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The discography of Japanese singer-songwriter Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi consists of 24 studio albums, 6 live albums, 14 compilation albums, and 57 singles.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Singles
1970s-1980s
1990s-2000s
2010s-2020s
References
Discographies of Japanese artists
Folk music discographies |
Cosmic Engineers is a science fiction novel by American author Clifford D. Simak. It was published in 1950 by Gnome Press in an edition of 6,000 copies, of which 1,000 were bound in paperback for an armed forces edition. The novel was originally serialized in the magazine Astounding in 1939.
Plot introduction
The novel concerns a group of earthmen and a girl, who is awakened from suspended animation, being contacted by aliens with whom they join to prevent the collision of one universe with another.
Reception
Groff Conklin found the 1950 text "has an old-fashioned and somewhat frenetic ring to it which, nevertheless, is rather pleasant." Damon Knight, however, panned the same edition as "a pot-boiler [which] should have been left interred" and noted that the 70th-century's inhabitants "talk, think, and act exactly like middle-class, middle-intellect 1930s Americans." P. Schuyler Miller reported the novel was "good fun, but nothing to weight you down with ideas."
Stephen King mentions Cosmic Engineers in Hearts in Atlantis, and also in his memoir On Writing, describing Simak's novel as "a terrific read".
References
Sources
External links
1950 American novels
1950 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Clifford D. Simak
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Gnome Press books |
Grevillea venusta, commonly known as Byfield spider flower, is species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a small region of central eastern Queensland. It is an erect shrub with simple and/or divided leaves, the leaves or lobes narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic, and clusters of green and yellow flowers with a deep maroon to purplish black style covered with white hairs.
Description
Grevillea venusta is a large, erect, rounded shrub that typically grows to , or may reach high and wide, and has branchlets that are brownish and hairy. The leaves are long and wide, sometimes divided with 2 to 7 lobes, the leaves or lobes narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblong. The lower surface of the leaves is silky-hairy. The flowers are borne in loose or more or less cylindrical clusters of 12 to 20 on the ends of branches or in leaf axils on a rachis long. The flowers are rich green and yellow to orange with a deep maroon to purplish black style covered with white hairs, the pistil long. Flowers occurs throughout the year with a peak from June to September and the fruit is a greenish, elliptic, shaggy-hairy follicle long.
Taxonomy
Grevillea venusta was first formally described in 1811 by Robert Brown in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, after he collected the type specimen near Cape Townshend (near Shoalwater Bay) in eastern Queensland in August 1802. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin venustus "charming, lovely or graceful".
Distribution and habitat
Byfield spider flower is restricted to central eastern Queensland where it grows in forest and woodland in rocky places and along creeks between the Many Peaks Range and Shoalwater Bay. It occurs in Byfield and Castle Tower National Parks and the Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area.
Conservation status
Grevillea venusta is listed as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
Use in horticulture
This species has been cultivated since the early 1970s and is suitable for use in small gardens, where it grows readily in a sunny position with good drainage. It is fast growing and hardy in a sunny, frost-free position.
References
External links
venusta
Flora of Queensland
Vulnerable flora of Australia
Nature Conservation Act vulnerable biota
Garden plants of Australia
Proteales of Australia
Plants described in 1810
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) |
Robert Gregory "Bob" Buzzard (born December 9, 1942 in Waterloo, Iowa) is an American former wrestler who competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Greco-Roman wrestling.
References
1942 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Waterloo, Iowa
Olympic wrestlers for the United States
Wrestlers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
American male sport wrestlers |
The Musée Senghor Fondation is a museum located in Senegal.
References
See also
List of museums in Senegal
Museums in Senegal |
Italians Do It Better is an independent record label based in Portland and West Hollywood. It was started by Johnny Jewel and Mike Simonetti on July 20, 2006, to focus on Jewel's projects Glass Candy and Chromatics and later Desire, Symmetry and Mirage, in addition to other artists from prior releases. Genres from the label have been described as contributing to the synth-pop, post-punk, and Italo-disco revivals. They have released three label compilations, 'After Dark' (2007), 'After Dark 2' (2013), 'After Dark 3' (2020), and 'After Dark 4' (2022), all of which feature music from their roster.
Italians Do It Better is owned by Johnny Jewel, who produces, writes, and contributes to all the acts on the label.
History
Beginnings
Italians Do It Better was founded on July 20, 2006 by Johnny Jewel and Mike Simonetti. Jewel's group Glass Candy initially released music through Simonetti’s label Troubleman Unlimited Records, but they wanted to create a more electronic-focused label and began Italians Do It Better. The label was named after a phrase on a T-shirt worn by Madonna in her 1986 music video for "Papa Don't Preach".
In an interview with Vice's music website Noisey, Jewel commented on the label's origins:
One of the reasons why I started Italians Do It Better is because I didn't want someone telling me when a record was due, or when something needed to be written or recorded. Or when I needed to go on tour. I believe in doing things when it's ready. It’s a dangerous game because the world is moving so fast. But ultimately the only reason we're having this conversation is because I love music. And that's the path that it's led me on in my life. I never set out to be a successful musician, but musical decisions have always guided my life. For that reason, I will stay true to what I really feel…
2007-present
Italians Do It Better began gaining significant international recognition in 2007 with three consecutive releases of the label compilation After Dark, Chromatics' Night Drive, and Glass Candy's B/E/A/T/B/O/X.
Other major releases on the label include the 2011 album Themes for an Imaginary Film from Symmetry (a collaboration between Johnny Jewel and Chromatics' Nat Walker), Chromatics' 2012 album Kill for Love, and After Dark 2 in 2013.
The songs "Tick of the Clock" by Chromatics and "Under Your Spell" by Desire were both used in the soundtrack to the 2011 film Drive.
Pitchfork stated "Whether you treat it as background music, incidental listening, or a two-hour magnum opus, Themes for an Imaginary Film is a well-rounded portrait of a key figure in the American electronic music landscape." BBC Music called Kill for Love "one of the finest records to surface" in 2012. When asked to comment on his own production sound for SPIN's 8-out-of-10 review of Kill for Love, Jewel describes it as that specific "point in the night, you've passed out or you're done making love or whatever. That mindset opens the CD up for room ambience and conversation, and we step into the background — we slip away."
A number of the label's releases have been awarded the coveted "Best New Music" tag from Pitchfork including After Dark, After Dark 2 and Chromatics' Kill for Love.
After Dark 2 was released on May 17, 2013. It featured new tracks from Chromatics, Glass Candy, and Desire.
Glass Candy is currently working on a new album entitled Body Work.
In December 2014, Chromatics announced that a new, 17-track-album entitled Dear Tommy will be available via the label "in time for Valentine's Day." As of 2022, the album has not been released.
Italians Do It Better released the original motion picture soundtrack to Ryan Gosling's directorial debut, Lost River, on March 30. The soundtrack features music from the score, as well as songs from the film by Glass Candy, Chromatics, and Desire, plus songs sung by Saoirse Ronan and Ben Mendelsohn, who star in the film. The soundtrack is released on CD, digitally, and as a limited 2xLP on purple vinyl.
Artists
Artists on Italians Do It Better include:
Bark Bark Disco
Bottin
Causeway
Jorja Chalmers
Chromatics
Club Intl
Desire
Double Mixte
Farah
Juno Francis
Michel
Glüme
Glass Candy
Heaven
In Mirrors
Invisible Conga People
Ivory
Johnny Jewel
JOON
Mirage
Alejandro Molinari
MOTHERMARY
Muscle
Nite Jewel
Orion
Pink Gloves
Ramxes
Tess Roby
Andrew Douglas Rothbard
Symmetry
Twisted Wires
Fred Ventura
References
External links
Official Website
Official Facebook Page
Italians Do It Better at Discogs.com
See also
List of electronic music record labels
American independent record labels |
Fencing at the Friendship Games took place at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest, Hungary between 15 and 21 July 1984. 8 events (6 men's and 2 women's) were contested.
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
Medal table
See also
Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics
References
Friendship Games
1984 in fencing
1984 in Hungarian sport
Friendship Games
International sports competitions hosted by Hungary
International sports competitions in Budapest |
Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1911.
Explorations
24 July: Hiram Bingham III rediscovers Machu Picchu, Peru.
Excavations
Excavations of the ruins of Tell el-Amarna, Egypt, by Ludwig Borchardt of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft (continues to 1914).
First excavations of ancient Samarra, Iraq, by Ernst Herzfeld (continues to 1914).
First excavations of Tell Halaf, Syria, by Max von Oppenheim (continues to 1913).
Excavations of the Hittite city of Carchemish, northern Syria, by D. G. Hogarth of the Ashmolean Museum with Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence (continues to 1914).
First excavations of Hengistbury Head by J. P. Bushe-Fox.
First excavations at Beit Shemesh (continues to 1912).
Excavations at the necropolis of Tanagra (Boeotia) by Nikolaos Papadakis.
Publications
James Curle: A Roman Frontier Post and its People: the Fort of Newstead.
Grafton Elliot Smith: The Ancient Egyptians and the Origin of Civilization.
Finds
Venus of Laussel.
First artefacts found at Dolní Věstonice.
Magdalenian Girl.
Clacton Spear.
Awards
Miscellaneous
Births
Leslie Peter Wenham, Yorkshire archaeologist (died 1990)
Deaths
19 August: John Robert Mortimer, Yorkshire archaeologist (born 1825)
References
Archaeology
Archaeology
Archaeology by year |
```javascript
(function (factory) {
/* global define */
if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
// AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
define(['jquery'], factory);
} else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
// Node/CommonJS
module.exports = factory(require('jquery'));
} else {
// Browser globals
factory(window.jQuery);
}
}(function ($) {
// Extends plugins for adding hello.
// - plugin is external module for customizing.
$.extend($.summernote.plugins, {
/**
* @param {Object} context - context object has status of editor.
*/
'hello': function (context) {
var self = this;
// ui has renders to build ui elements.
// - you can create a button with `ui.button`
var ui = $.summernote.ui;
// add hello button
context.memo('button.hello', function () {
// create button
var button = ui.button({
contents: '<i class="fa fa-child"/> Hello',
tooltip: 'hello',
click: function () {
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// invoke insertText method with 'hello' on editor module.
context.invoke('editor.insertText', 'hello');
}
});
// create jQuery object from button instance.
var $hello = button.render();
return $hello;
});
// This events will be attached when editor is initialized.
this.events = {
// This will be called after modules are initialized.
'summernote.init': function (we, e) {
console.log('summernote initialized', we, e);
},
// This will be called when user releases a key on editable.
'summernote.keyup': function (we, e) {
console.log('summernote keyup', we, e);
}
};
// This method will be called when editor is initialized by $('..').summernote();
// You can create elements for plugin
this.initialize = function () {
this.$panel = $('<div class="hello-panel"/>').css({
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width: 100,
height: 100,
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background: 'red'
}).hide();
this.$panel.appendTo('body');
};
// This methods will be called when editor is destroyed by $('..').summernote('destroy');
// You should remove elements on `initialize`.
this.destroy = function () {
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this.$panel = null;
};
}
});
}));
``` |
The following is the list of notable religious personalities who followed the Hanafi Islamic maddhab followed by a subsection featuring contemporary Hanafi scholars, in chronological order.
List of Hanafis
Abu Hanifa (d. 767)
Ibn al-Mubarak (d. 797)
Abu Yusuf (d. 798)
Muhammad al-Shaybani (d. 805)
Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani (d. 827)
Yahya ibn Ma'in (d. 847)
Al-Hassaf (d. 874)
Al-Tahawi (d. 933)
Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 944)
Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 983)
Abul Ikhlas Hasan ibn `Ammar ibn `Ali al Shurunbulali al Wafa'i (d. 1069)
Al-Sarakhsi (d. 1090)
Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 1100)
Yusuf Hamadani (d. 1141)
Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 1142)
Al-Kasani (d. 1191)
Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani (d. 1197)
Abu Tawwama (d. 1300)
Uthman Siraj ad-Din (d. 1357)
Ala al-Haq (1301-1384)
Ibn Abi al-Izz (1331-1390)
Nur Qutb Alam (d. 1416)
Badr al-Din al-Ayni (d. 1451)
Ibn Kemal (d. 1536)
Ibrahim al-Halabi (d. 1549)
Usman Bengali (d. 1573)
Ali al-Qari (d. 1605)
Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1624)
'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1642)
Mir Zahid Harawi (d. 1689)
Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1671)
Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1731)
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1762)
Shah Nuri Bengali (d. 1785)
Syed Ahmad Barelvi (29 November 1786)
Fakhr ad-Din al-Burdwani (d. 1785)
Mawlana Murad (1790s)
Majduddin (d. 1813)
Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi (d. 1824)
Ibn Abidin (d. 1836)
Haji Shariatullah (1781-1840)
Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (1789 — 7 October 1851)
Muhsinuddin Ahmad (1819–1862)
Karamat Ali Jaunpuri (1800-1873)
Najib Ali Choudhury (1870s)
Naqi Ali Khan (1830 — 1880)
Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (1832 — 15 April 1880)
Al-Maydani (d. 1881)
Yaqub Nanautawi (1833 — 1884)
Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1886)
Mahmud Deobandi (d. 1886)
Hafiz Ahmad Jaunpuri (1834-1899)
Abdul Wahid Bengali (1850-1905)
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1826 — 1905)
Abdul Hamid Madarshahi (1869 - 31 March 1920)
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851 — 30 November 1920)
Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri (1867 – 18 June 1921)
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (14 June 1856 — 28 October 1921)
Sufi Azizur Rahman (1862-1922)
Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani (d. 1928)
Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad (1862 — 1930)
Ibrahim Ali Tashna (1872-1931)
Anwar Shah Kashmiri (16 November 1875 — 28 May 1933)
Majid Ali Jaunpuri (d. 1935)
Abdur Rab Jaunpuri (1875 – June 1935)
Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique Pir-e-Furfura (15 April 1865- 17 March 1943)
Shukrullah Mubarakpuri (1895/1896 — 23 March 1942)
Ibrahim Ujani (1863-1943)
Habibullah Qurayshi (1865-1943)
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (19 August 1863 — 4 July 1943)
Ubaidullah Sindhi (10 March 1872 — 21 August 1944)
Hamid Raza Khan (1875 — 1943)
Asghar Hussain Deobandi (16 October 1877 — 8 January 1945)
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari (1884 — 11 January 1946)
Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri (d. 1948)
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (11 October 1887 — 13 December 1949)
Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri (1868 — 1951)
Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873 — 1952)
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (1879 — 1952)
Kifayatullah Dehlawi (1875 — 31 December 1952)
Izaz Ali Amrohi (November 1882 — 1955)
Manazir Ahsan Gilani (1 October 1892 — 5 June 1956)
Hussain Ahmed Madani (6 October 1879 — 5 December 1957)
Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri (1898-1959)
Azizul Haq (1903-1961)
Shah Ahmad Hasan (1882-1967)
Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad (1889 — 1972)
Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri (1892 — 1981)
Maqsudullah (1883-1961)
Ibrahim Raza Khan (1907 — 1965)
Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (1896-1969)
Mushahid Ahmad Bayampuri (1907-1971)
Abdur Rahman Kashgari (d. 1971)
Deen Muhammad Khan (1900-1974)
Amimul Ehsan Barkati (1911-1974)
Muhammad Miyan Deobandi (1903 — 1975)
Muhammad Faizullah (1890-1976)
Abdul Wahhab Pirji (1890 - 29 September 1976)
Athar Ali Bengali (1891- 6 October 1976)
Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani (12 December 1880 - 17 November 1976)
Muhammad Shafi Deobandi (25 January 1897 — 6 October 1976)
Syed Muhammad Ishaq (1915 — 1977)
Mufti Mahmud (1919 — 1980)
Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (2 February 1898 — 24 May 1982)
Shah Abd al-Wahhab (1894 — 2 June 1982)
Ibrahim Chatuli (1894-1984)
Faiz-ul Hassan Shah (1911- 23 February 1984)
Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi (1908 — 1985)
Harun Babunagari (1902-1986)
Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish (1900-1986)
Abdur Rahim Firozpuri (1918-1987)
Muhammadullah Hafezzi (1895-1987)
Shamsul Huda Panchbagi (1897-1988)
Uzair Gul Peshawari (d. 17 November 1989)
Abdul Jalil Choudhury (1925-1989)
Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh (1915-1990)
Abdul Matin Chowdhury (1915-1990)
Muhammad Taqi Amini (5 May 1926 — 21 January 1991)
Abul Hasan Jashori (1918 – 8 July 1993)
Muhammad Ayyub Ali (1919-1995)
Abdul Haque Faridi (25 May 1903 – 5 February 1996)
Mahmood Hasan Gangohi (1907 — 2 September 1996)
Shamsuddin Qasemi (5 March 1935 — 19 October 1996)
ʿAbd al-Fattah Abu Ghuddah (9 May 1917 – 16 February 1997)
Shah Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri (26 June 1914 – 16 August 1997)
Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (5 December 1913 — 31 December 1999)
Aashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri (1925 — 2002)
Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924-2005)
Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi (1928-2005)
Abrarul Haq Haqqi (20 December 1920 — 17 May 2006)
Syed Fazlul Karim (1935 – 26 November 2006)
Ubaidul Haq (1928-2007)
Obaidul Haque Wazirpuri (1934-2008)
Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali (1913-2008)
Anzar Shah Kashmiri (1927 — 2008)
Naseeruddin Naseer Gilani (1949 — 2009)
Abu Saeed Muhammad Omar Ali (1 October 1945 – 14 August 2010)
Zafeeruddin Miftahi (7 March 1926 — 31 March 2011)
Azizul Haque (1919 — 2012)
Abdus Sattar Akon (1929-2012)
Fazlul Haque Amini (1945 — 12 December 2012)
Qazi Mu'tasim Billah (15 June 1933 – 15 July 2013)
Nurul Islam Farooqi (1959-2014)
Abdur Rahman Chatgami (1920-2015)
Muhiuddin Khan (1935-2016)
Abdul Jabbar Jahanabadi (1937-2016)
Abdul Haq Azmi (1928 — 30 December 2016)
Yunus Jaunpuri (1937-2017)
Muhammad Salim Qasmi (8 January 1926 — 14 April 2018)
Akhtar Raza Khan (1943 — 2018)
Tafazzul Haque Habiganji (1938-2020)
Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (1940 — 19 May 2020)
Salman Mazahiri (10 October 1946 — 20 July 2020)
Muhammad Adil Khan (d. 10 October 2020)
Muhammad Abdus Sobhan (1936-2020)
Shah Ahmad Shafi (1945-2020)
Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945-2020)
Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi (1926 — 2021)
Noor Alam Khalil Amini (18 December 1952 — 3 May 2021)
Muhammad Wakkas (1952-2021)
Junaid Babunagari (1953-2021)
Abdus Salam Chatgami (1943-2021)
Nurul Islam Jihadi (1916-2021)
Abdul Halim Bukhari (1945–2022)
Muhammad Sadik Muhammad Yusuf (15 April 1952 — 10 March 2015)
Contemporary Hanafi scholars
Muhibbullah Babunagari (born 1935)
Raza Saqib
Khadim Hussain Rizvi
Mahmudul Hasan (born: 5 July 1950)
Syed Rezaul Karim (born 1 February 1971)
Mufti Muhammad Rafi Usmani (born: 21 July 1936 )
Mushtaque Ahmad (born 1967)
Mufti Abul Qasim Nomani (born: 14 January 1947).
