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Ceolwulf (or Ceolulfus) was a medieval Bishop of Lindsey.
Ceolwulf was consecrated in 767. He died in 796. Charlemagne, in about 793–796 wrote to both Ceolwulf and Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury asking them to plead with Offa of Mercia about some Englishmen who were currently in exile. Ceolwulf left England in 796 with Eadbald, the Bishop of London, but it is not clear if this was as an exile or on pilgrimage or for some other reason. This was shortly after the collapse of Mercian power following the death of Offa. Ceolwulf seems to have not returned to Lindsey, as a new bishop, Eadwulf begins to appear in the records not long after Ceolwulf's departure.
Citations
References
External links
Bishops of Lindsey
796 deaths
Year of birth unknown |
Islam is one of the largest religions in Nigeria and the country has the largest Muslim population in Africa. In 2018, the CIA World Factbook estimated that 53.5% of Nigeria's population is Muslim. Islam is predominantly concentrated in the northern half of the country, with a significant Muslim minority existing in the southern region. Most of Northern Nigeria is governed under Sharia law, while the rest of the country is governed under secular law.
Merchants from North Africa and the Senegalese basin introduced Islam to what is now Nigeria during the 11th century, and it was the first monotheistic Abrahamic religion to arrive in Nigeria. The northern half of Nigeria was historically under the rule of various Islamic states and empires such as the Kanem–Bornu Empire, the Mali Empire, the Songhai Empire, and the Hausa Kingdoms. The Sokoto Caliphate, founded by Fulani Islamic scholar Usman dan Fodio, dominated northern Nigeria throughout the 19th century during the Fula jihads, until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1903. Portuguese missionaries introduced Christianity to the southern half of Nigeria during the 15th century, and it grew to be a dominant religion in Nigeria alongside Islam during British colonial rule beginning in the late 19th century.
Muslims in Nigeria are predominantly Sunnis of the Maliki school of thought. However, there is a significant Shia minority, primarily in Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Osun, Kwara, Yobe and Sokoto states (see Shia in Nigeria). In particular, A 2008 Pew Forum survey on religious diversity identified 5% of Nigerian Muslims as Shia. The Ahmadiyya movement also has a sizeable presence in the country.
History
Islam in Northern Nigeria
Islam was introduced to Nigeria during the 11th century through two geographical routes: North Africa and the Senegalese Basin. The origins of Islam in the country is linked with the development of Islam in the wider West Africa. Trade was the major connecting link that brought Islam into Nigeria. Islam was first documented in Central Sudan by medieval Islamic historians and geographers such as Al-Bakri, Yaqut al-Hamawi and Al-Maqrizi and later works of Ibn Battuta and Ibn Khaldun offered more notes about Islam in West Africa.
Islam grew in North-East Nigeria, in particular, the Kanem empire as a result of trade between Kanem and Northern African regions of Fezzan, Egypt and Cyrenaica in the eleventh century. Muslim merchants from the North sometimes remained in settlements along trade routes, this merchant class would later preach the message of Islam to their host communities. The first documented conversion of a traditional ruler was in the eleventh century when Mai Ume Jilmi of Kanem was converted by a Muslim scholar whose descendants later held a hereditary title of Chief Imam of Kanem.
Writings by Ahmad Fartua an Imam during the period of Idris Alooma provided glimpse of an active Islamic community in Bornu while religious archives showed Islam had been adopted as the religion of the majority of the leading figures in the Borno Empire during the reign of Mai (king) Idris Alooma (1571–1603), although a large part of that country still adhered to traditional religions. Alooma furthered the cause of Islam in the country by introducing Islamic courts, establishing mosques, and setting up a hostel in Makkah, the Islamic pilgrimage destination, for Kanuris.
In Hausaland, particularly Kano, Islam is noted to have penetrated the territory in the fourteenth century from West African traders who were the Mande people Muslims from the Senegalese basin and Muslim traders from Mali Empire. Muhammed Rumfa (1463 - 1499) was the first ruler to convert to Islam in Hausaland. It had spread to the major cities of the northern part of the country by the 16th century, later moving into the countryside and towards the Middle Belt uplands. However, there are some claims for an earlier arrival. The Nigeria-born Muslim scholar Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu has argued that Islam had reached Sub-Sahara Africa, including Nigeria, as early as the 1st century of Hijrah through Muslim traders and expeditions during the reign of the Arab conqueror, Uqba ibn al Nafia (622–683), whose Islamic conquests under the Umayyad dynasty, during Muawiyah's and Yazid's time, spread all Northern Africa or the Maghrib Al-Arabi, which includes present-day Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Morocco.
Fulani War
In the early 19th century, Islamic scholar Usman dan Fodio launched a jihad, which is called the Fulani War, against the Hausa Kingdoms of Northern Nigeria. He was victorious, and established the Fulani Empire with its capital at Sokoto.
Sokoto Caliphate
In 1803, Usman dan Fodio founded the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman dan Fodio was elected "Commander of the Faithful" () by his followers. The Sokoto Caliphate became one of the largest empires in Africa, stretching from modern-day Burkina Faso to Cameroon and including most of northern Nigeria and southern Niger. At its height, the Sokoto state included over 30 different emirates under its political structure. In its hold, the caliphate ruled through much of the 19th century, until 29 July 1903, the second battle of Burmi concluded its dissolution by British and German forces.
Islam in Southwestern Nigeria
Islam also came to the southwestern Yoruba-speaking areas during the time of the Mali Empire. In his Movements of Islam in face of the Empires and Kingdoms in Yorubaland, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu supported his claims on early arrival of Islam in the southwestern Nigeria by citing the Arab anthropologist Abduhu Badawi, who argued that the fall of Koush southern Egypt and the prosperity of the politically multicultural Abbasid period in the continent had created several streams of migration, moving west in the mid-9th Sub-Sahara. According to Adelabu, the popularity and influences of the Abbasid Dynasty, the second great dynasty with the rulers carrying the title of 'Caliph' fostered peaceful and prosperous search of pastures by the inter-cultured Muslims from Nile to Niger and Arab traders from Desert to Benue, echoing the conventional historical view that the conquest of North Africa by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between AD 647–709 effectively ended Catholicism in Africa for several centuries. Islam in Ancient Yoruba is referred to as Esin Imale, which folk etymology states it comes from the word "Mali." The earliest introduction of the religion to that region was through Malian itinerant traders (Wangara Traders) around the 14th century. Large-scale conversion to Islam happened in the 18th-19th centuries.
Yorubas came in contact with Islam around the 14th century during the reign of Mansa Kankan Musa of the Mali Empire. According to Al-Aluri, the first Mosque was built in Ọyọ-Ile in AD 1550 although, there were no Yoruba Muslims, the Mosque only served the spiritual needs of foreign Muslims living in Ọyọ. Progressively, Islam came to Yoruba land, and Muslims started building Mosques: Iwo town led, its first Mosque built in 1655 followed by Iṣẹyin, in 1760; Lagos, 1774; Ṣaki, 1790; and Oṣogbo, 1889. In time, Islam spread to other towns like Oyo (the first Oyo convert was Solagberu), Ibadan, Abẹokuta, Ijẹbu-Ode, Ikirun, and Ẹdẹ before the 19th-century Sokoto jihad. Several factors contributed to the rise of Islam in Yoruba land by mid 19th century. Before the decline of Ọyọ, several towns around it had large Muslim communities; when Ọyọ was destroyed these Muslims (Yoruba and immigrants) relocated to newly formed towns and villages and became Islam protagonists. Second, there was a mass movement of people at this time into Yoruba land, many of these immigrants were Muslims who introduced Islam to their host. According to Eades, the religion "differed in attraction" and "better adapted to Yoruba social structure, because it permitted polygamy"; more influential Yorubas like (Seriki Kuku of Ijebu land) soon became Muslims with positive impact on the natives. Islam came to Lagos at about the same time like other Yoruba towns, however, it received royal support from Ọba Kosọkọ, after he came back from exile in Ẹpẹ. According to Gbadamọṣi (1972; 1978 in Eades, 1980) Islam soon spread to other Yoruba towns, especially, during the intra-tribal wars-when there was a high demand for Islamic teachers-who dubbed as both Quran teachers and amulet makers for Yoruba soldiers during the intra-tribal wars in Yoruba land. Islam, like Christianity also found a common ground with the natives that believed in Supreme Being, while there were some areas of disagreements, Islamic teachers impressed upon their audience the need to change from worshipping idols and embrace Allah. Without delay, Islamic scholars and local Imams started establishing Quranic centers to teach Arabic and Islamic studies, much later, conventional schools were established to educate new converts and to propagate Islam. Traditional shrines and ritual sites were replaced with Central Mosques in major Yoruba towns and cities.
Maitatsine
A fringe and heretical group, led by the cleric Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine, started in Kano in the late 1970s and operated throughout the 1980s. Maitatsine (since deceased) was from Cameroon, and claimed to have had divine revelations superseding those of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. With their own mosques and a doctrine antagonistic to established Islamic and societal leadership, its main appeal was to marginal and poverty-stricken urban in-migrants, whose rejection by the more established urban groups fostered this religious opposition. These disaffected adherents ultimately lashed out at the more traditional mosques and congregations, resulting in violent outbreaks in several cities of the north.
Quranists
Non-sectarian Muslims who reject the authority of hadith, known as Quranists, Quraniyoon, or 'Yan Kala Kato, are also present in Nigeria. 'Yan Kala Kato is often mistaken for a militant group called Yan Tatsine (also known as Maitatsine), an unrelated group founded by Muhammadu Marwa. Marwa was killed in 1980. Marwa's successor, Musa Makaniki, was arrested in 2004 and sentenced in 2006, but later released. And another leader of Yan Tatsine, Malam Badamasi, was killed in 2009. Notable Nigerian Quranists include Islamic scholars Mallam Saleh Idris Bello.
Islam in Nigerian society
As an institution in Northern Nigeria, Islam plays an important role in society. The five pillars of Islam including the annual pilgrimage and daily prayers are seen as important duties of Muslims. Support for the inclusion of a sharia legal system that governs family law and a religious view about modes of personal conduct have support within the society.
According to Pew Research Center in 2010, Muslims in Nigeria overwhelmingly favoured Islam playing a large role in politics. A majority of Muslims in Nigeria favoured stoning and/or whipping adulterers, cutting off hands for crimes like theft or robbery, and the death penalty for those who abandon Islam.
Sheikh Adelabu has mentioned other aspects of culture influenced by Islam in Nigeria. He cited Arabic words used in Nigerian languages, especially Yoruba and Hausa names of the days such as Atalata (Ar. Ath-Thulatha الثلاثاء) for Tuesday, Alaruba (Ar. Al-Arbi'a الأربعاء) for Wednesday, Alamisi (Ar. Al-Khamis الخميس) for Thursday, and Jimoh (Ar. Al-Jum'ah الجمعة) for Friday. By far Ojo Jimoh is the most favourably used. I usually preferred to the unpleasant Yoruba word for Friday Eti, which means Failure, Laziness or Abandonment. Maintaining that the wide adoption of Islamic faith and traditions has succeeded to lay impacts both on written and spoken Nigerian vernaculars, Sheikh Adelabu asserted nearly all technical terms and cultural usages of Hausa and Fulani were derived from Islamic heritages, citing a long list of Hausa words adopted from Arabic. In furthering supports for his claims, Sheikh Adelabu gave the following words to be Yoruba's derivatives of Arabic vocabularies:
Alaafia i.e. Good, Fine Or Healthy from derivative Al-Aafiah (Ar. العافية)
Baale i.e. husband or spouse derived from Ba'al (Ar. بعل)
Sanma i.e. heaven or sky adopted for Samaa` (Ar. السماء)
Alubarika i.e. blessing used as Al-Barakah (Ar. البركة)
Wakati i.e. hour or time formed from Waqt (Ar. وقت)
Asiri i.e. Secrete or Hidden derivative of As-Sirr (Ar. السرّ)
Sharia law
In 2008, twelve states located in northern Nigeria had fully implemented Sharia law. The twelve states in northern Nigeria have populations where Muslims form the majority.
In 2014, homosexual men were targeted by Hisbah, the religious police. According to a member of the Sharia Commission, homosexuals should be killed by stoning, hanging or pushing them from a high place. In Nigeria, federal law criminalizes homosexual behaviour, but states with Sharia law imposed the death penalty.
Influence on culture
Historically, Islam fostered trade relations between North Africa and West Africa. Berbers traders from Tiaret during the Rustamid dynasty were involved in commerce with Audoghast. These trade routes went further south into the Kanuri and Hausa states of Northern Nigeria. Sharia was also introduced into Northern Nigeria as Islam spread across the region. In addition to law and trade, Islam had some influence in spreading the choice of dressing, language and choice of names.
Agbada dressing in West Africa is commonly associated with Muslims and Mallams, Iborun (neck covers) is worn by many Muslims in Southern Nigeria during prayers and crochet hats were once mostly worn by Muslims to had performed the pilgrimage. Some Hausa and Yoruba expressions and words are also influenced by Arabic, the language of the Koran. Assalam Alaykun is a familiar expression for greeting by Muslims and Allahu Akbar is used as a call to prayer. Names such as Mohammed, Ibrahim, Yunusa, Lamidi, Aliu and Suleiman are commonly given to Muslim children.
Traditional Islamic education
The practice of Almajiranci by students primarily from rural areas (who are called Almajiri—a transliteration of Al Muhajirun, the Arabic word for emigrant—. The almajiri system in Nigeria is highly controversial. The system has been attacked for promoting youth poverty and delinquency, for failing to teach young boys vocational skills and thus making them unequipped for the workforce, and for radicalizing boys and making them perfect recruits for gangs and Boko Haram. Others believe the almajiri system teaches young boys to be pious, good people who will benefit society.
Extremism
In Nigeria, Pew Research polled the views of Muslims on extremist groups. 45% favoured Hezbollah, 49% favoured Hamas and 49% favoured Al-Qaeda. Unlike other Muslim countries, Nigeria was the only country where Muslims were positive towards Al-Qaeda.
Boko Haram
Boko Haram is a terrorist organisation that aims to create an Islamic state in Nigeria, West Africa. Its first attack was directed towards the Bauchi prison in 2009.
On the night of 14–15 April 2014, 276 female students were kidnapped from the Government Secondary School in the town of Chibok in Borno State, Nigeria. Responsibility for the kidnappings was claimed by Boko Haram, an extremist terrorist organization based in northeastern Nigeria. 57 of the schoolgirls managed to escape over the next few months
On the night of 5–6 May 2014, Boko Haram militants attacked the twin towns of Gamboru and Ngala in Borno State, Nigeria. Roughly 310 residents were killed in the 12-hour attack, and the town was largely destroyed.
Organisation of Nigerian Islam
Sa'adu Abubakar, the 20th Sultan of Sokoto, is considered the spiritual leader of Nigeria's Muslims.
Several Muslim organisations, lobbies and pressure groups exist such as Nasfat, MPAC Nigeria and the Muslim Rights Concern.
See also
Islam by country
Religion in Nigeria
Christianity in Nigeria
New radical Islamic movements in Nigeria
Islam in Bangladesh
Islam in China
Islam in Indonesia
Islam in Iran
Islam in Pakistan
Islam in the Philippines
Islam in Russia
References
Sources
External links
Islam in Nigeria: Simmering tensions
BBC Facts & Figures
Nigeria |
Helen L. Phillips (8 December 1919 – 27 July 2005) was an American dramatic lyric soprano who broke through racial barriers as a concert singer and—almost in passing—on the opera stage.
Biography
She was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of a Baptist minister, the Rev. James Phillips. She attended Sumner High School in St. Louis and Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri, and did graduate studies in music and in sociology at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.
At the age of 14, she was one of the soloists at the dedication of the Municipal Auditorium in St. Louis. She was the first black singer to perform with the Metropolitan Opera chorus (seven years before Marian Anderson's debut) —later saying she just "slipped in". Her agent had been told to send his best soprano as an extra for five performances of Mascagni's Cavalleria Rusticana in 1947 — and though the stage manager was momentarily non-plussed by her race, did nothing to hamper her debut.
Among the stories she recounted about her world travels was an episode on the Oriental Express, when she encountered two Russian soldiers "who started deriding the United States and talking about the plight of Negroes in this country. During the course of the conversation, one took my glasses and refused to give them back. Then he tried to get fresh, and I slapped him good and hard."
Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, she was primarily a concert singer, touring the United States, Europe, Africa, and South America. She was noted for her interpretation of German Lieder and Negro spirituals, and fluent in German, she toured Austria and West Germany for the State Department after World War II. She made her Town Hall debut in 1953, and she was in a production of Show Boat in 1954.
Retiring from the stage, she became a teacher and vocal coach. She died, age 86, from heart disease at the Isabella Geriatric Center in Manhattan.
References
1919 births
2005 deaths
American operatic sopranos
Baptists from Missouri
Fisk University alumni
Lincoln University (Missouri) alumni
Singers from St. Louis
20th-century African-American women singers
20th-century American women opera singers
African-American women opera singers
Classical musicians from Missouri
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American women |
Curry is a generic description for a variety of spiced dishes, especially from Asia.
Curry may also refer to:
Places
United States
Curry, Pike County, Alabama, an unincorporated community
Curry, Talladega County, Alabama, an unincorporated community
Curry, Walker County, Alabama, an unincorporated community
Curry, Alaska, an unincorporated community
Curry Village, California, a resort
Curry County, New Mexico
Curry County, Oregon
Curry Canyon (Utah), a canyon on the east edge of Emery County, Utah
Elsewhere
Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia, a rural town, known locally as The Curry
Curry, County Sligo, a townland of County Sligo, Ireland
Curry Island, Nunavut, Canada
People and fictional characters
Curry (surname), a common surname used in Ireland, Scotland and England
Computing and mathematics
Curry (programming language), a functional logic programming language
Currying, a technique for transforming a function in mathematics and computer science
Businesses
Currys, a British electricals retailer
Currys plc, a British electrical retailer holding company
Currys Digital, a former British electricals retailer
Plants
Curry plant, Helichrysum italicum, a flowering plant of the daisy family, with aromatic leaves
Curry tree, with aromatic leaves
Other uses
Curry College, a small private college in Milton, Massachusetts, United States
Currycomb (or curry), a device used in currying (grooming) horses
Curry ketchup, a spiced variant of ketchup from Germany
See also
Curie (disambiguation)
Currie (disambiguation)
Kari (disambiguation)
Cury, a civil parish and village in southwest Cornwall, England
Karahi, a type of thick, circular, and deep cooking-pot |
Albert Walker (4 February 1910 – April 1993) was an English professional footballer who played as a full-back in the Football League for Barrow, West Ham United and Doncaster Rovers.
Walker was born in Little Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire. After moving from his school team to Little Lever United of the Bolton and District League, Walker signed as an amateur for Southport. He spent little over a year at Haig Avenue before moving to Bolton Wanderers of the First Division.
Competing with Bob Haworth and Alex Finney, Walker found his chances limited and moved to Third Division North side Barrow the following year.
After 72 games and 11 goals for Barrow, Walker was picked up by London club West Ham United, who had just been relegated to the Second Division. He made his Hammers debut against Oldham Athletic, a 5–2 win at Upton Park. Walker spent six years at West Ham, forming a partnership with Alf Chalkley, and was an ever-present during the 1934–35 season. He played his last game for the club on 28 December 1937 against Norwich City.
Walker left in 1938 to join Doncaster Rovers along with Fred Dell in an exchange which took Arthur Banner down south. He made 37 League and 5 FA Cup appearances for Rovers, plus 3 appearances in the curtailed 1939–40 season. He spent World War II with the National Fire Service, and continued playing for Doncaster in the Wartime Leagues and cup competitions, making at least 81 appearances during that time, still without scoring. His last game for Rovers was on 16 December 1942 in a 1–1 draw at Barnsley.
Walker later joined Gainsborough Trinity and then Southern League club Colchester United, where he made 39 league and cup appearances.
He later rejoined West Ham as coach of the Metropolitan League team, then worked his way up through the Eastern Counties League and Football Combination teams before working with the first team. He retired in 1980.
References
1910 births
1993 deaths
People from Little Lever
Footballers from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Southport F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches |
Larry Richardson (August 9, 1927- June 17, 2007) was an American bluegrass and old time banjoist and guitarist from Galax, Virginia. He is known for his work with the Lonesome Pine Fiddlers, Bill Monroe and His Bluegrass Boys, and the Blue Ridge Boys.
Larry Richardson began his bluegrass career with the Lonesome Pine Fiddlers alongside mandolin player Bobby Osborne of Osborne Brothers fame. These two musicians are credited for transforming the band from western swing to bluegrass music in 1949. Larry and Bobby left the band after only a year and were replaced by Jimmy and Paul Williams. After Larry's brief time with the Lonesome Pine Fiddlers, he joined Bill Monroe as a banjo player from 1950 to 1951. He never made a recording as a "Bluegrass Boy". Larry then went on to work for Carl and J.P. Sauceman who ran a bluegrass show on WREN (AM).
In 1956, Larry was featured on a record that changed the way many people hear and play the banjo. "American Banjo Scruggs Style" which showcased the many banjo players who had adopted Earl Scruggs' famous "three finger roll" style of picking. On the record, Richardson played a rousing and inventive version of "Little Maggie" that influenced any number of up-and-coming banjo players in the late 1950s. Soon after the release of this record, Larry relocated to Low Gap, North Carolina. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s Larry recorded with the Blue Ridge Boys who focused on a traditional bluegrass sound.
In the latter 30 years of his life, Larry became an evangelist and spent the rest of his life preaching and singing bluegrass gospel. He lived in Lake Butler, Florida until he died of colon cancer.
References
External links
https://archive.today/20120711221922/http://bluegrasstoday.com/blog/2007/07/18/larry-richardson-tribute-1927-2007/
1927 births
2007 deaths
People from Galax, Virginia
American banjoists
American bluegrass guitarists
American male guitarists
Deaths from colorectal cancer
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians |
World Veterinary Year was celebrated in 2011, in recognition of the 250th anniversary of the founding of the world's first veterinary school in Lyon, France, in 1761. World Veterinary Year was officially launched on 24 January 2011 in Versailles, France. The slogan was "Vet for health, Vet for food, Vet for the planet!"
The United States Congress proclaimed 2011 as World Veterinary Year, following a proposal by Senators John Ensign and Kurt Schrader, both veterinarians.
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and DG SANCO held a photography competition early in 2011 entitled "Vets in your daily life" as part of World Veterinary Year 2011. The competition was won by Indian photographer Somenath Mukhopadhyay, with a photograph of a veterinarian taking the temperature of a goat affected by peste des petits ruminants.
Selected celebrations
24 January 2011: Official Opening Ceremony of World Veterinary Year (Versailles, France)
February 2011: Veterinary Council of Ireland hosted a ceremony awarding medals to veterinary surgeons who had practiced for over 50 years.
12–16 May 2011: World conference on veterinary education (Lyon, France).
17 July 2011: Symposium "World Veterinary Year: 250 Years of Improving Animal and Human Health" at the American Veterinary Medical Association Convention (St. Louis, Missouri, United States).
10–14 October 2011: International Closing Ceremony (Cape Town, South Africa), alongside the 30th World Veterinary Conference.
References
See also
List of awareness years
2011 in international relations
Veterinary medicine
International observances |
The common diving petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix), also known as the smaller diving petrel or simply the diving petrel, is a diving petrel, one of four very similar auk-like small petrels of the southern oceans. It is native to South Atlantic islands and islands of the subantarctic southern Indian Ocean, islands and islets off New Zealand and south-eastern Australian islands.
Taxonomy
The common diving petrel was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin. He placed it with the other petrels in the genus Procellaria and coined the binomial name Procellaria uriatrix. Gmelin based his description on the "diving petrel" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in the second volume of his A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham reported that they were found in great numbers in Queen Charlotte Sound at the northern end of South Island, New Zealand. The common diving petrel is now one of four petrels placed in the genus Pelecanoides that was introduced in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The genus name, Pelecanoides, means "Pelican-resembling", which was assigned to the diving petrels on account of their expandable throat pouches that they use to carry food. Its specific name, urinatrix, is derived from the Latin term, urinator, which means "diver". Its subspecies' names include chathamensis, referring to the Chatham Islands, exsul, meaning "isolated" or "remote", dacunhae, referring to the Tristan da Cunha Islands, berard, honoring French navigator Auguste Bérard, and coppingeri, which honors Royal Navy surgeon and naturalist Richard William Coppinger.
There are six subspecies (also listed above), which vary in body measurements, particularly bill size:
P. u. urinatrix (J. F. Gmelin, 1789): Australia, Tasmania and North Island, New Zealand.
P. u. chathamensis (Murphy & Harper, 1916): Stewart, Snares, and Chatham Islands of New Zealand.
P. u. exsul (Salvin, 1896): South Georgia, Subantarctic islands of the Indian Ocean such as the Kerguelen, Heard and McDonald islands, etc., and subantarctic islands of New Zealand, including the Auckland Islands, Antipodes Island, and Campbell Island.
P. u. dacunhae (Nicoll, 1906): Tristan da Cunha archipelago and Gough Island.
P. u. berard (Gaimard, 1823): Falkland Islands, also distributed throughout the Southwest Atlantic.
P. u. coppingeri (Mathews, 1912): Distribution uncertain, possibly breeds in Southern Chile.
Description
The common diving petrel is a small, plump petrel, in length and weighing around . The plumage is black above and dull white below and it has a relatively short black bill. The wings have thin white strips. The face and neck can be more brown than black. The legs and feet are blue with blackish-brown webbing in between the toes. Unless seen very close, it is almost indistinguishable from the South Georgian diving petrel, P. georgicus. The common diving petrel has brown inner web primary feathers, whereas the South Georgia petrel has light inner web feathering. Common petrels have smaller and narrower bills than the South Georgia petrel. Another difference is that the South Georgia diving petrel has a posterior black line down the tarsi. The common species is also slightly larger than the South Georgian species.
Distribution and habitat
The common diving petrel is found between latitudes 35 and 55 degrees south, mostly around islands. While the population is decreasing, it is not believed to be rapid enough to be of concern. While burrows are usually dug in vegetated slopes, though they are occasionally built in flatland.
Behaviour
The common diving petrel feeds on the continental shelf during the breeding season, its movements during the non-breeding season are poorly known and whether it disperses more widely is not known. Like other members of their family they catch prey by wing-propelled diving, and are capable of diving to . The diet of this species is dominated by crustaceans. They are known to forage at night on vertically migrating plankton. Feeding is mostly done in the ocean near the shore, but sometimes in the deeper pelagic zone during non-breeding season, which is only 2 months of the year.
Breeding
The mating habits are not well documented, although pairs form monogamous relationships. Breeding colonies are large and there is about one nest per . The nest is a burrow around 50 cm long with a chamber at the bottom which may or may not be lined with dried grass. Females lay a single white egg, which measures 38 x 29 mm, and is incubated for 53–55 days. The young are brooded for 10–15 days and fledgling occurs at 45–59 days. Both parents take care of the young, which are grey-grown when hatched. The life expectancy is 6.5 years.
Gallery
References
External links
Pelecanoides urinatrix at Animal Diversity Web
NZ Seabirds gallery
common diving petrel
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Tasmania
Birds of New Zealand
Birds of Argentina
Birds of Tierra del Fuego
Birds of Uruguay
Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
Birds of the Indian Ocean
Birds of subantarctic islands
Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
common diving petrel
common diving petrel |
The 2022 Norman, Oklahoma, mayoral election was held on February 8, 2022, with Larry Heikkila and Breea Clark going in the runoff. On April 5, 2022, Larry Heikkila won the runoff election and became mayor of Norman, Oklahoma. Heikkila opposed mask mandates and other COVID-19 measures, while Clark had supported them.
General Results
Results
Endorsements
Runoff Election
Results
Endorsements
References
Norman, Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma |
Macrostomus trilineatus is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.
References
Macrostomus
Insects described in 2019
Diptera of South America |
My Teenage Daughter, later Teenage Bad Girl, is a 1956 British drama film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Anna Neagle, Sylvia Syms and Norman Wooland. The screenplay concerns a mother who tries to deal with her teenage daughter's descent into delinquency. It was intended as a British response to Rebel Without a Cause. It was the last commercially successful film made by Wilcox.
Synopsis
Valerie Carr is a widowed magazine editor who lives in London and has two teenage daughters, Jan and Poppet. Jan falls for the wealthy Tony Ward Black, who takes her dancing and for drives in his Bentley. Valeria gets a job editing a magazine for teenagers.
Cast
Anna Neagle as Valerie Carr
Sylvia Syms as Janet Carr
Norman Wooland as Hugh Manning
Wilfrid Hyde-White as Sir Joseph
Kenneth Haigh as Tony Ward Black
Julia Lockwood as Poppet Carr
Helen Haye as Aunt Louisa
Josephine Fitzgerald as Aunt Bella
Wanda Ventham as Gina
Michael Shepley as Sir Henry
Avice Landone as Barbara
Michael Meacham as Mark
Edie Martin as Miss Ellis
Ballard Berkeley as Magistrate
Arthur Mullard as Club Bouncer
Myrette Morven as Anne
Grizelda Harvey as Miss Bennett
Betty Cooper as Celia
Daphne Cave as Deirdre
Launce Maraschal as Senator
Production
Neagle and Wilcox commissioned playwright Felicity Douglas to write a script about the generation gap. It was known during filming as I Have a Teenaged Daughter.
Janette Scott and Shirley Eaton were announced as possible's to play the daughter of Anna Neagle. Wilcox ended up casting Sylvia Syms after seeing her in a television play, The Romantic Young Lady. She recalled, "I was crashingly ignorant and very young, and Anna and Herbert cosseted me and spoiled me. They made my part bigger as I went along... Their generosity was incredible. They didn't pay me much but it was more than I was paid for my subsequent films [under a long-term contract with Associated British]." Julia Lockwood, who plays Anna Neagle's youngest daughter, was the daughter of Margaret Lockwood.
It as shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey. The film's sets were designed by the art director William Kellner.
Reception
Variety called it "an unabashed sentimental drama, obviously conceived as unsophisticated entertainment... should prove a stout b.o. proposition where the name value of Anna Neagle has potent marquee appeal."
Filmink said the film "was described as Britain’s answer to Rebel Without a Cause, and in a way that’s true, in that it’s about a middle-class teen going off the rails, although it pays far more attention to the adult characters than the Nick Ray-James Dean classic.
Syms said when the film came out "I was, as they say, an overnight sensation" but she "had saddled myself with a seven year contract" with Associated British.
References
Bibliography
Harper, Sue & Porter, Vincent. British Cinema of the 1950s: The Decline of Deference. Oxford University Press, 2007.
Threadgall, Derek. Shepperton Studios: An Independent View. British Film Institute, 1994.
External links
My Teenage Daughter at Letterbox DVD
My Teenage Daughter at BFI
My Teenage Daughter at Reel Streets
1956 films
1956 drama films
Films directed by Herbert Wilcox
1950s coming-of-age drama films
British coming-of-age drama films
1950s English-language films
1950s British films
British black-and-white films
British Lion Films films
Films shot at Shepperton Studios
Films set in London |
Talleh Zang (, also Romanized as Taleh Zang and Talleh Zang-e Pā'īn) is a village in Mazu Rural District, Alvar-e Garmsiri District, Andimeshk County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 540, in 104 families.
References
Populated places in Andimeshk County |
Events in the year 1783 in Norway.
Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII
Events
Arts and literature
Births
23 December - Lorentz Lange, judge and politician (d.1860)
Full date unknown
Christian Holm, politician (d.1855)
Andreas Samuelsen Vibstad, politician (d.1854)
Deaths
Simen Fougner, farmer and writer (born 1701).
See also
References |
Positive Tone Sdn. Bhd. was a Malaysian record label, established in 1993 by Jeff Siah and Kenny Tay.
The label's first release is Leonard Tan's debut album. After Paul Moss and Ahmad Izham Omar joined Positive Tone, the label become one of Malaysia's top recording companies. In 1998, Positive Tone was acquired by EMI Malaysia, after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
Some of the company's famous act includes Too Phat, Poetic Ammo, Reefa, VE, Ruffedge, Juliet The Orange, Nicestupidplayground and Innuendo. The label was closed in 2003, and all Positive Tone artists was absorbed into EMI Malaysia. As part of EMI's withdrawal from Southeast Asia market in 2008, EMI Malaysia was closed. The compilation album Best of Positive Tone was the last album to be released by EMI Malaysia.
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
(archived)
1993 establishments in Malaysia
2003 disestablishments in Malaysia
Malaysian record labels
Record labels established in 1993
Record labels disestablished in 2003
Defunct record labels
EMI
Defunct companies of Malaysia |
Stefan Witwicki (September 13, 1801April 15, 1847) was a Polish poet of the Romantic period.
Life
From 1822 Witwicki worked in the Congress Poland's Government Commission on Religions and Education (Komisja Rządowa Wyznań i Oświaty).
In 1832 he emigrated of his own free will to Paris, France, where he became a friend of the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz.
He was a friend of Frédéric Chopin, who dedicated his Mazurkas, Op. 41 to him, and who also set ten of his texts as Polish songs.
Works
Witwicki wrote:
lyrics, including the popular Piosenki sielskie (Idyllic Songs, 1830), which have been set to music by Frédéric Chopin (see Polish songs by Frédéric Chopin), Stanisław Moniuszko and others;
a cycle of paraphrases, Poezje biblijne (Biblical Poems, 1830);
a dramatic poem, Edmund (1829); and
an encomium to traditionalism, in his prose writings, Wieczory pielgrzyma (A Pilgrim's Evenings, 1837–42; enlarged edition, 1844–45).
See also
List of Poles
References
"Witwicki, Stefan," Encyklopedia powszechna PWN (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, vol. 4, 1976, p. 665.
1801 births
1847 deaths
Polish male poets
19th-century Polish poets |
The Rajmahal Traps is a volcanic igneous province in Eastern India, covering the parts of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Meghalaya. The Rajmahal Hills of Jharkhand is the type area of this province. Multiple layers of solidified lava made the Rajmahal Traps which are dipping 2–5° towards the north-east. Individual layers vary in thickness from less than to more than .
Genesis
These volcanic rocks were formed from the eruptions over the Kerguelen hotspot in the early Cretaceous. The similarity between the geochemical data of Rajmahal volcanos and lavas of the Kerguelen Plateau confirms this. According to plate tectonics, the Indian subcontinent was over this hot spot during the Cretaceous Period.
The original lava flow covered an area of nearly . Below the Bengal basin the flows cover .
Lithology
The Rajmahal volcanics are predominantly tholeiitic basalt, quartz tholeiite, olivine tholeiite and alkali basalt. The Intertrappean Beds are composed of sedimentary rock such as siltstone, claystone and shale.
Structural evolution
The western boundary of the Rajmahal Traps is faulted and down-thrown towards the east. The eastern boundary of this trap has a North-South trending, fault-controlled basement. This basement connects the Purnea basin of the Ganga valley with the Bengal basin. These faulted contacts, along with the Damodar Gondwana graben, form a triple junction at the mouth of the Bengal basin. The traps evolved along the then eastern continental margin of India, following rifting of Gondwanaland. Over the epochs, the upper part of the lava deformed in a cold, brittle fashion and formed graben structures.
Fossils
The Intertrappean Beds contain an assemblage of Lower Cretaceous plant fossils. The assemblage includes Cladophlebis indica, Dictyozamites indicus, Taeniopteris spatulata, and Brachyphyllum rhombium.
See also
Deccan Traps
Rajmahal
References
Cretaceous volcanism
Extinction events
Geography of Jharkhand
Volcanism of India |
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a diagnostic technique used in coronary catheterization. FFR measures pressure differences across a coronary artery stenosis (narrowing, usually due to atherosclerosis) to determine the likelihood that the stenosis impedes oxygen delivery to the heart muscle (myocardial ischemia).
Fractional flow reserve is defined as the pressure after (distal to) a stenosis relative to the pressure before the stenosis. The result is an absolute number; an FFR of 0.80 means that a given stenosis causes a 20% drop in blood pressure. In other words, FFR expresses the maximal flow down a vessel in the presence of a stenosis compared to the maximal flow in the hypothetical absence of the stenosis.
Procedure
During coronary catheterization, a catheter is inserted into the femoral (groin) or radial arteries (wrist) using a sheath and guidewire. FFR uses a small sensor on the tip of the wire (commonly a transducer) to measure pressure, temperature and flow to determine the exact severity of the lesion. This is done during maximal blood flow (hyperemia), which can be induced by injecting products such as adenosine or papaverine. A pullback of the pressure wire is performed, and pressures are recorded across the vessel.
When interpreting FFR measurements, higher values indicate a non-significant stenosis, whereas lower values indicate a significant lesion. There is no absolute cut-off point at which an FFR measurement is considered abnormal. However, reviews of clinical trials show a cut-off range between 0.75 and 0.80 has been used when determining significance.
Equation
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is the ratio of maximum blood flow distal to a stenotic lesion to normal maximum flow in the same vessel. It is calculated using the pressure ratio
where is the pressure distal to the lesion, and is the pressure proximal to the lesion.
Rationale
The decision to perform a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is usually based on angiographic results alone. Angiography can be used for the visual evaluation of the inner diameter of a vessel. In ischemic heart disease, deciding which narrowing is the culprit lesion is not always clear-cut. Fractional flow reserve can provide a functional evaluation by measuring the pressure decline caused by a vessel narrowing.
Advantages and disadvantages
FFR has certain advantages over other techniques to evaluate narrowed coronary arteries, such as coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound or CT coronary angiography. For example, FFR takes into account collateral flow, which can render an anatomical blockage functionally unimportant. Also, standard angiography can underestimate or overestimate narrowing, because it only visualizes contrast inside a vessel. Finally, when compared to other indices of vessel narrowing, FFR seems to be less vulnerable to variability between patients.
Other techniques can also provide information which FFR cannot. Intravascular ultrasound, for example, can provide information on plaque vulnerability, whereas FFR measures are only determined by plaque thickness. There are newly developed technologies that can assess both plaque vulnerability and FFR from CT by measuring the vasodilitative capacity of the arterial wall.
FFR allows real-time estimation of the effects of a narrowed vessel, and allows for simultaneous treatment with balloon dilatation and stenting. On the other hand, FFR is an invasive procedure for which non-invasive (less drastic) alternatives exist, such as cardiac stress testing. In this test, physical exercise or intravenous medication (adenosine/dobutamine) is used to increase the workload and oxygen demand of the heart muscle, and ischemia is detected using ECG changes or nuclear imaging.
DEFER study
In the DEFER study, fractional flow reserve was used to determine the need for stenting in patients with intermediate single vessel disease. In stenosis patients with an FFR of less than 0.75, outcomes were significantly worse. In patients with an FFR of 0.75 or more however, stenting did not influence outcomes.
FAME study
The Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation (FAME) study evaluated the role of FFR in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. In 20 centers in Europe and the United States, 1005 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stent implantation were randomized to intervention based on angiography or based on fractional flow reserve in addition to angiography. In the angiography arm of the study, all suspicious-looking lesions were stented. In the FFR arm, only angiographically suspicious lesions with an FFR of 0.80 or less were stented.
In the patients whose care was guided by FFR, fewer stents were used (2.7±1.2 and 1.9±1.3, respectively). After one year, the primary endpoint of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization were lower in the FFR group (13.2% versus 18.3%), largely attributable to fewer stenting procedures and their associated complications. There also was a non-significant higher number of patients with residual angina (81% versus 78%). In the FFR group, hospital stay was slightly shorter (3.4 vs 3.7 days) and procedural costs were less ($5,332 vs $6,007). FFR did not prolong procedure (around 70 minutes in both groups).
