presidents and one acting president.
1799 – George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea
1813 – George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer
1825 – Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester
1827 – Edward Adolphus Seymour, 11th Duke of Somerset
1842 – Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland
1865 – Sir Henry Holland, 1st Baronet
1873 – Algernon George Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland
1899 – Henry George Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland
1918 – Alan Ian Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland
1930 – Lord Eustace Percy, raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle in 1953
1945 – Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh
1948 – John Theodore Cuthbert Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara
1963 – Alexander Fleck, 1st Baron Fleck
1968 – William Wellclose Davis (acting)
1969 – Harold Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton
1976 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
Past directors
The leadership of the Royal Institution has had various titles:
Director of the Laboratory
Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory
Director
The position was abolished in 2010, with the firing of Susan Greenfield.
The position was restored in April 2017 with the appointment of Sarah Harper, Professor of Gerontology at the University of Oxford. Harper resigned in September 2017.
The present director is Katherine Matheson.
Andrade controversy
In 1952, Edward Andrade was forced to resign following a complicated controversy over the management of the Royal Institution and his powers as director, involving a power struggle with Alexander Rankine who was secretary. Following various resignations and general meetings of members, Andrade was awarded £7,000 by arbitration: the arbitrators blamed the problems on "a lack of clear definition of roles ... an outdated constitution, and the inability of the protagonists to compromise". Andrade launched a lawsuit to set the arbitration aside, which he lost.
Director Greenfield firing
From 1998 to 8 January 2010, the director of the Royal Institution was Baroness Susan Greenfield, but following a review, the position was abolished for being "no longer affordable". The Royal Institution had found itself in a financial crisis following a £22 million development programme led by Greenfield, which included refurbishment of the institution's main Albemarle Street building, and the addition of a restaurant and bar with an aim to turn the venue into a "Groucho club for science". The project ended £3 million in debt.
Greenfield subsequently announced that she would be suing for discrimination.
The RI's official statement stated it would "continue to deliver its main charitable objectives under the direction of chief executive officer, Chris Rofe and a talented senior team including Professor Quentin Pankhurst, the Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory, Dr Gail Cardew, the Head of Programmes and Professor Frank James, Head of Collections and Heritage." Baroness Greenfield later dropped the discrimination case.
Current organisation
Today the Royal Institution is committed to "diffusing science for the common purposes of life". Membership is open to all, with no nomination procedure or academic requirements, on payment of an annual subscription.
The Institution's patrons and trustees include:
Patron: Vacant (most recently Charles while he was the Prince of Wales)
President: The Duke of Kent
Honorary Vice-President: Sir John Ritblat
Chairman: Sir Richard Catlow
Board of Trustees (current): Sophie Forgan, Simon Godwin, Kate Hamilton, Suze Kundu, Renato Lulia, the Baroness Morris of Yardley, Vincent Nobel, Christopher Potter, Angela Seddon, Jack Stilgoe, Harriet Wallace, Allison Wollard
In December 2021, the Institution appointed Katherine Mathieson as Director. In July 2018, the institution announced a new five-year strategy running from October 2018 to September 2023. The strategy, which sets out to double the charity's size, involves "plans for new research, development of a new national science club and open forum public policy debates". One new venture will be a Research Centre for Science and Culture, working with other academic groups, this "will investigate historical and contemporary examples of the relationship between science and culture".
The institution's palatial home has been greatly enlarged and redeveloped since 1799, and is a Grade I listed building. The structure's last refurbishment was a £22 million project completed in 2008, intended to create a "science salon" for the public. As well as the famous Lecture Theatre, the building contains several function rooms, modern research facilities and a public café. The trustees were considering selling the building in an effort to recoup the organisation's debts, which amounted to £7 million. In 2013 The Ri received an anonymous donation of £4.4m and as of January 2016, the Ri is now debt-free.
The institution (which it now abbreviates as 'Ri', though third parties often prefer 'RI') has a substantial public science programme and science for schools programme, holding over one hundred events per year on a wide variety of topics. The Christmas Lectures continue today as a series of three televised lectures aimed at children. The Friday Evening Discourses are monthly lectures given by eminent scientists, each limited to exactly one hour, a tradition started by Faraday. There is an annual members' ballot for tickets to the Christmas Lectures but all other events are open to the public. Discounts or free tickets are available to Ri Patrons and Members. Many other events and lectures are held both at Albemarle Street and at other venues around the country.
Scientific research headed by Professor Quentin Pankhurst continues to be done under the auspices of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory (DFRL), and indeed this is considered to be one of the UK's most notable labs in nano-science.
In May 2015, The Royal Institution was host to the historic unveiling of the Santara Computer, created by Dr Andrew Deonarine.
In November 2015 a new membership scheme was launched and Fellows of the Ri were abolished. The new scheme includes the categories Member, Under 26 and Ri Young Member. Adult Members have voting rights and use of 'MRi' as post-nominal letters. A Patrons' scheme has also been introduced for the first time.
In December 2011 the Royal Institution launched the Ri Channel, a new website displaying science videos and archive content from the Royal Institution, including past Christmas Lectures. The Ri Channel was archived in late 2017 with all Ri videos except past Christmas Lectures being hosted on YouTube. Past Christmas Lectures are hosted on the Ri's website and in early 2018 the Ri began a to upload all past Christmas Lectures that were not already available on its website.
The Royal Institution has become a mixed tenancy office building that hosts conferences, weddings and events in order to pay its bills. In 2015 it sold part of its historic collection of manuscripts to raise funds. Since 2021, the researchers of the London Institute for Mathematical Sciences have been tenants on the second floor. They occupy rooms that were once the private living quarters of Michael Faraday, where they carry out their research in theoretical physics and mathematics.
Faraday Museum
In 1973 the Royal Institution opened the Faraday Museum, a museum dedicated to Michael Faraday. It is in the main building in Albemarle Street and is open to the public during weekday office hours. The highlight of the exhibition is Faraday's original 1850s laboratory (not a reconstruction as often cited). Opposite this lab is the current state-of-the-art nanotechnology lab. Other exhibits include the discoveries, people and activities of the Royal Institution.
See also
British Association for the Advancement of Science
Directors of the Royal Institution
Gresham College
Hakluyt Society
History of science
Learned societies
Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
Royal Institution of Australia
Royal Institution of Cornwall
Royal Institution of South Wales
Liverpool Royal Institution
Royal Manchester Institution
Royal Society
Science Media Centre
Science outreach
References
External links
of the Royal Institution of Great Britain
The Science Media Centre
1799 establishments in Great Britain
Education in London
Organisations based in London with royal patronage
Scientific organizations established in 1799
Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed scientific buildings
Lewis Vulliamy buildings
1799 establishments in England
Science and technology in London |
The following is a list of mayors of Miami-Dade County, Florida.
Mayors
See also
List of mayors of Miami (city)
Government of Miami-Dade County
References
Mayors
Miami-Dade County
Miami-related lists |
Myma Seldon (born 9 August 1979) is a British television and radio presenter and voiceover artist.
Background
Seldon was born Jemima Seldon on 9 August 1979 in Farnborough, London, England. She has a 2:1 English/Philosophy B.A. (Hons) from Leeds University.
Career
Seldon began her career presenting the 7pm–10pm evening show for Liberty Radio, a London-based music and talk station. She then presented Liberty Radio's 11am-3pm weekday show before moving to Invicta FM, Capital Radio's biggest regional station.
After moving to KMFM, she presented the "Drivetime" show on the three western KMFM stations (KMFM Maidstone, KMFM Medway and KMFM West Kent) and was also the Regional Programme Controller (West) for the KMFM group.
On television, Seldon has presented for ITV, CBBC, Eurosport and Challenge. She also presents on World of Motorsport on UK digital satellite stations Sky Sports 1, 2, 3 and Extra.
She appeared in the February 2002 issue of FHM in a feature on the UK's most attractive radio presenters, making the top six. Unbeknownst to her, a friend sent off a photo to the magazine. The first she knew of it was when she got a call saying she had made the top seven.
References
External links
Official web site
DJ page at KMFM
Radiotalent
British television presenters
British radio personalities
British sports broadcasters
1979 births
Living people |
Barbas is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in northeastern France.
See also
Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
References
Communes of Meurthe-et-Moselle |
In anatomy, extension is a movement of a joint that increases the angle between two bones or body surfaces at a joint. Extension usually results in straightening of the bones or body surfaces involved. For example, extension is produced by extending the flexed (bent) elbow. Straightening of the arm would require extension at the elbow joint. If the head is tilted all the way back, the neck is said to be extended.
Extensor muscles
Upper limb
of arm at shoulder
Axilla and shoulder
Latissimus dorsi
Posterior fibres of deltoid
Teres major
of forearm at elbow
Posterior compartment of the arm
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
of hand at wrist
Posterior compartment of the forearm
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
of phalanges, at all joints
Posterior compartment of the forearm
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi (little finger only)
Extensor indicis (index finger only)
of phalanges, at interphalangeal joints
Lumbricals of the hand
Dorsal interossei of the hand
Palmar interossei
of thumb
Extensor pollicis brevis (proximal phalange)
Extensor pollicis longus (distal phalange)
Lower limb
Hip
of thigh/femur at hip
Gluteus maximus
Posterior compartment of thigh
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Knee
of leg at knee (L3-L4)
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris muscle
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Toes
of toes
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
See also
List of flexors of the human body
References
Anatomical terms of motion |
Yasuhiro Une (畝康 弘, Une Yasuhiro) is a paralympic athlete from Japan competing mainly in category T52 sprinting events.
Yasuhiro competed in the 1996 Summer Paralympics where he won gold in the 200m and silver in the 100m.
References
Paralympic athletes for Japan
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Japan
Paralympic silver medalists for Japan
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Japanese male wheelchair racers |
Sondra Schlesinger is an American virologist and professor emeritus at the Washington University School of Medicine.
Early life and education
Schlesinger was born in New Jersey in 1934. She was an undergraduate at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, graduating in 1956 with a degree in chemistry; she remained at the same institution for doctoral work and received her Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1960. She then worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Italy and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Academic career
In 1964, Schlesinger joined the faculty of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (now called the Department of Molecular Microbiology) at the Washington University School of Medicine. She was the first woman faculty member in the department. She remained at the school for the rest of her career, with sabbaticals and visiting positions at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories and at Harvard University. She advanced to full professor in 1977. Schlesinger retired and assumed professor emeritus status in 2001.
Schlesinger's research interests focused on microbial genetics and later on the study of enveloped RNA viruses. With her husband and fellow WUSTL professor Milton Schlesinger, she co-edited a major reference work on togaviruses and flaviviruses.
Schlesinger was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1996 and served in a number of leadership positions for the organization. She was the president of the American Society for Virology from 1992-1993. She has an interest in the history of science and maintains a website with the support of the ASV documenting the history of molecular virology. She has also served as an interviewer and oral historian on the same subjects, publishing long interviews with Herman Eisen and Howard Schachman.
References
American virologists
Washington University School of Medicine faculty
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
1934 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science |
In geometry, the truncated order-3 apeirogonal tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane with a Schläfli symbol of t{∞,3}.
Dual tiling
The dual tiling, the infinite-order triakis triangular tiling, has face configuration V3.∞.∞.
Related polyhedra and tiling
This hyperbolic tiling is topologically related as a part of sequence of uniform truncated polyhedra with vertex configurations (3.2n.2n), and [n,3] Coxeter group symmetry.
See also
List of uniform planar tilings
Tilings of regular polygons
Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane
References
John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, The Symmetries of Things 2008, (Chapter 19, The Hyperbolic Archimedean Tessellations)
External links
Apeirogonal tilings
Hyperbolic tilings
Isogonal tilings
Order-3 tilings
Truncated tilings
Uniform tilings |
The MBC Drama Awards () is an awards ceremony presented by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) for outstanding achievements in Korean dramas aired on its network. It is held annually in December.
Unlike its counterparts in KBS and SBS, MBC's highest honor of the ceremony, the "Grand Prize" (), has been determined through viewer's votes in 2014, 2015 and 2016, not by professional judges. The process has been widely criticized.
Categories
Grand Prize (대상) is given to the best actor/actress of the year.
Drama of the Year (올해의 드라마)
Top Excellence in Acting Award (최우수상)
Excellence in Acting Award (우수상)
Golden Acting Award (황금 연기상)
Top 10 MBC Drama Stars is awarded to actors who have shown talent, hard work, and star power during the year.
Best Supporting Actor is given to the actor that showed the most talent and presence in a supporting role.
Best New Actor/Actress (신인상)
Best Young Actor/Actress (아역 연기상)
Writer of the Year (올해의 작가상)
Producer's Award (프로듀서상) or PD Award (방송 3사 드라마 PD가 뽑은 올해의 연기자상) is given to the best actor/actress, as determined by PDs from all three broadcasters.
Popularity Award (인기상) or Netizen Popularity Award (네티즌 인기상)
Best Couple Award (베스트 커플상) is given to the best drama couple/s as voted by the netizens.
Viewer's Favorite Drama of the Year (시청자가 뽑은 올해의 드라마)
Family Award (가족상)
Special Award (특별상)
Achievement Award (공로상)
Best Character Award (최고의 캐릭터상)
Best Villain Award (최고의 악역상)
Fighting Spirit Acting Award (투혼 연기상)
Comic Character Award (코믹 캐릭터상)
Grand Prize (Daesang)
Note: 2014~2016, the Daesang has been determined through viewer's votes.
Drama of the Year
Top Excellence in Acting Awards
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Actor in a Miniseries
Best Actress in a Miniseries
Best Actor in a Special Project Drama
Best Actress in a Special Project Drama
Best Actor in a Serial Drama
Best Actress in a Serial Drama
Best Actor in a Weekend Drama
Best Actress in a Weekend Drama
Best Actor in a Soap Opera
Best Actress in a Soap Opera
Best Actor in a Monday-Tuesday Drama
Best Actress in a Monday-Tuesday Drama
Best Actor in a Wednesday-Thursday Drama
Best Actress in a Wednesday-Thursday Drama
Best Actor in a Daily Drama
Best Actress in a Daily Drama
Best Actor in a Daily/One-Act Drama
Best Actress in a Daily/One-Act Drama
Excellence in Acting Awards
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Actor in a Miniseries
Best Actress in a Miniseries
Best Actor in a Special Project Drama
Best Actress in a Special Project Drama
Best Actor in a Serial Drama
Best Actress in a Serial Drama
Best Actor in a Weekend Drama
Best Actress in a Weekend Drama
Best Actor in a Soap Opera
Best Actress in a Soap Opera
Best Actor in a Monday-Tuesday Drama
Best Actress in a Monday-Tuesday Drama
Best Actor in a Wednesday-Thursday Drama
Best Actress in a Wednesday-Thursday Drama
Best Actor in a Short Drama
Best Actress in a Short Drama
Best Actor in a Daily/One Act Drama
Best Actress in a Daily/One Act Drama
Best Supporting Awards
Best Supporting Actor/Actress in a Monday-Tuesday Drama
Best Supporting Actor/Actress in a Wednesday-Thursday Drama
Best Supporting Actor/Actress in a Weekend Drama
Best Supporting Actor/Actress in a Serial Drama
Best Supporting Actor/Actress
Golden Acting Awards
Golden Acting Award, Actor
Golden Acting Award, Actress
Special Acting Awards
Newcomer Awards
Best New Actor
Best New Actress
Youth Awards
Best Young Actor
Best Young Actress
Best Character Award
Best Villain Award
Fighting Spirit Acting Award
Comic Character Award
PD Award
Writer of the Year
Actor of the Year
Popularity Awards
Popularity Award, Actor
Popularity Award, Actress
Best Couple Award
Viewer's Favorite Drama of the Year
Favorite Actor/Actress of the Year
Hallyu Star Award
Best TV Host / Special Award for TV MC
Best TV Voice Actor/Actress
Special Award in TV
Family Award
Radio
Top Excellence Award in Radio
Excellence Award in Radio
Best Newcomer in Radio
Best Writer in Radio
Best Voice Actor/Actress in Radio
Special Award in Radio
Achievement Award
See also
List of Asian television awards
KBS Drama Awards
SBS Drama Awards
References
MBC TV original programming
South Korean television awards
Awards established in 1982
Annual events in South Korea
South Korea annual television specials
1982 establishments in South Korea |
Manikin scepters are objects that were held by Maya rulers to signify their power and authority. The term scepter is deceiving, because the object is too short to be held in the hand and touch the ground. Manikin scepters are normally clay or stone with intricate carvings and the face of a god. K'awiil was the most common god to be shown on them. All the manikin scepters held by the Halach Uiniks of the Kuchkabals of Yucatán show K'awiil.
Notes
References
Maya civilization |
Norman Cross was a rural district in Huntingdonshire from 1894 to 1974.
It was formed in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894 from the part of the Peterborough rural sanitary district which was in Huntingdonshire (the rest forming part of Peterborough Rural District). It was named for the historic Norman Cross hundred.
It was expanded in 1935 by taking in Elton from the disbanded Oundle Rural District, and Sibson cum Stibbington, which had previously been administered in Barnack Rural District based over the border in the Soke of Peterborough.
In 1965 the Soke and Huntingdonshire merged to form Huntingdon and Peterborough.
In 1974 the district was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972. Most of the district went on to form part of the Huntingdonshire district in the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire, except that some areas in the north which were part of Peterborough New Town became part of Peterborough.
Parishes
References
History of Peterborough
Politics of Peterborough
Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972
Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
Rural districts of England |
"Act of Contrition" is the fourth episode of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series.
Plot
In the fleet
President Laura Roslin visits Galactica doctor Sherman Cottle about her cancer. Cottle determines that Roslin's cancer is far beyond surgical means of removal and suggests an aggressive chemotherapy-like treatment. Due to her mother's experiences with the treatment, Roslin refuses and decides to instead go on chamalla, an alternative means of treatment.
During a party for the 1,000th landing of a Raptor pilot named Flat Top, an accident occurs, killing thirteen pilots and injuring seven more. Needing pilots, Commander William Adama orders Starbuck, a former flight instructor, to train more pilots. Haunted by the memories of her fiancé Zak Adama whose death she feels responsible for, Starbuck is overly harsh on the pilots ("nuggets") and fails them after the first day.
While discussing the situation with his father, Apollo inadvertently reveals that Starbuck holds guilt about something to do with Zak's death. After Adama confronts her, Starbuck tearfully admits that though Zak failed basic flight, she passed him due to their engagement. As a result, he had a fatal accident that killed him. Adama angrily orders Starbuck to reinstate the nuggets and to get out his sight.
Following Adama's dressing down of her, Starbuck begins acting like an actual flight instructor, leaving her issues out of the cockpit. However, while on a flight with nuggets Hotdog, Kat and Chuckles, eight Cylon Raiders suddenly appear. As Galactica launches Vipers, Starbuck sends the nuggets back and attacks the Raiders alone in a sure suicide run, hoping to hold them off and allow the trainees to escape. Disobeying orders, Hotdog returns to help Starbuck fight off the Raiders, destroying one before his Viper is disabled.
During a dogfight with the last Raider, Starbuck is able to take it out with a shot to the "head." However, the Raider collides with Starbuck's Viper, sending both ships into the atmosphere of a nearby moon. With her Viper in a flat spin, Starbuck is forced to eject and falls towards the moon.
On Caprica
Twelve days after the fall of the Twelve Colonies, Helo and the copy of Boomer follow the signal they picked up to a restaurant. Underneath the restaurant, the two discover a fully stocked but abandoned fallout shelter. Helo and Sharon find an automated disaster beacon which is what led them to the shelter. Outside, a copy of Number Six looks into the restaurant, apparently knowing Helo and Sharon are inside, but continues on her way.
Production
The show was the first written for the series by Star Trek veterans Bradley Thompson and David Weddle. They were excited to use more complex flashback structures than in their previous television work. The accident plot was inspired by the accident on the USS Forrestal during the Vietnam War.
Trivia
Bodie Olmos, who plays Viper nugget Brendan "Hotdog" Constanza in this and future episodes, is the son of Edward James Olmos who plays Commander William Adama.
References
External links
"Act of Contrition" at Syfy
2004 American television episodes
Battlestar Galactica (season 1) episodes
fr:Saison 1 de Battlestar Galactica#Confession |
Diplous californicus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
Carabidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1844 |
is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). He was appointed Chairman of the National Public Safety Commission, Minister of State for Consumer Affairs and Food Safety and Minister for the Abduction Issue. Matsubara was formerly affiliated with Party of Hope and the Democratic Party (the Democratic Party of Japan).
Political career
In the first cabinet reshuffle of Democratic Party Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda on 13 January 2012 he was appointed Chairman of the National Public Safety Commission, Minister of State for Consumer Affairs and Food Safety and Minister for the Abduction Issue. He left the cabinet on the 1 October 2012 cabinet reshuffle. Tadamasa Kodaira replaced him as Chairman of the National Public Safety Commission and Minister of State for Consumer Affairs and Food Safety, and Keishu Tanaka took over as Minister for the Abduction Issue.
Personal life
Matsubara is married with three children.
His oldest son Hajime Matsubara is a member of the Ota city assembly.
Views on Second World War
He was a supporter of right-wing filmmaker Satoru Mizushima's 2007 denialist film The Truth about Nanjing, which denied that the Nanking Massacre ever occurred. In 2014 he refused to retract his comments denying the massacre.
During Diet discussions of Japanese government efforts to clean up chemical weapons abandoned in China at the end of the Second World War, Matsubara questioned the existence of such weapons.
On Monday 27 August 2012 Matsubara told a House of Councillors budget committee meeting that he may propose to other ministers a review of the 1993 statement by then Chief Cabinet Secretary Yōhei Kōno admitting the Imperial Japanese Army's role in establishing and running "comfort stations" for troops with forcibly recruited comfort women, because "no direct descriptions of forcible recruitment have been found in military and other Japanese official records obtained by the government."
Visits to Yasukuni shrine
On 15 August 2012 Matsubara, along with Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Yuichiro Hata became the first cabinet ministers of the DPJ to openly visit the controversial Yasukuni Shrine on 15 August since the party came to power in 2009. Matsubara made his visit to commemorate the 67th anniversary of the end of World War II despite requests from South Korea to refrain from doing so, and despite Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda requesting his cabinet not to do so.
References
External links
in Japanese.
Members of the House of Representatives from Tokyo
Members of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens
Nanjing Massacre deniers
Japanese anti-communists
Waseda University alumni
People from Itabashi
Living people
1956 births
Democratic Party of Japan politicians
Noda cabinet
21st-century Japanese politicians
Historical negationism
Historical revisionism of comfort women |
The Ezekiel W. Cullen Building, usually shortened in pronunciation as the E. Cullen Building, is a building that serves as the administrative headquarters of the University of Houston and the University of Houston System. It is named in honor of Ezekiel Wimberly Cullen, a former congressman of the Republic of Texas, and grandfather of building financier Hugh Roy Cullen. The building was designed by Texas architect Alfred C. Finn in the Art Deco style, and opened in 1950.
It is located in the Cullen Family Plaza of the University of Houston campus in Houston, and is iconic to the image of the university. The east portion of the E. Cullen Building constitutes the Cullen Performance Hall, while the west portion houses the office of the President of the University of Houston as well as other administrative offices.
History
The construction of the Ezekiel W. Cullen Building was announced by the university on March 21, 1945. The construction of the E. Cullen Building was part of a large expansion to the University of Houston's permanent buildings on campus that took place starting on May 10, 1948, and the official groundbreaking ceremony occurred on May 14, 1948.
The main donor to the project was philanthropist and university chairman Hugh Roy Cullen, who requested that the building be named after his grandfather Ezekiel Wimberly Cullen. The elder Cullen had served as a leader of the Republic of Texas as a congressman and also as a justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic. While in the Third Congress of the republic as chairman of the education committee, he also sponsored the "Cullen Act", which started land endowments for schools and universities. The act effectively lay the basis for an eventual state public school system.
The university hired native Houston architect Alfred C. Finn to design the building. In order to give the building a classical look, Finn designed the building with long wings and regularly spaced pilasters. The building officially opened on Halloween of 1950. The building includes "Three portrait reliefs in gilded bronze of the Cullen family" by sculptor Mario Korbel dedicated in 1952.
Several years later, the building became home to the first public television station, KUHT. The station commenced broadcasting on May 25, 1953, from the fifth floor of the E. Cullen Building. KUHT moved to studios on Cullen Boulevard in 1964.
In 1959, a fire broke out in the E. Cullen Building, which caused severe interior and exterior damage to the building. The damage was repaired.
Gallery
References
External links
University of Houston building profile
Cullen Performance Hall site
University of Houston campus
Buildings and structures in Houston
University and college academic buildings in the United States
Art Deco architecture in Texas
School buildings completed in 1950
Alfred C. Finn buildings
1950 establishments in Texas |
Mirabella estevesii, synonym Cereus estevesii, is a species of columnar cactus found in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The first description was published in 2004 by Pierre Josef Braun as Cereus estevesii.
Description
Mirabella estevesii grows shrubby to tree-like, branches 1 to 1.2 meters above the base and reaches heights of growth of up to 2.8 meters. A woody trunk is formed. The initially more or less upright, later spread to hanging shoots are up to 5 meters long and have a diameter of 4.3 to 6.5 centimeters. Young shoots are glaucous, later turning greenish gray or green. There are five to six distinct, notched ribs up to 1.3 centimeters high. The felted areoles on it are 2 to 5.3 centimeters apart. The central spine, which can also be missing, reaches a length of up to 2.6 centimeters. The nine to twelve radial spines projecting unequally are initially maroon with a yellowish tip, become dark brownish gray with age and are 3 to 12 millimeters (rarely up to 20 millimeters) long.
The slender, funnel-shaped to pedicel-shaped, white flowers are 16.5 to 17.5 centimeters long and have a diameter of up to 12.5 centimeters. Her bare flower tube is green. Nothing is known about the fruits and seeds.