Salman Husaini Nadwi (born: 1954)
Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi (born: 26 September 1954).
Rawil Gaynetdin (born: 25 August 1959).
Husein Kavazović (born: 3 July 1964).
Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi (born: 10 May 1965).
Shefqet Krasniqi (born: 1966).
Mahfuzul Haque (born: 1969)
Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq (born: 1971).
Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera (born: 1974).
Mufti Ebrahim Desai
Mamunul Haque (born: 1973)
Fuzail Ahmad Nasiri (born: 13 May 1978)
Yusuf Ziya Kavakçı
Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari
Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi (born 1 April 1953)
Maulana Ilyas Attar Qadri (born 1950)
See also
Ahl al-Ra'y
Sunni Islam
Lists of Muslims
Maturidis |
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous.
Biography
Childhood
Augustus De Morgan was born in Madurai, in the Carnatic region of India in 1806. His father was Lieut.-Colonel John De Morgan (1772–1816), who held various appointments in the service of the East India Company, and his mother, Elizabeth (née Dodson, 1776–1856), was daughter of John Dodson and granddaughter of James Dodson, who computed a table of anti-logarithms (inverse logarithms). Augustus De Morgan became blind in one eye a month or two after he was born. The family moved to England when Augustus was seven months old. As his father and grandfather had both been born in India, De Morgan used to say that he was neither English, nor Scottish, nor Irish, but a Briton "unattached", using the technical term applied to an undergraduate of Oxford or Cambridge who is not a member of any one of the Colleges.
When De Morgan was ten years old his father died. Mrs De Morgan resided at various places in the southwest of England, and her son received his primary education at various schools of no great account. His mathematical talents went unnoticed until he was fourteen, when a family-friend discovered him making an elaborate drawing of a figure from one of Euclid's works with a ruler and compasses.
He received his secondary education from Mr Parsons, a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, who appreciated classics better than mathematics. His mother was an active and ardent member of the Church of England, and desired that her son should become a clergyman, but by this time De Morgan had begun to show his non-conforming disposition. He became an atheist.
University education
In 1823, at the age of sixteen, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he came under the influence of George Peacock and William Whewell, who became his lifelong friends; from the former he derived an interest in the renovation of algebra, and from the latter an interest in the renovation of logic—the two subjects of his future life work. His college tutor was John Philips Higman, FRS (1793–1855).
At college he played the flute for recreation and was prominent in the musical clubs. His love of knowledge for its own sake interfered with training for the great mathematical race; as a consequence he came out fourth wrangler. This entitled him to the degree of Bachelor of Arts; but to take the higher degree of Master of Arts and thereby become eligible for a fellowship it was then necessary to pass a theological test. To the signing of any such test De Morgan felt a strong objection, although he had been brought up in the Church of England. In about 1875 theological tests for academic degrees were abolished in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
London University
As no career was open to him at his own university, he decided to go to the Bar, and took up residence in London; but he much preferred teaching mathematics to reading law. About this time the movement for founding London University (now University College London) took shape. The two ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge were so guarded by theological tests that no Jew or Dissenter outside the Church of England could enter as a student, still less be appointed to any office. A body of liberal-minded men resolved to meet the difficulty by establishing in London a university on the principle of religious neutrality. De Morgan, then 22 years of age, was appointed professor of mathematics. His introductory lecture "On the study of mathematics" is a discourse upon mental education of permanent value, and has been recently reprinted in the United States.
The London University was a new institution, and the relations of the Council of management, the Senate of professors and the body of students were not well defined. A dispute arose between the professor of anatomy and his students, and in consequence of the action taken by the council, several professors resigned, headed by De Morgan. Another professor of mathematics was appointed, who then drowned a few years later. De Morgan had shown himself a prince of teachers: he was invited to return to his chair, which thereafter became the continuous centre of his labours for thirty years.
The same body of reformers—headed by Lord Brougham, a Scotsman eminent both in science and politics who had instituted the London University—founded about the same time a Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Its object was to spread scientific and other knowledge by means of cheap and clearly written treatises by the best writers of the time. One of its most voluminous and effective writers was De Morgan. He wrote a great work on The Differential and Integral Calculus which was published by the Society; and he wrote one-sixth of the articles in the Penny Cyclopedia, published by the Society, and issued in penny numbers. When De Morgan came to reside in London he found a congenial friend in William Frend, notwithstanding his mathematical heresy about negative quantities. Both were arithmeticians and actuaries, and their religious views were somewhat similar. Frend lived in what was then a suburb of London, in a country-house formerly occupied by Daniel Defoe and Isaac Watts. De Morgan with his flute was a welcome visitor.
The London University of which De Morgan was a professor was a different institution from the University of London. The University of London was founded about ten years later by the Government for the purpose of granting degrees after examination, without any qualification as to residence. The London University was affiliated as a teaching college with the University of London, and its name was changed to University College. The University of London was not a success as an examining body; a teaching University was demanded. De Morgan was a highly successful teacher of mathematics. It was his plan to lecture for an hour, and at the close of each lecture to give out a number of problems and examples illustrative of the subject lectured on; his students were required to sit down to them and bring him the results, which he looked over and returned revised before the next lecture. In De Morgan's opinion, a thorough comprehension and mental assimilation of great principles far outweighed in importance any merely analytical dexterity in the application of half-understood principles to particular cases.
During this period, he also promoted the work of the self-taught Indian mathematician Ramchundra, who has been called De Morgan's Ramanujan. He supervised the publication in London of Ramchundra's book Treatise on Problems of Maxima and Minima in 1859. In his preface to that edition, De Morgan wrote:
In the same preface, he acknowledged his awareness of the Indian tradition of logic, and later wrote again, in 1860, of its significance:
Though the sophistication of Indian logical thought had been brought to the attention of Western mathematicians by a number of authors beginning in the late-18th century, it is not known whether this had any influence on De Morgan's own work. Mary Boole, however, claimed a profound influence – via her uncle George Everest – of Indian thought in general and Indian logic, in particular, on George Boole, as well as on De Morgan and Charles Babbage:Think what must have been the effect of the intense Hinduizing of three such men as Babbage, De Morgan, and George Boole on the mathematical atmosphere of 1830–65. What share had it in generating the Vector Analysis and the mathematics by which investigations in physical science are now conducted?
Jonardon Ganeri has observed that it was this period of the mid-nineteenth century pointed to by Mary Boole that saw George Boole (1815–1864) and Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871) make their pioneering applications of algebraic ideas to the formulation of logic (algebraic logic and Boolean logic), and has suggested that these figures were likely to have been aware of the Indian system of logic, and in turn, that their awareness of the shortcomings of propositional logic as it was then formulated may have contributed to their willingness to look beyond their own logical tradition.
Family
Augustus was one of seven children, four of whom survived to adulthood.
Eliza (1801–1836) married Lewis Hensley, a surgeon, living in Bath.
Augustus (1806–1871)
George (1808–1890), a barrister-at-law who married Josephine, daughter of Vice Admiral Josiah Coghill, 3rd Baronet Coghill
Campbell Greig (1811–1876), a surgeon at the Middlesex Hospital
In the autumn of 1837, he married Sophia Elizabeth Frend (1809–1892), eldest daughter of William Frend (1757–1841) and Sarah Blackburne (1779–?), a granddaughter of Francis Blackburne (1705–1787), Archdeacon of Cleveland.
De Morgan had three sons and four daughters, including fairytale author Mary De Morgan. His eldest son was the potter William De Morgan. His second son George acquired distinction in mathematics at University College and the University of London. He and another like-minded alumnus conceived the idea of founding a mathematical society in London, where mathematical papers would be not only received (as by the Royal Society) but actually read and discussed. The first meeting was held in University College; De Morgan was the first president, his son the first secretary. It was the beginning of the London Mathematical Society.
Retirement and death
In 1866 the chair of mental philosophy in University College fell vacant. James Martineau, a Unitarian clergyman and professor of mental philosophy, was recommended formally by the Senate to the council; but in the Council there were some who objected to a Unitarian clergyman, and others who objected to theistic philosophy. A layman of the school of Bain and Spencer was appointed. De Morgan considered that the old standard of religious neutrality had been hauled down, and forthwith resigned. He was now 60 years of age. His pupils secured him a pension of £500 p.a., but misfortunes followed. Two years later his son George—the "younger Bernoulli", as Augustus loved to hear him called, in allusion to the eminent father-and-son mathematicians of that name—died. This blow was followed by the death of a daughter. Five years after his resignation from University College De Morgan died of nervous prostration on 18 March 1871.
De Morgan was a brilliant and witty writer, whether as a controversialist or as a correspondent. In his time there flourished two Sir William Hamiltons who have often been conflated. One was Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet, a Scotsman, professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh; the other was a knight (that is, won the title), an Irishman, professor at astronomy in the University of Dublin.
The correspondence of De Morgan with Hamilton the mathematician extended over twenty-four years; it contains discussions not only of mathematical matters, but also of subjects of general interest. It is marked by geniality on the part of Hamilton and by wit on the part of De Morgan. The following is a specimen:
Hamilton wrote:
De Morgan replied:
De Morgan was full of personal peculiarities. On the occasion of the installation of his friend, Lord Brougham, as Rector of the University of Edinburgh, the Senate offered to confer on him the honorary degree of LL. D.; he declined the honour as a misnomer. He once printed his name: Augustus De Morgan, H – O – M – O – P – A – U – C – A – R – U – M – L – I – T – E – R – A – R – U – M (Latin for "man of few letters").
He disliked the provinces outside London, and while his family enjoyed the seaside, and men of science were having a good time at a meeting of the British Association in the country, he remained in the hot and dusty libraries of the metropolis. He said that he felt like Socrates, who declared that the farther he was from Athens the farther was he from happiness. He never sought to become a Fellow of the Royal Society, and he never attended a meeting of the Society; he said that he had no ideas or sympathies in common with the physical philosopher. His attitude was possibly due to his physical infirmity, which prevented him from being either an observer or an experimenter. He never voted at an election, and he never visited the House of Commons, the Tower of London or Westminster Abbey.
Were the writings of De Morgan, such as his contributions to the Useful Knowledge Society, published in the form of collected works, they would form a small library. Mainly through the efforts of Peacock and Whewell, a Philosophical Society had been inaugurated at Cambridge, and De Morgan contributed four memoirs to its transactions on the foundations of algebra, and an equal number on formal logic. The best presentation of his view of algebra is found in a volume, entitled Trigonometry and Double Algebra, published in 1849; and his earlier view of formal logic is found in a volume published in 1847. His most distinctive work is styled A Budget of Paradoxes; it originally appeared as letters in the columns of the Athenæum journal; it was revised and extended by De Morgan in the last years of his life, and was published posthumously by his widow.
George Peacock's theory of algebra was much improved by D. F. Gregory, a younger member of the Cambridge School, who laid stress not on the permanence of equivalent forms, but on the permanence of certain formal laws. This new theory of algebra as the science of symbols and of their laws of combination was carried to its logical issue by De Morgan; and his doctrine on the subject is still followed by English algebraists in general. Thus George Chrystal founds his Textbook of Algebra on De Morgan's theory; although an attentive reader may remark that he practically abandons it when he takes up the subject of infinite series. De Morgan's theory is stated in his volume on Trigonometry and Double Algebra, where in Book II, Chapter II, headed "On symbolic algebra", he writes:
The one exception above noted, which has some share of meaning, is the sign placed between two symbols, as in . It indicates that the two symbols have the same resulting meaning, by whatever different steps attained. That and , if quantities, are the same amount of quantity; that if operations, they are of the same effect, etc.
Trigonometry and Double Algebra
De Morgan's work entitled Trigonometry and Double Algebra consists of two parts; the former of which is a treatise on trigonometry, and the latter a treatise on generalized algebra which he called "double algebra". The first stage in the development of algebra is arithmetic, where only natural numbers and symbols of operations such as , , etc. are used. The next stage is universal arithmetic, where letters appear instead of numbers, so as to denote numbers universally, and the processes are conducted without knowing the values of the symbols. Let and denote any natural numbers. An expression such as may still be impossible, so in universal arithmetic there is always a proviso, provided the operation is possible. The third stage is single algebra, where the symbol may denote a quantity forwards or a quantity backwards, and is adequately represented by segments on a straight line passing through an origin. Negative quantities are then no longer impossible; they are represented by the backward segment. But an impossibility still remains in the latter part of such an expression as which arises in the solution of the quadratic equation. The fourth stage is double algebra. The algebraic symbol denotes in general a segment of a line in a given plane. It is a double symbol because it involves two specifications, namely, length, and direction; and is interpreted as denoting a quadrant. The expression then represents a line in the plane having an abscissa and an ordinate . Argand and Warren carried double algebra so far but they were unable to interpret on this theory such an expression as . De Morgan attempted it by reducing such an expression to the form , and he considered that he had shown that it could be always so reduced. The remarkable fact is that this double algebra satisfies all the fundamental laws above enumerated, and as every apparently impossible combination of symbols has been interpreted it looks like the complete form of algebra. In chapter 6 he introduced hyperbolic functions and discussed the connection of common and hyperbolic trigonometry.
If the above theory is true, the next stage of development ought to be triple algebra and if truly represents a line in a given plane, it ought to be possible to find a third term which added to the above would represent a line in space. Argand and some others guessed that it was although this contradicts the truth established by Euler that . De Morgan and many others worked hard at the problem, but nothing came of it until the problem was taken up by Hamilton. We now see the reason clearly: The symbol of double algebra denotes not a length and a direction; but a multiplier and an angle. In it the angles are confined to one plane. Hence the next stage will be a quadruple algebra, when the axis of the plane is made variable. And this gives the answer to the first question; double algebra is nothing but analytical plane trigonometry, and this is why it has been found to be the natural analysis for alternating currents. But De Morgan never got this far. He died with the belief that "double algebra must remain as the full development of the conceptions of arithmetic, so far as those symbols are concerned which arithmetic immediately suggests".
In Book II, Chapter II, following the above quoted passage about the theory of symbolic algebra, De Morgan proceeds to give an inventory of the fundamental symbols of algebra, and also an inventory of the laws of algebra. The symbols are , , , , , , (), and letters; these only, all others are derived. As De Morgan explains, the last of these symbols represents writing a latter expression in superscript over and after a former. His inventory of the fundamental laws is expressed under fourteen heads, but some of them are merely definitions. The preceding list of symbols is the matter under the first of these heads. The laws proper may be reduced to the following, which, as he admits, are not all independent of one another, "but the unsymmetrical character of the exponential operation, and the want of the connecting process of and ... renders it necessary to state them separately":
Identity laws.
Law of signs.
Commutative law.
Distributive law.
Index laws.
De Morgan professes to give a complete inventory of the laws which the symbols of algebra must obey, for he says, "Any system of symbols which obeys these rules and no others—except they be formed by combination of these rules—and which uses the preceding symbols and no others—except they be new symbols invented in abbreviation of combinations of these symbols—is symbolic algebra." From his point of view, none of the above principles are rules; they are formal laws, that is, arbitrarily chosen relations to which the algebraic symbols must be subject. He does not mention the law, which had already been pointed out by Gregory, namely, and to which was afterwards given the name Law of association. If the commutative law fails, the associative may hold good; but not vice versa. It is an unfortunate thing for the symbolist or formalist that in universal arithmetic is not equal to ; for then the commutative law would have full scope. Why does he not give it full scope? Because the foundations of algebra are, after all, real not formal, material not symbolic. To the formalists the index operations are exceedingly refractory, in consequence of which some take no account of them, but relegate them to applied mathematics. To give an inventory of the laws which the symbols of algebra must obey is an impossible task, and reminds one not a little of the task of those philosophers who attempt to give an inventory of the a priori knowledge of the mind.