References
Cardiology |
```xml
/** @jsx jsx */
import { Node } from 'slate'
import { jsx } from 'slate-hyperscript'
export const input = (
<editor>
<element>
<text key="a" />
<text key="b" />
<text key="c" />
<text key="d" />
</element>
</editor>
)
export const test = value => {
return Array.from(
Node.descendants(value, {
from: [0, 1],
to: [0, 2],
})
)
}
export const output = [
[
<element>
<text key="a" />
<text key="b" />
<text key="c" />
<text key="d" />
</element>,
[0],
],
[<text key="b" />, [0, 1]],
[<text key="c" />, [0, 2]],
]
``` |
```python
from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
import numpy as np
import numpy.matlib
from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_, run_module_suite
def test_empty():
x = numpy.matlib.empty((2,))
assert_(isinstance(x, np.matrix))
assert_(x.shape, (1, 2))
def test_ones():
assert_array_equal(numpy.matlib.ones((2, 3)),
np.matrix([[ 1., 1., 1.],
[ 1., 1., 1.]]))
assert_array_equal(numpy.matlib.ones(2), np.matrix([[ 1., 1.]]))
def test_zeros():
assert_array_equal(numpy.matlib.zeros((2, 3)),
np.matrix([[ 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0.]]))
assert_array_equal(numpy.matlib.zeros(2), np.matrix([[ 0., 0.]]))
def test_identity():
x = numpy.matlib.identity(2, dtype=np.int)
assert_array_equal(x, np.matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]]))
def test_eye():
x = numpy.matlib.eye(3, k=1, dtype=int)
assert_array_equal(x, np.matrix([[ 0, 1, 0],
[ 0, 0, 1],
[ 0, 0, 0]]))
def test_rand():
x = numpy.matlib.rand(3)
# check matrix type, array would have shape (3,)
assert_(x.ndim == 2)
def test_randn():
x = np.matlib.randn(3)
# check matrix type, array would have shape (3,)
assert_(x.ndim == 2)
def test_repmat():
a1 = np.arange(4)
x = numpy.matlib.repmat(a1, 2, 2)
y = np.array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3],
[0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]])
assert_array_equal(x, y)
if __name__ == "__main__":
run_module_suite()
``` |
In hydrology, bound water, is an extremely thin layer of water surrounding mineral surfaces.
Water molecules have a strong electrical polarity, meaning that there is a very strong positive charge on one side of the molecule and a strong negative charge on the other. This causes the water molecules to bond to each other and to other charged surfaces, such as soil minerals. Clay in particular has a high ability to bond with water molecules.
The strong attraction between these surfaces causes an extremely thin water film (a few molecules thick) to form on the mineral surface. These water molecules are much less mobile than the rest of the water in the soil, and have significant effects on soil dielectric permittivity and freezing-thawing.
In molecular biology and food science, bound water refers to the amount of water in body tissues which are bound to macromolecules or organelles. In food science this form of water is practically unavailable for microbiological activities so it would not cause quality decreases or pathogen increases.
See also
Adsorption
Capillary action
Effective porosity
Surface tension
References
Hydrology
Soil mechanics
Soil physics
Water |
Stinking may refer to:
Having an unpleasant odor
Stinking Creek (disambiguation)
Stinking Lake (New Mexico)
Stinking Point, a cape in Maryland and Virginia
Stinking River, a river in Virginia
See also
Stink (disambiguation)
Stinky (disambiguation) |
Francis Joseph "Spec" Shea (October 2, 1920 – July 19, 2002) was an American professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball from 1947 to 1955. He played for the New York Yankees from 1947 to 1951 and the Washington Senators from 1952 to 1955. He was known as "The Naugatuck Nugget" as a result of being from Naugatuck, Connecticut, and was named as such by Yankees broadcaster Mel Allen, and was nicknamed "Spec" because of his freckles.
Biography
Shea originally signed with the Yankees as an amateur free agent in 1940. He spent the 1940 season playing in Amsterdam, winning 11 and losing four while pitching 137 innings. In 1941, he was promoted to Norfolk, where he struck out 154 in 199 innings, and in 1942 he played in Kansas City, where he improved upon his earned run average. He was a member of the United States Armed Forces, serving in World War II. He joined in 1943 and served for three years, where he served solely as a soldier and did not play baseball.
He was promoted to the Yankees' major league roster at the start of the 1947 New York Yankees season, and made his debut on April 19, 1947. He made his debut against the Boston Red Sox, which was so looked forward to at Naugatuck High School, his alma mater, that the school suspended operations for the day because most of the student body went to New York to root for Spec. As a rookie, Shea played in his first and only All-Star Game, playing in the 1947 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In the game, Shea pitched the 4th, 5th, and 6th innings, relieving for Hal Newhouser. He allowed one earned run, and was declared the winning pitcher of the All-Star Game.
The same year, MLB established the Rookie of the Year Award. In the middle of the season, however, Shea was sidelined for seven weeks due to a pulled neck muscle. Shea finished the season with a 14–5 record in 27 appearances, had the lowest hits allowed per nine innings pitched in the majors with 6.4, had the best win–loss record in the American League with .737%, threw 13 complete games, three shutouts, and had an ERA of 3.07. Shea was in the running for the Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award, which went to Jackie Robinson. Shea finished third in voting behind Robinson and Larry Jansen, but would have won the award had the American and National Leagues had separate Rookie of the Year winners. In the 1947 World Series, Shea started games one, five and seven, winning the first two en route to the Yankees' World Series victory.
From 1948 to 1951, however, Shea had a combined 15-16 record, continuing to pitch in pain due to a nagging neck injury suffered in 1947. Instead of it being arm trouble as the Yankees believed, it was an issue that was solved by Shea visiting a chiropractor during the winter before the 1951 New York Yankees season. On May 3, 1952, Shea was traded by the Yankees with Jackie Jensen, Jerry Snyder, and Archie Wilson to the Washington Senators for Irv Noren and Tom Upton. In 1952 he had an 11–7 record with a 2.93 ERA, and in 1953 he had a 12–7 record with a 3.94 ERA. He was used in his final two seasons primarily as a relief pitcher, and pitched his final major league game on August 27, 1955.
As a hitter, Shea posted a .195 batting average (58-for-298) with 29 runs, 1 home run, 33 RBI and 19 bases on balls in 195 games pitched. Defensively, he recorded a .967 fielding percentage.
Robert Redford called Shea during production of the film The Natural for pitching consultation, where he taught Redford how to pitch in an old-time style. Shea died in New Haven, Connecticut, on July 19, 2002, at the age of 81 after having heart valve replacement surgery.
References
Further reading
External links
1920 births
2002 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Connecticut
New York Yankees players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Sportspeople from New Haven County, Connecticut
People from Naugatuck, Connecticut
Newark Bears (International League) players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Amsterdam Rugmakers players
Norfolk Tars players
United States Army personnel of World War II |
is the style of Aikido founded by Kenji Tomiki. Shodokan Aikido is sometimes referred to as 合気道競技 (Aikido Kyogi) meaning "Competitive Aikido" or "Sport Aikido" because of its use of regular competitions.
The style itself, could arguably have been founded with the formation of the Waseda University Aikido Club in 1958, although Tomiki didn't actually name his style Shodokan until 1976. It was in 1967 when Kenji Tomiki established the Shodokan hombu dojo in Osaka, Japan, to teach, train and promote his style. In 1974, Kenji Tomiki found the Japan Aikido Association (NPO Japan Aikido Association). Since it was certified as a specified non-profit organization (NPO corporation) by the Cabinet Office in 2005, the official name was changed to "Specified Non-Profit Organization Japan Aikido Association". As of 2018, Masako Tomiki is the current chairman of JAA.
Today, Shodokan Aikido is organised with two major groups, the Japan Aikido Association (JAA) and the Shodokan Aikido Federation (SAF).
Overview
Shodokan places more emphasis on free-form randori sparring than most other styles of aikido. The training method requires a balance between a randori training method and the more stylized and traditional kata training along with a well-developed set of training drills both specific for randori and for general aikido development. The participation in actual shiai (competitive randori) very much depends on the club with greater emphasis being found in the university clubs, although randori is core to all Shodokan clubs.
Past directors of Shodokan Aikido
First Director Kenji Tomiki (1967-1979)
Second Director Hideo Ohba (1979–1986)
Shihan
Within the JAA there were two Shihan: Tetsuro Nariyama and Fumiaki Shishida. Nariyama as the technical director of the JAA and chief instructor of the Shodokan hombu dojo in Osaka, Japan. Shishida is Professor of Intellectual History of the Japanese Martial Arts at Waseda University in Tokyo. Together, they wrote a key monograph, in Japanese, entitled "Aikido Kyougi", which describes the history of, and many technical details about, the style of aikido propounded by Tomiki. This book, first published in 1985, was subsequently translated into English under the title, "Aikido: Tradition and the Competitive Edge". Nariyama Shihan has also produced a further book, "Aikido Randori", describing the practice system of randori within aikido.
In recent years, Sato Tadayuki was made Shihan of Waseda University Aikido Club. He, along with the now late Kenshi Uno, of Shikoku Japan, created Shidokan, with the blessing of Shishida Shihan. This system follows the same teachings of Tomiki, but with different emphasis, a return to Tomiki's earliest methods. Tomiki gave his art the name Shodokan, and many people were concerned with the introduction of a new name Shidokan. However this is just to show the various paths available within Tomiki's aikido.
As of 2012, the division between Nariyama Shihan and Shishida Shihan grew into a situation where the two of them remaining within a single organization became an untenable position. Thus Nariyama Shihan decided to resolve any conflict by resigning from the JAA and creating a new organization known as Shodokan Aikido Renmei (also known as Shodokan Aikido Federation). This effectively was an official split of the Shodokan Aikido world into two. The JAA now refer to Shodokan Aikido as "Tomiki Aikido". However, because Tomiki Shihan emphatically was against the use of his name being attached to his system of practice, the JAA also commonly refers to the system as "The Aikido of Kenji Tomiki Sensei".
Kata
Shodokan defines several kata. Some of the more important kata are listed below.
Junanahon
Randori no kata is the basic kata set for Shodokan Aikido. Junanahon consists of 17 basic techniques, which, with their variations, are legal within Shodokan randori. They are broken down into four different categories: Atemi, Hiji, Tekubi and Uki. Kenji Tomiki thought for many years about the construction of the 17 techniques as he omitted techniques from the old styles that he deemed too complex or too dangerous for competition.
Atemi Waza
The Atemi Waza is a set of five techniques that are classified as striking techniques.
Shomen Ate: Strike from the Front
Aigamae Ate: Strike from Same Posture
Gyakugamae Ate: Strike from Reverse Posture
Gedan Ate: Strike from Low Level
Ushiro Ate: Strike from Behind
Hiji Waza
The Hiji Waza is a set of five techniques that are classified as elbow techniques.
Oshi Taoshi: Pushing Topple
Ude Gaeshi: Arm Reversal
Hiki Taoshi: Pulling Topple
Ude Hineri: Arm Twist
Waki Gatame: Fixing the Side
Tekubi Waza
The Tekubi Waza is a set of four techniques that are classified as wrist techniques.
Kote Hineri: Wrist Twist
Kote Gaeshi: Wrist Reversal
Tenkai Kote Hineri: Rotating Wrist Twist
Tenkai Kote Gaeshi: Rotating Wrist Reversal
Uki Waza
The Uki Waza is a set of three techniques that are classified as floating techniques.
Mae Otoshi: Front Drop
Sumi Otoshi: Corner Drop
Hiki Otoshi: Pulling Drop
Koryu Goshin no Kata
Old stream self defense kata, includes many techniques that harken back to pre-war aikido (when the art was still taught as Daito-ryu aiki-jujutsu). This set of 50 techniques is sometimes referred to as the Koryu dai san and includes weapons as well as empty-hand techniques.
Suwari Waza: 4 techniques
Hanza Handachi: 4 techniques
Tachi Waza: 8 techniques
Tanto dori: 8 techniques
Tachi dori: 5 techniques
Yari dori: 5 techniques
Yari wo kumitsukareta: 8 techniques
Kumi Tachi: 8 techniques
Nage no kata
A set of 14 throwing techniques: 7 direct (omote) and 7 more circular and fluid (ura). This sequence is actually the first part of Koryu dai yon which includes 11 more techniques.
Goshin Ho
Self-defense techniques several of which are part of the curriculum for yondan and up.
Competition
Competitions take the form of tanto randori or toshu randori, and also embu (演武) in which pairs (tori and uke) are judged on their kata. Toshu randori (徒手乱取) is barehanded, and both practitioners are expected to perform techniques on one another and attempt to resist and counter each other's techniques. The appearance of this form is heavily influenced by judo randori with a few changes designed to enhance the use of aikido technique (for example, one is not allowed to grasp the opponent's keikogi).
In tanto randori (短刀乱取), there is a designated attacker (tantō) and a designated empty-handed defender (toshu). The attacker attempts to stab the defender with a training knife (usually rubber or stuffed) while the defender attempts, with any of seventeen basic aikido techniques, to throw or perform joint-locks on the attacker. Tantō is expected to resist or counter with the first five techniques. In competition, the roles switch, with competitors having the same amount of time with and without the knife. In both these forms of randori, the traditional separation between the performer of technique (tori) and the receiver of technique (uke) no longer exists, as either participant may throw the opponent.
Scoring
Credits
Tanto tsukiari (短刀突きあり) - 1 point - Awarded for a successful tantō strike. For the strike to count, the tantō must land on the upper half of the torso. The arm must be extended, the strike should be perpendicular to the attacker's body, and the attacker must be moving forward, finished with good balance. Glancing hits do not count. Obviously, this does not apply to toshu randori.
Yuko (有効) - 1 point - Awarded for a balance break, or for making your opponent retreat out of the designated area.
Waza-ari (技あり) - 2 points - Awarded for a full throw or lock, but losing good posture and balance.
Ippon (一本) - 4 points - Awarded for a full throw or lock, keeping good posture and balance.
Penalties
Shido - 1/2 point - Awarded to the opponent when a competitor commits minor violation. Shido are only counted in pairs. Examples of shido are:
Dogi-mochi shido - Grabbing hold of the gi.
Taisabaki shido - Failure to dodge properly, e.g. by swatting the knife away instead of moving out of its path or receiving a glancing blow.
Tanto shido - Failure to mind the knife: tanto may receive a tanto shido if he or she drops or loses control of the knife; toshu may receive a tanto shido if he or she allows the tanto to be pressed against their body for three seconds.
Chui - 1 point - Awarded to the opponent when a competitor commits a major violation. In American tournaments, 2 chui end the match.
World Championships
The Aikido World Championships are held every two years, rotating between Japan and a foreign location.
International Instruction
Instructors from Shodokan Hombu regularly teach internationally. Currently the main traveling instructors are Tetsuro Nariyama (9th Dan), Ryuichi Omori (7th Dan), Sekio Endo (6th Dan) and Shinnosuke Sakai (7th Dan).
Notes
References
External links
Shodokan Aikido Federation
Japan Aikido Association
Aikido organizations |
```c++
//
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
//
// entry_points_gles_2_0_ext.cpp : Implements the GLES 2.0 extension entry points.
#include "libGLESv2/entry_points_gles_2_0_ext.h"
#include "libGLESv2/global_state.h"
#include "libANGLE/Buffer.h"
#include "libANGLE/Context.h"
#include "libANGLE/Error.h"
#include "libANGLE/Fence.h"
#include "libANGLE/Framebuffer.h"
#include "libANGLE/Shader.h"
#include "libANGLE/Query.h"
#include "libANGLE/validationES.h"
#include "libANGLE/validationES2.h"
#include "libANGLE/validationES3.h"
#include "common/debug.h"
#include "common/utilities.h"
namespace gl
{
void GL_APIENTRY BeginQueryEXT(GLenum target, GLuint id)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLuint %d)", target, id);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateBeginQuery(context, target, id))
{
return;
}
Error error = context->beginQuery(target, id);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DeleteFencesNV(GLsizei n, const GLuint* fences)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, const GLuint* fences = 0x%0.8p)", n, fences);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (n < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
context->deleteFenceNV(fences[i]);
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DeleteQueriesEXT(GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, const GLuint *ids = 0x%0.8p)", n, ids);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (n < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
context->deleteQuery(ids[i]);
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DrawArraysInstancedANGLE(GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei primcount)
{
EVENT("(GLenum mode = 0x%X, GLint first = %d, GLsizei count = %d, GLsizei primcount = %d)", mode, first, count, primcount);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateDrawArraysInstancedANGLE(context, mode, first, count, primcount))
{
return;
}
Error error = context->drawArraysInstanced(mode, first, count, primcount);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DrawElementsInstancedANGLE(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount)
{
EVENT("(GLenum mode = 0x%X, GLsizei count = %d, GLenum type = 0x%X, const GLvoid* indices = 0x%0.8p, GLsizei primcount = %d)",
mode, count, type, indices, primcount);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
IndexRange indexRange;
if (!ValidateDrawElementsInstancedANGLE(context, mode, count, type, indices, primcount, &indexRange))
{
return;
}
Error error =
context->drawElementsInstanced(mode, count, type, indices, primcount, indexRange);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY EndQueryEXT(GLenum target)
{
EVENT("GLenum target = 0x%X)", target);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateEndQuery(context, target))
{
return;
}
Error error = context->endQuery(target);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY FinishFenceNV(GLuint fence)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d)", fence);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (fenceObject->isSet() != GL_TRUE)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
fenceObject->finish();
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GenFencesNV(GLsizei n, GLuint* fences)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, GLuint* fences = 0x%0.8p)", n, fences);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (n < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
fences[i] = context->createFenceNV();
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GenQueriesEXT(GLsizei n, GLuint* ids)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, GLuint* ids = 0x%0.8p)", n, ids);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (n < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
for (GLsizei i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
ids[i] = context->createQuery();
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetFenceivNV(GLuint fence, GLenum pname, GLint *params)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d, GLenum pname = 0x%X, GLint *params = 0x%0.8p)", fence, pname, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (fenceObject->isSet() != GL_TRUE)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
switch (pname)
{
case GL_FENCE_STATUS_NV:
{
// GL_NV_fence spec:
// Once the status of a fence has been finished (via FinishFenceNV) or tested and the returned status is TRUE (via either TestFenceNV
// or GetFenceivNV querying the FENCE_STATUS_NV), the status remains TRUE until the next SetFenceNV of the fence.
GLboolean status = GL_TRUE;
if (fenceObject->getStatus() != GL_TRUE)
{
Error error = fenceObject->test(&status);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
*params = status;
break;
}
case GL_FENCE_CONDITION_NV:
{
*params = static_cast<GLint>(fenceObject->getCondition());
break;
}
default:
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
}
}
}
GLenum GL_APIENTRY GetGraphicsResetStatusEXT(void)
{
EVENT("()");
Context *context = GetGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
return context->getResetStatus();
}
return GL_NO_ERROR;
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetQueryivEXT(GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params)
{
EVENT("GLenum target = 0x%X, GLenum pname = 0x%X, GLint *params = 0x%0.8p)", target, pname, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidQueryType(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
switch (pname)
{
case GL_CURRENT_QUERY_EXT:
params[0] = context->getState().getActiveQueryId(target);
break;
default:
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetQueryObjectuivEXT(GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint *params)
{
EVENT("(GLuint id = %d, GLenum pname = 0x%X, GLuint *params = 0x%0.8p)", id, pname, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
Query *queryObject = context->getQuery(id, false, GL_NONE);
if (!queryObject)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (context->getState().getActiveQueryId(queryObject->getType()) == id)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
switch(pname)
{
case GL_QUERY_RESULT_EXT:
{
Error error = queryObject->getResult(params);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
break;
case GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE_EXT:
{
Error error = queryObject->isResultAvailable(params);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
break;
default:
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetTranslatedShaderSourceANGLE(GLuint shader, GLsizei bufsize, GLsizei* length, GLchar* source)
{
EVENT("(GLuint shader = %d, GLsizei bufsize = %d, GLsizei* length = 0x%0.8p, GLchar* source = 0x%0.8p)",
shader, bufsize, length, source);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (bufsize < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
Shader *shaderObject = context->getShader(shader);
if (!shaderObject)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
// Only returns extra info if ANGLE_GENERATE_SHADER_DEBUG_INFO is defined
shaderObject->getTranslatedSourceWithDebugInfo(bufsize, length, source);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetnUniformfvEXT(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat* params)
{
EVENT("(GLuint program = %d, GLint location = %d, GLsizei bufSize = %d, GLfloat* params = 0x%0.8p)",
program, location, bufSize, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateGetnUniformfvEXT(context, program, location, bufSize, params))
{
return;
}
Program *programObject = context->getProgram(program);
ASSERT(programObject);
programObject->getUniformfv(location, params);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetnUniformivEXT(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLint* params)
{
EVENT("(GLuint program = %d, GLint location = %d, GLsizei bufSize = %d, GLint* params = 0x%0.8p)",
program, location, bufSize, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateGetnUniformivEXT(context, program, location, bufSize, params))
{
return;
}
Program *programObject = context->getProgram(program);
ASSERT(programObject);
programObject->getUniformiv(location, params);
}
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY IsFenceNV(GLuint fence)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d)", fence);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
return GL_FALSE;
}
// GL_NV_fence spec:
// A name returned by GenFencesNV, but not yet set via SetFenceNV, is not the name of an existing fence.
return fenceObject->isSet();
}
return GL_FALSE;
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY IsQueryEXT(GLuint id)
{
EVENT("(GLuint id = %d)", id);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
return (context->getQuery(id, false, GL_NONE) != NULL) ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE;
}
return GL_FALSE;
}
void GL_APIENTRY ReadnPixelsEXT(GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height,
GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize,
GLvoid *data)
{
EVENT("(GLint x = %d, GLint y = %d, GLsizei width = %d, GLsizei height = %d, "
"GLenum format = 0x%X, GLenum type = 0x%X, GLsizei bufSize = 0x%d, GLvoid *data = 0x%0.8p)",
x, y, width, height, format, type, bufSize, data);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (width < 0 || height < 0 || bufSize < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
if (!ValidateReadPixelsParameters(context, x, y, width, height,
format, type, &bufSize, data))
{
return;
}
Framebuffer *framebufferObject = context->getState().getReadFramebuffer();
ASSERT(framebufferObject);
Rectangle area(x, y, width, height);
Error error = framebufferObject->readPixels(context, area, format, type, data);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY RenderbufferStorageMultisampleANGLE(GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLsizei samples = %d, GLenum internalformat = 0x%X, GLsizei width = %d, GLsizei height = %d)",
target, samples, internalformat, width, height);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateRenderbufferStorageParametersANGLE(context, target, samples, internalformat,
width, height))
{
return;
}
Renderbuffer *renderbuffer = context->getState().getCurrentRenderbuffer();
Error error = renderbuffer->setStorageMultisample(samples, internalformat, width, height);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY SetFenceNV(GLuint fence, GLenum condition)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d, GLenum condition = 0x%X)", fence, condition);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (condition != GL_ALL_COMPLETED_NV)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
Error error = fenceObject->set(condition);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY TestFenceNV(GLuint fence)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d)", fence);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return GL_TRUE;
}
if (fenceObject->isSet() != GL_TRUE)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return GL_TRUE;
}
GLboolean result;
Error error = fenceObject->test(&result);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return GL_TRUE;
}
return result;
}
return GL_TRUE;
}
void GL_APIENTRY TexStorage2DEXT(GLenum target, GLsizei levels, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLsizei levels = %d, GLenum internalformat = 0x%X, GLsizei width = %d, GLsizei height = %d)",
target, levels, internalformat, width, height);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().textureStorage)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (context->getClientVersion() < 3 &&
!ValidateES2TexStorageParameters(context, target, levels, internalformat, width, height))
{
return;
}
if (context->getClientVersion() >= 3 &&
!ValidateES3TexStorageParameters(context, target, levels, internalformat, width, height, 1))
{
return;
}
Extents size(width, height, 1);
Texture *texture = context->getTargetTexture(target);
Error error = texture->setStorage(target, levels, internalformat, size);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY VertexAttribDivisorANGLE(GLuint index, GLuint divisor)
{
EVENT("(GLuint index = %d, GLuint divisor = %d)", index, divisor);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (index >= MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
if (context->getLimitations().attributeZeroRequiresZeroDivisorInEXT)
{
if (index == 0 && divisor != 0)
{
const char *errorMessage = "The current context doesn't support setting a non-zero divisor on the attribute with index zero. "
"Please reorder the attributes in your vertex shader so that attribute zero can have a zero divisor.";
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, errorMessage));
// We also output an error message to the debugger window if tracing is active, so that developers can see the error message.
ERR("%s", errorMessage);
return;
}
}
context->setVertexAttribDivisor(index, divisor);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY BlitFramebufferANGLE(GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1,
GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter)
{
EVENT("(GLint srcX0 = %d, GLint srcY0 = %d, GLint srcX1 = %d, GLint srcY1 = %d, "
"GLint dstX0 = %d, GLint dstY0 = %d, GLint dstX1 = %d, GLint dstY1 = %d, "
"GLbitfield mask = 0x%X, GLenum filter = 0x%X)",
srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcX1, dstX0, dstY0, dstX1, dstY1, mask, filter);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateBlitFramebufferParameters(context, srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcY1,
dstX0, dstY0, dstX1, dstY1, mask, filter,
true))
{
return;
}
Framebuffer *readFramebuffer = context->getState().getReadFramebuffer();
ASSERT(readFramebuffer);
Framebuffer *drawFramebuffer = context->getState().getDrawFramebuffer();
ASSERT(drawFramebuffer);
Rectangle srcArea(srcX0, srcY0, srcX1 - srcX0, srcY1 - srcY0);
Rectangle dstArea(dstX0, dstY0, dstX1 - dstX0, dstY1 - dstY0);
Error error =
drawFramebuffer->blit(context, srcArea, dstArea, mask, filter, readFramebuffer);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DiscardFramebufferEXT(GLenum target, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum *attachments)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLsizei numAttachments = %d, attachments = 0x%0.8p)", target, numAttachments, attachments);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().discardFramebuffer)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, "Extension not enabled"));
return;
}
if (!ValidateDiscardFramebufferEXT(context, target, numAttachments, attachments))
{
return;
}
Framebuffer *framebuffer = context->getState().getTargetFramebuffer(target);
ASSERT(framebuffer);
// The specification isn't clear what should be done when the framebuffer isn't complete.
// We leave it up to the framebuffer implementation to decide what to do.
Error error = framebuffer->discard(numAttachments, attachments);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY TexImage3DOES(GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth,
GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid* pixels)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLint level = %d, GLenum internalformat = 0x%X, "
"GLsizei width = %d, GLsizei height = %d, GLsizei depth = %d, GLint border = %d, "
"GLenum format = 0x%X, GLenum type = 0x%x, const GLvoid* pixels = 0x%0.8p)",
target, level, internalformat, width, height, depth, border, format, type, pixels);
UNIMPLEMENTED(); // FIXME
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetProgramBinaryOES(GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLenum *binaryFormat, void *binary)
{
EVENT("(GLenum program = 0x%X, bufSize = %d, length = 0x%0.8p, binaryFormat = 0x%0.8p, binary = 0x%0.8p)",
program, bufSize, length, binaryFormat, binary);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
Program *programObject = context->getProgram(program);
if (!programObject || !programObject->isLinked())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
Error error = programObject->saveBinary(binaryFormat, binary, bufSize, length);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY ProgramBinaryOES(GLuint program, GLenum binaryFormat, const void *binary, GLint length)
{
EVENT("(GLenum program = 0x%X, binaryFormat = 0x%x, binary = 0x%0.8p, length = %d)",
program, binaryFormat, binary, length);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
const std::vector<GLenum> &programBinaryFormats = context->getCaps().programBinaryFormats;
if (std::find(programBinaryFormats.begin(), programBinaryFormats.end(), binaryFormat) == programBinaryFormats.end())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
Program *programObject = context->getProgram(program);
if (!programObject)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
Error error = programObject->loadBinary(binaryFormat, binary, length);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DrawBuffersEXT(GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs)
{
EVENT("(GLenum n = %d, bufs = 0x%0.8p)", n, bufs);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateDrawBuffers(context, n, bufs))
{
return;
}
Framebuffer *framebuffer = context->getState().getDrawFramebuffer();
ASSERT(framebuffer);
framebuffer->setDrawBuffers(n, bufs);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetBufferPointervOES(GLenum target, GLenum pname, void** params)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLenum pname = 0x%X, GLvoid** params = 0x%0.8p)", target, pname, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
if (pname != GL_BUFFER_MAP_POINTER)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (!buffer || !buffer->isMapped())
{
*params = NULL;
}
else
{
*params = buffer->getMapPointer();
}
}
}
void *GL_APIENTRY MapBufferOES(GLenum target, GLenum access)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLbitfield access = 0x%X)", target, access);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return NULL;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (buffer == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
if (access != GL_WRITE_ONLY_OES)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return NULL;
}
if (buffer->isMapped())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
Error error = buffer->map(access);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return NULL;
}
return buffer->getMapPointer();
}
return NULL;
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY UnmapBufferOES(GLenum target)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X)", target);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return GL_FALSE;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (buffer == NULL || !buffer->isMapped())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return GL_FALSE;
}
GLboolean result;
Error error = buffer->unmap(&result);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return GL_FALSE;
}
return result;
}
return GL_FALSE;
}
void *GL_APIENTRY MapBufferRangeEXT(GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length, GLbitfield access)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLintptr offset = %d, GLsizeiptr length = %d, GLbitfield access = 0x%X)",
target, offset, length, access);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return NULL;
}
if (offset < 0 || length < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return NULL;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (buffer == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
// Check for buffer overflow
size_t offsetSize = static_cast<size_t>(offset);
size_t lengthSize = static_cast<size_t>(length);
if (!rx::IsUnsignedAdditionSafe(offsetSize, lengthSize) ||
offsetSize + lengthSize > static_cast<size_t>(buffer->getSize()))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return NULL;
}
// Check for invalid bits in the mask
GLbitfield allAccessBits = GL_MAP_READ_BIT |
GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT |
GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_RANGE_BIT |
GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_BUFFER_BIT |
GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT |
GL_MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT;
if (access & ~(allAccessBits))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return NULL;
}
if (length == 0 || buffer->isMapped())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
// Check for invalid bit combinations
if ((access & (GL_MAP_READ_BIT | GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT)) == 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
GLbitfield writeOnlyBits = GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_RANGE_BIT |
GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_BUFFER_BIT |
GL_MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT;
if ((access & GL_MAP_READ_BIT) != 0 && (access & writeOnlyBits) != 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
if ((access & GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT) == 0 && (access & GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT) != 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
Error error = buffer->mapRange(offset, length, access);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return NULL;
}
return buffer->getMapPointer();
}
return NULL;
}
void GL_APIENTRY FlushMappedBufferRangeEXT(GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLintptr offset = %d, GLsizeiptr length = %d)", target, offset, length);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (offset < 0 || length < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (buffer == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (!buffer->isMapped() || (buffer->getAccessFlags() & GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT) == 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
// Check for buffer overflow
size_t offsetSize = static_cast<size_t>(offset);
size_t lengthSize = static_cast<size_t>(length);
if (!rx::IsUnsignedAdditionSafe(offsetSize, lengthSize) ||
offsetSize + lengthSize > static_cast<size_t>(buffer->getMapLength()))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
// We do not currently support a non-trivial implementation of FlushMappedBufferRange
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY InsertEventMarkerEXT(GLsizei length, const char *marker)
{
// Don't run an EVENT() macro on the EXT_debug_marker entry points.
// It can interfere with the debug events being set by the caller.
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().debugMarker)
{
// The debug marker calls should not set error state
// However, it seems reasonable to set an error state if the extension is not enabled
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, "Extension not enabled"));
return;
}
if (!ValidateInsertEventMarkerEXT(context, length, marker))
{
return;
}
context->insertEventMarker(length, marker);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY PushGroupMarkerEXT(GLsizei length, const char *marker)
{
// Don't run an EVENT() macro on the EXT_debug_marker entry points.
// It can interfere with the debug events being set by the caller.
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().debugMarker)
{
// The debug marker calls should not set error state
// However, it seems reasonable to set an error state if the extension is not enabled
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, "Extension not enabled"));
return;
}
if (!ValidatePushGroupMarkerEXT(context, length, marker))
{
return;
}
if (marker == nullptr)
{
// From the EXT_debug_marker spec,
// "If <marker> is null then an empty string is pushed on the stack."
context->pushGroupMarker(length, "");
}
else
{
context->pushGroupMarker(length, marker);
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY PopGroupMarkerEXT()
{
// Don't run an EVENT() macro on the EXT_debug_marker entry points.
// It can interfere with the debug events being set by the caller.
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().debugMarker)
{
// The debug marker calls should not set error state
// However, it seems reasonable to set an error state if the extension is not enabled
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, "Extension not enabled"));
return;
}
context->popGroupMarker();
}
}
ANGLE_EXPORT void GL_APIENTRY EGLImageTargetTexture2DOES(GLenum target, GLeglImageOES image)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLeglImageOES image = 0x%0.8p)", target, image);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
egl::Display *display = egl::GetGlobalDisplay();
egl::Image *imageObject = reinterpret_cast<egl::Image *>(image);
if (!ValidateEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES(context, display, target, imageObject))
{
return;
}
Texture *texture = context->getTargetTexture(target);
Error error = texture->setEGLImageTarget(target, imageObject);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
ANGLE_EXPORT void GL_APIENTRY EGLImageTargetRenderbufferStorageOES(GLenum target,
GLeglImageOES image)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLeglImageOES image = 0x%0.8p)", target, image);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
egl::Display *display = egl::GetGlobalDisplay();
egl::Image *imageObject = reinterpret_cast<egl::Image *>(image);
if (!ValidateEGLImageTargetRenderbufferStorageOES(context, display, target, imageObject))
{
return;
}
Renderbuffer *renderbuffer = context->getState().getCurrentRenderbuffer();
Error error = renderbuffer->setStorageEGLImageTarget(imageObject);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY BindVertexArrayOES(GLuint array)
{
EVENT("(GLuint array = %u)", array);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateBindVertexArrayOES(context, array))
{
return;
}
context->bindVertexArray(array);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DeleteVertexArraysOES(GLsizei n, const GLuint *arrays)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, const GLuint* arrays = 0x%0.8p)", n, arrays);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateDeleteVertexArraysOES(context, n))
{
return;
}
for (int arrayIndex = 0; arrayIndex < n; arrayIndex++)
{
if (arrays[arrayIndex] != 0)
{
context->deleteVertexArray(arrays[arrayIndex]);
}
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GenVertexArraysOES(GLsizei n, GLuint *arrays)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, GLuint* arrays = 0x%0.8p)", n, arrays);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateGenVertexArraysOES(context, n))
{
return;
}
for (int arrayIndex = 0; arrayIndex < n; arrayIndex++)
{
arrays[arrayIndex] = context->createVertexArray();
}
}
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY IsVertexArrayOES(GLuint array)
{
EVENT("(GLuint array = %u)", array);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateIsVertexArrayOES(context))
{
return GL_FALSE;
}
if (array == 0)
{
return GL_FALSE;
}
VertexArray *vao = context->getVertexArray(array);
return (vao != nullptr ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE);
}
return GL_FALSE;
}
}
``` |
Known as Taylor's bow-fingered gecko, four-striped forest gecko and marbled bent-toed gecko, (Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus) is a species of gecko found in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia.
References
External links
Flickr photo by Kurt (Orionmystery) G, from Selangor, Malaysia
Flickr photo by Camillenoir
Reptiles of Thailand
Reptiles of Malaysia
Reptiles of Indonesia
Reptiles of Singapore
Cyrtodactylus
Reptiles described in 1962 |
Li Wenwen (), born 5 March 2000, is a Chinese weightlifter competing in the women's +87 kg division. She won the Olympic gold medal for the +87 kg division in 2020, and is the current world champion, as well as the incumbent Asian champion. In 2021, she set the current world records for both clean & jerk and snatch.
Career
In 2019 Li competed at the IWF World Cup in Fuzhou, winning silver medals and setting junior world records in the snatch, clean & jerk and total in the +87 kg category. Later in 2019 she competed at the 2019 Asian Weightlifting Championships in the +87 kg category. In the snatch portion she set a world record with a lift of 147 kg, and won gold medals in all lifts.
She competed at the 2019 World Weightlifting Championships in the +87 kg division against teammate Meng Suping. She had a perfect 6 for 6 day and won gold medals in all lifts which included a world record clean & jerk of 186 kg which also set the total world record.
Li improved on her own world records at the 2020 Asian Weightlifting Championships in 2021. She increased her snatch record from 147 to 148, her clean & jerk record from 186 to 187, and her total record from 332 to 335.
She represented China at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. She competed in the women's +87 kg event, winning the gold medal with a new Olympic record of 320 kg.
Major results
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Chinese female weightlifters
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
Weightlifters at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for China
Olympic medalists in weightlifting
Olympic weightlifters for China
21st-century Chinese women |
```c++
/*
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
#include <ndb_global.h>
#include <ndb_opts.h>
#include <NdbOut.hpp>
#include <NdbApi.hpp>
#include <NDBT.hpp>
static const char* _dbname = "TEST_DB";
const char *load_default_groups[]= { "mysql_cluster",0 };
static struct my_option my_long_options[] =
{
NDB_STD_OPTS("ndb_desc"),
{ "database", 'd', "Name of database table is in",
(uchar**) &_dbname, (uchar**) &_dbname, 0,
GET_STR, REQUIRED_ARG, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, GET_NO_ARG, NO_ARG, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
};
static void short_usage_sub(void)
{
ndb_short_usage_sub(NULL);
}
static void usage()
{
ndb_usage(short_usage_sub, load_default_groups, my_long_options);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv){
NDB_INIT(argv[0]);
ndb_opt_set_usage_funcs(short_usage_sub, usage);
load_defaults("my",load_default_groups,&argc,&argv);
int ho_error;
if ((ho_error=handle_options(&argc, &argv, my_long_options,
ndb_std_get_one_option)))
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_WRONGARGS);
if (argc < 1) {
usage();
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_WRONGARGS);
}
Ndb_cluster_connection con(opt_ndb_connectstring, opt_ndb_nodeid);
con.set_name("ndb_drop_table");
if(con.connect(12, 5, 1) != 0)
{
ndbout << "Unable to connect to management server." << endl;
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_FAILED);
}
if (con.wait_until_ready(30,3) < 0)
{
ndbout << "Cluster nodes not ready in 30 seconds." << endl;
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_FAILED);
}
Ndb MyNdb(&con, _dbname );
if(MyNdb.init() != 0){
ERR(MyNdb.getNdbError());
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_FAILED);
}
int res = 0;
for(int i = 0; i<argc; i++){
ndbout << "Dropping table " << argv[i] << "...";
int tmp;
if((tmp = MyNdb.getDictionary()->dropTable(argv[i])) != 0){
ndbout << endl << MyNdb.getDictionary()->getNdbError() << endl;
res = tmp;
} else {
ndbout << "OK" << endl;
}
}
if(res != 0){
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_FAILED);
}
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_OK);
}
``` |
In taxonomy, Sagittula is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
References
Further reading
Scientific journals
Scientific books
Scientific databases
External links
Rhodobacteraceae
Bacteria genera |
A toque ( or ) is a type of hat with a narrow brim or no brim at all.
Toques were popular from the 13th to the 16th century in Europe, especially France. The mode was revived in the 1930s. Now it is primarily known as the traditional headgear for professional cooks, except in Canada where the term toque is used for knit caps.