Distribution
Mirabella estevesii is found in the north of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais on sandy soil at altitudes of about 400 meters.
References
External links
Cactoideae
Flora of Southeast Brazil |
Arka Gdynia () is a Polish rugby union club located in Gdynia, Poland. As of 2022–23, it competes in the Ekstraliga, Poland's top division.
Honours
Ekstraliga
Champions (4): 2004, 2005, 2011, 2015
Runners-up (7): 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2013
Polish Cup (rugby):
Winners (1): 2010
History
Arka Gdynia Rugby Club's history begins in the mid-1990s. The Arka hooligans decided to start a rugby team. Forming the team and winning the "sevens" tournament in Sopot in 1996, is considered the date which the rugby section was established. Arka performances in the league began in 1997. In the 1999/2000 season, the "Bulldogs" won their first medal, and four years later was the first time they became best team in the country. As of 2022, Arka won three more Polish Championships.
See also
Rugby union in Poland
External links
Official website
Arka
Arka Gdynia
1996 establishments in Poland
Rugby clubs established in 1996
Sport in Gdynia |
Sphingomonas pruni is a bacterium from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from the roots of the tree Prunus persica in Japan
.
References
Further reading
External links
Type strain of Sphingomonas pruni at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
pruni
Bacteria described in 1995 |
Francesca Lo Schiavo () is an Italian set decorator.
she is a vice-president on the board of the Ischia Global Film & Music Festival, an international film festival held on the Italian island of Ischia..
She is married to fellow art director and co-collaborator Dante Ferretti.
Awards
Lo Schiavo has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction eight times, winning three of them. The movies which she has been nominated for are:
The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1989), Nominated.
Hamlet (1990), Nominated.
Interview with the Vampire (1994), Nominated.
Kundun (1997), Nominated.
Gangs of New York (2002), Nominated.
The Aviator (2004), Won.
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), Won.
Hugo (2011), Won.
References
1948 births
Living people
Best Art Direction Academy Award winners
Best Production Design BAFTA Award winners
Ciak d'oro winners
Italian set decorators |
Corgi International Limited (formerly known as Zindart International Limited) is a company rooted in the old Welsh Corgi Toys started in the late 1950s. That company was later acquired by Mattel around 1990, then made independent. Today, Corgi consists of three distinct brands that manufacture movie prop replicas, die-cast collectibles, and gift and toy products. Corgi International also distributes trading cards and movie memorabilia through a separate brand.
History
In July 1977, Zindart International Limited was incorporated in Hong Kong as a limited company under the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance initially to operate a manufacturing facility. In February 1997, the company’s ADSs were listed on the NASDAQ Global Market.
In July 1999, the company acquired Corgi Classics Limited, who made the classic diecast cars. Corgi was founded in 1956 in England as Mettoy. It is one of the oldest marketers of collectible die-cast models of lorries, buses, cars and aeroplanes in the world, with its principal markets of its products in the United Kingdom and Northern Europe.
After renaming the company to Corgi International Limited, in December 2006 the company sold their Zindart Manufacturing division. Corgi also operated a book and paper division, Hua Yang, which Corgi acquired in February 1998 and had sold in May 2004. In December 2006, Corgi acquired Cards Inc. and merged with Master Replicas. After these acquisitions, Corgi began the process of reclassifying product categories and channels of distribution to be more closely aligned with the strategic direction and organization structure of the company.
In April 2008, Corgi International sold the Corgi Classics brand, tooling and intellectual property rights to Hornby Hobbies Ltd. This sale did not include licensed properties such as James Bond and Star Trek.
Corgi International Limited is a global Pop Culture company, which develops and markets licensed and generic toys, gifts and collectables distributed via direct, specialty, hobby, collector and mass retail channels worldwide. Marketed under the brand names Master Replicas, PopCo and H2go, the Company’s line of products range from entertainment prop replicas and limited edition memorabilia to traditional toys and gift merchandise.
The Company holds varying licenses for entertainment franchises including Disney, Harry Potter, James Bond, Star Trek, Nintendo, Halo and The Beatles, amongst others.
Master Replicas
The Master Replicas brand (also known as MR) produce movie prop replicas and high end collectibles. Based in Walnut Creek, CA, the company was founded in 2003 by Michael Cookson. Cookson has served as Chairman of Master Replicas since it was founded and chief executive officer since August 2004. Master Replicas develops and markets licensed collectables distributed via direct, specialty, hobby, collector and mass retail channels worldwide.
Master Replicas holds varying licenses for entertainment franchises including Star Trek, Disney, James Bond 007, Halo, Nintendo, and The Muppets. Previous to January 2008, the company manufactured and sold product under the Star Wars brand before The Company chose not to renew the license upon expiration. While many of their items are props at full-scale (particularly weapons like lightsabers, phasers, and swords), they also make many scale model items, like spaceships, and characters.
Master Replicas has also been commissioned to make items for corporations to resell on their own. For example, MR made a 1/6 scale Master Sword and Hylian Shield for Nintendo and Target Stores to coincide with the release of The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess.
Force FX
Master Replicas is known for their Force FX product line which recreated various lightsabers used in the Star Wars movies.
Master Replicas no longer produces this product line but has adapted the technology to replicas of other items including the Halo Energy Sword and Link's Sword from Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda.
Closing
Master Replicas closed upon Corgi International expiry. The Master Replicas brand is now owned by Darren Epstein who bought it from the administrators.
Relaunch
On December 29, 2022, Darren Epstein announced via Linkedin that he was relaunching the Master Replicas brand, had acquired licenses belonging to Eaglemoss, and will be "starting to put some ranges up for sale."
Legal proceedings were issued against former employees trying to pass off use of the brand in 2019, and that ceased as they had no rights for the brand, domain or useage.
In Jan 2023 it was announced that Master Replicas was to return. The announcement and email stated that Master Replicas has purchased Eaglemoss and its stock and will be marketing this product and new product ranges in due course. It has been confirmed that Darren Epstein still owns the brand and is involved in the relaunch.
Master Replicas relaunched in March 2023 with its sister company Heathside Trading owned by Robert Myers and John Nelson. Heathside is a UK owned entity with over 40 staff based in Preston and London, England. It holds many licenses for many different Pop Culture ranges.
Each week Master Replicas has been releasing product that was purchased on the Eaglemoss liquidation. There were three parts of the liquidation, UK, EU and USA. It seems Heathside Trading purchased each company liquidation under the bankruptcy and has been working with Master Replicas in sale of this inventory.
Master Replicas has announced new licensing agreements with CBS, Expanse, Stargate amongst other for the continued launch of the company
Cards Inc.
Cards Inc., based in Watford, England, was founded by Darren Epstein in 1989 and was a distributor of trading cards and pop culture memorabilia principally in the United Kingdom and Europe. Darren Epstein was the winner of the Earnst and Young Young Entrepreneur of the Year as well as the Coutts regional business of the year.
The Cards Inc brand name and its trading card game, sticker, and collectible trading card-based business was sold in April 2008 the remainder of the Cards Inc business continues its distribution of pop culture collectibles under the name of PopCo Distribution.
Cards Inc holds the record for the fastest selling TSV on QVC of 12,000 units in 11 minutes on a Lord of the Rings Litho Print set. This was presented on screen by Darren Epstein. He also ran the Harry Potter, Star Wars and Pokemon hours for QVC for over 5 years.
On October 31, 2008, PopCo Distribution was placed into administration, which is the rough equivalent to Chapter 11 reorganization in the United States.
References
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq |
Grayle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gardner Grayle, fictional character
John Grayle (1614–1654), English Puritan minister
See also
Gayle (surname) |
A swaged sleeve is a connector that gets crimped using a hand tool and die (swaged). This type of compressed sleeve is commonly used to make mechanical or conductive connections. These sleeves join or terminate wire rope, aircraft cable, synthetic cable, fibrous rope, or electrical conductor cables.
Oval swaged sleeve
When properly applied to 7×7, 7×19 or 6×19 IWRC classification wire rope, the eye-splice configuration termination provides a secured connection equal to the breaking strength of the wire rope. The product was originally developed for the US Military, patented in 1942 and currently used in a wide range of applications and industries including: aerospace, defense, marine, material handling, and structural applications.
The product which is used to make an eye splice is known as: Oval Sleeve, Figure 8 Sleeve, Hourglass Sleeve, Duplex Sleeve, Ferrule and Nicos.
Correct installation is critical to the performance of the product; this includes utilizing the correct tool groove and/or die, number of presses/bites, press sequence and gauging. Adhering to the manufacturer's instructions will avoid catastrophic failure.
Stop sleeve
The round stop sleeve is intended to be pressed on single wire or synthetic ropes, e.g. for use as an end stop.
Splicing sleeve
Electrical conductor splicing sleeves are designed to splice a range of conductors. Full tension sleeves are made of high conductivity copper, aluminum or steel with a specially bonded inner bore coating
Tools
A range of swaging tools are available to compress sleeves correctly. Tools range from manual pliers type and toggle-action to pneumatic, hydraulic and battery-operated hydraulic tools.
References
External links
Handbook of Oceanographic Winch, Wire and Cable Technology
US Federal Specification RR-W-410 for Wire Rope and Strand
Cables
Wire
Fasteners
Fences |
Cambridge North railway station is a railway station located in the Cambridge suburb of Chesterton, close to Cambridge Science Park. The station is on the Fen Line, which runs from Cambridge to King's Lynn. It connects to the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway, and provides an interchange with Park & Ride and local bus services.
The station was approved in December 2013; construction commenced in July 2014; and it opened on 21 May 2017, delayed from December 2015.
It has three platforms: platform 1 on the eastern side of the station serves southbound fast services to Cambridge, Stansted Airport, and London King's Cross as well as some morning peak-time services to London Liverpool Street; platform 2 serves northbound services to Ely, King’s Lynn and Norwich; platform 3 is a south-facing bay serving semi-fast and slow services to London Liverpool Street via Cambridge and Bishop's Stortford.
A few services King’s Lynn to or from London King’s Cross pass through without stopping. All Cross Country services to or from Birmingham New Street and Stansted Airport also pass through without stopping. The line speed through Cambridge North is 75mph (120km/h).
History
Proposals
The first proposal for a station serving the north of Cambridge was made in 2003 in the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Structure Plan, which saw the facility as a means of supporting growth in the Cambridge Sub-Region and of delivering an integrated transport network. A major scheme business case and GRIP 2 study were presented to the Department for Transport in 2007. The business case identified a site on the West Anglia Main Line, approximately to the north of Cambridge station, which is owned by Network Rail and partly leased to English, Welsh and Scottish Railway as stabling sidings. The station would be located on or very near the site of Chesterton railway station which closed in 1850.
The station would provide an interchange facility with the local transport network including the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway and would offer a public transport alternative for trips to the Cambridge Science Park and new development in the Cambridge Northern Fringe. The business case put forward four options for the facility of which its preferred one was a three-platform station comprising a bay platform on the alignment of the former St Ives line and an island platform on the main line. This option was costed at £15 million and showed a benefit-cost ratio of 3.09.
Progress was slow due to a number of issues including the need to retain Chesterton Junction yard as an aggregate handling sidings and difficulties in relocating rail freight operations elsewhere, as well as funding difficulties resulting from the loss of the Transport Innovation Fund (TIF) support mechanism and regional planning and associated instruments such as the East of England Regional Funding Assessment. Following the demise of the TIF, which led to plans for a congestion charge in Cambridge to be put on hold, Conservative party literature indicated that the station would not go ahead, which prompted local transport group CAST.IRON to propose a cheaper single-platform station in Milton Road as an interim solution. By this time, the cost of a new station had risen to £24m, of which £21m had been expected to be provided through government funding, and Cambridgeshire County Council began seeking alternative options. The Council eventually settled on an approach whereby it would provide the initial capital funding and recoup the cost over a period of time from access charges paid by train operating companies.
In February 2011, Cambridge MP Julian Huppert gave his support to the project along with the leader of Cambridge City Council, Sian Reid. In September 2011, Theresa Villiers, the Minister of State for Transport, visited Cambridge, and discussed the proposed station with county council members, saying that the government was interested in further development of the council's proposal.
Approval
In February 2012, Theresa Villiers sent a letter of support to Cambridgeshire County Council indicating that so long as the station's business case remained positive, it would be included in the timetable for the reletting of the East Anglia franchise covering the Fen Line. A revised business case produced in 2012 found a benefit-cost ratio of 4.5:1. The Council released details of a proposed service pattern comprising four off-peak Up and Down trains per hour and indicated that the planning process would begin in 2013.
On 18 December 2013, Cambridge City Council approved plans for the new station. Works began in July 2014 to extend the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway to the station site. Completion of the station works was scheduled for December 2015, but this was delayed until May 2017 due to Network Rail's desire to minimise disruption to existing services and its resubmission of plans for the station's construction.
On 19 August 2015, Cambridge City Council approved Network Rail's new plans for the station, which were not substantially different from the original plans put forward by Cambridgeshire County Council in 2013. Following Network Rail's intervention, the cost of the station was revised upwards to £44m.
Naming
The proposed station was initially referred to as "Chesterton" or "Chesterton Interchange". Numerous suggestions were put forward for the official name, including "Stephen Hawking Cambridge Science Park" which was supported by Julian Huppert and Daniel Zeichner. In December 2014, Cambridge City Council and South Cambridgeshire District Council launched a consultation to select the name from a choice of four: Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge North, Chesterton Interchange or Cambridge Fen.
On 11 March 2015, councillors at Cambridgeshire County Council voted to recommend to Network Rail that the station should be called Cambridge North. According to Graham Hughes, the council's director of economy, transport and environment, stated that the name would provide a good indication of the station's geographical location, adding that calling it "Cambridge Science Park" could be misleading as that was situated away and, in any event, Trinity College, which owns the Science Park, had not come out in support. By contrast, St John's Innovation Centre was closer and landowners, including the Crown Estate, had been lobbying to have the station named "The Business Park".
Opening
It was intended that the interior fit-out of the station take place between October 2016 and February 2017. On New Year's Eve 2016, new signalling and a crossover for the bay platform was installed. The infrastructure was authorised for passenger use by April 2017 and the station's opening and first timetabled passenger services went ahead on 21 May 2017. Approximately 320,000 passengers used the station in its first 12 months of operation.
Facilities
The original design for the station was submitted by Atkins; this was revised by Network Rail when it became the principal contractor. Network Rail updated the car park's design to maximise its potential as a park and ride facility.
The facilities comprise a station building comprising a passenger waiting area, toilets, ticket office, retail and amenity space, and staff accommodation. An overbridge links the building with two platforms capable of accommodating 12-car trains. The easternmost platform faces the up line of the Fen Line, while the second platform is an island platform with the down Fen Line on one side and a south-facing bay platform on the other. Two relaid freight lines for Lafarge run next to the bay platform.
Interchange facilities are provided in the form of a 450-space car park, a cycle space for 1,000 bikes, new pedestrian and vehicular access from Cowley Road and a extension of the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway from Milton Road. The Cambridge Cycling Campaign published their proposals for integration of the new station with cycling and pedestrian facilities in November 2012. The cycle park canopy is fitted with solar panels generating 49 kWp or roughly 10% of the station's power needs.
The cladding of the building features a pierced design derived from Rule 30, a cellular automaton introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983.
Abbey-Chesterton Bridge
On 23rd December 2021, the Abbey-Chesterton Bridge over the River Cam opened, providing cycle and pedestrian access to the station from the Abbey district of Cambridge and from Fen Ditton. The bridge is part of the Chisholm Trail, a footpath and cycle route linking Cambridge Science Park with Addenbrookes Hospital and Cambridge Biomedical Campus in the south of the city. The bridge provides pedestrian access the Abbey Stadium, Cambridge United Football Club's home ground.
Services
Services at Cambridge North are operated by Great Northern and Greater Anglia using and EMUs and bi-mode trains.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
2 tph to (non-stop from )
2 tph to London Liverpool Street (1 semi-fast, 1 stopping)
2 tph to of which 1 continues to
1 tph to
1 tph to via
During the peak hours, the services to London King's Cross call additionally at and and the northbound services to Ely are extended to King's Lynn.
The station is also served by a single peak hour service between London Liverpool Street and King's Lynn, operated by Greater Anglia.
See also
Cambridge South railway station, proposed new station in the south of Cambridge.
References
External links
Cambridgeshire County Council - Cambridge Science Park Railway Station
Rail transport in Cambridge
Railway stations in Cambridgeshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 2017
Railway stations opened by Network Rail
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway |
Lauren May Oakley (born 28 February 1991) is an English professional dancer and choreographer, best known for appearing as a professional on the BBC One television series Strictly Come Dancing.
Early life
Oakley was born on 28 February 1991 in Birmingham, England. She began dancing at the age of 2 and began competing in Ballroom and Latin dance at the age of 7.
Career
Oakley became Juvenile Champion at the Blackpool Dance Festival, winning across both Ballroom and Latin disciplines and has also became Under 21 British National Champion before beginning a career on stage. She has toured the world as part of the live dance show Burn the Floor and has starred as the "leading lady" in the national tour Him & Me alongside Giovanni Pernice and Anton Du Beke. and has starred in Pernice's solo tour This Is Me.
Strictly Come Dancing
In July 2022, Oakley was announced to be joining the twentieth series of Strictly Come Dancing as a professional, along with Vito Coppola, Carlos Gu, and Michelle Tsiakkas. Upon her appointment as professional, Oakley said "[She had] grown up watching Strictly, always hoping that one day [she] could be part of the best show on television, doing what [she loves] the most. Now that it’s happening, it doesn’t quite seem real. I can’t wait to start this new sequined adventure and join this incredible family." Oakley did not partner a celebrity for her first series, and instead took part in the professional group routines. The following year, she was paired with presenter and journalist Krishnan Guru-Murthy for the twenty-first series.
Series 21: with celebrity partner Krishnan Guru-Murthy
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
English female dancers
British ballroom dancers
21st-century British dancers
Entertainers from Birmingham, West Midlands |
The 1971–72 Sussex County Football League season was the 47th in the history of Sussex County Football League a football competition in England.
Division One
Division One featured 14 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs, promoted from Division Two:
Bognor Regis Town
Burgess Hill Town
League table
Division Two
Division Two featured 14 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs, relegated from Division One:
Seaford Town
Sidley United
League table
References
1971-72
S |
Wayne Edwards may refer to:
Wayne Edwards (racing driver) (born 1967), American professional stock car racing driver
Wayne Edwards (baseball) (born 1964), American former MLB pitcher
Wayne Edwards (soldier) (1966–1993), British soldier
Edward Edwards (serial killer) (1933–2011), American serial killer and former fugitive; middle name Wayne |
Jorge Raúl Carcagno (28 October 1922 – 22 January 1983) was an Argentine general. He served as commander-in-chief of the Argentine Army and de facto Federal Interventor of Córdoba, Argentina from June 16, 1969 to July 5, 1969, shortly after the period of civil unrest known as the Cordobazo.
Carcagno was appointed to govern Córdoba by the military government of General Juan Carlos Onganía. He continued as a senior military figure and in the first democratic government of Héctor Cámpora in 1973 he served as commander-in-chief of the Army, being replaced later that year by President Juan Perón. In those months, Carcagno had initiated the 'Dorrego Operation', which sought to build bridges between the state and the politicised and militant youth movements.
References
1922 births
1983 deaths
Argentine generals
Governors of Córdoba Province, Argentina |
Minnow Branch is a stream in Marion County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Bear Creek.
Minnows in the creek caused the name to be selected.
See also
List of rivers of Missouri
References
Rivers of Marion County, Missouri
Rivers of Missouri |
Jitadih is a village in panchayat- Murhan-Jamin, block- Goradih, district- Bhagalpur , state- Bihar.
Villages in Bhagalpur district |
"Ball and Chain" (also "Ball 'n' Chain" or "Ball & Chain") is a blues song written and recorded by American blues artist Big Mama Thornton. Although her recording did not appear on the record charts, the song has become one of Thornton's best-known, largely due to performances and recordings by Janis Joplin.
Background and releases
In the early 1960s,Thornton recorded several songs for Bay-Tone Records. Two were released on a single, "You Did Me Wrong" and "Big Mama's Blues". A review by Billboard magazine noted "moderate sales potential", but it did not enter the magazine's R&B single chart. According to music writer Gillian Gaar, Thornton also recorded "Ball and Chain" for Bay Tone, although it was never released.
In 1968, Arhoolie Records released "Ball and Chain". An edited version, titled "Ball and Chain Part 1" was released as a single, while the complete four and a half minute song is included on a joint album by Thornton, Lightnin' Hopkins, and Larry Williams titled Ball and Chain. Thornton is backed by a small combo with her frequent guitar accompanist Edward "Bee" Houston. She later recorded several live and studio performances of the song, included her 1969 Billboard Top 200 album Stronger Than Dirt.
Janis Joplin / Big Brother and the Holding Company renditions
Janis Joplin, who frequently acknowledged Thornton's musical influence, recorded several live performances of "Ball and Chain". According to Big Brother and the Holding Company guitarist James Gurley, Joplin first heard the song during a performance by Thornton at a bar in San Francisco. The group transformed the song into a slow minor-key blues with breaks. They performed the song at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 to an enthusiastic audience and critical reception. The first performance on June 17 was not filmed, so the band was persuaded to perform the song again on the next day. Drastically edited footage of this second performance (cutting out the second verse and a lengthy guitar solo) featured in the 1968 film Monterey Pop, while the full June 17 performance was released in 1993 on the three-disc box set Janis. Another live version of "Ball and Chain", recorded March 8, 1968, at the Fillmore East, was included on Big Brother's 1968 breakthrough album Cheap Thrills. Other live versions are included on Cheaper Thrills, Live at Winterland '68, Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968, The Woodstock Experience, and In Concert.
Copyright issues
According to Gaar, Thornton originally had recorded the song for Bay-Tone Records in the early 1960s, although the label did not issue it. Gaar adds that "[Bay-Tone held] on to the copyright—which meant that Thornton missed out on the publishing royalties when Janis Joplin recorded the song later in the decade." By another account, Thornton signed an agreement with Bay Tone which caused problems with later releases. In a 1972 interview, Thornton acknowledged giving Joplin permission to record the song and receiving royalty payments from its sales.
Recognition
Big Mama Thornton's "Ball and Chain" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll".
References
1968 songs
Big Mama Thornton songs
1968 singles
Arhoolie Records singles
Janis Joplin songs
Song recordings produced by John Simon (record producer) |
Steindachnerina is a genus of toothless characins from South America, with 24 currently described species:
Steindachnerina amazonica (Steindachner, 1911)
Steindachnerina argentea (T. N. Gill, 1858) (stout sardine)
Steindachnerina atratoensis (C. H. Eigenmann, 1912)
Steindachnerina bimaculata (Steindachner, 1876)
Steindachnerina binotata (N. E. Pearson, 1924)
Steindachnerina biornata (Braga & Azpelicueta, 1987)
Steindachnerina brevipinna (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889)
Steindachnerina conspersa (Holmberg, 1891)
Steindachnerina corumbae Pavanelli & Britski, 1999
Steindachnerina dobula (Günther, 1868)
Steindachnerina elegans (Steindachner, 1875)
Steindachnerina fasciata (Vari & Géry, 1985)
Steindachnerina gracilis Vari & Williams Vari, 1989
Steindachnerina guentheri (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889)
Steindachnerina hypostoma (Boulenger, 1887)
Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)
Steindachnerina leucisca (Günther, 1868)
Steindachnerina notograptos Lucinda & Vari, 2009
Steindachnerina notonota (A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)
Steindachnerina planiventris Vari & Williams Vari, 1989
Steindachnerina pupula Vari, 1991
Steindachnerina quasimodoi Vari & Williams Vari, 1989
Steindachnerina seriata Netto-Ferreira & Vari, 2011
Steindachnerina varii Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991
References
Curimatidae
Fish of South America
Taxa named by Henry Weed Fowler |
Alex Saviuk (; born August 17, 1952) is an American comics artist primarily known for his work on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man.
Early life
Alex Saviuk grew up on Long Island, New York, graduating from Floral Park Memorial High School in 1970. He attended the School of Visual Arts, where he studied with (among others) Will Eisner, graduating in 1974 with a degree in Illustration. Saviuk also studied biology at Hofstra University and York College.
Career
Saviuk's professional career began in 1977 at DC Comics, where he illustrated such titles as Green Lantern, The Flash, and Superman. Saviuk's first work for DC was a one-page story titled "The Victim!" in House of Mystery #255 (Nov.-Dec. 1977). His first full work for the company, Green Lantern #100 (Jan. 1978), introduced an updated version of the Air Wave character. Saviuk drew The Flash #275 (July 1979) wherein the title character's wife, Iris West Allen was killed.
In the early 1980s, Saviuk was the regular backup feature artist on Action Comics, where he drew the exploits of Air Wave, Aquaman, and the Atom in collaboration with writer Bob Rozakis. Rozakis stated in a 2014 interview that "I don't recall how we ended up with the three of them. It may have simply been that all three had names that began with 'A' and it was a backup in Action Comics". Saviuk frequently drew the "Whatever Happened to...?" backup feature in DC Comics Presents. He and writer E. Nelson Bridwell introduced the Global Guardians in DC Comics Presents #46 (June 1982).
In 1986, Saviuk moved to Marvel Comics, where he eventually established himself as a key Spider-Man artist with a seven-year run on Web of Spider-Man (issues #35–116). It was the longest run of a single artist on that series. In 1989, he drew The Amazing Spider-Man: Parallel Lives graphic novel. From 1994 to 1997, Saviuk worked on the series Spider-Man Adventures (later retitled The Adventures of Spider-Man). Beginning in 1997, Saviuk drew The Amazing Spider-Man Sunday newspaper comic strip, written by Stan Lee and inked by Joe Sinnott. Starting in 2003, he inked the daily Spider-Man strip, pencilled by Lee's brother Larry Lieber. After Lieber retired from the daily strip in September 2018, Saviuk took over as penciller as well and stayed on until the cancellation of the strip in March 2019. He created variant covers for Symbiote Spider-Man #1–5 (2019).