Formal Logic
When the study of mathematics revived at the University of Cambridge, so did the study of logic. The moving spirit was Whewell, the Master of Trinity College, whose principal writings were a History of the Inductive Sciences, and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. Doubtless De Morgan was influenced in his logical investigations by Whewell; but other influential contemporaries were Sir William Rowan Hamilton at Dublin, and George Boole at Cork. De Morgan's work, Formal Logic, published in 1847, is principally remarkable for his development of the numerically definite syllogism. The followers of Aristotle say that from two particular propositions such as Some M's are A's, and Some M's are B's nothing follows of necessity about the relation of the A's and B's. But they go further and say in order that any relation about the A's and B's may follow of necessity, the middle term must be taken universally in one of the premises. De Morgan pointed out that from Most M's are A's and Most M's are B's it follows of necessity that some A's are B's and he formulated the numerically definite syllogism which puts this principle in exact quantitative form. Suppose that the number of the M's is , of the M's that are A's is , and of the M's that are B's is ; then there are at least A's that are B's. Suppose that the number of souls on board a steamer was 1000, that 500 were in the saloon, and 700 were lost. It follows of necessity, that at least 700 + 500 – 1000, that is, 200, saloon passengers were lost. This single principle suffices to prove the validity of all the Aristotelian moods. It is therefore a fundamental principle in necessary reasoning.
Here then De Morgan had made a great advance by introducing quantification of the terms. At that time Sir William Hamilton was teaching in Edinburgh a doctrine of the quantification of the predicate, and a correspondence sprang up. However, De Morgan soon perceived that Hamilton's quantification was of a different character; that it meant for example, substituting the two forms The whole of A is the whole of B, and The whole of A is a part of B for the Aristotelian form All A's are B's. Hamilton thought that he had placed the keystone in the Aristotelian arch, as he phrased it. Although it must have been a curious arch which could stand 2000 years without a keystone. As a consequence he had no room for De Morgan's innovations. He accused De Morgan of plagiarism, and the controversy raged for years in the columns of the Athenæum, and in the publications of the two writers.
The memoirs on logic which De Morgan contributed to the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society subsequent to the publication of his book Formal Logic are by far the most important contributions which he made to the science, especially his fourth memoir, in which he begins work in the broad field of the "logic of relatives".
Budget of Paradoxes
In the introduction to the Budget of Paradoxes De Morgan explains what he means by the word:
How can the sound paradoxer be distinguished from the false paradoxer? De Morgan supplies the following test:
The Budget consists of a review of a large collection of paradoxical books which De Morgan had accumulated in his own library, partly by purchase at bookstands, partly from books sent to him for review, partly from books sent to him by the authors. He gives the following classification: squarers of the circle, trisectors of the angle, duplicators of the cube, constructors of perpetual motion, subverters of gravitation, stagnators of the earth, builders of the universe. You will still find specimens of all these classes in the New World and in the new century. De Morgan gives his personal knowledge of paradoxers.
A paradoxer to whom De Morgan paid the compliment which Achilles paid Hector – to drag him round the walls again and again – was James Smith, a successful merchant of Liverpool. He found . His mode of reasoning was a curious caricature of the reductio ad absurdum of Euclid. He said let , and then showed that on that supposition, every other value of must be absurd. Consequently, is the true value. The following is a specimen of De Morgan's dragging round the walls of Troy:
In the region of pure mathematics, De Morgan could detect easily the false from the true paradox; but he was not so proficient in the field of physics. His father-in-law was a paradoxer, and his wife a paradoxer; and in the opinion of the physical philosophers De Morgan himself scarcely escaped. His wife wrote a book describing the phenomena of spiritualism, table-rapping, table-turning, etc.; and De Morgan wrote a preface in which he said that he knew some of the asserted facts, believed others on testimony, but did not pretend to know whether they were caused by spirits, or had some unknown and unimagined origin. From this alternative he left out ordinary material causes. Faraday delivered a lecture on Spiritualism, in which he laid it down that in the investigation we ought to set out with the idea of what is physically possible, or impossible; De Morgan did not believe this.
Relations
De Morgan developed the calculus of relations in his Syllabus of a Proposed System of Logic (1966: 208–46), first published in 1860. De Morgan was able to show that reasoning with syllogisms could be replaced with composition of relations. The calculus was described as the logic of relatives by Charles Sanders Peirce, who admired De Morgan and met him shortly before his death. The calculus was further extended in the third volume of Ernst Schröder's Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik. Binary relations, especially order theory, proved critical to the Principia Mathematica of Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead. In turn, this calculus became the subject of much further work, starting in 1940, by Alfred Tarski and his colleagues and students at the University of California.
Spiritualism
De Morgan later in his life became interested in the phenomena of spiritualism. In 1849, he had investigated clairvoyance and was impressed by the subject. He later carried out paranormal investigations in his own home with the American medium Maria Hayden. The result of those investigations was later published by his wife Sophia. De Morgan believed that his career as a scientist might have been affected if he had revealed his interest in the study of spiritualism, so he helped to publish the book anonymously. The book was published in 1863, titled From Matter to Spirit: The Result of Ten Years Experience in Spirit Manifestations.
According to historian Janet Oppenheim, De Morgan's wife Sophia was a convinced spiritualist but De Morgan shared a third way position on spiritualist phenomena, which Oppenheim defined as a "wait-and-see position"; he was neither a believer nor a sceptic. Instead, his viewpoint was that the methodology of the physical sciences does not automatically exclude psychic phenomena, and that such phenomena may be explainable in time by the possible existence of natural forces which physicists had not yet identified.
In the preface of From Matter to Spirit (1863), De Morgan stated:
Psychical researcher John Beloff wrote that De Morgan was the first notable scientist in Britain to take an interest in the study of spiritualism and his studies had influenced the decision of William Crookes to also study spiritualism. Beloff also claims that De Morgan was an atheist and so he was debarred from a position at Oxford or Cambridge.
Legacy
Beyond his great mathematical legacy, the headquarters of the London Mathematical Society is called De Morgan House and the student society of the Mathematics Department of University College London is called the Augustus De Morgan Society.
The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
Selected writings
See also
History of Grandi's series
Murphy's law
Squaring the circle
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
De Morgan, A., 1966. Logic: On the Syllogism and Other Logical Writings. Heath, P., ed. Routledge. A useful collection of De Morgan's important writings on logic.
External links
Papers of Augustus De Morgan held by Senate House Library, University of London
Library of Augustus De Morgan
1806 births
1871 deaths
19th-century British philosophers
19th-century English mathematicians
19th-century English writers
Academics of University College London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
English logicians
English philosophers
British parapsychologists
Presidents of the London Mathematical Society
Quantitative linguistics
Scientists from Madurai
Victorian writers |
Mauro Porpora is a paralympic athlete from Italy competing mainly in category T11 sprint events.
Biography
Mauro Porpora competed in the Paralympics in 2000 where as well as doing the T11 200m he was part of the Italian T13 4 × 100 m relay team that won gold medals.
References
External links
Paralympic athletes for Italy
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Italy
Living people
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Italian male sprinters
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Paralympic sprinters |
David "Dave" Shapiro (April 24, 1952 – February 16, 2011) was an American jazz musician. He played double bass.
Life
Born and raised in Brooklyn, David Shapiro graduated from Brooklyn College in 1973 with a Bachelor of Arts in Music. He became a busy New York freelancer, playing regularly with such jazz legends as Woody Herman, Chet Baker, Lee Konitz, Howard McGhee, Mel Lewis and singers Ray Charles, Anita O'Day, and Chris Connor. He performed with Jackie Cain and Roy Kral in the Newport Jazz Festival in Carnegie Hall. He proved his versatility as a member of the house band at Eddie Condon's and the Metropolitan Bopera House.
In 1987 Shapiro moved to Townshend, Vermont, where he taught and played with various musicians of the jazz scene in Vermont and Western Massachusetts, as Attila Zoller, Howard Brofsky, Scott Mullett, Paul Arslanian, Bob Weiner, Jay Messer, Eugene Uman, Draa Hobbs, Claire Arenius, and Tom McClung. With trumpet player Steve Sonntag he led a trio, which became later a sextet. In 1997 they recorded the live album Monk, Duke & Mingus Shapiro also played in recording sessions with Woody Herman (World Class, 1982), Danny D'Imperio (Blues For Philly Joe, 1991), Joshua Breakstone (Evening Star, 1988), Howard Brofsky (73 Down, 2000), and Michael Musillami (Perception, 2000).
Shapiro taught math and jazz history at Westfield State College and at Holyoke Community College in Massachusetts. He instituted his own educational programs and conducted jazz ensembles. He also taught Jazz History at the Vermont Jazz Center and conducted the "piano trio" ensembles at the VJC's Summer Jazz Workshop.
Death
On February 16, 2011, Shapiro was found frozen to death in his home. His death certificate states the manner of death was an accident, “due to cold environmental temperatures.” An autopsy was done and determined the cause of death to be “atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and psychiatric illness (type unspecified),” with no further details, although he apparently had a history of erratic behavior and severe psychiatric problems during the last years of his life and, as a result, had been hospitalized several times. At the time his body was discovered, there was no heat in his house and his phone had been turned off.
References
External links
"When a bass player dies..." at greenmountaindaily.com
Credits AllMusic
David Shapiro at Discogs
Post-bop double-bassists
Hard bop double-bassists
Mainstream jazz double-bassists
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
American session musicians
1952 births
2011 deaths
American male jazz musicians
Brooklyn College alumni |
Abba Saul (, Abba Shaul) was a fourth generation Tanna (Jewish sage).
Name
The "Abba" in "Abba Saul" is a title, and is not part of his name.
Sources that mention Abba Saul b. Nanos and Abba Saul bar Nash probably refer to the same individual.
Biography
As Abba Saul explicitly refers to an opinion of R. Akiva's, and to disagreements between Akiva and Ben Azzai and between Akiva and the sages, it may be concluded that he was a pupil of R. Akiba and that he lived in the middle of the second century. In the story where Abba Saul prepared the bread in "Rabbi's" house, the reference must be to the house of the patriarch R. Simeon ben Gamaliel II not to that of R. Judah haNasi.
He does not appear to have held the title of rabbi. He was tall, and it is said that R. Tarfon reached only up to his shoulder.
He worked as a grave-digger.
Teachings
Abba Saul devoted himself assiduously to the study of the mode of worship in the Temple. He also made a collection of mishnayot which in many respects differed from others; this collection has partly been preserved in the present Mishnah, whose redactor, Judah haNasi, occasionally made use of some passages in it which were at variance with other mishnaic compilations.
He demanded that a man perform yibbum solely for the sake of the mitzvah, and not for any other reason such as the sister-in-law's beauty.
He was a proponent of Judaism's version of imitatio dei. He explains the word anvehu as though it were composed of ani and vehu, and interprets it as meaning that man must endeavor to imitate God and, like Him, show charity and benevolence.
To Leviticus 19:2 ("Ye shall be holy: for I the Lord your God am holy") he cites the parallel, "The king's companions must do according to the king's will".
Quotes
"Discord in the school causes general corruption"
"Morality is greater than learning"
References
Bibliography
J. Brüll, Einleitung in die Mischnah, i. 200–201.
Mishnah rabbis
Pirkei Avot rabbis |
David Pearce Penhallow (25 May 1854 – 20 October 1910) was a Canadian-American botanist, paleobotanist and educator.
Born in Kittery Point, Maine, Penhallow graduated from Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1873 (now the University of Massachusetts Amherst). When his former professor, William S. Clark was asked by the Japanese government to assist in the founding of Sapporo Agricultural College (now Hokkaido University), Penhallow accompanied Clark and another MAC graduate, William Wheeler, to teach botany and chemistry. When Clark departed the Sapporo in 1877, Penhallow served as acting President from 1879 to 1880. During his stay in Japan, Penhallow travelled across the archipelago and among other accomplishments became the first westerner to stay with the Ainu peoples.
Upon returning to North America in 1880, Penhallow became an assistant to noted Harvard University botanist Asa Gray and assisted with Gray's research into the distribution of northern hemisphere plants. Penhallow left Harvard in 1882 to become a botanist and chemist at the Houghton Farm Experiment Station which was located in Houghton, New York, however the station closed only one year later. While Penhallow was working at Houghton Farm, Gray was contacted by Sr John Dawson of McGill University who was looking for a suitable person to fill the vacancy left at McGill with the death of botanist James Barnston. Penhallow accepted and became a lecturer at McGill and in 1883 became the first botanist appointed to the Macdonald Chair of Botany. During this time Penhallow delved into the newly developing science of paleobotany with the encouragement of Dawson. He was noted for his early work on Devonian fossils of the Gaspé peninsula and the Tertiary fossils of the British Columbia coal fields. He conducted detailed work on extinct taxa such as Prototaxites and Azolla primaeva.
Penhallow continued with his education and in 1888 he earned his BS from Boston University. Eight years later in 1896 he was awarded both a BS and an MS from McGill 1896, and finally a DS in 1904. After allegedly suffering from a mental breakdown in 1909, Penhallow died on the SS Lake Manitoba during a voyage from Montreal to Liverpool, England.
References
1854 births
1910 deaths
People who died at sea
19th-century American botanists
19th-century Canadian botanists
American expatriates in Japan
American emigrants to Canada
American paleontologists
Canadian paleontologists
Paleobotanists
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Massachusetts Agricultural College alumni
People from Kittery, Maine
Academic staff of Hokkaido University
20th-century American botanists
20th-century Canadian botanists |
Edwin McClellan (24 October 1925 – 27 April 2009) was a British Japanologist, teacher, writer, translator, and interpreter of Japanese literature and culture.
Biography
McClellan was born in Kobe, Japan in 1925 to a Japanese mother, Teruko Yokobori, and a British father who worked for Lever Brothers in Japan. His mother and older brother died when he was two. Bilingual from birth and educated at the Canadian Academy in Kobe, McClellan and his father were repatriated to Britain in 1942 aboard the Tatsuta Maru, a passenger liner requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy to repatriate British nationals from throughout Southeast Asia.
In London, McClellan taught Japanese at the School of Oriental and African Studies as part of the war effort. At 18, he joined the Royal Air Force, hoping to become a fighter pilot, but his fluency in Japanese made him more useful to Allied intelligence. He spent the years 1944–1947 in Washington, D.C. and at Langley Air Force Base in Maryland, analyzing intercepted Japanese communications.
In 1948, he went to the University of St. Andrews, where he earned a degree in British history and met his future wife, Rachel Elizabeth Pott. At St. Andrews he also met the noted political theorist Russell Kirk, who took him on as his graduate student at Michigan State University. Two years later, McClellan transferred to the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago to work with classicist David Grene and economist and philosopher Friedrich von Hayek. McClellan appealed to Hayek to write his doctoral dissertation on the novelist Natsume Sōseki, whose work was much admired in Japan but unknown in the West. To persuade Hayek of Sōseki's importance as a writer and interpreter of Japanese modernity, McClellan translated Sōseki's novel Kokoro into English. McClellan's definitive translation of Kokoro was published in 1957.
Awarded his doctorate in 1957, McClellan taught English at Chicago until 1959 when he was asked to create a program in Japanese studies, housed in the university's Oriental Institute. He became full professor and founding chair of the Department of Far Eastern Languages and Civilizations in 1965, and later was made the Carl Darling Buck Professor. In 1972, he moved to Yale University and served as chair of the Department of East Asian Languages and Literature 1973–1982 and 1988–1991. He was appointed as the Sumitomo Professor of Japanese Studies in 1979, the first chair at a U.S. university to be endowed by a Japanese sponsor. In 1999, McClellan was named a Sterling Professor, Yale's highest professorial honor.
McClellan was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977. In 1998 he was honored by the Japanese government with the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon. His other major awards include the Kikuchi Kan Prize (菊池寛賞) for literature in 1994, the Noma Prize for literary translation in 1995 and the Association for Asian Studies Award for Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies in 2005.
In addition to his committee work at Chicago and Yale, McClellan served on the board of the Council for International Exchange of Scholars (CIES), the American Advisory Committee of the Japan Foundation, the American Oriental Society, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the editorial board of the Journal of Japanese Studies, and visiting committees in East Asian studies at Harvard and Princeton.
His publications include translations of novels by Natsume Sōseki (in addition to Kokoro, Grass on the Wayside) and Shiga Naoya (A Dark Night's Passing); the translation of a memoir by Yoshikawa Eiji; a book of essays, Two Japanese Novelists: Soseki and Toson; and a biography of 19th-century Japanese "bluestocking" Shibue Io, Woman in a Crested Kimono.
A festschrift published in his honor by the University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies, notes: "Among McClellan's students his seminars have become lore. ... The depth and breadth of readings these seminars required were a revolution in pedagogy when McClellan first began them over 20 years ago; and they continue to represent an ideal of graduate training in the field. ... He taught his students to ask the most fundamental questions about the literary imagination: how language functions within the history of literary forms and in the context of society, history, politics and the existential yearnings of a singular imagination."