Name
The word toque has been known in English since around 1500. It is a loan word from the French (15th century), presumably by the way of the Spanish 'woman's headdress', from Arabic طاقة, itself from Old Persian 'veil, shawl'.
The word in Breton means 'hat'. The spelling with ⟨que⟩ is Middle Breton, and the Modern Breton spelling is . Old Breton spells the word .
History and uses
A tall, black toque made of silk or velvet, often ornamented with an aigrette, was fashionable among the Spanish nobility during the 1500s. This style is seen in a 1584 portrait of Isabella Clara Eugenia as well as Sofonisba Anguissola's 1573 portrait of Philip II of Spain, both in the Museo del Prado. The style spread across Europe, being adopted in France, England, Germany, and Italy. The toque diminished in popularity in the 1600s as wide-brimmed and cocked hats became fashionable, but reappeared as a predominantly young women's fashion in the 1800s, accompanying long dresses and chignon hairstyles.
Culinary
A (French for 'white hat'), often shortened to toque, is a tall, round, pleated, starched white hat worn by chefs.
The toque most likely originated as the result of the gradual evolution of head coverings worn by cooks throughout the centuries. Their roots are sometimes traced to the casque à meche (stocking cap) worn by 18th-century French chefs. The colour of the casque à meche denoted the rank of the wearer. Boucher, the personal chef of the French statesman Talleyrand, was the first to insist on white toques for sanitary reasons.
The modern toque is popularly believed to have originated with the French chef Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833), who stiffened the casque à meche with cardboard .
Judicial
A toque, or sometimes touge, was the traditional headgear of various French magistrates.
A low type in black velvet, called mortier (also rendered in English as mortarboard), was used by the président à mortier, president of a parlement (the royal highest court in a French province), and of the members of two of the highest central courts, cour de cassation and cour des comptes.
A red toque is sometimes worn by German judges, primarily by justices on the Federal Constitutional Court.
Academic
The pleated, low, round hat worn in French universities the equivalent of the mortarboard or tam at British and American universities is also called a toque.
Heraldic
In the Napoleonic era, the French first empire replaced the coronets of traditional ("royal") heraldry with a rigorously standardized system (as other respects of "Napoleonic" coats of arms) of toques, reflecting the rank of the bearer. Thus a Napoleonic duke used a toque with seven ostrich feathers and three lambrequins, a count a toque with five feathers and two lambrequins, a baron three feathers and one lambrequin, a knight only one ostrich feather (see Nobility of the First French Empire).
Athletic
Toque is also used for a hard-type hat or helmet, worn for riding, especially in equestrian sports, often black and covered with black velvet.
Knit cap
In Canada, toque or tuque is the common name for a knitted winter cap. While the spelling toque has become the most formally accepted in Canada, as recognized by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary and the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, the alternate spelling of tuque is most commonly used in French Canada and often occurs in Canadian media. The spelling touque, although not recognized by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, is also sometimes seen in written English.
In 2013, CBC Edmonton launched a poll to ask viewers how they spelled the word. The options given were toque, tuque or touque. Nearly 6,500 people voted, with Edmontonians remaining divided on the issue. Though touque was voted most popular in that instance, there is almost no formal usage to support its popularity.
The Canadian English term was borrowed from Canadian French word tuque, and first documented in Canadian English in that form in 1865; by 1880 the spelling toque is documented. The fashion is said to have originated with the , French and Métis fur traders, who kept their woollen nightcaps on for warmth during cold winter days. This spelling is attributed to a number of different sources, one being the Breton toc or tok, "meaning simply 'hat'"; another suggesting that it is a Francization of the Spanish tocar, to touch, as the long "end of the sock cap" of the Voyageurs hung down and touched their shoulders; and another source adamant that the word is borrowed from "the old Languedoc dialect word tuc" meaning "summit" or "the head of a mountain".
The spelling of toque, on the other hand, is borrowed from the original usage as described elsewhere in this article. Toque also appears in the 1941 Dictionary of Mississippi Valley French as a "style of hair-dressing among the Indians [sic]" which was a tall, conical fashion not unlike the shape of the Voyageur-style cap described above.
Dictionaries are divided on the matter of spelling, with the Gage Canadian preferring toque and the Nelson Canadian listing tuque (the Nelson Gage of a few years later would settle on toque). The first Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles lists separate entries and definitions for both toque and tuque which cross-reference each other, though an illustrative line drawing is presented with the latter. Perhaps most importantly, the Canadian Oxford chose toque, and as the Canadian Press Stylebook bows to the Canadian Oxford as the final word in spelling, most Canadian publications have followed suit.
Though the requirement of the toque to have a pom-pom or no can be a hard line for some Canadians, for the most part the country agrees: one of these three spellings must be "correct" no matter what the specifics of shape. As the Canadian Encyclopedia claims, "We all know a tuque when we see one, [we just] can't agree on how to spell the word."
In recent years knit toques have resurfaced as an extremely popular fashion item. They are used all year round, seen not only used outdoors for weather but as an indoor fashion accessory.
Such hats are known in other English-speaking countries by a variety of names, including beanie, watch cap or stocking cap; the terms toque and tuque are unique to Canada and northern areas of the United States close to the Canada–United States border.
See also
List of hats
List of headgear
Similar hats
Capotain
Fez (hat)
Kalimavkion
Kofia (hat)
Kolpik
Kufi
Skufia
Smoking cap
Tam
Taqiyah (cap)
Notes
References
EtymologyOnLine
Heraldry.org Napoleonic heraldry
External links
Index to French Heraldry
Academic dress
Canadian fashion
Cooking
French heraldry
Hats
History of clothing (Western fashion)
History of fashion
Judicial clothing
Sportswear
Winter clothes |
East Freedom is a census-designated place (CDP) in Freedom Township, Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located near I-99 and is approximately four miles to the west of the borough of Roaring Spring. As of the 2010 census, the population was 972 residents.
Demographics
References
Census-designated places in Blair County, Pennsylvania
Census-designated places in Pennsylvania |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package org.graalvm.visualvm.pluginimporter;
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;
import java.util.jar.Manifest;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import org.netbeans.api.autoupdate.UpdateUnitProvider;
import org.netbeans.api.autoupdate.UpdateUnitProvider.CATEGORY;
import org.netbeans.spi.autoupdate.UpdateItem;
import org.netbeans.spi.autoupdate.UpdateProvider;
import org.openide.util.NbBundle;
import org.openide.util.lookup.ServiceProvider;
import org.openide.xml.EntityCatalog;
import org.openide.xml.XMLUtil;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
/**
*
* @author Jiri Rechtacek
*/
@ServiceProvider(service=UpdateProvider.class)
public class ClusterUpdateProvider implements UpdateProvider {
private static File cluster = null;
private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger (ClusterUpdateProvider.class.getName ());
private static final String ELEMENT_MODULE = "module"; // NOI18N
public ClusterUpdateProvider () {}
public static void attachCluster (File newCluster) {
if (newCluster == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Cluster cannot be null!"); // NOI18N
}
cluster = newCluster;
}
public String getName () {
return Installer.CODE_NAME;
}
public String getDisplayName () {
if (cluster == null) {
return NbBundle.getMessage(ClusterUpdateProvider.class, "ClusterUpdateProvider_DisplayName_disabled");
}
return NbBundle.getMessage (ClusterUpdateProvider.class, "ClusterUpdateProvider_DisplayName", cluster); // NOI18N
}
public String getDescription () {
return NbBundle.getMessage (ClusterUpdateProvider.class, "ClusterUpdateProvider_Description"); // NOI18N
}
public CATEGORY getCategory () {
return UpdateUnitProvider.CATEGORY.STANDARD;
}
public Map<String, UpdateItem> getUpdateItems () throws IOException {
Map<String, UpdateItem> res = new HashMap<> ();
for (File cf: readModules (cluster)) {
String cnb = (cf.getName ().substring (0, cf.getName ().length () - ".xml".length ())).replaceAll ("-", "."); // NOI18N
Map<String, String> attr = new HashMap<> (7);
readConfigFile (cf, attr);
String jarName = attr.get ("jar");
if(jarName == null) {
LOG.info ("Can`t get jar file name for " + cnb + ", skip checking.");
continue;
}
File jarFile = new File (cluster, jarName); // NOI18N
if (! jarFile.exists ()) {
LOG.info ("Jar file " + jarFile + " doesn't exists. Skip checking " + cnb);
continue;
}
File updateTrackingFile = new File(cluster, "update_tracking" + File.separator + cf.getName());
if (! updateTrackingFile.exists ()) {
LOG.info ("Update tracking file " + updateTrackingFile + " doesn't exists. Skip checking " + cnb);
continue;
}
Manifest mf = new JarFile (jarFile).getManifest ();
UpdateItem item = UpdateItem.createModule (
cnb,
attr.get ("specversion"), // NOI18N
null,
cluster.getName (), // XXX: to identify such items later
"0", // NOI18N
"",
"",
"",
mf,
Boolean.valueOf (attr.get ("eager")), // NOI18N
Boolean.valueOf (attr.get ("autoload")), // NOI18N
null,
null,
"",
res.put (cnb + '_' + attr.get ("specversion"), item); // NOI18N
}
return res;
}
public boolean refresh (boolean force) throws IOException {
return true;
}
private static Collection<File> readModules (File cluster) {
if (cluster == null || ! cluster.exists ()) {
return Collections.emptySet ();
}
Collection<File> res = new HashSet<> ();
File config = new File (new File (cluster, "config"), "Modules"); // NOI18N
if (config.listFiles () == null) {
return Collections.emptySet ();
}
for (File cf : config.listFiles ()) {
if(cf.getName ().endsWith(".xml_hidden")) {
//158204
continue;
}
if (cf.getName ().endsWith (".xml")) { // NOI18N
if(cf.length() > 0) {
res.add (cf);
} else {
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Found zero-sized xml file in config/Modules, ignoring: " + cf);
}
} else {
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Found non-xml file in config/Modules, ignoring: " + cf);
}
}
return res;
}
private static void readConfigFile (File cf, Map<String, String> attr) {
Document document = null;
InputStream is = null;
try {
is = new BufferedInputStream (new FileInputStream (cf));
InputSource xmlInputSource = new InputSource (is);
document = XMLUtil.parse (xmlInputSource, false, false, null, EntityCatalog.getDefault ());
} catch (SAXException saxe) {
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Error while reading " + cf);
LOG.log(Level.INFO, saxe.getLocalizedMessage (), saxe);
return;
} catch (IOException ioe) {
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Error while reading " + cf);
LOG.log(Level.WARNING, ioe.getLocalizedMessage (), ioe);
} finally {
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close ();
} catch (IOException e){
//ignore
}
}
}
assert document.getDocumentElement () != null : "File " + cf + " must contain document element.";
Element element = document.getDocumentElement ();
assert ELEMENT_MODULE.equals (element.getTagName ()) : "The root element is: " + ELEMENT_MODULE + " but was: " + element.getTagName ();
NodeList children = element.getChildNodes ();
for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength (); i++) {
Node n = children.item (i);
if (Node.ELEMENT_NODE != n.getNodeType()) {
continue;
}
Element e = (Element) n;
String name = e.getAttributes ().getNamedItem ("name").getNodeValue (); // NOI18N
String value = e.getChildNodes ().item (0).getNodeValue ();
attr.put (name, value);
}
}
}
``` |
Patashpur II (also spelled as Potashpur) is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Egra subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.The headquarters in Pratapdighi.
Geography
Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain and Eastern coastal plains. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of alluvium and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 metres above mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.
Argoal, a constituent panchayat of Patashpur II block, is located at .
Patashpur II CD Block is bounded by Patashpur I CD Block in the north, Bhagabanpur II CD Block in the east, Egra I and Egra II CD Blocks in the south and Dantan II CD Block, in Paschim Medinipur district, in the west.
It is located 58 km from Tamluk, the district headquarters.
Patashpur II CD Block has an area of 191.74 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 7 gram panchayats, 124 gram sansads (village councils), 151 mouzas and 144 inhabited villages. Patashpur police station serves this block.
Gram panchayats of Patashpur II block/ panchayat samiti are: Argoal, Khar, Mathura, Panchet, Patashpur, South Khanda and Srirampur.
Demographics
Population
As per 2011 Census of India Potashpur II CD Block had a total population of 175,056, all of which were rural. There were 90,319 (52%) males and 84,737 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 20,438. Scheduled Castes numbered 21,077 (12.04%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 1,388 (o.79%).
As per 2001 census, Patashpur II block had a total population of 154,719, out of which 79,360 were males and 75,359 were females. Patashpur II block registered a population growth of 16.58 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Patashpur II CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kasbapatapur (5,853), Kharat Katbar (5,961), Khar (6,654), Panchet (4,106) and Balgobindapur (4,368).
Other villages in Patashpur II CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Argoal (2,377), Mathura (3,860) and Srirampur (2,442).
Literacy
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Patashpur II CD Block was 133,742 (86.50% of the population over 6 years) out of which 73,495 (55%) were males and 60,247 (45%) were females.
As per the 2011 census, literacy in Purba Medinipur district was 87.02%. Purba Medinipur had the highest literacy amongst all the districts of West Bengal in 2011.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Language and religion
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 153,385 and formed 87.62% of the population in Patashpur II CD Block. Muslims numbered 21,400 and formed 12.23% of the population. Others numbered 271 and formed 0.15% of the population. In 2001, Hindus made up 89.35% and Muslims 10.62% of the population respectively.
According to the 2011 census, 95.66% of the population spoke Bengali, 2.39% Urdu and 1.59% Hindi as their first language.
Rural poverty
The District Human Development Report for Purba Medinipur has provided a CD Block-wise data table for Modified Human Poverty Index of the district. Patashpur II CD Block registered 20.72 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHPI was estimated at 24.78. Eleven out of twentyfive CD Blocks were found to be severely deprived in respect of grand CD Block average value of MHPI (CD Blocks with lower amount of poverty are better): All the CD Blocks of Haldia and Contai subdivisions appeared backward, except Ramnagar I & II, of all the blocks of Egra subdivision only Bhagabanpur I appeared backward and in Tamluk subdivision none appeared backward.
Economy
Livelihood
In Patashpur II CD Block in 2011, total workers formed 38.12% of the total population and amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 30.91%, agricultural labourers 44.58%, household industry workers 4.07% and other workers 20.44%.
Infrastructure
There are 144 inhabited villages in Patashpur II CD block. All 144 villages (100%) have power supply. 143 villages (99.31%) have drinking water supply. 19 villages (13.19%) have post offices. 141 villages (97.92%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 22 villages (15.28%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 41 villages (28.47%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 14 villages (9.72%) have agricultural credit societies. 5 villages (3.47%) have banks.
In 2007-08, around 40% of rural households in the district had electricity.
In 2013-14, there were 134 fertiliser depots, 4 seed stores and 30 fair price shops in the CD Block.
Agriculture
According to the District Human Development Report of Purba Medinipur: The agricultural sector is the lifeline of a predominantly rural economy. It is largely dependent on the Low Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 50%) or High Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 27%) for irrigation, as the district does not have a good network of canals, compared to some of the neighbouring districts. In many cases the canals are drainage canals which get the backflow of river water at times of high tide or the rainy season. The average size of land holding in Purba Medinipur, in 2005-06, was 0.73 hectares against 1.01 hectares in West Bengal.
In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Patashpur II CD Block was 10,915 hectares, out of which 20 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 1,430 hectares by tank water, 1,525 hectares by deep tube well and 7,940 hectares by shallow tube well.
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Patashpur II CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 8.26%, patta (document) holders 13.90%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.53%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 34.95% and agricultural labourers 40.36%.
In 2013-14, Patashpur II CD Block produced 60,151 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 29,950 hectares, 25,042 tonnes of Boro paddy, the spring crop, from 9,209 hectares, 2.950 tonnes of Aus paddy, the summer cop, from 949 hectares, 501 tonnes of jute from 37 hectares and 1,066 tonnes of potatoes from 36 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.
Betelvine is a major source of livelihood in Purba Medinipur district, particularly in Tamluk and Contai subdivisions. Betelvine production in 2008-09 was the highest amongst all the districts and was around a third of the total state production. In 2008-09, Purba Mednipur produced 2,789 tonnes of cashew nuts from 3,340 hectares of land.
Pisciculture
Purba Medinipur's net district domestic product derives one fifth of its earnings from fisheries, the highest amongst all the districts of West Bengal. The nett area available for effective pisciculture in Patashpur II CD Block in 2013-14 was 825.00 hectares. 31,433 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 70,315 quintals.
Banking
In 2013-14, Patashpur II CD Block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks.
Backward Regions Grant Fund
Medinipur East district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.
Transport
Patashpur II CD Block has 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 20 km from the block headquarters.
Education
In 2013-14, Patashpur II CD Block had 121 primary schools with 7,624 students, 18 middle schools with 4,073 students, 11 high schools with 6,810 students and 18 higher secondary schools with 18,218 students. Patashpur II CD Block had 1 technical/ professional institution with 54 students and 289 institutions for special and non-formal education with 11,201 students.
As per the 2011 census, in Patashpur II CD block, amongst the 134 inhabited villages, 17 villages did not have a school, 27 villages had two or more primary schools, 29 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 33 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.
Healthcare
In 2014, Patashpur II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 primary health centres and 2 nursing homes with total 40 beds and 6 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 27 family welfare sub centres. 564 patients were treated indoor and 79,600 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.
Patashpur Rural Hospital at Patashpur (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Patashpur II CD block. There are primary health centres at Pratapdighi (with 10 beds) and Argoal (with 10 beds).
References
Community development blocks in Purba Medinipur district |
Vaidas Kariniauskas (born 16 November 1993) is a Lithuanian professional basketball player for BC Wolves of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL). Standing at , he primarily plays at the point guard position.
Professional career
Kariniauskas won the NKL bronze in 2012 and 2013 with BC Žalgiris-2. On 19 November 2013, he was loaned to BC Lietkabelis in order to get more playing time. After his loan spell, he rejoined Žalgiris for the 2014–15 season, winning the LKL league and the LKF Cup.
On 19 June 2015, Kariniauskas signed a 1+1 year deal with Kymis of the Greek A2 Basket League.
On 18 August 2016, Kariniauskas signed with Italian club Pallacanestro Cantù of the LBA. On 1 February 2017, he parted ways with Cantù. The same day, he signed with Romanian club U BT Cluj-Napoca.
On 22 July 2021, Kariniauskas signed with Rytas Vilnius of the Lithuanian Basketball League.
On 2 August 2022, Kariniauskas signed a one-year deal with Brose Bamberg of the German Basketball Bundesliga.
On 8 December 2022, Kariniauskas signed with Rapid București of the Romanian Liga Națională.
On 14 September 2023, Kariniauskas signed a two-year contract with BC Wolves of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL) and the EuroCup.
National team career
Kariniauskas was an active participant on youth competitions and won a silver medal at the 2009 European U-16 Championship. In 2015 ,he was included into the Lithuania men's national basketball team head coach Jonas Kazlauskas extended candidates list. Though, he was not invited to the training camp later on. He was invited to the training camp the following year. Firstly, Kariniauskas did not qualify for the Olympic roster, but later on he replaced Edgaras Ulanovas due to injury.
In 2023, Kariniauskas represented Lithuania at the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup. On 3 September 2023, he scored a team-high 15 points, along with four rebounds and two assists, leading Lithuania to a 110–104 win over the United States.
References
External links
Vaidas Kariniauskas at euroleague.net
Vaidas Kariniauskas at fiba.com
Vaidas Kariniauskas at realgm.com
1993 births
Living people
ABA League players
Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
BC Lietkabelis players
BC Nevėžis players
BC Rytas players
BC Wolves players
BC Žalgiris players
BC Žalgiris-2 players
Brose Bamberg players
CS Universitatea Cluj-Napoca (men's basketball) players
CSM Oradea (basketball) players
KK Igokea players
Kymis B.C. players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Germany
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Greece
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Italy
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Romania
Lithuanian men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for Lithuania
Pallacanestro Cantù players
Point guards
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Alytus
2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup players |
The Hood mockingbird (Mimus macdonaldi), also known as the Española mockingbird, is a species of bird in the family Mimidae. It is endemic to Española Island in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, and it is one of four closely related mockingbird species endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. It is found in dry forests and is omnivorous, though it primarily is a carnivore or scavenger. The species has a highly territorial social structure and has no fear of humans. It is the only species of Galápagos mockingbird that Charles Darwin did not see or collect on the voyage of the HMS Beagle.
Description
Similar to the other species of Galápagos mockingbirds, this species has a mottled gray and brown plumage with a white underbelly. A long tail and legs give the bird its distinctive appearance. The species has a long, thin beak, useful for tapping into the eggs of seabirds. The species has the largest bill of any of the Galápagos mockingbirds. The species, along with the other Galápagos mockingbirds, is most closely related to the Bahama mockingbird (Mimus gundlachii), despite the closer geographical proximity of Ecuador's long-tailed mockingbird (Mimus longicaudatus).
Habitat
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. Found only on Española Island, the bird can be found throughout the dry scrub of the island.
Diet
The species has an omnivorous diet, but is mainly a predator or scavenger. The species will eat the eggs of seabirds nesting on the island, as well as eat from dead animals and kills made by other predators, such as the Galápagos hawk. Sometimes, just like a vampire finch, they will feed on blood of wounded seabirds.
Behavior
The bird is extremely aggressive and curious, and has no fear of humans whatsoever. The bird will chase after tourists in search of food, drink, or any unusual object. In some cases, the species will attempt to obtain water from tourists by pecking at their water bottles.
The birds have a strong social structure organized into family groups. Highly territorial, these groups will cooperatively hunt within their area as well as defend it against other groups. Lower-ranking members of the group will assist in caring for the young.
Status
The bird is considered to be vulnerable in the wild by BirdLife International due mainly to its limited area. The fragile ecosystem and high risk of adverse weather conditions put the species at particular risk of population loss. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 left in the wild.
References
Mimus
Endemic birds of the Galápagos Islands
Birds described in 1890
Taxa named by Robert Ridgway
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Several ships have been named Mentor:
was launched in Philadelphia in 1758 under another name. For some time her name was British King. By the time she first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1776 her name had become Mentor. From 1776 to 1790 she was a Greenland whaler, though she also spent time trading generally, and as a transport. In 1791 she commenced a voyage to the Southern Whale Fishery but received damage en route and was condemned at the River Plate.
was launched in 1778 at Chester as a West Indiaman. She captured three vessels, including a valuable East Indiaman belonging to the French East India Company. She had an inconclusive single ship action with a French warship in 1779. She was wrecked in 1782.
was launched in New England. From 1784 she sailed from Great Britain, trading between London and New York or Quebec. From 1789 she made three complete voyages as a whaler in the British Southern Whale Fishery. The French Navy captured her in early 1795 as she was returning from her fourth whaling voyage.
was the former , launched in 1749. The British Royal Navy sold Wasp in 1781 and she became the mercantile Polly, which traded with Africa. In 1784 Polly became the slave ship Mentor. Mentor made eight full slave-trading voyages, carrying slaves from The Gambia to the West Indies. French privateers captured her in late 1795 as she was on her way from West Africa to the West Indies on her ninth voyage.
was a snow launched in 1792 at Wemyss that the Admiralty hired from 1793 to 1801 for service as a hired armed vessel. The Navy released her from her contract at the end of 1801 after the signing of the Treaty of Amiens. She then returned to mercantile service, sailing first to Hamburg and then Oporto. She became a coaster on England's east coast, or a Baltic trader. She was last listed in 1832.
was a Spanish prize captured in 1799. She made one voyage as a slave ship and foundered on her way back to Liverpool after delivering her slaves.
Mentor, a brig that sank while carrying antiquities that Lord Elgin had bought.
, of 179 tons burthen, was a brigantine (later brig), built by Thomas Walmsley in North Shields. She was lost in February 1832 in the North Sea.
See also
– one of several vessels or shore installations of the British Royal Navy
Ship names |
Gilles Hocquart was born in 1694, in Sainte-Croix, Mortagne-au-Perche to Jean-Hyacinthe Hocquart. From September, 1729 to August, 1748, Hocquart served as Intendant of New France. Hocquart put his faith in the Canadian bourgeoisie as the main player in the development of a profitable economy for the colony. Although his ideas were grand, he did not recognize the flaws that were already impeding the economy at a smaller scale. After a few rentable years, New France's fragile economy began to crumble, and by the end of his contract, Hocquart was held responsible for too many extraordinary expenses. He was called home and replaced by Francois Bigot. Nonetheless, the years between 1737 and 1741 were among the most prosperous in the history of New France.
Early life
There is an unfortunate lack of materials regarding Hocquart's personal history. What little sources remain are mostly professional exchanges between various officials, making it difficult to understand the man behind the intendant.
We do know that Hocquart's family came from the provincial nobility. Gilles Hocquart was born in the parish of Sainte-Croix, Mortagne, Perche in 1694. His official date of birth remains a mystery. His young adult years were spent in school, preparing for his ultimate goal: to follow in his father Jean-Hyacinthe's footsteps. In 1723, at 29 years old, Hocquart arrived at the Marine commissariat at Rochefort, where he remained until his appointment to New France in 1729. In 1725, now aged 31, Hocquart took on the position of Port controller permanently, which made him a financial officer with broad responsibilities including finances and material resources at Rochefort. These responsibilities were of the utmost importance. So much so, in fact, that by 1728, he was "second in authority to Beauharnois." Therefore, Hocquart found himself in a very favorable place for a promotion to a colonial intendancy.
At the time, Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Maurepas, was the State Secretary of Navy in charge of colonial intendants. In the case of New France, Maurepas wanted "a more obedient, down-to-earth and efficient man with whom to replace Claude-Thomas Dupuy," the intendant from 1725 to 1728. On March 8, 1729, Maurepas formally commissioned Hocquart to perform the functions of Intendant in remote New France as commissaire-ordonnateur, a rank below that of Intendant. This measure was adopted to give Hocquart a trial period of two years. Indeed, two years later, Hocquart would be promoted to the full rank of Intendant in March 1731.
Formation
During his long stay at Rochefort, Hocquart received a lengthy training which prepared him to handle most of the bureaucratic functions of a colonial Intendant. However, he possessed only a "rudimentary grasp of the kind of productive economic infrastructure that was needed to spawn commercial prosperity" in New France. This lack of understanding led Hocquart to believe that "the commercial bourgeois' capital was the key to both the expansion of trade and to the diversification of commercial enterprise." This belief would prove costly; although some industries like fishery and private shipbuilding were greatly enhanced by Hocquart's' financial support, most of the economy suffered from a lack of organization.
That is not to say that Hocquart failed completely. In other sectors of administration, Hocquart proved very effective. According to Horton, Hocquart was a practical individual who acted in accordance with views distilled from observation and experience. Many of his contemporaries in Canada considered him level-headed and cooperative. Maurepas noted that Hocquart, unlike several of his predecessors, made "virtually no suggestions for constitutional reforms designed to redistribute government power in his favour." Moreover, it was found that, though "flexible in his methods, Hocquart possessed the sort of narrow, dogged intelligence that is often better suited to carrying out policies than to formulating them." His attitude was as easy-going as could be. The long period of administrative harmony that prevailed between him and Governor Beauharnois during the 1730s is proof that Hocquart was eager to cooperate, rather than stir up animosity.
Hocquart, like many intendants before him, saw "Canadian intendancy as a stepping stone to greater position and wealth." As such, he always expected to go home to France once his service was over. In other words, although he invested quite a lot in New France, Hocquart never considered it his home.
Intendant in New France
As intendant, Hocquart served as president of the highest court in Canada, the Superior Council. Naturally, he was responsible for the maintenance of public order. However, Hocquart had a different way to go about it. Horton notes that Hocquart was more practical than his predecessor, therefore also more reluctant to propose changes before familiarizing himself on a first-hand basis with Canadian conditions. Hocquart was also given authority to investigate the conduct of all the financial officials in New France. Although he held many powers, Hocquart tried to remain on amiable terms with his contemporaries, notably Governor Beauharnois, by respecting both their boundaries. This attitude helped both men to share a long and positive relation. But, over time, Hocquart's interests led him to interfere in the affairs of Beauharnois. By the late 1730s, relations between Hocquart and Beauharnois began to crumble.
Land Distribution and Agriculture
Hoquart's immediate predecessors, Michel Bégon and Claude-Thomas Dupuy, had failed miserably at convincing the habitants to clear new concessions and the seigneurs to settle new tenants. This procedure was essential for the development of agriculture. Hocquart was initially very successful in this venture, as dispatches to the Minister show that from 1731 to 1732, reunion of concessions doubled; in only one year, the number of concessions went from 200 to 400. But numerous concessions meant nothing if they could not be settled by enough families to work the land. Plus, it was "much harder for seigneurs whose fiefs were far from the towns to attract tenants." In 1731, to encourage settlement and to tie all of New France's agricultural regions more closely to the town markets, Hocquart initiated a major road-building program. Completed in 1737, the road between Quebec and Montreal reduced travel time from as much as a month by river barge, to just four-and-a-half days.
Still, agriculture was not picking up. The habitants, even those in the well developed areas, seldom cleared more than a third of their land and most were satisfied with raising enough grain and vegetables for their families alone. So, Hocquart issued other ordinances which were aimed at regulating the habitant's life more closely in the hope of making him a more productive farmer.
Hocquart was also responsible for new settlements projects along with Governor Beauharnois. Together, they prepared Proposals, in which they argued whether certain projects could be deemed advantageous for both the King and the growth of the colony.
Economy
As Intendant of New France, Hocquart was charged with "moulding the Canadian economy into a flourishing extension of the French imperial economy by increasing its capacity to supply the metropolis and other French colonies with materials they required while expanding the Canadian market for French goods." On the one hand, Hocquart was to develop the shipbuilding industry so that ships capable of trading with the West Indies could be built. On the other hand, there was the matter of the fur trade. According to Horton, the fur trade was pictured as a major factor behind the slow development of agriculture and industry, because "its profits, rapid returns and simple barter transactions, were more attractive than the comparatively long-term risks of more sophisticated enterprises." In short, Hocquart was expected to shift the axis of Canada's commercial economy from the fur trade to agriculture and industry. He was to do so, moreover, without increasing state expenditures, since Dupuy had already incurred major expenses.
Unfortunately for Hocquart, his instructions offered little in the way of concrete suggestions. Hocquart would have to figure things out on his own.
The main concern of his instructions regarded the fur trade. Indeed, while French officials recognized that the fur trade was still the linchpin of Canadian commerce, they were concerned about its negative impact on the non-fur economy which they were convinced would be the colony's mainstay in the future. Rightly so, because in a matter of only 7 years, trade income rapidly decreased. On March 22, 1729, Hocquart wrote to king Louis XV to inform him that "the trade done last year at the Forts Frontenac and Niagara have increased of two-thirds over preceding years," and accounted this augmentation to the better, recent administration. However, on October 12, 1736, Hocquart was faced with an entirely different situation: in his own words, the "trade done at Fort Frontenac and Niagara was becoming from year to year a smaller business." It was becoming increasingly clear that New France needed a new economic venture.
Hocquart's mandate clearly instructed him to act in favor of the French economy. However, in 1731, he began to distinguish the sharp divide between Canadian and French merchant interests in New France. Surprisingly, Hocquart increasingly saw himself as the supporter and protector of the Canadians. Although he did not consider New France his home, he could still see that those who did live in the colony, namely the Canadians, would need help if they were to ever create a strong and prosperous economy. Hocquart understood that his help would be required in order to stimulate industrial enterprise.
A good example of Hocquart's "favoritism" of Canadian merchants is the illegal fur trade. Upon arrival in New France, "he was determined to suppress the illegal trade." But after 1731, Hocquart claimed that this was an unfeasible endeavour, since "the geographic considerations alone made it impossible to patrol all of the illegal trade routes effectively." This sudden change of heart can best explained by the profits generated by this trade for Canadian merchants.
In the long run, Hocquart did little to advance the Canadian overall economy. With the exception of the fisheries and small-scale shipbuilding, none of the private industries launched during the period between 1733 and 1736 showed signs of growth into a major enterprise. The main factor for Hocquart's lack of success was his growing ambition to nurture large enterprises. He simply ignored the apparent absence of an economic infrastructure to support these large enterprises. And for Hocquart to conclude that big industries would succeed where small ones had failed was preposterous. Another factor that hindered the development of a fully diversified commercial economy, was that New France simply did not possess the manpower to sustain such enterprises.
The ensuing years, from 1737 to 1741, were among the most prosperous in the history of New France. This was due almost entirely to a rise in exports; despite a slight decline in the regular fur trade, these setbacks were more than redressed by the steady growth of agricultural commerce and by the spectacular growth of industry, in this case of fisheries and shipbuilding. Thus, Hocquart might not have succeeded in creating the large enterprises he had imagined, but his input in Canadian affairs accounted for the most prosperous period in the history of New France up to date.
Collapse
By 1743, members of the Canadian economy were no longer capable of launching or sustaining private initiatives. Their most important industrial ventures had either disappeared or were taken over by the state, while the agricultural commerce had sputtered almost to a standstill. Hocquart had originally convinced Maurepas that, with initial support from the state, these ventures could succeed in developing private export industries. But the bankruptcy of the Saint-Maurice Company in 1741, the collapse of private shipbuilding in 1743, and the failure of copper, tile, lumbering and rope-making industries between those dates demonstrated that Hocquart had put too much confidence in the private sector. All these failures could be attributed to poor management, crop failures, and lack of market opportunities. Thus, except for the fisheries and some intermittent shipments of lumber to France and to Louisbourg, there were no private export industries operating in New France by 1743. A crisis was inevitable and, when it occurred, Hocquart possessed neither the credit nor the firm government presence in the countryside that might have permitted him to alleviate some of its worst effects. In the end, the state was forced to help save the colony. These developments had serious repercussions for Hocquart's financial administration. Nevertheless, Hocquart continued to channel most of the benefits from government expenditures in the colony to Canadian merchants, which angered his fellow officials, like Governor Beauharnois.
Finally, the War of the Austrian Succession, from 1744 to 1748, crushed whatever hopes Hocquart entertained of revitalizing his private industries policy. The war made any concrete exports or imports almost insignificant. The capture of Louisbourg also had a negative impact on the Canadian fisheries. This, in turn, sealed the fate of Quebec's private shipbuilding industry. The fur trade was also greatly affected, since the supply of goods was nearly cut off during the war. Thankfully, trade continued along the illegal trade routes. But by 1746, Iroquois were no longer neutral, and Mohawks had declared war on the French and blocked the illegal trade route, thus impeding the fur trade. Moreover, the war led to large state expenditures on the war effort: fortifications, garrisons, and artillery were commissioned by the numbers. According to Maurepas, the Canadian expenditures had thrown Marine finances into chaos and had added to its already huge debt. He stated unequivocally that Hocquart's future in the king's service depended on his finding some way to reduce these expenditures.
Return to France
The decision to replace Hocquart as intendant was made sometime before he himself formally requested to retire from Canada in autumn of 1746. Hocquart came under increasing pressure from French officials to account for the prodigious expenditures in Canada and it may have been because of them that he was recalled in 1748.
In any case, Hocquart returned to France in November 1748. Then began the most successful phase of his lengthy naval career. In early 1749, Hocquart moved to Brest as a commissaire, and as soon as April 1 of the same year, he was appointed intendant.
On August 23, 1750, he married Anne-Catherine de La Lande, at Brest. Throughout the 1750s, he outfitted war vessels bound for Canada because of his experience with state shipbuilding at Quebec.
Gilles Hocquart died, at age 89, on April 1, 1783, after a long and eventful career.
In Canada he owned 6 slaves; 5 from First Nations and 1 from Africa.
References
See also
Gilles Hocquart Building
1694 births
1783 deaths
People from Mortagne-au-Perche
Intendants of New France
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
French slave owners |
The Central Council of Jews in Germany (German name: Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland) is a federation of German Jews. It was founded on 19 July 1950, as a response to the increasing isolation of German Jews by the international Jewish community and increasing interest in Jewish affairs by the (West) German government. Originally based in the Rhenish areas (Düsseldorf and Bonn), it transferred its seat to Berlin after the Reunification of Germany (1990). As of 2015 the Jewish community in Germany has around 100,000 registered members, although far more Jews live in the country without belonging to a synagogue. From its early years, the organisation has received strong financial and moral support from the government. Since the end of November 2014, Josef Schuster, an internist from Würzburg, has been president of the Zentralrat. He follows Dieter Graumann, who was the incumbent from November 2010 to November 30th 2014.
The Zentralrat is the German affiliate of the World Jewish Congress (WJC).
History
In its early years, its leadership was composed of native German Jews (Yekkes), while most of the Jewish community in Germany was made up of Polish-born Jewish Holocaust survivors who had come to Germany as displaced persons, fleeing from the sporadically anti-Zionist and antisemitic communist regime of Poland. Thus, the organisation called itself "Central Council of Jews in Germany" rather than "Central Council of German Jews." Over time, the Polish-born Jews or their children acculturated to German society and became leaders of the Jewish community. By the late 1980s, the organisation considered changing its name. Since the collapse of the communist regimes of eastern Europe, Germany has experienced a great influx of Russian Jews and other Jews from the former Soviet Union (that collapsed in 1991). Although most of the Jews now living in Germany are recent immigrants, the organisation is dominated by the so-called "German" Jews (who themselves are primarily descended from the Eastern European immigrants of the immediate postwar years).
At various times in its history, the organization has faced corruption scandals, most notably under the administration of Werner Nachmann (president 1969 until 1988), involving financial irregularities. After Nachmann's death (January 1988), Heinz Galinski (1912–1992), the chairman of the West Berlin Jewish community for 43 years, assumed the leadership of the Central Council and brought it stability and respectability. Under Ignatz Bubis (1927–1999), the Central Council assumed a much greater profile in German public life, and the Jewish community's leadership felt increasingly confident weighing in on public debates concerning Holocaust memory and German identity.
In more recent years, the division between more observant and more liberal Jews has strained the organisation, which remains (or claims to be) the sole representative body of the Jewish community in Germany and which generally supports strict observance. In April 2004, open controversy erupted between the leader of the Central Council, Paul Spiegel (1937–2006), and the leader of the more liberal organisation Union of Progressive Jews in Germany, Jan Mühlstein (born 1949). The latter demanded equal financial support from the government for his organisation.
In 2009, the Central Council criticised the Vatican over its decision to lift the excommunication on the bishops of the Society of Saint Pius X. It later boycotted a ceremony in the Berlin parliament which commemorated victims of the Holocaust, saying its leaders had been treated without the proper respect in previous years.
Chairpersons/Presidents
1954–1963: Heinz Galinski
1963–1969: Herbert Lewin
1969–1988: Werner Nachmann
1988–1992: Heinz Galinski
1992–1999: Ignatz Bubis
2000–2006: Paul Spiegel
2006–2010: Charlotte Knobloch
2010–2014: Dieter Graumann
2014–present: Josef Schuster
Secretaries-general
1950–1973: Hendrik George van Dam
1973–1988: Alexander Ginsburg
1988–1992: Micha Guttmann
2004-2014: Stephan J. Kramer
See also
Central Council of Muslims in Germany (German name: Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland)
References
Further reading
External links
Jewish organisations based in Germany
Jews and Judaism in Berlin
Organisations based in Berlin
Organizations established in 1950
1950 establishments in West Germany
Yekke
European Jewish Congress |
Jermenovci (Serbian: Jermenovci or Јермeновци; Hungarian: Ürményháza; German: Ürmenhausen) is a village located in the Plandište municipality, in the South Banat District of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The village has a Hungarian ethnic majority (69.11%).