In 1997–1998, he spent a one-year stint at Topps Comics drawing The X-Files until the end of its run. For writer and filmmaker Robert Tinnell, Saviuk (alternating with Ed Piskor) did the artwork for the comic strip Feast of the Seven Fishes, first published online and, in 2005, as a collected print edition which has been nominated for an Eisner Award as "Best Graphic Album - Reprint" in 2006. In 2018, Tinnell adapted it for an eponymous movie.
In 2004, Alex Saviuk returned to The Phantom, a character he had already drawn in Defenders of the Earth in 1987, this time for European publisher Egmont. He has drawn numerous Fantomen (The Phantom) comics since then. From 2018 to 2019, he pencilled and inked the first and fourth issue of the new anthology series The Phantom Strikes.
Some of the characters Saviuk has co-created include Arkiss Chummuck and Malet Dasim of the Green Lantern Corps (with Bob Toomey), Sunburst (with Paul Kupperberg), Olympian (with E. Nelson Bridwell), Tombstone (with Gerry Conway), Nightwatch and the New Enforcers (both with Terry Kavanagh).
In addition to comics, Saviuk does storyboards for advertising agencies and, occasionally, film and animation studios. Among the films he storyboarded are Hoot and Never Back Down.
Saviuk lives in Florida with his wife. They have two children.
Bibliography
DC Comics
Action Comics #487–489, 511, 515–516, 521–540, 548–549, 559–560, 563–564, 567, 571, 573, 582 (1978–1986)
Batman and the Outsiders Annual #1 (1984)
Cancelled Comic Cavalcade #2 (1978)
DC Comics Presents #29–33, 37–40, 46, 51, 55, 57, 63–64, 70, 72, 74, 89, 93 (1981–1986)
DC Special Series #11 (1978)
Detective Comics #489–491 (1980)
The Flash #265–267, 273–279, 325 (1978–1983)
Green Lantern #100–105, 107, 111–116, 118–119, 130–132 (1978–1980)
House of Mystery #255, 279, 287 (1977–1980)
New Adventures of Superboy #28, 45–47 (1982–1983)
Secret Origin of Hawkman (minicomic) (1980)
Superman #360–361, 364, 368, 398, 403, 405–406 (1981–1985)
Superman Annual #12 (1986)
The Superman Family #195, 199–205 (1979–1981)
Unknown Soldier #216 (1978)
Vigilante #16 (1985)
Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe #1–2, 4, 8, 18, 20 (1985–1986)
World's Finest Comics #261, 267–270, 272–275, 277, 279–281 (1980–1982)
Marvel Comics
Adventures of Spider-Man #1–4, 7–12 (1996–1997)
The Amazing Spider-Man #292, 296–297 (1987–1988)
The Amazing Spider-Man and the New Mutants oneshot (promo) (1990)
The Amazing Spider-Man Exclusive Collectors' Edition #1 (promo) (1980)
The Amazing Spider-Man NACME Series #1–2 (promo) (1990–1991)
The Amazing Spider-Man: Parallel Lives graphic novel (1989)
The Amazing Spider-Man: Skating on Thin Ice #1 (promo) (1990)
Billy the Marlin #1 (promo) (1999)
Captain America Meets the Asthma Monster #1 (promo) (1988)
Chuck Norris: Karate Kommandos #4 (1987)
Defenders of the Earth #1–4 (1987)
Iron Man #211 (1986)
Marvel Adventures #13 (1998)
Marvel Creators' Choice X-Men #1 (promo) (1993)
Nightmask #3 (1987)
Pro Action Magazine: The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (promo) (1994)
The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #10 (1986)
Sledge Hammer! #1–2 (1988)
Spider-Man Adventures #1–6, 8–15 (1994–1995)
Spider-Man Interactive Comic Book oneshot (promo) (1996)
Spider-Man: The Scorpion Sanction oneshot (promo) (1994)
Star Brand #3 (1986)
Web of Spider-Man #35–36, 38–45, 47–48, 50, 54–70, 73–80, 84–116, Annual #4, 10 (1988–1994)
What The--?! #3 (1988)
Other publishers
The Amazing Adventures of the Escapist #6 (inker) (2005)
Fantomen (Egmont) #19/2004, #11/2005, #21/2006, #2–3/2013, #10–11/2013, #22–23/2013, #6–7/2014, #21/2014, #8/2015, #16/2015, #17/2015, #1/2016, #21/2016, #4/2017, #16/2017, #9/2018, #24/2018
Feast of the Seven Fishes: The Collected Comic Strip (2005)
The Phantom: Generations #9 (2010)
The Phantom Strikes #1, 4 (2018–2019)
Stan Lee's Mighty 7 #1–3 (2012)
The Wicked West: Abomination and Other Tales (2004)
The X-Files #30–41 (1997–1998)
Newspaper comic strips
The Amazing Spider-Man (inker) (2003–2018), (penciller/inker) (2018–2019)
The Amazing Spider-Man Sunday Page (1997–2019)
References
External links
"DC Profiles #53: Alex Saviuk" at the Grand Comics Database
"DC Profiles #77: Jodi Saviuk" at the Grand Comics Database
Alex Saviuk at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
Alex Saviuk at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
1953 births
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
American comics artists
American storyboard artists
DC Comics people
Living people
Marvel Comics people
People from Floral Park, New York
People from Volusia County, Florida
School of Visual Arts alumni |
is a Japanese equestrian. He competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics in both the Individual and Team eventing.
References
Japanese male equestrians
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tokyo
Equestrians at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic equestrians for Japan
Equestrians at the 2010 Asian Games
Equestrians at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Asian Games medalists in equestrian
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games |
Skra is a settlement in Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately east-south-east of the state capital Kuching. Neighbouring settlements include:
Setumbin northwest
Bijat northwest
Simanggang north
References
Populated places in Sarawak |
This is a list of all clubs that have taken part in the German football championship from 1903 to 1963, in the era when the national championship was decided by a finals round with a national title game at the end.
The German football championship was first held in 1903 and won by VfB Leipzig. In 1904, the championship was not completed due to a protest by Karlsruher FV about a technicality, with all games but the final played. The competition was held again in 1905 and, from then on, annually.
The championship was interrupted by the World War I, and not held from 1915 to 1920, when football returned to more organised fashion after the disruptions caused by the war.
In 1922, the final was inconclusive and Hamburger SV was declared champions but declined the honor. After this, a championship was held every season until 1944. With the expansion of Nazi Germany, clubs from occupied territories or annexed countries took part in the competition, including teams from Austria, France, Luxembourg, Poland, and Czechoslovakia.
The German championship resumed in 1948, three years after the end of the World War II. Germany, now greatly reduced in size, originally was divided into four occupation zones; from 1949 into three political entities, the German Democratic Republic, known in English as East Germany, the Saar Protectorate, now the German Federal State of the Saarland, and the Federal Republic of Germany, widely called in English, West Germany.
The clubs from the Saar protectorate remained within the German football league system for the most part and continued to take part in the national championship. East German clubs did not. SC Planitz, the team from Zwickau, in Saxony qualified for the 1948 championships at Nuremberg, but was refused a travel permit by the Soviet authorities. After 1948, no clubs from the East entered the championship again.
The German championship continued to operate in this form until 1963, when the system was superseded by the Bundesliga as a means of determining the national champion.
With thirty-one appearances, Hamburger SV holds the record, while 1. FC Nürnberg won the most titles, eight, followed by FC Schalke 04 with seven. The now defunct VfB Königsberg has the most appearances in the national finals without ever reaching the championship game, sixteen.
List
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
W
Bold denotes champions and championship-winning seasons.
Italics denotes club was from territories outside of what is now the Federal Republic of Germany.
Sources
kicker Allmanach 1990, by kicker, page 160 & 178 - German championship
Pre-1933 Football leagues in Germany Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv
Germany - Championships 1902-1945 at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Hirschi's Fussballseiten - History of German football , Results and tables up until 1933
References
+clubs
Championship |
```go
// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license found in the LICENSE file.
package codec
import (
"math/rand"
"time"
)
// NoopHandle returns a no-op handle. It basically does nothing.
// It is only useful for benchmarking, as it gives an idea of the
// overhead from the codec framework.
//
// LIBRARY USERS: *** DO NOT USE ***
func NoopHandle(slen int) *noopHandle {
h := noopHandle{}
h.rand = rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
h.B = make([][]byte, slen)
h.S = make([]string, slen)
for i := 0; i < len(h.S); i++ {
b := make([]byte, i+1)
for j := 0; j < len(b); j++ {
b[j] = 'a' + byte(i)
}
h.B[i] = b
h.S[i] = string(b)
}
return &h
}
// noopHandle does nothing.
// It is used to simulate the overhead of the codec framework.
type noopHandle struct {
BasicHandle
binaryEncodingType
noopDrv // noopDrv is unexported here, so we can get a copy of it when needed.
}
type noopDrv struct {
d *Decoder
e *Encoder
i int
S []string
B [][]byte
mks []bool // stack. if map (true), else if array (false)
mk bool // top of stack. what container are we on? map or array?
ct valueType // last response for IsContainerType.
cb int // counter for ContainerType
rand *rand.Rand
}
func (h *noopDrv) r(v int) int { return h.rand.Intn(v) }
func (h *noopDrv) m(v int) int { h.i++; return h.i % v }
func (h *noopDrv) newEncDriver(e *Encoder) encDriver { h.e = e; return h }
func (h *noopDrv) newDecDriver(d *Decoder) decDriver { h.d = d; return h }
func (h *noopDrv) reset() {}
func (h *noopDrv) uncacheRead() {}
// --- encDriver
// stack functions (for map and array)
func (h *noopDrv) start(b bool) {
// println("start", len(h.mks)+1)
h.mks = append(h.mks, b)
h.mk = b
}
func (h *noopDrv) end() {
// println("end: ", len(h.mks)-1)
h.mks = h.mks[:len(h.mks)-1]
if len(h.mks) > 0 {
h.mk = h.mks[len(h.mks)-1]
} else {
h.mk = false
}
}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeBuiltin(rt uintptr, v interface{}) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeNil() {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeInt(i int64) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeUint(i uint64) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeBool(b bool) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeFloat32(f float32) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeFloat64(f float64) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeRawExt(re *RawExt, e *Encoder) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeArrayStart(length int) { h.start(true) }
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeMapStart(length int) { h.start(false) }
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeEnd() { h.end() }
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeString(c charEncoding, v string) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeSymbol(v string) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeStringBytes(c charEncoding, v []byte) {}
func (h *noopDrv) EncodeExt(rv interface{}, xtag uint64, ext Ext, e *Encoder) {}
// ---- decDriver
func (h *noopDrv) initReadNext() {}
func (h *noopDrv) CheckBreak() bool { return false }
func (h *noopDrv) IsBuiltinType(rt uintptr) bool { return false }
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeBuiltin(rt uintptr, v interface{}) {}
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeInt(bitsize uint8) (i int64) { return int64(h.m(15)) }
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeUint(bitsize uint8) (ui uint64) { return uint64(h.m(35)) }
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeFloat(chkOverflow32 bool) (f float64) { return float64(h.m(95)) }
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeBool() (b bool) { return h.m(2) == 0 }
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeString() (s string) { return h.S[h.m(8)] }
// func (h *noopDrv) DecodeStringAsBytes(bs []byte) []byte { return h.DecodeBytes(bs) }
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeBytes(bs []byte, isstring, zerocopy bool) []byte { return h.B[h.m(len(h.B))] }
func (h *noopDrv) ReadEnd() { h.end() }
// toggle map/slice
func (h *noopDrv) ReadMapStart() int { h.start(true); return h.m(10) }
func (h *noopDrv) ReadArrayStart() int { h.start(false); return h.m(10) }
func (h *noopDrv) ContainerType() (vt valueType) {
// return h.m(2) == 0
// handle kStruct, which will bomb is it calls this and doesn't get back a map or array.
// consequently, if the return value is not map or array, reset it to one of them based on h.m(7) % 2
// for kstruct: at least one out of every 2 times, return one of valueTypeMap or Array (else kstruct bombs)
// however, every 10th time it is called, we just return something else.
var vals = [...]valueType{valueTypeArray, valueTypeMap}
// ------------ TAKE ------------
// if h.cb%2 == 0 {
// if h.ct == valueTypeMap || h.ct == valueTypeArray {
// } else {
// h.ct = vals[h.m(2)]
// }
// } else if h.cb%5 == 0 {
// h.ct = valueType(h.m(8))
// } else {
// h.ct = vals[h.m(2)]
// }
// ------------ TAKE ------------
// if h.cb%16 == 0 {
// h.ct = valueType(h.cb % 8)
// } else {
// h.ct = vals[h.cb%2]
// }
h.ct = vals[h.cb%2]
h.cb++
return h.ct
// if h.ct == valueTypeNil || h.ct == valueTypeString || h.ct == valueTypeBytes {
// return h.ct
// }
// return valueTypeUnset
// TODO: may need to tweak this so it works.
// if h.ct == valueTypeMap && vt == valueTypeArray || h.ct == valueTypeArray && vt == valueTypeMap {
// h.cb = !h.cb
// h.ct = vt
// return h.cb
// }
// // go in a loop and check it.
// h.ct = vt
// h.cb = h.m(7) == 0
// return h.cb
}
func (h *noopDrv) TryDecodeAsNil() bool {
if h.mk {
return false
} else {
return h.m(8) == 0
}
}
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeExt(rv interface{}, xtag uint64, ext Ext) uint64 {
return 0
}
func (h *noopDrv) DecodeNaked() {
// use h.r (random) not h.m() because h.m() could cause the same value to be given.
var sk int
if h.mk {
// if mapkey, do not support values of nil OR bytes, array, map or rawext
sk = h.r(7) + 1
} else {
sk = h.r(12)
}
n := &h.d.n
switch sk {
case 0:
n.v = valueTypeNil
case 1:
n.v, n.b = valueTypeBool, false
case 2:
n.v, n.b = valueTypeBool, true
case 3:
n.v, n.i = valueTypeInt, h.DecodeInt(64)
case 4:
n.v, n.u = valueTypeUint, h.DecodeUint(64)
case 5:
n.v, n.f = valueTypeFloat, h.DecodeFloat(true)
case 6:
n.v, n.f = valueTypeFloat, h.DecodeFloat(false)
case 7:
n.v, n.s = valueTypeString, h.DecodeString()
case 8:
n.v, n.l = valueTypeBytes, h.B[h.m(len(h.B))]
case 9:
n.v = valueTypeArray
case 10:
n.v = valueTypeMap
default:
n.v = valueTypeExt
n.u = h.DecodeUint(64)
n.l = h.B[h.m(len(h.B))]
}
h.ct = n.v
return
}
``` |
City Sports is an American sporting goods retailer that re-launched in the spring of 2017 after being purchased during bankruptcy liquidation in December 2015. Founded in 1983 by Mike Kennedy and Eric Martin, two Boston locals, the company grew across state borders and operated 27 stores in eight states. Post-bankruptcy the company now operates an e-commerce site with plans for future brick and mortar locations.
History
In November 1983, high school friends and tennis partners Mike Kennedy and Eric Martin were living and working in Boston and were frequently unable to find quality branded sporting goods merchandise in a single downtown location to satisfy their year-round athletic interests. Frustrated with their lack of success in finding the appropriate gear, they opened the first City Sports location on Massachusetts Avenue and began selling quality sporting goods merchandise with an emphasis on running and racquet sports.
Over the next thirty years, City Sports grew into an award winning specialty sports retailer in metropolitan locations along the east coast. At its peak, the company operated 27 stores across seven states (Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vermont and Washington, D.C.).
Acquisition by Highland Consumer Fund
On March 11, 2008, the company announced that it had been acquired by the Highland Consumer Fund, a subsidiary of Highland Capital Partners, an investment firm. Highland purchased an 80% stake in the company, and planned to nearly triple the number of stores within the next five years. Ultimately, Highland estimated that the business had the potential to grow to around 300 stores across the United States. Both parties declined to release financial details of the deal.
Bankruptcy and relaunch
City Sports Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on October 5, 2015, with assets and liabilities of between $10 million and $50 million. The filing, made in the United States Bankruptcy Court in the District of Delaware, listed the sporting retailer's biggest creditors as Nike (which is owed $1.27 million), Under Armour ($1.03 million), Asics ($1.03 million), and Patagonia ($1.01 million). On November 5, it was announced that all 27 City Sports stores would close; liquidation sales at all of the stores began the following day. In January 2016, the brand assets were purchased by new owners with plans to re-launch City Sports and eventually open new storefronts in urban markets. In April 2017, City Sports announced the relaunch of the e-commerce site and citysports.com.
In July 2017, the company announced they would be opening a pop-up store and sponsoring the Boston Triathlon with logos on the race bags and swim caps. City Sports is currently focused on fitness-oriented customers through multiple e-commerce platforms. The iconic City Sports T-shirts are the most popular item on the web store.
References
Companies based in Boston
Economy of the Northeastern United States
Online retailers of the United States
Sporting goods retailers of the United States
Retail companies established in 1983
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2015 |
This is a list of clubs that play Australian rules football in Australia at the senior level.
Guide to abbreviations:
FC = Football Club
AFC = Australian Football Club (mainly used if in Queensland or NSW or outside Australia) / Amateur Football Club (mainly used in the other Australian States)
ARFC = Australian Rules Football Club
Australia
National Level
Australian Football League
AFL Women's
State Level
Victorian Football League
South Australian National Football League
West Australian Football League
Tasmanian State League
Northern Territory Football League
Victoria
AFL Victoria
Eastern Football League
Balwyn Football Club
Bayswater Football Club
Belgrave Football Club
Blackburn Football Club
Boronia Football Club
Chirnside Park Football Club
Coldstream Football Club
Croydon Football Club
Doncaster Football Club
Doncaster East Football Club
Donvale Football Club
East Burwood Football Club
East Ringwood Football Club
Fair Park Football Club
Ferntree Gully Football Club
Forest Hill Football Club
Heathmont Football Club
Kilsyth Football Club
Knox Football Club
Lilydale Football Club
Mitcham Football Club
Montrose Football Club
Mooroolbark Football Club
Mulgrave Football Club
Noble Park Football Club
North Ringwood Football Club
Norwood Football Club
Nunawading Football Club
Park Orchards Football Club
Ringwood Football Club
Rowville Football Club
Scoresby Football Club
Silvan Football Club
South Belgrave Football Club
South Croydon Football Club
Surrey Park Football Club
Templestowe Football Club
The Basin Football Club
Upper Ferntree Gully Football Club
Vermont Football Club
Wantirna South Football Club
Warrandyte Football Club
Waverley Blues Football Club
Whitehorse Pioneers Football Club
Essendon District Football League
Aberfeldie Football Club
Airport West Football Club
Avondale Heights Football Club
Burnside Heights Football Club
Coburg Districts Football Club
Craigieburn Football Club
Doutta Stars Football Club
East Keilor Football Club
Glenroy Football Club
Greenvale Football Club
Hadfield Football Club
Hillside Football Club
Jacana Football Club
Keilor Football Club
Maribyrnong Park Football Club
Moonee Valley Football Club
Northern Saints Football Club
Oak Park Football Club
Pascoe Vale Football Club
Roxburgh Park Football Club
Strathmore Football Club
Taylors Lakes Football Club
Tullamarine Football Club
West Coburg Football Club
Westmeadows Football Club
Northern Football League
Banyule Football Club
Bundoora Football Club
Eltham Football Club
Epping Football Club
Diamond Creek Football Club
Fitzroy Stars Football Club
Greensborough Football Club
Heidelberg Football Club
Heidelberg West Football Club
Hurstbridge Football Club
Kilmore Football Club
Lalor Football Club
Laurimar Football Club
Lower Plenty Football Club
Macleod Football Club
Mernda Football Club
Montmorency Football Club
North Heidelberg Football Club
Northcote Park Football Club
Panton Hill Football Club
Reservoir Football Club
St Mary's Senior Football Club
South Morang Football Club
Thomastown Football Club
Watsonia Football Club
West Preston Lakeside Football Club
Whittlesea Football Club
Southern Football League
Ashwood Football Club
Bentleigh Football Club
Black Rock Football Club
Carrum Patterson Lakes Football Club
Caulfield Football Club
Cerberus Football Club
Chelsea Heights Football Club
Cheltenham Football Club
Clayton Football Club
Dandenong Demons Football Club
Dingley Football Club
Doveton Eagles Football Club
East Brighton Football Club
East Malvern Football Club
Endeavour Hills Football Club
Frankston Dolphins Football Club
Hallam Football Club
Hampton Football Club
Hampton Park Football Club
Heatherton Football Club
Highett Football Club
Keysborough Football Club
Lyndale Football Club
Lyndhurst Football Club
Moorabbin Kangaroos Football Club
Mordialloc Football Club
Mount Waverley Football Club
Murrumbeena Football Club
Oakleigh District Football Club
Port Colts Football Club
St Kilda City Football Club
St Pauls-East Bentleigh Football Club
Sandown Cobras Football Club
Skye Football Club
South Yarra Football Club
Springvale District Football Club
Victorian Amateur Football Association
AJAX Football Club
Albert Park Football Club
Aquinas Old Collegians
Beaumaris Football Club
Box Hill North Football Club
Bulleen-Templestowe Football Club
Canterbury Football Club
Caulfield Grammarians Football Club
Collegians Football Club
De La Salle Old Collegians
Eley Park Football Club
Elsternwick Football Club
Eltham Old Collegians
Emmaus St Leo's Old Collegians Football Club
Fitzroy Football Club
Glen Eira Amateur Football Club
Hampton Rovers Football Club
Hawthorn Amateur Football Club
Ivanhoe Assumption Football Club
Kew Football Club
La Trobe University Football Club
Manningham Amateur Football Club
Marcellin Old Collegians
Masala Football Club
Mazenod Old Collegians
Melbourne High School Old Boys
Monash Blues
Mount Lilydale Football Club
North Brunswick Football Club
North Old Boys/St Pats
Oakleigh Amateur Football Club
Old Brighton Grammarians
Old Camberwell Grammarians
Old Carey Grammarians
Old Geelong
Old Haileyburians
Old Ivanhoe Grammarians
Old Melburnians
Old Mentonians
Old Paradians
Old Scotch
Old Trinity Grammarians
Old Westbourne
Ormond Amateur Football Club
Parkdale Vultures
Parkside Football Club
PEGS
Peninsula Old Boys
Powerhouse Football Club
Prahran Football Club
Preston Amateurs Football Club
Richmond Central Football Club
St Bedes/Mentone Tigers Football Club
St Bernards Old Collegians
St Francis Xavier
St Johns Old Collegians
St Kevins Old Boys
St Mary's/Salesian Football Club
South Melbourne Districts Football Club
South Mornington Football Club
Swinburne Football Club
Therry Penola Old Boys
University Blacks
University Blues
University High School-Victoria University Football Club
West Brunswick Football Club
Whitefriars Old Collegians
Williamstown CYMS
Old Xaverians
Yarra Valley Old Boys
Western Region Football League
Albanvale Football Club
Albion Football Club
Altona Football Club
Braybrook Football Club
Caroline Springs Football Club
Glen Orden Football Club
Hoppers Crossing Football Club
Laverton Magpies Football Club
Manor Lakes Football Club
Newport Power Football Club
North Footscray Football Club
North Sunshine Football Club
Parkside Football Club
Point Cook Football Club
Point Cook Centrals Football Club
Spotswood Football Club
Sunshine Football Club
Sunshine Heights Football Club
Tarneit Football Club
Werribee Districts Football Club
West Footscray Football Club
Suns Football Club
Wyndhamvale Football Club
Yarraville Seddon Football Club
Eastern Region Girls Football League
Bayswater Junior Football Club
Belgrave Football Netball Club
Blackburn Junior Football Club
Chirnside Park Football Club
Coldstream Football Club
Croydon Football Club
Donvale Football Club
East Burwood Football Club
East Ringwood Football Club
Emerald Football Club
Ferntree Gully Football Club
Forest Hill Football Club
Gembrook-Cockatoo Football Club
Glen Waverly Football Club
Healsville Football Club
Heathmont Football Club
Kilsyth Football Club
Knox Football Club
Lilydale Football Club
Mitcham Football Club
Monbulk Junior Football Club
Montrose Football Club
Mooroolbark Football Club
Mount Everlyn Football Club
North Ringwood Football Club
Norwood Football Club
Olinda Ferny Creek Football Club Inc.