McClellan remained a British citizen until his death. His wife, Rachel, died in January 2009. He is succeeded by a son, Andrew, of Watertown, Massachusetts; a daughter, Sarah, of Somerville, Massachusetts; and five grandsons.
Festschrift
A festschrift was published in his honor by the University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies. The 16 critical essays and selected modern period translations were compiled to demonstrate the high standards set by Professor McClellan. The contributors' work was intended to acknowledge the esteem McClellan earned as teacher and mentor.
Alan Tansman and Dennis Washburn. (1997). Studies in Modern Japanese Literature: Essays and Translations in Honor of Edwin McClellan. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan. (cloth)
The McClellan Visiting Fellowship in Japanese Studies at Yale was inaugurated in 2000 by the Council on East Asian Studies in honor of Edwin McClellan, who was the Sterling Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature.
Honors and awards
1977 – American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1994 – Kikuchi Kan Prize
1995 – Noma Prize, Literary Translation Prize
1998 – Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, 1998.
2005 – Association for Asian Studies (AAS), Award for Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies
Published work
1969 – Two Japanese Novelists: Soseki and Toson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
_. (1971) Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing.
1985 – Woman in the Crested Kimono : The Life of Shibue Io and Her Family Drawn from Mori Ōgai's 'Shibue Chusai'''. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Translations
Natsume Sōseki. (1957). Kokoro. Chicago: Regnery Gateway.
_. (1957). Kokoro...
_. (1967). Kokoro...
_. (1992). Kokoro. Lanham, Maryland: National Book Network.
_. (1996). Kokoro...
_. (2002). Kokoro...
_. (2006). Kokoro...
_. (2007). Kokoro. London: Peter Owen Ltd.
Natsume Sōseki. (1969). Grass on the Wayside. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
_. (1990). Grass on the Wayside. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Japanese Studies.
Shiga Naoya. (1976) A Dark Night's Passing. Tokyo: Kodansha. and
Yoshikawa Eiji. (1993). Fragments of a Past: A Memoir. Tokyo: Kodansha. (cloth) and (paper)
See also
Mitsuo Nakamura
Eto Jun – contributor, Studies ... in Honor of Edwin McClellan. Jay Rubin – contributor, Studies ... in Honor of Edwin McClellan. John Whittier Treat – contributor, Studies ... in Honor of Edwin McClellan.Notes
References
Brown, Janice. "Studies in Modern Japanese Literature: Essays and Translations in Honor of Edwin McClellan," The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Oct., 1999), pp. 100–103.
Schulman, Frank Joseph. (1970). Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages, 1877-1969. London: [Routledge].
Washburn, Dennis. "Studies in Modern Japanese Literature: Essays and Translations in Honor of Edwin McClellan," The Journal of Asian Studies'', Vol. 58, No. 1 (Feb., 1999), pp. 217–220.
External links
Hirotsugu Aida. The Soseki Connection: Edwin McClellan, Friedrich Hayek, and Jun Eto," Tokyo Foundation. 2007
"McClellan Named Sterling Professor of Japanese," Yale Office of Public Affairs. February 3, 1999.
"In Memoriam: Edwin McClellan, Noted for Translations of Japanese Literature," Yale Office of Public Affairs. May 19, 2009.
1925 births
2009 deaths
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Academics of SOAS University of London
Harvard University people
University of Chicago faculty
Yale University faculty
Japanese–English translators
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
British people of Japanese descent
Japanese literature academics
Yale Sterling Professors
20th-century translators |
The 2012–13 Torquay United F.C. season was Torquay United's 77th season in the Football League and their fourth consecutive season in League Two. The season ran from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.
First team squad
End of season honours
At the end of the 2012–13 season four awards were given out, for Young Player of the Season, Top Goalscorer, Players' Player of the Season and Supporters' Player of the Season.
Young Player of the Season - Daniel Sullivan
Top Goalscorer - Rene Howe
Players' Player of the Season - Brian Saah
Supporters' Player of the Season - Aaron Downes
League Two
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Results
League Two
FA Cup
League Cup
League Trophy
Friendlies
Devon St Luke's Bowl
Club statistics
First team appearances
|-
|}
Source: Torquay United
Top scorers
Source: Torquay United
Disciplinary record
Source: Torquay United
Transfers
In
Loans in
Out
Loans out
References
2012–13 Football League Two by team
2012-13 |
Tišnovská Nová Ves is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Tišnovská Nová Ves lies approximately north-west of Brno and south-east of Prague.
References
Villages in Brno-Country District |
Lamprosema pectinalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in China.
References
Moths described in 1918
Lamprosema
Moths of Asia |
John Murray (15 August 1837 – 18 November 1917) was a pastoralist and politician in Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and the Queensland Legislative Council.
Early life
Born in Mauchline in Ayrshire to coachman Peter Murray and Jean, née Witherspoon, he was educated locally and emigrated to the Victorian goldfields around 1852. In 1862 he and his brothers established a cattle shipping business in New South Wales, operating between Newcastle and New Zealand, although the latter's prohibition of cattle imports in 1864 due to pleuropneumonia in Australia ended the venture. In December of that year Murray relocated to Rockhampton, selecting around of land and growing sugarcane from 1872.
On 1 September 1873, Murray married Jane Elizabeth Hartley; they had three children, but Jane died in 1877. On 3 January 1882 Murray married Margaret McGavin, with whom he had four children.
Political life
John Murray was an early member of the Gogango Divisional Board, serving as chairman on three occasions.
In 1888 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Normanby, supporting Thomas McIlwraith's group. He resigned from parliament in November 1903 to contest the Australian Senate, but he was unsuccessful. During the campaign Murray described Labor's control of the balance of power in the Australian Parliament as "government from the gutter". His own politics were largely conservative, although he long prevaricated on the issue of separation for Central Queensland.
In 1890 he finally declared his support for separation and declined a seat in the Griffith-McIlwraith coalition ministry. He entered cabinet in 1898 as secretary for railways and public works under T. J. Byrnes and later James Dickson.
A plateau near Gayndah was named Mount Murray by the Hon. John Murray, Minister for Railways and Works, when he and others inspected the land in January 1899. By personally inspecting the land he finally overcame squatter opposition to an extension to Gayndah of what eventually became the Mungar to Monto railway line. Six years later the plateau had become known as the Binjour Plateau.
In 1901 he was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council and served as secretary for public instruction until August 1902 and minister without portfolio under Robert Philp until his retirement in 1903.
Later life
Following his defeat in the federal election he retired to return to pastoralism, purchasing Beaconsfield East and West stations at Ilfracombe in 1911. He later lived mostly at his residence Tullibardine at 148 Merthyr Road, New Farm, Brisbane.
Around September–October 1917, John Murray travelled to his property Beaconsfield Station in the Longreach district. On 18 November 1917 he died in the private hospital of Dr Michod in Longreach after a short illness, aged 76 years old. He was buried in Longreach Cemetery but was re-interred in Toowong Cemetery on 22 March 1919.
References
1837 births
1917 deaths
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Members of the Queensland Legislative Council
Australian pastoralists
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
19th-century Australian businesspeople |
Al-Rashadah () is a sub-district located in the Al Malagim District, Al Bayda Governorate, Yemen. Al-Rashadah had a population of 5244 according to the 2004 census.
References
Sub-districts in Al Malagim District |
```objective-c
#ifndef PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
#define PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
#include "iconfig.h"
#include "webresource.h"
namespace vnotex
{
class PdfViewerConfig : public IConfig
{
public:
PdfViewerConfig(ConfigMgr *p_mgr, IConfig *p_topConfig);
void init(const QJsonObject &p_app, const QJsonObject &p_user) Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
QJsonObject toJson() const Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
const WebResource &getViewerResource() const;
private:
friend class MainConfig;
void loadViewerResource(const QJsonObject &p_app, const QJsonObject &p_user);
QJsonObject saveViewerResource() const;
WebResource m_viewerResource;
};
}
#endif // PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
``` |
A brine spring or salt spring is a saltwater spring.
Brine springs are not necessarily associated with halite deposits in the immediate vicinity. They may occur at valley bottoms made of clay and gravel which became soggy with brine seeped downslope from the valley sides.
Historically, brine springs have been early sources of U.S. salt production, as in the case of the salterns in Syracuse, New York and at the Illinois Salines.
See also
Saline seep
Salt lick
Mineral spring
References
Salts
Springs (hydrology) |
The 2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal, also known as the Sandpapergate scandal, was a cricket cheating scandal surrounding the Australian national cricket team. In March 2018, during the third Test match against South Africa at Newlands in Cape Town, Cameron Bancroft was caught by television cameras trying to rough up one side of the ball with sandpaper to make it swing in flight. Captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner were found to be involved and all three received unprecedented sanctions from Cricket Australia. Although he was found not to have been directly involved, Australia's coach, Darren Lehmann, announced he would step down from his role following the scandal. Smith was replaced by Tim Paine as captain in all formats before Aaron Finch took over from Paine in ODIs and T20Is.
Background
In March 2018, the Australia national cricket team toured South Africa to play four Test matches against the South Africa national cricket team. Entering the 3rd Test, the series was level 1–1. On 24 March 2018, during the third day of the 3rd Test, after the 43rd over of South Africa's second innings, Australia's Cameron Bancroft was shown on the television coverage and on screens at the ground appearing to rub the ball with a small yellow object. After Bancroft realised that he had been seen, he was again shown on the television coverage and on screens at the ground hiding the object in the front of his trousers. He was then approached by the umpires and he showed them a dark microfibre sunglass pouch from his pocket. The umpires inspected the ball and chose neither to offer the ball to the South African team to replace it if they wished, nor award them five penalty runs, the options available to the umpires under Law 41.3 of the Laws of Cricket. This indicated that the ball had not been altered in any noticeable way. At the time, South Africa was 129/2 with a 185 run lead.
At the press conference at the end of the day's play, Bancroft, accompanied by Australia's captain, Steve Smith, admitted that he was shown attempting to alter the condition of the ball using a short length of yellow adhesive tape to which dirt and grit had adhered, forming an abrasive surface. Five days later, and after an investigation into the incident by Cricket Australia, he admitted it was sandpaper, which cricketers use to maintain their bats. Smith also admitted that he knew of the plan in advance of Bancroft's actions. Smith said that the plan was made during the lunch break by the "leadership group", which he did not name. Smith said it was a "big mistake", and when questioned by the media, said that he would not be standing down as captain of the team.
Andy Pycroft, the match referee, charged Bancroft with a Level 2 offence of attempting to alter the condition of the ball. David Richardson, CEO of the International Cricket Council (ICC), charged Smith with "conduct of a serious nature that is contrary to the spirit of the game". Smith accepted the charge and the proposed sanction of two suspension points, which equated to a ban for the next Test match, four demerit points being added to his record, and was fined 100% of his match fee. Bancroft accepted the charge against him, was handed three demerit points and fined 75% of his match fee.
Response
Following Smith's admission, Australia's Prime Minister at that time, Malcolm Turnbull, said it was a "shocking disappointment". He phoned Cricket Australia (CA) Board chairman David Peever directly to express that disappointment and concern, saying that there has to be the strongest action taken. The Australian Sports Commission requested that Smith stand down immediately, and the incident was widely condemned by former international players and officials.
In a press release dated 25 March 2018, CA CEO James Sutherland apologised to fans and confirmed that both Smith and Warner had agreed to stand down from their roles of captain and vice-captain respectively for the remainder of the match. In the same release, David Peever announced that Tim Paine, the team's wicket-keeper, had been endorsed by the Board of CA to step in as acting captain, and Smith and Warner would take to the field under him. South Africa went on to win the Test match by 322 runs, Australia dismissed meekly for 107 in the fourth innings.
Cricket Australia investigation
Cricket Australia launched its own investigation into the incident, led by Executive General Manager Team Performance, Pat Howard, with CA Senior Legal Counsel and Head of Integrity Iain Roy. CA CEO James Sutherland joined the investigators in South Africa. On 27 March 2018, before the findings of that investigation were handed down, opening batsman Matt Renshaw was recalled to the squad from Australia ahead of the fourth Test.
On 27 March 2018, Sutherland announced that as a result of the preliminary investigation Smith, Warner and Bancroft had been charged with bringing the game into disrepute, suspended and would be sent home. He said that further sanctions against the three players would be announced within 24 hours, and that CA was satisfied that no one else was involved. He added that as well as Renshaw, opening batsman Joe Burns and all-rounder Glenn Maxwell were added to the squad to replace them, and confirmed that Paine had been appointed captain for the fourth Test. There was no announcement about the vacant vice-captain position. South Africa dominated the fourth Test against the depleted Australian team, winning by 492 runs to inflict Australia's second heaviest defeat by runs, and winning the series 3–1.
Findings
During a meeting on 28 March 2018, lasting over two hours, the Cricket Australia Board considered the report. The three players were sanctioned by Cricket Australia for breaching article 2.3.5 of Cricket Australia's Code of Conduct by engaging in conduct that was contrary to the spirit of the game, unbecoming of a representative, harmful to the interests of the game, and/or which brings the game into disrepute.
Warner was found to be responsible for the development of the plan to alter the condition of the ball and instructing Bancroft on how to do it, including demonstrating the technique to him. He was also found to have failed to prevent the plan being implemented, misled match officials by concealing his knowledge of the plan and not voluntarily reporting his involvement. He received a twelve-month suspension from "all international and domestic cricket" and he "will not be considered for team leadership positions ever again." Warner drew flak from a lot of people, many of them his own countrymen, who believed him to be the reason behind the whole scandal. In the Amazon documentary series about the scandal, The Test, Warner opened up on his struggles and road to getting the respect he lost back in the 12 month ban period he served.
Smith was not found to have known of the plan but failed to take steps to prevent it, told Bancroft to conceal the sandpaper in his trousers, misled match officials and others regarding Bancroft's attempts to artificially alter the condition of the ball, and made misleading public comments regarding the nature, extent and participants of the plan. He received a twelve-month suspension "from all international and domestic cricket" and he "will not be considered for team leadership positions until a minimum of 12 months after the conclusion of [his suspension] from international and domestic cricket. Any consideration of future leadership would be conditional on acceptance by fans and the public, form and authority among the playing group."
Bancroft was found to be a party to the plan to tamper with the ball, that he carried out Warner's instructions, tried to conceal the evidence and made statements to mislead match officials and the public. He received a nine-month suspension from "all international and domestic cricket" and he "will not be considered for team leadership positions until a minimum of 12 months after the conclusion of [his suspension] from international and domestic cricket. Any consideration of future leadership would be conditional on acceptance by fans and the public, form and authority among the playing group."
As well, "[a]ll three players will be permitted to play club cricket and will be encouraged to do so to maintain links with the cricket community. In addition, all three players will be required to undertake 100 hours of voluntary service in community cricket."
Ahead of the decision, Smith and Warner had stepped down as captains of the Rajasthan Royals and Sunrisers Hyderabad respectively in the 2018 Indian Premier League (IPL). On 28 March 2018, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced that neither Smith nor Warner would be able to play in the 2018 IPL.
Bancroft was contracted to play for English side Somerset in the 2018 County Championship season. On 29 March 2018, Somerset announced that "Bancroft will not be our overseas player for the 2018 season" and that "the club's best interests were at the centre of our decision". Western Australian Cricket Association CEO Christina Matthews confirmed that under their current rules Bancroft could not play grade cricket because of his suspension. However, she added, a rule change was under consideration.
Sutherland specifically addressed repeatedly broadcast footage of coach Darren Lehmann. It showed him on a walkie-talkie to 12th man Peter Handscomb at the side of the field after the vision of Bancroft was broadcast. Hanscomb then ran onto the field to speak with Bancroft. Sutherland said that the CA investigators were satisfied that Lehmann "sent a message to say 'What in the hell is going on?'– he didn't use 'hell', he used another word", referring to an expletive and that he was not aware of the plan.
Responses from players and coach
Warner was the first to respond publicly. In a tweet dated 29 March 2018, he apologised for his part in the incident, and took responsibility for his role in it. He said that he would spend some time with his family, friends and trusted advisers, and would make another statement in the coming days. He later arrived at Sydney Airport with his wife and two young daughters, and when confronted by media, repeated that he would make a statement in the coming days, and that his priority was to get his family home.
Bancroft arrived in Perth on 29 March 2018, and gave a press conference at the WACA. An emotional Bancroft expressed disappointment, regret and remorse, admitting that he had failed as a role model and in the eyes of the broader community, and that when confronted on the field by the umpires and media about his actions he panicked. He asked for forgiveness and said that he would be contributing back to the community.
Smith arrived in Sydney later that day. In a press conference at Sydney Airport, a tearful Smith started by saying that he had nothing to add to Cricket Australia's report. He said that as captain of the Australian cricket team, he took full responsibility, and that he had made a serious error in judgement: "It was a failure of leadership, my leadership." As well as apologising to his "teammates, to fans of cricket all over the world and to all Australians who are disappointed and angry", he specifically referred to the effect that the incident had on his parents, causing him to break down, and implored others faced with questionable decisions to consider their parents. He added, "I know I will regret this for the rest of my life. I'm absolutely gutted. I hope in time I can earn back respect and forgiveness."
Australia's coach Darren Lehmann was cleared by the investigation of any wrongdoing or involvement in the scandal, and said that he would not resign. Of the findings and sanctions, he said that he was "embarrassed" and "disappointed", adding that he hopes people will give all three players a second chance. However, on the same day that the three players returned home, Lehmann announced that he would step down from his role after the conclusion of the fourth Test in Johannesburg. He said in his statement that after watching the press conferences of Bancroft and Smith, "the feeling is that Australian cricket needs to move forward and this is the right thing to do."