History
At the time of its foundation in 1817, the village was part of the Austrian Empire. It was administratively included into Torontal County within the Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867) however the Austrian Empire ruled the Kingdom of Hungary. Draining of the marshlands prior to first human settlement necessitated the opening of the Maria Theresa Canal to bypass the future village of Ürmenhausen. In 1955, due to agricultural necessity to control recurrent flooding, this canal was widened and deepened to provide better drainage. With that improvement, the flow of water changed direction running from west to east. The name of the canal was changed to the DTD Canal (Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal), and it became a sector of this major waterway.
The first settlers of Ürmenhausen village were the handpicked 62 Roman Catholic Hungarian families that formed the nucleus population in 1817. These families had arrived from Majsa, Apátfalva, and Rákospuszta. Sixty families received titled deeds for arable land and dwelling whereas two received deeds for housing land only. The original freehold title holders were primarily engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and in growing of tobacco plant.
On September 23, 1848 during the historic Hungarian national revolution, Serbian rebels attacked the village and the defending local Hungarian inhabitants who, following resistance, had to flee as Ürményháza was torched. The village population returned by 1850 upon restoration of law and order.
In 1848 and 1849, the village was part of the autonomous Serbian Vojvodina and from 1849 to 1860 it was part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, an Habsburg crown land. After the abolition of the voivodeship in 1860, the village was included into the restored Torontal County, under the charter of Austrian Crown lands.
In 1867, when the Austrian Empire was transformed into the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, this village became part of Transleithania or the Hungarian-governed part of the Dual Monarchy and the Hungarian name “Ürményháza” became its official appellation. Following the collapse of the Monarchy in 1918, the village became part of the Kingdom of Serbia and subsequently part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed to Yugoslavia). Since that time, the Serbian name version “Irmenjhaza” (Ирмењхаза) was used as the official name. In 1921, the Serbian name was changed to “Jermenovci” (Јерменовци). It was, however, still unofficially called Ürményháza by local Hungarians.
The population grew until 1931 despite emigration to faraway lands but remained a predominantly ethnic Hungarian enclave to 2002with its bilingual village folk. After World War II, the population of the village decreased.
The oil surveying began in 1951. The first oil well became operational on 9 November 1952, while the continuous production began in 1956, uninterrupted until today (2018).
The name and its origin
Built on dried and reclaimed vacant state property marshlands, the village was named “Ürmenhausen” / “Ürményháza” / “Irmenjhaza” (Ирмењхаза) in 1817, in deference to its virtual founding father, the Hungarian nobleman and Crown Counsellor Ferenc Ürményi (1780–1880), director of the Treasury’s Crown Lands Department in Temeschwar / Timișoara (in today’s Romania).
The German, Hungarian and Serbian names for the village were officially used in various time periods. The older Serbian name “Irmenjhaza” (Ирмењхаза) was changed to “Jermenovci” (Јерменовци) in 1921.
Names through history
Chronology, appellation, supreme rulers of the general territory and township administration:
1817–1867: Ürmenhausen – Austrian Empire – Kingdom of Hungary – Local County Administration
1867–1918: Ürményháza – Austro-Hungarian Empire – Kingdom of Hungary – Local County Administration on Hungarian Crown land.
1918: Irmenjhaza (Ирмењхаза) – Kingdom of Serbia – Banat, Bačka and Baranja – Local District Administration
1918–1921: Irmenjhaza (Ирмењхаза) – Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – Local District Administration
1921–1941: Jermenovci (Јерменовци) – Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) – Local District, Oblast and Banovina Administration
1941–1944: Jermenovci (Јерменовци) – Serbia – Local Banovina and District Administration
1944–1992: Jermenovci (Јерменовци) – Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – Local Provincial Administration
1992–2006: Jermenovci (Јерменовци) – Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) – Local Provincial Administration
After 2006: Jermenovci (Јерменовци) – Republic of Serbia – Local Provincial Administration
Notes
Ürmény (Slovak: Urmín) was the pre-1918 Hungarian name of today's Mojmirovce village in Nitra County in Slovakia. Jermenovci/Ürményháza’s name is related to Ürmény through the name of István Ürményi, the paternal grandfather of Ferenc Ürményi (1780–1858), the founder of Jermenovci in 1817. István, an aristocrat and landed Crown Counselor, was born in the early 18th century as István Kiss-Ilméry in the village of Ürmény (Slovak: Urmín, renamed Mojmirovce since 1920) in present-day Slovakia, which in that time was under Austrian and Hungarian rule. He replaced his surname and adopted the new family name "Ürményi" by imperial charter in the 18th century, officially entering the ranks of family crested nobility. The Ürményi family's ancestral manor-house built in the 19th century by József Ürményi I (son of István) has been the landmark Ürményi Kastély (Ürményi Castle/Palace) at Vál, located halfway between Budapest and Székesfehérvár in Hungary. Ürményi was an eminent family name of Hungarian nobility with branches in Budapest, Slovakia, Serbia, Romania and their descendants across the world.
Geography
The nearest populated areas are Plandište (8 km), Vršac (21 km).
The village is 62 km northeast from the capital, Belgrade.
Social Activities
Five associations cultivate and maintain the Hungarian social and cultural heritage through the Ürményházi Ifjúsági Klub (Youth club), the Polgárok Társulása (Citizens fellowship), the Ürményházi Hagyományápoló Kör (Heritage care circle), the Ürményházi Petőfi Sándor Művelődési Egyesület (Petőfi Sándor cultural association) and the Pipacs Nőegylet (Red Poppy Lady Embroiderers Club). The village is part of the Roman Catholic Communities Network (Katolikus Közösségek Hálozata) of South Banat, and thus occasionally partakes in social get-togethers of the districts within the province. The village has robust ties in every field with Hungarian organisations in Vojvodina, with Hungary and with other Hungarian communities outside Hungary through the bonds of language, root culture, common heritage and ethnicity.
Notable Places and Activities
R.C. Church of Szent Anna ( Church of St. Ann, Blessed Mother of the Virgin Mary ), Boldog Szűz Mária Édesanyja Szent Anna katolikus templom. Built in 1834–35, this church burned down but was reconstructed and reconsecrated in 1854.
Mineral springs, confirmed therapeutic thermal and radio-active underground mud pools discovered in the area in 1973 yet to be developed
Marginal crude oil industry visible through extraction pumps in the countryside
Good fishing in the Danube–Tisa–Danube canal
Major ethnic groups
Trivia
In 1856, the rural bandit gang leader Sándor Rózsa (betyár Rózsa Sándor), who entered Hungarian national folklore, robbed the post office and national savings bank agency in Ürmenhausen. He escaped from the siege set by the gendarmes, but killed the local headborough/village judge, his very last victim.
See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina
References
Sources
"Ürményháza-Jermenovci" multjának és jelenének rövid vázlata, A Tudás kiadás- Összehozta/irta Fehér Lajos, Ürményháza 1984.
Milleker Bódog: Ürményháza története (1817–1906), Versec 1906.
Borovszki Samu dr. : Torontál vármegye. Országos Monográfiai Társaság, Budapest.
Ürményházi Attila a.k.a. Attila Urmenyhazi adatgyüjtõ/mûforditó, researcher/translator, Hobart (Tasmánia, Ausztrália) 2013.
Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
Populated places in Serbian Banat
Populated places in South Banat District
Plandište |
In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions. Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege have both been associated with the descriptivist theory, which is sometimes called the mediated reference theory or Frege–Russell view.
In the 1970s, this theory came under attack from causal theorists such as Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam and others. However, it has seen something of a revival in recent years, especially under the form of what are called two-dimensional semantic theories. This latter trend is exemplified by the theories of David Chalmers, among others.
The descriptive theory and its merits
A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p. For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as
the man who wrote Naming and Necessity
a person who was born on November 13, 1940 in Bay Shore, New York
the son of a leader of Beth El Synagogue in Omaha, Nebraska
etc ...
The descriptivist takes the meaning of the name Saul Kripke to be that collection of descriptions and takes the referent of the name to be the thing that satisfies all or most of those descriptions.
A simple descriptivist theory may further hold that the meaning of a sentence S that contains p is given by the collection of sentences produced by replacing each instance of p in S with one of the descriptions in D. So, the sentence such as "Saul Kripke stands next to a table" has the same meaning as the following collection of sentences:
The man who wrote Naming and Necessity stands next to a table.
A person who was born on November 13, 1940 in Bay Shore, New York stands next to a table.
The son of a leader of Beth El Synagogue in Omaha, Nebraska stands next to a table.
etc ...
A version of descriptivism was formulated by Frege in reaction to problems with his original theory of meaning or reference (Bedeutung), which entailed that sentences with empty proper names cannot have a meaning. Yet a sentence containing the name 'Odysseus' is intelligible, and therefore has a sense, even though there is no individual object (its reference) to which the name corresponds. Also, the sense of different names is different, even when their reference is the same. Frege said that if an identity statement such as "Hesperus is the same planet as Phosphorus" is to be informative, the proper names flanking the identity sign must have a different meaning or sense. But clearly, if the statement is true, they must have the same reference. The sense is a 'mode of presentation', which serves to illuminate only a single aspect of the referent. Scholars disagree as to whether Frege intended such modes of presentation to be descriptions. See the article Sense and reference.
Russell's approach is somewhat different. First of all, Russell makes an important distinction between what he calls "ordinary" proper names and "logically" proper names. Logically proper names are indexicals such as this and that, which directly refer (in a Millian sense) to sense-data or other objects of immediate acquaintance. For Russell, ordinary proper names are abbreviated definite descriptions. Here definite description refers again to the type of formulation "The…" which was used above to describe Santa Claus as "the benevolent, bearded…." According to Russell, the name "Aristotle" is just a sort of shorthand for a definite description such as "The last great philosopher of ancient Greece" or "The teacher of Alexander the great" or some conjunction of two or more such descriptions. Now, according to Russell's theory of definite descriptions, such descriptions must, in turn, be reduced, to a certain very specific logical form of existential generalization as follows:
"The king of France is bald."
becomes
This says that there is exactly one object ‘’x’’ such that ‘’x’’ is King of France and ‘’x’’ is bald. Notice that this formulation is entirely general: it says that there is some x out in the world that satisfies the description, but does not specify which one thing ‘’x’’ refers to. Indeed, for Russell, definite descriptions (and hence names) have no reference at all and their meanings (senses in the Fregean sense) are just the truth conditions of the logical forms illustrated above. This is made clearer by Russell’s example involving ‘’Bismarck’’:
(G) "The Chancellor of Germany..."
In this case, Russell suggests that only Bismarck himself can be in a relation of acquaintance such that the man himself enters into the proposition expressed by the sentence. For any other than Bismarck, the only relation that is possible with such a proposition is through its descriptions. Bismarck could never have existed and the sentence (G) would still be meaningful because of its general nature described by the logical form underlying the sentence.
Notwithstanding these differences however, descriptivism and the descriptive theory of proper names came to be associated with both the views of Frege and Russell and both address the general problems (names without bearers, Frege's puzzles concerning identity and substitution in contexts of intentional attitude attributions) in a similar manner.
Another problem for Millianism is Frege's famous puzzles concerning the identity of co-referring terms. For example:
(V) "Hesperus is Phosphorus."
In this case, both terms ("Hesperus" and "Phosphorus") refer to the same entity: Venus. The Millian theory would predict that this sentence is trivial, since meaning is just reference and "Venus is Venus" is not very informative. Suppose, however, that someone did not know that Hesperus and Phosphorus both referred to Venus. Then it is at least arguable that the sentence (V) is an attempt to inform someone of just this fact.
Another problem for Millianism is that of statements such as ”Fred believes that Cicero, but not Tully, was Roman.”
Kripke’s objections and the causal theory
In his book Naming and Necessity, Saul Kripke criticised the descriptivist theory. At the end of Lecture I (pp. 64–70) Kripke sets out what he believes to be the tenets of the descriptivist theory. Kripke formally states a number of theses as the core of the descriptivist theory, with these theses explaining the theory in terms of reference (rather than the sense or meaning). As he explains before stating the theory, "There are more theses if you take it in the stronger version as a theory of meaning" (p. 64).
As he states it, the descriptivist theory is "weaker," i.e., the claims it makes do not assert as much as a stronger theory would. This actually makes it harder to refute. The descriptivist theory of meaning would include these theses and definitions however, thus refuting these would suffice for refuting the descriptivist theory of meaning as well. Kripke formulates them as follows:
To every name or designating expression 'X', there corresponds a cluster of properties, namely the family of those properties φ such that [speaker] A believes 'φX'
One of the properties, or some conjointly, are believed by A to pick out some individual uniquely.
If most, or a weighted most, of the φ's are satisfied by one unique object y, then y is the referent of 'X'.
If the vote yields no unique object, 'X' does not refer.
The statement, 'If X exists, then X has most of the φ's [corresponding to X]' is known a priori by the speaker.
The statement, 'If X exists, then X has most of the φ's [corresponding to X]' expresses a necessary truth (in the idiolect of the speaker).
(1) States the properties or concepts related to any given proper name, where a name 'X' has a set of properties associated with it. The set of properties are those that a speaker, on inquiry of "Who is Barack Obama?" would respond "The former President of the U.S., former Senator of Illinois, husband of Michelle Obama, etc." (1) does not stipulate that the set of properties φ is the meaning of X. (2) stipulates the epistemic position of the speaker. Note (2) says "believed by A to pick out."
(3) Takes the properties in (1) and (2) and turns them into a mechanism of reference. Basically, if a unique object satisfies the properties associated with 'X' such that A believes that 'X has such-and-such properties', it picks out or refers to that object. (4) states what happens when no object satisfies the properties (Kripke talks in terms of taking a "vote" as to the unique referent).
(5) Follows from (1)–(3). If there is a set of properties that speaker A believes to be associated with X, then these properties must be already known by the speaker. In this sense they are a priori. To know what a bachelor is, an individual must know what an unmarried male is; likewise an individual must know who is 'The President of the U.S., former Senator of Illinois, husband of Michelle Obama, etc.' to know who Obama is.
(6) However is not a direct product of the theses. Kripke notes "(6) need not be a thesis of the theory if someone doesn't think that the cluster is part of the meaning of the name" (p. 65). However, when the descriptivist theory is taken as a theory of reference and meaning, (6) would be a thesis.
Taken as a theory of reference, the following would be true:
If someone fits the description 'the author who wrote, among other things, 1984 and Animal Farm''' uniquely, then this someone is the George Orwell. (Thesis 3)
'George Orwell wrote, among other things, 1984 and Animal Farm' is known a priori by the speaker. (Thesis 5)
The idea in the second sentence is that one can't refer to something without knowing what he or she is referring to.
Taken as a theory of reference and meaning, the following would be true:
The author who wrote, among other things, 1984 and Animal Farm, wrote 1984 and Animal Farm. (Thesis 6)
After breaking down the descriptivist theory, he begins to point out what's wrong with it. First, he offered up what has come to be known as "the modal argument" (or "argument from rigidity") against descriptivism. Consider the name "Aristotle" and the descriptions "the greatest student of Plato," "the founder of logic" and "the teacher of Alexander." Aristotle obviously satisfies all of the descriptions (and many of the others we commonly associate with him), but it is not a necessary truth that if Aristotle existed then Aristotle was any one, or all, of these descriptions, contrary to thesis (6). Aristotle might well have existed without doing any single one of the things he is known for. He might have existed and not have become known to posterity at all or he might have died in infancy.
Suppose that Aristotle is associated by Mary with the description
“the last great philosopher of antiquity” and (the actual) Aristotle died in infancy. Then Mary's description would seem to refer to Plato. But this is deeply counterintuitive. Hence, names are "rigid designators," according to Kripke. That is, they refer to the same individual in every possible world in which that individual exists.
This is the counterintuitive result of thesis (6). For descriptivists Aristotle means "the greatest student of Plato," "the founder of logic" and "the teacher of Alexander." So the sentence “the greatest student of Plato, etc., was the greatest student of Plato,” is equivalent to "Aristotle was the greatest student of Plato, etc." Of course a sentence like “x=x” is necessary, but this just isn't the case with proper names and their descriptions. Aristotle could have done something else, thus he is not necessarily identical to his description.
The second argument employed by Kripke has come to be called the "epistemic argument" (or "argument from unwanted necessity"). This is simply the observation that if the meaning of "Angela Merkel" is "the Chancellor of Germany," then "Angela is the Chancellor of Germany" should seem to the average person to be a priori, analytic, and trivial, as if falling out of the meaning of "Angela Merkel" just as "unmarried male" falls out of the meaning of "bachelor." If thesis (5) is to hold, the properties of Angela Merkel should be known a priori by the speaker. But this is not true. We had to go out into the world to see who the Chancellor of Germany is.
Kripke's third argument against descriptive theories consisted in pointing out that people may associate inadequate or inaccurate descriptions with proper names. Kripke uses Kurt Gödel as an example. The only thing most people know about Gödel is that he proved the incompleteness of arithmetic. Suppose he hadn't proved it, and really he stole it from his friend Schmidt. Thesis (3) says that if most of the properties associated with 'Gödel' are satisfied by one unique object, in this case Schmidt, then Schmidt is the referent of 'Gödel.' This means that every time someone (in the world where Gödel stole the incompleteness theorem from Schmidt) says 'Gödel' he or she is actually referring to Schmidt. This is far too counter-intuitive for the descriptivist theory to hold.
Such arguments seem to have convinced the majority of philosophers of language to abandon descriptive theories of proper names.
Revival of descriptivism and two-dimensionalism
In recent years, there has been something of a revival in descriptivist theories, including descriptivist theories of proper names. Metalinguistic description theories have been developed and adopted by such contemporary theorists as Kent Bach and Jerrold Katz. According to Katz, "metalinguistic description theories explicate the sense of proper nouns--but not common nouns--in terms of a relation between the noun and the objects that bear its name." Differently from the traditional theory, such theories do not posit a need for sense to determine reference and the metalinguistic description mentions the name it is the sense of (hence it is "metalinguistic") while placing no conditions on being the bearer of a name. Katz's theory, to take this example, is based on the fundamental idea that sense should not have to be defined in terms of, nor determine, referential or extensional properties but that it should be defined in terms of, and determined by, all and only the intensional properties of names.
He illustrates the way a metalinguistic description theory can be successful against Kripkean counterexamples by citing, as one example, the case of "Jonah." Kripke’s Jonah case is very powerful because in this case the only information that we have about the Biblical character Jonah is just what the Bible tells us. Unless we are fundamentalist literalists, it is not controversial that all of this is false. Since, under traditional descriptivism, these descriptions are what define the name Jonah, these descriptivists must say that Jonah did not exist. But this does not follow. But under Katz's version of descriptivism, the sense of Jonah contains no information derived from the Biblical accounts but contains only the term "Jonah" itself in the phrase "the thing that is a bearer of 'Jonah'." Hence, it is not vulnerable to these kinds of counterexamples.
The most common and challenging criticism to metalinguistic description theories was put forth by Kripke himself: they seem to be an ad hoc explanation of a single linguistic phenomenon. Why should there be a metalinguistic theory for proper nouns (like names) but not for common nouns, count nouns, verbs, predicates, indexicals and other parts of speech.
Another recent approach is two-dimensional semantics. The motivations for this approach are rather different from those that inspired other forms of descriptivism, however. Two-dimensional approaches are usually motivated by a sense of dissatisfaction with the causal theorist explanation of how it is that a single proposition can be both necessary and a posteriori or contingent and a priori.
See also
Onomastics
Causal theory of reference
Tag theory of names
Theory of descriptions
Notes
References
Russell, Bertrand. On Denoting. Mind. 1905.
Kripke, Saul. Naming and Necessity. Basil Blackwell. Boston. 1980.
Frege, Gottlob. On Sense and Reference. In P. Geach, M. Black, eds. Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Oxford: Blackwell. 1952.
Soames, Scott. Reference and Description. 2005.
Katz, Jerrold. Names Without Bearers. 2005.
Chalmers, David. Two-Dimensional Semantics. in E. Lepore and B. Smith, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language. Oxford University Press. 2005.
Cipriani, Enrico. The Descriptivist vs. Anti-Descriptivist Semantics Debate Between Syntax and Semantics. Philosophy Study'', 2015, 5(8), pp. 421-30
Theories of language
Analytic philosophy
Semantics
Names
Meaning (philosophy of language)
Formal semantics (natural language) |
The Savage Woman is a 1918 American silent adventure film directed by Edmund Mortimer and Robert G. Vignola and starring Clara Kimball Young, Edward Kimball, and Milton Sills.
Cast
Clara Kimball Young as Renee Benoit
Edward Kimball as Jacques Benoit
Milton Sills as Jean Lerier
Marcia Manon as Aimee Ducharme
Clyde Benson as Prince Menelek
Preservation
With no prints of The Savage Woman located in any film archives, it is a lost film.
References
Bibliography
Monaco, James. The Encyclopedia of Film. Perigee Books, 1991.
External links
1918 films
1918 adventure films
American silent feature films
Silent American adventure films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edmund Mortimer
Films directed by Robert G. Vignola
Selznick Pictures films
1910s English-language films
1910s American films
English-language adventure films |
Sin Piedad (2007) (Spanish for "No Mercy") was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which took place on December 7, 2007 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The 2007 Sin Piedad was the sixth event under that name that CMLL promoted as their last major show of the year, always held in December. The main event of Sin Piedad was originally supposed to be a tag team Lucha de Apuesta, hair vs. hair match between the teams of Shocker and Rey Bucanero and Black Warrior teaming with Lizmark Jr. but in the week before the show the partners were switched around to a relevos increíbles match where a Tecnico ("fan favorite") teams up with a "villain" so that Shocker teamed with Lizmark Jr. and Rey Bucanero teamed with Black Warrior. In the end Shocker forced Black Warrior to submit while Lizmark Jr. pinned Rey Bucanero to win the match. Following the match Rey Bucanero and Black Warrior were both shaved bald. The undercard featured a very intense singles match between L.A. Park and Perro Aguayo Jr. that had begun when L.A. Park returned to CMLL some months earlier and involved Aguayo Jr.'s group Los Perros del Mal. Los Perros ended up costing their leader the match as they attacked LA Park during the third and final match, causing a disqualification. The featured four additional matches, all Six-man "Lucha Libre rules" tag team matches with no major storyline build to it.
Production
Background
The Mexican wrestling company Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (Spanish for "World Wrestling Council"; CMLL) has held a number of major shows over the years using the moniker Sin Piedad ("No Pity" or "No Mercy"). CMLL has intermittently held a show billed specifically as Sin Piedad since 2000, primarily using the name for their "end of the year" show in December, although once they held a Sin Piedad show in August as well. CMLL has on occasion used a different name for the end-of-year show but Sin Piedad is the most commonly used name. All Sin Piedad shows have been held in Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico which is CMLL's main venue, its "home". Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, which means the Sin Piedad shows replace their regularly scheduled Super Viernes show. The 2007 Sin Piedad show was the seventh show to use the name.
Storylines
The event featured six professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.
Results
References
2007 in professional wrestling
CMLL Sin Piedad
December 2007 events in Mexico |
Ropica ghanaensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1978.
References
ghanaensis
Beetles described in 1978 |
, also known as Gazula the Amicable Monster, Gudzulla or So It's Gudzulla, is a comedy manga series which was serialized on Weekly Shōnen Sunday in 1967. The manga was based on Hiroshi Sasagawa's one-shot "Onboro Kaijū Guzura" published in the same magazine the previous year as the clumsy and straightforward character of Guzura was very popular at the time.
Later a 52-episode comedy anime adaptation of the series, directed by Hiroshi Sasagawa and produced by Tatsunoko Productions, was aired on Fuji TV between 7 October 1967 and 25 September 1968.
The anime was remade into a 44-episode series also directed by Sasagawa. The remake aired on TV Tokyo between October 12, 1987, and September 30, 1988.
Plot
One day Mt. Bikkura erupts and blows up a huge egg, which hatches a funny little monster named Guzura. Astray in the human world, he is surprised and puzzled as everything he hears and sees is so strange and wonderful, and he is involved in odd affairs one after another. Besides, people around him are often drawn into humorous troubles. He has a magic ability to eat metal and produce a variety of mechanical devices. Also, he can blow flames out of his mouth and jump high using his powerful tail. Yet he is so innocent and friendly that he becomes popular wherever he goes.
Localization
The original black-and-white series was aired on Australia in 1971 under the title Gazula the Amicable Monster. Guzura and Bonta were renamed "Gazula" and "Oshio" respectively. The anime series was aired in Australia's Nine Network.
The 1987 remake series was aired internationally, such as in France and Quebec where it was shown under the name "Gozura" and in Italy where it was shown under the name "Il mio amico Guz".
Cast
Toru Ohira as Guzura
Mie Azuma as Bonta
Yoshiko Matsuo as Susuko
Kei Tomiyama as Papa
Mitsuko Asou as Mama
References
External links
1967 anime television series debuts
1987 anime television series debuts
Comedy anime and manga
Dinosaurs in anime and manga
Fuji TV original programming
Tatsunoko Production
Animated television series about dinosaurs
TV Tokyo original programming |
Admiral of the Blue Edward Boscawen, PC (19 August 171110 January 1761) was a British admiral in the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament for the borough of Truro, Cornwall, England. He is known principally for his various naval commands during the 18th century and the engagements that he won, including the siege of Louisburg in 1758 and Battle of Lagos in 1759. He is also remembered as the officer who signed the warrant authorising the execution of Admiral John Byng in 1757, for failing to engage the enemy at the Battle of Minorca (1756). In his political role, he served as a Member of Parliament for Truro from 1742 until his death although due to almost constant naval employment he seems not to have been particularly active. He also served as one of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty on the Board of Admiralty from 1751 and as a member of the Privy Council from 1758 until his death in 1761.
Early life
The Honourable Edward Boscawen was born in Tregothnan, Cornwall, England, on 19 August 1711, the third son of Hugh Boscawen, 1st Viscount Falmouth (1680–1734) by his wife Charlotte Godfrey (died 1754) elder daughter and co-heiress of Colonel Charles Godfrey, master of the jewel office by his wife Arabella Churchill, the King's mistress, and sister of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough.
The young Edward joined the navy at the age of 12 aboard of 60 guns. Superb was sent to the West Indies with Admiral Francis Hosier. Boscawen stayed with Superb for three years during the Anglo-Spanish War. He was subsequently reassigned to , , and under Admiral Sir Charles Wager and was aboard Namur when she sailed into Cadiz and Livorno following the Treaty of Seville that ended hostilities between Britain and Spain. On 25 May 1732 Boscawen was promoted lieutenant and in the August of the same year rejoined his old ship the 44-gun fourth-rate Hector in the Mediterranean. He remained with her until 16 October 1735 when he was promoted to the 70-gun . On 12 March 1736 Boscawen was promoted by Admiral Sir John Norris to the temporary command of the 50-gun . His promotion was confirmed by the Board of Admiralty. In June 1738 Boscawen was given command of , a small sixth-rate of 20 guns. He was ordered to accompany Admiral Edward Vernon to the West Indies in preparation for the oncoming war with Spain.
War of Jenkins' Ear
Porto Bello
The War of Jenkins' Ear proved to be Boscawen's first opportunity for action and when Shoreham was declared unfit for service he volunteered to accompany Vernon and the fleet sent to attack Porto Bello.
During the siege, Boscawen was ordered with Sir Charles Knowles to destroy the forts. The task took three weeks and 122 barrels of gunpowder to accomplish but the British levelled the forts surrounding the town. Vernon's achievement was hailed in Britain as an outstanding feat of arms and in the furore that surrounded the announcement the patriotic song "Rule, Britannia" was played for the first time. Streets were named after Porto Bello throughout Britain and its colonies. When the fleet returned to Port Royal, Jamaica Shoreham had been refitted and Boscawen resumed command of her.
Cartagena
In 1741 Boscawen was part of the fleet sent to attack another Caribbean port, Cartagena de Indias. Large reinforcements had been sent from Britain, including 8,000 soldiers who were landed to attack the chain of fortresses surrounding the Spanish colonial city. The Spanish had roughly 6,000 troops made up of regular soldiers, sailors and local loyalist natives. The siege lasted for over two months during which period the British troops suffered over 18,000 casualties, the vast majority from disease. Vernon's fleet suffered from dysentery, scurvy, yellow fever and other illnesses that were widespread throughout the Caribbean during the period. As a result of the battle Prime Minister Robert Walpole's government collapsed and George II removed his promise of support to the Austrians if the Prussians advanced into Silesia. The defeat of Vernon was a contributing factor to the increased hostilities of the War of the Austrian Succession. Boscawen had however distinguished himself once more. The land forces that he commanded had been instrumental in capturing Fort San Luis and Boca Chica Castle, and together with Knowles he destroyed the captured forts when the siege was abandoned. For his services he was promoted in May 1742 to the rank of captain and appointed to command the 70-gun Prince Frederick to replace Lord Aubrey Beauclerk who had died during the siege.
War of the Austrian Succession
In 1742 Boscawen returned in Prince Frederick to England, where she was paid off and Boscawen joined the fleet commanded by Admiral Norris in the newly built 60-gun . In the same year he was returned as a Member of Parliament for Truro, a position he held until his death. At the 1747 general election he was also returned for Saltash, but chose to continue to sit for Truro.
In 1744 the French attempted an invasion of England and Boscawen was with the fleet under Admiral Norris when the French fleet were sighted. The French under Admiral Rocquefeuil retreated and the British attempts to engage were confounded by a violent storm that swept the English Channel.
Whilst cruising the Channel, Boscawen had the good fortune to capture the French frigate . She was the first capture of an enemy ship made during the War of Austrian Succession and was commanded by M. de Hocquart. Médée was sold and became a successful privateer under her new name Boscawen commanded by George Walker.
At the end of 1744 Boscawen was given command of , guard ship at the Nore anchorage. He commanded her until 1745 when he was appointed to another of his old ships, HMS Namur, that had been reduced (razéed) from 90 guns to 74 guns. He was appointed to command a small squadron under Vice-Admiral Martin in the Channel.
First Battle of Cape Finisterre
In 1747 Boscawen was ordered to join Admiral Anson and took an active part in the first Battle of Cape Finisterre. The British fleet sighted the French fleet on 3 May. The French fleet under Admiral de la Jonquière was convoying its merchant fleet to France and the British attacked. The French fleet was almost completely annihilated with all but two of the escorts taken and six merchantmen. Boscawen was injured in the shoulder during the battle by a musket ball. Once more the French captain, M. de Hocquart became Boscawen's prisoner and was taken to England.
Command in India
Boscawen was promoted rear-admiral of the blue on 15 July 1747 and was appointed to command a joint operation being sent to the East Indies. With his flag in Namur, and with five other line of battle ships, a few smaller men of war, and a number of transports Boscawen sailed from England on 4 November 1747. On the outward voyage Boscawen made an abortive attempt to capture Mauritius by surprise but was driven off by French forces. Boscawen continued on arriving at Fort St. David near the town of Cuddalore on 29 July 1748 and took over command from Admiral Griffin. Boscawen had been ordered to capture and destroy the main French settlement in India at Pondichéry. Factors such as Boscawen's lack of knowledge and experience of land offensives, the failings of the engineers and artillery officers under his command, a lack of secrecy surrounding the operation and the skill of the French governor Joseph François Dupleix combined to thwart the attack. The British forces amounting to some 5,000 men captured and destroyed the outlying fort of Aranciopang. This capture was the only success of the operation and after failing to breach the walls of the city the British forces withdrew. Amongst the combatants were a young ensign Robert Clive, later known as Clive of India and Major Stringer Lawrence, later Commander-in-Chief, India. Lawrence was captured by the French during the retreat and exchanged after the news of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle had reached India. Over the monsoon season Boscawen remained at Fort St David. Fortunately, for the Admiral and his staff, when a storm hit the British outpost Boscawen was ashore but his flagship Namur went down with over 600 men aboard.
Boscawen returned to England in 1750. In 1751 Anson became First Lord of the Admiralty and asked Boscawen to serve on the Admiralty Board. Boscawen remained one of the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty until his death.
Seven Years' War
On 4 February 1755 Boscawen was promoted vice admiral and given command of a squadron on the North American Station. A squadron of partially disarmed French ships of the line were dispatched to Canada loaded with reinforcements and Boscawen was ordered to intercept them. The French ambassador to London, the Duc de Mirepoix had informed the government of George II that any act of hostility taken by British ships would be considered an act of war. Thick fog both obstructed Boscawen's reconnaissance and scattered the French ships, but on 8 June Boscawen's squadron sighted the Alcide, Lys and Dauphin Royal off Cape Ray off Newfoundland. In the ensuing engagement the British captured the Alcide and Lys but the Dauphin Royal escaped into the fog. Amongst the 1,500 men made prisoner was the captain of the Alcide. For M. de Hocquart it was the third time that Boscawen had fought him and taken his ship. Pay amounting to £80,000 was captured aboard the Lys. Boscawen, as vice-admiral commanding the squadron, would have been entitled to a sizeable share in the prize money. The British squadron headed for Halifax to regroup but a fever spread through the ships and the Vice-admiral was forced to return to England.
Boscawen returned to the Channel Fleet and was commander-in-chief Portsmouth during the trial of Admiral John Byng. Boscawen signed the order of execution after the King had refused to grant the unfortunate admiral a pardon. Boscawen was advanced to Senior Naval Lord on the Admiralty Board in November 1756 but then stood down (as Senior Naval Lord although he remained on the Board) in April 1757, during the caretaker ministry, before being advanced to Senior Naval Lord again in July 1757.
Siege of Louisburg
In October 1757 Boscawen was second in command under Admiral Edward Hawke. On 7 February 1758 Boscawen was promoted to Admiral of the blue squadron. and ordered to take a fleet to North America. Once there, he took naval command at the siege of Louisburg during June and July 1758. On this occasion rather than entrust the land assault to a naval commander, the army was placed under the command of General Jeffrey Amherst and Brigadier James Wolfe. The siege of Louisburg was one of the key contributors to the capture of French possessions in Canada. Wolfe later would use Louisburg as a staging point for the siege of Quebec. The capture of the town took away from the French the only effective naval base that they had in Canada, as well as leading to the destruction of four of their ships of the line and the capture of another. On his return from North America Boscawen was awarded the Thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his service. The King made Boscawen a Privy Counsellor in recognition for his continued service both as a member of the Board of Admiralty and commander-in-chief.
Battle of Lagos
In April 1759 Boscawen took command of a fleet bound for the Mediterranean. His aim was to prevent another planned invasion of Britain by the French. With his flag aboard the newly constructed of 90 guns he blockaded Toulon and kept the fleet of Admiral de le Clue-Sabran in port. In order to tempt the French out of port, Boscawen sent three of his ships to bombard the port. The guns of the batteries surrounding the town drove off the British ships. Having sustained damage in the action and due to the constant weathering of ships on blockade duty Boscawen took his fleet to Gibraltar to refit and resupply. On 17 August a frigate that had been ordered to watch the Straits of Gibraltar signalled that the French fleet were in sight. Boscawen took his available ships to sea to engage de la Clue. During the night the British chased the French fleet and five of de la Clue's ships managed to separate from the fleet and escape. The others were driven in to a bay near Lagos, Portugal. The British overhauled the remaining seven ships of the French fleet and engaged. The French line of battle ship began a duel with Namur but was outgunned and struck her colours. The damage aboard Namur forced Boscawen to shift his flag to of 80 guns. Whilst transferring between ships, the small boat that Boscawen was in was hit by an enemy cannonball. Boscawen took off his wig and plugged the hole. Two more French ships, and escaped during the second night and on the morning of 19 August the British captured and and drove the French flagship and ashore where they foundered and were set on fire by their crews to stop the British from taking them off and repairing them. The five French ships that avoided the battle made their way to Cadiz where Boscawen ordered Admiral Thomas Broderick to blockade the port.
Final years, death, and legacy
Boscawen returned to England, where he was promoted General of Marines in recognition of his service. He was given the Freedom of the City of Edinburgh. Admiral Boscawen returned to sea for the final time and took his station off the west coast of France around Quiberon Bay. After a violent attack of what was later diagnosed as Typhoid fever, the Admiral came ashore, where, on 10 January 1761, he died at his home in Hatchlands Park in Surrey. His body was taken to St. Michael's Church in St Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, where he was buried. The monument was designed by Robert Adam and sculpted by John Michael Rysbrack. The monument at the church begins:
Here lies the Right HonourableEdward Boscawen,Admiral of the Blue, General of Marines,Lord of the Admiralty, and one of hisMajesty's most Honourable Privy Council.His birth, though noble,His titles, though illustrious,Were but incidental additions to his greatness.
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham and Prime Minister once said to Boscawen: "When I apply to other Officers respecting any expedition I may chance to project, they always raise difficulties, you always find expedients."
Legacy
The town of Boscawen, New Hampshire is named after him. Two ships and a stone frigate of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Boscawen, after Admiral Boscawen, whilst another ship was planned but the plans were shelved before she was commissioned. The stone frigate was a training base for naval cadets and in consequence three ships were renamed HMS Boscawen whilst being used as the home base for the training establishment.
Quotes
Boscawen was quoted as saying "To be sure I lose the fruits of the earth, but then, I am gathering the flowers of the Sea" (1756) and "Never fire, my lads, till you see the whites of the Frenchmen's eyes."
Frances Evelyn Boscawen
In 1742 Boscawen married Frances Evelyn Glanville (1719–1805), with whom he had three sons and two daughters, and who became an important hostess of Bluestocking meetings after his death. The older daughter Frances married John Leveson-Gower, and the younger, Elizabeth married Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort.
References
Sources
External links
History of War – Siege of Louisburg 1758
History of War – Battle of Lagos
National Trust – Hatchlands Park
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Edward Boscawen
Tregothnan Estate, Cornwall
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
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The Yeti with Betty was a comic strip in the UK comic The Beano, first appearing in issue 2633, dated 2 January 1993, and drawn throughout by Robert Nixon.
Concept
Sick of the cold weather and lack of company, a talking yeti flees the Himalaya by grabbing onto the wheel of a passing aeroplane, landing in the white cliffs of Dover. While there, he meets a young girl called Betty, who befriends the yeti and adopts it as her pet. The subsequent strips followed the adventures of the yeti as he tried to adjust to city life.
Appearing in the comic throughout the year, the strip last appeared in issue 2698, dated 2 April 1994.However, the strip appeared in the 1995 Beano Annual.
Revival
The strip was revived in issue 3784, dated 16 May 2015, now retitled Betty and the Yeti. This half-page version was drawn by Steve Beckett, and showed the Yeti befriending Betty over a comic at a campsite. He then stowed away in the luggage on the car roof as Betty and her father drove back to Beanotown. The Yeti himself looked identical to Robert Nixon's version, but Betty and her family were completely redesigned.
In March 2016, the strip was redesigned and written by Hugh Raine, rendered with a loose, pencil line and a cuter character style.
Beano strips
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1994 comics endings
2015 comics debuts
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Comics about children
Comics about women
Female characters in comics
Child characters in comics
Fantasy comics
Comics about friendship
Comics characters introduced in 1993
Comics set in Tibet
Comics set in the United Kingdom
Yeti in fiction |
James Benjamin Aswell Sr. (December 23, 1869 – March 16, 1931) was a prominent educator and a Democratic U.S. representative from Louisiana, who served from 1913 until his death, which occurred twelve days into his tenth term.
Life and career
Aswell was born in the Vernon community in rural Jackson Parish in north Louisiana to Benjamin W. and Elizabeth A. (Lyles) Aswell . He graduated with teaching credentials in 1892 from Peabody College. In 1893, he received the Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Nashville, and received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville the following year. In 1907, he obtained his law degree from the same institution.
He was a state school administrator before he was selected to be president of Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, now Louisiana Tech University, in 1900. He resigned in 1904 after being elected as Louisiana Superintendent of Education in 1904. He resigned his position in 1908 to be president of Louisiana State Normal School, now Northwestern State University. Aswell resigned his position in 1911 to run unsuccessfully for governor in the 1912 Democratic primary. He was defeated by Luther E. Hall, who served in the state's highest office from 1912 to 1916.