Rowville Hawks Football Club
Rowville Knights Community Football Club
South Belgrave / Lysterfield Junior Football Club
The Basin Football Club
Upper Ferntree Gully Football Club
Upwey-Tecoma Junior Football Club
Vermont football Club
Wandin Football Netball Club
Waverley Blues Football Club
Yarra Glen Football Netball Club
Yarra Junction Football Club
Vic Country (VCFL)
Alberton Football League
Fish Creek Football Club
Foster Football Club
Meeniyan Dumbalk United Football Club
Stony Creek Football Club
Tarwin Football Club
Toora & District Football Club
Ballarat Football League
Bacchus Marsh Football Club
Ballarat Football Club
Darley Football Club
East Point Football Club
Lake Wendouree Football Club
Melton Football Club
Melton South Football Club
North Ballarat City Football Club
Redan Football Club
Sebastopol Football Club
Sunbury Football Club
Bellarine Football League
Anglesea Football Club
Barwon Heads Football Club
Drysdale Football Club
Geelong Amateur Football Club
Modewarre Football Club
Newcomb Power Football Club
Ocean Grove Football Club
Portarlington Football Club
Queenscliff Football Club
Torquay Football Club
Bendigo Football League
Castlemaine Football Club
Eaglehawk Football Club
Gisborne Football Club
Golden Square Football Club
Kangaroo Flat Football Club
Kyneton Football Club
Maryborough Football Club
Sandhurst Football Club
South Bendigo Football Club
Strathfieldsaye Football Club
Central Highlands Football League
Ballan Football Club
Beaufort Football Club
Bungaree Football Club
Buninyong Football Club
Carngham Linton Football Club
Clunes Football Club
Creswick Football Club
Daylesford Football Club
Dunnstown Football Club
Gordon Football Club
Hepburn Football Club
Learmonth Football Club
Newlyn Football Club
Rokewood Corindhap Football Club
Skipton Football Club
Springbank Football Club
Waubra Football Club
Central Murray Football League
Balranald Football Club
Cohuna Kangas Football Club
Kerang Football Club
Koondrook Barham Football Club
Lake Boga Football Club
Mallee Eagles Football Club
Nyah Nyah West United Football Club
Swan Hill Football Club
Tooleybuc Manangatang Football Club
Tyntynder Football Club
Woorinen Football Club
Colac & District Football League
Alvie Football Club
Apollo Bay Football Club
Birregurra Football Club
Colac Imperials Football Club
Irrewarra-Beeac Football Club
Lorne Football Club
Simpson Football Club
South Colac Football Club
Otway Districts Football Club
Western Eagles Football Club
East Gippsland Football League
Boisdale Briagolong Football Club
Lakes Entrance Football Club
Lindenow Football Club
Lucknow Football Club
Orbost Snowy Rovers Football Club
Paynesville Football Club
Stratford Football Club
Wy Yung Football Club
Ellinbank & District Football League
Buln Buln Football Club
Catani Football Club
Ellinbank Football Club
Lang Lang Football Club
Longwarry Football Club
Neerim-Neerim South Football Club
Nilma Darnum Football Club
Nyora Football Club
Poowong Football Club
Warragul Industrials Football Club
Geelong Football League
Bell Park Football Club
Colac Football Club
Geelong West Giants Football Club
Grovedale Football Club
Lara Football Club
Leopold Football Club
Newtown & Chilwell Football Club
North Shore Football Club
South Barwon Football Club
St Albans Football Club
St Mary's Football Club
St Joseph's Football Club
Geelong & District Football League
Anakie Football Club
Bannockburn Football Club
Bell Post Hill Football Club
Belmont Lions Football Club
Corio Football Club
East Geelong Football Club
Geelong West Giants Football Club
Inverleigh Football Club
North Geelong Football Club
Thomson Football Club
Winchelsea Football Club
Werribee Centrals Football Club
Gippsland Football League
Bairnsdale Football Club
Drouin Football Club
Leongatha Football Club
Maffra Football Club
Moe Football Club
Morwell Football Club
Sale Football Club
Traralgon Football Club
Warragul Football Club
Wonthaggi Power Football Club
Golden Rivers Football League
Hay Football Club
Macorna Football Club
Moulamein Football Club
Murrabit Football Club
Nullawil Football Club
Quambatook Football Club
Ultima Football Club
Wakool Football Club
Wandella Football Club
Goulburn Valley Football League
Benalla Football Club
Echuca Football Club
Euroa Football Club
Kyabram Football Club
Mansfield Football Club
Mooroopna Football Club
Rochester Football Club
Seymour Football Club
Shepparton Football Club
Shepparton Swans Football Club
Shepparton United Football Club
Tatura Football Club
Hampden Football League
Camperdown Football Club
Cobden Football Club
Hamilton Football Club
Koroit Football Club
North Warrnambool Football Club
Port Fairy Football Club
Portland Football Netball Cricket Club
South Warrnambool Football Club
Terang Mortlake Football Club
Warrnambool Football Club
Heathcote District Football League
Colbinabbin Football Club
Elmore Football Club
Heathcote Football Club
Huntly Football Club
Leitchville Gunbower Football Club
Lockington Bamawm United Football Club
Mount Pleasant Football Club
North Bendigo Football Club
White Hills Football Club
Horsham & District Football League
Edenhope-Apsley Football Club
Harrow-Balmoral Football Club
Jeparit Rainbow Football Club
Kalkee Football Club
Kaniva-Leeor United Football Club
Laharum Football Club
Natimuk United Football Club
Noradjuha-Quantong Football Club
Pimpinio Football Club
Rupanyup Football Club
Stawell Swifts Football Club
Taylors Lake Football Club
Kyabram & District Football League
Ardmona Football Club
Avenel Football Club
Dookie United Football Club
Girgarre Football Club
Lancaster Football Club
Longwood Football Club
Merrigum Football Club
Murchison Football Club
Nagambie Football Club
Rushworth Football Club
Stanhope Football Club
Tallygaroopna Football Club
Undera Football Club
Violet Town Football Club
Loddon Valley Football League
Bears Lagoon-Serpentine Football Club
Bridgewater Football Club
Calivil United Football Club
Inglewood Football Club
Marong & District Football Club
Mitiamo Football Club
Newbridge Football Club
Pyramid Hill Football Club
YCW Football Club
Maryborough Castlemaine District Football League
Avoca Football Club
Campbells Creek Football Club
Carisbrook Football Club
Dunolly Football Club
Harcourt Football Club
Lexton Football Club
Maldon Football Club
Maryborough Rovers Football Club
Natte Bealiba Football Club
Navarre Football Club
Newstead Football Club
Royal Park Football Club
Talbot Football Club
Trentham Football Club
Mid Gippsland Football League
Boolarra Football Club
Hill End Football Club
Mirboo North Football Club
Morwell East Football Club
Newborough Football Club
Thorpdale Football Club
Trafalgar Football Club
Yallourn Yallourn North Football Club
Yarragon Football Club
Yinnar Football Club
Millewa Football League
Bambill Football Club
Cardross Football Club
Gol Gol Football Club
Meringur Football Club
Nangiloc Football Club
Werrimull Football Club
Mininera & District Football League
Ararat Eagles Football Club
Caramut Football Club
Glenthompson-Dunkeld Football Club
Great Western Football Club
Hawkesdale-Macarthur Football Club
Lismore-Derrinallum Football Club
Moyston-Willaura Football Club
Penshurst Football Club
SMW Rovers Football Club
Tatyoon Football Club
Wickliffe-Lake Bolac Football Club
Woorndoo-Mortlake Football Club
Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League
Bonbeach Football Club
Chelsea Football Club
Crib Point Football Club
Devon Meadows Football Club
Dromana Football Club
Edithvale Aspendale Football Club
Frankston Bombers Football Club
Frankston YCW Football Club
Hastings Football Club
Karingal Football Club
Langwarrin Football Club
Mornington Football Club
Mount Eliza Football Club
Pearcedale Football Club
Pines Football Club
Red Hill Football Club
Rosebud Football Club
Rye Football Club
Seaford Football Club
Somerville Football Club
Sorrento Football Club
Tyabb Football Club
Murray Football League
Barooga Football Club
Cobram Football Club
Congupna Football Club
Deniliquin Football Club
Echuca United Football Club
Finley Football Club
Katandra Football Club
Moama Football Club
Mulwala Football Club
Nathalia Football Club
Numurkah Football Club
Rumbalara Football Club
Shepparton East Football Club
Tongala Football Club
Tungamah Football Club
North Central Football League
Birchip-Watchem Football Club
Boort Football Club
Charlton Football Club
Donald Football Club
St Arnaud Football Club
Sea Lake Nandaly Football Club
Wedderburn Football Club
Wycheproof-Narraport Football Club
North Gippsland Football League
Churchill Football Club
Cowwarr Football Club
Glengarry Football Club
Gormandale Football Club
Heyfield Football Club
Rosedale Football Club
Sale City Football Club
Traralgon Tyers United Football Club
Woodside Football Club
Yarram Football Club
Omeo & District Football League
Bruthen Football Club
Buchan Football Club
Lindenow South Football Club
Omeo-Benambra Football Club
Swan Reach Football Club
Swifts Creek Football Club
Ovens & King Football League
Benalla All Blacks Football Club
Bonnie Doon Football Club
Bright Football Club
Glenrowan Football Club
Goorambat Football Club
Greta Football Club
King Valley Football Club
Milawa Football Club
Moyhu Football Club
North Wangaratta Football Club
Tarrawingee Football Club
Whorouly Football Club
Ovens & Murray Football League
Albury Football Club
Corowa Rutherglen Football Club
Lavington Football Club
Myrtleford Football Club
North Albury Football Club
Wangaratta Football Club
Wangaratta Rovers Football Club
Wodonga Football Club
Wodonga Raiders Football Club
Yarrawonga Football Club
Picola & District Football League
Berrigan Football Club
Blighty Football Club
Deniliquin Rovers Football Club
Jerilderie Football Club
Katamatite Football Club
Katunga Football Club
Mathoura Football Club
Picola United Football Club
Rennie Football Club
Strathmerton Football Club
Tocumwal Football Club
Waaia Football Club
Yarroweyah Football Club
Riddell District Football League
Broadford Football Club
Diggers Rest Football Club
Lancefield Football Club
Macedon Football Club
Melton Central Football Club
Riddell Football Club
Rockbank Football Club
Romsey Football Club
Rupertswood Football Club
Sunbury Kangaroos Football Club
Wallan Football Club
Woodend/Hesket Football Club
South East Football League
Beaconsfield Football Club
Berwick Football Club
Cranbourne Football Club
Doveton Football Club
Narre Warren Football Club
Officer Football Club
Pakenham Football Club
Tooradin-Dalmore Football Club
South West District Football League
Branxholme-Wallacedale Football Club
Cavendish Football Club
Coleraine Football Club
Dartmoor Football Club
Heathmere Football Club
Heywood Football Club
Tyrendarra Football Club
Westerns Football Club
Sunraysia Football League
Imperials Football Club
Irymple Football Club
Merbein Football Club
Mildura Football Club
Ouyen United Football Club
Red Cliffs Football Club
Robinvale Euston Football Club
South Mildura Football Club
Wentworth Football Club
Tallangatta & District Football League
Barnawartha Football Club
Beechworth Football Club
Chiltern Football Club
Dederang Mount Beauty Football Club
Kiewa-Sandy Creek Football Club
Mitta United Football Club
Rutherglen Football Club
Tallangatta Football Club
Thurgoona Football Club
Wahgunyah Football Club
Wodonga Saints Football Club
Yackandandah Football Club
Upper Murray Football League
Border Walwa Football Club
Bullioh Football Club
Corryong Football Club
Cudgewa Football Club
Federal Football Club
Tumbarumba Football Club
Warrnambool & District Football League
Allansford Football Club
Dennington Football Club
East Warrnambool Football Club
Kolora-Noorat Football Club
Merrivale Football Club
Nirranda Football Club
Old Collegians Football Club
Panmure Football Club
Russell's Creek Football Club
South Rovers Football Club
Timboon Demons Football Club
Wimmera Football League
Ararat Football Club
Dimboola Football Club
Horsham Demons Football Club
Horsham Saints Football Club
Minyip Murtoa Football Club
Nhill Football Club
Southern Mallee Giants Football Club
Stawell Football Club
Warracknabeal Football Club
Yarra Valley Mountain District Football League
Alexandra Football Club
Belgrave Football Club
Emerald Football Club
Gembrook-Cockatoo Football Club
Healesville Football Club
Kinglake Football Club
Monbulk Football Club
Mount Evelyn Football Club
Olinda-Ferny Creek Football Club
Powelltown Football Club
Seville Football Club
Thornton-Eildon Football Club
Upwey-Tecoma Football Club
Wandin Football Club
Warbuton-Millgrove Football Club
Woori Yallock Football Club
Yarra Glen Football Club
Yarra Junction Football Club
Yea Football Club
Statewide Under 18
NAB League
Bendigo Pioneers
Calder Cannons
Dandenong Stingrays
Eastern Ranges
Geelong Falcons
Gippsland Power
Murray Bushrangers
North Ballarat Rebels
Northern Knights
Oakleigh Chargers
Sandringham Dragons
Western Jets
South Australia
Adelaide Football League
Adelaide Lutheran Football Club
Adelaide University Football Club
Athelstone Football Club
Blackfriars Old Scholars Football Club
Brahma Lodge Football Club
Brighton Districts and Old Scholars Football Club
Broadview Football Club
Central United Football Club
Christian Brothers College Old Collegians Football Club
Colonel Light Gardens Football Club
Eastern Park Football Club
Edwardstown Football Club
Elizabeth Football Club
Fitzroy Football Club
Flinders Park Football Club
Flinders University Football Club
Gaza Football Club
Gepps Cross Football Club
Glenunga Football Club
Golden Grove Football Club
Goodwood Saints Football Club
Greenacres Football Club
Hectorville Football Club
Henley Football Club
Hope Valley Football Club
Houghton Districts Football Club
Ingle Farm Football Club
Kenilworth Football Club
Kilburn Football Club
Lockleys Football Club
Marion Football Club
Mawson Lakes Football Club
Mitcham Football Club
Mitchell Park Football Club
Modbury Football Club
Morphettville Park Football Club
North Haven Football Club
O'Sullivan Beach-Lonsdale Football Club
Old Ignatians Football Club
Para Hills Football Club
Payneham Norwood Union Football Club
Pembroke Old Scholars Football Club
Plympton Football Club
PHOS Camden Football Club
Pooraka Football Club
Port District Football Club
Portland Football Club
Prince Alfred Old Collegians Football Club
Pulteney Football Club
Rosewater Football Club
Rostrevor Old Collegians Football Club
Sacred Heart Old Collegians Football Club
SMOSH West Lakes Football Club
St Pauls Old Scholars Football Club
St Peter's Old Collegians Football Club
Salisbury Football Club
Salisbury West Football Club
Scotch Old Collegians Football Club
Seaton Ramblers Football Club
Smithfield Football Club
Tea Tree Gully Football Club
Trinity Old Scholars Football Club
Unley Mercedes Jets Football Club
Walkerville Football Club
West Croydon Football Club
Westminster Old Scholars Football Club
Woodville South Football Club
Adelaide Plains Football League
Angle Vale Football Club
Balaklava Football Club
Hamley Bridge Football Club
Hummocks Watchman Eagles Football Club
Mallala Football Club
Two Wells Football Club
United Football Club
Virginia Football Club
Barossa Light & Gawler Football Association
Angaston Football Club
Barossa District Football Club
Freeling Football Club
Gawler Central Football Club
Kapunda Football Club
Nuriootpa Football Club
South Gawler Football Club
Tanunda Football Club
Willaston Football Club
Eastern Eyre Football League
Cleve Football Club
Cowell Football Club
Eastern Ranges Football Club
Kimba Districts Football Club
Far North Football League
East Roxby Football Club
Hornridge Football Club
Olympic Dam Football Club
Roxby Districts Football Club
Far West Football League
Blues Football Club
Koonibba Football Club
Thevenard Football Club
Western United Football Club
Great Flinders Football League
Cummins Kapinnie Football Club
Eyre United Football Club
Lock Football Club
Ramblers Football Club
Tumby Bay Football Club
United Yeelanna Football Club
Great Southern Football League
Encounter Bay Football Club
Goolwa-Port Elliot Football Club
Langhorne Creek Football Club
McLaren Football Club
Mount Compass Football Club
Myponga-Sellicks Football Club
Strathalbyn Football Club
Victor Harbor Football Club
Willunga Football Club
Yankalilla Football Club
Hills Football League
Birdwood Football Club
Blackwood Football Club
Bridgewater-Callington Football Club
Echunga Football Club
Gumeracha Football Club
Hahndorf Football Club
Ironbank-Cherry Gardens Football Club
Kangarilla Football Club
Kersbrook Football Club
Lobethal Football Club
Macclesfield Football Club
Meadows Football Club
Mount Barker Football Club
Mount Lofty District Football Club
Nairne Bremer United Football Club
Onkaparinga Valley Football Club
Torrens Valley Football Club
Uraidla Districts Football Club
Kangaroo Island Football League
Dudley United Football Club
Kingscote Football Club
Parndana Football Club
Western Districts Football Club
Wisanger Football Club
Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara Football League
Border Districts Football Club
Bordertown Football Club
Keith Football Club
Kingston Football Club
Kybybolite Football Club
Lucindale Football Club
Mundulla Football Club
Naracoorte Football Club
Padthaway Football Club
Penola Football Club
Mallee Football League
Border Downs Tintinara Football Club
Karoonda Football Club
Lameroo Football Club
Murrayville Football Club
Peake & District Football Club
Pinnaroo Football Club
Mid South Eastern Football League
Glencoe Football Club
Hatherleigh Football Club
Kalangadoo Football Club
Kongorong Football Club
Mount Burr Football Club
Nangwarry Football Club
Port MacDonnell Football Club
Robe Football Club
Tantanoola Football Club
Mid West Football League
Central Eyre Football Club
Elliston Football Club
West Coast Hawks Football Club
Western Districts Football Club
Wirrulla Football Club
Wudinna Football Club
North Eastern Football League
Blyth Snowtown Football Club
Brinkworth Spalding Redhill Football Club
Burra Booborowie Hallett Football Club
Eudunda-Robertstown Football Club
Mintaro Manoora Football Club
North Clare Football Club
Riverton Saddleworth Marrabel United Football Club
South Clare Football Club
Northern Areas Football Association
Booleroo Melrose Wilmington Football Club
Broughton Mundoora Football Club
Crystal Brook Football Club
Jamestown Peterborough Football Club
Orroroo Football Club
Southern Flinders Football Club
Port Lincoln Football League
Boston Football Club
Lincoln South Football Club
Mallee Park Football Club
Marble Range Football Club
Tasman Football Club
Wayback Football Club
Riverland Football League
Barmera-Monash Football Club
Berri Football Club
Blanchetown-Swan Reach Football Club
Browns Well Football Club
Cobdogla Football Club
Loxton Football Club
Loxton North Football Club
Lyrup Football Club
Paringa Football Club
Ramco Football Club
Renmark Football Club
Sedan Cambrai Football Club
Waikerie Football Club
Wunkar Football Club
River Murray Football League
Imperial Football Club
Jervois Football Club
Mannum Football Club
Meningie Football Club
Mypolonga Football Club
Rambler Football Club
Tailem Bend Football Club
Southern Football League
Aldinga Football Club
Christies Beach Football Club
Cove Football Club
Flagstaff Hill Football Club
Happy Valley Football Club
Morphett Vale Football Club
Noarlunga Football Club
Port Noarlunga Football Club
Reynella Football Club
Spencer Gulf Football League
Central Augusta Football Club
Lions Football Club
Port Football Club
Solomontown Football Club
South Augusta Football Club
West Augusta Football Club
Western Border Football League
Casterton Sandford Football Club
East Gambier Football Club
Millicent Football Club
North Gambier Football Club
South Gambier Football Club
West Gambier Football Club
Whyalla Football League
Central Whyalla Football Club
North Whyalla Football Club
Roopeena Football Club
South Whyalla Football Club
Weeroona Bay Football Club
West Whyalla Football Club
Yorke Peninsula Football League
Ardrossan Football Club
Bute Football Club
Central Yorke Cougars Football Club
CMS Crows Football Club
Kadina Football Club
Moonta Football Club
Paskeville Football Club
Southern Eagles Football Club
Wallaroo Football Club
Western Australia
Western Australian Amateur Football League
Armadale Football Club
Ballajura Football Club
Bassendean Football Club
Bayswater Football Club
Belmont Districts Football Club
Brentwood Booragoon Football Club
Bull Creek Leeming Football Club
Canning Vale Football Club
Canning Vic Park South Perth Football Club
Carlisle Football Club
Cockburn Football Club
Cockburn Lakes Football Club
Collegians Football Club
Coolbellup Football Club
Coolbinia West Perth Football Club
Cottesloe Football Club
Dianella Morley Football Club
Ellenbrook Football Club
Fremantle CBC Football Club
Forrestdale Football Club
Gosnells Football Club
Hamersley Carine Football Club
High Wycombe Football Club
Jandakot Football Club
Kalamunda Football Club
Kenwick Football Club
Kingsley Football Club
Kingsway Football Club
Kwinana Football Club
Lynwood Ferndale Football Club
Maddington Football Club
Manning Football Club
Melville Football Club
Mosman Park Football Club
Mount Lawley Football Club
Nollamara Football Club
North Beach Football Club
North Fremantle Football Club
Ocean Ridge Football Club
Osborne Park Football Club
Piara Waters Football Club
Quinns District Football Club
Rossmoyne Football Club
St Norbets Football Club
Scarborough Football Club
Secret Harbour Football Club
Stirling Football Club
Swan Athletic Football Club
Swan Valley Football Club
Thornlie Football Club
Trinity Aquinas Football Club
University Football Club
Wanneroo Football Club
Warnbro Football Club
Wembley Football Club
Wesley Curtin Football Club
West Coast Cowan Football Club
Whitford Football Club
Willetton Football Club
Yanchep Football Club
Avon Football Association
Beverley Football Club
Cunderdin Football Club
Federals Football Club
Kellerberrin/Tammin Football Club
Quairading Football Club
Railways Football Club
York Football Club
Central Kimberley Football League
Bayulu Bulldogs Football Club
Mowanjum Hawks Football Club
Muludja Lions Football Club
Noonkanbah Blues Football Club
Wangkatjungka Crows Football Club
Central Midlands Coastal Football League
Dandaragan Football Club
Cervantes Football Club
Jurien Bay Football Club
Lancelin Football Club
Moora Football Club
Central Wheatbelt Football League
Beacon Football Club
Bencubbin Football Club
Kalannie Football Club
Koorda Football Club
Mukinbudin Football Club
Nungarin Football Club
Eastern Districts Football League
Bruce Rock Football Club
Burracoppin Football Club
Corrigin Football Club
Hyden/Karlgarin Football Club
Kulin/Kondinin Football Club
Narembeen Football Club
Nukarni Football Club
Southern Cross Football Club
East Kimberley Football Association
Bow River Football Club
Halls Creek Football Club
Kundat Djaru Football Club
Kununurra Football Club
Kururrungku Football Club
Ord River Football Club
Waringarri Football Club
Warmun Football Club
Wyndham Football Club
Yardgee Football Club
Esperance District Football Association
Esperance Football Club
Gibson Football Club
Newtown Condingup Football Club
Ports Football Club
Fortescue National Football League
Panthers Football Club
Saints Football Club
Tigers Football Club
Towns Football Club
Gascoyne Football Association
Exmouth Football Club
Gascoyne Football Club
Ramblers Football Club
Warriors Football Club
Goldfields Football League
Boulder City Football Club
Kalgoorlie City Football Club
Kambalda Football Club
Mines Rovers Football Club
Railways Football Club
Great Northern Football League
Brigades Football Club
Chapman Valley Football Club
Mullewa Football Club
Northampton Football Club
Railway Football Club
Rovers Football Club
Towns Football Club
Great Southern Football League
Albany Football Club
Denmark Walpole Football Club
Mount Barker Football Club
North Albany Football Club
Railways Football Club
Royals Football Club
Hills Football Association
Bullsbrook Football Club
Chidlow Football Club
Gidgegannup Football Club
Mount Helena Football Club
Mundaring Football Club
Parkerville Football Club
Pickering Brook Football Club
Lower South West Football League
Boyup Brook Football Club
Bridgetown Football Club
Deanmill Football Club
Imperials Football Club
Kojonup Football Club
Southerners Football Club
Tigers Football Club
Mortlock Football League
Calingiri Football Club
Dalwallinu Football Club
Dowerin Wyalkatchem Football Club
Gingin Football Club
Goomalling Football Club
Toodyay Football Club
Wongan Ballidu Football Club
Newman National Football League
Centrals Football Club
Pioneers Football Club
Saints Football Club
Tigers Football Club
North Midlands Football League
Carnamah-Perenjori Football Club
Coorow-Latham Football Club
Dongara Football Club
Mingenew Football Club
Morawa Football Club
Three Springs Football Club
North Pilbara Football League
Dampier Sharks Football Club
Karratha Falcons Football Club
Karratha Kats Football Club
Port Hedland Rovers Football Club
South Hedland Swans Football Club
Wickham Wolves Football Club
Ongerup Football Association
Boxwood Hills Football Club
Gnowangerup Football Club
Jerramungup Football Club
Lake Grace/Pingrup Football Club
Newdegate Football Club
Ravensthorpe & District Football Association
Ravensthorpe Tigers Football Club
Southerners Football Club
Lakes Football Club
Peel Football League
Baldivis Football Club
Centrals Football Club
Halls Head Football Club
Mandurah Football Club
Pinjarra Football Club
Rockingham Football Club
South Mandurah Football Club
Waroona Football Club
South West Football League
Augusta Margaret River Football Club
Bunbury Football Club
Busselton Football Club
Carey Park Football Club
Collie Eagles Football Club
Donnybrook Football Club
Eaton Boomers Football Club
Harvey Brunswick Lesch Football Club
Harvey Bulls Football Club
South Bunbury Football Club
Upper Great Southern Football League
Boddington Football Club
Brookton/Pingelly Football Club
Katanning Wanderers Football Club
Kukerin/Dumbleyung Football Club
Narrogin Hawks Football Club
Wagin Football Club
Wickepin Football Club
Williams Football Club
West Kimberley Football Association
Towns Football Club
Broome Bulls Football Club
Broome Saints Football Club
Peninsula Bombers Football Club
Bidyadanga Football Club
Cable Beach Football Club
Derby Tigers Football Club
Looma Eagles Football Club
Tasmania
North West Football League
Burnie Football Club
Devonport Football Club
East Devonport Football Club
Latrobe Football Club
Penguin Football Club
Smithton Football Club
Ulverstone Football Club
Wynyard Football Club
Southern Football League
Brighton Robins
Claremont Magpies
Cygnet Football Club
Dodges Ferry Sharks
East Coast Bombers
Huonville Lions
Hobart Tigers
Lindisfarne Blues
New Norfolk Eagles
Sorell Eagles
Northern Tasmanian Football Association
Bracknell Football Club
Bridgenorth Football Club
Bridport Swans Football Club
Deloraine Football Club
East Coast Swans Football Club
Evandale Football Club
George Town Football Club
Hillwood Football Club
Lilydale Football Club
Longford Football Club
Meander Valley Football Club
Old Launcestonians Football Club
Old Scotch Football Club
Perth Football Club
Rocherlea Football Club
St. Pat's Football Club
Scottsdale Football Club
South Launceston Football Club
Tamar Cats Football Club
Uni-Mowbray Football Club
Circular Head Football Association
Forest-Stanley Football Club
Irishtown Football Club
Redpa Football Club
Scotchtown Football Club
Darwin Football Association
Cuprona Football Club
Natone Football Club
Queenstown Football Club
Ridgley Football Club
Somerset Football Club
South Burnie Football Club
Yeoman Football Club
Yolla Football Club
King Island Football Association
Currie Football Club
Grassy Football Club
North Football Club
North Western Football Association