On 31 March 2018, an emotional Warner gave a press conference in Sydney. In it, he described his actions as inexcusable and deeply regrettable. He apologised for the breach of trust and his actions, accepting full responsibility for the part he played in the incident, and said that the next twelve months would be a tough and emotional time for him. His priority at this time would be the wellbeing of his family. While he hoped to play for Australia again, he was resigned for it not to happen. He said he would spend the coming weeks and months looking at himself "as a man", and would seek advice and expertise to make "serious changes". He supported a CA investigation into the culture of the Australian cricket side. When asked, he said that he would sit down with family, friends and advisers before deciding on his playing future. Some noted that he deflected multiple questions about whether he was the ringleader of the plan or others' involvement in it.
Disputing the charges and sanctions
In the press release announcing the findings and sanctions, Cricket Australia summarised the review process.
"The Code of Conduct process in this instance is as follows:
A report is lodged by the CEO with the Head of Integrity;
A review is completed by the Head of Integrity; A Notice of Charge (in conjunction with the report) is provided to the player which includes a specific charge under the Code of Conduct and offers the proposed sanctions;
If the player accepts the charge and proposed sanctions, the matter is completed;
If the player disputes either the charge or sanctions, there is a hearing before a CA Commissioner;
The player may appeal the outcome of that hearing, and if so there is a hearing before an Appeals Commissioner (who is selected from the remaining CA Commissioners)."
It was reported on 31 March 2018 that Bancroft had sought legal advice and was considering his options. It was further reported on 1 April 2018 that all three had sought legal advice and were considering their actions, and importantly that while they all acknowledged erring in Cape Town, they had not formally accepted or challenged their charges or their sanctions issued by CA.
It was also reported that Smith and Warner were expected to push for a relaxation of the sanctions, particularly to allow them to play domestic cricket in Australia and overseas. James Sutherland of CA had previously said that the legal advice they had received was that they did not have jurisdiction requiring other national cricketing bodies to enforce the sanctions. "Under the code we didn't have any clear authority over domestic matches played overseas," he said. "It was talked about but we ascertained based on the legal advice that we didn't have that clear authority.
On 4 April 2018, Steve Smith confirmed that he would not challenge the sanctions. In a tweet, he said "I would give anything to have this behind me and be back representing my country. But I meant what I said about taking full responsibility as Captain of the team. I won't be challenging the sanctions. They've been imposed by CA to send a strong message and I have accepted them."
Also on 4 April 2018, Cameron Bancroft announced that he had advised CA that he accepted the sanction. He tweeted "Today I lodged the paperwork with Cricket Australia and will be accepting the sanction handed down. I would love to put this behind me and will do whatever it takes to earn back the trust of the Australian public. Thank you to all those who have sent messages of support."
On 5 April 2018, David Warner announced that he has accepted the CA sanctions. In a tweet, he said "I have today let Cricket Australia know that I fully accept the sanctions imposed on me. I am truly sorry for my actions and will now do everything I can to be a better person, teammate and role model."
Cricket Australia, in a press release dated 5 April 2018, confirmed that "Smith, Bancroft and Warner have officially advised Cricket Australia they have accepted the charges and sanctions, and no hearings will be required." CA CEO James Sutherland added that "These are significant penalties for professional cricketers. They were not imposed lightly. We know the players will return to playing the game they love, and in doing so, we hope they rebuild their careers and regain the trust of fans".
Cultural review
When announcing the initial findings against Bancroft, Smith and Warner on 27 March 2018, James Sutherland announced that there would also be a deeper review of the "culture and conduct" of Australia's professional cricket teams. The terms of reference of that inquiry is to find a means by which supporters of Australian cricket and the wider community can effectively refresh their commitment to the sport. Further details of the review will be forthcoming, but it will seek input from 'relevant experts', especially to determine how the culture of the Australian men's test side arrived at the point at which it has found itself. Former Australian captain, selector and CA Board member Allan Border welcomed the review, saying that "The Australian cricket team itself is not a popular cricket team, and a lot of their antics on the field have upset a lot of people."
On 6 April 2018, Cricket Australia chairman David Peever announced that former Test batsman Rick McCosker would chair an independent review into cultural, organisational and governance issues, and a player-driven process to set out a charter setting out standards for improved player behaviour and expectations of the Australian men's national side. He was expected to be joined by two former players and two current players on a panel, with that quartet unnamed at the time. That process would form part of the wide-ranging review, which would provide recommendations to the Cricket Australia board. Peter Collins, Director of the Centre for Ethical Leadership and a consultant on ethics, leadership and organisational change would act as a "facilitator" for the process. Peever added that the review will take "whatever time is necessary".
The chief executive of the ICC, Dave Richardson, addressed a news conference on 27 April 2018 about harsher punishments for ball-tampering and other misbehaviour.
Responses to the investigation and sanctions
Before the start of play of the fourth Test between Australia and South Africa on 30 March 2018, newly appointed Australian captain Tim Paine, with the support of his players, approached South African captain Faf du Plessis. After the national anthems were played, both teams shook hands on the field as a gesture of goodwill and respect. Paine hoped that this would become a ritual that symbolises the new direction and attitude his team would be taking after the fallout from Cape Town.
While no one contended that the charges and findings against Bancroft, Smith and Warner were not justified, many argued that the sanctions were unprecedented, and that there were flaws in the Cricket Australia (CA) description of the incident. Some did not separate the event—an attempt at ball tampering—from the wider charge brought against the trio of bringing the game into disrepute.
On 29 March 2018, the Australian Cricketers' Association (ACA), which represents the professional first-class cricketers of Australia, released a statement setting out "a number of glaring and clear anomalies in the process to date which causes the ACA to query the severity and proportionality of the proposed sanctions." It went on to say that "The ACA continues to provide welfare and legal support to all players" and that "All Australians would understand the right of the players to receive advice from their advisers, peers and family and the time necessary to ensure the sanctions are fair and proportional." Some see this as the ACA foreshadowing a challenge to CA over the process and sanctions.
Du Plessis, who was found guilty of ball tampering in 2013 and again in 2016, sent Smith a text message expressing his sympathy. He said that "he's one of the good guys and he's just been caught in a bad place". He agreed when asked if he thought that the sanctions were too harsh. He noted that the sanctions imposed by CA were far greater than those imposed by the ICC for the same incident, and may send a message to the ICC that "maybe they need to sharpen up."
Shane Warne, former Australian Test bowler who served a one-year ban for breaching the CA drug code in 2003, condemned the trio for engaging in "premeditated cheating", but believed that the public reaction to the incident resulted in excessive penalties being handed down by CA. English cricket commentator Mark Nicholas wrote "Clearly the captaincy had to go, and equally clearly the vice-captaincy. The punishment that has followed has been extremely severe, and I cannot help but think of Smith and Bancroft."
Former Indian captain Sachin Tendulkar argued that the right decision had been made to uphold the integrity of the game, adding "Winning is important but the way you win is more important." However he defended them, saying that the Australian cricketers have dealt with enough criticism. He also urged media and cricket fans to spare thoughts for their families and that they should be given some breathing space.
Former South African player Herschelle Gibbs said, "Hard scenes watching the interviews. Having been through it all, take it on the chin and live with the consequences but remain true to yourself."
Former Australian captain and commentator Ian Chappell said that CA were right to ban Smith and Warner for twelve months, adding that he did not expect Smith would captain Australia again because he had lost the respect of the players. On the duration of the ban, he said "if they would have only given six months to them and they tried to play in Australia's next summer, the booing and crowd reaction would have been so bad. It would have been very hard for the players and it would not have been a very good situation for Cricket Australia."
Former England captain Michael Vaughan thought the bans too harsh, but noted that CA had sent a message to players. Former Australian batsman Tom Moody believed that the punishment did not fit the crime. Indian commentator Harsha Bhogle said that "I honestly do not believe any other country would have handed its captain and lead player a one-year ban for attempted ball-tampering." Meanwhile, former Indian batsman and commentator Sanjay Manjrekar was not surprised by the sanctions. Other cricketers came out in support of the banned players, saying that punishment was too harsh, including Harbhajan Singh, Russel Arnold, Michael Di Venuto and Adam Hollioake.
Gautam Gambhir, the former captain of the IPL side Delhi Daredevils commented that the sanctions imposed on Smith and Warner are quite harsh, and suspected that both may have paid for their roles in a 10-month pay dispute with CA that was resolved in August 2017. In a tweet he asked the Australian media and the public to spare thoughts for the families of the disgraced cricketers rather than mocking them. Gambhir also said that "I may be quite emotional but Smith doesn't look to me a cheat."
Some criticised CA for its handling of the incident. Former Australian captain Michael Clarke believed that there was more to the incident than CA CEO James Sutherland had said, tweeting "The truth, The full story, Accountability and Leadership- until the public get this Australian cricket is in deep shit!" and that "To [sic] many reputations on the line for the full story not to come out. Cape Town change room is a very small place!" Michael Vaughan was similarly unconvinced, suggesting that Cricket Australia has only made things worse for itself by finding that only three players were involved. Former England wicket-keeper Matt Prior said the official explanation didn't match up with his experiences of how teams work. Former England all-rounder Andrew Flintoff was skeptical that other Australian players, particularly the bowlers, were not involved. Former England batsman Kevin Pietersen was unconvinced that coach Darren Lehmann did not know of the plan, while BBC broadcaster Jonathan Agnew believed that there were contradictions in the official narrative.
Commercial fallout
From the outset, many of Cricket Australia's commercial sponsors and partners, including 2018 South African tour naming rights sponsor Qantas, Twenty20 naming rights sponsor Sanitarium, One Day International and Big Bash League naming rights sponsor KFC, domestic Test match naming rights sponsor Magellan Financial Group, Lion XXXX, the Commonwealth Bank, and Bupa expressed their disappointment and shock over the incident. Many demanded a comprehensive explanation from CA, and demanded that they take steps to protect the long term reputation of the sport they had invested in.
On 29 March 2018, Magellan Financial Group terminated its three-year naming rights sponsorship agreement with CA in response to the ball-tampering scandal. The contract had two more seasons to run, and was estimated to be worth AU$20 million.
The incident came as CA was negotiating television broadcast rights to all forms of the game for the next six seasons, estimated at one point to be valued at greater than AU$900 million. Bidding has not been as high as CA expected, and some expect that the ball tampering incident may further affect those negotiations.
Player contracts
On 28 March, Smith and Warner were banned from the 2018 edition of the IPL. Both the players were going to make A$2.4 million.
On 11 April 2018, Cricket Australia announced the list of 20 players who have been awarded national contracts for 2018–19. Bancroft, Smith and Warner were not on that list, and they were not mentioned in the media release.
In April 2018, Surrey head coach and former Australian cricketer Michael Di Venuto stated that his county would be willing to sign either Smith or Warner during their ban from international cricket.
Individual sponsorships
The LG Electronics company in Australia announced that they had chosen not to renew their personal sponsorship of Warner on 27 March 2018, citing "recent events". Warner had been in a commercial arrangement with LG since 2014. That arrangement was in its final weeks and was being considered for renewal at the time of his suspension. As well as this incident, his behaviour came under the spotlight during the first Test of the tour after the dismissal of South African batsman AB de Villiers. He was then involved in a highly publicised personal and escalating verbal altercation with South African batsman Quinton de Kock as they were leaving the field. Warner's teammates intervened to separate them. Both were charged by the match referee and penalised. Earlier in this Test, Warner was involved in a heated exchange with a spectator after being dismissed in Australia's first innings. The spectator was ejected from the ground.
On 29 March 2018, sporting apparel company ASICS terminated their commercial arrangements with Warner and Bancroft. The Commonwealth Bank terminated their brand ambassador arrangement with Smith, as did Sanitarium for whom Smith was an ambassador for their Weet-Bix product.
Return to cricket
Bancroft was the first of three banned players to return to Australian professional cricket. On 30 December 2018, he represented the Perth Scorchers in the 2018–19 Big Bash League season. In the match he scored two runs from three balls, with the Hobart Hurricanes going on to win the game by six wickets.
The bans on Smith and Warner ended on 29 March 2019, coinciding with the date of the fourth One Day International (ODI) match of Australia's series against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates, however neither made their international return until the first match of the 2019 Cricket World Cup. The trio made their returns to the Test arena at Edgbaston on 1 August in the first Test of the 2019 Ashes series, with Smith’s scores of 144 and 142 earning him the man of the match award as Australia beat England by 251 runs. The players had sandpaper waved at them by the English fans during the match.
In February 2020, Smith and Warner were named in Australia's limited overs squads for their tour to South Africa. They both played in the opening Twenty20 International (T20I) match of the tour, the first time they had represented Australia in South Africa since their bans.
Cricket Australia has reopened an investigation into the scandal after Bancroft hinted that some bowlers also knew about it.
Documentary
A docu-series The Test: A New Era for Australia's Team based on the return of the Australian team after the 2018 ball-tampering scandal was streamed on Amazon Prime Video on 11 March 2020 with 8 episodes.
See also
Deflategate, American football ball-tampering incident
Spitball, a baseball pitch where a substance has been illegally added to the ball to alter its flight characteristics
Corked bat, a baseball bat that has been modified with foreign substances
References
External links
Ball-tampering scandal
2018 in South African cricket
2018 scandals
2010s in Cape Town
Cricket controversies
March 2018 sports events in South Africa
March 2018 sports events in Australia
Sports scandals in Australia
Cheating in sports |
was a Japanese racewalker. He competed in the men's 50 kilometres walk at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
References
1908 births
1992 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Japanese male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Japan
Place of birth missing |
Tvishi () is an appellation for wines produced in a zone around Tvishi village in northwestern Georgia. The zone is on the right bank of the Rioni River and includes Alpana village.
Tvishi is a dry to semi-sweet, still white wine made from Tsolikouri grapes.
See also
Georgian wine
Sweetness of wine
List of Georgian wine appellations
References
Georgian wine
Georgian products with protected designation of origin |
Bijarkan or Bijar Kan () may refer to:
Bijarkan, Rezvanshahr
Bijarkan, Sowme'eh Sara |
Hallgrímskirkja (, Church of Hallgrímur) is a Lutheran (Church of Iceland) parish church in Reykjavík, Iceland. At tall, it is the largest church in Iceland and among the tallest structures in the country. Known for its distinctively curved spire and side wings, it has been described as having become an important symbol for Iceland's national identity since its completion in 1986. The church is named after the Icelandic poet and cleric Hallgrímur Pétursson (1614–1674), author of the Passion Hymns.
Description
Situated on the hilltop Skólavörðuholt near the centre of Reykjavík, the church is one of the city's best-known landmarks and is visible throughout the city. State Architect Guðjón Samúelsson's design of the church was commissioned in 1937. He is said to have designed it to resemble the trap rocks, mountains and glaciers of Iceland's landscape, in particular its columnar basalt "organ pipe" formations (such as those at Svartifoss). The design is similar in style to the expressionist architecture of Grundtvig's Church of Copenhagen, Denmark, completed in 1940, which has been described as a likely influence, alongside the expressionist Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz in Berlin, Germany (completed in 1933).
Architecturally, Hallgrímskirkja consists of three parts: The tower with the distinctly curved side wings which house service facilities, a nave in more traditional architecture, and a sanctuary at the other end of the nave, whose cylindrical shape has been described as evoking Viking war helmets. Hallgrímskirkja also has a 244 ft (74.37 meters) dome.
Inside the church you can light a candle for a dead family member for 100 ISK (0,6913 USD).
Hallgrímskirkja is best described as a piece of Expressionist architecture because of its tower-like exterior, its rejection of traditional styles and its dynamic design. It was heavily influenced by another building, Grundtvigskirken. Like Hallgrímskirkja, Grundtvigskirken, has an organ-like appearance.
It took 41 years to build the church: construction started in 1945 and ended in 1986, but the landmark tower was completed long before the whole church was finished. The crypt beneath the choir was consecrated in 1948, the steeple and wings were completed in 1974, and the nave was consecrated in 1986. At the time of construction, the building was criticized as too old-fashioned and as a blend of different architectural styles. The church was originally intended to be less tall, but the leaders of the Church of Iceland wanted a large spire to outshine Landakotskirkja (Landakot's Church), which was the cathedral of the Catholic Church in Iceland.
The interior is .
The church has a carillion of bells at the top, that ring each hour.
The church houses two large pipe organs. The first, a Rieger-Kloss organ was installed in 1946. It was moved to the South Wing when it opened and a new organ was built. The next pipe organ was commissioned from Frobenius in 1985. Soon after, in 1988 the church council decided that the Frobenius pipe organ wasn't big enough and commissioned another from the German organ builder Johannes Klais of Bonn. It has electronic action; the pipes are remote from the four manuals and pedal console. There are 102 ranks, 72 stops and 5275 pipes. It is tall and weighs . Its construction was finished in December 1992.
Einar Jónsson donated the statue of Jesus to the church in 1948, which stands right next to the entrance to the nave. Jesus receives the Holy Spirit after being baptized in the Jordan.
The church is also used as an observation tower. An observer can take a lift up to the viewing deck and view Reykjavík and the surrounding mountains.