Later that year, Aswell was elected to the U.S. House from the newly-created 8th congressional district, based around Natchitoches and Alexandria. Aswell was reelected nine times. During the 1920s, he was the ranking minority member of the House Agriculture Committee. He worked with the Louisiana naturalist Caroline Dormon to establish the Kisatchie National Forest in his district.
He died in Washington, D.C., and is interred there in Rock Creek Cemetery.
References
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1931 deaths
People from Jackson Parish, Louisiana
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Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery |
Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller, FBA (16 August 1864 – 6 August 1937), usually cited as F. C. S. Schiller, was a German-British philosopher. Born in Altona, Holstein (at that time member of the German Confederation, but under Danish administration), Schiller studied at the University of Oxford, later was a professor there, after being invited back after a brief time at Cornell University. Later in his life he taught at the University of Southern California. In his lifetime he was well known as a philosopher; after his death, his work was largely forgotten.
Schiller's philosophy was very similar to and often aligned with the pragmatism of William James, although Schiller referred to it as "humanism". He argued vigorously against both logical positivism and associated philosophers (for example, Bertrand Russell) as well as absolute idealism (such as F. H. Bradley).
Life
Born in 1864, one of three brothers and the son of Ferdinand Schiller (a Calcutta merchant), Schiller's family home was in Switzerland. Schiller grew up in Rugby. He was educated at Rugby School and Balliol College, and graduated in the first class of Literae Humaniores, winning later the Taylorian scholarship for German in 1887. Schiller's first book, Riddles of the Sphinx (1891), was an immediate success despite his use of a pseudonym because of his fears concerning how the book would be received. Between the years 1893 and 1897 he was an instructor in philosophy at Cornell University. In 1897 he returned to Oxford and became fellow and tutor of Corpus Christi for more than thirty years. Schiller was president of the Aristotelian Society in 1921, and was for many years treasurer of the Mind Association. In 1926 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy. In 1929 he was appointed visiting professor in the University of Southern California, and spent half of each year in the United States and half in England. Schiller died in Los Angeles either 6, 7 or 9 August 1937 after a long and lingering illness.
Schiller also published three books on the subject of eugenics; Tantalus or the Future of Man (1924), Eugenics and Politics (1926), and Social Decay and Eugenic Reform (1932).
Philosophy
In 1891, F.C.S. Schiller made his first contribution to philosophy anonymously. Schiller feared that in his time of high naturalism, the metaphysical speculations of his Riddles of the Sphinx were likely to hurt his professional prospects (p. xi, Riddles). However, Schiller's fear of reprisal from his anti-metaphysical colleagues should not suggest that Schiller was a friend of metaphysics. Like his fellow pragmatists across the ocean, Schiller was attempting to stake out an intermediate position between both the spartan landscape of naturalism and the speculative excesses of the metaphysics of his time. In Riddles Schiller both,
(1) accuses naturalism (which he also sometimes calls "pseudometaphysics" or "positivism") of ignoring the fact that metaphysics is required to justify our natural description of the world, and
(2) accuses "abstract metaphysics" of losing sight of the world we actually live in and constructing grand, disconnected imaginary worlds.
The result, Schiller contends, is that naturalism cannot make sense of the "higher" aspects of our world (freewill, consciousness, God, purpose, universals), while abstract metaphysics cannot make sense of the "lower" aspects of our world (the imperfect, change, physicality). In each case we are unable to guide our moral and epistemological "lower" lives to the achievement of life's "higher" ends, ultimately leading to scepticism on both fronts. For knowledge and morality to be possible, both the world's lower and higher elements must be real; e.g. we need universals (a higher) to make knowledge of particulars (a lower) possible. This would lead Schiller to argue for what he at the time called a "concrete metaphysics", but would later call "humanism".
Shortly after publishing Riddles of the Sphinx, Schiller became acquainted with the work of pragmatist philosopher William James and this changed the course of his career. For a time, Schiller's work became focused on extending and developing James' pragmatism (under Schiller's preferred title, "humanism"). Schiller even revised his earlier work Riddles of the Sphinx to make the nascent pragmatism implicit in that work more explicit. In one of Schiller's most prominent works during this phase of his career, "Axioms as Postulates" (1903), Schiller extended James' will to believe doctrine to show how it could be used to justify not only an acceptance of God, but also our acceptance of causality, of the uniformity of nature, of our concept of identity, of contradiction, of the law of excluded middle, of space and time, of the goodness of God, and more.
Towards the end of his career, Schiller's pragmatism began to take on a character more distinct from the pragmatism of William James. Schiller's focus became his opposition to formal logic. To understand Schiller's opposition to formal logic, consider the following inference:
(1) All salt is soluble in water;
(2) Cerebos is not soluble in water;
(3) Therefore, Cerebos is not a salt.
From the formal characteristics of this inference alone (All As are Bs; c is not a B; Therefore, c is not an A), formal logic would judge this to be a valid inference. Schiller, however, refused to evaluate the validity of this inference merely on its formal characteristics. Schiller argued that unless we look to the contextual fact regarding what specific problem first prompted this inference to actually occur, we can not determine whether the inference was successful (i.e. pragmatically successful). In the case of this inference, since "Cerebos is 'salt' for culinary, but not for chemical purposes", without knowing whether the purpose for this piece of reasoning was culinary or chemical we cannot determine whether this is valid or not. In another example, Schiller discusses the truth of formal mathematics "1+1=2" and points out that this equation does not hold if one is discussing drops of water. Schiller's attack on formal logic and formal mathematics never gained much attention from philosophers, however it does share some weak similarities to the contextualist view in contemporary epistemology as well as the views of ordinary language philosophers.
Opposition to naturalism and metaphysics
In Riddles, Schiller gives historical examples of the dangers of abstract metaphysics in the philosophies of Plato, Zeno, and Hegel, portraying Hegel as the worst offender: "Hegelianism never anywhere gets within sight of a fact, or within touch of reality. And the reason is simple: you cannot, without paying the penalty, substitute abstractions for realities; the thought-symbol cannot do duty for the thing symbolized".
Schiller argued that the flaw in Hegel's system, as with all systems of abstract metaphysics, is that the world it constructs always proves to be unhelpful in guiding our imperfect, changing, particular, and physical lives to the achievement of the "higher" universal Ideals and Ends. For example, Schiller argues that the reality of time and change is intrinsically opposed to the very modus operandi of all systems of abstract metaphysics. He says that the possibility to change is a precondition of any moral action (or action generally), and so any system of abstract metaphysics is bound to lead us into a moral scepticism.
The problem lies in the aim of abstract metaphysics for "interpreting the world in terms of conceptions, which should be true not here and now, but "eternally" and independently of Time and Change." The result is that metaphysics must use conceptions that have the "time-aspect of Reality" abstracted away. Of course, "[o]nce abstracted from,"
While abstract metaphysics provides us with a world of beauty and purpose and various other "highers", it condemns other key aspects of the world we live in as imaginary. The world of abstract metaphysics has no place for imperfect moral agents who (1) strive to learn about the world and then (2) act upon the world to change it for the better. Consequently, abstract metaphysics condemns us as illusionary, and declares our place in the world as unimportant and purposeless. Where abstractions take priority, our concrete lives collapse into scepticism and pessimism.
He also makes a case against the alternative naturalist method, saying that this too results in an epistemological and moral scepticism. Schiller looks to show this method's inadequacy at moving from the cold, lifeless lower world of atoms to the higher world of ethics, meanings, and minds. As with abstract metaphysics, Schiller attacks naturalism on many fronts: (1) the naturalist method is unable to reduce universals to particulars, (2) the naturalist method is unable to reduce freewill to determinist movements, (3) the naturalist method is unable to reduce emergent properties like consciousness to brain activity, (4) the naturalist method is unable to reduce God into a pantheism, and so on. Just as the abstract method cannot find a place for the lower elements of our world inside the higher, the naturalist method cannot find a place for the higher elements of our world inside the lower. In a reversal of abstract metaphysics, naturalism denies the reality of the higher elements to save the lower. Schiller uses the term "pseudo-metaphysical" here instead of naturalism—as he sometimes does—because he is accusing these naturalist philosophers of trying to solve metaphysical problems while sticking to the non-metaphysical "lower" aspects of the world (i.e. without engaging in real metaphysics):
To show that the world's higher elements do not reduce to the lower is not yet to show that naturalism must condemn the world's higher elements as illusionary. A second component to Schiller's attack is showing that naturalism cannot escape its inability to reduce the higher to the lower by asserting that these higher elements evolve from the lower. However, Schiller does not see naturalism as any more capable of explaining the evolution of the higher from the lower than it is capable of reducing the higher to the lower. While evolution does begin with something lower that in turn evolves into something higher, the problem for naturalism is that whatever the starting point for evolution is, it must first be something with the potential to evolve into a higher. For example, the world cannot come into existence from nothing because the potential or "germ" of the world is not "in" nothing (nothing has no potential, it has nothing; after all, it is nothing). Likewise, biological evolution cannot begin from inanimate matter, because the potential for life is not "in" inanimate matter. The following passage shows Schiller applying the same sort of reasoning to the evolution of consciousness:
Taken as the type of the pseudo-metaphysical method, which explains the higher by the lower ... it does not explain the genesis of consciousness out of unconscious matter, because we cannot, or do not, attribute potential consciousness to matter. ... the theory of Evolution derives the [end result] from its germ, i.e., from that which was, what it became, potentially.
Unable to either reduce or explain the evolution of the higher elements of our world, naturalism is left to explain away the higher elements as mere illusions. In doing this, naturalism condemns us to scepticism in both epistemology and ethics. It is worth noting, that while Schiller's work has been largely neglected since his death, Schiller's arguments against a naturalistic account of evolution have been recently cited by advocates of intelligent design to establish the existence of a longer history for the view due to legal concerns in the United States (See: Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District).
Humanist alternative to metaphysics and naturalism
Schiller argued that both abstract metaphysics and naturalism portray man as holding an intolerable position in the world. He proposed a method that not only recognises the lower world we interact with, but takes into account the higher world of purposes, ideals and abstractions. Schiller:
We require, then, a method which combines the excellencies of both the pseudo-metaphysical and the abstract metaphysical, if philosophy is to be possible at all.
Schiller was demanding a course correction in field of metaphysics, putting it at the service of science. For example, to explain the creation of the world out of nothing, or to explain the emergence or evolution of the "higher" parts of the world, Schiller introduces a divine being who might generate the end (i.e. Final Cause) which gives nothingness, lifelessness, and unconscious matter the purpose (and thus potential) of evolving into higher forms:
And thus, so far from dispensing with the need for a Divine First Cause, the theory of evolution, if only we have the faith in science to carry it to its conclusion, and the courage to interpret it, proves irrefragably that no evolution was possible without a pre-existent Deity, and a Deity, moreover, transcendent, non-material and non-phenomenal. ... [T]he world process is the working out of an anterior purpose or idea in the divine consciousness.
This re-introduction of teleology (which Schiller sometimes calls a re-anthropomorphizing of the world) is what Schiller says the naturalist has become afraid to do. Schiller's method of concrete metaphysics (i.e. his humanism) allows for an appeal to metaphysics when science demands it. However:
Schiller finally reveals what this "End" is which "all things tend":
If our speculations have not entirely missed their mark, the world-process will come to an end when all the spirits whom it is designed to harmonise [by its Divine Creator] have been united in a perfect society.
Now, while by today's philosophic standards Schiller's speculations would be considered wildly metaphysical and disconnected from the sciences, compared with the metaphysicians of his day (Hegel, McTaggart, etc.), Schiller saw himself as radically scientific. Schiller gave his philosophy a number of labels during his career. Early on he used the names "Concrete Metaphysics" and "Anthropomorphism", while later in life tending towards "Pragmatism" and particularly "Humanism".
The Will to Believe
Schiller also developed a method of philosophy intended to mix elements of both naturalism and abstract metaphysics in a way that allows us to avoid the twin scepticisms each method collapses into when followed on its own. However, Schiller does not assume that this is enough to justify his humanism over the other two methods. He accepts the possibility that both scepticism and pessimism are true.
To justify his attempt to occupy the middle ground between naturalism and abstract metaphysics, Schiller makes a move that anticipates James' The Will to Believe:
And in action especially we are often forced to act upon slight possibilities. Hence, if it can be shown that our solution is a possible answer, and the only possible alternative to pessimism, to a complete despair of life, it would deserve acceptance, even though it were but a bare possibility.
Schiller contends that in light of the other methods' failure to provide humans with a role and place in the universe, we ought avoid the adoption of these methods. By the end of Riddles, Schiller offers his method of humanism as the only possible method that results in a world where we can navigate our lower existence to the achievement of our higher purpose. He asserts that it is the method we ought to adopt regardless of the evidence against it ("even though it were but a bare possibility").
While Schiller's will to believe is a central theme of Riddle of the Sphinx (appearing mainly in the introduction and conclusion of his text), in 1891 the doctrine held a limited role in Schiller's philosophy. In Riddles, Schiller only employs his version of the will to believe doctrine when he is faced with overcoming sceptic and pessimistic methods of philosophy. In 1897, William James published his essay "The Will to Believe" and this influenced Schiller to drastically expand his application of the doctrine. For a 1903 volume titled Personal Idealism, Schiller contributed a widely read essay titled "Axioms as Postulates" in which he sets out to justify the "axioms of logic" as postulates adopted on the basis of the will to believe doctrine. In this essay Schiller extends the will to believe doctrine to be the basis of our acceptance of causality, of the uniformity of nature, of our concept of identity, of contradiction, of the law of excluded middle, of space and time, of the goodness of God, and more. He notes that we postulate that nature is uniform because we need nature to be uniform:
[O]ut of the hurly-burly of events in time and space [we] extract[ ] changeless formulas whose chaste abstraction soars above all reference to any 'where' or 'when,' and thereby renders them blank cheques to be filled up at our pleasure with any figures of the sort. The only question is—Will Nature honour the cheque? Audentes Natura juvat—let us take our life in our hands and try! If we fail, our blood will be on our own hands (or, more probably, in some one else's stomach), but though we fail, we are in no worse case than those who dared not postulate ... Our assumption, therefore, is at least a methodological necessity; it may turn out to be (or be near) a fundamental fact in nature [an axiom].
Schiller stresses that doctrines like the uniformity of nature must first be postulated on the basis of need (not evidence) and only then "justified by the evidence of their practical working." He attacks both empiricists like John Stuart Mill, who try to conclude that nature is uniform from previous experience, as well as Kantians who conclude that nature is uniform from the preconditions on our understanding. Schiller argues that preconditions are not conclusions, but demands made on our experience that may or may not work. On this success hinges our continued acceptance of the postulate and its eventual promotion to axiom status.
In "Axioms and Postulates" Schiller vindicates the postulation by its success in practice, marking an important shift from Riddles of a Sphinx. In Riddles, Schiller is concerned with the vague aim of connecting the "higher" to the "lower" so he can avoid scepticism, but by 1903 he has clarified the connection he sees between these two elements. The "higher" abstract elements are connected to the lower because they are our inventions for dealing with the lower; their truth depends on their success as tools. Schiller dates the entry of this element into his thinking in his 1892 essay "Reality and 'Idealism'" (a mere year after his 1891 Riddles).
The shift in Schiller's thinking continues in his next published work, The Metaphysics of the Time-Process (1895):
The abstractions of metaphysics, then, exist as explanations of the concrete facts of life, and not the latter as illustrations of the former ... Science [along with humanism] does not refuse to interpret the symbols with which it operates; on the contrary, it is only their applicability to the concrete facts originally abstracted from that is held to justify their use and to establish their 'truth.'
Schiller's accusations against the metaphysician in Riddles now appear in a more pragmatic light. His objection is similar to one we might make against a worker who constructs a flat-head screwdriver to help him build a home, and who then accuses a screw of unreality when he comes upon a Phillips-screw that his flat-head screwdriver won't fit. In his works after Riddles, Schiller's attack takes the form of reminding the abstract metaphysician that abstractions are meant as tools for dealing with the "lower" world of particulars and physicality, and that after constructing abstractions we cannot simply drop the un-abstracted world out of our account. The un-abstracted world is the entire reason for making abstractions in the first place. We did not abstract to reach the unchanging and eternal truths; we abstract to construct an imperfect and rough tool for dealing with life in our particular and concrete world. It is the working of the higher in "making predictions about the future behavior of things for the purpose of shaping the future behavior of things for the purpose of shaping our own conduct accordingly" that justifies the higher.
To assert this methodological character of eternal truths is not, of course, to deny their validity ... To say that we assume the truth of abstraction because we wish to attain certain ends, is to subordinate theoretic 'truth' to a teleological implication; to say that, the assumption once made, its truth is 'proved' by its practical working ... For the question of the 'practical' working of a truth will always ultimately be found to resolve itself into the question whether we can live by it.
A few lines down from this passage Schiller adds the following footnote in a 1903 reprint of the essay: "All this seems a very fairly definite anticipation of modern pragmatism." Indeed, it resembles the pragmatist theory of truth. However, Schiller's pragmatism was still very different from both that of William James and that of Charles Sanders Peirce.
Opposition to logic
As early as 1891 Schiller had independently reached a doctrine very similar to William James' Will to Believe. As early as 1892 Schiller had independently developed his own pragmatist theory of truth. However, Schiller's concern with meaning was one he entirely imports from the pragmatisms of James and Peirce. Later in life Schiller musters all of these elements of his pragmatism to make a concerted attack on formal logic. Concerned with bringing down the timeless, perfect worlds of abstract metaphysics early in life, the central target of Schiller's developed pragmatism is the abstract rules of formal logic. Statements, Schiller contends, cannot possess meaning or truth abstracted away from their actual use. Therefore, examining their formal features instead of their function in an actual situation is to make the same mistake the abstract metaphysician makes. Symbols are meaningless scratches on paper unless they are given a life in a situation, and meant by someone to accomplish some task. They are tools for dealing with concrete situations, and not the proper subjects of study themselves.
Both Schiller's theory of truth and meaning (i.e. Schiller's pragmatism) derive their justification from an examination of thought from what he calls his humanist viewpoint (his new name for concrete metaphysics). He informs us that to answer "what precisely is meant by having a meaning" will require us to "raise the prior question of why we think at all.". A question Schiller of course looks to evolution to provide.
Schiller provides a detailed defence of his pragmatist theories of truth and meaning in a chapter titled "The Biologic of Judgment" in Logic for Use (1929). The account Schiller lays out in many ways resembles some of what Peirce asserts in his "The Fixation of Belief" (1877) essay:
This passage of Schiller was worth quoting at length because of the insight this chapter offers into Schiller's philosophy. In the passage, Schiller makes the claim that thought only occurs when our unthinking habits prove themselves inadequate for handling a particular situation. Schiller's stressing of the genesis of limited occurrences of thought sets Schiller up for his account of meaning and truth.
Schiller asserts that when a person utters a statement in a situation they are doing so for a specific purpose: to solve the problem that habit could not handle alone. The meaning of such a statement is whatever contribution it makes to accomplishing the purpose of this particular occurrence of thought. The truth of the statement will be if it helps accomplishes that purpose. No utterance or thought can be given a meaning or a truth valuation outside the context of one of these particular occurrences of thought. This account of Schiller's is a much more extreme view than even James took.
At first glance, Schiller appears very similar to James. However, Schiller's more stringent requirement that meaningful statements have consequences "to some one for some purpose" makes Schiller's position more extreme than James'. For Schiller, it is not a sufficient condition for meaningfulness that a statement entail experiential consequences (as it is for both Peirce and James). Schiller requires that the consequences of a statement make the statement relevant to some particular person's goals at a specific moment in time if it is to be meaningful. Therefore, it is not simply enough that the statement "diamonds are hard" and the statement "diamonds are soft" entail different experiential consequences, it is also required that the experiential difference makes a difference to someone's purposes. Only then, and only to that person, do the two statements state something different. If the experiential difference between hard and soft diamonds did not connect up with my purpose for entering into thought, the two statements would possess the same meaning. For example, if I were to randomly blurt out "diamonds are hard" and then "diamonds are soft" to everyone in a coffee shop one day, my words would mean nothing. Words can only mean something if they are stated with a specific purpose.
Consequently, Schiller rejects the idea that statements can have meaning or truth when they are looked upon in the abstract, away from a particular context. "Diamonds are hard" only possesses meaning when stated (or believed) at some specific situation, by some specific person, uttered (or believed) for some specific aim. It is the consequences the statement holds for that person's purposes which constitute its meaning, and its usefulness in accomplishing that person's purposes that constitutes the statement's truth or falsity. After all, when we look at the sentence "diamonds are hard" in a particular situation we may find it actually has nothing to say about diamonds. A speaker may very well be using the sentence as a joke, as a codephrase, or even simply as an example of a sentence with 15 letters. Which the sentence really means cannot be determined without the specific purpose a person might be using the statement for in a specific context.
In an article titled "Pragmatism and Pseudo-pragmatism" Schiller defends his pragmatism against a particular counterexample in a way that sheds considerable light on his pragmatism:
The impossibility of answering truly the question whether the 100th (or 10,000th) decimal in the evaluation of Pi is or is not a 9, splendidly illustrates how impossible it is to predicate truth in abstraction from actual knowing and actual purpose. For the question cannot be answered until the decimal is calculated. Until then no one knows what it is, or rather will turn out to be. And no one will calculate it, until it serves some purpose to do so, and some one therefore interests himself in the calculation. And so until then the truth remains uncertain: there is no 'true' answer, because there is no actual context in which the question has really been raised. We have merely a number of conflicting possibilities, not even claims to truth, and there is no decision. Yet a decision is possible if an experiment is performed. But his experiment presupposes a desire to know. It will only be made if the point becomes one which it is practically important to decide. Normally no doubt it does not become such, because for the actual purposes of the sciences it makes no difference whether we suppose the figure to be 9 or something else. I.e. the truth to, say, the 99th decimal, is ' true enough ' for our purposes, and the 100th is a matter of indifference. But let that indifference cease, and the question become important, and the ' truth ' will at once become ' useful '. Prof. Taylor's illustration therefore conclusively proves that in an actual context and as an actual question there is no true answer to be got until the truth has become useful. This point is illustrated also by the context Prof. Taylor has himself suggested. For he has made the question about the 100th decimal important by making the refutation of the whole pragmatist theory of knowledge depend on it. And what nobler use could the 100th decimal have in his eyes? If in consequence of this interest he will set himself to work it out, he will discover this once useless, but now most useful, truth, and—triumphantly refute his own contention!
We might recognise this claim as the sort of absurdity many philosophers try to read into the pragmatism of William James. James, however, would not agree that the meaning of "the 100th decimal of Pi is 9" and "the 100th decimal of Pi is 6" mean the same thing until someone has a reason to care about any possible difference. Schiller, in constast, does mean to say this.
James and Schiller both treat truth as something that happens to a statement, and so James would agree that it only becomes true that the 100th decimal of Pi is 9 when someone in fact believes that statement and it leads them to their goals, but nowhere does James imply that meaning is something that happens to a statement. That is a unique element of Schiller's pragmatism.
Humanist theory of meaning and truth
While Schiller felt greatly indebted to the pragmatism of William James, Schiller was outright hostile to the pragmatism of C.S. Peirce. Both Schiller and James struggled with what Peirce intended with his pragmatism, and both were often baffled by Peirce's insistent rebuffing of what they both saw as the natural elaboration of the pragmatist cornerstone he himself first laid down. On the basis of his misunderstandings, Schiller complains that for Peirce to merely say "'truths should have practical consequences'" is to be "very vague, and hints at no reason for the curious connexion it asserts." Schiller goes on to denigrate Peirce's principle as nothing more than a simple truism "which hardly deserves a permanent place and name in philosophic usage". After all, Schiller points out, "[i]t is hard ... to see why even the extremest intellectualism should deny that the difference between the truth and the falsehood of an assertion must show itself in some visible way."
With Peirce's attempts to restrict the use of pragmatism set aside, Schiller unpacks the term "consequences" to provide what he considers as a more substantial restatement of Peirce's pragmatism:
For to say that a [statement] has consequences and that what has none is meaningless, must surely mean that it has a bearing upon some human interest; they must be consequences to some one for some purpose.
Schiller believes his pragmatism to be more developed because of its attention to the fact that the "consequences" which make up the meaning and truth of a statement, must always be consequences for someone's particular purposes at some particular time. Continuing his condemnation of the abstract, Schiller contends that the meaning of a concept is not the consequences of some abstract proposition, but what consequences an actual thinker hopes its use will bring about in an actual situation. The meaning of a thought is what consequences one means to bring about when they employ the thought. To Schiller, this is what a more sophisticated pragmatist understands by the term meaning.
If we are to understand the pragmatic theory of meaning in Schiller's way, he is right to claim that James' theory of truth is a mere corollary of the pragmatist theory of meaning:
But now, we may ask, how are these 'consequences' to test the 'truth' claimed by the assertion? Only by satisfying or thwarting that purpose, by forwarding or baffling that interest. If they do the one, the assertion is 'good' and pro tanto 'true'; if they do the other, 'bad' and 'false'. Its 'consequences,' therefore, when investigated, always turn out to involve the 'practical' predicates 'good ' or 'bad,' and to contain a reference to ' practice' in the sense in which we have used that term. So soon as therefore we go beyond an abstract statement of the narrower pragmatism, and ask what in the concrete, and in actual knowing, 'having consequences ' may mean, we develop inevitably the fullblown pragmatism in the wider sense.
Given Schiller's view that the meaning of a thought amounts to the consequences one means to bring about by the thought, Schiller further concluded that the truth of a thought depends on whether it actually brings about the consequences one intended. For example, if while following a cooking recipe that called for salt I were to think to myself, "Cerebos is salt", my thought will be true if it consequently leads me to add Cerebos and produce a dish with the intended taste. However, if while working in a chemistry lab to produce a certain mixture I were to think to myself, "Cerebos is salt", my thought would both have a different meaning than before (since my intent now differs) and be false (since Cerebos is only equivalent to salt for culinary purposes). According to Schiller, the question of what a thought like "Cerebos is salt" means or whether it is true can only be answered if the specific circumstances with which the thought arose are taken into consideration. While there is some similarity here between Schiller's view of meaning and the later ordinary language philosophers, Schiller's account ties meaning and truth more closely to individuals and their intent with a specific use rather than whole linguistic communities.
Selected works
Riddles of the Sphinx (1891)
"Axioms as Postulates" (published in the collection Personal Idealism, 1902)
"Useless 'Knowledge': A Discourse Concerning Pragmatism", January 1902)
Humanism (1903)
"The Ethical Basis of Metaphysics" (July 1903)
"The Definition of 'Pragmatism' and 'Humanism'" (January 1905)
Studies in Humanism (1907)
Plato or Protagoras? (1908)
Riddles of the Sphinx (1910, revised edition)
Humanism (1912, second edition)
Formal Logic (1912)
Problems of Belief (1924, second edition)
Logic for Use (1929)
Our Human Truths (1939, published posthumously)
Notes and references
Further reading
Pragmatic Humanism of F.C.S. Schiller by Rueben Abel (1955)
Humanistic Pragmatism: The Philosophy of F.C.S. Schiller edited by Rueben Abel (1966)
"The Pragmatic Humanism of F.C.S. Schiller" in Cornelis De Waal's On Pragmatism (2005)
"F.C.S. Schiller on Pragmatism and Humanism Selected Writings, 1891-1939" edited by John R. Shook, Hugh McDonald (2008)
External links
1864 births
1937 deaths
19th-century British non-fiction writers
19th-century British philosophers
19th-century philosophers
20th-century British non-fiction writers
20th-century British philosophers
Aristotelian philosophers
British eugenicists
German eugenicists
British humanists
British logicians
British male non-fiction writers
Epistemologists
Metaphysicians
Ontologists
Ordinary language philosophy
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of social science
Pragmatists
Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
University of Southern California faculty |
Gorno Kirkovo is a village in Kirkovo Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.
References
Villages in Kardzhali Province |
Isidoro Bianchi called da Campione (20 July 1581, in Campione d'Italia, Lombardy – 5 December 1662) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.
Biography
He studied under Pietro Francesco Mazzuchelli. He excelled in fresco painting for the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio at Milan and in different churches at Como. The Duke of Savoy chose him to finish a grand hall at Rivoli, which had been left unfinished by the death of Mazzuchelli. Bianchi was afterwards made painter to the Court, and was knighted in 1631.
Between 1598 and 1601 he painted for the Cistercian monastery of the abbey of SantaMaria dell'Acquafredda above Lenno. In the following years he worked in Prague, while in 1606 he painted the chapel of the Madonna of Carmine in thechurch of Saint Stephen in Viggiù. In 1617 he completed some stuccoes and frescoes in the Royal Palace of Turin. In 1618 he
completed frescoes for the parish church of Santa Maria Assunta in Santa Maria Rezzonico, while the next year he worked as an engineer in Orselina. In 1623 he completed frescoes in the Castle of Rivoli and in the next years worked in the Castle of Valentino, in the church of Monte Capucchino, in the church of St Thomas the Apostle, in the Jesuit church of the Holy Martyrs, all in Turin. He also worked in the sanctuary of the Madonna of Ghirli at Campione.
After 1640 he worked in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, in the Cistercian church of San Remigio, in the church of Sant'Agostino, in the church of the monastery of Santa Marta, in the church of San Gerolamo and in the church of Santa Maria Assunta in Milan.
Other works
from him are in the church of Santa Maria Immacolata (Lugano), in the parish church of San Giovanni Battista di Brenzio, in the church of San Martino di Pianello del Lario, in the presbytery of the cathedral of Monza, in the Sacro Monte di Varese, in the parish church of San Giorgio in Castagnola.
His other paintings and drawings
Oils on canvas: Viggiù, parish church of St. Stephen, Chapel of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Nativity of Jesus and the Virgin Birth;
Chariot of Apollo, and the Chariot of Diana; Oils on canvas: Private Collection
Allegory of Love and Reason; oil on canvas: Sotheby's catalogue,
Oil on canvas: Private collection, the Valentino castle realm of Flora;
David defeats Goliath, oil on canvas: private collection.
Sleeping Cupid , oil on canvas, Milan, Kölliker Collection.
Oil on canvas: Private collection, Christ giving the keys to St. Peter;
Oil on board. Private collection, Battle of Crécy derived from the frescoes of the house near the Prima Madama Reale: Valentino Castle;
Oil on board: Stresa, Isola Bella, Borromeo Arese Princes collection, Adoration of the Shepherds;
Oil on slate: Private collection, Immacolata and Angels;
Oil on slate: London, already at Christie's, Pieta with St. Michael and other Saints;
Fresco: Cressogno, Sanctuary of Our Lady of Caravina, Lunette of the Chapel of Cordelieri, Stories of St. Antony of Padua;
Fresco: Como, Church of the Holy Faithful (Como), Chapel of the Crucifix, figures in Paradise.
Fresco: Castiglione Olona, Church of St. Mary of the Country, Adoration with the saints and shepherds (uncertain attribution);
Drawing: Frankfurt am Main, City Art Institute, Virgin and St Anthony of Padua;
Madonna with Child and Saints; Renunciation of the crown by Amadeo VIII of Savoy; Evangelists Matthew and Mark; St Gregory the Great and St Jerome; Two Holy Bishops; Venus and Mars with cherubs (Drawings) Ambrosiana Library, Milan
Drawing: Dijon, Museum of Fine Art, Jesus with banner (front), St Francis of Assisi (reverse);
Drawing: London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Virgin with Child and Saints;
Drawing: London, Christies, Lamentation of Christ with a holy bishop and San Carlo Borromeo; The Miracle of the Mule'' (Drawing) Albertina Academy, Vienna
Drawing: London, already at Christie's, Pietà with the Saints Abbot Anthony and Carlo Borromeo;
References
De Angelis, Maria, Isidoro Bianchi, Bergamo [Italy], Edizioni Bolis, 1993.
Pescarmona, Daniele, Isidoro Bianchi di Campione: 1581-1662, Cinisello Balsamo, Milano, 2003.
1581 births
1662 deaths
Italian Baroque painters
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
17th-century Italian painters
Painters from Milan
People from the Province of Como
Campione d'Italia |
Ajami (), in Iran, may refer to:
Ajami, Hashtrud, East Azerbaijan Province
Ajami, West Azerbaijan
See also
Ajam, Iran (disambiguation) |
T1R2 - Taste receptor type 1 member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS1R2 gene.
The sweet taste receptor is predominantly formed as a dimer of T1R2 and T1R3 by which different organisms sense this taste. In songbirds, however, the T1R2 monomer does not exist, and they sense the sweet taste through the umami taste receptor (T1R1 and T1R3) as a result of an evolutionary change that it has undergone.
Structure and molecular function
Both T1R2 and T1R3 receptors belongs to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family that features a common structure comprised a large extracellular domain, called the venus flytrap domain (VFD), which is connected to a 7-helix TMD by a cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The canonical activation mechanism of class C GPCRs follows a multiple-step process that requires communication between the VFDs (housing the orthosteric-binding site) and the TMDs via the CRDs. Although , the main binding site for most sweet compounds was found to reside in the VFT domain of T1R2, the T1R2 protein is not functional without formation of the 2+3 heterodimer.
Natural sweeteners interact with the orthosteric binding pocket, either of T1R2 or T1R3. The closure of the T1R2 extracellular domain involves the rotation of both T1R2 and T1R3 VFDs. The signal is then transmitted to the TMDs via the CRDs. It has also been shown that sweet proteins modulate the receptor by interacting with the CRD.
Some artificial sweeteners as well as the inhibitor of the sweet taste receptor – lactisole, were shown to interact with the allosteric binding sites of one of the sub-units in the TMD.
Another interesting quality of these receptors expressed by TAS1R2 and TAS1R1 genes, is their spontaneous activity in the absence of the extracellular domains and binding ligands. This may mean that the extracellular domain regulates function of the receptor by preventing spontaneous action as well as binding to activating ligands such as sucrose.
Ligands
The T1R2+3 receptor has been shown to respond to natural sugars sucrose, sorbitol and fructose, and to the artificial sweeteners saccharin, acesulfame potassium, dulcin, guanidinoacetic acid, cyclamate, sucralose, alitame, neotame and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC). Research initially suggested that rat receptors did not respond to many other natural and artificial sugars, such as glucose and aspartame, leading to the conclusion that there must be more than one type of sweet taste receptor. Contradictory evidence, however, suggested that cells expressing the human T1R2+3 receptor showed sensitivity to both aspartame and glucose but cells expressing the rat T1R2+3 receptor were only slightly activated by glucose and showed no aspartame activation. These results are inconclusive about the existence of another sweet taste receptor, but show that the T1R2+3 receptors are responsible for a wide variety of different sweet tastes. Finally, T1R2+3 responses to non-sugar natural sweeteners such as steviol glycosides from the leaves of the Stevia plant and sweet proteins like thaumatin, monellin, and brazzein.
Another surprising ligand of the T1R2+3 is D2O, also known as heavy water which was shown to activate the human T1R2+3 receptor.
Signal transduction
T1R2 and T1R1 receptors have been shown to bind to G proteins, most often the gustducin Gα subunit, although a gusducin knock-out has shown small residual activity. T1R2 and T1R1 have also been shown to activate Gαo and Gαi protein subunits. This suggests that T1R1 and T1R2 are G protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclases to decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in taste receptors.
Research done by creating knock-outs of common channels activated by sensory G-protein second messenger systems has also shown a connection between sweet taste perception and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) pathway. The nonselective cation Transient Receptor Potential channel TRPM5 has been shown to correlate with both umami and sweet taste. Also, the phospholipase PLCβ2 was shown to similarly correlate with umami and sweet taste. This suggests that activation of the G-protein pathway and subsequent activation of PLC β2 and the TRPM5 channel in these taste cells functions to activate the cell.
Location and innervation
T1R2+3 expressing cells are found in circumvallate papillae and foliate papillae near the back of the tongue and palate taste receptor cells in the roof of the mouth. These cells are shown to synapse upon the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to send their signals to the brain.
T1R and T2R (bitter) channels are not expressed together in taste buds.
See also
Taste receptor
TAS1R1
TAS1R3
References
Further reading
External links
TAS1R2 Gene
TASTE RECEPTOR TYPE 1, MEMBER 2; TAS1R2
Human taste receptors |
Gaspéite, a very rare nickel carbonate mineral, with the formula , is named for the place it was first described, in the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, Canada.
Gaspéite is the nickel rich member of the calcite group. A solid solution series exists between all members of this group with divalent cations readily exchanged within the common crystal structure. It forms massive to reniform papillary aggregates in fractures, botryoidal concretions in laterite or fracture infill. It is also present as stains and patinas on iron oxide boxworks of gossanous material.
Paragenesis
Gaspéite is formed in the regolith as a supergene enrichment mineral of hypogene nickel sulfide minerals, generally in arid or semi-arid environments which produce conditions amenable to concentration of calcareous or carbonate minerals in the weathering profile.
Gaspéite from Widgiemooltha is associated with talc carbonated komatiite-associated nickel sulfide gossans and is probably formed by substitution of nickel into carbonates such as magnesite which are formed by oxidation of the talc-carbonate lithology, and of primary and supergene nickel sulfide minerals.
Gaspéite is formed from a similar process to the weathering of other sulfide minerals to form carbonate minerals. The sulfide minerals which are weathered to produce gaspéite are pentlandite, violarite, millerite and rarely nickeline.
Occurrence
Gaspéite is known from a handful of locations worldwide. Aside from its type locality in Canada, gaspéite is found in the nickeliferous gossans of Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits in Kambalda, and nearby Widgie Townsite, Widgiemooltha, both south of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, in both locations also associated with garnierite and kambaldaite.
Nickel carbonate, though not conclusively proven to be gaspéite, is also reported in hydrothermally altered ultramafic rocks in New South Wales, Australia, associated with serpentinite bodies and lode gold deposits.
Gaspéite is reported from the Lord Brassey Mine, Tasmania, in association with hellyerite.
Uses
Gaspéite presence in the geologic environment may be used as an ore mining indicator of nickel rich minerals nearby.
Gaspéite stones are used for carving ornamental objects and animal figurines, and are also cut and polished into attractive apple green color (often veined) cabochons for jewelry use.
References
Nickel minerals
Carbonate minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 167 |
The third season of the animated television series, The Boondocks originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. Season three started on May 2, 2010, with "It's a Black President, Huey Freeman" and ended with "It's Goin Down" on August 15, 2010, with a total of fifteen episodes. The season debuted at 2.55 million viewers.
All fifteen episodes from season three were released completely uncensored on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on November 9, 2010. In addition all episodes from season three are available on the iTunes Store.
Production
Sung Dae Kang and Young Chan Kim served as directors for season three, and series creator Aaron McGruder and Rodney Barnes served as writers for season three. All episodes were rated TV-MA for graphic violence, dangerous activity (mostly involving children), explicit language (mostly heavy use of racist, sexist, and homophobic slurs and bleeped-out profanity), and infrequent instances of strong sexual content. Season three was originally announced to be the show's last; it would ultimately be the last season produced with McGruder's involvement.
The episode "The Story of Jimmy Rebel" was banned after their first showing on Adult Swim for excessive depictions of racism and perceived racial insensitivities over the episode's portrayal of a racist country singer named Jimmy Rebel (a parody of real-life white supremacist country singer Johnny Rebel). The episodes were released as part of the complete series DVD set and Netflix has also streamed the missing episode in Canada.