Forth Football Club
Motton-Preston Football Club
Rosebery-Toorak Football Club
Sheffield Football Club
Spreyton Football Club
Turners Beach Football Club
Wesley Vale Football Club
West Ulverstone Football Club
East Ulverstone Football Club
Oatlands District Football Association
Bothwell Football Club
Campania Football Club
Campbell Town Football Club
Mount Pleasant Football Club
Oatlands Football Club
Swansea Football Club
Woodsdale Football Club
Old Scholars Football Association
DOSA Football Club
Hutchins Football Club
OHA Football Club
Richmond Football Club
St. Virgils Football Club
University Football Club
New South Wales
Sydney AFL
Balmain Australian Football Club
Camden Football Club
Campbelltown Football Club
East Coast Eagles
Holroyd-Parramatta Football Club
Macquarie University Football Club
Manly-Warringah Football Club
Newtown Breakaways Football Club
Nor-West Football Club
North West Sydney Redbacks Football Club
North Shore Australian Football Club
Pennant Hills Football Club
Penrith Football Club
Randwick City Saints Football Club
St George Football Club
South West Sydney Football Club
Southern Power Football Club
Sydney University Australian National Football Club
UNSW-Eastern Suburbs Bulldogs
UTS Australian Football Club
Western Magic Football Club
Western Suburbs Football Club
Wollondilly Knights Football Club
Wollongong Saints Football Club
Black Diamond AFL
Cardiff Football Club
Gosford Football Club
Killarney Vale Football Club
Lake Macquarie Football Club
Maitland Football Club
Muswellbrook Football Club
Nelson Bay Football Club
Newcastle City Football Club
Singleton Football Club
Terrigal Avoca Football Club
The Entrance Bateau Bay Football Club
Wallsend-West Newcastle Football Club
Warners Bay Football Club
Wyong Lakes Football Club
Broken Hill Football League
Central Magpies Football Club
North Bulldogs Football Club
South Roos Football Club
West Robins Football Club
Central West Australian Football League
Bathurst Bushrangers Football Club
Bathurst Giants Football Club
Dubbo Demons Football Club
Orange Tigers Football Club
Parkes Panthers Football Club
Farrer Football League
Barellan United Football Club
CSU Football Club
Coleambally Football Club
East Wagga Kooringal Football Club
Marrar Football Club
Northern Jets Football Club
North Wagga Football Club
Temora Football Club
The Rock-Yerong Creek Football Club
Hume Football League
Billabong Crows Football Club
Brock/Burrum Saints Football Club
CDHBU Football Club
Culcairn Football Club
Henty Football Club
Holbrook Football Club
Howlong Football Club
Jindera Football Club
Lockhart Football Club
Murray Magpies Football Club
Osborne Football Club
Rand-Walbundrie-Walla Football Club
North Coast Australian Football League
Coffs Breakers Football Club
Grafton Football Club
Port Macquarie Football Club
Sawtell Toormina Football Club
North West Australian Football League
Gunnedah District Bulldogs Football Club
Inverell Saints Football Club
Moree Suns Football Club
Narrabri Eagles Football Club
New England Nomads Football Club
Tamworth Kangaroos Football Club
Tamworth Swans Football Club
Northern Riverina Football League
Condobolin Milby Football Club
Hillston Football Club
Lake Cargelligo Football Club
Tullibigeal Football Club
Ungarie Football Club
West Wyalong Girral Football Club
Riverina Football League
Collingullie Glenfield Park Football Club
Coolamon Football Netball Club
Ganmain Grong Grong Matong Football Club
Griffith Football Club
Leeton/Whitton Football Club
Mangoplah Cookadinia United Eastlakes Football Club
Narrandera Football Club
Turvey Park Football Club
Wagga Tigers Football Club
Sapphire Coast Australian Football League
Eden Football Club
Merimbula Football Club
Narooma Football Club
Pambula Football Club
Tathra Football Club
South Coast Australian Football League
Bomaderry Football Club
Dapto City Stallions Football Club
Figtree Kangaroos Football Club
Kiama Football Club
Northern Districts Tigers Football Club
Nowra Albatross Football Club
Port Kembla Football Club
Shellharbour City Suns Football Club
Ulladulla Dockers Football Club
Wollongong Bulldogs Football Club
Wollongong Lions Football Club
Australian Capital Territory
AFL Canberra
Ainslie Football Club
ADFA Football Club
ANU Football Club
Belconnen Magpies Football Club
Cootamundra Football Club
Eastlake Football Club
Googong Hogs Football Club
Goulburn City Swans Football Club
Gungahlin Football Club
Molonglo Football Club
Queanbeyan Football Club
Southern Cats Football Club
Tuggeranong Hawks Football Club
Woden Blues Football Club
Yass Football Club
Queensland
Queensland Australian Football League
Queensland Football Association
Divisional Football
Alexandra Hills Bombers
Aspley Hornets
Beenleigh Buffaloes
Bond University Australian Football Club
Bribie Island Australian Football Club
Burleigh Bombers
Caloundra Panthers
Carrara Australian Football Club
Coolangatta Tweed Heads Blues
Coomera Australian Football Club
Coorparoo Kings
Ferny Grove Australian Football Club
Griffith Uni Moorooka Football Club
Hinterland Blues Australian Football Club
Ipswich Cats Australian Football Club
Ipswich Eagles
Jindalee Australian Football Club
Kedron Lions
Kenmore Australian Football Club
Marcellin AFC
Maroochydore Roos
Mayne Tigers
Moreton Bay Australian Football Club
Noosa Tigers
Park Ridge Australian Football Club
Pine Rivers Swans
Redcliffe Tigers
Robina Roos
Sandgate Hawks
Springwood Pumas
University of Queensland Red Lions
Victoria Point Australian Football Club
Wynnum Vikings
Yeronga South Brisbane Devils
Wide Bay Division
Across the Waves Australian Football Club
Brothers Bulldogs Australian Football Club
Gympie Australian Football Club
Hervey Bay Bombers Australian Football Club
Hervey Bay Power Australian Football Club
Maryborough Australian Football Club
Northern Rivers Division
Ballina Bombers Australian Football Club
Byron Magpies Australian Football Club
Lismore Swans Australian Football Club
Tweed Coast Tigers Australian Football Club
AFL Cairns
Cairns City Lions Australian Football Club
Cairns Saints Australian Football Club
Centrals Trinity Beach Australian Football Club
Manunda Hawks Australian Football Club
North Cairns Australian Football Club
Port Douglas Australian Football Club
South Cairns Australian Football Club
AFL Capricornia
Boyne Island Tannum Sands Saints
Brothers Rockhampton Roos
Gladstone Mudcrabs
Glenmore Bulls
Rockhampton Panthers
Yeppoon Swans
AFL Darling Downs
Chinchilla Suns
Dalby Swans
Coolaroo Roos
Goondiwindi Hawks
Highfields Lions
South Burnett Saints
South Toowoomba Bombers
Toowoomba Tigers
University Cougars
Warwick Redbacks
AFL Mackay
Eastern Swans
Mackay Magpies
Mackay City
North Mackay
Whitsunday Sea Eagles
AFL Mount Isa
Buffaloes
Dajarra Rhinos
Lake Nash Young Guns
Rovers
Tigers
AFL Townsville
Curra Swans
Hermit Park Tigers
Northern Beaches Lions
Thuringowa Bulldogs
University Hawks
Northern Territory
Barkly Australian Football League
Barkly Work Camp Football Club
Canteen Creek Football Club
Eagles Football Club
Elliot Football Club
Sporties Spitfires Football Club
Central Australian Football League
Areyonga Football Club
Federals Football Club
Laramba Football Club (Cowboys)
Ltyentye Apurte Football Club
MacDonnell Districts Football Club
Mulga Bore Football Club
Nyirripi Football Club
Pioneers Football Club
Plenty Highway Football Club
Rovers Football Club
South Football Club
Ti Tree Football Club
Titjikala Football Club
Western Aranda Football Club
Wests Football Club
Yuendumu Football Club
Gove Australian Football League
Baywarra Football Club
Djarrak Football Club
Gopu Football Club
Nguykal Football Club
Big Rivers Australian Football League
Beswick Football Club
Eastside Football Club
Kalano Football Club
Katherine Camels Football Club
Katherine South Football Club
Tindal Magpies Football Club
Tiwi Islands Football League
Imalu Football Club
Muluwurri Football Club
Pumarali Football Club
Ranku Football Club
Tapalinga Football Club
Tuyu Football Club
Walama Football Club
See also
List of cricket clubs in Australia
List of baseball teams in Australia
List of rowing clubs in Australia
List of rugby league clubs in Australia
List of rugby union clubs in Australia
List of soccer clubs in Australia
List of yacht clubs in Australia
References
External links
Australia clubs
Australian rules football |
Jay Hunt may refer to:
Jay Hunt (television executive) (born 1967), former controller of BBC One
Jay Hunt (director) (1855–1932), American film director and actor
Jay Hunt (stylist) (born 1966), British stylist and TV presenter |
Helmuth Hufenbach (27 February 1908 – 27 March 1945) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. Hufenbach was killed on 27 March 1945 in the Heiligenbeil Pocket. He was posthumously promoted to Generalmajor and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.
Awards and decorations
Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (21 September 1939) & 1st Class (24 October 1939)
German Cross in Gold on 27 November 1941 as Hauptmann in the III./Infanterie-Regiment 45
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Knight's Cross on 30 October 1943 as Oberstleutnant and commander of Grenadier-Regiment 667
807th Oak Leaves on 28 March 1945 as Oberst and commander of 562. Volks-Grenadier Division
References
Citations
Bibliography
1908 births
1945 deaths
People from Oldenburg (state)
Major generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
German Army personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from Oldenburg (city) |
Diadem was a barque launched in 1800 at Whitby. She served as an armed defence ship between 1803 and 1805. Her owners sold her to the British government in 1818. The year 1818 may be a transcription error for 1808 as that is the last year for which Diadem is listed in either Lloyd's Register or the Register of Shipping.
Diadem enters the Register of Shipping in 1801 with J. Noddings, master, and trade Weymouth—Baltic. Although there was another Diadem at roughly the same time, she is the only one listed. Diadem appears in the Supplemental pages in Lloyd's Register with slightly different information: her master is J. Noddens, and her trade is that of a London-based transport.
Following the resumption of war with France in early 1803, concern developed in Britain about Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom. The British government's response took many forms including the reactivation of Fencible regiments and the Sea Fencibles, a program of the construction of Martello Towers along the coasts of Britain and Ireland, and the commissioning of a number of armed defense ships.
The British East India Company in November voted to underwrite 10,000 tons (bm) of armed transports to protect Great Britain's coasts. The vessels were existing, but not EIC, merchantmen that would receive an upgrade in armament and in some cases a naval officer as captain. The vessels were: Albion, , , Aurora, , Diadem, , Helder, , , Lord Nelson, , , , , Sir Alexander Mitchell, , and Triton.
On 21 November 1803 Diadem, of 500 tons (bm) and 16 guns, was ready but yet to be allocated to her station. She was probably stationed in the Downs because she served in the Channel, cruising and escorting convoys. The Royal Navy returned the armed defense ships to their owners in the second half of 1805.
Diadem is last listed in 1808. The information on burthen, master, and owner is unchanged from the 1801 entries. The Register of Shipping too now showed her as a London-based transport.
Citations
References
1800 ships
Ships built in Whitby
Age of Sail merchant ships
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Hired armed vessels of the Royal Navy |
Asiatic Petroleum Company (APC) was a joint venture between the Shell and Royal Dutch oil companies founded in 1903. It operated in Asia in the early 20th century. The corporate headquarters were on The Bund in Shanghai, China. The division tested the limits of corporate liability in the Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd case.
The company was involved in the early developments of Frank Whittle in the jet engine field, a Mr. I Lubbock of the company devising a suitable combustion chamber design, known as the 'Lubbock Burner' and used in the Power Jets WU and subsequent engines.
In 1951, China requisitioned all property belonging to the company in retaliation for the Hong Kong Government's requisitioning of the tanker .
See also
, APC vessel that caused one of the first major maritime oil spills
Photograph courtesy of Paul Pak-hing Lee Studio
References
Oil companies of China
Former joint ventures
Former Shell plc subsidiaries
Energy companies established in 1903
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1903
Companies based in Shanghai
Chinese companies established in 1903
Defunct energy companies of China |
Library of the Printed Web is a physical archive devoted to web-to-print artists’ books, zines and other printout matter. Founded by Paul Soulellis in 2013, the collection was acquired by The Museum of Modern Art Library in January 2017. The project has been described as "web culture articulated as printed artifact," an "archive of archives," characterized as an "accumulation of accumulations," much of it printed on demand. Techniques for appropriating web content used by artists in the collection include grabbing, hunting, scraping and performing, detailed by Soulellis in "Search, Compile, Publish," and later referenced by Alessandro Ludovico.
Among the 130 artists included in Library of the Printed Web are Olia Lialina, Mishka Henner, Clement Valla, Karolis Kosas, Lauren Thorson, Cory Arcangel, Silvio Lorusso, Angela Genusa, Jean Keller, Aaron Krach, Joachim Schmid, Benjamin Shaykin, Chantal Zakari, Richard Prince, David Horvitz and Penelope Umbrico. Over 240 works are in the collection. Library of the Printed Web continues to grow through curatorial acquisition and artist contributions.
The collection is used primarily for experimental publishing research, as a way to question issues of copyright, privacy and appropriation by artists on the internet, and as the basis for academic workshops in design and new media.
The project is frequently featured at book fairs, independent publishing conferences and schools, appearing at Miss Read Berlin Art Book Fair, Stadtbibliothek Stuttgart, Merz Akademie, Printed Matter's NY Art Book Fair, Offprint London, Theorizing the Web, Interrupt 3 at Brown University, The Internet Yami-Ichi, Printed Matter's LA Art Book Fair, Odds and Ends Art Book Fair at Yale Art Gallery, Rhode Island School of Design School of Visual Arts, International Center of Photography, School of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston and Offprint Paris. In 2013 Library of the Printed Web was featured at Theorizing the Web and The Book Affair at the opening of the 55th Venice Biennale.
Printed Web (publication)
Printed Web is an artists' publication devoted to web-to-print art and discourse, published by Paul Soulellis / Library of the Printed Web. The project began in 2014 as a way to present new work by artists included in Soulellis’ Library of the Printed Web. Artists are invited to submit new or existing network-based work for the printed page. In the spirit of Seth Siegelaub, each issue is curated as a group exhibition for the printed page. Printed Web circulates primarily as print-on-demand publications, but also includes PDFs, ZIPs, GIFs, and server directories. More than 180 artists and writers have contributed to the project through issue #4. Individual issues are widely held in special artists’ publications collections and libraries, including Museum of Modern Art NY, Yale University, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Walker Center, and NY Public Library.
Printed Web 2 was included in the exhibition "Aerial Imagery in Print, 1860 to Today" at Museum of Modern Art, organized by MoMA Library, featuring a project by James Bridle. Printed Web 3 was an open call and launched on the front page of Rhizome and at Offprint London in May 2015, featuring work by 147 artists. Printed Web 4 was a co-publication with International Center of Photography and featured in the exhibition "Public, Private, Secret," curated by Charlotte Cotton in June 2016. The text "Folding the Web" by Michael Connor, artistic director of Rhizome, was included in Printed Web 4.
Printed Web 5: Bot Anthologia features algorithmic media: bots, feeds, streams, and other autonomous projects. It was presented at Eyebeam and Interrupt 4 at Brown University.
Artists included in Printed Web publications
Printed Web 1 (January 2014)
Joachim Schmid
Penelope Umbrico
Christian Bök
Clement Valla
Jason Huff
Mimi Cabell
Kenneth Goldsmith
Hito Steyerl
Benjamin Shaykin
Christopher Alexander
Mishka Henner
David Horvitz
Amperamp Press
Printed Web 2 (December 2014)
Constant Dullaart
Daniel Temkin
James Bridle
John Zissovici
Cheryl Sourkes
Brian Droitcour
Tan Lin
Angela Genusa
Webdriver Torso
Rafaël Rozendaal
Olia Lialina
Cory Arcangel
Printed Web 3 (May 2015)
Open call: 147 artists (full list)
Silvio Lorusso
Printed Web 4: Public, Private, Secret (June 2016)
Wolfgang Plöger
Lorna Mills
Molly Soda
Travess Smalley
Angela Genusa
Eva and Franco Mattes
Anouk Kruithof
Elisabeth Tonnard
Christopher Clary
Michael Connor
Printed Web 5: Bot Anthologia (March 2017)
Included 30+ artists who make bots, feeds, streams, and other autonomous projects.
Ian Cheng
Jason Ronallo
Anders Hoff
Brent Watanabe
John Emerson
Allison Parrish
Mario Klingemann
Colin Mitchell
Chris Novello
Matthew Plummer-Fernandez and Julien Deswaef
John Cayley
Matthew Thomas
Joana Moll
Darius Kazemi
David Lublin
Bob Poekert
Ash Wolf
Sean S. LeBlanc
Eugenio Tisselli V.
Gregor Weichbrodt
Everest Pipkin & Loren Schmidt
Derek Arnold
References
Digital humanities
Artists' books
Art websites
Internet culture
Book collecting
Zines
Internet art
Publications |
Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is a species of virus the Orbivirus genus, and a member of the Reoviridae family, related to African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and Bluetongue virus (BTV).
First described in South Africa over a hundred years ago by Arnold Theiler, EEV is the causative agent of equine encephalosis (EE), an arthropod-borne disease transmitted by the Culicoides spp. midges affecting all equids.
Since then the disease has become both widespread and prevalent, taking on epidemic proportions in certain parts of the country. Serological studies estimated a presence of anti-EEV antibodies in over 75% of all South African horses.
Prior to 2008, Equine encephalosis virus had been identified and isolated only in South Africa, where seven antigenetically distinct serotypes, EEV1-7, have been characterised.
In 2009, the outbreak of a febrile horse disease across Israel, later diagnosed as EEV, caused great concern primarily due to the similarity of EEV with the African horse sickness virus, one of the most devastating equine pathogens.
Clinical signs
The name equine encephalosis is misleading as the disease is not primarily a neurological disorder. Although the majority of infections result only in mild clinical signs, in more severe cases clinical signs include a short period (typically two to five days) of fluctuating fever, accompanied by varying degrees of inappetence.
Elevated heart and respiratory rates are also common, and occasionally as a result of nasal congestion, a red-brown discolouration of the mucous membranes may be observed.
Although rare, more severe clinical signs may occur including facial swelling (lips and eyelids), respiratory distress, and petechial haemorrhages of the conjunctivae.
Pregnant mares may also abort during their first 5 months of gestation.
Neurological signs are atypical, but in certain cases hindquarter ataxia, convulsions, hyperexcitability, and depression have been reported.
The mortality rate is normally low, accounting for only 5% of infected animals.
Structure and genome
Equine encephalosis virus is an Orbivirus, and as such encodes 4 non-structural and 7 structural proteins derived from 10 linear dsRNA genome segments.
The smallest of those genome segments, segment-10, encodes the NS3 protein, which allows the release of the viral particles from the infected cell.
The second largest of those segments in turn codes for one of the outer capsid proteins, VP(2).
By analogy with Bluetongue virus, both these proteins may then be used to determine the serotype of EEV, of which seven have been identified to date.
This is achieved by analysing the interaction between VP(2), and the antibodies generated by the host during infection.
The sequence variation between the proteins is then associated with various viral serotypes.
Epidemiology
First isolated in 1967, Equine encephalosis virus appeared until recently to be unique to the South African equidae.
As of 2008 however, evidence seems to suggest the virus has circulated beyond southern Africa, and outbreaks have been reported in a number of other countries including Israel, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Gambia.
Intriguingly, Morocco remains free of the epidemic, suggesting the Sahara desert may be acting as a natural barrier to the progression of the disease.
Such a progression is of major concern to the worldwide livestock industry, primarily due to the similarity between EEV and other more devastating equid pathogens, such as the African horse sickness virus.
As with all vector-borne diseases, EEV is not transmissible from host-to-host, rather infection requires another intermediate organism that will transmit the pathogen. In the case of Equine encephalosis virus, the transmission occurs via the Culicoides midges during a blood meal.
Several studies have shown that between 50 and 75% of South African equids (notably horses, donkeys and zebras) are seropositive for EEV or have anti-EEV antibodies indicating a prior infection, with serotype 1 being the most prevalent.
Antibodies have also occasionally been reported in elephants.
Treatment and prevention
Drug therapy
In the vast majority of cases (c. 90%) the animal will recover without further complications, and a course of anti-inflammatories or appetite stimulants may be administered. Occasionally, antibiotics are prescribed in order to prevent the appearance of secondary infections.
Some equids show no clinical signs at all but are biliary carriers.
Although in this instance the animal is not in immediate danger, it must be treated in order to prevent the reemergence of the virus were the immune system to be challenged by another disease simultaneously.
Vector control
Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, vector control remains one of the primary methods of prevention. Control of the midges is usually only instigated for domesticated stabled horses, and includes precautionary measures such as the limited use of lights at night, as well as the use of fly repellents and fans.
References
Orbiviruses
Horse diseases
Insect-borne diseases
Animal viral diseases |
Viktor Teplý (; born 19 October 1990 in Brno) is a Czech sailor. He competed at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics in the Men's Laser class.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Czech male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for the Czech Republic
Sailors at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Laser
Sailors at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Laser
Sportspeople from Brno |
Lahmari-ye Do (, also Romanized as Lahmārī-ye Do; also known as Lahmārī) is a village in Sardasht Rural District, in the Central District of Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 8 families. The village is populated by Lurs.
References
Populated places in Lordegan County
Luri settlements in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province |
The Yorkshire Terrier, also known as a Yorkie, is a British breed of toy dog of terrier type. It is among the smallest of the terriers and indeed of all dog breeds, with a weight of no more than /. It originated in the nineteenth century in the English county of Yorkshire, for which it is named. The coat is tan on the head and dark steel-grey on the body; no other colour is accepted by either The Kennel Club or the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.
It is a playful and energetic dog, usually kept as a companion dog. It has contributed to the development of other breeds including the Silky Terrier, and also to cross-breeds such as the Yorkipoo.
History
The Yorkshire Terrier originated in Yorkshire. In the mid-nineteenth century, workers from Scotland came to Yorkshire in search of work and brought with them several varieties of terrier dogs. Breeding of the Yorkshire terrier was "principally accomplished by the people – mostly operatives in cotton and woollen mills – in the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire." In the 1800s, miners wanting to develop a ratting terrier, bred Black-and-Tan Terriers with the Paisley and Clydesdale Terriers.
Details are scarce. Mrs A. Foster is quoted as saying in 1886,
The breed originates from two distinct dogs, a male named Old Crab, a female named Kitty, and another female whose name is not known. The Paisley Terrier, a smaller version of the Skye Terrier that was bred for a beautiful long silky coat, also figured into the early dogs. Some authorities believed that the Maltese was used as well. "They were all originally bred from Scotch Terriers (meaning dogs from Scotland, not today's Scottish Terrier) and shown as such the name Yorkshire Terrier was given to them on account of their being improved so much in Yorkshire."
Yorkshire Terriers were shown in a dog show category (class) at the time called "Rough and Broken-coated, Broken-haired Scotch and Yorkshire Terriers". Hugh Dalziel, writing in 1878, says that "the classification of these dogs at shows and in the Kennel Club Stud Book is confusing and absurd" in lumping together these different types. In the early days of the breed, "almost anything in the shape of a Terrier having a long coat with blue on the body and fawn or silver coloured head and legs, with tail docked and ears trimmed, was received and admired as a Yorkshire Terrier". But in the late 1860s, a popular Paisley-type Yorkshire Terrier show dog named Huddersfield Ben, owned by a woman living in Yorkshire, Mary Ann Foster, was seen at dog shows throughout Great Britain, and defined the breed type for the Yorkshire Terrier.
Huddersfield Ben
Huddersfield Ben was a Yorkshire Terrier whose portrait was painted by George Earl and in 1891 an authority on the breed wrote, "Huddersfield Ben was the best stud dog of his breed during his lifetime, and one of the most remarkable dogs of any pet breed that ever lived; and most of the show specimens of the present day have one or more crosses of his blood in their pedigree." A show winner, Huddersfield Ben, through his puppies, helped define the Yorkshire Terrier breed. He is still referred to as "father of the breed."
In North America
The Yorkshire Terrier was introduced in North America in 1872 and the first Yorkshire Terrier was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885. During the Victorian era, the Yorkshire Terrier was a popular pet, and show dog in England, and as Americans embraced Victorian customs, so too did they embrace the Yorkshire Terrier. The breed's popularity dipped in the 1940s, when the percentage of small breed dogs registered fell to an all-time low of 18% of total registrations. Smoky, a Yorkshire Terrier and famous war dog from World War II, is credited with beginning a renewal of interest in the breed. The AKC ranked the Yorkshire Terrier as the 6th most popular purebred in the United States in 2012 and 2013.