The statue of explorer Leif Erikson (c.970 – c.1020) by Alexander Stirling Calder in front of the church predates its construction. It was a gift from the United States in honor of the 1930 Althing Millennial Festival, commemorating the 1000th anniversary of the convening of Iceland's parliament at Þingvellir in 930 AD.
Gallery
References
External links
Hallgrímskirkja on the Icelandic Church Map
Towers in Iceland
Churches completed in 1986
Churches in Reykjavík
Art Deco architecture
Terminating vistas
Tourist attractions in Reykjavík
Expressionist architecture |
Nouvelle-Église () (English: New Church) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.
Geography
Nouvelle-Église lies about 6 miles (9 km) east of Calais, at the junction of the D229 and the D219 roads, half a mile from junction 50 of the A16 autoroute.
Population
Places of interest
The church of Notre-Dame, dating from the nineteenth century.
See also
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
References
Nouvelleeglise
Pas-de-Calais communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Pale of Calais |
Emurena lurida is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Felder in 1874. It is found in French Guiana, Peru and Bolivia.
References
Phaegopterina
Moths described in 1874 |
Heterobostrychus hamatipennis, the Chinese auger beetle, is a species of horned powder-post beetle in the family Bostrichidae. It is found in Africa, Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia.
References
Further reading
External links
Bostrichidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1895 |
This is a list of provinces of Vanuatu by Human Development Index as of 2021.
See also
List of countries by Human Development Index
References
Human Development Index
Ranked lists of country subdivisions
Economy of Vanuatu |
Cheremkhiv (, , ) is a village in Kolomyia Raion in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It was a town in the Kolomyia Administrative District of Galicia. It belongs to Korshiv rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The settlement was founded in 1437. Population is 1,500 (2001).
References
External links
Towns Of Galicia Kolomea Administrative District
Restructured Kolomea Administrative District while under Polish rule, Circa 1918-1945
Villages in Kolomyia Raion
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine |
Evolución, (English: Evolution) a band that hails from San José, Costa Rica, started out in 1997. Their members originated in the underground alternative rock movement that struck the country in the early 1990s. They released "Musica para Sentir" (1997) their first album and quickly caught on to the local rock festivals. An immediate fan-favorite band, they released Absorbiendo la Magia (2001). Their break-through album "Mundo de Fantasia" (2003), was one of the top selling albums in Costa Rica for that year. Their video for "Voy por Ella" had huge success and great national exposure. "Digalo" (2004) helped consolidate the band's fan base and exposure through several videos for this album. In 2005 released "Sentimiento Antisocial" an album sound-alikes of demos from 1995-1998. Two of the band's members, Balerom and Moldo are now also solo artists.
Their latest album, "Amor Artificial" (2007) became the 3rd best selling album in Costa Rica in 2007, and it was released mid-year. This album shows a more mature band, with much more musical diversity and great melodic tunes.
Discography
Studio albums
Costa Rican rock music groups
Rock en Español music groups
Musical groups established in 1997 |
Glasgow Tigers may refer to:
Glasgow Tigers (American football), an American football team competing in the BAFA National Leagues
Glasgow Tigers (speedway), a motorcycle speedway team competing in the Speedway Premier League |
Oh Moscow is a 1991 live album by English experimental musician and composer Lindsay Cooper. It is a recording of a song cycle of the same name performed at the 7th Victoriaville Festival in Quebec, Canada on 8 October 1989. The work was composed in 1987 by Cooper with lyrics written by English film director and screenwriter Sally Potter. The song cycle reflects on the Cold War that divided Europe at the time.
Background
Oh Moscow was composed in 1987 by Lindsay Cooper, an English experimental musician from Henry Cow and the Feminist Improvising Group. The song texts were written by English film director, screenwriter and singer Sally Potter. Cooper had worked previously with Potter in the Feminist Improvising Group, and composed music for some of Potter's films, including The Gold Diggers (1983). After Potter had been to the Soviet Union several times on filming projects, Cooper and Potter began discussing ideas for a composition about the effects of the Cold War. When organizers of the annual Zurich Jazz Festival in Switzerland contacted Cooper in 1987 and enquired whether she had something new to perform, she decided to write Oh Moscow for the festival.
Cooper scored the work for a multi-national group comprising English, German, Czech and Danish musicians, and she cites her collaborations with jazz pianist and composer Mike Westbrook as an influence in her approach to writing Oh Moscow. Andrew Jones wrote in his book Plunderphonics, 'Pataphysics & Pop Mechanics: An Introduction to Musique Actuelle, that Oh Moscow "virtually defects and demands stylistic asylum". He said that the music includes "cool '50s jazz", a "vaudeville showstopper", with touches of Soft Machine, flamenco and gypsy music.
Oh Moscow'''s first performance was at the Zurich Jazz Festival on 31 October 1987, which was followed by successful performances in Europe, North America and Russia between 1988 and 1993, making it Cooper's best known work. This album is an unedited recording of the group's performance at the 7th Victoriaville Festival in Quebec, Canada on 8 October 1989. At the Victoriaville concert Cooper introduced Oh Moscow to the audience with these words: "The songs tonight are about the cold war, a silent war that cuts deep." Little over a month later the Berlin Wall was pulled down and the Cold War came to an end.
Performances
The multi-national group Lindsay Cooper assembled to perform Oh Moscow consisted of Cooper (England; bassoon, alto saxophone), Sally Potter (England; vocals), Elvira Plenar (Croatia/Germany; piano, synthesizer), Alfred Harth (Germany; tenor saxophone, clarinet), Phil Minton (England; trumpet, vocals), Hugh Hopper (England; bass guitar) and Marilyn Mazur (Denmark; drums). Charles Hayward later took over on drums, followed by Peter Fairclough and Chris Cutler, although Mazur drummed again on the North American tour in October 1989.
1987
31 October: Zurich, Switzerland (Marilyn Mazur on drums) – Oh Moscow's debut performance
1988
11 March: Basel, Switzerland (Marilyn Mazur on drums)
12 March: Bern, Switzerland (Marilyn Mazur on drums)
13 March: Frankfurt, Germany (Marilyn Mazur on drums)
10 June: Mainz, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
11 June: Cologne, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
12 June: Frankfurt, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
20 October: Leverkusen, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
1989
10 February: Amsterdam, Netherlands (Charles Hayward on drums)
12 February: Williamsburg, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
13 February: Hildesheim, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
15–16 February: East Berlin, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
18 February: West Berlin, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
15 July: Nickelsdorf, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
9 September: Karlsruhe, Germany (Charles Hayward on drums)
4 October: Toronto, Canada (Marilyn Mazur on drums)
5 October: Boston, MA, United States (Marilyn Mazur on drums)
6 October: Hartford, CT, United States (Marilyn Mazur on drums)
8 October: Victoriaville, QC, Canada (Marilyn Mazur on drums) – recorded and released on the Oh Moscow album
1990
17 July: Imola, Italy (Charles Hayward on drums)
3 November: Tampere, Finland (Peter Fairclough on drums)
1991
25 September: Moscow, Russia (Chris Cutler on drums)
28 September: Volgograd, Russia (Chris Cutler on drums)
1993
22 May: London, England (Chris Cutler on drums)
Source: Hugh Hopper Chronology.
In 1999 an orchestral arrangement of Oh Moscow by Veryan Weston was performed at the Bologna Opera House in Italy. In November 2014 half of the songs from the song cycle was performed live by Harth, Minton and Potter with Cutler, Weston and others in A Celebration of Lindsay Cooper concerts, two in England and one in Italy.
Reception
AllMusic reviewer Michael G. Nastos wrote that Oh Moscow'' is "a defiant musical challenge to Europe, the United States, and other politically charged climes". He said that the lyrics are "provocative" and the balance of composition and improvisation makes the work "captivating". Nastos described the album as "the ultimate in urban landscape sound sculpture", and said that "[h]istorically and musically it deserves to be judged with the highest reverence".
Track listing
All tracks composed by Lindsay Cooper; song texts written by Sally Potter.
Source: AllMusic, Discogs.
Personnel
Lindsay Cooper – composer, bassoon, alto saxophone
Sally Potter – lyricist, vocals
Elvira Plenar – piano, synthesizer
Alfred Harth – tenor saxophone, clarinet
Phil Minton – trumpet, vocals
Hugh Hopper – electric bass guitar
Marilyn Mazur – drums
Source: AllMusic, Discogs.
See also
List of songs about the Cold War
References
Cited works
1991 live albums
Works about the Cold War |
The Frankish Building is a historic building located at 200 South Euclid Avenue in Ontario, California. Charles Frankish and his son designed and supervised the construction of the building in 1915–16. Frankish was an early investor in Ontario and was responsible for much of the city's planning and promotion, which included constructing a railroad in and planning the layout of the southern half of the city. The building housed storefronts on its first floor and an apartment complex on its second and third floors. Frankish gave the building a Second Renaissance Revival design, a popular American style in the early twentieth century. The building's design includes a flat facade and roof, rusticated quoins on the first floor, and a bracketed wooden cornice.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 1980.
See also
Ontario State Bank Block
References
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Renaissance Revival architecture in California
Commercial buildings completed in 1916
Residential buildings completed in 1916
National Register of Historic Places in San Bernardino County, California
Ontario, California |
Bir Ben Laabed is a town and commune in Médéa Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 10,543.
References
Communes of Médéa Province |
Dhambalin ("half, vertically cut mountain") is an archaeological site in the central Sahil province of Somaliland. The sandstone rock shelter contains rock art depicting various animals such as horned cattle and goats, as well as giraffes, an animal no longer found in the country. The site also features the earliest known pictures of sheep in Somaliland. Discovered in autumn 2007, residents of Beenyo Dhaadheer reported the rock art to the Somali archaeologist Sada Mire, Director of the Department of Archaeology within the Ministry of Tourism and Culture of Somaliland.
The archaeological site is dated to about 5000 years ago. The images provide an important link to the rock art of the Horn of Africa, particularly in their representation of its pastoral cultures and fauna.
The site is endangered because of a lack of adequate security arrangements. Though the archaeological study has been done with funding by the UN, the site's recognition as UNESCO World Heritage Site is not feasible at this stage as Somaliland is not recognized as an independent nation, and also not ratified the 1972 World Heritage Convention.
Geography
It is situated approximately from the Red Sea. The nearest town is Beenyo Dhaadheer, a small rural village about 60 kilometers east of the port city of Berbera. The lower part of the sandstone shelter rock is covered by sand. The sandstone is fragile and affected by corrosion. Due to wind erosion and porosity, portions of the rock fragments are broken off while paintings are visible on the remaining ruins.
Features
The multi-layered paintings cover an area of approximately . They are of the Ethiopian-Arabic style, and dates to 5000-3000 BP. Similarities are noted with the rock art in Jilib Rihin and Haadh that were found in the Togdheer region by Sada Mire also in 2007. The polychrome paintings of the Neolithic or proto-historic Arabian–Ethiopian Style, depict the first sheep paintings in Somali archaeology and also many of antelopes, dogs, giraffes, snakes and a turtle with and also without humans. There are eight to ten people represented, usually as part of hunting scenes, with bow and arrow; they are surrounded by wildlife. One of the hunters is depicted with hair down and with headgear, accompanied by two dogs. Another hunter sits on an animal, possibly a horse; the depiction of humans riding the animals with raised hands is interpreted to mean worshipping the cattle. Two human figures are clearly male and have their arms outstretched. A humanoid figure is painted in white with a large head compared to the body; possibly a child. Compared to animals, people are painted less lifelike.
Most of the animals are shown in profile. Of the wildlife, there are at least eight giraffes (which are now extinct in Somalia) in different colors, a turtle, antelopes, lions, snakes, baboon-like animal and a wild cat. Fourteen sheep are clearly identifiable with a typical shape, head, nose and thin legs. Three of them are painted in red with a white belt around the waist, while the remaining eleven are white with red decorative elements. In contrast to sheep found in Somaliland today, they do not have black heads. Cattle are in different colors and sizes, but usually depicted as cows with full udders and sometimes accompanied by calves and also some without humps and headless. Several bulls and at least five goats are shown. Other conspicuous bands drawn on the backs and bellies of cows attest to the farming traditions of the people.
Gallery
See also
Caves in Somaliland
Laas Geel
Dhaymoole
History of Somaliland
References
Archaeological sites in Somaliland
Rock art in Africa
Sahil, Somaliland
Caves of Somaliland
Prehistoric Africa |
The Rotorvox C2A is a two-seat, pusher configuration autogyro developed in Germany.
Design and development
Structurally, the C2A is largely carbon-fibre monocoque. The fuselage pod contains a protective cell for the side-by-side seating behind a large, forward hinged, three piece canopy. A faired pylon, mounted immediately behind the cell supports a two blade aluminium rotor and behind it a Rotax 914 liquid-cooled flat-four engine drives a three blade propeller. The rotor is pre-rotated hydraulically.
Flat-sided tail booms are held away from the fuselage on short stubs and each mounts a straight-tapered fin and rudder, their tips linked by the tailplane. There are shallow, long ventral fins. The C2A has a short-legged, wide track tricycle undercarriage with its mainwheels near to the forward end of the booms and a nosewheel under the forward fuselage.
At least two prototypes were flown over five years of development before C2A deliveries began in October 2014.
Specifications
References
Single-engined pusher autogyros
2000s German aircraft |
Coleraine ( ; from , 'nook of the ferns') is a town and civil parish near the mouth of the River Bann in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is northwest of Belfast and east of Derry, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. It is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district.
Description
Coleraine had a population of 24,483 people in the 2021 Census. The North Coast (Coleraine and Limavady) area has the highest property prices in Northern Ireland, higher even than those of affluent South Belfast.
Coleraine during the day is busy but relatively quiet at night. Much of the nightlife in the area centres on the nearby seaside resort towns of Portrush and Portstewart, with the three towns forming a combined visitor area known as “The Triangle”.
Coleraine is home to one of the largest Polish communities in Northern Ireland.
Coleraine is at the lowest bridgeable point of the River Bann, where the river is wide. The town square is called 'The Diamond' and is the location of Coleraine Town Hall.
St. Patrick's Church of Ireland is in the town centre, with churches for other denominations all within walking distance.
The University of Ulster campus was built in the 1960s and brought a theatrical space to the town in the form of the Riverside Theatre.
The town has a large catchment area and is designated as a "major growth area" in the Northern Ireland Development Strategy.
History
Coleraine has a long history of settlement. The Mesolithic site at Mount Sandel, which dates from approximately 5935 BC is some of the earliest evidence of human settlement in Ireland.
The 9th-century Hagiography Tripartite Life of Saint Patrick records how the town got its name. When Patrick arrived in the neighbourhood, he was received with great honour and hospitality by the local chieftain, Nadslua, who offered him a piece of ground on which to build a church. The spot was next to the river Bann and was overgrown with ferns, which were being burned by some boys to amuse themselves. This incident led to the area being called ('nook of ferns'), which was later anglicised as Colrain, Colerain and Coleraine. It was translated by Colgan into Latin as .
The town was one of the two urban communities developed by the London Companies in County Londonderry in the Plantation of Ulster at the start of the 17th century. The slightly skewed street pattern of Coleraine's town centre is the legacy of that early exercise in town planning, along with traces of the lines of the ramparts that provided the Plantation town with its defences.
During the War of the Two Kings (1689–91) Coleraine was a centre of Protestant resistance to the rule of James II. Richard Hamilton's Irish Army made an attempt to seize the town but was repulsed. The Protestants were forced to abandon the town shortly afterwards and withdrew to Derry. Later the same year, following the failed Siege of Derry, Sir Charles Carney and his Jacobite garrison fled the town on receiving news of the advance of Percy Kirke's Enniskillen forces and the landing at Carrickfergus of Marshal Schomberg. The Williamites controlled Coleraine for the remainder of the war.
With some industrialisation, the expansion of the river port, and the development of the railway, the town expanded significantly throughout the 19th century and into the early part of the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. The population doubled due to a number of factors: major industrial development on extensive suburban sites; the decision to site the New University of Ulster (now known as the Ulster University) in the town; the expansion of commerce; and the development of sporting and recreational facilities. There has been a steady expansion of the urban area from the mid 20th-century compact town of less than , to the present much more dispersed area of about .
Since 1980 growth has continued but at a slightly more modest pace. In the twenty years to 2001 the town's population increased by 22% to approximately 25,000 but the rate of increase fell from 12% in the 1980s to 8% in the 1990s.
The Troubles
During the Troubles in Northern Ireland, a total of 13 people were killed in or near Coleraine. Ten of these people were killed in two separate car bomb explosions, although in very different circumstances.
On 12 June 1973, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a car bomb on Railway Road, with inadequate warning. Six Protestant civilians, all in their 60s and 70s, were killed. The second most fatal incident occurred on 2 October 1975 but in this case, all four victims were members of the loyalist paramilitary group the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), killed when their own bomb went off as they travelled through Farrenlester near Coleraine. A third bombing occurred on 13 November 1992 when the IRA detonated a large van bomb in the town centre. Although extensive property damage was caused, which resulted in several major buildings being demolished, no one was killed. Coleraine Town Hall required major structural work, and was not reopened until August 1995.
The other three people to be killed in Coleraine were all shot by loyalist paramilitaries. One was Danny Cassidy, a Sinn Féin electoral worker who was killed by the Ulster Freedom Fighters and the other two were also civilians with no paramilitary connections. One was killed by the UVF and the other by a non-specific loyalist group.