Season three features guest appearances from Werner Herzog, Bill Maher, DJ Vlad, Charlie Murphy, Edward Asner, Michael Jai White, Aries Spears, John Landis, Clifton Powell, Samuel L. Jackson, Billy Dee Williams, Gina Torres, Mark Hamill, Marion Ross, Kadeem Hardison, Luenell, Don 'D.C.' Curry, Star Jones, and John C. McGinley.
Episodes
Home release
All fifteen episodes from season three were released completely uncensored on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on November 9, 2010.
In addition all episodes from season three are available on iTunes.
References
The Boondocks (TV series) seasons
2010 American television seasons |
The Chagrin Valley Times is a Northeast Ohio weekly newspaper covering the eastern suburbs of Cleveland in Cuyahoga and Geauga counties. The newspaper is published every Thursday and was founded in 1971. It is produced in the village of Chagrin Falls, Ohio.
Politics
On August 16, 2018, the Chagrin Valley Times was part of a campaign launched by the Boston Globe in which 350 newspapers addressed the repeated attacks on American news media by Donald Trump. CNN Money named the Chagrin Valley Times as one of the "16 must-read editorials" of the campaign.
Legal
In 2013, Murray Energy Company sued The Chagrin Valley Times for defamation of Robert Murray after the paper ran an article covering a protest at the company's Pepper Pike offices. The protest took place as a result of Murray firing 158 employees the day after President Barack Obama was re-elected in the 2012 Election. In addition to negative coverage of Murray, Ron Hill, cartoonist for the Chagrin Valley Times, published a cartoon of a snowman made out of lumps of coal, holding a sack of money in each of his hands. Hill included lyrics to "Frosty the Snowman", with a parody on the words that read "Murray the coal-man meant to hoard away his pay."
The lower court ruled that Robert Murray was a public figure and that the newspaper had not demonstrated the standard for defamation of a public figure. In 2019, an appeal was filed with the Ohio Supreme Court, which voted 4-3, allowing the lower court ruling to stand.
References
External links
ChagrinValleyToday.com
Newspapers published in Ohio
Newspapers established in 1971
1971 establishments in Ohio
Greater Cleveland
Weekly newspapers published in the United States |
The 2002–03 season was PAOK Football Club's 77th in existence and the club's 44th consecutive season in the top flight of Greek football. The team will enter the Greek Football Cup in the First round and will also enter in UEFA Cup starting from the First round.
Players
Squad
Transfers
Players transferred in
Players transferred out
Kit
Friendlies
Competitions
Overview
Alpha Ethniki
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Greek Cup
First round
Second round
Third round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
UEFA Cup
First round
Second round
Third round
Statistics
Squad statistics
! colspan="13" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center" | Goalkeepers
|-
! colspan="13" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center" | Defenders
|-
! colspan="13" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center" | Midfielders
|-
! colspan="13" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center" | Forwards
|-
|}
Source: Match reports in competitive matches, uefa.com, epo.gr, rsssf.com
Goalscorers
Source: Match reports in competitive matches, uefa.com, epo.gr, rsssf.com
References
External links
PAOK FC official website
PAOK FC seasons
PAOK |
Felda is an unincorporated community in Hendry County, Florida, United States, located east of Fort Myers, on State Road 29. The name is a portmanteau of Felix and Ida Taylor's first names.
Geography
Felda is located at , is on the Florida State Road 29, and is north of Immokalee.
Economy
The area was once known for its tomato and cucumber production.
See also
List of geographic names derived from portmanteaus
Tomato production in Florida
References
Unincorporated communities in Hendry County, Florida
Unincorporated communities in Florida |
The Blobs was an animated television series based on the books by DC Thomson, published in 1980. It tells the story of a community of colourful paint-splash characters who live in Paintbox Land. The 26-episode series, narrated originally by Jane Horrocks, was produced in 1996 by Siriol Animation in Wales, in association with DC Thomson & Co., Sianel Pedwar Cymru (S4C) and Scottish Television (now STV Central). The series was purchased by TV Ontario in 1999, and was re-voiced by Julie Zwillich for the North American market.
A Welsh-language version was also produced for S4C, entitled Y Blobs.
Content
Jane Horrocks and Julie Zwillich (US only) narrate the show in their own voices and affect different voices for all the characters. The blobs usually have a problem to solve that involves helping others, learning not to be afraid, getting lost, etc. They can change their shapes at will. Paintbox Land is ruled by a king, Royal Blue, and is bothered by a pesky witch, Inky Black. The show's animation style stays true to the books by DC Thomson.
The animation pre-production was prepared by Siriol Scotland and the animation production itself completed at Siriol Production's main animation studios in Mount Stuart Square, Bute Town (now Cardiff Bay), Cardiff, Wales, UK.
Characters
Fizzy Orange
Puppy Purple
Grumbly Green
Royal Blue
Princess Powder Blue
Sailor Blue
Constable Blue
Mousy Brown
Piggy Pink
Primrose Yellow
Inky Black
Ghostly White
Chocolate Brown
Poppy Red
Rainbow Blob
Grubby Grey
Giant Blob
Floury White
Canary Yellow
Spotty Blob
Vincent van Blob
The Blob Cats
Olive Green
Ringmaster Blob
Butterfly Blob
Other Blobs
Episodes
Series 1
The Purple Puppy-Cat
Poppy Red Pops Up
The Everlasting Rainbow
Where's Canary Yellow
Inky's Party Trick
Untidy Piggy Pink
Birthday Blues
Fizzy Orange's Missing Fizz
Cheese Sweet Cheese
The Homeless Giant
Ghostly White's Ghastly Night
A Change For Grubby Grey
Hats Off For Grumbly
Seasick Sailor Blue
Hide 'n' Spook
Ghostly White's Hiccupy Haunting
A Welcome for Chocolate Brown
A Race for Royal Blue
Singer of the Year
Inky's New Broomstick
Sneezy Princess Powder Blue
Have You Seen Olive Green
Piggy Pink's Very Silly Day
Rock A Bye Grumbly
Unhappy Spotty Blob
Floury White's Enormous Loaf
Credits
Voices: Jane Horrocks, Simon Day (additional voices) (UK), Julie Zwillich (Canada/USA)
Based on the Books Published by: D.C. Thomson
Produced by: Robin Lyons
Directed by: Wayne Thomas
Written by: Lucy Daniel, John Gatehouse, Jillian Brett, Roger Planer, Robin Lyons, Andrew Offiler
Story Editor: Andrew Offiler
Music: Chris Stuart
Title Song Vocals: Sally Ann Marsh
Storyboards: Andrew Janes, Adrian Jenkins, Marietta Sheard, Wayne Thomas
Layouts: Thomas Bailey, Samuel Bailey, Andy Janes, Adrian Jenkins, Wayne Thomas
Animation: Simon Bradbury, Robert Brown, Marc Burnell, Robin Bans, Rachel Bevan Baker, Steve Hayne, Mike Coles, Gary Hurst, Nigel Davies, David Seath, Peter Gambier, Helen Comloquoy, Ken Hayes, Hanne Nielsen, Anja Heisener, Lisa Hill, Andy Janes, Walter McRory, Steve John, Marc Lewis, Gareth Reid, Roger Phillips, Sam Twigge, Nicola Marlborough, Mads Pedersen, Simon Williams, Karen Heywood, Joe McCaffery, Les Orton, Phil Owen, Phil Parker, Mike Price, William Tapp, Theresa Whatley
Additional Design: Marcos Morgan
Colour Models: Timothy Francis, Michael Hill, Emily Phillips, Inez Stoodley
Painters: Leah Jones, Emily Phillips, Nicola Stockford, Samantha Yates
Assistants & Inbetweeners: Antonia Ardolino, Marcus Burnell, Glynn Davies, Anja Heisener, Marcus Lewis, Phillip Owen, Suzanne Paton
Animo Supervisor: Martyn Yates
Scanning: Leonardo Harrison
Vectors: Leah Jones, Thomas Pettith
Compositors: Timothy Francis, Leah Jones, Thomas Pettith, Martyn Yates
Live Action Shoot: Enfys Ltd with thanks to Stella Lyons (now Stella Grace Lyons)
Video Editing: Derwen
Voice Recording: Saunders & Gordon
Tracklaying & Sound Mix: The Sound Works, Cardiff
Track Breakdown: Harley Jones
Production Secretaries: Teresa Clarke, Julia Stenner
Production Accountancy: Christian Mortimer, John Price
Production Runners: Arwel Owen, Daniel McCauley, Emily Phillips
Production Manager: Maryanne Pollinger
Studio Manager: Lynne Stockford
Assistant Director: Mike Price
Executive Producers: Meirion Davies, Walter Fearn, Sandy Ross
A Scottish Television Enterprises / Taytel Limited co-production for ITV, in association with S4C
© DC Thomson & Co. Ltd / Siriol Productions 1997/2006
External links
The Blobs at Toonhound.com
1997 British television series debuts
1997 British television series endings
1990s British animated television series
1990s British children's television series
1990s preschool education television series
Animated preschool education television series
British children's animated television shows
British preschool education television series
British television shows based on children's books
DC Thomson Comics characters
English-language television shows
ITV children's television shows
S4C original programming
Television shows produced by Scottish Television
TVO original programming |
Eldridge Rojer (born 13 March 1984) is a Dutch retired professional footballer of Curaçaoan descent who played as a winger.
Career
Rojer started his career with v.v. Bargeres in Emmen, and was later scouted by FC Emmen where he played in their youth teams. Later, he began playing for the youth teams of Vitesse. In 2002, he was picked for the first team squad. He played four seasons in Arnhem, and was seen as an emerging talent, but injuries would hold him back.
In 2007, he signed with Excelsior, where he could count on more playing time. He started well for the club, but suffered a serious knee injury which kept him out for 18 months. Afterwards, media could report that he had worsened the injury after slipping during sexual intercourse with his girlfriend in the shower. This meant that he was out for another six months.
On 17 June 2009, it was announced that Rojer had signed a contract with FC Zwolle. At Zwolle, he tried to return from the injury-plagued period and make return to form. After a good season for Zwolle, scoring 12 goals in 37 matches, he left the club after not renewing his contract.
Rojer signed a two-year contract with FC Emmen in 2010, who picked him up as a free agent. He ended his professional career in 2013.
After leaving Emmen, Rojer had spells at amateur clubs WKE, SV Babberich and SC Veluwezoom while working as a youth coach on the side.
References
1984 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch Antillean men's footballers
Curaçao men's footballers
Excelsior Rotterdam players
SBV Vitesse players
PEC Zwolle players
FC Emmen players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Derde Divisie players
Dutch people of Curaçao descent
Footballers from Willemstad
WKE '16 players
Men's association football midfielders |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1816 was unanimously adopted on 2 June 2008.
Resolution
Condemning all acts of piracy and armed robbery against vessels off the coast of Somalia, the Security Council this afternoon authorized a series of decisive measures to combat those crimes.
By the terms of resolution 1816 (2008), which was unanimously adopted today, the Council decided that the States cooperating with the country's transitional Government would be allowed, for a period of six months, to enter the territorial waters of Somalia and use “all necessary means” to repress acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea, in a manner consistent with relevant provisions of international law.
The text was adopted with consent of Somalia, which lacks the capacity to interdict pirates or patrol and secure its territorial waters, following a surge in attacks on ships in the waters off the country's coast, including hijackings of vessels operated by the World Food Programme and numerous commercial vessels – all of which posed a threat “to the prompt, safe and effective delivery of food aid and other humanitarian assistance to the people of Somalia”, and a grave danger to vessels, crews, passengers and cargo.
Affirming that the authorization provided in the resolution applies only to the situation in Somalia and shall not affect the rights and obligations under the Law of the Sea Convention, nor be considered as establishing customary international law, the council also requested cooperating States to ensure that anti-piracy actions they undertake do not deny or impair the right of innocent passage to the ships of any third State.
While urging States, whose naval vessels and military aircraft operate on the high seas and airspace of the coast of Somalia to be vigilant, the Council encouraged States interested in the use of commercial routes off the coast of Somalia to increase and coordinate their efforts to deter attacks upon and hijacking of vessels, in cooperation with the country's Government. All States were urged to cooperate with each other, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and, as appropriate, regional organizations and render assistance to vessels threatened by or under attack by pirates.
Speaking prior to action on the draft, Indonesia's representative emphasized the need for the draft to be consistent with international law, particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and to avoid creating a basis for customary international law for the repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea. Actions envisaged in the resolution should only apply to the territorial waters of Somalia, based upon that country's prior consent. The resolution addressed solely the specific situation off the coast of Somalia, as requested by the Government.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1801 to 1900 (2008–2009)
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
1816
1816
June 2008 events
2008 in Somalia |
Tryvann is a small lake in Nordmarka, the forest area just north of Oslo city, near the Holmenkollen ski jump. By the water lies a cabin called Tryvannstua, in which there is a café open regularly during both summer and winter. On a hill above the lake looms the television tower Tryvannstårnet ("The Tryvann tower"), visible from most of Oslo. Tryvann is the entry and beginning of Nordmarka. It is used all year around. The key purposes of this area in the winter are skiing and cross-country skiing, whereas in the summer it is more commonly used for walks in the forest and biking. When referring to Tryvann, it is mostly referred to as the Tryvann vinterpark.
Facts and infrastructure
Tryvann vinterpark is an alpine ski resort in the area around Tryvann. The first ski slope of Tryvann vinterpark, named "Tryvannskleiva", was created in 1931. Since then an enormous expansion has occurred, and today Tryvann vinterpark consists of 18 slopes and 11 lifts. The longest run (Wyllerløypa) is 1,400 metres, with a drop of 381 metres. All the slopes have floodlighting which covers over 9.6 km of terrain. The resort has a fairly large terrain park featuring edge rails, boxes, jib features and a full-scale halfpipe, regularly hosting some minor national skiing and snowboarding competitions.
Tryvann vinterpark is easily accessed by visitors with the metro system. The ride from Oslo city centre to the top of Tryvann takes approximately 25 minutes. This gives easy access and opportunities for over one million citizens in Oslo. Tryvann is Norway's fourth biggest ski resort in Norway, measured in ticket sales. In 2012 there were 205,000 visitors.
History of Tryvannstua
Tryvanstua was built in 1931. The cabin is constructed of windfall timber and was constructed unexpectedly after an immense storm in Nordmarka that occurred in November 1930. The storm damaged a radius close to 7000 m3, bringing down 3000 trees. As a result, Tryvannstua was constructed with the purpose of serving food for people travelling in the woods, and that was the beginning of Tryvann vinterpark. Tryvannstua was renovated and expanded in 1965–66. This increased the seating capacity to 175 people, and a fireplace was built for freezing alpinists. The renovation was an initiative mainly because of skiing in the 1966 World Cup.
External links
Tryvann vinterpark - Tryvann Terrengpark (terrain park)
Opening hours for cabins in Nordmarka
Tryvannstårnet
Ski areas and resorts in Norway
Lakes of Oslo
Sport in Oslo |
The is a Japanese family which claims its descent from Fujiwara no Toshihito by way of Katō Kagekado. The family entered Mutsu Province in the 14th century as subordinates of the Ōsaki clan. However, in 1532, they became retainers of the Date clan, and remained so until 1872. In the Sengoku era, the Katakura took part in all the major campaigns of the Date clan. The family's head, Katakura Kagetsuna, became renowned throughout the country, even receiving praise from Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who granted Kagetsuna a fief (thereby bypassing Kagetsuna's status as vassal to Date Masamune).
In the Edo period, the heads of the Katakura clan were hereditary karō in the Sendai Domain. Their personal fief was centered at Shiroishi Castle (modern-day Shiroishi, Miyagi).
Shigenobu Katakura, the current chief priest of Sendai's Aoba Shrine, is a direct descendant of this family.
Head Family
Katakura Kagekatsu
Katakura Kagefusa
Katakura Kagenobu
Katakura Kageharu
Katakura Kagetsune
Katakura Kagetoki
Katakura Kageshige
Katakura Kagesuke
Katakura Kageyuki
Katakura Kagehiro
Katakura Kagemura
Katakura Kageshige
Katakura Kagetsuna
Katakura Shigenaga
Katakura Kagenaga (2nd)
Katakura Muranaga
Katakura Murayasu
Katakura Muranobu
Katakura Murasada
Katakura Murakiyo
Katakura Muratsune
Katakura Kagesada
Katakura Munekage
Katakura Kuninori
Katakura Kagenori
Katakura Kagemitsu
Katakura Kenkichi
Katakura Nobumitsu
Shigenobu Katakura
Others
Katakura Kita (1538-1610) was the half-sister of Katakura Kagetsuna and teacher of Date Masamune and Kagetsuna.
References
"Katakura-shi" on Harimaya.com (9 March 2008)
Family tree of the Katakura clan (9 March 2008)
Japanese clans |
Give Up the Ghost may refer to:
Give Up the Ghost (band), now American Nightmare, a hardcore punk band
Give Up the Ghost (album), by Brandi Carlile, 2009
"Give Up the Ghost", a song by Ariana and the Rose
"Give Up the Ghost", a song by C2C from Tetra
"Give Up the Ghost", a song by Immature from The Journey
"Give Up the Ghost", a song by Radiohead from The King of Limbs
"Give Up the Ghost", a song by Starsailor from Good Souls: The Greatest Hits
"Give Up the Ghost", a song by Switches from Heart Tuned to D.E.A.D.
See also
Giving Up the Ghost (disambiguation) |
"This joyful Eastertide" is an 1894 Easter carol. The words are by George Ratcliffe Woodward, the tune is from the Netherlands (1624), and the 1894 harmonisation is by Charles Wood.
Publication
The original carol was published in 1894 in Carols for Easter and Ascensiontide, a publication put together by Woodward and Wood. They published it subsequently in 1902 in The Cowley Carol Book (second edition) and again in the Cambridge Carol Book of 1910.
The music has been republished many times, often under choral arrangements. It appears in the Carols for Choirs collection under Wood's original arrangement. Some of the arrangements published include that of William Llewellyn published by Oxford University Press, and that of Philip Ledger. More recently, Oxford University Press published the text set to a completely new tune composed by Matthew Owens in 2015 in the form of a choral anthem.
A number of alternative versions exist, including Percy Dearmer's "How great the Harvest is"; "This Joyful Eastertide, What need is there for grieving?" and "How rich, at Eastertide", both by Fred Pratt Green; and in German, "Der schöne Ostertag" (Jurgen Henkys, 1983) and "Die frohe Osterzeit" (Friedrich Hoffmann, 1986).
Tune
Woodward and Wood published "This joyful Eastertide" set to , a Dutch tune published in 1624 in Dirk Rafaelsz Camphuysen's collection of 'Stichtelycke Rymen' where it was attached to the hymn "De liefde Voortgebracht", a scripture paraphrase of 1 Corinthians 13. It also appears as a hymn tune in Joachim Oudaen's 1685 psalter, "David's Psalmen" as a setting for "Hoe groot de vruchten zijn", a paraphrase of 1 Corinthians 15:12-23. In both instances the ascending repeats of the final line of the refrain effectively support the respective central messages of the paraphrased Bible verses. Joseph Butler, an Amsterdam municipal musician of English origin, published a number of variations for the keyboard based on the same tune.
Text
Many versions exist of the three original verses; but in its original form as written by George Ratcliffe Woodward and published in 1894, it is as follows:
Two additional verses were penned by Basilian Father M. Owen Lee:
References
External links
arr. Sir Philip Ledger, sung by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, 2019
arr. Wood, sung by The Gesualdo Six, 2021
Easter hymns
Hymns in The New English Hymnal |
The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me is a 1985 children's book written by Roald Dahl and illustrated by Quentin Blake. The plot follows a young boy named Billy who meets a giraffe, a pelican, and a monkey, who work as window cleaners.
Although the story is narrated in first-person by Billy, the word "Me" in the title refers to the monkey, who concludes every verse of his signature song with the phrase "the giraffe and the pelly and me".
Plot
The story is told from the point of view of Billy, a young boy who has always dreamed of owning a sweet-shop. His ambition is strengthened by the fact that there is an abandoned three-storey building named The Grubber, an old English word for a sweet-shop, near where he lives. One day, he finds that the old building has been renovated and has become the head office for The Ladderless Window-Cleaning Company. Billy then meets its members: a Giraffe with an extendable neck; a Pelican, or "Pelly" as he is called by the others, who has a flexible upper beak; and a singing and dancing Monkey, all of whom he quickly befriends. Having only recently arrived in England, all the animals are finding it hard to acquire the right food to feed themselves. This includes fish for the Pelican, especially his favourite salmon; walnuts for the Monkey; and pink and purple tinkle-tinkle tree flowers for the Giraffe (this is all she can eat, as she happens to be a "Geraneous Giraffe"). Billy and the animals all band together when they receive a letter from the Duke of Hampshire asking them to clean the 677 windows of Hampshire House.
Things go smoothly when they get there until, while cleaning the bedroom windows of Henrietta the Duchess, the Giraffe and the Monkey spot a burglar attempting to steal the Duchess's jewels. The Pelican then flies in and catches the burglar, holding him prisoner in his beak despite the burglar's attempt to shoot his way out with his gun (this makes a hole in the Pelican's beak, but the Duke assures him that the chauffeur can patch it up). Soon the police arrive to arrest the burglar, whom the Chief of Police identifies as the "Cobra", one of the world's most dangerous cat burglars.
As a reward for retrieving the Duchess's jewels, the Duke invites The Ladderless Window-Cleaning Company to live on his estate as his personal helpers. Since he is the owner of the only tinkle-tinkle tree plantation in England, as well as thousands of walnut trees and an enormous salmon river (the River Hamp), all three starving animals have found the answer to their dilemma. Billy's dreams also come true because the Giraffe, Pelican, and Monkey will no longer need the Grubber building; with a little help from the Duke, the Grubber is revived into the most fantastic sweet shop for miles around (among the sweets it sells are Liplickers and Plushnuggets from Norway, one of the “lands of the midnight sun”), and the story ends with Billy running the shop and The Ladderless Window-Cleaning Company continuing their business (and the Pelican's beak having been fixed). Billy gives each of his new friends special gifts: to the Giraffe, a bag of Glumptious Globgobblers, to the Monkey, a bag of Devil’s Drenchers, to the Pelican, a bag of Pishlets, and to the Duke, a bag of Scarlet Scorchdroppers. The Monkey, before leaving with the others, sings a little song to Billy (thus the ending).
Relations to other Roald Dahl books
When Billy reopens The Grubber he chooses to sell sweets made by the Willy Wonka company, which features in Dahl's earlier novels Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator. In Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, a person who sucks rainbow drops can spit in only six different colors; there are seven in The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me. Sometimes the rainbow is said to have seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo (dark blue), and violet (or purple). More often, they are said to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. However, one version of the cover of the book features a person spitting in pink instead of orange.
The Monkey, in both appearance and diet, bears a strong resemblance to Muggle-Wump, a monkey from two of Dahl's earlier books: The Enormous Crocodile and The Twits.
Among the sweets that Billy sells in The Grubber are Fizzwinkles, from China. They are referenced in one of Dahl's earlier novels, The BFG, except there they are spelled "Fizzwinkel".
Editions
(hardcover, 2003)
(hardcover, 1985)
(paperback, 2004)
(paperback, 2004)
(paperback, 1993)
(paperback, 1987)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
1985 British novels
1985 children's books
British children's novels
Children's books about giraffes
Children's books about birds
Fictional pelicans
Children's books about monkeys
Jonathan Cape books
Children's novels about animals |
Saint Curcodomus (died ca. 680) was a Benedictine abbot and saint. He succeeded Saint Humbert at Maroilles Abbey.
References
External links
Curcodomus
French Benedictines
680 deaths
7th-century Frankish saints
Year of birth unknown |
Neeraj Kumar is a former Commissioner of Delhi Police who retired from the Indian Police Service (IPS) on 31 July 2013. Neeraj Kumar belonged to 1976 batch and AGMUT (Arunachal-Goa-Mizoram and Union Territories) cadre and has recently completed his tenure as the Chief Advisor to the BCCI for their Anti Corruption & Security Unit (ACSU).
During his distinguished career of 37 years, Kumar served in Delhi, Arunachal, Mizoram and Goa. He started his career as The Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in the Chanankya Puri sub-division of New Delhi in 1979. On promotion, he served in Arunachal Pradesh as the Superintendent of Police (Bomdila). He was summoned to Delhi in 1982 to be a part of the police arrangements for the Asian Games, for which he received several commendations. Subsequently, during his tenure as Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) Traffic, he introduced several innovations including PrePaid taxi service at the Airport (operational till date), free eye camps for truck drivers, introduction of micro-processor based traffic signals etc. Subsequently, as DCP/South, he cracked the serial crimes being committed by an erstwhile criminal tribe wherein victims were being bludgeoned to death in their sleep and looted there after.
In 1992, as DCP/Crime he unearthed the massive multi crore racket in state run lotteries. In 1993, Kumar was promoted to the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police after which he was on deputation with the Central Bureau of Investigation till 2002. He investigated several cases of terrorism, organized crime, economic crime and corruption. As the Director General (Prisons) he introduced several measures such as "Padho aur Padhao" (First learn yourself and then teach others) and "Sparsh" for the welfare of jail inmates. He retired from office in 2013 from the post of CP, Delhi.
Early life and education
Kumar was born on 4 July 1953 to Shri Bishwanath Sahay and Smt. Pushpa Sahay in the city of Patna, Bihar. He completed his schooling from Sainik School Tilaiya. In 1973, he graduated from St. Stephens College, Delhi and further went on to pursue his post graduation from the same college of the University of Delhi. On completion, he joined the Indian Police Services (IPS)
Indian Police Service Career
Kumar joined the Indian Police Service in 1976 as part of the AGMUT (Arunachal-Goa-Mizoram and other Union Territories) cadre.
First Posting in Delhi
After the completion of his probation, he was first posted as the Assistant Commissioner of Police at Chanakya Puri, New Delhi. He served there for a year from 1979 to 1980.
Arunachal Pradesh
He was then posted as the Superintendent of Police at Bomdila, Arunachal Pradesh for next two years (1980-1982).
Back to Delhi
He was summoned back to Delhi in 1982 for police arrangements to be made for the Asian Games, for which he received several commendations. He was later closely associated with the security arrangements during the Non Aligned Summit 1983, followed by The Commonwealth Heads of Govt. (CHOGM) Meet later that year. From 1982 to 1993 he served in the Delhi Police in various important assignments viz. Dy. Commissioner of Police/Traffic, Dy. Commissioner of Police/South and Dy. Commissioner of Police/Crime etc. His role in handling the 1984 riots as the Additional DCP of Central District was praised by various Commissions of Enquiry appointed by the Government to probe the role of the police during the riots. During his tenure in Traffic Police, he introduced several innovations including the Pre Paid Taxi service at the Airport (operational till date), free eye camp for truck drivers, introduction of micro-processor based traffic signals etc. As DCP/South, he is remembered as a people friendly DCP, who cracked the serial crimes being committed by members of an erstwhile criminal tribe in which citizens were being bludgeoned to death in their sleep, and, thereafter, looted. Ever since then the city has remained free of such crimes. His role in containing the rioters during the Mandal agitation in South Delhi was widely acknowledged and appreciated. As DCP/Crime he cracked the massive multi crore racket in state run lotteries in 1992.
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
Special Task Force (STF)
On promotion to the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police in 1993, he proceeded on deputation to the Central Bureau of Investigation where he served until 2002. In the CBI, he dealt with a wide variety of cases involving terrorism, organized crime, economic offences and corruption. He led the investigations in the serial blasts that rocked Mumbai (then Bombay), which were handed over to the CBI by the Mumbai Police in Dec. 1993. Under his leadership, the Special Task Force (or STF, created in the CBI to investigate the case) arrested seven members of the Memon family and sixteen other absconders. The charge sheets filed, at the time by the CBI led to the conviction of 100 out of the 123 accused in the case. Under his leadership, the STF also cracked the serial train blast cases of 1994. which occurred on the first anniversary of the Babri Masjid demolition in various prestigious trains, and unearthed a terrorist outfit called Ahle Hadees. The trial of the serial train blasts cas ended in life sentence to all the fifteen arrested accused.
Important Cases solved
His tenure in the CBI is also highlighted by the solving of the Meenakshi Amman Temple blast case, the unearthing of the UTI Scam, the arrest and deportation of American Cultural Centre attack mastermind Aftab Ansari from Dubai, the arrest of Abdul Lateef, a notorious underworld don of Gujarat; Romesh Sharma, a Dawood Ibrahim henchman masquerading as a politician based in Delhi; the cracking of the cricket match fixing scandal in 2000. the arrest of Jagtar Singh Tara, the first accused to be nabbed in the assassination of the then Punjab CM Sardar Beant Singh, which led to the unraveling of the entire conspiracy. He has spoken extensively on his work with corruption in cricket as well as other prominent cases in his career as a featured guest on various podcasts such as Dostcast, Bridge India’s Voices, On The Record and The Cārvāka Podcast.
Fight against Terrorism
On repatriation to the Delhi Police in February 2002 he was posted as Joint Commissioner of Police / Special Cell, responsible for tackling terrorism. During this tenure, he conducted several counter terror operations, many of which led to the neutralization of notorious Pakistani terrorists in Delhi. These included the encounters at Ansal Plaza, Tughlaqabad Fort, Deenpur Village in Najafgarh, Millennium Park and Lotus Temple. Thereafter, he was posted as Inspector General of Police / Mizoram. On promotion he was posted as Director General of Police, Goa, where he launched a sustained campaign against illegal immigrants, drug mafia and the Russian mafia indulging in land grabbing, human trafficking etc. He masterminded the arrest of Tariq Ahmed Batlo, a Pakistan trained Kashmiri terrorist, who was tasked with an assignment to cause Bali like bombings in Goa. Serious terror incidents were prevented in the holiday haven as a result of this arrest. On his return to Delhi Police on transfer, as Special Commissioner of Police, he was responsible for the entire planning and execution of the police and security arrangements for the Commonwealth Games 2010, which have been widely appreciated. As Director General (Prisons) where, besides toning up the jail administration, he introduced several innovative measures like a literacy programme called "Padho aur Padhao", in collaboration with the National Literacy Mission Authority, which brought down illiteracy amongst jail inmates substantially; campus placement for reformed prisoners in which nearly four hundred inmates given jobs. He also started a semi-open jail in Delhi. His initiative "Sparsh", was a scheme for the welfare of nearly 2,500 inmates who did not get any visitors from their homes or friends. On 30 June 2012 he was appointed as the Commissioner of Police, Delhi. During his tenure as the CP, Kumar and his police force exposed the scam of spot fixing in the sixth edition of the Indian Premier League (IPL 6) of cricket.
His first book ‘Dial D for Don’ published by Penguin Random House in 2015 is a runaway hit and figures on several bestseller lists. Kumar has recounted in the book the stories of eleven police operations that he conducted in the CBI. The book has received raving reviews from several quarters.
His second book 'Khakhi Files' published by Penguin Random House in 2019 has details of 9 other investigations conducted by him. Season one of 'Delhi Crime' a popular crime series on Netflix is based on chapter 'Night of shame' from the book. Season two of Delhi Crime is based on another chapter 'Moon Gazer' from the same book.
Awards and Recognitions
Kumar has undertaken various foreign assignments and training session as part of the Delhi Police. He went to Tokyo (Japan) for three weeks in 1985 for a training programme on Traffic Police Management and attended a course on Post Blast Investigations organized by the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI at Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 1997.
He represented India at the UN Convention on Trans-national Organized Crime in Vienna, Austria. He also represented India at Vienna during deliberations of United Nations Manual on Kidnapping & Extortion, 2014. He was handpicked to be the Conference Secretary when the World Interpol Conference took place in New Delhi in October 2007. He has visited U.S.A., U.K, Germany, Australia, Israel, France, Japan, U.A.E, and various other countries for conferences, investigations and training programmes. In February, 2012 he was invited by the U.K. Government to share his experiences of organizing the security arrangements during Commonwealth Games 2010 for the benefit of the U.K. Police.
He was decorated with the President's Police Medal in 1992 and President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service in 1999 and has also been felicitated by Luton Cricket Club, United Kingdom for "making cricket a better arena to play in" in 2013.
References
External links
IPS Neeraj Kumar Facebook
1953 births
Living people
Indian police chiefs
Commissioners of Delhi Police |
S&T Motiv K12 is a 7.62×51mm NATO machine gun manufactured by S&T Daewoo to replace M60 machine gun for Republic of Korea Armed Forces. The XK12 was first shown to the public in 2009, during the Seoul ADEX International Aerospace and Defense Exhibition.
History
During the Vietnam War, considerable numbers of South Korean military personnel were deployed to the country in support of the United States military. The U.S. supplied South Korean troops with M60 machine guns, which were quickly adopted and then manufactured under license by Daewoo Precision Industry (now SNT Motiv). From 1970 to 1990, the M60 was South Korea's universal machine gun, being used by infantry and mounted on vehicles and helicopters. Because the Republic of Korea armed forces was heavily influenced by American military doctrine, when the U.S. Army adopted the M249 squad automatic weapon in the 1980s, the South Korean Army and Marine Corps followed suit and introduced the K3 light machine gun, a "Koreanized" version of the FN Minimi, for squad use. During the 2000s when aging M60s first needed replacement, platoon-level machine guns were replaced by K3s which removed the medium machine gun from infantry, a departure from U.S. doctrine which uses medium machine guns for platoon-level fire support. The M60 remained in use on vehicles and aircraft, but even some Korean-made armored vehicles were armed only with K3s.
Since the K3 was in production while M60 assembly lines had long been closed, it seemed obvious to the ROK military to replace the M60 with it. However, due to the short range and limited power of the 5.56 NATO round, South Korean tanks, armored cars, and helicopters retained their M60 variants firing 7.62 NATO ammunition. Most M60s were still working relatively well and the military did not want to spend money to find a replacement machine gun, choosing to use their budget to focus on more expensive and high-value assets. The search for a new medium machine gun finally gathered momentum in 2006 when the ROK Army began the development of the Korean Utility Helicopter, a domestic medium utility helicopter. The new helicopter created a requirement for new machine guns for them, as both the UH-1H Hueys and the M60s they mounted remained from the Vietnam War. Army leaders initially wanted to buy from foreign vendors, especially the FN Herstal M240H, but others in the Army and S&T Motiv used the opportunity to develop an indigenous 7.62 mm machine gun.
S&T Motiv began development under the name XK12 in July 2010. By the time gun prototypes began to be mounted and tested on KUH helicopter prototypes, they had already fired 300,000 rounds without any serious problems. In 2012, the XK12 was adopted as the K12 light machine gun as the standard armament of the KUH. At first, the K12 was only in use for the 300 planned helicopters, but there was potential to expand its use. The ROK Army has 2,300 tanks each usually having two M60 guns, and a similar number of other vehicles armed with one M60. Furthermore, U.S. experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan have soldiers desiring medium machine guns to return to infantry outfits. Large orders may later open up export markets. In October 2020, the ROK armed forces declared the K12 to be the standard 7.62 mm machine gun in the South Korean Armed Forces and that it would be delivered to infantry units of the South Korean Army to replace the M60D in vehicle and aircraft-mounted roles.
Design
The K12 is based on the K3's design, layout, and function using a gas piston and rotating bolt. It is fed through a STANAG M13 disintegrating belt link and cannot accept a magazine. The cross-bolt type safety is the same as K3/Minimi, and the receiver is made from steel press with an aluminum alloy feed cover. Although similar in design, the receiver and other important parts are enlarged to accommodate the larger round.
The K12 is somewhat heavy for the gun class at , mainly because it has pistol grip, spade grip, and metal sliding stock all in one gun for the purpose of being quickly converted into a ground-fire machine gun by a dismounted operator; the spade grip can be removed by taking out two pins, removing the grip, and unfolding the stock which is similar in design to the FN Minimi's Para version. Standard machine gun features are included like a folding (K3-style) bipod, quick change barrel, gas regulator, and (M240H-style) flash suppressor. It also has a folding ring sight for firing on helicopters with a folding ladder type sight for more accurate aiming.
The sight is attached on a MIL-STD 1913 rail, which is also on the feed cover and both sides of the handguard. No laser or optical sight has yet been selected for use on the K12, but some kind of electro-optical accessories are expected in the near future.
In 2015, S&T Motiv unveiled the XK-12C1, a coaxial machine gun version of the K12 with a heavier barrel and solenoid trigger. It is designed to fill the role of the M60C coaxial gun mounted on many vehicles, as they are nearing their operational age limit and will soon need replacement.
Users
: Acquired by Philippine National Police in 2018 for the Special Action Force.
Potential Users
: Indian Army representatives visited S&T Motiv to potentially consider purchasing the K-12 in 2019.
References
External links
S&T Motiv Homepage
7.62×51mm NATO machine guns
General-purpose machine guns
Machine guns of South Korea
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s |
The Buchan Caves are a group of limestone caves that include the Royal Cave and the Fairy Cave, located south-west of , in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria. They have a total length of between , and six entrances.
The Buchan Cave Reserve has been transferred back to the Gunaikurnai Nation and is jointly managed with the state.
The limestone rock at Buchan was laid down during the Devonian period about 300 – 400 million years ago. At the time, the sea covered this area of East Gippsland which was alive with shellfish and coral. Their remains were deposited in layers and over the years compacted to form limestone. The caves were formed by solution of the limestone.
The Buchan Caves are located approximately east northeast (or six hours' drive) from Melbourne, along the Princes Highway, north of Lakes Entrance. Other caves nearby include Cloggs Cave and New Guinea II cave.
Tourism
The caves are a major tourist attraction for Buchan and for East Gippsland. Daily tours are conducted in Royal Cave and Fairy Cave. Royal Cave features calcite-rimmed pools and in Fairy Cave features elaborate stalactites and stalagmites. Both caves are lit, have walkways and have a constant temperature of making it a comfortable temperature all year round.
The Buchan Caves are situated within the Buchan Caves Reserve. There is access to short and long walks in the surrounding bushland and the nearby Snowy River National Park. The area is surrounded by trees and wildlife, including over 60 species of birds including bellbirds and lyrebirds. Amenities include campsites and cabins, picnic ground, playground and an information centre.
History
Aboriginal history
The traditional and current custodians of the Buchan Caves and its surrounds are the Australian Aboriginal Gunaikurnai Nation.
European history
Buchan Caves were first identified and described for colonial settlers, when in 1840. Stewart Ryrie, Junior, accompanied by an Aboriginal guide and three soldiers, came across caves, in the course of a survey of the area. He entered one of the caves, on 7 April 1840, possibly the one known as 'the Garage'. In January 1861, the Austrian-born artist Johann Joseph Eugen von Guerard, visited the caves and made a pencil sketch of the interior of a cave.
The caves were accidentally made a reserve in 1887, as they were on land set aside for stock camping. The government commissioned an exploration of the land and, on the recommendation of the geologist Albert Ernest Kitson, reserved the area to protect the caves (for geological and limited recreational use).
In 1907, Frank Moon reported back about the Fairy Cave which was then opened to the public later that year. Royal Cave was mapped in 1910 by Frederick Wilson and after an entrance tunnel was excavated, it was opened to visitors in 1913. The Caves Reserve was set out and planted mostly in the late 1930s.
The site is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and is included a Heritage Overlay.
References
External links
Gippsland’s official tourism website
The Buchan Caves Area (geology)
Media at Wikimedia Commons under Category: Buchan Caves Reserve
Tourist attractions in Victoria (state)
Show caves in Australia
Caves of Victoria (state)
Victorian Heritage Register
Shire of East Gippsland |
E71 can refer to:
King's Indian Defense, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
Nokia E71
European route E71
BMW E-71
Kansai-Kūkō Expressway (includes Sky Gate Bridge R), route E71 in Japan |
Chimney is a brick sculpture which contains multiple architectural and sculptural elements, and is part of a larger, more open plaza designed for children. It is located outside the lobby atrium of the Riley Hospital for Children.