Coat
For adult Yorkshire Terriers, The American Kennel Club places importance on coat colour, quality, and texture. According to The Kennel Club (UK), the hair must be glossy, fine, straight, and silky. Traditionally the coat is grown out very long and is parted down the middle of the back, but "must never impede movement.". The hair of the Yorkshire Terrier can be used to determine content of metals in the dog organism.
From the back of the neck to the base of the tail, the coat should be a dark grey to a black colour, and the hair on the tail should be a darker black. On the head, high chest and legs, the hair should be a bright, rich tan, darker at the roots than in the middle, that shades into a lighter tan at the tips, but not for all dogs. Also, in adult dogs there should be no black hairs intermingled with any of the tan-coloured fur. The fine, straight, silky coat is considered hypoallergenic.
Adult Yorkshire Terriers whose coat colours deviate from the standard, or that have woolly or extra fine coats, are still Yorkshire Terriers. The only difference is that it is not recommended to intentionally breed atypical Yorkshire Terriers. In addition, care may be more difficult for "woolly" or "cottony" textured coats, or coats that are overly fine. One of the reasons given for not breeding "off-coloured" Yorkies is that the colour could be a potential indicator of a genetic defect that may affect the dog's health; a careful health screening can clarify if any health risks exist. Coats may vary in colour. For example, a mature Yorkie may have a silver-blue with light brown, while another might have a black and creamy colour.
The long coat on the Yorkshire Terrier requires regular brushing.
Hypoallergenic coats
The typical fine, straight, and silky Yorkshire Terrier coat has also been listed by many popular dog information websites as being hypoallergenic. In comparison with many other breeds, Yorkies do not shed to the same degree, losing small amounts when bathed or brushed. The dog's dander and saliva typically trigger allergic reactions. Allergists recognise that at times a particular allergy patient will be able to tolerate a particular dog, but they agree that "the luck of the few with their pets cannot be stretched to fit all allergic people and entire breeds of dogs." The Yorkshire Terrier coat is said to fall out only when brushed or broken, or just said to not shed. Although neither of those statements agree with what biologists, veterinarians, and allergists know about dog fur, allergists "think there really are differences in protein production between dogs that may help one patient and not another".
Other colours
The Yorkshire Terrier is a tan dog with a blue saddle. Particolours exist, although they are not correct for the breed standard. The particolour coat is white with black-blue and tan. The white is caused by the recessive piebald gene. It is very rare to get a particolour, and if one is found, it tends to be very expensive. Some Yorkshire Terriers are solid golden, they only produce pheomelanin, others are liver or chocolate, a brown colour; they produce brown eumelanin instead of black eumelanin. The standard prescribes clearly defined fur-colours, and non-standard colours may indicate crossbreeding with other breeds or in rare cases even health problems. The AKC registration form for Yorkshire Terriers allows for four choices: blue and tan, blue and gold, black and tan, black and gold. Colour alone will not affect whether or not a dog is a good companion and pet. Even though off-coloured Yorkshire Terriers are advertised at premium prices, being of an unusual or atypical colour is stated to be neither new, desirable, nor exotic.
Mismatched Yorkshire Terriers should not be crossed with Biewer Terriers, a new breed that originated in Germany. Although the AKC will not deny registration of a Yorkshire Terrier on colour alone, meaning that particolours are now registerable with the AKC, the Yorkshire Terrier Club of America has a directive that "any solid colour or combination of colours other than black and tan" for adult dogs is a disqualification, and "dogs of solid colour, unusual combination of colours, and particolours should be disqualified."
Puppy coats
It may take three or more years for the coat to reach its final colour. The final colour is usually a black or greyish colour. P. H. Combs, writing in 1891, complained about show wins awarded to puppies, when the dog's coat does not fully come in until three or four years old, "and the honour of winning such a prize (for a puppy) can therefore be of but little practical benefit to the owner" since the adult dog's colour cannot be exactly predicted.
Coat care
Owners may trim the hair short for easier care. For shows, the coat is left long, and may be trimmed to floor length to give ease of movement and a neater appearance. Hair on the feet and the tips of ears can also be trimmed. The traditional long coat is extremely high maintenance. The coat might get knotted if not brushed daily (a bristle brush for short and shaved coat and a pin brush for long coat). In order to prevent breakage, the coat may be wrapped in rice paper, tissue paper or plastic, after a light oiling with a coat oil. The oil has to be washed out once a month and the wraps must be fixed periodically during the week to prevent them from sliding down and breaking the hair. Elaborate coat care dates from the earliest days of the breed. In 1878, John Walsh described similar preparations: the coat is "well greased" with coconut oil, the dog is bathed weekly, and the dog's feet are "carefully kept in stockings".
Temperament
The ideal Yorkshire Terrier character or "personality" has been described by the Kennel Club as having a "carriage very upright conveying an important air". Though small, the Yorkshire Terrier is active, very protective, curious, and fond of attention. If trained correctly, these dogs are very child-friendly, easygoing, and like to be played with.
Yorkshire Terriers are an easy dog breed to train. This results from their own nature to work without human assistance. They are naturally smart and quick to learn with many being food and/or praise motivated. Because they were developed as a working breed, many need a lot of both physical and mental stimulation—with both long walks/runs but also indoor games and training to keep their mind busy. They are known for being yappy, but many have reported that a contented Yorkie is a quiet one—that will happily curl up on your knee in the evening. But they are all individuals, with some being much more laid back than others, and the breeder should ideally be able to advise on the needs and temperaments of their particular line. Yorkies are easily adaptable to all surroundings, travel well, and make suitable pets for many homes. Due to their small size, they require limited exercise but need daily interaction with people. They thrive on attention and love. Many are more timid around other dogs and prefer to stay close to their humans for comfort.
Yorkshire Terriers do tend to bark a lot. This makes them excellent watchdogs, as they will sound the alarm when anyone gets close. A barking problem can often be resolved with proper training and exercise.
Yorkshire Terriers are ranked 34th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs.
Health
Health issues often seen in the Yorkshire Terrier include bronchitis, lymphangiectasia, portosystemic shunt, cataracts, and keratitis sicca. Additionally, Yorkies often have a delicate digestive system, with vomiting or diarrhoea resulting from consumption of foods outside of a regular diet. The relatively small size of the Yorkshire Terrier means that it usually has a poor tolerance for anaesthesia. Additionally, a toy dog such as the Yorkie is more likely to be injured by falls, other dogs, and owner clumsiness. Injection reactions (inflammation or hair loss at the site of an injection) can occur. In addition, allergies can cause skin to be dry, itchy and/or red.
The lifespan of a Yorkie is 12–15 years. Undersized Yorkies (under ) generally have a shorter life span, as they are especially prone to health problems such as chronic diarrhoea and vomiting; are more sensitive to anaesthesia; and are more easily injured.
Teeth
As with all other dogs, Yorkies have two sets of teeth in their life. The first set of teeth is the 28-piece deciduous teeth (often referred to as "milk teeth", "baby teeth", or "puppy teeth"). The second set is the 42-piece permanent or adult teeth. Sometimes the number of permanent or adult teeth may vary, which is fine as long as they do not cause bad bite. When puppies are born, they have no teeth because milk is the only food they need. The deciduous teeth will grow from the age of 3 to 8 weeks old, in the order of incisors, canines, and premolars. Yorkie puppies have no molar teeth. Yorkie puppies will start to lose their deciduous or baby teeth when the permanent or adult teeth come in. The permanent or adult grow when the Yorkie puppies are 4 to 8 months old. By around 8 months old, those teeth should fully develop. The permanent or adult teeth will grow in the order of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Molar teeth will develop at around 6 to 8 months old.
Yorkies and other small dog breeds may have problems if the deciduous or baby teeth do not fall out as the permanent or adult teeth grow. This is caused by the new teeth not growing right underneath the deciduous teeth. (Usually, a puppy's body will absorb the roots of puppy teeth.) If the puppy tooth does not yield to the incoming tooth, it should be removed because it can cause a malocclusion or bad bite. Retained teeth can cause tooth decay because food can be easily caught in between the deciduous and permanent teeth. Sometimes the new teeth are forced to grow into an abnormal position and further cause a bad bite. The retained teeth may stay or fall weeks after the new teeth have developed. When necessary, the retained deciduous or baby teeth need to be removed surgically.
Like other small breeds, Yorkies are also prone to severe dental disease. Because they have a small jaw, their teeth can become crowded and may not fall out naturally. This can cause food and plaque to build up, and bacteria can eventually develop on the surface of the teeth, leading to periodontal disease. In addition, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body and cause heart and kidney problems. The best prevention is regular brushing of the teeth with a toothpaste formulated specifically for dogs. Human toothpaste is not recommended, because it foams more easily and may be swallowed. Professional teeth cleaning by a veterinarian may also be required to prevent the development of dental problems.
Genetic defects
Certain genetic disorders can be found in Yorkshire Terriers, including distichiasis, hydrocephalus, hypoplasia of dens, Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, luxating patella, portosystemic shunt, retinal dysplasia, tracheal collapse, and bladder stones. The following are among the most common congenital defects that affect Yorkies:
Distichiae, eyelashes arising from an abnormal spot (usually the duct of the meibomian gland at the edge of the eyelid), are often found in Yorkies. Distichiae can irritate the eye and cause tearing, squinting, inflammation, corneal abrasions or corneal ulcers, and scarring. Treatment options may include manual removal, electrolysis, or surgery.
Hypoplasia of dens is a non-formation of the pivot point of the second cervical vertebra, which leads to spinal cord damage. Onset of the condition may occur at any age, producing signs ranging from neck pain to quadriplegia.
Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, which causes the top of the femur (thigh bone) to degenerate, occurs in Yorkies in certain lines. The condition appears to result from insufficient circulation to the area around the hip joint. As the blood supply is reduced, the bone in the head of the femur collapses and dies and the cartilage coating around it becomes cracked and deformed. Usually the disease appears when the Yorkie is young (between five and eight months of age); signs are pain, limping or lameness. The standard treatment is surgery to remove the affected part of the bone. Following surgery, muscles hold the femur in place and fibrous tissue forms in the area of removal to prevent bone rubbing on bone. Although the affected leg will be slightly shorter than prior to surgery, the Yorkie may regain almost normal use.
Luxating patellas (slipping kneecaps) are another common defect considered to be genetic in Yorkies, although it may also be caused by an accidental fall. Weak ligaments and tendons in the knee or malformed (too shallow) patellar grooves, allow the patella to slip out of its groove sideways. This causes the leg to 'lock up' with the foot held off the ground. A dog with this problem may experience frequent pain and lameness, or may be bothered by it only on occasion. Over time, the patellar ridges can become worn down, making the groove even more shallow and causing the dog to become increasingly lame. Surgery is the main treatment option available for luxating patellas, although it is not necessary for every dog with the condition. The severity of luxating patellas are on a scale of 1 to 4, with 4 being the most severe. Many dogs will not develop past a stage 1 or 2.
Portosystemic shunt, a congenital malformation of the portal vein (which brings blood to the liver for cleansing), is also common in Yorkies. In this condition some of the dog's blood bypasses the liver and the "dirty" blood goes on to poison the heart, brain, lungs and other organs with toxins. A Yorkie with this condition might exhibit a wide variety of symptoms, such as small stature, poor appetite, weak muscle development, decreased ability to learn, inferior coordination, occasional vomiting and diarrhoea, behavioral abnormalities, seizures (especially after a meal) and blindness, which could lead to a coma and death. Often, the shunt can be treated with surgery.
Tracheal collapse, caused by a progressive weakening of the walls of the trachea, occurs in many toy breeds, especially very tiny Yorkies. As a result of genetics, the walls of the trachea can be flaccid, a condition that becomes more severe with age. Cushing's syndrome, a disorder that causes production of excess steroid hormone by the adrenal glands, can also weaken cartilage and lead to tracheal collapse. There is a possibility that physical strain on the neck might cause or contribute to trachea collapse. Since this is usually caused by an energetic Yorkie pulling against his collar, many veterinarians recommend use of a harness for leashed walks. An occasional "goose honking" cough, especially on exertion or excitement, is usually the first sign of this condition. Over time, the cough may become almost constant in the Yorkie's later life. Breathing through the obstruction of a collapsed (or partially collapsed) trachea for many years can result in complications, including chronic lung disease. The coughing can be countered with cough suppressants and bronchodilators. If the collapse is advanced and unresponsive to medication, sometimes surgery can repair the trachea.
Hypoglycaemia
Low blood sugar in puppies, or transient juvenile hypoglycaemia, is caused by fasting (too much time between meals). In rare cases, hypoglycaemia may continue to be a problem in mature, usually very small, Yorkies. It is often seen in Yorkie puppies at 5 to 16 weeks of age. Very tiny Yorkie puppies are especially predisposed to hypoglycaemia because a lack of muscle mass makes it difficult to store glucose and regulate blood sugar. Factors such as stress, fatigue, a cold environment, poor nutrition, and a change in diet or feeding schedule may bring on hypoglycaemia. Low blood sugar can also be the result of a bacterial infection, parasite or portosystemic liver shunt. Hypoglycaemia causes the puppy to become drowsy, listless (glassy-eyed), shaky, uncpoglycaemic attack, the puppy usually has very pale or grey gums. The puppy also may not eat unless force-fed. Hypoglycaemia and dehydration seem to go hand-in-hand, and force-feeding or injecting fluids may also be necessary. Additionally, a hypoglycaemic Yorkie may have a lower than normal body temperature and, in extreme cases, may have a seizure or go into a coma. A dog showing symptoms should be given sugar in the form of corn syrup or Nutri-Cal and be treated by a veterinarian immediately, as prolonged or recurring attacks of hypoglycaemia can permanently damage the dog's brain. In severe cases, it can be fatal.
Docking and Cropping
Traditionally, the Yorkshire Terrier's tail is docked to a medium length. Opposition to this practice began very early in the history of the breed; Hugh Dalziel, writing about Yorkshire Terriers in 1878, declared that "There is no reason for mutilating pet dogs, and perfect ears and tails should be bred, not clipped into shape with scissors." AKC and Canadian Kennel Club still require the Yorkie's tail be docked in order to compete at its events. The majority of the rest of the world has adopted a "no docking/no cropping" rule. Often, a Yorkshire Terrier's dewclaws, if any, are removed in the first few days of life, another controversial practice.
Similar breeds and crosses
The Yorkshire Terrier breed descends from larger but similar Scottish breeds, such as the Skye Terrier and the now-extinct Paisley Terrier. In its turn, other breeds have been created from the Yorkshire Terrier, such as the Silky Terrier. Demand for unusual pets has resulted in high prices being paid for Yorkshire Terriers crossed with various other breeds, which are described with a portmanteau word made up of syllables (or sounds) from Yorkshire Terrier and the breed name of the other parent. Some of these such portmanteau-named crosses can be found on the list of dog crossbreeds.
Two other breeds that look similar to the Yorkshire Terrier and have shorter hair are the prick-eared Norwich Terrier, along with its drop-eared relative the Norfolk Terrier. Another is the Biewer Terrier, which derives from the Yorkshire Terrier. The Biewer Terrier, bred from blue, white and gold puppies named Schneeflocke and Schneeflöckchen von Friedheck, owned by Mr. and Mrs. Biewer in Germany, was once considered a variation of the Yorkshire Terrier but has since been recognised as a separate breed by many kennel clubs, including the AKC.
Notability
Show dogs
In 1997, Champion Ozmilion Mystification became the first Yorkie to win Best in Show at Crufts, the world's largest annual dog show.
Small dogs
Sylvia, a matchbox-sized Yorkshire Terrier owned by Arthur Marples of Blackburn, England, was the smallest dog in recorded history. The dog died in 1945 when she was two years old, at which point she stood tall at the shoulder, measured from nose tip to tail, and weighed .
War dogs
Smoky, a war dog and hero of World War II, was owned by William Wynne of Cleveland, Ohio. Wynne adopted Smoky while he was serving with the 5th Air Force in the Pacific.
White House dogs
Pasha, Tricia Nixon Cox's pet Yorkie, lived in the White House during Richard Nixon's presidency.
References
FCI breeds
Terriers
Companion dogs
Dog breeds originating in England |
Nathan Sharon (; November 1925 – 17 June 2011) was an Israeli biochemist.
Biography
Sharon was born in 1925 in Brest-Litovsk, then in Poland (now Brest, Belarus). He emigrated to Mandate Palestine with his family in 1934 and settled in Tel Aviv. Concurrent with his high school studies, Sharon joined the Gadna military youth program in 1941, and following his graduation from school, in 1943, he joined the Palmach, serving until 1945.
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Sharon served in the Science Corps of the Israel Defense Forces, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel, and worked on the development of gas flame throwers.
Sharon studied chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1950, he graduated and, in 1953, he was awarded a doctorate.
In 1954, he joined the faculty of the Department for Biophysics at the Weizmann Institute of Science, headed by professor Ephraim Katzir, where he became a professor in 1968. In 1974, he was appointed head of the department, a position he held intermittently until his retirement in 1990. He also served as dean of the Faculty of Chemistry and Physics and was a visiting professor at Harvard, Oxford universities and the University of California, Berkeley. He was also a member of the senate of the Open University of Israel and a member of the counsel of the Tel Aviv-Yafo Academic College. He served as editor of "World of Science" broadcast on Israel Radio, editor of the journal "Mada" (Science) and science and technology editor of the Haaretz newspaper.
He was a leading figure in the research of carbohydrate and glycoprotein for more than fifty years. He authored several seminal works on lectins and glycoconjugates, including the discovery of lectins, their interactions with carbohydrates, and their subsequent use in laboratory research and diagnostics.
In 1992, he was elected to the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
He died on 17 June 2011 at the age of 85.
Honours and awards
Sharon received numerous honorary degrees and awards including:
In 1987, he was awarded the Weizmann Prize for Sciences.
In 1987, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Paris.
In 1989, he received the Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, NL
In 1994, he was awarded the Israel Prize in biochemistry.
Family
Sharon married Rachel (Itzikson) in 1948 and has two daughters, Esther (Esty) Sharon, and Osnat Bairey.
He was the nephew of Pinchas Sapir, the former Israeli Finance Minister and the brother of Shmuel Shtrikman, who was awarded the 2001 Israel Prize for physics.
Selected works
Sharon published over 400 papers in international scientific journals and wrote or edited eight books in English and Hebrew. His published works include:
Lectins, co-authored with Halina Lis (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003 (2nd edition)).
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
References
External links
Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions at the Atomic Level: Studies of Legume Lectins Weizmann Institute of Science. (Also contains list of related publication, including those of Nathan Sharon, from 2002)
1925 births
2011 deaths
Belarusian Jews
People from Brest, Belarus
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Israeli biochemists
Israeli military personnel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Israel Prize in biochemistry recipients
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Bijvoet Medal recipients |
Health in Israel is generally considered good.
Infant mortality is low. Life expectancy, 82.1 years is high. There is good management of chronic disease and excellent primary care. Expenditure on healthcare is 7.2% of Gross Domestic Product, compared with an average of 9.2% in the OECD.
In 2003, Israel had the second highest rate of skin cancer in the world, but this has decreased substantially since then due to public health campaigns recommending avoiding the hottest time of day, discouraging sun-bathing and using sun protection such as greater clothing coverage and sunscreen.
Hereditary breast, ovarian and melanoma cancer rates are particularly acute in Ashkenazi Jewish populations in Israel (31.8% of Israeli Jews), in-part due to a higher-prevalence of BRCA and BRCA2 mutations (1 in 40 vs 1 in 400 in most populations worldwide) in Ashkenazi Jewish populations, which increase the likelihood of hereditary cancers.
Overweight and obesity
In 2013-2015 adult overweight & obesity rates in Israel were 36.7% and 17.8% respectively. Socioeconomic status was one factor that impacted overweight and obesity percentages, particularly for women. Women in lower classes were four times as likely to be overweight or obese as women in upper classes. Only 20.2% of the entire population reported that they exercise for twenty minutes or more three times a week.
The frequency of exercise among the Jewish Israeli population was twice as high as that for the Arab population. Men and women of Arab descent are more likely to be of an unhealthy weight than Jewish men and women. Obesity is also far more common among Haredi Jews than secular Jews.
Smoking
Smoking prevalence among males remained relatively constant at 30% in the years 1994–2004. Among females the prevalence declined slightly from 25% in 1998 to 18% in 2003. For youth, 14% smoked at least once per week in a 2001 publication.
In 2005 Israeli youths have begun to use bidis and hookah, as alternative methods of tobacco use. In 1990, smoking was the cause of about 1,800 male deaths in Israel which was around 12% of all male deaths. Smoking has not been found to be significant cause of death among Israeli women. The average number of cigarettes smoked per Israeli stands at 2162 (6).
There are several anti-tobacco use legislations in effect. For instance, advertising is prohibited in youth publications and is forbidden on television and radio. in addition to substantial increases in tobacco taxes, although comparatively the prices are still among the lowest compared to all of the European countries. Until 2004, there was no minimum age requirement for buying tobacco products in Israel, however, an amendment to the tobacco marketing and advertisement law that became effective at 2004 has limited the sale of tobacco to people above the age of 18.
According to Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the smoking rate in the Israeli adult population in 2009 was 20.9%, down from 34% in 2000. A Ministry of Health nationwide survey conducted in 2011 found that 20.6% of the population aged 21 and older were smokers. The highest percentage of smokers was among Arab males, 44% percent of whom smoked, though this figure is down from 50% in 1996.
In 2014 19.8% of adult Israelis smoked, 26.3% in the Arab population and 18.4% in the Jewish population. 35% of non-smoking respondents to the World Health Survey reported that they had been exposed to passive smoking. Smoking is responsible for about 8,000 deaths in Israel every year, about 700 among passive smokers. The cost of the damage of smoking to the health system is estimated at NIS 1.7 billion (about $440 million) a year. The annual loss of working capacity and paid sick days in the wider economy is estimated at NIS 1.9 billion ($490 million). About NIS 8.2 billion ($2.12 billion) is spent on tobacco products each year. 40 tons of tobacco worth some NIS 24 million ($6.2 million) and about 1.3 million cigarette packs were intercepted at the border crossing between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in 2014.
See also
Healthcare in Israel
Universal healthcare in Israel
References |
Dick Rude (born 1964) is a director, actor and writer known for his appearances in and contributions to many Alex Cox films including a starring role in 1986's Straight to Hell, for which he also served as a writer and contributed to the soundtrack. Rude directed the Red Hot Chili Peppers music videos "Catholic School Girls Rule", "Fight Like a Brave", and "Universally Speaking" as well as their live concert DVD Off the Map.
His most recent film is Let's Rock Again!, a 2004 documentary that documented the final tour of musician Joe Strummer shortly before his death in 2002.
Filmography
Actor
Rock 'n' Roll Hotel (1984)
Repo Man (1984) - Duke
The Wild Life (1984) - Eddie
Night of the Comet (1984) - Stock Boy
Straight to Hell (1986) - Willy
Sid and Nancy (1986) - Riker's Guard
Walker (1987) - Washburn
Tokyo no kyujitsu (1991) - Johnny Elvis Rotten
Roadside Prophets (1992) - Two Free Stooges
Lolamoviola: Dead Souls (1993) - Man
The GoodTimesKid (2005) - Tough Guy
Director
Catholic School Girls Rule (1985) (Red Hot Chili Peppers music video)
Fight Like a Brave (1987) (Red Hot Chili Peppers music video)
Off the Map (2001) (Red Hot Chili Peppers live DVD)
Universally Speaking (2003) (Red Hot Chili Peppers music video)
Let's Rock Again! (2004) (Joe Strummer documentary)
External links
Official page
1964 births
Living people
American male film actors
Writers from Los Angeles
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Abbas Helmy II (also known as ʿAbbās Ḥilmī Pāshā, ) (14 July 1874 – 19 December 1944) was the last Khedive (Ottoman viceroy) of Egypt and the Sudan, ruling from 8January 1892 to 19 December 1914. In 1914, after the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in World War I, the nationalist Khedive was removed by the British, then ruling Egypt, in favour of his more pro-British uncle, Hussein Kamel, marking the de jure end of Egypt's four-century era as a province of the Ottoman Empire, which had begun in 1517.
Early life
Abbas II (full name: Abbas Hilmy), the great-great-grandson of Muhammad Ali, was born in Alexandria, Egypt on 14 July 1874. In 1887 he was ceremonially circumcised together with his younger brother Mohammed Ali Tewfik. The festivities lasted for three weeks and were carried out with great pomp. As a boy he visited the United Kingdom, and he had a number of British tutors in Cairo including a governess who taught him English. In a profile of Abbas II, the boys' annual, Chums, gave a lengthy account of his education. His father established a small school near the Abdin Palace in Cairo where European, Arab and Ottoman masters taught Abbas and his brother Mohammed Ali Tewfik. An American officer in the Egyptian army took charge of his military training. He attended school at Lausanne, Switzerland; then, at the age of twelve, he was sent to the Haxius School in Geneva, in preparation for his entry into the Theresianum in Vienna. In addition to Arabic and Ottoman Turkish, he had good conversational knowledge of English, French and German.
Reign
Abbas II succeeded his father, Tewfik Pasha, as Khedive of Egypt and Sudan on 8 January 1892. He was still in college in Vienna when he assumed the throne of the Khedivate of Egypt upon the sudden death of his father. He was barely of age according to Egyptian law; normally eighteen in cases of succession to the throne. For some time he did not willingly cooperate with the British, whose army had occupied Egypt in 1882. As he was young and eager to exercise his new power, he resented the interference of the British Agent and Consul General in Cairo, Sir Evelyn Baring, later made Lord Cromer. Lord Cromer initially supported Abbas but the new Khedive's nationalist agenda and association with anti-colonial Islamist movements put him in direct conflict with British colonial officers, and Cromer later interceded on behalf of Lord Kitchener (British commander in the Sudan) in an ongoing dispute with Abbas about Egyptian sovereignty and influence in that territory.