In literature
The poetical illustration The Coleraine Salmon Leap by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836, refers to an abundance of salmon in the river here in those times, and to a considerable sport derived therefrom. It accompanies an engraving of a painting of the salmon leap by Thomas Mann Baynes.
Governance
Coleraine was the headquarters of the former Coleraine Borough Council, before this was amalgamated in 2015 to form the Causeway Coast and Glens District Council, which is now based in the former Coleraine Borough Council headquarters. The Borough Council area together with the neighbouring district of Limavady, forms the East Londonderry constituency for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly, despite some of the borough being in County Antrim.
In 2014, the residents elected 3 Democratic Unionist Party, 2 Ulster Unionist Party, 1 Progressive Unionist Party, 1 Northern Ireland Conservatives and 1 Social Democratic and Labour Party councillors.
Tourism
Coleraine is near the Causeway Coast tourist route, attracting over 2 million annual visitors. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Giant's Causeway, is a 25-minute bus ride away. The distillery village of Bushmills is served by buses from the town and there is a narrow-gauge steam train running in the summer from Bushmills to the Giant's Causeway. Also north of Coleraine is the scenic coastal town of Portstewart, with a sandy beach and coastal walks. Portrush is part of the Borough.
North-west of Coleraine lies the small village of Castlerock, with a beach which is essentially a continuation of the beach at Portstewart, separated by the mouth of the River Bann. Also nearby is the beach at Benone Strand and Mussenden Temple, built by Frederick Augustus Hervey, an 18th-century Anglican bishop atop a precipitate cliff and overlooking County Donegal in one direction and Scotland in another. The bishop's residence, Downhill House, which is managed by the National Trust, fell into disrepair after the Second World War.
Climate
Coleraine experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and relatively mild winters. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which online records are available is at nearby Coleraine University, about north of the town centre. However, observations ceased a few years ago and the nearest current Met Office weather observing station is at Movanagher, about to the south. Rainfall at Coleraine typically peaks at over during the month of October. The driest month is May, with an average of under . On average, 173 days of the year will report at least of rain, ranging from 18 days in January to 11 days during June. The following table summarises temperature averages sampled between 1971 and 2000.
Places of interest
The east side of the town is distinguished by Mountsandel Forest, which contains the Mount Sandel fort, an ancient site which has been claimed as the oldest site of human settlement in Ireland. Here wooden houses dating from about 7000 BC were uncovered. The fort can be accessed via Mountsandel forest, the closest entrance being the side near the Coleraine Courthouse. There is another fort about two miles south of Mountsandel near the small village of Loughan.
Notable people
Living people
Richard Archibald – rower
Alan Campbell – rower
Joel Cassells — rower
Peter Chambers – rower
Richard Chambers – rower
Jack Doherty – potter
Michelle Fairley – actress
Maureen Madill – golfer, coach and broadcaster
Jenna McCorkell – British ladies' figure skating champion
Gerry McKenna – biologist and university vice chancellor
James Nesbitt – actor
Maggie O'Farrell – novelist
Damien O'Kane – folk singer
Tommy Sheppard – Scottish politician
Claire Sugden – politician
Andrew Trimble – rugby union player
Bronagh Waugh – actress
Jayne Wisener – actress
Historical figures
John Bodkin Adams – general practitioner and suspected serial killer
Alexander Anderson – physicist
Peter Dermot Doherty - footballer and manager
Lewis Thomas Drummond – lawyer, judge, political figure
Harry Gregg MBE – goalkeeper
Sam Henry – civil servant, antiquarian, lecturer, writer, photographer, folklorist, and folk-song collector
Sir Thomas Ranken Lyle – mathematical physicist
Patrick McGilligan – politician
Hercules Mulligan – tailor and spy during the American Revolutionary War
Edward Nicolls – Royal Marines officer
Bertie Peacock – footballer
Hilary Stevenson -scientist, educator, and expert on food irradiation
Isaac Todd – fur trader and merchant
Charles Frederick Williams – journalist and war correspondent
Edmund Mackenzie Young – Australian banker, financier/investor and grazier
Education
Coleraine has a variety of educational institutions at all levels.
Primary and secondary schools
The local schools include:
Saint John's Primary School
Irish Society's Primary School
Coleraine Grammar School
Coleraine College
St Joseph's College, Coleraine
D.H Christie Memorial Primary School
Killowen Primary School
Loreto College, Coleraine (a co-educational Roman Catholic grammar school)
Harpurs Hill Primary School
Millburn Primary School
Saint Malachy's Primary School
North Coast Integrated College
Macosquin Primary School
Sandelford Special School
Ballysally Primary School
Tertiary
Coleraine is the location of a University of Ulster campus and houses the university's administration buildings. It is the original campus of what was the New University of Ulster (established in 1968) which merged with the former Ulster Polytechnic at Jordanstown just north of Belfast in 1984 to form the present-day institution. The university was placed in the top five of UK universities by the 2014 Research Excellence Framework for its law, biomedical, and humanities programs. The Causeway Institute is a College of Further and Higher Education based in Coleraine, with another campus in nearby Ballymoney.
Transport
Coleraine railway station opened on 4 December 1855 and shares facilities with the town's Ulsterbus bus depot. Passenger service is delivered via the Belfast-Derry railway line along the scenic shore of Lough Foyle and the Coleraine-Portrush railway line branch line. The Belfast-Derry railway line is to be upgraded to facilitate more frequent trains and improvements to the permanent way such as track and signalling to enable faster services.
The railway station was closed for goods traffic on 4 January 1965.
Sport
Coleraine itself contains Coleraine Rugby Club, established in 1921, Coleraine F.C., established in 1927 and currently in the IFA Premiership and CLG Eoghan Rua established in 1957. Coleraine is one of the hosting towns for the Milk Cup.
Coleraine is part of the circuit for the North West 200, a series of motorcycle road races organised by the Coleraine and District Motor Club.
Coleraine Bowling Club is a lawn bowls club on Lodge Road and was founded in 1903. Coleraine is one of the most successful teams in the NIPBA and Irish bowling, with 64 titles on the honours list. The Bannsiders have claimed two Irish Bowling Association Senior Challenge Cup victories, in 1921 and 2013. Coleraine have also provided a number of international players and Commonwealth Games representatives, most notably Victor Dallas and Roy Fulton.
Coleraine Cricket Club plays in the North West Senior League.
In the wider local area are a number of well-known golf courses, including Castlerock Golf Club, Royal Portrush Golf Club and Portstewart Golf Club.
The Coleraine area has a significant equestrian presence. Of particular interest is RDA Coleraine (Riding for the Disabled Association (Coleraine & District Group), which provides riding opportunities for anyone with a physical and/or learning disability at their £1.75 million RDA Causeway Coast Arena at Castleroe (see website www.rdacoleraine.org). The new arena was funded by SportNI, Coleraine Borough Council, and by donations from the people of the district. The conditions of grant aid included the provision of a first-class sporting arena for RDA, the equestrian fraternity, and other sporting activities. Especially important is the development of The OWLS Sports Club (Opportunities Without Limits), which will coordinate the development of a range of different sporting opportunities for persons with physical and/or learning disabilities, and in many cases their siblings. To facilitate this process SportNI has funded a Sports Development Officer.
Demography
Coleraine is classified as a large town (i.e. with a population between 18,000 and 75,000 people).
2011 Census
On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 24,634 people living in Coleraine, accounting for 1.36% of the NI total. Of these:
19.91% were aged under 16 years and 14.89% were aged 65 and over;
52.16% of the usually resident population were female and 47.84% were male;
68.08% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' denomination and 24.09% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith;
66.16% indicated that they had a British national identity, 31.52% had a Northern Irish national identity and 10.19% had an Irish national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity);
38 years was the average (median) age of the population.
13.67% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots and 4.77% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaelic).
2021 Census
On Census day (2021) there were 24,483 people living in Coleraine. Of these:
61.72% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' denomination and 24.38% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith.
47.37% indicated that they had a British only identity, 22.25% had a Northern Irish only identity and 7.56% had an Irish only identity.
Other places internationally
Coleraine, as a town name, exists in other countries. In the United States, for example, several places are named after Coleraine, including two townships in Ohio: Colerain Township, Belmont County and Colerain Township, Hamilton County.
In 1853, a surveyor named Lindsay Clarke was working on a township called Bryans Creek Crossing in Victoria, Australia. He renamed the town Coleraine.
International relations
International projects, under the guidance of Coleraine Borough Council, include the Zomba Action Project – a charity founded in 2003 to provide aid to the municipality of Zomba in southern Malawi. The region was chosen due to the historical connections between the Presbyterian and Catholic churches and Malawi, sustained by a number of specific local contacts. Donations have been used to fund computers, education, medical and other projects.
Coleraine is twinned with French town La Roche-sur-Yon.
See also
Coleraine cheddar
County Coleraine
List of towns in Northern Ireland
List of villages in Northern Ireland
List of localities in Northern Ireland by population
List of civil parishes of County Londonderry
O'Cahan
References
External links
Activ Coleraine – an online guide to Coleraine
Towns in County Londonderry
Civil parishes of County Londonderry
Causeway Coast and Glens district |
"The Chosen Ones" is a song by Australian blues and rock band The Black Sorrows. It was released as the second single from their fifth studio album Hold On to Me. The song peaked at number 65 in Australia and number 32 in New Zealand in October 1988.
Track listing
7" single (CBS 653044 7)
"The Chosen Ones" – 4:06
"Mercenary Heart" – 3:08
Charts
References
1988 singles
Songs written by Joe Camilleri
Song recordings produced by Joe Camilleri
CBS Records singles
The Black Sorrows songs |
Zipeprol is a centrally acting cough suppressant developed in France in the 1970s. It is not a morphinan derivative (in contrast to codeine and dextromethorphan). Zipeprol acts as a local anaesthetic and has mucolytic, antihistamine and anticholinergic properties. It is sold with several brand names such as Zinolta and Respilene. It is not available in the United States or Canada and has been discontinued in Europe. It is still available in some countries in Asia and South America.
Zipeprol has been misused in Korea, mainly for the hallucinations it produces. Such use has become an issue due to the seizures and various neurological side effects it causes at high dosages.
References
Antitussives
Piperazines
Phenylethanolamine ethers
Secondary alcohols |
Boulder Dash is a 2D maze-puzzle video game released in 1984 by First Star Software for Atari 8-bit computers. It was created by Canadian developers Peter Liepa and Chris Gray. The player controls Rockford, who collects treasures while evading hazards.
Boulder Dash was ported to many 8-bit and 16-bit systems and turned into a coin-operated arcade game. It was followed by multiple sequels and re-releases and influenced games such as Repton and direct clones such as Emerald Mine.
As of January 2018, BBG Entertainment GmbH owns the intellectual property rights to Boulder Dash.
Gameplay
Boulder Dash takes place in a series of caves, each of which is laid out as rectangular grid of blocks. The player guides the player character, Rockford, with a joystick or cursor keys. In each cave, Rockford has to collect as many diamonds as are needed and avoid dangers, such as falling rocks. When enough diamonds have been collected, the exit door opens, and going through this exit door completes the cave.
Development
As an aspiring game developer, Peter Liepa reached out to a local publisher called Inhome Software. They put him in touch with a young man—Chris Gray—who had submitted a game programmed in BASIC that was not commercial quality, but had potential. The project began with the intention of converting this game to machine language and releasing it through Inhome, but according to Liepa, the game was very primitive. He decided to expand the concept and add more interesting dynamics, and he wrote the new version in Forth in about six months. When it became clear that the game was worth releasing, Liepa rewrote Boulder Dash in 6502 assembly language.
Dissatisfied with the lack of a contact from Inhome Software, Liepa searched for a new publisher He settled on First Star Software, which, according to him, was very happy to publish the game.
Ports
The game was licensed by Exidy for use with their Max-A-Flex arcade cabinet. Released in 1984, it allows buying 30 seconds of game time. This was the first home computer game to be converted to an arcade console.
Reception
II Computing said that "bright, colorful animation coupled with a breezy story line make this game more than just a momentary diversion". Computer Games magazine called it an "incredible addicting maze game" along the lines of Dig Dug, but faster and more exciting.
Mean Machines gave the Game Boy port of Boulder Dash a score of 90%, praising it as "one of the finest video games ever written", describing the game as "one to buy as soon as possible" and noting its faithfulness to the original Commodore 64 version. The same publication reviewed the NES version favourably, stating that it was "an extremely impressive title" and "one of the greatest games ever written". It was given a 92% rating.
The ZX Spectrum version was placed ninth in the Your Sinclair Top 100 Speccy Games Of All Time (Ever) by journalist Stuart Campbell.
IGN reviewed the Virtual Console release of the Commodore 64 version. Although the graphics and sound were both found to be dated they enjoyed the game stating that it "still feels as fresh as it did in 1984". They concluded by stating "though it doesn't look like much, Boulder Dash rocks".
Boulder Dash was included in the top 30 Commodore 64 games by C't Magazin in Germany.
The game sold more than 500,000 copies by August 1994.
Legacy
Boulder Dash was the first in a long series of games.
Boulder Dash (1985 – Arcade) – in 1985 another arcade version was released on Data East's "DECO Cassette System", with improved graphics but a reduced display grid on a vertical monitor.
Boulder Dash II (1985) – published under several different titles; Rockford's Riot on the MSX, Rockford's Revenge on the C64. The second release in Japan was titled Champion Boulder Dash, but it is not a port of the western game.
Boulder Dash 3 (1986 – Apple II, C64, Spectrum, PC) – monochrome space-themed graphics and poorly designed levels made this a critical failure.
Boulder Dash Construction Kit (1986 – Apple II, C64, Spectrum, Atari 8-bit computers, Atari ST) – this release included a small number of levels (12 caves and 3 intermission levels), but was titled Boulder Dash IV – The Game for the Spectrum re-release. The title allowed players access to tools which allowed them to design their own levels.
Super Boulder Dash (1986 – Apple II, C64, PC) – a compilation of Boulder Dash and Boulder Dash II published by Electronic Arts.
Rockford (1988 – Arcade, Amiga, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, Arcade, Spectrum, Amstrad, C64) - Rockford was originally a licensed arcade game produced by Arcadia Systems, and later converted to various home computer formats.
Boulder Dash Part 2 (1990 – Arcade)
Boulder Dash (1990 - Game Boy)
Boulder Dash (1990 - NES)
Boulder Dash EX (2002 – Game Boy Advance) - this one has a new "EX mode" and "Classic mode" which is a direct port of the 1984 PC version.
Boulder Dash Xmas 2002 Edition (2002 – PC)
GemJam Gold (2003 – PC) – the game's credits claim this is based on Boulder Dash, and is licensed by First Star.
Boulder Dash – Treasure Pleasure (2003 – PC)
Boulder Dash: Rocks! (2007 – DS, iOS)
Boulder Dash Vol 1 (2009 – iOS)
Boulder Dash-XL (2011 - Xbox Live Arcade, PC, iOS, 3DS)
Boulder Dash - The Collection! (2011 – Android)
Boulder Dash (2011 – Atari 2600) - limited edition of 250 copies.
Boulder Dash 30th Anniversary (2014 – iOS, Android, Switch, PC, Mac) - co-published by TapStar Interactive and First Star Software, Inc. with a world designed by the original creator Peter Liepa as well as another world by TapStar CEO, Chris Gray. This sequel was developed in collaboration by TapStar Interactive, First Star Software, SoMa Play Inc. and Katsu Entertainment LLC (2014 - Android, iOS) as both a premium (paid) and a freemium game.
Boulder Dash (2015 – Intellivision) – co-published by First Star Software, Inc. and Classic Game Publishers, Inc./Elektronite
Boulder Dash Deluxe (2021 – Switch, Xbox, Atari VCS, Steam (PC and Mac), Windows Store and Mac Store) – developed and published by BBG Entertainment with a world designed by the original creator Peter Liepa and a Retro world with the 20 original levels from 1984.
Boulder Dash Ultimate Collection (2022 – Switch)
References
Bibliography
External links
Official website
Archived website
Boulder Dash for the Atari 8-bit family at Atari Mania
Fan site with mechanics, implementation details
Photos of packaging
"Between a Rock and a Hard Diamond" Electron Dance, July 2011
Review in GAMES Magazine
1984 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Arcade video games
Atari 8-bit family games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Beam Software games
Boulder Dash
ColecoVision games
Commodore 64 games
Data East video games
Exidy games
First Star Software games
Game Boy games
IOS games
Maze games
Mirrorsoft games
MSX games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Rocks-and-diamonds games
Single-player video games
Video game franchises introduced in 1984
Video games developed in Canada
Virtual Console games
Windows Phone games
ZX Spectrum games |
Gowerton railway station (originally Gower Road and later Gowerton North) serves the village of Gowerton, Wales. It is located at street level at the end of Station Road in Gowerton, from the zero point at , measured via Stroud. The station is unmanned but has a ticket machine, shelters on each platform and live train running information displays.
Background
Gowerton station was opened as Gower Road by the South Wales Railway on Tuesday 1 August 1854 It was later renamed Gowerton, following a request to the railway company by the parish vestry, and from 1950 became known as Gowerton North to distinguish it from the Gowerton South railway station which served the now closed Pontarddulais to Swansea Victoria section of the Heart of Wales Line until 1964.
History
The station originally had two platforms, sited on the section between Cockett station and Duffryn, but the track was singled in 1986 as an economy measure. Network Rail planned to re-double the section of railway through this station and re-instate the disused east-bound platform in May 2012. Work commenced in March 2013 and was completed a month later.