Description
In many ways this object resembles a chimney, however at the same time it functions as a pavilion. The four limestone arches and corresponding columns at the base hold up a red brick column that incrementally widens near the top; the entire height of the sculpture is approximately 25 feet tall. Once inside the object, it is clear that the chimney is open. It is not clear if the elements comprising the object were recycled or fabricated specifically for this piece.
The exterior of the object is primarily a brick—red brick, while the interior is a cream-colored brick.
On the front and rear sides of the chimney, there is a small stone sculpture of the face a child (cherub).
The front and rear arches are approximately five feet tall from the center to the base, and approximately five feet wide. The side arches are smaller, about five feet tall and four feet across. Each side column is five and a half feet tall from capital to pedestal and 18 inches wide. The widest dimension of the object is approximately eleven feet.
Information
Chimney was part of a Riley Hospital for Children construction project, which was completed about 1987. In 1983, when the Indiana University Trustees approved the construction, the cost of the entire Riley project was estimated at $55 million, although when it was completed, another source reports that it cost $56.5 million. The project, which included the addition of a four-story wing, also created a “spacious outdoor plaza where the children can eat lunch, play or take part in activities away from normal hospital surroundings.”
The architects of Chimney, Ellerbe Associates chose to use red bricks in its construction in order to “’capture the charm’ of the past.” These red bricks also are used in other nearby structures in the plaza, and match the building around them. Further, Ellerbe Associates, created the Chimney’s plaza to be “an abstraction of a house.”
Artist
Although several companies were involved in the entire Riley construction project, Ellerbe Associates was the principal designer for Chimney. This Minnesota-based firm has since merged with Welton Becket & Associates to become Ellerbe Becket. Other Ellerbe projects include the Mayo Clinic Diagnostic Building in Rochester, Minnesota, which included “gardens, fountains and sculpture…”
References
1986 sculptures
Brick sculptures
Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis Public Art Collection
Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis |
The Rauwolf Lute was made by Sixtus Rauwolf in Augsburg, German. Rauwolf was active as a lutemaker there from 1577 until ca.1625. The lute now known as the "Rauwolf Lute" is estimated to have been made in 1590. Only six surviving lutes made by Rauwolf are known, all having been altered over the years to satisfy changing musical tastes, such as a new neck installed on this one in 1715 by Leonard Mausiel, Nuremberg. The lute has "a very attractive and finely varnished maple back, and soundboard with many original bars, made by Sixtus Rauwolf".
The lute's owner, lutenist Jakob Lindberg, describes the instrument: "My lute... would originally have been probably a 7 or 8-course lute. There is also inside the lute a label of Leonhard Mausiel of Nüremberg dated 1715 and undoubtedly this was the time when the lute was given its new neck and "updated" into an 11-course lute...This "renaissance" lute therefore has been restored to its latest playable condition as an 11-course "baroque" lute, although it can also be strung as a 10-course lute in "renaissance" tuning."
The instrument was reconstructed and repaired recently. The goal of the reconstruction of this lute was to "achieve a conceivable historical correctness." The process involved studying other lutes made by Rauwolf. The reconstruction was done by Stephen Gottlieb, the lutemaker Michael Lowe, and the violin maker David Munro. The reconstruction process has been documented in detail.
The Rauwolf Lute has become known more widely known by Jakob Lindberg's recordings playing the instrument, e.g. Bach on the Rauwolf Lute, 2021, Catalogue No: BIS2552.
References
External links
Photo of Rauwolf Lute with Jakob Lindberg
Photos of the Rauwolf Lute being reconstructed
Photo of Lindberg playing the Rauwolf Lute
Lutes
Individual string instruments |
AS Sporveisbussene is a bus company that operates about 75% of the routes in Oslo, Norway. The company was created in 1997 when the then Oslo Sporveier was reorganised. It is now a subsidiary of Kollektivtransportproduksjon, a municipal company responsible for operating public transport in Oslo. In 2003 the Oslo City Council decided that bus transport in Oslo was to be based on public service obligation contracts, and Sporveisbussene has steadily lost its routes to these contracts. Instead, Sporveisbussene has established a subsidiary, Nexus Trafikk, that can compete in the competitions, and has won many of them. The company also operates the express coaches branded Lavprisekspressen.
Fleet
Between them the two companies operate 413 buses, have 977 employees and have the headquarters at Alnabru in Oslo. As of 2005 the bus fleet consisted of:
72 MAN NG313 (articulated bus)
40 MAN NL263
11 MAN NL353
5 MAN midi buses
40 Mercedes-Benz Citaro (articulated bus)
64 Mercedes single buses
9 Mercedes-Benz Citaro (boggi bus)
8 Mercedes-Benz O520 Cito (service bus)
26 Scania single buses
22 Scania boggi buses
13 Volvo articulated buses
9 Volvo single buses
History
By the 1920s, the Oslo Tramway had grown to a series of lines spanning from the city center to new neighborhoods. While this allowed excellent transport from the city center to the residential areas, it did not permit easy transport between the neighborhoods. This gave rooms for bus transport, as a supplement to the tramway. On 13 November 1927, Oslo Sporveier, who operated the city trams, started Line 18 between Alexander Kiellands plass and Loelvdalen. The route ran every ten minutes, and the tickets cost NOK 0.25. The company had bought ten buses from Strømmens Værksted, each with room for 23 seated and 17 standing passengers. They had Hall Scott gasoline engines with a power output of , and stationed at Vålerenga Depot. Five buses were needed to operate the route.
The next route was Line 19, which opened on 3 January 1928. It ran from Lille Tøyen Hageby to Grønlands torg. After a week, the line was further extended to Storgata, which was served by the tramway, thus allowing passengers to transfer. Most of the route ran parallel to the Kampen Line of the tramway, and the route was as such not diagonal. The first circular route was Line 20, which opened between Majorstuen and Carl Berners plass on 15 May 1928. From June, the route was extended from Majorstuen to Tordenskiolds plass via Neuberggata, Tidemandsgate, Magnus Bergs gate, Thomas Heftyes gate, Bygdøy allé, Drammensveien and Karl Johans gate. Line 21 opened on 25 June, running from Dælenengate and Colbjørsens gate to Waldemar Thranes gate, Bislett and Josefines gate. The new routes required 18 more similar buses from Strømmens Værksted.
In 1928, the company bought a trial bus from the United States, which had a capacity for 80 passengers. Oslo Sporveier followed up with a serial delivery of ten units which were slightly smaller and had a capacity of 60 passengers. To get the weight down to the maximum permitted , the body was built in aluminum. They had a six-cylinder engine with a power output of . An additional twenty buses were delivered in 1931, with five of the buses equipped with two engines. The new buses also had separate entry and exit doors. Another twenty buses were delivered in 1932. Line 22 was established in October 1929 between Sagene and Oslo East Station, and Line 23 from Torshov via Sagene to Majorstuen. The latter ran partially parallel to Line 20.
On 18 January 1931, the Bus Ring was established as an extension of Line 20 in both directions, so it ran from Frogner via Majorstuen, Sagene, Torshov, Rodeløkka, Grünerløkka, Kampen to Tøyen. In January 1934, Oslo Sporveier started building their own bus in cooperation with Strømmen. It featured hydraulic transmission, it lacked gears and a clutch, and had the motor under the floor. Being built out of aluminum, it weighed , allowing reduced fuel and rubber consumption. Christened Flodhest (meaning hippopotamus), 70 units were serial produced from 1936 to 1939, and remained in service until 1958.
In 1931, the company sent an application for concession to operate a trolleybus from the city limited on Trondheimsveien to Grorud. The route, Line 30, was being operated by Ingeniør M. O. Schøyens Bilcentraler. Oslo Sporveier argued that a trolleybus would give better service, but the application was rejected, as it was sufficient improvement to terminate Schøyen Bilcentraler's concession. Later the plans were changed to the route would terminate at Majorstuen, and then at Skøyen. In 1937, a new application was sent to establish a trolleybus route, this time because of the shortage in fuel. From 1939, Oslo Sporveier was given a 60& rationing on gasoline.
In 1939, a Flodhest was built as a trolleybus and sent to Drammen for operation on their trolleybus network. It returned to Oslo and was put into service on a new trolleybus route, Line 17 from Rodeløkka to Nordre Åsen, from 15 December 1940. The route was long and cost NOK 0.05. It remained in use until 21 August 1944 and ran using the single bus. On 5 December 1943, Line 21, from Carl Berners plass to Skillebekk, was opened as a trolleybus, with 11 buses being used on the route. From 1944, it was the only bus route being run by Oslo Sporveier. The same year, the Norwegian resistance blew up the garage at Bjølsen, which was being used to manufacture part to German Messerschmidt ME-109 aircraft.
From 1947 to 1949, Oslo Sporveier took deliver of 50 trolleybuses, with electrical equipment from Vickers, which could take 75 passengers. New trolleybus routes were also established. These included Line 20 from Galgeberg to Majorstuen, and Line 23 from Bjølsen to Linnassgate, both from 17 January 1949. From 11 June 1950, the latter became part of a new Line 18, from Bjølsen to Ekeberg Hageby. The final trolleybus route was Line 24, from Tåsen to Kirkegaten, which opened on 20 February 1955.
In 1948, Oslo Sporveier took over the bus routes operated by Wicktor Ruud to Riskløkka and Økernbråten. In 1947 and 1948, Oslo Sporveier took delivery of twenty Scania-Vabis B 22 buses, with capacity for 70 passengers, and in 1948 and 1948 fourteen diesel buses built by Hønefoss Karosserifabrikk (Høka) on Leyland chassis were delivered. A further thirty Leyland-buses built by Strømmen were delivered from 1949 to 1951. From 1 February 1953, Oslo Sporveier took over the bus services operated by Ekebergbanen. The following year, Line 23 was established along Ring 3.
Delivery of the first fifteen Leyland Worldmaster took place in 1956, and with later deliveries they would dominate the fleet until 1968. In 1960, the city council decided to gradually close the tramway. The first two lines, the Kampen Line and the Vippetangen Line, were both closed the same year, and the two routes established by Line 29, from Kampen via the East Station to Studenterlunden, and Line 27 from Nydalen via Vippetangen to Skillebekk. In June 1962, the tram connection between the Sinsen Line and the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line was closed. On 24 June 1962, Line 24 was converted from trolleybus to diesel bus, and on 24 June 1963 the same happened with Line 18. On 17 October 1966, Sagene Ring of the tramway was closed and replaced by Line 17 from Sagene to the East Station. On 17 October 1966, the last trolleybus ran on Line 21, which was also taken over by diesel buses.
On 12 September 1966, Line 0, the Center Ring, started running as a circle through the city center. It ran every six minutes both east and west from Grønlands torg. Month passes were not valid on the route, and the line had 3,000 daily passengers. It was terminated from 18 June 1967. The route was served using Büssing Senator 12 and Leyland Panther. From 23 June 1968, the Vålerenga Line was closed and replaced by Line 17, which was extended from the East Station to Vålerenga. From 29 October 1967, the route was extended to Helsfyr, when the part of the Lambertseter Line was converted to metro. The last trolleybus service, one Line 20, ran on 23 June 1968.
All lines, except Line 20, had the conductor removed from 30 March 1968. The preamble was the delivery of Senator 12 buses from Büssing, which started in 1964. In addition, the company took delivery of Leyland Panther buses. The two models had been bought to compare them, and Büssing was preferred. Later orders included the Büssing Präfekt 12 and 13D and had a power output of . Until 1978, Oslo Sporveier almost exclusively order Büssing buses, with the exception of six Scania CR 110 M in 1972, twenty-five Scania CR 111 M in 1974, and nineteen MAN SL 200 in 1972 and 1973, and a further twenty-five in 1976.
In November 1977, Oslo Sporveier bought De Blå Omnibusser and its 24 buses, which was based at Alnabru. In 1978, after pressure from Norwegian manufacturers through the press, Oslo Sporveier bought its first Norwegian-built busses, six Volvo B59 in 1978, built at Vestfold Bil- og Karosserifabrikk (VKB), and following year seven Volvo B10M buses. In 1980, the company tested several articulated buses, and chose ten VBK-built Volvo B10M buses with delivery in June and July 1981. They were put into service on Line 20. From 1982, Grefsen Depot was no longer used for buses, and became a depot solely for trams. In 1983, VKB filed for bankruptcy, and Oslo Sporveier started buying their buses from Arna Bruk Karosseriffabrikk, who delivered the first series of nine articulated B10M buses that year. By 1985, Arna had delivered another ten articulated buses and thirteen non-articulated buses, the latter based on Volvo B10R. The same year, Oslo Sporveier also took delivery of ten MAN SL200s.
Starting on 21 November 1986, Oslo Sporveier introduced night buses. They ran from Strotinget and Jernbanetorget, and consisted of four routes, one westwards, one northwards, one eastwards and one southwards. Each service ran once an hour in each direction, with clockwise and counter-clockwise routes running every half-hour. Month passes were not valid, the bus cost NOK and ran with departures from 01:30 04:00. The service required nine buses and gave 420 passengers on Fridays and 830 on Saturdays. On 7 March 1987, Stortinget Station of the Oslo Metro opened, and many of the bus routes were moved. A new Line 25 was created, from Majorstuen to Stovner. From 27 March, a circle bus route was established from Tveita Station on the Furuset Line of the metro, along Sigrud Undsets vei.
From March 1991, Oslo Sporveier took into use four propane-fueled buses from Arna. One 5 July, the first routes in Oslo were taken over by public service obligation contracts. The first were Line 36 from Maridalen via Kjelsås to Torshov, and Line 56 from Solemskogen and Grefsenkollen to Torshov. Both were operated with mini buses by Oslo Taxi. From 10 October 1991, the bus division started a service line for the elderly and disabled in the areas Haugerud, Tveita Oppsal, Bøler, Bogerud and Skullerud. From 7 July 1992, Oslo Sporveier received two Ontario Orion II25 buses for these routes, which had experienced a 90% load factor. Additional service routes were established on 1 December 1992 and on 10 May 1993. The same year, the company received its first low-floor buses.
References
Bibliography
Companies based in Oslo
Oslo Sporveier
Transport companies established in 1997
1997 establishments in Norway
Bus companies of Oslo
no:Sporveisbussene |
Easter bombing may refer to:
April 2012 Kaduna bombings, 8 April 2012, Easter Sunday
2016 Lahore suicide bombing, 27 March 2016, Easter Sunday
2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings, 21 April 2019, Easter Sunday
Terrorist incidents |
The meridian 176° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 176th meridian west forms a great circle with the 4th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 176th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" width="120" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Chukchi Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Herald Island, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — Chukchi Peninsula
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Bering Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Alaska — Great Sitkin Island, Umak Island and Little Tanaga Island
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of Wallis Island, (at ) Passing just west of Niuafo'ou Island, (at ) Passing just east of 'Ata Island, (at ) Passing just east of Chatham Island, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Star Keys/Motuhope islands
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of Pitt Island, (at )
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Ross Dependency, claimed by
|-
|}
See also
175th meridian west
177th meridian west
w176 meridian west |
The 2013 African U-17 Championship was a football competition organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The tournament took place in Morocco from 13 to 27 April. The top four teams qualified for the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup.
Qualification
The qualifiers began on 7 September 2012 with the preliminary matches taking place, while the final round matches were played on 2 December 2012. At the end of the qualification, seven teams joined the hosts, Morocco.
Qualified teams
(Hosts)
Venues
Draw
The draw for the tournament was held on 9 December 2012 in Cairo, Egypt.
Match officials
Referees
Redouane Jiyed
Med Said Kordi
Davies Ogenche Omweno
Wiish Hagi Yabarow
Samuel Chirindza
Mahamadou Keita
Ali Mohamed Adelaid
Joshua Bondo
Achille Madila
Rainhold Shikongo
Maguette Ndiaye
Juste Ephrem Zio
Assistant referees
Bouazza Rouani
Eldrick Adelaide
Sidiki Sidibe
Mark Ssonko
Jerson Emiliano Dos Santos
Mothibidi Stevens Khumalo
Marius Donatien Tan
Abderahmane Warr
Babadjide Bienvenu Dina
Yahaya Mahamadou
Arsénio Chadreque Marengula
Kindie Mussie
Elvis Guy Noupue Nguegoue
Seydou Tiama
Squads
MRI controversy
All players in the competition went through a mandatory MRI test which investigates bony fusion of the left distal radius (wrist). Several players were considered to be over-age by CAF and they were not eligible for the competition. The tests took place on 12 April, one day before the competition began leaving no time for a replacement players to be found. Ivory Coast, Congo and Nigeria each had three players found to be ineligible.
CAF released the names of the players who were found to be over-age:
Côte d'Ivoire
Willy Britto Dagou (DF)
Abdoul Diarrassouba (DF)
Sidiki Dembele (MF)
Nigeria
Wilfred Onyinye Ndidi (DF)
Ibrahim Abdullahi (DF)
Emmanuel Asadu (FW)
Congo
Charlevy Mabiala (MF)
Hardy Binguila (MF)
Bermagin Kangou (FW)
Group stage
Each group winner and runner-up advanced to the semi-finals.
Tiebreakers
Greater number of points obtained in the matches between the concerned teams
Best goal difference resulting from the matches between the concerned teams
Greatest number of goals scored in the matches between the concerned teams
Goal difference in all group matches
Greatest number of goals scored in all group matches
Fair Play point system in which the number of yellow and red cards are evaluated
Drawing of lots by CAF Organising Committee
All times are (UTC±0)
Group A
Group B
Knock-out stage
Semi-finals
Third place match
Final
Winners
Goalscorers
7 goals
Success Isaac
5 goals
Kelechi Iheanacho
4 goals
Firas Belarbi
Younes Bnou Marzouk
Hazem Haj Hassen
3 goals
Yahaya Umar
Hamza Sakhi
Mac Leod Eyamba
2 goals
Kevine Bouanga Owane
Yaw Yeboah
Junior Landry
1 goal
Orebonye Tumisang
Bersyl Ngatsongo Obassi
Kader Bidimbou
Guy Bedi
Prince Izu Omego
Nabil Jaadi
Ifeanyi Matthew
Kabelano Mooketsane
Walid Sabar
Bernard Bulbwa
Moez Abboud
Mohamed El Boauzzati
Chris Bile Bedia
Own goal
Wilnod Allogho (against Tunisia)
Yasser Sellimi (against Gabon)
References
External links
Official website
U-17
2013
2012–13 in Moroccan football
2013
2012–13 in Tunisian football
2012–13 in Ghanaian football
2013 in youth association football |
```javascript
Hoisting
Functions can be declared after use
`.bind()`
Easily generate a random `HEX` color
Move cursor at the end of text input
``` |
Terminal illness insurance (known as accelerated death benefit in North America) pays out a capital sum if the policyholder is diagnosed with a terminal illness from which the policyholder is expected to die within 12 months of diagnosis by a physician who specialises in that illness or condition.
It is a form of insurance that is often added to a life insurance policy or a mortgage life insurance policy by the insurance company issuing the policy. Terminal Illness Insurance is not available as a separate insurance policy.
If a life insurance policyholder also has terminal illness insurance, then he/she has the benefit of knowing that if he/she is diagnosed with a serious illness and is expected to die within 12 months of diagnosis, then the combined policy will pay out straight away rather than waiting for the policyholder to die (as would happen if the policyholder did not have terminal illness insurance).
It should not be confused with critical illness insurance. The two forms of insurance are very different.
See also
Family income benefit insurance
Health insurance
Types of insurance |
Yetkin Dikinciler (born 15 August 1969) is a Turkish actor.
Biography
Yetkin Dikinciler graduated in theatre from the State Conservatory of Mimar Sinan University.
He was awarded "Best Actor" for his role as Nazım Hikmet in Mavi Gözlü Dev at the 19th Ankara Film Festival, 13th ÇASOD Awards and 13th Sadri Alışık Awards.
Filmography
Hot Skull (2022)
Barbaroslar: Akdeniz'in Kılıcı (2021) – İshak Reis
Yeşilçam (2021) – Reha
Menajerimi Ara (2020) – Himself
Merhaba Güzel Vatanım (Batı İstanbul Vakfı) (2019)
Cep Herkülü: Naim Süleymanoğlu (Dijital Yapım Evi) (2019)
Bahtiyar Ölmez (2017-2018) – Rıfat Çakar/Bahtiyar Ölmez
Her Şey Mümkün (2017) – İbrahim/Selim
Nadide Hayat (2015) – Kaptan Yusuf
Kızım İçin (2013) – Tuncer
Muhteşem Yüzyıl (2014) – Kara Ahmed Pasha
Umut Üzümleri (Rönesans Film) (2013) – Ozan
Merhaba Hayat (2012) – Sinan
Çıplak Gerçek (2012)
Bizim Yenge (2011) – Adem
Umut Yolcuları (2010) – Mehmet Müdür
Aile Saadeti (2009) – Selim Pasha
Usta : Bahadır Karataş (2008) – Doğan
Kara İnci (2007) – Semih
Mavi Gözlü Dev : Biket İlhan – (2007) – Nâzım Hikmet
Ulak : Çağan Irmak – (2007) – Adem
Eşref Saati : Zeynep Günay Tan – (2007) – Sarı Eşref
Kabuslar Evi: "Son Dans" : Çağan Irmak – (2006) – Selim
Sis ve Gece : Turgut Yasalar – (2006) – Fahri
Gözyaşı Çetesi : (2006) – Cevahir
Babam ve Oğlum : Çağan Irmak – (2005) – Salim
Misi (2005) – Onur
Radyo Tantana (2005) – Kenan
The Net 2.0 : (2005) – Banka Müdürü
Kırık Kanatlar (2005) – guest appearance
Gülizar (2004) – İsmail
Üç Kişilik Aşk (2004) – Cem
Avrupa Yakası : Hakan Algül – (2004) – guest appearance
Seni Yaşatacağım : (2003) – Reşat
Leoparın Kuyruğu : Turgut Yasalar – (1998) – Serdar
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
Male actors from Istanbul
Turkish male film actors
Turkish male television actors
Turkish male stage actors
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University alumni |
Buckleboo is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia on the Eyre Peninsula located
about northwest of the state capital of Adelaide and about northwest of the municipal seat of Kimba.
Buckleboo began as a government town, surveyed in November 1924 and proclaimed on 17 December 1925 by Tom Bridges, the Governor of South Australia. It was named after the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Buckleboo. On 27 July 1989, the extent of the government town was reduced by the removal of land north-west of Myrtle Street. Boundaries for the locality were created in 1999, and included the government town of Buckleboo and the former government town of Moongi. In 2013, a parcel of land was removed from the adjoining locality of Pinkawillinie and added to Buckleboo to ensure that the area once covered by the Buckleboo Pastoral Run was within the locality.
Until 2005, Buckleboo was the railhead for one branch of the Eyre Peninsula Railway, a narrow gauge railway which principally hauled grain via Kimba and Cummins to Port Lincoln for export. The silos at the former railway station and the few remaining buildings are surrounded by the Buckleboo Conservation Reserve, proclaimed in 1990.
The locality also includes the Moongi Conservation Reserve further along the railway survey, beyond where tracks were ever laid. Moongi also had a school and a Methodist Hall which opened in 1932.
The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that the locality of Buckleboo had 48 people living within its boundaries.
Buckleboo is home to 'Buckleboo Park' which consists of six tennis courts and an oval for Australian rules football and cricket.
Buckleboo is located in the federal division of Grey, and the state electoral district of Flinders. The southern part of the locality is located in the local government area of the District Council of Kimba while the northern part is in the Pastoral Unincorporated Area.
See also
Kimba, South Australia#Soils and geomorphology
Kimba, South Australia#Climate data and extremes
References
External links
Manning Collection
Towns in South Australia
Eyre Peninsula
Places in the unincorporated areas of South Australia |
Seung Mei Yan Gaan (賞味人間; Appreciate The Taste Of Life) is rock/pop-singer Candy Lo's 6th studio album. It was released on 7 July 2002. For this album Candy Lo worked together with Hong Kong producer Kubert Leung (梁翹柏) with whom she had worked on previous albums, such as Fantasy.
There are two editions of this album. The first has only one disc and a VCD with the music videos for three of the album's songs. The second edition contains an extra disc with four different versions of "Break-Up With Good Intentions" (好心分手) of which the first track is a duet version featuring Leehom Wang (王力宏). The other three are remixes of the original solo version. The second edition also comes with a VCD. This one is different from the one with the first edition because it has an extra music video, the version of "Break-Up With Good Intentions" featuring Leehom Wang.
Track listing
Rough translations of song titles in brackets.
Disc 1
"好心分手" Hou2 Sam1 Fan1 Sau2 (Break-Up With Good Intentions)
"很想當媽媽" Han2 Seung2 Dong1 Ma1 Ma1 (Longing To Become A Mother)
"大細路" Daai6 Sai3 Lou6 (Big Children)
"夠膽戀愛" Gau3 Daam2 Lyun5 Oi3 (Courage To Love)
"天蠍號" Tin1 Hit3 Hou6 (Scorpio Symbol)
"亂世佳人" Lyun6 Sai3 Gaai1 Yan4 (Gone With The Wind)
"大人國漫遊" Daai6 Yan4 Gwok3 Maan6 Yau4 (Roaming The Adult World)
"半日假期" Bun3 Yat6 Ga3 Kei4 (Half-Day Vacation)
"自學青年" Ji6 Hok6 Ching1 Nin4 (Self-Learnt Youth)
"天下" Tin1 Ha6 (The World)
"藥師佛心咒" Yeuk6 Si1 Fat6 Sam1 Jau3 (Pharmacist Benevolence Incantation)
"至少走得比你早" Zhì Shǎo Zǒu Dé Bǐ Nǐ Zǎo (At Least I Leave Earlier Than You)
Disc 2
"好心分手" Featuring Leehom Wang (王力宏)
"好心分手" 別戀版 Bit6 Lyun2 Baan2 (Do Not Love Edition) 口琴伴奏 Hau2 Kam4 Bun6 Jau3 (Harmonica Accompaniment)
"好心分手" 亢奮版 Gong1 Fan5 Baan2 (Stimulated Edition) 44BD Mix bpm 150
"好心分手" Drum & Bass 揼心版 Dam2 Sam1 Baan2 (Regret Edition) 165 GTA Mix
VCD
"好心分手"
"好心分手" Featuring Leehom Wang (王力宏)
"很想當媽媽"
"自學青年"
Candy Lo albums
2002 albums |
Aero Africa was a charter airline based in Swaziland. The airline was on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union.
Fleet
The Aero Africa fleet consisted of the following aircraft ():
1 Boeing 727-100
1 Boeing 737-200 (which is operated for Toumaï Air Tchad)
2 McDonnell-Douglas DC-10
The average age of the Aero Africa fleet was 40.7 years.
External links
References
Defunct airlines of Eswatini
Airlines established in 2004
Airlines formerly banned in the European Union |
The Saturn Award for Best Special / Visual Effects is one of the annual awards given by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. The Saturn Awards, which are the oldest film-specialized awards to reward science fiction, fantasy, and horror achievements (the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation is the oldest award for science fiction and fantasy films), included the category for the first time at the 2nd Saturn Awards in 1975.
Winners and nominees
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
External links
IMDb: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, 43rd, 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th
Special Effects
Film awards for Best Visual Effects |
The Great Escapists is a British television adventure-drama series starring Richard Hammond and Tory Belleci as fictionalized versions of themselves. Stranded on a deserted island, the two have to rely on makeshift machinery to survive while trying to find a way to escape. It was first broadcast by Amazon Prime Video on January 29, 2021, to mixed reviews.
Plot
Richard Hammond and Tory Belleci went on a fishing trip together, however; their boat has sunk in a storm. Stranded on an unnamed deserted island in the Pacific Ocean, the two use the remains of the boat to build makeshift machinery in order to escape the island. Just as Belleci is about to figure out a way to use the boat's sail to construct a float able to travel over high seas, Hammond secretly hides the sail, as he does not want their adventure to end prematurely. Thinking that there is no way to escape the island, Belleci resigns and the two build a large beach house that enables them to live on the island in comfort, using the island's resources for food and fresh water. While Belleci still tries to figure out ways to escape, a crazed Hammond continues to secretly sabotage all his efforts. As tensions rise between the two of them, Belleci, suspecting Hammond of sabotage, kicks him out of their beach house, starting a war between the two, where they repurpose most of their machinery into war machines and the house is largely destroyed. Ultimately, after being forced to reconcile, they build several flying machines to escape the island, the latest of which explodes, attracting South American police. The two are mistaken for drug traffickers and taken into custody. Questioned on their individual account of the story, both blame each other. In the end, they are released as no actual crime was committed, and Hammond admits to Belleci that he sabotaged their escape attempts.
Cast
Richard Hammond as a fictionalized version of himself. A British motoring journalist, television presenter and author who became famous as the host of Top Gear and later on The Grand Tour, as well as the host of the science entertainment show Brainiac: Science Abuse, .
Tory Belleci as a fictionalized version of himself. An American television presenter and model maker who became famous as a host of the science entertainment show MythBusters.
Additionally, Joseph Balderrama and Silvana Montoya feature as two South American police officers questioning Hammond and Belleci.
Production
Three years prior to filming, Hammond reached out to Belleci to work on a project together in an attempt to create a pop science show that had more substance. Belleci flew to London and over the next years, the concept for the show was developed. When speaking of the series, Hammond described as something entirely new, as it was a unique blend of "pop science, engineering, survival, and drama". The series was shot on location on several of the Pearl Islands off the Pacific Coast of Panama. Unlike their previous series, the show's events are entirely fictional and both star as fictionalized versions of themselves, similar to shows like Episodes. According to Belleci and Hammond, this decision was made as to not having to break the fourth wall continuously and create a more compelling narrative.
A trailer for the show was revealed on January 5, 2021, with the full show being released on Amazon Prime Video on the 29th of the same month.
Episodes
Reception
The series received mixed reviews and holds a 60% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.
Several reviews highlighted that the show made good use of its scientific experiments. Writing for Metro, Tilly Pearce noted that the big science set pieces were the true stars of the show and that the series as a whole was the "perfect solution to teaching kids science". However, other critics found the show's premise to be hardly believable, as it was clearly evident that there was no way the two presenters could build their machines on their own, arguing that thus "their schtick doesn't land most of the time." Writing for The Telegraph, Anita Singh also concluded that there was no way for the audience to buy into the concept of the show.
Also, the chemistry between Hammond and Belleci was positively received, with Pearce stating that Hammond's childish antics matched well with Belleci's straight man persona. Nevertheless, Pearce noted that the acting was "clearly the weakest link in the series", as both stars were not trained actors. Singh had similar sentiments, noting their "easy chemistry" that carried some of the segments, while the overall act seemed hardly believable.
Most critics centered on the weak plot of the series, which Pearce describes as "means-to-an-end" to keep the experiments together. Also, the series was found to lack direction, with Keller calling it an "odd show" that was lost between scripting and improvisation and had no clearly defined genre, with six episodes being clearly too long. Pearce also noted that there was no clear target audience recognizable, as it was unclear whether the show was aimed at adults or children. Singh had similar remarks, noting that the concept of the show was simply not working, as it was designed like a kids show, but seemingly aimed at adults.
References
External links
The Great Escapists – Season 1 at Amazon
English-language television shows
2021 British television series debuts
2021 British television series endings
Amazon Prime Video original programming
Television shows filmed in Panama
Television series by Amazon Studios |
Priyanka Kothari, often credited as Nisha Kothari or Amoha, is a former actress and model. She was appeared in Bollywood, Telugu, Tamil and Kannada films. She was frequently appeared in Ram Gopal Varma films.
Early life
Priyanka Kothari was born in West Bengal. She moved to New Delhi while in grade 10 and got her bachelor's degree in physical science from Delhi University at Dyal Singh College, Delhi. She chose chemistry as her father is a chemical businessman, while her mother is a home-maker. She has learnt Kathak for 6 years and attended acting classes with Kishore Namit Kapoor.
Career
After college, Kothari became a model and appeared in a number of advertisement campaigns. She appeared in the music video of the remix of Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani. In 2003, she got her big break through actor Madhavan, who recommended her for an audition in his film after viewing her photographs. She made her acting debut with him in the Tamil film Jay Jay, credited as Amoga. She made her Bollywood debut in the 2005 film Sarkar and then later that same year appeared in James, directed by Ram Gopal Varma and Rohit Jugraj respectively. James turned her into a sex symbol overnight. She then went on to do The Killer with Emraan Hashmi. Since then she had appeared in less significant films and roles. She was regularly seen in Ram Gopal Varma's films like Shiva, Darna Zaroori Hai, Aag, in which she played a tapori called Ghungroo, Darling and Agyaat and also his productions like Go and Stalker. Most of the films were unsuccessful. She made her Sandalwood debut with Raaj the Showman opposite Puneeth Rajkumar in 2009 and later did a supporting role in Dandupalya. She was seen in a Telugu film with Balakrishna, Okka Magadu which also bombed and also acted in a film titled Hari Om.
Her only 2011 release was Bin Bulaye Baraati. In 2013, she appeared in a Malaysian Tamil film titled, Ops Kossa Dappa 3. She will be seen in the Tamil film Padam Pesum and has signed up a Telugu thriller titled Criminals.
Other work
Kothari is a member of the International Film And Television Club of Asian Academy of Film & Television. She is the co-founder of Nisha Foundation.
In the 2011 West Bengal state assembly elections, she campaigned for Dr Nirmal Majhi, an All India Trinamool Congress candidate contesting from North Uluberia, Kolkata.
In 2011, she walked the ramp at Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week (WIFW), which she describes as her comeback in Bollywood.
Filmography
Music and Music Videos
References
External links
Actresses from Uttar Pradesh
Indian film actresses
Living people
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Female models from Uttar Pradesh
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
21st-century Indian actresses
Delhi University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Lauren B. Davis (née Cargill) is a Canadian writer. She is best known for her novels Our Daily Bread, which was named one of the best books of 2011 by The Globe and Mail and The Boston Globe. and The Empty Room, a semi-autobiographical novel about alcoholism. She currently lives in Princeton, New Jersey with her husband, Ron Davis (a Zurich Financial executive) and their dog, Bailey The Rescuepoo.
Biography
Born in Montreal, Quebec, on September 5, 1955, Davis lived in France for over a decade (1994-2004), and now resides in Princeton, New Jersey.
Early in her career, Davis was mentored by Timothy Findley, at the Humber College School for Writers, where she went on to be a mentor (2007-2009). She was past European editor for the Literary Review of Canada from 1999 to 2002.
Davis has been a mentor with the Humber College School for Writers and Guelph University's MFA program. She taught fiction writing at the WICE (Paris); the American University of Paris; the Geneva Writers' Conference; and Seattle University's Writers' Conference in Allihies, Ireland. Davis has also lectured on writing at Trent University, Rider University, Humber College and The Paris Writers' Workshop. Davis ran a community writing program in Princeton called Sharpening the Quill from 2006-2018.
Publications
"Even So" was published in 2022 and named one of the "Best Books of the Year" by the Quill & Quire. Her novel The Grimoire of Kensington Market was named one of the "Best Books of 2018" by The Globe and Mail and was short-listed for the Canadian Authors Association Fred Kerner Award . Our Daily Bread was long-listed for the Scotiabank Giller Prize, and named as one of the "Very Best Books of 2011" by The Globe and Mail, and "Best of 2011" by The Boston Globe; The Empty Room (2007) was named one of the best books of the year by the Toronto Star, The Globe & Mail, and the Winnipeg Free Press; The Radiant City (2005) was a finalist for the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize. The Stubborn Season (2002), was chosen for the Robert Adams Lecture Series and named one of the best-selling books of the year by Amazon.ca. Adams's lecture was televised on TVOntario's program Imprint. An Unrehearsed Desire (2008) was longlisted for the ReLit Awards. Her short fiction has also been shortlisted for the CBC Literary Awards and she is the recipient of two Mid-Career Writer Sustaining grants from the Canada Council for the Arts, in 2000 and 2006.
Bibliography
Rat Medicine and Other Unlikely Curatives. Oakville, ON: Mosaic, 2000.
The Stubborn Season. Toronto: HarperCollins Canada, 2002.
The Radiant City. Toronto: HarperCollins Canada, 2005. (Short-listed for the Roger's Writers' Trust Fiction Prize)
An Unrehearsed Desire. Toronto: Exile Editions Canada, 2008. (Long-listed for the Re-Lit Prize)
Our Daily Bread. Wordcraft of Oregon, 2011. HarperCollins Canada 2012 (Long-listed for the Scotiabank Giller Prize)
The Empty Room. HarperCollins Canada, 2013 (named as one of the Best Books of the Year by the National Post and The Winnipeg Free Press)
Against A Darkening Sky. HarperAvenue Canada, 2015 and Chizine Publications (US), 2015
The Grimoire of Kensington Market. Wolsak and Wynn/Buckrider Book (Canada & US), 2018
Even So. Dundurn Press (Canada & US), 2022
References
External links
Official Site of Lauren B. Davis
Canadian women novelists
Living people
Writers from Montreal
1955 births
21st-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian women writers |
Kipawa (Kata ya Kipawa, in Swahili) is an administrative ward of the Ilala Municipical Council of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. Segerea and Kinyerezi border the ward on its northern border. The ward is bordered by Kiwalani to the east. By Kivule, Kitunda, and Yombo Vituka of Temeke MC to the south. Ukonga borders the ward on its western side. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 74,180.
Administration
The postal code for the Kipawa ward is 12106.
The ward is divided into the following neighborhoods (Mitaa):
Karakata
Kipunguni
Mjimpya
Mogo
Stakishari
Uwanja wa Ndege
Government
The ward, like every other ward in the country, has local government offices based on the population served.The Kipawa Ward administration building houses a court as per the Ward Tribunal Act of 1988, including other vital departments for the administration the ward. The ward has the following administration offices:
Kipawa Police Station
Kipawa Government Office (Afisa Mtendaji)
Kipawa Ward Tribunal (Baraza La Kata) is a Department inside Ward Government Office
In the local government system of Tanzania, the ward is the smallest democratic unit. Each ward is composed of a committee of eight elected council members which include a chairperson, one salaried officer (with no voting rights), and an executive officer. One-third of seats are reserved for women councillors.
Demographics
The ward serves as the Zaramo people's ancestral home, along with much of the district. As the city developed throughout time, the ward became into a cosmopolitan ward. In total, 74,180 people called the ward home in 2012.
Education and health
Education
The ward is home to these educational institutions
Kipunguni Priamry School
St. Scolastica Primary School
Minazi Mirefu Primary School
Kingdom Heritage Priamry School
Kipawa Libermann Primary School
Loveness Primary School
Majani ya Chai Primary School
Ugombolwa Primary School
Ilala Secondary School, Kipawa
Healthcare
The ward is home to the following health institutions:
Taraja MDPTL Dispensary
Afya Care Charity Dispensary
Mission Dispensary
References
Religion
Ilala District
Wards of Dar es Salaam Region |
Gustav Vilbaste (until 1935 Gustav Vilberg; 3 September 1885 in Haavakannu, Kodasoo Parish – 21 February 1967 in Tallinn) was an Estonian botanist, publicist and conservationist.
He wrote the first Estonian-language keybooks on Estonian flora.
He was an honorary member of the Estonian Naturalists' Society.
References
External links
Page at Loodus.ee
1885 births
1967 deaths
20th-century Estonian botanists
Ethnobotanists
Estonian conservationists
People from Kuusalu Parish
Recipients of the Protection of Natural Amenities Medal, Rank II
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 4th Class |
Arnefrit, Arnefrid, Amefrit, or Amefrith was the son of Lupus of Friuli who claimed the Duchy of Friuli after his father's death in 666.