At the outset of his reign, Khedive Abbas II surrounded himself with a coterie of European advisers who opposed the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan and encouraged the young khedive to challenge Cromer by replacing his ailing prime minister with an Egyptian nationalist. At Cromer's behest, Lord Rosebery, the British Foreign Secretary, sent Abbas II a letter stating that the Khedive was obliged to consult the British consul on such issues as cabinet appointments. In January 1894 Abbas II made an inspection tour of Sudanese and Egyptian frontier troops stationed near the southern border, the Mahdists being at the time still in control of the Sudan. At Wadi Halfa the Khedive made public remarks disparaging the Egyptian army units commanded by British officers. The British Sirdar of the Egyptian army, Sir Herbert Kitchener, immediately threatened to resign. Kitchener further insisted on the dismissal of a nationalist under-secretary of war appointed by Abbas II and that an apology be made for the Khedive's criticism of the army and its officers.
By 1899 he had come to accept British counsels. Also in 1899, British diplomat Alfred Mitchell-Innes was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Finance in Egypt, and in 1900 Abbas II paid a second visit to Britain, during which he said he thought the British had done good work in Egypt, and declared himself ready to cooperate with the British officials administering Egypt and Sudan. He gave his formal approval for the establishment of a sound system of justice for Egyptian nationals, a significant reduction in taxation, increased affordable and sound education, the inauguration of the substantial irrigation works such as the Aswan Low Dam and the Assiut Barrage, and the reconquest of Sudan. He displayed more interest in agriculture than in statecraft. His farm of cattle and horses at Qubbah, near Cairo, was a model for agricultural science in Egypt, and he created a similar establishment at Muntazah, just east of Alexandria. He married the Princess Ikbal Hanem and had several children. Muhammad Abdul Moneim, the heir-apparent, was born on 20 February 1899.
Although Abbas II no longer publicly opposed the British, he secretly created, supported and sustained the Egyptian nationalist movement, which came to be led by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. He also funded the anti-British newspaper Al-Mu'ayyad. As Kamil's thrust was increasingly aimed at winning popular support for a nationalist political party, Khedive Abbas publicly distanced himself from the Nationalists and was labeled as being against Islam by said nationalists. The western world would characterize him as a revolutionary against peace, although his main goal was to gain independence for Morocco. Their demand for a constitutional government in 1906 was rebuffed by Abbas II, and the following year he formed the National Party, led by Mustafa Kamil Pasha, to counter the Ummah Party of the Egyptian moderates. However, in general, he had no real political power. When the Egyptian Army was sent to fight Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi in Sudan in 1896, he only found out about it because the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Francis Ferdinand was in Egypt and told him after being informed of it by a British Army officer.
His relations with Cromer's successor, Sir Eldon Gorst, however, were excellent, and they co-operated in appointing the cabinets headed by Butrus Ghali in 1908 and Muhammad Sa'id in 1910 and in checking the power of the National Party. The appointment of Kitchener to succeed Gorst in 1912 displeased Abbas II, and relations between the Khedive and the British deteriorated. Kitchener, who exiled or imprisoned the leaders of the National Party, often complained about "that wicked little Khedive" and wanted to depose him.
On 25 July 1914, at the onset of World War I, Abbas II was in Constantinople and was wounded in his hands and cheeks during a failed assassination attempt. On 5 November 1914 when Great Britain declared war on the Ottoman Empire, he was accused of deserting Egypt by not promptly returning home. The British also believed that he was plotting against their rule, as he had attempted to appeal to Egyptians and Sudanese to support the Central Powers against the British. So when the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in World War I, the United Kingdom declared Egypt a Sultanate under British protection on 18 December 1914 and deposed Abbas II.
During the war, Abbas II sought support from the Ottomans, including proposing to lead an attack on the Suez Canal. He was replaced by the British by his uncle Hussein Kamel from 1914 to 1917, with the title of Sultan of Egypt. Hussein Kamel issued a series of restrictive orders to strip Abbas II of property in Egypt and Sudan and forbade contributions to him. These also barred Abbas from entering Egyptian territory and stripped him of the right to sue in Egyptian courts. This did not prevent his progeny, however, from exercising their rights. Abbas II finally accepted the new order on 12 May 1931 and formally abdicated. He retired to Switzerland, where he wrote The Anglo-Egyptian Settlement (1930). He died at Geneva on 19 December 1944, aged 70, 30 years to the day after the end of his reign as Khedive.
Marriages and issue
His first marriage in Cairo on 19 February 1895 was to Ikbal Hanem (Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, 22 October 1876Istanbul, 10 February 1941), and they had six children, two sons and four daughters:
Princess Emine Helmy (Montaza Palace, Alexandria, 12 February 18951954), unmarried and without issue
Princess Atiyetullah (Cairo, 9 June 18961971), married first Jalaluddin Pasha (Caucasus 1885Istanbul 1930), fourth son of Mehmed Ferid Pasha, married second Ahmad Shavkat Bey Bayur, second son of Kâmil Pasha. She had issue two sons by her first husband.
Princess Fethiye (27 November 189730 November 1923), married Hami Bey, without issue.
Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim, Heir Apparent and Regent of Egypt and Sudan (Montaza Palace, Alexandria, 20 February 1899Istanbul, 1 December 1979), married Fatma Neslişah (Nişantaşı Palace, Istanbul 4 February 1921Heliopolis Palace, Cairo 2 April 2012) in Cairo 26 September 1940, and had two children:
Prince Sultanzade Abbas Helmy (born 1941), married and had one daughter and one son
Princess İkbal Helmy Abdulmunim Hanımsultan (born 1944), unmarried and without issue
Princess Lutfiya Shavkat (Lütfiye Şevket) (Cairo, 29 September 19001975 Cairo), married Omar Muhtar Katırcıoğlu (Çamlıca, Turkey 1902Istanbul 15 July 1935), third son of Mahmud Muhtar Pasha and Princess Nimetullah Khanum Effendi, a daughter of Isma'il Pasha, on 5 May 1923 and had two daughters:
Emine Neşedil Katırcıoğlu (born 1927), widow who had three daughters
Zehra Kadriye Katırcıoğlu (Istanbul 12 March 1929Istanbul 15 May 2012), married Ahmet Cevat Tugay and had four sons and a daughter
Prince Muhammed Abdel Kader (4 February 1902Montreux, 21 April 1919)
His second marriage in Çubuklu, Turkey on 1 March 1910 was to Hungarian noblewoman Marianna Török de Szendrö, who took the name Zübeyde Cavidan Hanım (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., 8 January 1874after 1951). They divorced in 1913 without issue.
Honours
Notes
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links
Al-Ahram on Abbas in exile
|-
|-
|-
1874 births
1944 deaths
Dethroned monarchs
Monarchs who abdicated
19th-century Egyptian monarchs
20th-century Egyptian monarchs
Khedives of Egypt
Muhammad Ali dynasty
Egyptian expatriates in Austria
Egyptian expatriates in Switzerland
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Egyptian people of Albanian descent
Ottoman governors of Egypt
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian)
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class
Knights of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Egyptian slave owners
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia |
Man vs. Beast is a series of sensationalistic television specials aired in the United States by the Fox television network in 2003. The shows were produced by Brian Richardson and directed by Bob Levy. They involve a variety of challenges in which people and animals compete against each other. Although the initial special, Man vs. Beast, was panned by critics and animal rights groups, Fox commissioned a sequel, Man vs. Beast 2, which aired on February 20, 2004.
In 2003, ITV commissioned Granada Productions to re-create the American special for British audiences. A six-part series was filmed, hosted by John Fashanu. However, owing to heavy lobbying by animal rights groups, transmission of the series was postponed indefinitely.
Competitions
The competitions included the following matchups:
Professional eater Takeru Kobayashi lost a hot dog eating contest against a Kodiak bear that did not know it was in an eating competition.
Scott Helvenston, a US Navy SEAL, won a race against a chimpanzee through an obstacle course.
A group of 44 dwarfs lost a race against an Asian elephant to see which could pull a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 jet a certain distance first.
Shawn Crawford, a world-class sprinter, won a 100-metre race against a giraffe but lost against a zebra.
A Sumo wrestler lost a tug-of-war against a large, female orangutan.
References
External links
Man vs. Beast, synopsis and scheduled listings at FoxReality.com
2000s American television specials
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Sports entertainment
2003 television specials
2003 in American television |
{{Infobox document
|document_name = Powers for a Purpose: Towards a Lasting Devolution Settlement for Wales
|image = Crowned Portcullis.svg
|image_size = 110px
|image_alt =
|caption =
|date_created = 27 February 2015
|date_ratified =
|date_effective =
|date_repeal=
|location_of_document = Millennium Stadium, CardiffSt David's Day Command Paper
|writer = Government of the United Kingdom
|signers =
|purpose = To establish a lasting devolution settlement for Wales.
}}
The St David's Day Agreement, also known as the St David's Command Paper, is a command paper which set out the proposals of the UK coalition government. It was published in the command paper Powers for a purpose: Towards a lasting devolution settlement for Wales''. The document was announced on 27 February 2015, by Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales.
Recommendations
The document's recommendations include:
Energy projects up to 350 megawatts should be decided by the Welsh Government. This would include most offshore wind farms and renewable technologies to harness tidal power and fracking.
The National Assembly should have powers over the development of ports to improve Wales' transport infrastructure.
The National Assembly should have the power to lower the voting age to 16 for Assembly elections. The Assembly already had the power to lower the voting age to 16 for a referendum on devolving income tax powers.
All powers relating to National Assembly and local government elections should be devolved. This includes deciding the electoral system, the number of constituencies, their boundaries, the timing of elections, and the conduct of the elections themselves.
The Welsh Government should have the power to appoint one member of the Ofcom board to represent Welsh interests.
A review should be carried out of Air Passenger Duty which could open the door for it to be devolved to Wales.
The agreement says the Welsh Government should be able to set its own speed limits and transport regulation for ports, taxis and buses.
The majority of the recommendations of the second report by the Commission on Devolution in Wales, commonly known as Silk II, have gone into this command paper.
Criticism
The command paper was criticised by the Welsh Government for "not [treating Wales] with the same respect as being afforded to Scotland". Plaid Cymru, a Welsh nationalist party, called the recommendations "3rd rate devolution".
See also
Welsh devolution
Notes
Government of Wales
Welsh Government
Politics of Wales |
Mauritz Christiaan Willem Egmond "Mosey" van Buuren (12 August 1865 – 3 October 1950) was a South African international rugby union player who played as a wing.
Personal
Born in Burgersdorp to Mauritz and Elizabeth (Harris), he attended Diocesan College in Cape Town. He married Edith van der Merwe and after her death in 1901, he married Helena Kotze. Van Buuren died in 1950, in Bedfordview, at the age of 85.
Career
Van Buuren played provincial rugby for Transvaal and made his only international appearance for South Africa in their first ever Test, against Great Britain at the Crusader's Ground, Port Elizabeth.
Test history
See also
List of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 2
References
1865 births
1950 deaths
People from Burgersdorp
South African people of Dutch descent
South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
Alumni of Diocesan College, Cape Town
Rugby union players from the Eastern Cape
Rugby union wings
Golden Lions players
Cape Colony people |
Holland Library, now home to Alexandria Bay Chamber of Commerce, is a historic library building located at Alexandria Bay in Jefferson County, New York. It was built in 1899 and is a , two story, hipped roof building designed in a vernacular interpretation of the Richardsonian Romanesque style. It is constructed of Theresa-Alexandria Bay red sandstone. It served as a library until 1998, when it was occupied by the Chamber of Commerce.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
References
External links
Welcome to Your 1000 Islands NY Guide - Alexandria Bay Chamber of Commerce
Library buildings completed in 1899
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, New York
1899 establishments in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, New York |
Dasiglucagon, sold under the brand name Zegalogue, is a medication used to treat severe hypoglycemia in people with diabetes.
The most common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, and injection site pain.
Dasiglucagon was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2021.
Medical uses
Dasiglucagon is indicated for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia in people aged six years of age and older with diabetes.
Contraindications
Dasiglucagon is contraindicated in people with pheochromocytoma or insulinoma.
Pharmacodynamics
Dasiglucagon elevates blood glucose levels in normal and hypoglycemic conditions. In adult patients with type 1 diabetes, the average increase in glucose levels at 90 minutes after dasiglucagon administration was 168 mg/dL. For pediatric patients aged seven to 17 years with type 1 diabetes, the mean glucose increase at 60 minutes post-administration was 162 mg/dL. A study conducted on Danish patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) compared the pharmacological effects of dasiglucagon with glucagon. Dasiglucagon reached its maximum plasma concentration later than glucagon (35 minutes vs. 20 minutes) across different doses. The time for patients to recover glycemic levels above 70 mg/dL was similar between dasiglucagon (≥0.3 mg) and glucagon (0.5 mg and 1 mg) groups. Dasiglucagon rapidly increased plasma glucose (PG) levels in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximum concentration in approximately 50-90 minutes. The glycokinetic response of dasiglucagon was 2-4 times higher than that of glucagon. Dasiglucagon had a higher overall effect than GlucaGen at certain dose levels. In children with T1DM (7 to 17 years old), dasiglucagon showed a faster increase in blood glucose levels by 160 mg/dL or more from baseline at an earlier time (about 30 min) than in adults. Due to the limited number of patients aged 65 years and older enrolled in phase 3 trials, it was impossible to determine if these patients' responses differed from those of young adults. Dasiglucagon demonstrates pharmacological effects consistent with glucagon, except for the freezing deficiency observed in rats (specific to rats and occurring simultaneously with glucagon and dasiglucagon) and the accumulation of liver glycogen in non-diabetic animals with obvious hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.
Pharmacokinetics
Dasiglucagon rapidly enters the bloodstream upon administration, resulting in a dose-dependent increase in plasma levels within approximately 15 minutes. The maximum concentration of dasiglucagon in the bloodstream is typically attained around 35 minutes after administration, with a half-life (t1/2) of approximately 0.5 hours. Following the time to maximum concentration (tmax), dasiglucagon demonstrates a decline in concentration over a span of approximately 0.4-0.7 hours, as compared to glucagon's t1/2 of 0.25 hours. Consequently, dasiglucagon exhibits significantly greater values for area under the curve (AUC) measurements, such as AUC0-inf, AUC0-30 min, AUC0-240 min, and maximum concentration (Cmax), when administered under euglycemic conditions. These values are approximately 1.4-4 times higher than those observed with glucagon. Comparative analysis with the medication GlucaGen® (glucagon for injection 1mg/mL) reveals that dasiglucagon demonstrates more prolonged plasma exposure and higher total drug exposure (AUC0-inf). Therapeutic ratios for dasiglucagon doses of 0.6 mg and 0.3 mg, in relation to GlucaGen® doses of 1.0 mg and 0.5 mg, respectively, indicate superior effects on AUC0-inf, BL (1.59 and 1.46). In contrast, the effects on Cmax,BL are similar (1.03 and 0.91). However, it is worth noting that the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for Cmax and AUC0-30 min is slightly lower than 1, potentially due to higher early plasma exposure per milligram observed in the lower-dose group compared to the higher-dose group. In clinical trials (NCT03216226), dasiglucagon showed a similar safety profile to reconstituted glucagon. No serious adverse events or deaths were reported. The most common side effects were nausea and vomiting. In terms of efficacy, dasiglucagon was as effective as reconstituted glucagon in reversing severe hypoglycemia induced by insulin, with a median recovery time of 10 minutes compared to 12 minutes for reconstituted glucagon. The recovery time was significantly shorter compared to the placebo group (median 40 minutes).
Interactions
Dasiglucagon may cause temporary increases in blood pressure and pulse when taken concurrently with beta-blockers. When taken with indomethacin, dasiglucagon may lose its effectiveness in increasing blood sugar levels and potentially lead to hypoglycemia. Additionally, dasiglucagon has the potential to enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.
Mechanism of Action
Dasiglucagon operates through the same mechanism as endogenous glucagon, acting as an agonist at glucagon receptors expressed throughout the body, which are G-coupled receptors. Binding to liver glucagon receptors, dasiglucagon activates Gsα and Gq, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase. This, in turn, increases intracellular cyclic AMP levels, stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. As glucose is primarily released from liver glycogen stores, the presence of glycogen stores in the liver is essential for dasiglucagon to exert its antihypoglycemic effects
History
A phase III trial for dasiglucagon was started in July 2017. In December 2017, Zealand (Copenhagen, Denmark) announced the initiation of a phase III trial for dasiglucagon, with the intention of submitting positive outcomes to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019.
The FDA approved dasiglucagon based on evidence from two clinical trials conducted in adults with type1 diabetes (169 participants) and one clinical trial conducted in pediatric participants older than six years with type1 diabetes (31 participants). The trials were conducted in the following five countries: United States, Germany, Austria, Canada, and Slovenia. The same trials were used to assess the safety and efficacy of dasiglucagon: adult Trials A and B and pediatric Trial C. In all trials, participants were randomized into one of three groups: one group received dasiglucagon, one group received placebo, and one group received glucagon for injection (a similar drug that is FDA approved for the same purpose as dasiglucagon). In all groups, participants were given insulin to decrease their blood sugar to a low level (hypoglycemia). Subjects received a single injection of either dasiglucagon, placebo, or glucagon for injection, and the ability of the treatment to increase the participants' blood sugar was evaluated.
Society and culture
Legal status
Dasiglucagon was designated an orphan drug by the FDA in August 2017.
References
External links
Anti-diabetic drugs
Orphan drugs |
Naleraq (, ), previously known as Partii Naleraq, is a centrist-populist pro-independence political party in Greenland.
History
In January 2014 Hans Enoksen announced that he was forming a new political party after leaving Siumut. In the November 2014 general election the party won three seats, taken by Enoksen, Per Rosing-Petersen (another former Siumut member) and Anthon Frederiksen (a former Association of Candidates member).
In the April 2018 general election, the party increased its vote share and won four seats in parliament. In May 2018, MP Henrik Fleischer left the party and switched to Siumut.
On 15 February 2021 the party changed its name and logo. In June 2022 Hans Enoksen resigned as party chairman of the party, and was replaced by Pele Broberg.
Election results
Inatsisartut
Folketing
References
External links
Facebook page
Political parties in Greenland
Centrist parties in Denmark
Political parties established in 2014
2014 establishments in Greenland
Greenlandic nationalism |
Piracuruca is a municipality in the state of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil.
The municipality contains part of the Serra da Ibiapaba Environmental Protection Area, created in 1996.
The municipality contains 74% of the Sete Cidades National Park, created in 1961.
See also
List of municipalities in Piauí
References
Municipalities in Piauí |
Kiwaia spinosa is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1976. It is found in Nepal.
References
Kiwaia
Moths described in 1976 |
Hinduism in Indonesia, as of the 2018 census, is practised by about 1.69% of the total population, and almost 87% of the population in Bali. Hinduism was the dominant religion in the country before the arrival of Islam and is one of the six official religions of Indonesia today. Hinduism came to Indonesia in the 1st-century through Indian traders, sailors, scholars and priests. A syncretic fusion of pre-existing Javanese folk religion, culture and Hindu ideas, that from the 6th-century also synthesized Buddhist ideas as well, evolved as the Indonesian version of Hinduism. These ideas continued to develop during the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires. About 1400 CE, these kingdoms were introduced to Islam from coast-based Muslim traders, and thereafter Hinduism, which was previously the dominant religion in the region, mostly vanished from many of the islands of Indonesia.
Indonesia has the fourth-largest population of Hindus in the world, after India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Though being a minority religion, the Hindu culture has influenced the way of life and day-to-day activities in Indonesia. Outside of Bali, many adherents of traditional indigenous religions identify as Hindus in order to gain official recognition.
History
The indigenous peoples of the Indonesian Archipelago believed in animism and dynamism, practices commonly shared among many tribal peoples around the world. In the case of the first Indonesians, they especially venerated and revered ancestral spirits; they developed a belief that certain individuals’ spiritual energy may inhabit (or be reincarnated in) various natural objects, beings and places, such as animals, insects, trees, plants, stones, forests, mountains, or any place deemed sacred. This unseen spiritual entity and supernatural knowledge is identified by the ancient Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese as "hyang", which can mean either “divine” or “ancestral”. In modern Indonesian, "hyang" tends to be associated with the notion of God.
Arrival of Hinduism
Hindu influences reached the Indonesian Archipelago as early as the first century. In tales like the "Kidung Harṣa Wijaya" one reads that "rata bhaṭṭāra Narasingha" supposedly was a scion in the lineage of Hari, and that Hari is another word for "Vishnu". Early translators of Kavi manuscripts misunderstood the "being a son of" and assumed that Vishnu actually had human offspring and so on. Here however we must conclude a belonging to a religious school of thought, Vaisnavism. Therefore, early Hinduism on Java, Bali, and Sumatra consisted of both main schools of Hinduism. Thus, historical evidence is not entirely unclear about the diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to 78 CE. Stories from the Mahabharata Epic have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century; whose versions mirror those found in southeast Indian peninsular region (now Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh). The Javanese prose work Tantu Pagelaran of the 14th century, which is a collection of ancient tales, arts and crafts of Indonesia, extensively uses Sanskrit words, Indian deity names and religious concepts. Similarly ancient Chandis (temples) excavated in Java and western Indonesian islands, as well as ancient inscriptions such as the 8th century Canggal inscription discovered in Indonesia, confirm widespread adoption of Shiva lingam iconography, his companion goddess Parvati, Ganesha, Vishnu, Brahma, Arjuna, and other Hindu deities by about the middle to late 1st millennium AD. Ancient Chinese records of Fa Hien on his return voyage from Ceylon to China in 414 AD mention two schools of Hinduism in Java, while Chinese documents from 8th century refer to the Hindu kingdom of King Sanjaya as Holing, calling it "exceedingly wealthy," and that it coexisted peacefully with Buddhist people and Sailendra ruler in Kedu Plain of the Java island.
The two major theories for the arrival of Hinduism in Indonesia include that South Indian sea traders brought Hinduism with them, and second being that Indonesian royalty welcomed Indian religions and culture, and it is they who first adopted these spiritual ideas followed by the masses. Indonesian islands adopted both Hindu and Buddhist ideas, fusing them with pre-existing native folk religion and Animist beliefs. In the 4th century, the kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan, Tarumanagara in West Java, and Holing (Kalingga) in Central Java, were among the early Hindu states established in the region. Excavations between 1950 and 2005, particularly at the Cibuaya and Batujaya sites, suggests that Tarumanagara revered deity Wisnu (Vishnu) of Hinduism. Ancient Hindu kingdoms of Java built many square temples, named rivers on the island as Gomati and Ganges, and completed major irrigation and infrastructure projects.
Several notable ancient Indonesian Hindu kingdoms were Mataram, famous for the construction of one of the world's largest Hindu temple complexes - the Prambanan temple, followed by Kediri and Singhasari. Hinduism along with Buddhism spread across the archipelago. Numerous sastras and sutras of Hinduism were translated into the Javanese language, and expressed in art form. Rishi Agastya, for example, is described as the principal figure in the 11th century Javanese text Agastya parva; the text includes puranas, and a mixture of ideas from the Samkhya and Vedanta schools of Hinduism. The Hindu-Buddhist ideas reached the peak of their influence in the 14th century. The last and largest among the Hindu-Buddhist Javanese empires, Majapahit, influenced the Indonesian archipelago.
Hinduism in the colonial era
Sunni Muslim traders of the Shafi'i fiqh, as well as Sufi Muslim traders from India, Oman and Yemen brought Islam to Indonesia. The earliest known mention of a small Islamic community midst the Hindus of Indonesia is credited to Marco Polo, about 1297 AD, whom he referred to as a new community of Moorish traders in Perlak. Four diverse and contentious Islamic Sultanates emerged in north Sumatra (Aceh), south Sumatra, west and central Java, and in southern Borneo (Kalimantan).
These Sultanates declared Islam as their state religion and fought against each other as well as the Hindus and other non-Muslims. In some regions, Indonesian people continued their old beliefs and adopted a syncretic version of Islam. In other cases, Hindus and Buddhists left and concentrated as communities in islands that they could defend. Hindus of eastern Java, for example, moved to Bali and neighboring small islands. While this era of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare was unfolding, and new power centers were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European colonialism arrived. The Indonesian archipelago was soon dominated by the Dutch colonial empire. The Dutch colonial empire helped prevent inter-religious conflict, and it slowly began the process of excavating, understanding and preserving Indonesia's ancient Hindu-Buddhist cultural foundations, particularly in Java and western islands of Indonesia.
Hinduism in modern era
After Indonesia gained its independence from Dutch colonial rule, it officially recognized only monotheistic religions under pressure from political Islam. Further, Indonesia required an individual to have a religion to gain full Indonesian citizenship rights, and officially Indonesia did not recognize Hindus. It considered Hindus as orang yang belum beragama (people without religion), and as those who must be converted. In 1952, the Indonesian Ministry of Religion declared Bali and other islands with Hindus as needing a systematic campaign of proselytization to accept Islam. The local government of Bali, shocked by this official national policy, declared itself an autonomous religious area in 1953. The Balinese government also reached out to India and former Dutch colonial officials for diplomatic and human rights support. A series of student and cultural exchange initiatives between Bali and India helped formulate the core principles behind Balinese Hinduism (Catur Veda, Upanishad, Puranas, Itihasa). In particular, the political self-determination movement in Bali in mid 1950s led to a non-violent passive resistance movement and the joint petition of 1958 which demanded Indonesian government recognize Hindu Dharma. This joint petition quoted the following Sanskrit mantra from Hindu scriptures,
The petition's focus on the "undivided one" was to satisfy the constitutional requirement that Indonesian citizens have a monotheistic belief in one God. The petitioners identified Ida Sanghyang Widhi Wasa as the undivided one. In the Balinese language this term has two meanings: the Divine ruler of the Universe and the Divine Absolute Cosmic Law. This creative phrase met the monotheistic requirement of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion in the former sense, while the latter sense of its meaning preserved the central ideas of dharma in ancient scripts of Hinduism. In 1959, Indonesian President Sukarno supported the petition and a Hindu-Balinese Affairs section was officially launched within the Ministry of Religion.