Lupus had been killed by the Avars, who had taken Cividale, seat of the duchy. Thus, King Grimoald had come into Friuli to remove the Avars and displace Arnefrit, who fled to the Slavs. He returned with Slav allies, but was defeated by Grimoald and died at the castle of Nimis. Grimoald appointed Wechtar in his place.
Further reading
Paul the Deacon. Historia Langobardorum. Translated by William Dudley Foulke. University of Pennsylvania: 1907.
Hodgkin, Thomas. Italy and her Invaders. Clarendon Press: 1895.
Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476–918. Rivingtons: London, 1914.
Year of birth missing
666 deaths
7th-century Lombard people
Lombard warriors
Dukes of Friuli
7th-century dukes in Europe |
```c++
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// file, You can obtain one at path_to_url
#include <chrono>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <thread>
#include <map>
#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <vsomeip/vsomeip.hpp>
#include <vsomeip/internal/logger.hpp>
#include "offer_test_globals.hpp"
#include "../someip_test_globals.hpp"
#include <common/vsomeip_app_utilities.hpp>
static std::string service_number;
class offer_test_service : public vsomeip_utilities::base_logger {
public:
offer_test_service(struct offer_test::service_info _service_info) :
vsomeip_utilities::base_logger("OTS1", "OFFER TEST SERVICE"),
service_info_(_service_info),
// service with number 1 uses "routingmanagerd" as application name
// this way the same json file can be reused for all local tests
// including the ones with routingmanagerd
app_(vsomeip::runtime::get()->create_application(
(service_number == "1") ? "routingmanagerd" :
"offer_test_service" + service_number)),
counter_(0),
wait_until_registered_(true),
shutdown_method_called_(false),
offer_thread_(std::bind(&offer_test_service::run, this)) {
if (!app_->init()) {
ADD_FAILURE() << "Couldn't initialize application";
return;
}
app_->register_state_handler(
std::bind(&offer_test_service::on_state, this,
std::placeholders::_1));
// offer field
std::set<vsomeip::eventgroup_t> its_eventgroups;
its_eventgroups.insert(service_info_.eventgroup_id);
app_->offer_event(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id,
service_info_.event_id, its_eventgroups,
vsomeip::event_type_e::ET_EVENT, std::chrono::milliseconds::zero(),
false, true, nullptr, vsomeip::reliability_type_e::RT_BOTH);
inc_counter_and_notify();
app_->register_message_handler(service_info_.service_id,
service_info_.instance_id, service_info_.method_id,
std::bind(&offer_test_service::on_request, this,
std::placeholders::_1));
app_->register_message_handler(service_info_.service_id,
service_info_.instance_id, service_info_.shutdown_method_id,
std::bind(&offer_test_service::on_shutdown_method_called, this,
std::placeholders::_1));
app_->start();
}
~offer_test_service() {
offer_thread_.join();
}
void offer() {
app_->offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id);
// this is allowed
app_->offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id);
// this is not allowed and will be rejected
app_->offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id, 33, 4711);
}
void on_state(vsomeip::state_type_e _state) {
VSOMEIP_INFO << "Application " << app_->get_name() << " is "
<< (_state == vsomeip::state_type_e::ST_REGISTERED ?
"registered." : "deregistered.");
if (_state == vsomeip::state_type_e::ST_REGISTERED) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> its_lock(mutex_);
wait_until_registered_ = false;
condition_.notify_one();
}
}
void on_request(const std::shared_ptr<vsomeip::message> &_message) {
app_->send(vsomeip::runtime::get()->create_response(_message));
}
void on_shutdown_method_called(const std::shared_ptr<vsomeip::message> &_message) {
(void)_message;
shutdown_method_called_ = true;
// this is will trigger a warning
app_->stop_offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id, 44, 4711);
app_->stop_offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id);
app_->clear_all_handler();
app_->stop();
}
void run() {
VSOMEIP_DEBUG << "[" << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << std::hex
<< service_info_.service_id << "] Running";
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> its_lock(mutex_);
while (wait_until_registered_) {
condition_.wait(its_lock);
}
VSOMEIP_DEBUG << "[" << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << std::hex
<< service_info_.service_id << "] Offering";
offer();
VSOMEIP_DEBUG << "[" << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << std::hex
<< service_info_.service_id << "] Notifying";
while(!shutdown_method_called_) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
inc_counter_and_notify();
}
}
void inc_counter_and_notify() {
++counter_;
// set value to field
const std::shared_ptr<vsomeip::payload> its_payload(vsomeip::runtime::get()->create_payload());
std::vector<vsomeip::byte_t> its_data;
its_data.push_back(static_cast<vsomeip::byte_t>((counter_ & 0xFF000000) >> 24));
its_data.push_back(static_cast<vsomeip::byte_t>((counter_ & 0xFF0000) >> 16));
its_data.push_back(static_cast<vsomeip::byte_t>((counter_ & 0xFF00) >> 8));
its_data.push_back(static_cast<vsomeip::byte_t>((counter_ & 0xFF)));
its_payload->set_data(its_data);
app_->notify(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id,
service_info_.event_id, its_payload);
}
private:
struct offer_test::service_info service_info_;
std::shared_ptr<vsomeip::application> app_;
std::uint32_t counter_;
bool wait_until_registered_;
std::mutex mutex_;
std::condition_variable condition_;
std::atomic<bool> shutdown_method_called_;
std::thread offer_thread_;
};
TEST(someip_offer_test, notify_increasing_counter)
{
offer_test_service its_sample(offer_test::service);
}
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(ANDROID) || defined(__QNX__)
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
if(argc < 2) {
std::cerr << "Please specify a service number, like: " << argv[0] << " 2" << std::endl;
return 1;
}
service_number = std::string(argv[1]);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}
#endif
``` |
The Cook Islands are a constitutional monarchy within the Realm of New Zealand. Under the Cook Islands Constitution, the Sovereign in Right of New Zealand (currently ) has been Head of State of the Cook Islands since 4 August 1965. The Sovereign is represented by the 's Representative; as such, the is the de jure head of state, holding several powers that are alone, while the 's Representative is sometimes referred to as the de facto head of state. The viceregal position is currently held by Tom Marsters.
Constitutional role
In 1965 Queen Elizabeth II became Head of State of the Cook Islands when the country obtained a position of free-association with New Zealand.
Article 2 of the Cook Islands Constitution states that "Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand shall be the Head of State of the Cook Islands." The expression "in Right of New Zealand" refers directly to the constitutional concept of the "Realm of New Zealand," as described in the 1983 Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand, approved by the Cook Islands after consultation with New Zealand. In clause 1, the Realm of New Zealand is defined as including New Zealand, the self-governing state of the Cook Islands, the self-governing state of Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency.
Thus, Elizabeth II, by virtue of being Head of State of her entire Realm of New Zealand, as described in the Letters Patent, was also Head of State of that part of her Realm of New Zealand referred to in the Letters Patent as "the self-governing state of the Cook Islands."
The New Zealand - Cook Islands Joint Centenary Declaration states that:
On the passing of Elizabeth II on 8 September 2022, her son King Charles III immediately succeeded her to become Head of State of the Cook Islands via its free-association with New Zealand.
Sovereign's Representative
The Monarch's constitutional roles in the Cook Islands have been almost entirely delegated to the Sovereign's Representative. Royal assent and proclamation are required for all acts of Parliament; usually granted by the Sovereign's Representative.
Originally the viceregal representative was titled as High Commissioner and was appointed by the Governor-General of New Zealand on the recommendation of the Minister of the Government of New Zealand who was deemed responsible for matters relating to the Cook Islands, and after consultation with the Premier of the Cook Islands. In the early 1980s, the Cook Island Constitution was amended so that the words "Queen's Representative" were substituted for the word "High Commissioner," and the words "Prime Minister" were substituted for the word "Premier." Further, the 1981 Constitution Amendment decreed that the King's representative was appointed directly by the Monarch; not the Governor-General of New Zealand. The text states that "[there] shall be a representative of Her Majesty the Queen in the Cook Islands, to be known as the Queen's Representative [to be appointed] by Her Majesty the Queen..."
Article 5 of the Constitution states that the Queen's Representative is to act on the advice of her Cook Islands Ministers: "The Queen's Representative in the performance of his functions as the representative of Her Majesty the Queen shall act on the advice of Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the appropriate Minister as the case may be..."
Over the Realm of New Zealand, the Letters Patent established the office of the Governor-General, and provide that the Governor-General is "[the Queen's] representative in [the] Realm of New Zealand" who may exercise his or her powers and authorities "without prejudice to the office, powers, or authorities of any other person who has been or may be appointed to represent [Her Majesty] in any part of [her] Realm of New Zealand and to exercise powers and authorities on [her] behalf." However, the relationship between the Governor-General of New Zealand and the Queen's Representative is quite different. Under the Cook Islands' Constitution, executive power is "vested in Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand... the executive authority of the Cook Islands may be exercised on behalf of Her Majesty by the Queen's Representative either directly or through officers subordinate to him. This leaves the Governor-General with only an indirect constitutional role in the form of the defence and external affairs prerogatives, arising from the Governor-General's constitutional position in terms of the Realm as a whole. Any viceregal powers and responsibilities in the Cook Islands are vested in the Sovereign's Representative, leaving the Governor-General with no substantive role in relation to the territory.
Title
The King's official title is: King Charles the Third, By the Grace of God King of New Zealand and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
Succession
Royal succession is governed by the Royal Succession Act 2013. This legislation lays out the rules that the Monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic, and must be in communion with the Church of England upon ascending the throne.
The heir apparent is Charles III's eldest son, William, Prince of Wales.
Symbols of monarchy
References to the monarch are commonplace in public life in the Cook Islands. There are references to the Crown in legal documents, Oaths of office taken by the King's Representative, Members of Parliament and Judges of the High Court, and prescriptions in the Constitution require allegiance to be sworn to the reigning Sovereign as the Head of State of the Cook Islands.
Unlike in the United Kingdom, the King's Official Birthday is a public holiday on the first Monday in June. Elizabeth II's portrait continues to appear on the obverse of coins, and all banknotes feature the portrait of Elizabeth II as the watermark until new currency is issued with Charles III's portrait. However, only the $20 banknote bears her image as the main feature (Cook Islands use the New Zealand dollar).
Elizabeth II undertook a royal tour of the Cook Islands between 28 January and 29 January 1974.
Notes
References
See also
Monarchy in New Zealand
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
British Empire
Politics of the Cook Islands
Political organisations based in the Cook Islands
Politics of New Zealand
Government of the Cook Islands
Cook Islands and the Commonwealth of Nations |
Lower Town (also spelled "Lowertown" () is a neighbourhood in Rideau-Vanier Ward in central Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, to the east of downtown. It is the oldest part of the city. It is bounded by Rideau Street to the south, the Ottawa River to the west and north and the Rideau River to the east. It includes the commercial Byward Market area in the south-western part, and is predominantly residential in the north and east.
It was historically French Canadian and Irish (as opposed to English and Scottish Upper Town, a term no longer in use) and is to this day home to many Franco-Ontarian families, businesses and institutions.
Public facilities
Lowertown Pool - a public in-ground swimming pool with rope & diving board. Sauna & change rooms on-site. Ample free parking available.
Population
The total population of Lower Town (including Porter Island), according to the Canada 2011 Census, is 12,274.
Ethnic diversity
According to the City of Ottawa website, there are roughly 4,180 native English-speakers in Lower Town, 3,530 Francophones, and 2,235 with other mother tongues. Lower Town is home to a wide variety of immigrants and visible minorities, of which there are 2,495.
Lowertown's population is rather diverse. Its main stretch along Rideau Street is very bustling and includes many African, Asian, South Asian, Caribbean, and Lebanese businesses, a large grocery store, the Rideau Branch of the Ottawa Public Library, and an Orthodox Jewish synagogue.
Crime
Byward Market and Lower Town have been and are usually ranked among the top neighbourhoods for repeated calls for services and resources from the city.
Byward Market and Lower Town had on average 6.5 shooting incidents each year from 2016-2019 out of a total of 73.5 yearly for the same period in Ottawa, representing roughly 9% of the city’s shooting incidents taking place in the neighbourhood.
The Lowertown Community Association has been active in advocating for more resources for policing and support services. According to a 2018 report commissioned by the community association, crimes against individuals are 3 times higher and crimes against property are 2 times higher than the city average, due to the high number of bars in the neighbourhood as the nightlife and entertainment centre of the city.
The Ottawa Police Service deployed a neighbourhood resource team to the ByWard Market and Lowertown since 2020.
The Ottawa Police Services 2021 Annual Report found that that Rideau Vanier had 5,593 crimes reported (11,165.9 crimes/100,000 people) the second highest rate after Somerset Ward.
Modern Urbanization
As part of the Gréber Plan for Ottawa, new parkways, roads and bridges were constructed in the post-war period as a plan for urban renewal and "improvement" of Ottawa. This period saw major upheaval in the area as dozens of city blocks and hundreds of historic homes were systematically demolished to make way for expanded roads and new development. However, while the redevelopment was done in Lower Town, neighbouring areas opposed the plans, leaving the current incomplete solution to traffic through the area, heavy truck traffic, and poor urban streetscape for Lowertown residents to cope with.
King Edward Avenue
Today, King Edward Avenue is a six lane main road running north–south through the centre of the neighbourhood. It is connected on its north to the MacDonald Cartier Bridge, a main connection with Gatineau, Quebec, which leads to heavy traffic travelling to and from Gatineau through the area. The traffic exits Lower Town either to the east along St. Patrick or to the south along Rideau and Nicholas to the 417 highway, as south of Rideau, King Edward is a four-lane (and further south, two-lane) road through the Sandy Hill residential neighbourhood with no heavy truck traffic allowed.
The street is so large and so busy that it exists as a major barrier between the east and west halves of Lowertown. Since it is the main truck route between Ottawa and Gatineau there are large numbers of tractor trailers travelling through the core of Ottawa daily, along with tens of thousands of commuters in cars. It is one of the highest accident sites in Ottawa.
The road from the bridge was intended to connect to a new Vanier Parkway to the north of the neighbourhood, across Green Island and Maple Island. This connector was never built because of political opposition, and instead St. Patrick Street east of King Edward was built into a major four-lane thoroughfare cutting through the neighbourhood. The end of the connector from the bridge instead connects to King Edward at a sharp turn where the connector would have continued directly to the east.
King Edward was itself rebuilt into a six-lane major thoroughfare from Sussex Drive to Rideau Street, and the plan was to continue the six-lane through Sandy Hill to connect to the Queensway (417) highway. This also was never built.
Rideau Street
Rideau Street has had its share of major development and redevelopment spanning over three decades. Prior to the typical appearance of shopping malls, the characteristic sign of modern suburbanization commonly seen as North American cities increase in size and population, Rideau Street west of King Edward was a popular shopping area of Ottawa. For many years, Rideau Street was one of Ottawa's primary retail thoroughfares, containing department stores such as Freimans, Ogilvy's, Woolworth, Caplan's and Metropolitan. Although the local department stores are gone, Rideau Street still features The Bay department store, the Rideau Centre shopping mall, and the street is adjacent to shops of the Byward Market.
The Byward Market, to the north of Rideau Street has consistently thrived throughout ongoing development in surrounding areas. To the south, the Rideau Centre development, a four-level shopping centre, began construction in 1981 continuing through 1982 and upon completion, provided a shopping mall atmosphere upon its official opening on March 16, 1983, as retailers moved inside. As part of the construction, the section of Rideau Street between Sussex Drive & Dalhousie Street was turned into a major bus interchange, which would undergo many major changes in the decades to come, seeing the originally constructed enclosed bus shelters replaced for covered shelters in the 1990s.
Further development began once a 230,000 ft expansion of the Rideau Centre was undertaken by Cadillac Fairview on September 26, 2013. The transit shelters underwent another major change during this time, including their relocation and modernization, as construction of Rideau Station, one of 13 stops announced as part of O-Train Line 1, named Confederation Line, began in August 2013, as part of Ottawa's existing light-rail system built and operated by OC Transpo.
Rideau Street stretches throughout the traditional Lower Town district of Ottawa, of both commercial and residential areas which in the past was predominantly Francophone, but now has one of Ottawa's largest immigrant populations, notably including many Francophone Africans and Somalis. North of Rideau and west of King Edward is typically considered the commercial Byward Market area.
Embassies
Embassy of the People’s Republic of China
Embassy of Denmark
Embassy of Estonia
Embassy of Japan
Embassy of the Republic of Korea
Embassy of the State of Kuwait
High Commission of Malaysia
Embassy of the Philippines
Embassy of Romania
Embassy of Saudi Arabia
Embassy of Sweden
Embassy of Turkey
Embassy of the United Arab Emirates
Embassy of the United States
See also
List of Ottawa neighbourhoods
Rideau Street
External links
Bytown.net article 'Evolution of an Ottawa Neighbourhood'
Lowertown Community Association
Lowertown history: Virtual Museum of Canada Exhibit
References
Bibliography
Neighbourhoods in Ottawa
Historic districts in Canada
Historic Jewish communities in Canada |
In alchemy, the Magnum Opus or Great Work is a term for the process of working with the prima materia to create the philosopher's stone. It has been used to describe personal and spiritual transmutation in the Hermetic tradition, attached to laboratory processes and chemical color changes, used as a model for the individuation process, and as a device in art and literature. The magnum opus has been carried forward in New Age and neo-Hermetic movements which sometimes attached new symbolism and significance to the processes. The original process philosophy has four stages:
nigredo, the blackening or melanosis
albedo, the whitening or leucosis
citrinitas, the yellowing or xanthosis
rubedo, the reddening, purpling, or iosis
The origin of these four phases can be traced at least as far back as the first century. Zosimus of Panopolis wrote that it was known to Mary the Jewess. The development of black, white, yellow, and red can also be found in the Physika kai Mystika or Pseudo-Democritus, which is often considered to be one of the oldest books on alchemy. After the 15th century, many writers tended to compress citrinitas into rubedo and consider only three stages. Other color stages are sometimes mentioned, most notably the cauda pavonis (peacock's tail) in which an array of colors appear.
The magnum opus had a variety of alchemical symbols attached to it. Birds like the raven, swan, and phoenix could be used to represent the progression through the colors. Similar color changes could be seen in the laboratory, where for example, the blackness of rotting, burnt, or fermenting matter would be associated with nigredo.
Expansion on the four stages
Alchemical authors sometimes elaborated on the three or four color model by enumerating a variety of chemical steps to be performed. Though these were often arranged in groups of seven or twelve stages, there is little consistency in the names of these processes, their number, their order, or their description.
Various alchemical documents were directly or indirectly used to justify these stages. The Tabula Smaragdina is the oldest document said to provide a "recipe". Others include the Mutus Liber, the twelve keys of Basil Valentine, the emblems of Steffan Michelspacher, and the twelve gates of George Ripley. Ripley's steps are given as:
In another example from the sixteenth century, Samuel Norton gives the following fourteen stages:
Some alchemists also circulated steps for the creation of practical medicines and substances, that have little to do with the magnum opus. The cryptic and often symbolic language used to describe both adds to the confusion, but it's clear that there is no single standard step-by-step recipe given for the creation of the philosopher's stone.
Magnum opus in literature and entertainment
References |
Eulophia bicallosa, commonly known as the green corduroy orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is native to areas from tropical Asia to northern Australia. It is a terrestrial orchid with a single narrow leaf and between ten and twenty pale green or cream-coloured flowers with purplish markings. It grows in rainforest and woodland.
Description
Eulophia bicallosa is a variable, terrestrial herb with a single dark green, pleated linear leaf long and wide on a stalk long. Between ten and twenty pale green or cream-coloured flowers with purplish markings, long and wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The sepals are long, about wide with the dorsal erect and the lateral sepals spreading widely apart. The petals are long, about wide and partly covered by the lateral sepals. The labellum is long, wide and pale green with three lobes. The middle lobe turns downwards and is wavy but the side lobes are upright. Flowering occurs between September and November in Australia and in June China.
Taxonomy and naming
The green corduroy orchid was first formally described in 1825 by David Don who gave it the name Bletium bicallosa and published the description in Prodromus Florae Nepalensis. In 1966, Peter Francis Hunt and Victor Summerhayes changed the name to Eulophia bicallosa. The specific epithet (bicallosa) is derived from the Latin prefix bi- meaning "two" or "double" and callosa meaning "with a hard skin", referring to two ridges on the labellum.
Distribution and habitat
Eulophia bicallosa grows in woodland and rainforests in coastal regions of Queensland and in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It also occurs in Hainan province in China and in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and New Guinea.
References
bicallosa
Orchids of Queensland
Orchids of China
Orchids of India
Orchids of Thailand
Orchids of Indonesia
Orchids of Malaysia
Orchids of Myanmar
Orchids of Nepal
Orchids of New Guinea
Plants described in 1825 |
Ulrich Grauert (6 March 1889 – 15 May 1941) was a general in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded 1st Air Corps. He was killed on 15 May 1941 when his Junkers Ju 52 aircraft was shot down by F/Lt Jerzy Jankiewicz and Sgt Wacław Giermer, both flying a Supermarine Spitfire II, from the No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron near Saint-Omer on the French channel coast.
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 May 1940 as General der Flieger and Commanding General of the I. Flieger-Korps
References
Citations
Bibliography
Gretzyngier, Robert; Matusiak, Wojtek (2001). Poles in defence of Britain: a day-by-day chronology of Polish day and night fighter pilot operations, July 1940 - June 1941. London, UK: Grub Street. .
1889 births
1941 deaths
Luftwaffe World War II generals
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Military personnel from Berlin
Aviators killed by being shot down
Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
Colonel generals of the Luftwaffe
20th-century Freikorps personnel |
Hugo Boss AG, often styled as BOSS, is a fashion house and brand headquartered in Metzingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The company sells clothing, accessories, footwear, and fragrances. Hugo Boss is one of the largest German clothing companies, with global sales of in 2019. Its stock is a component of the MDAX.
The company was founded in 1924 in Germany by Hugo Boss and originally produced general-purpose clothing. With the onset of the Great Depression and the rise of Nazism in the early 1930s, Boss began to produce uniforms for the Nazi Party. Boss would eventually supply the Nazi Germany government with military uniforms, resulting in a large boost in sales.
After World War II and the founder's death in 1948, Hugo Boss started to turn its focus from uniforms to men's suits. The company went public in 1988 and introduced a fragrance line that same year, adding men's and women's wear diffusion lines in 1997, a full women's collection in 2000, and children's clothing in 2006–2007. The company has since evolved into a major global fashion house. , it owned more than 1,113 retail stores worldwide.
History
Early years
In 1923, Hugo Boss founded his own clothing company in Metzingen, Germany, where it still operates. In 1924, he started a factory along with two partners. The company produced shirts, jackets, work clothing, sportswear, and raincoats. Due to the economic climate of Germany at the time, Boss was forced into bankruptcy. In 1931, he reached an agreement with his creditors, leaving him with six sewing machines to start again.
Manufacturing for the Nazi Party
That same year, Hugo Boss became a member of the Nazi Party, receiving the membership number 508 889, and a sponsoring member ("Förderndes Mitglied") of the Schutzstaffel (SS). He also joined the German Labour Front in 1936, the Reich Air Protection Association in 1939, and the National Socialist People's Welfare in 1941. He was also a member of the Reichskriegerbund and the Reichsbund for physical exercises. After joining these organizations, his sales increased from ($26,993 U.S. dollars in 1932) to over in 1941. Though he claimed in a 1934–35 advertisement that he had been a "supplier for National Socialist uniforms since 1924", it is probable that he did not begin to supply them until 1928 at the earliest. This is the year he became a Reichszeugmeisterei-licensed supplier of uniforms to the Sturmabteilung (SA), Schutzstaffel (SS), Wehrmacht, Hitler Youth, National Socialist Motor Corps, and other party organizations.
By the third quarter of 1932, the all-black SS uniform was designed by SS members Karl Diebitsch (artist) and Walter Heck (graphic designer). The Hugo Boss company was one of the companies that produced these black uniforms for the SS. By 1938, the firm was focused on producing Wehrmacht uniforms and later also uniforms for the Waffen-SS.
During the Second World War, Hugo Boss employed 140 forced laborers, the majority of them women. In addition to these workers, 40 French prisoners of war also worked for the company briefly between October 1940 – April 1941. According to German historian Henning Kober, the company managers were fervent Nazis who were all great admirers of Adolf Hitler. In 1945, Hugo Boss had a photograph in his apartment of him with Hitler, taken at the Berghof, Hitler's Obersalzberg retreat.
Because of his early Nazi Party membership, his financial support of the SS, and the uniforms delivered to the Nazi party, Boss was considered both an "activist" and a "supporter and beneficiary of National Socialism". In a 1946 judgment, he was stripped of his voting rights, his capacity to run a business, and fined "a very heavy penalty" of ($70,553 U.S.) (£54,008 stg). However, Boss appealed, and he was eventually classified as a ‘follower’, a lesser category, which meant that he was not regarded as an active promoter of National Socialism.
He died in 1948, but his business survived. In 2011, the company issued a statement of "profound regret to those who suffered harm or hardship at the factory run by Hugo Boss under National Socialist rule".
Post-war
As a result of the ban on Boss being in business, his son-in-law Eugen Holy took over ownership and running of the company. In 1950, after a period supplying work uniforms, the company received its first order for men's suits, resulting in an expansion to 150 employees by the end of the year. By 1960, the company was producing ready-made suits. In 1969, Eugen retired, leaving the company to his sons Jochen and Uwe, who began international development. In 1970, the first Boss branded suits were produced, with the brand becoming a registered trademark in 1977. This was followed by the start of the company's long association with motorsport, sponsoring Formula One driver Niki Lauda, and later the McLaren Racing team.
In 1984, the first Boss branded fragrance appeared. This helped the company gain the required growth for listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange the following year. The brand began sponsorship of golf with Bernhard Langer in 1986 and tennis with the Davis Cup in 1987. In 1989, Boss launched its first licensed sunglasses. Later that year, the company was bought by a Japanese group.
After the Marzotto textile group acquired a 77.5% stake for $165,000,000 in 1991, the Hugo and Baldessarini brands were introduced in 1993. In 1995, the company launched its footwear range, the first in a now fully developed leather products range across all sub-brands. A partnership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation was launched in 1995, resulting in the Hugo Boss Prize, an annual $100,000 stipend in modern arts presented since 1996.
Recent history
In 2005, Marzotto spun off its fashion brands into the Valentino Fashion Group, which was then sold to Permira private equity group. In March 2015, Permira announced plans to sell the remaining shareholding of 12%. Since the Exit by Permira, 91% of the shares floated on the Börse Frankfurt, and the residual 2% was held by the company. 7% of the shares are owned by the Marzotto family. Hugo Boss has at least 6,102 points of sale in 124 countries. Hugo Boss AG directly owns over 364 shops, 537 mono-brand shops, and over 1,000 franchisee-owned shops.
In 2009, BOSS Hugo Boss was by far the largest segment, consisting of 68% of all sales. The remainder of sales were made up by Boss Orange at 17%, BOSS Selection at 3%, Boss Green at 3% and HUGO at 9%.
In 2010, the company had sales of $2,345,850,000 and a net profit of $262,183,000, with royalties of 42% of total net profit. In June 2013, Jason Wu was named artistic director of Boss Womenswear.
In 2017, the sales of Hugo Boss climbed by 7 percent during the final quarter of the year.
Products
Hugo Boss has two core brands, Boss and Hugo.
Products are manufactured in a variety of locations, including the company's own production sites in: Metzingen, Germany; Morrovalle, Italy; Radom, Poland; Izmir, Turkey; and Cleveland, United States.
Hugo Boss has invested in technology for its made-to-measure program, using machines for almost all the tailoring traditionally made by hand.
Hugo Boss has licensing agreements with various companies to produce Hugo Boss branded products. These include agreements with Samsung, HTC and Huawei to produce mobile phones; Nike, Inc. to produce sports equipment; C.W.F. Children Worldwide Fashion SAS to produce children's clothing; Coty to produce fragrances and skincare; Movado to produce watches; and Safilo to produce sunglasses and eyewear.
In 2020, Hugo Boss created its first vegan men's suit, using all non-animal materials, dyes, and chemicals.
Controversies
Russell Brand
British comedian and actor Russell Brand was at the 2013 GQ awards, which were sponsored by Hugo Boss. After receiving an award on stage, Brand proceeded to talk about Hugo Boss's Nazi connection and did a goose step. He was later ejected from the ceremony and later apologized.
Wages
In March 2010, Hugo Boss was boycotted by actor Danny Glover for the company's plans to close the plant in Brooklyn, Ohio, US after 375 employees of the Workers United Union reportedly rejected the Hugo Boss proposal to cut the workers' hourly wage 36% from $13 an hour to $8.30. After an initial statement by CFO Andreas Stockert saying the company had a responsibility to shareholders and would move suit manufacturing from the US to other facilities in Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania, the company capitulated to the boycott and cancelled the project. Renewed plans to close the plant in April 2015 also failed.
Mirror fall
In September 2015, Hugo Boss (UK) was fined £1.2 million in relation to the death in June 2013 of a child who died four days after suffering fatal head injuries at its store in Bicester, Oxfordshire. The four-year-old boy had been injured when a steel-framed fitting-room mirror weighing fell on him. Oxford Crown Court had earlier been told that it had "negligently been left free-standing without any fixings" and the coroner had said that the death was an "accident waiting to happen". In June 2015, Hugo Boss (UK) had admitted its breach of both the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and Management of Health and Safety at Work regulations 1999. The company's legal representative said:
Trademark
In August 2019, Hugo Boss sent a cease & desist letter, objecting to the trademark application of Boss Brewing, a small brewery based in Swansea, costing the brewery nearly £10,000 in legal fees and compelling them to change the name of several beer brands. In February 2020, professedly as a protest, comedian Joe Lycett changed his legal name to Hugo Boss.
Cotton from Xinjiang
In 2020, Hugo Boss told NBC News it did not use cotton from the Xinjiang area of China to avoid Uyghur forced labor. However, in 2021, the Chinese subsidiary of Hugo Boss stated on its official Sina Weibo account that they had been using cotton from the region and would continue to do so: The statement was later edited to simply saying they have partners "in various regions of China" with a link to an English-language page on their website, which in turn linked to another statement containing the following words: "HUGO BOSS has not procured any goods originating in the Xinjiang region from direct suppliers." Initially attracting thousands of likes, the edited Weibo post received many comments accusing the brand of hypocrisy. A company spokeswoman stated that the original Weibo post was unauthorized and that the company's position has not changed. According to the company's official statement, all materials are only sourced from suppliers that comply with the HUGO BOSS Supplier Code of Conduct.
In September 2021, the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights filed a complaint with German prosecutors accusing Hugo Boss from abetting and profiting from forced labor in Xinjiang. In 2022, researchers from Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences identified cotton from Xinjiang in Hugo Boss shirts.
Sponsorships
Athletics
Players
Alica Schmidt
Tennis
Players
Matteo Berrettini (global ambassador) (from 2022)
Formula One
Teams
McLaren (1987–2014)
Mercedes-Benz (2015–2018)
Aston Martin (2022–2025)
See also
Hugo Boss Prize
List of companies involved in the Holocaust
References
External links
Corporate website
1980s initial public offerings
Clothing brands of Germany
Clothing companies established in 1924
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Companies in the MDAX
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
Eyewear brands of Germany
German companies established in 1924
Germany home front during World War II
High fashion brands
Perfume houses
Sportswear brands
Suit makers
Underwear brands
Valentino Fashion Group |
In Italy, the Ministry of Health is responsible for animal welfare. Each province within Italy has an official appointed to the Office of Animal Rights. Their main objective is to address stray and abandoned animal issues. Italy also has passed legal protections for animals, as well as being home to several animal rights organizations.
History
On November 13, 1987, Italy signed the European Convention on the protection of pets, a treaty of the Council of Europe for Companion Animals ensuring minimum protection standards are met.
Legislative decree No. 281/1991 states the standards for the treatment of companion and stray animals. It states that an owner must register dogs, and anyone who abandons their animals will be fined. It also prohibits the killing of stray dogs and cats unless the animal is affected by an incurable disease or is a proven danger. These killings can only be performed by a veterinarian.
In 2006, Italy's first arrest for animal mistreatment occurred when a man repeatedly tossed his dog into wall injuring its back.
In June 2017, Italy's highest court ruled that lobsters could not be kept on ice before being cooked.
In November 2017, the Italian Parliament passed a bill to ban circus animals over the following year.
Following the 2018 death of a popular rescue dog named Kaos who saved people during the August 2016 Central Italy earthquake, animal rights activists, including the organization Animalisti Italiani, called for strengthened civil rights for non-human animals.
In December 2021, the Italian Budget Senate Committee approved a ban on fur farming starting from 30 June 2022.
In February 2022, the Italian Parliament approved a law to change the Constitution of Italy to include that the state must safeguard both animals and the natural environment (ecosystems and biodiversity) "in the interest of future generations."
Protection laws
Protection for animals in farming
Rearing
The protection of animals kept for farming purposes conveys to the farming community conditions for all species of animals kept for the production of food, wool, skin, fur, etc. The law states that animals should be provided with food, water, care, and any other factor needed to satisfy the overall well- being of the animal. Animals should be given freedom of movement and satisfactory environmental conditions. Also animals, that require the constant attention of humans should be inspected at least once a day. In the event of breeding, no procedure that is likely to cause suffering or harm must not be carried out. No animal should be kept for farming purposes if it is considered a danger to their health.
In Italy, Legislative Decree No. 146/2001 implements Council Directive 98/58/EC concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes. Animals are defined as being any animal, including fish, reptiles and amphibians bred or kept for the production of foodstuffs, wool, leather, furs or for other agricultural purpose. The Decree excludes invertebrates and experimental animals, animals living in the wild, and animals destined to participate in competitions, exhibitions, events, cultural/sporting events.
Transport
All individuals involved in the transportation of live animals entering or leaving the EU should not transport animals or cause animals to be transported in a way likely to cause injury or undue suffering to them. Long journeys, exceeding a maximum of 8 hours are prohibited unless the means of transport has been inspected and approved under Article 18.
Slaughter
At the time of slaughter, animals should be spared any unbearable pain or suffering. Animals should be stunned prior to being slaughtered, ensuring animals are unconscious until death. Workers should take in consideration that unconsciousness is maintained throughout the whole process.
Animals in captivity
Zoos
Zoos should be licensed and should implement conservation measures. The maintenance of a high standard of animal husbandry suited to the individual needs of each animal is required. Stress-free Environmental factors such as zoo enclosure sizes, temperature and furnishing are important for animal welfare. Animal welfare transportation laws are applicable. Wild Animals will be given the chance to adapt to transportation before departures.
Private keeping of wild animals
Keeping animals in conditions ‘incompatible with their nature’ and producing ‘grave suffering’ is prohibited.
Animal rights organizations
Animal rights organizations in Italy include:
Animal Liberation Front Italia
Lega Antivivsezione Italiana
Organizzazione Internazionale Protezione Animali
Ente Nazionale Protezioni Animali
Animalisti Italiani
See also
Italian Animal Welfare Party
References
Further reading
Animal rights movement
Italy |
Saint Luke's College of Nursing and Health Sciences is a health sciences-focused college of Rockhurst University with its main campus in Kansas City, Missouri. It was formerly a private college associated with Saint Luke's Health System. It enrolls over 550 undergraduate students and 125 graduate students every year. The college offers associate degrees, bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, doctoral degrees, and certificates in nursing and health sciences.
History
The hospital that would later become Saint Luke's Hospital of Kansas City first began as All Saints Hospital in 1885 at the intersection of 10th and Campbell Streets. In 1887, the hospital began offering a training program for nurses at the hospital. In 1903, the School of Nursing was officially established as a three-year diploma program under Eleanor Kelly as a department of Saint Luke's Hospital of Kansas City (the successor to All Saints Hospital). Three students enrolled in the first year of operation, and the school had its first graduate, Virginia Pate, in 1906. The hospital relocated to 44th and Mill Creek Parkway in 1920 and built a nurses’ residence on campus. The college further expanded in 1946 when a four-story building was constructed, containing laboratories, classrooms, a library, offices, and residences for the approximately 200 nursing students at the time. The library was relocated to the Helen F. Spencer Center for Education in 1972. Beginning in 1985, the faculty of Saint Luke's Hospital School of Nursing conducted a study of the future needs of nurses and decided to switch from a diploma-based program to a baccalaureate-based program, admitting their first Bachelor of Science in Nursing students in 1991. The final diploma class graduated in 1992 (with the school having educated over 3,047 diploma students since its creation).
The College Board adopted a new master plan in 2010, renaming the college Saint Luke's College of Health Sciences and beginning a journey to grow the school and become a financially independent, private, not-for-profit corporation (with Saint Luke's Hospital of Kansas City being the single shareholder). The school moved to the 624 Westport Road location in 2011. In 2012, the college began offering graduate programs, initially offering a Master of Science in Nursing in Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner and Nurse Education, achieving full accreditation in 2015.
In 2018, the Higher Learning Commission approved a student body change, allowing Saint Luke's College of Health Sciences to now offer the Associate of Science in Allied Health and Medical Assisting as well as the Associate of Arts degree in Allied Health. These new program offerings expanded the breadth of offerings to now allow first-time freshmen into the college, offering a General Education Core that focuses on multiculturalism and the health sciences professions.
Saint Luke's College of Health Sciences and Rockhurst University merged in 2020 to form Saint Luke's College of Nursing and Health Sciences at Rockhurst University. In June 2022, the college relocated from the Westport Road location to Sedgwick Hall on the main Rockhurst University campus.
References
External links
Official website
Universities and colleges established in 1887
Nursing schools in Missouri
Universities and colleges in Kansas City, Missouri
1887 establishments in Missouri
Private universities and colleges in Missouri
Rockhurst University |
Paul Merton's Birth of Hollywood is a 2011 BBC documentary series written, directed and presented by Paul Merton. The three-part series traces the rise of the American film-making industry in Hollywood through from the early years of film-making to the foundation of the major motion-picture studios and the new class of the film star.
Episodes
References
External links
BBC television documentaries
2011 British television series debuts |
George Fosbery Lyster FRSE (1821–1899) succeeded John Hartley as Engineer in Chief to the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board. He is usually referred to as G. F. Lyster.
Life
He was born on 7 September 1821 at Mount Talbot in County Roscommon in Ireland. He was the third son of Col Anthony Lyster of Lysterfield and Bushey Park (1775-1841), and his wife, Jane Fosbery, the daughter of George Fosbery of Kildimo.
He was educated at King William's College on the Isle of Man. He was apprenticed as an engineer under James Meadows Rendel.
He was responsible for most of the Birkenhead docks and docks at the north end of the dock estate. He also built the Herculaneum Dock, Harrington Dock and Toxteth Dock. He widened the River Shannon and in the 1850s built the Great Harbour of Refuge at Holyhead.
In 1861 he succeeded John Bernard Hartley as Engineer-in-Chief to Liverpool Docks.
In 1886 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Thomas Stevenson, James Leslie, George Miller Cunningham and David Alan Stevenson.
He died of acute pneumonia on 11 May 1899.
Family
He married twice: firstly, in 1848, to Martha E. Sanderson; secondly, in old age, in 1898 to Blanche E. I. Maude.
He was father to Anthony George Lyster (1852-1920), also a harbour engineer.
References
19th-century Irish engineers
1821 births
1899 deaths
19th-century British engineers
People educated at King William's College
People from County Roscommon |
Psidium longipetiolatum or araca vermelho is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is found growing on the hillsides of the Atlantic Forest in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil. It grows 4–6 meters tall and up to 30 meters in cultivation. Plants fruit from January to March.
References
External links
Flora of Brazil
longipetiolatum |
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