Indonesian politics and religious affairs went through turmoil from 1959 to 1962, with Sukarno dissolving the Konstituante and weakening the impact of communist movement in Indonesia along with political Islam. Nevertheless, officially identifying their religion as Hinduism was not a legal possibility for Indonesians until 1962, when it became the fifth state-recognized religion. This recognition was initially sought by Balinese religious organizations and granted for the sake of Bali, where the majority were Hindu. Between 1966 and 1980, along with Balinese Hindus, large numbers of Indonesians in western Java, as well as parts of South Sulawesi, North Sumatra, Central and South Kalimantan officially declared themselves to be Hindus. They politically organized themselves to press and preserve their rights. The largest of these organizations, Parisada Hindu Dharma Bali, changed its name to Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) in 1986, reflecting subsequent efforts to define Hinduism as a national rather than just a Balinese concern.
While Hindus in Bali, with their large majority, developed and freely practiced their religion, in other islands of Indonesia they suffered discrimination and persecution by local officials as these Hindus were considered as those who had left Islam, the majority religion. However, the central government of Indonesia supported the Hindus. In the 1960s, Hinduism was an umbrella also used by Indonesians whose faith was Buddhism and Confucianism, but when neither of these two were officially recognized. Furthermore, Hindu political activists of Indonesia worked to protect people of those faiths under rights they had gained at the Indonesian Ministry of Religion.
To gain official acceptance and their rights in a Muslim-dominated country, Hinduism in Indonesia was politically forced to adapt. Currently Hindu Dharma is one of the five officially recognized monotheistic religions in Indonesia.
Folk religions and animists with a deep concern for the preservation of their traditional ancestor religions declared their religion to be Hinduism, considering it a more flexible option than Islam or Christianity, in the outer islands. In the early seventies, the Toraja people of Sulawesi were the first to realize this opportunity by seeking shelter for their indigenous ancestor religion under the broad umbrella of 'Hinduism', followed by the Karo Batak of Sumatra in 1977. In central and southern Kalimantan, a large Hindu movement has grown among the local indigenous Dayak population which lead to a mass declaration of 'Hinduism' on this island in 1980. However, this was different from the Javanese case, in that conversions followed a clear ethnic division. Indigenous Dayak were confronted with a mostly population of government-sponsored (and predominantly Madurese) migrants and officials, and deeply resentful at the dispossession of their land and its natural resources.
Compared to their counterparts among Javanese Hindus, many Dayak leaders were also more deeply concerned about Balinese efforts to standardize Hindu ritual practice nationally; fearing a decline of their own unique 'Hindu Kaharingan' traditions and renewed external domination. By contrast, most Javanese were slow to consider Hinduism at the time, lacking a distinct organization along ethnic lines and fearing retribution from locally powerful Islamic organizations like the Nahdatul Ulama (NU).
Several native tribal peoples with beliefs such as Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan, Buginese Tolotang, Torajan Aluk Todolo, Tenggerese Budho, and Batak Malim, with their own unique syncretic faith, have declared themselves as Hindus in order to comply with Indonesian law, while preserving their distinct traditions with differences from mainstream Indonesian Hinduism dominated by the Balinese. These factors and political activity has led to a certain resurgence of Hinduism outside of its Balinese stronghold.
In February 2020, President Joko Widodo issued a presidential regulation elevating the status of Hindu Dharma State Institute in Denpasar, Bali into the country's first Hindu state university, named I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa State Hindu University. This institution of Hindu higher study started out as a state academy for teachers of Hindu religion in 1993, before being converted into the Hindu Religion State College in 1999, and then into the Hindu Dharma State Institute in 2004.
General beliefs and practices
The general beliefs and practices of Agama Hindu Dharma are a mixture of ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit only monotheist belief under the national ideology of panca sila. Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had a pantheon of deities and that tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray. However, officially, Indonesian government considers and advertises Indonesian Hinduism as a monotheistic religion with certain officially recognized beliefs that comply with its national ideology. Indonesian school text books describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers, and Hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam. Scholars contest whether these Indonesian government recognized and assigned beliefs reflect the traditional beliefs and practices of Hindus in Indonesia before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule.
Some of these officially recognized Hindu beliefs include:
A belief in one supreme being called 'Ida Sanghyang Widi Wasa', 'Sang Hyang Tunggal', or 'Sang Hyang Acintya'. God Almighty in the Torajanese culture of Central Sulawesi is known as "Puang Matua" in Aluk To Dolo belief.
A belief that all of the gods are manifestations of this supreme being. This belief is the same as the belief of Smartism, which also holds that the different forms of God, Vishnu, Siva are different aspects of the same Supreme Being. Lord Shiva is also worshiped in other forms such as "Batara Guru" and "Maharaja Dewa" (Mahadeva) are closely identified with the Sun in local forms of Hinduism or Kebatinan, and even in the genie lore of Muslims.
A belief in the Trimurti, consisting of:
Brahma, the creator.
Wisnu or Vishnu, the preserver.
Çiwa or Shiva, the destroyer.
A belief in all of the other Hindu gods and goddesses (Hyang, Dewata and Batara-Batari).
The sacred texts found in Agama Hindu Dharma are the Vedas and Upanishads. They are the basis of Indian and Balinese Hinduism. Other sources of religious information include the Universal Hindu Puranas and the Itihasa (mainly Ramayana and the Mahabharata). The epics Mahabharata and Ramayana became enduring traditions among Indonesian believers, expressed in shadow puppet (wayang) and dance performances. As in India, Indonesian Hinduism recognizes four paths of spirituality, calling it Catur Marga. These are bhakti mārga (path of devotion to deities), jnana mārga (path of knowledge), karma mārga (path of works) and raja mārga (path of meditation). Bhakti marga has the largest following in Bali. Similarly, like Hindus in India, Balinese Hindus believe that there are four proper goals of human life, calling it Catur Purusartha - dharma (pursuit of moral and ethical living), artha (pursuit of wealth and creative activity), kama (pursuit of joy and love) and moksha (pursuit of self-knowledge and liberation).
Forms of Hinduism
Balinese Hinduism
Balinese Hinduism is an amalgamation of Indian religions and indigenous animist customs that existed in Indonesian archipelago before the arrival of Islam and later Dutch colonialism. It integrates many of the core beliefs of Hinduism with arts and rituals of Balinese people. In contemporary times, Hinduism in Bali is officially referred by Indonesian Ministry of Religion as Agama Hindu Dharma, but traditionally the religion was called by many names such as Tirta, Trimurti, Hindu, Agama Tirta, Siwa, Buda, and Siwa-Buda. The terms Tirta and Trimurti emanate from Indian Hinduism, corresponding to Tirtha (pilgrimage to spirituality near holy waters) and Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva) respectively. As in India, Hinduism in Bali grew with flexibility, featuring a diverse way of life. It includes many of the Indian spiritual ideas, cherishes legends and myths of Indian Puranas and Hindu Epics, as well as expresses its traditions through unique set of festivals and customs associated with a myriad of hyangs - the local and ancestral spirits, as well as forms of animal sacrifice that are not common in India.
Balinese Hindu temple
The Balinese temple is called Pura. These temples are designed on a square Hindu temple plan, as an open air worship place within enclosed walls, connected with series of intricately decorated gates to reach its compounds. Each of these temples has a more or less fixed membership; every Balinese belongs to a temple by virtue of descent, residence, or affiliation. Some house temples are associated with the family house compound (also called banjar in Bali), others are associated with rice fields, and still others with key geographic sites. In rural highlands of Bali, banua (or wanwa, forest domain) temples in each desa (village) are common. The island of Bali has over 20,000 temples, or about one temple for every 100 to 200 people. Temples are dedicated to local spirits as well as to deities found in India; for example, Saraswati, Ganesha, Wisnu, Siwa, Parvati, Arjuna, and others. The temple design similarly amalgamate architectural principles in Hindu temples of India and regional ideas.
Each individual has a family deity, called Kula dewa, who resides in the temple called the family temple that the individual and his family patronize. Balinese Hindu follow a 210-day calendar (based on rice crop and lunar cycles), and each temple celebrates its anniversary once every 210 days (the calendar is known as Pawukon calendar). Unique rituals and festivals of Balinese Hindus, that are not found in India, include those related to death of a loved one followed by cremations, cockfights, tooth filings, Nyepi and Galungan. Each temple anniversary, as well as festivals and family events such as wedding include flowers, offerings, towering bamboos with decoration at the end and a procession. These are celebrated by the community with prayers and feast. Most festivals have a temple as venue, and they are often occasions for prayers, celebration of arts and community. Some traditions, in contrast, involve animist rituals such as caru (animal blood sacrifice) such as Tabuh Rah (lethal cockfighting) or killing of an animal to appease buta kala (spirits of the earth) - however, the animal sacrifices are conducted outside the premises of a temple.
Balinese Hindu art
Dance, music, colorful ceremonial dresses and other arts are a notable feature of religious expression among Balinese Hindus. As in India, these expressions celebrate various mudra to express ideas, grace, decorum and culture. Dance-drama is common. Various stories are expressed. For example, one involves a battle between the mythical characters Rangda the witch (representing adharma, something like disorder) and Barong the protective spirit represented with a lion mask (representing dharma), in which performers fall into a trance, the good attempts to conquer evil, the dancers express the idea that good and evil exists within each individual, and that conquering evil implies ejecting evil from oneself. Balinese paintings are notable for their highly vigorous yet refined, intricate art that resembles baroque folk art with tropical themes. The dance-drama regularly ends undecided, neither side winning, because the primary purpose is to restore balance and recognize that the battle between dharma and adharma (good and evil) is within each person and a never ending one. Barong, or dharma, is a major symbolic and ritual paradigm found in various festivities, dances, arts and temples.
Rituals of the life cycle are also important occasions for religious expression and artistic display. Ceremonies at puberty, marriage, and, most notably, cremation at death provide opportunities for Balinese to communicate their ideas about community, status, and the afterlife.
Balinese Hindu society
Scholars dispute the degree and nature of social stratification in medieval and contemporary Balinese Hindu society. The social structure consisted of catur wangsa (four varnas) - brahmana (priests), satriya or "Deva" (warriors), waisya (merchants), and sudra (farmers, artisans, commoners). There is no historical or contemporary cultural record of untouchables in Balinese Hindu society. The wangsa - termed castes by some accounts, classes by other accounts - were functional, not hierarchical nor segregated in Hindu society of Bali or Java. Further, there was social mobility - people could change their occupation and caste if they wished to. Among the interior highlands of Bali, the desa (villages) have had no wangsa, the social status and profession of a person has been mutable, and marriages not endogamous. Historical inscriptions suggest Balinese Hindu kings and village chiefs have come from all sections of its society - priests, warriors, merchants and artisans.
Hinduism in Java
Both Java and Sumatra were subject to considerable cultural influence from the Indian subcontinent. The earliest evidences of Hindu influences in Java can be found in 4th century Tarumanagara inscriptions scattered around modern Jakarta and Bogor. In the sixth and seventh centuries many maritime kingdoms arose in Sumatra and Java which controlled the waters in the Straits of Malacca and flourished with the increasing sea trade between China and India and beyond. During this time, scholars from India and China visited these kingdoms to translate literary and religious texts.From the 4th to the 15th century, Java had many Hindu kingdoms, such as Tarumanagara, Kalingga, Mataram, Kediri, Sunda, Singhasari and Majapahit. This era is popularly known as the Javanese Classical Era, during which Hindu-Buddhist literature, art and architecture flourished and were incorporated into local culture under royal patronage. During this time, many Hindu temples were built, including 9th century Prambanan near Yogyakarta, which has been designated a World Heritage Site. Among these Hindu kingdoms, Majapahit kingdom was the largest and the last significant Hindu kingdom in Indonesian history. Majapahit was based in East Java, from where it ruled a large part of what is now Indonesia. The remnants of the Majapahit kingdom shifted to Bali during the sixteenth century after a prolonged war by and territorial losses to Islamic sultanates.
The heritage of Hinduism left a significant impact and imprint in Javanese and Sundanese art and culture. The wayang puppet performance as well as wayang wong dance and other Javanese and Sundanese classical dances are derived from episodes of Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Although the vast majority of Javanese and Sundanese now identify as Muslim, these art forms still survive. Hinduism has survived in varying degrees and forms on Java. Certain ethnic groups in Java, such as the Tenggerese and Osing, are also associated with Hindu religious traditions.
Tengger Hindus of Java
The Tengger community follows a Hindu tradition stretching back to the Majapahit Empire. There are strong similarities between the Hinduism in Bali and the Tengger variety; both are called Hindu Dharma. However, the Tengger variety does not have a caste system and the Tengger people's traditions are based on those originating from the Majapahit era. For the Tengger, Mount Bromo (Brahma) is believed to be a holy mountain. Every year the Tengger hold a ritual known as Yadnya Kasada.
Osing Hindus of Java
In spite of the Dutch attempts to propagate Islam and Christianity among the Osings, some of them still follow their old beliefs. Today Hinduism still exists among the Osing population. The Osings share a similar culture and spirit with the Balinese, and the Hindus celebrate ceremonies like Nyepi. Just like the Balinese people, the Osing people also share the puputan tradition. The Osing people differs from the Balinese people in terms of social stratification. Unlike the Balinese, the Osing people do not practice the caste system, even though they are Hindus.
Hinduism elsewhere in the archipelago
Among the non-Balinese communities considered to be Hindu by the government are, for example, the Dayak adherents of the Kaharingan religion in Kalimantan Tengah, where government statistics counted Hindus as 15.8% of the population . Many Manusela and Nuaulu people of Seram follow Naurus, a syncretism of Hinduism with animist and Protestant elements. Similarly, the Torajans of Sulawesi have identified their animistic religion Aluk To Dolo as Hindu. The Batak of Sumatra have identified their animist traditions with Hinduism. Among the minority Indian ethnic group, Tamils of Medan, Sumatra and the Sindhis in Jakarta practice their own form of Hinduism which is similar to the Indian Hinduism, the Indians celebrating Hindu holidays more commonly found in India, such as Deepavali and Thaipusam. The Bodha sect of Sasak people on the island of Lombok are non-Muslim; their religion is a fusion of Hinduism and Buddhism with animism; it is considered Buddhist by the government. In parts of Samarinda and Lombok especially Cakranegara, Nyepi is celebrated.
A majority of the population on the small island of Tanimbar Kei practices a variant of the Hindu religion, which involves a form of ancestral worship. The island of Tanimbar Kei is not part of Tanimbar, as the name might suggest, but is one of the Kai Islands. As of 2014, it is inhabited by ca. 600 people.
Demographics
The 2018 census recorded the number of Hindus at 4,646,357 with some 90% of them residing in the Hindu heartland of Bali.
Outside Bali, Hindus form a majority in Tosari district (66.3%) in Pasuruan Regency in Java, Balinggi district (77.3%) of Parigi Moutong Regency in Central Sulawesi, Mappak (50%) in Tana Toraja Regency in South Sulawesi. Significant Hindu population is also found in Torue (41%) and Sausu (30%) districts in Parigi Moutong; Tomoni Timur (35%), Angkona (27%), Simbuang (36%) and Tellulimpo E (40%) districts in South Sulawesi; and Cakranegara district (39%) in Mataram in Lombok.
Official Census (2018)
According to the 2018 census, there were a total of 4,646,357 Hindus in Indonesia, compared to the 4,012,116 Hindus in 2010 census. The percentages of Hinduism in Indonesia increased from 1.69% in 2010 to 1.74% in 2018 in 8 years respectively.
Official Census (2010)
According to the 2010 Census, there were a total of 4,012,116 Hindus in Indonesia, compared to 3,527,758 Hindus in 2000 Census. While the absolute number of Hindus increased, the relative percentage of Hindus in Indonesia decreased from 2000 to 2010 because of lower birth rates among the Hindu population compared to the Muslim population. The average number of births per Hindu woman varied between 1.8 and 2.0 among various islands, while for the Muslim population it varied between 2.1 and 3.2 per woman.
Official Census (2000)
According to the 2000 census, Hindus made up 1.79% of the total Indonesian population. Bali had the highest concentration of Hindus with 88.05% of its population professing Hinduism agama.
The percentage of Hindus in the total population declined from the 1990 census, and this is largely attributed to lower birth rates and immigration of Muslims from Java into provinces with high Hindu populations. In Central Kalimantan there has been progressive settlement of Madurese from Madura. The details are given below:
Hindu holidays in Indonesia
Hari Raya Galungan occurs every 210 days and lasts for 10 days. It celebrates the coming of the gods and the ancestral spirits to earth to dwell again in the homes of their descendants. The festivities are characterized by offerings, dances and new clothes. The ancestors must be suitably entertained and welcomed, and prayers and offerings must be made for them. Families whose ancestors have not been cremated yet, but remain buried in the village cemetery, must make offerings at the graves. Kuningan is the last day of the holiday, when the gods and ancestors depart until the next Galungan.
Hari Raya Saraswati is dedicated to the goddess of learning, science, and literature. She rules the intellectual and creative realm, and is the patron goddess of libraries and schools. Balinese Hindus believe that knowledge is an essential medium to achieve the goal of life as a human being, and so honor her. She is also celebrated because she succeeded in taming the wandering and lustful mind of her consort, Brahma, who was preoccupied with the goddess of material existence, Shatarupa. On this day, offerings are made to the lontar (palm-leaf manuscripts), books, and shrines. Saraswati Day is celebrated every 210-days on Saniscara Umanis Wuku Watugunung and marks the start of the new year according to the Balinese Pawukon calendar. Ceremonies and prayers are held at the temples in family compounds, educational institutions and temples, villages, and businesses from morning to noon. Teachers and students replace their uniforms for the day with bright and colorful ceremonial clothing, filling the island with color. Children bring fruit and traditional cakes to school for offerings at the temple.
Hari Raya Nyepi is a Hindu Day of Silence or the Hindu New Year in the Balinese Saka calendar. The largest celebrations are held in Bali as well as in Balinese Hindu communities around Indonesia. On New Year's Eve the villages are cleaned, food is cooked for two days and in the evening as much noise is made as possible to scare away the devils. On the following day, Hindus do not leave their homes, cook or engage in any activity. Streets are deserted, and tourists are not allowed to leave hotel complexes. The day following Nyepi night, everything stops for a day except emergency services such as ambulances. Nyepi is determined using the Balinese calendar, the eve of Nyepi falling on the night of the new moon whenever it occurs around March/April each year. Therefore, the date for Nyepi changes every year. Nyepi night is a night of community gathering and burning of effigies island-wide (similar to Karthikai in South India), while the next day is the day of total peace and quiet.
Social life
A common feature among new Hindu communities in Java is that they tend to rally around recently built temples (pura) or around archaeological temple sites (candi) which are being reclaimed as places of Hindu worship.
The Parisada Hindu Dharma changed its name to Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia in 1984, in recognition of its national influence spearheaded by Gedong Bagus. One of several new Hindu temples in eastern Java is Pura Mandaragiri Sumeru Agung, located on the slope of Mt. Semeru, Java's highest mountain. When the temple was completed in July 1992, with the generous aid of wealthy donors from Bali, only a few local families formally confessed to Hinduism. A pilot study in December 1999 revealed that the local Hindu community now has grown to more than 5000 households.
Similar mass conversions have occurred in the region around Pura Agung Blambangan, another new temple, built on a site with minor archaeological remnants attributed to the kingdom of Blambangan, the last Hindu polity on Java. A further important site is Pura Loka Moksa Jayabaya (in the village of Menang near Kediri), where the Hindu king and prophet Jayabaya is said to have achieved spiritual liberation (moksa).A further Hindu movement in the earliest stages of development was observed in the vicinity of the newly completed Pura Pucak Raung (in the Eastern Javanese district of Glenmore), which is mentioned in Balinese literature as the place where the Hindu saint Maharishi Markandeya gathered followers for an expedition to Bali, whereby he is said to have brought Hinduism to the island in the fifth century AD.
An example of resurgence around major archaeological remains of ancient Hindu temple sites was observed in Trowulan near Mojokerto. The site may be the location of the capital of the Hindu empire Majapahit. A local Hindu movement is struggling to gain control of a newly excavated temple building which they wish to see restored as a site of active Hindu worship. The temple is to be dedicated to Gajah Mada, the man attributed with transforming the small Hindu kingdom of Majapahit into an empire.In Karanganyar region in Central Java, the renovated 14th century Cetho temple on the slope of Mount Lawu has become the center of Javanese Hinduism and gain patronage of Balinese temples and royal houses. A new temple is being built East of Solo (Surakarta). It is a Hindu temple that has miniatures of 50 sacred sites around the world. It is also an active kundalini yoga meditation center teaching the sacred Javanese tradition of sun and water meditation. There are many westerners as well as Javanese joining in.
Although there has been a more pronounced history of resistance to Islamization in East Java, Hindu communities are also expanding in Central Java (Lyon 1980), for example in Klaten, near the ancient Hindu monuments of Prambanan. Today the Prambanan temple stages various annual Hindu ceremonies and festivals such as Galungan and Nyepi.
In West Java, a Hindu temple Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta was built on the slope of Mount Salak near the historic site of ancient Sunda Kingdom capital, Pakuan Pajajaran in modern Bogor. The temple, dubbed as the largest Balinese Hindu temple ever built outside Bali, was meant as the main temple for the Balinese Hindu population in the Greater Jakarta region. However, because the temple stands in a Sundanese sacred place, and also hosts a shrine dedicated to the famous Sundanese king, Prabu Siliwangi, the site has gained popularity among locals who wish to reconnect their ties with their ancestors.
Tourism
The predominantly Hindu island of Bali is the largest tourist draw in Indonesia. Next to natural beauty, the temple architecture, the elaborate Hindu festivals, rich culture, colorful art and vivid dances are the main attractions of Balinese tourism. As a result, tourism and hospitality services are flourishing as one of the most important sources of income and generation of Balinese economy. The high tourist activity in Bali is in contrast with other provinces in Indonesia where the Hindu population is not significant or is absent.
The Government of Indonesia also invests and focuses on the Ancient sites and buildings of Hindu religion, along with Buddhist ones.
Culture
Before Islamization of Indonesia, the art and culture of Indonesia was deepely affected by the Hindu culture. Even in the modern Indonesia, many Indonesian Muslims and Christians, especially in Bali, Java and other islands follows the culture and traditions like that of Hindus. There are many well known and often visited Hindu temples in Indonesia, many of them are present in the islands are a good places for worship and tourism.
Temples
The Hindu temple structure and architecture in Indonesia differs from the rest part of the world and has also quite diversity among them also. The temples structures in Indonesia can be classified in 3 ways:
Candi, the Javanese ancient Hindu temple. (This type of temple structure and architecture is mostly founded in Java and are place of worship for Javanese Hindus).
Pura, the Balinese temples. (A Pura is a Balinese temple and is place of worship for Balinese Hindus).
Kuil or mandir, the Indian Hindu temples. (It is normal temple with a Gopuram and is like temples like elsewhere).
Symbolism
The Hindu culture and practices insipires many modern symbols and has crucial role in Indonesian history and also in present scenario.
The National emblem of Indonesia is called Garuda Pancasila. Garuda, the discipled carrier or vehicle (vahana) of Lord Vishnu, appears in many ancient Hindu temples of ancient Indonesia. Garuda Pancasila was designed by Sultan Hamid II from Pontianak, supervised by Sukarno, and was adopted as the national emblem on 11 February 1950. The Garuda Indonesia, the national airline of Indonesia is also said to be inspired from Garuda.
There are many names of Indonesians, including Muslims and Christians have Sanskrit or Hindu deities names, such as Wisnu, Surya, etc.
Notable Hindus
Monarchs
Kudungga
Mulavarman
Purnawarman
Adityawarman
Airlangga
Anak Wungsu
Agung Anom
Anusapati
Arjayadengjayaketana
Ken Arok
Balitung
Dalem Baturenggong
Dalem Ketut
Dalem Samprangan
Dharmawangsa
Hayam Wuruk
Isyana Tunggawijaya
Jayabaya
Jayakatwang
Jayanegara
Jayapangus
Samara Vijayatunggavarman
Sanjaya of Mataram
Sanna
Siliwangi
Mpu Sindok
Sri Baduga Maharaja
Śri Wijaya Mahadewi
Suhita
Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung
Religious leaders
Ratu Bagus
Ida Pedanda Gede Made Gunung
Jayabaya
D. Kumaraswamy
Mangku Muriati
Dang Hyang Nirartha
Sabdapalon
Ketut Wiana
Modern-day Hindus
Happy Salma
Ade Rai
Manoj Punjabi
Raam Punjabi
Swami Anand Krishna
Sri Prakash Lohia
I Wayan Koster
Dewa Budjana
Sukmawati Sukarnoputri
See also
Acintya
Balinese Hinduism
Candi of Indonesia
Hinduism in Java
Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Dewi Sri
Hinduism in Bali
List of Hindu empires and dynasties
Hyang
Indians in Indonesia
List of Hindu temples in Indonesia
Religion in Indonesia
Sanskritization
Trisandya
References
Notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
: "Great Expectations: Hindu Revival Movements in Java and other parts of Indonesia" by Thomas Reuter
Hindu denominations
Religion in Indonesia
Hinduism by country
Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Hinduism and Islam |
Giorgi Tenadze () (born 24 May 1962 in Gori) is a Georgian judoka who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1988 Summer Olympics.
In 1988 he won a bronze medal in the lightweight class.
Tenadze is bronze medalist for the Soviet team in 1988 as well as a bronze medalist from the 1989 World Championships in Belgrade.
External links
1962 births
Living people
Male judoka from Georgia (country)
Soviet male judoka
Olympic judoka for the Soviet Union
Judoka at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in judo
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in judo
People from Poti
Sportspeople from Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Universiade bronze medalists for the Soviet Union |
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