This has increased the capacity of this section of line and allowed more trains to stop at this station. The re-doubling work was completed in July 2013 with the disused platform brought back into use. This resulted in an additional 95 services stopping at Gowerton every week and this has also helped to increase passenger usage at the station, which has risen by 2,100% since 1998.
Services
Gowerton is served approximately every hour by Transport for Wales services heading westbound towards Llanelli, where they continue to either West Wales or to Shrewsbury via the Heart of Wales line; and eastbound towards , with many continuing further east to , and Manchester Piccadilly. The station was originally a request stop, but on 9 September 2013, it was no longer listed as one.
Future services
In December 2022, the ORR approved Grand Union to commence a new service from Paddington to Carmarthen in partnership with Spanish rail operator Renfe, for which a fleet of new bi-mode trains will be used. The new service is scheduled to commence in December 2024. The service will call at Bristol Parkway, Severn Tunnel Junction, Newport, Cardiff Central, Gowerton and Llanelli en-route to Carmarthen.
References
External links
Gowerton station after track redoubling in 2013
Railway stations in Swansea
DfT Category F2 stations
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1852
Railway stations served by Transport for Wales Rail
1852 establishments in Wales |
The Fairbury Jeffersons were a Nebraska State League baseball team based in Fairbury, in the U.S. state of Nebraska, that played from 1922 to 1923 and from 1928 to 1930. They won their only league championship in their first year of existence, under manager George Segrist.
References
Jefferson County, Nebraska
Baseball teams established in 1922
Baseball teams disestablished in 1930
Defunct minor league baseball teams
Defunct baseball teams in Nebraska
1922 establishments in Nebraska
1930 disestablishments in Nebraska
Nebraska State League teams |
```yaml
machine:
node:
version: 7.4.0
services:
- docker
environment:
CLOUDSDK_CORE_DISABLE_PROMPTS: 1
dependencies:
override:
- sudo apt-get update
- sudo apt-get install curl libc6 libcurl3 zlib1g
- npm install
post:
- curl -LO path_to_url -s path_to_url
- chmod +x ./kubectl
- sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl
test:
pre:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM .
override:
- echo "NO TESTS REQUIRED FOR storage-analytics-service"
deployment:
staging:
branch: staging
commands:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging .
- docker login --username $DOCKERUSERNAME --password $DOCKERPASSWORD --email $DOCKEREMAIL
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging
- git clone path_to_url
- cd kube-cred && openssl enc -in config.enc -out config -d -aes256 -k $KUBE_ENC
- mkdir ~/.kube
- cd kube-cred && mv config ~/.kube/
- kubectl rolling-update cloudboost-sas-staging --image=cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging --image-pull-policy=Always
production:
branch: master
commands:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest .
- docker login --username $DOCKERUSERNAME --password $DOCKERPASSWORD --email $DOCKEREMAIL
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest
- git clone path_to_url
- cd kube-cred && openssl enc -in config.enc -out config -d -aes256 -k $KUBE_ENC
- mkdir ~/.kube
- cd kube-cred && mv config ~/.kube/
- kubectl rolling-update cloudboost-sas --image=cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest --image-pull-policy=Always
``` |
The Fandango Pass (previously Lassen Pass; variants Lassen Cut-off, Lassen Horn) is a gap in the Warner Mountains of Modoc County, California, USA. Located in the Modoc National Forest, its elevation is above sea level. It is approximately southwest of Fort Bidwell.
Fandango Pass was historically notable for its location as the convergence of two trails, the Applegate and the Lassen, that were traveled by emigrant pioneers between 1846 and 1850. The pass can now be traversed on a section of graded gravel, 1.5 lanes wide. It is closed during winter storms.
History
The mountain pass was located at a convergence of two trails, the Applegate and the Lassen, that were traveled by emigrant pioneers between 1846 and 1850. The Applegate Trail, originally intended as a less dangerous route to the Oregon Territory, was established in 1846 by the Applegate brothers and Levi Scott, and ran through today's U.S. states of Idaho, Nevada, California, and Oregon. The Lassen Horn Trail was established by Peter Lassen two years later and ran south at Goose Lake towards California Gold Rush mines and settlements. Though the pass was extensively traversed from 1848 until 1853, its importance declined after 1869 with the opening of the Cedar Pass wagon road.
To reach the pass, the emigrants had to cross or bypass Upper Alkali Lake in order to reach the Warner Mountains which is located to the west of the lake. The historic cutoff, part of the California Trail, required passing through Rabbithole Springs, crossing the Black Rock Desert and High Rock Canyon before finally arriving at Surprise Valley, a journey of approximately of desert travel. From here, the trail climbs steeply to reach the pass, gaining about in about . From the summit, the trail descended steeply into the southeast end of Fandango Valley by Goose Lake on the Oregon-California border. The Fandango Pass trail section is visible on the eastern side of the summit.
Name
The pass, known initially as Lassen's Pass (1857 map) or Lassen Pass (1864 map), was named for Lassen by gold seekers in 1849 who followed the route made by Lassen the previous year.
One theory of the name change, from Lassen to Fandango, is that in the 1850s, an Indian massacre may have occurred in the area. The massacre involved a large emigrant train that had camped at the edge of the valley. While the party indulged in a fandango after finding game, grass, and water, it was attacked by Indians. Another theory suggests that Wolverine Rangers camping in the valley found it to be so cold that they burned their wagons for heat and danced a fandango. They named their camp site "Fandango Valley". Later pioneers who passed the area and saw burned wagons deduced that an Indian massacre had occurred. Fairfield describes an 1858 skirmish between Whites and Indigenous people that occurred near Fandango Valley that resulted in at least 17 Indigenous men being scalped by Whites.
While the valley, peak and pass were named Fandango in the 1870s, a 1949 map, nonetheless, showed the pass as being named Lassen Horn.
Landmark
On July 15, 1956, the Fandango Pass section of the Applegate-Lassen Emigrant Trail became California Historical Landmark No. 546. The plaque marker is located east of Highway 395 on Fandango Pass Road (County Road 9). A second marker is located off the road, placed by Trails West.
References
Landforms of Modoc County, California
Mountain passes of California
California Historical Landmarks
Transportation in Modoc County, California |
Barbara is the third studio album by indie rock band We Are Scientists, released (digitally and physically) in the UK on June 14, 2010. The release was supported by singles "Rules Don't Stop," released on April 5, 2010, and "Nice Guys," released June 7, 2010. Following the band's split from EMI/Virgin in November 2009, the record was released by PIAS Recordings in the United Kingdom.
Background and recording
In March 2008, We Are Scientists released its second studio album Brain Thrust Mastery through EMI Records. It was a moderate commercial success, and charted at number eleven on the UK Albums Chart. Some critics dismissed the album as inconsistent and a let down when compared to the band's 2005 debut With Love and Squalor. Dom Gourlay of Drowned in Sound in particular wrote: "Brain Thrust Mastery was a largely forgettable experience ... it reeked of a record overshadowed by record company interference whose ultimate aim was instant payback via radio playlisting and that all-important monster hit". We Are Scientists lead singer Keith Murray said the band had some steep financial obligations at the time, and were advised by management to release another album quickly as to relieve themselves of these obligations. Murray also noted there was in fact some interference from EMI:
Before recording Brain Thrust Mastery, longtime drummer Michael Tapper left We Are Scientists. For the next few years, the band performed with several interim drummers before settling on Andy Burrows. At the time, Burrows had left his previous band Razorlight, and the two members of We Are Scientists asked him to join the band. Murray said while he and bassist Chris Cain had become great friends through touring, the duo never felt like a true band. According to Murray: "Doing it with Andy it felt like a band again it felt like 3 dudes who wanted to run into a room and be loud, be crazy, and also finish up so we could go to the pub together and hang out and forget everything we had rehearsed. It was definitely rejuvenating to have him".
Murray wrote the majority of the songs on Barbara whilst staying between a rented cottage in Athens, Georgia, and Miami Beach, Florida. Barbara was then recorded at various studios in New York City, Los Angeles and London. Rechtshaid produced the album, while Dana Nielsen and Mike Boden served as the engineers. The recording sessions for Barbara proved difficult for the band members, as they dealt with what Cain described as "a lot of label-juggling, a lot of management juggling".
Promotion and release
During January 2010, the band played in support of the new album on their "Big Fuckin’ Deal Tour", performing three small shows in Washington, D.C., Philadelphia and New Jersey, with temporary drummer Danny Lee Allen (of Youth Group). The dates were the band's first live performances since appearing at the All Points West Music & Arts Festival on August 2, 2009. In an interview prior to the Washington date, bassist Chris Cain stated "I think May is looking like a fairly solid release time, although we don’t have an actual week yet", as well as describing it poppy and hook-laden. Cain also confirmed that the band had parted with their record label in November 2009, with the record being released by various labels including PIAS Recordings in the United Kingdom. During the performance, the band played new tracks "Jack and Ginger", "I Don't Bite", "Nice Guys" and "Rules Don't Stop".
On February 8, 2010, NME, Gigwise.com and The Fly announced the release of the album in June 2010. "Rules Don't Stop" was announced as the lead single, scheduled for release on April 5, 2010. As well as this, the band performed a sold-out show at London's Hoxton Bar & Grill on February 23, 2010, as part of the NME Awards Shows and to promote the album. Tickets were confirmed to sell out in less than four minutes. The album's first music video is scheduled for shooting during late February. Two live videos (Pittsburgh and Rules Don't Stop) from the Hoxton show were also released as a freebie via the website.
Second single "Nice Guys" was premiered on Zane Lowe's Radio 1 show on April 29. The third single from Barbara was announced on October 11, 2010 to be "I Don't Bite", with pictures posted on Twitter in early August of the band filming the track's music video.
Track listing
B-Sides
References
External links
Official website
What's The Word
We Are Scientists albums
2010 albums
Albums produced by Ariel Rechtshaid |
The following is a partial list of goalscorers in All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship finals. See List of FIFA World Cup final goalscorers a similar list but in soccer not hurling.
Scoring in Gaelic games: Most scores are points but there are goals too.
For a team to score more than three goals in a final is a rarity, occurring in 2000 and 2010. When Lar Corbett (for Tipp, 2010) scored a hat-trick, only Eddie O'Brien (for Cork, 1970) had done it in a final. But the 2013 replay had Clare scoring five goals, including a Shane O'Donnell hat-trick.
The last final to finish goalless was in 2020.
Finals goalscorers
Pre-1921
1921 to 1996: Introduction of the Liam MacCarthy Cup
1997 to present
Goalless finals
1999
2004
2020
Goalscoring goalkeepers
John Commins (1) 1986
Anthony Nash (2) 2013 (draw), 2013 (replay)
Men with multiple goals
They include:
References
External links
Finals goalscorers
Hurling-related lists |
```xml
import { TemplateRef } from '@angular/core';
export interface IListItem {
text?: string;
template?: TemplateRef<any>;
}
``` |
Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party was a political party in Sri Lanka. SLFSP was formed in 1964 by C. P. de Silva when he broke away from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. In the 1965 elections, SLFSP contested in coalition with the United National Party. In total SLFSP had 32 candidates, who received a total of 130 429 votes (3.2% of the nationwide vote). Five MPs were elected from the party. SLFSP joined the coalition government led by UNP.
SLFSP amalgamated the Lanka Prajathanthravadi Pakshaya. Soon thereafter SLFSP merged into UNP.
Electoral history
1964 establishments in Ceylon
Defunct political parties in Sri Lanka
Political parties established in 1964
Political parties in Sri Lanka
Socialist parties in Sri Lanka |
Jelšava ( or Jelschau; ; ) is a town and municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
Etymology
The name is derived from Slovak jelša (alder). Jelšava means "a place overgrown with alders" or "a forest with alders".
Geography
The town lies in the Revúcka vrchovina highlands at the border of the Slovak Ore Mountains and Slovak Karst, in the valley of the Muráň river, at an altitude of around 258 m. It is located by road around from Revúca, from Banská Bystrica and away from Košice.
Along to the main settlement, it also has "part" Teplá Voda, bit north-west of the town.
History
In historical records, the town was first mentioned in 1243 (1243 Illswa, 1271 Elswa, 1344 Ilsua, 1564 Jelssawa, 1573 Jolssowa, 1582 Ölch alias Ilschwa, 1594 Oltcz, 1592 Jelsowa, Josuach) as an important town and hammer, hosting German and Hungarian colonists. In the time it was ruled by Desiderius of the Ratoldy family, who was the founder of a new family, the Ilsvay (meaning "from Jelšava"). In 1556, Jelšava was besieged by Turks, to whom it had to pay tributes. In this period Protestantism arrived in the town. It was ruled by Ottoman Empire as part of Filek sanjak (Its centre was Rima Sonbot) during periods of 1554-1593 and 1596-1686. It was known as "Yoşva" during Ottoman period. In the 17th century, Jelšava passed to the Bocskay family. The first magnesite furnace in present-day Slovakia was built in 1894. After breakup of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the town passed to Czechoslovakia, which controlled the town lied until 1993, with exception of years 1938–1945, when it was occupied by Hungary (see First Vienna Award). In 1993, the town became a part of Slovakia.
Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the town had 3,287 inhabitants. 84.39% of inhabitants were Slovaks, 9.49% Roma, 2.46% Hungarians and 1.16% Czechs. The religious make-up was 40.77% Roman Catholics, 28.02% people with no religious affiliation and 16.28% Lutherans.
Twin towns — sister cities
Jelšava is twinned with:
Uničov, Czech Republic
Tótkomlós, Hungary
Nădlac, Romania
Szczekociny, Poland
Famous people
Ludwig Greiner, forester
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica, Kosice, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic Church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1674-1895 (parish A)
Greek Catholic Church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1775-1928 (parish B)
Lutheran Church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1783-1895 (parish A)
External links
Official website
Surnames of living people in Jelsava
Villages and municipalities in Revúca District
Cities and towns in Slovakia |
Bidayuha is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Araceae.
Its native range is Borneo.
Species:
Bidayuha crassispatha
References
Araceae
Araceae genera |
Ruda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zduny, within Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Zduny, west of Krotoszyn, and south of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Ruda |
Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited (also known as Crompton) is an Indian electrical equipment company based in Mumbai, India. The company has lighting and electrical consumer durables including LED lighting, fans, pumps, and household appliances like water heaters, air coolers, and kitchen appliances.
As of February 2022, the company is indexed with S&P Global BSE Consumer Durables Index, a list of 10 top listed Indian consumer durables companies.
History
The company was established in 1937 as Crompton Parkinson Works Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Crompton Parkinson. In 1947, it was acquired by Karam Chand Thapar. The company was established in 2016 as an outcome of the demerger of Crompton Greaves Limited which separated the latter's consumer goods business from the power and industrial systems segment. The demerger plan was announced in July 2014 and it was completed in 2016 with the creation of CG Power and Industrial Solutions and Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited. At the time of demerger, Gautam Thapar, the former chairman of combined Crompton Greaves Limited, sold his 34% stake in CGCEL to Advent International and Temasek Holdings for ₹2000 crore.
Crompton's operation is divided into two segments: one is Electrical consumer durables (ECD) which include fans, appliances, and pumps. The other one is Lightings which includes LED and Non-LEDs products. Under the ECD, the company is considered a market leader in fans business with a 26% market share.
As of September 2020, the company has manufacturing facilities at Goa, Vadodara, Ahmednagar and Baddi. And one R&D centre at Vikhroli, in the suburb of Mumbai.
Controversies
In November 2017, Reuters reported instances of "prescient messages" regarding the performance of 12 Indian companies in WhatsApp groups and it included Crompton. The information contained upcoming quarterly results, including specific metrics such as net profits, revenues, and operating margins. At that time, the matter was investigated by India's Securities and Exchange Board of India for insider trading by brokers. Later, in 2021, the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) set aside the SEBI's order because the latter was failed to prove insider trading connection among and between the brokers.
References
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Indian companies established in 1937
Indian companies established in 2016
Electronics companies of India
Consumer electronics brands
Home appliance manufacturers of India
Electronics companies established in 2016
2016 establishments in Maharashtra |
Trommer is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Rosemerry Wahtola Trommer, American poet
Wolfgang Trommer (1927–2018), German conductor
German-language surnames
Occupational surnames |
Acadiana High School is located in Scott, Louisiana, United States. Acadiana High School opened in 1969 following the consolidation of Judice High School, located in Judice Community, and Scott High School, located in Scott.
Athletics
Acadiana High athletics competes in the LHSAA and its nickname is Rams.
Sports include cross country, baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball and wrestling.
Championships
Football championships
(6) State Championships: 2006, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2019, 2020
Notable alumni
Felecia Angelle, voice actress affiliated with Funimation
Alley Broussard (Class of 2003) – Running Back, LSU Tigers (2003–2006)
Jacob Cutrera (Class of 2006) – NFL linebacker, Jacksonville Jaguars (2010–2011) and Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2011–2013)
Joe Fontenot, Former MLB player (Florida Marlins)
Cody Mandell (class of 2012) – NFL cowboys punter, (2014-present)
Gil Meche (Class of 1996) – MLB pitcher, Seattle Mariners (1999–2000, 2003–2006) and Kansas City Royals (2007–2010)
Luke Montz, Former MLB player (Washington Nationals)
Kevin Morgan, Former MLB player (New York Mets)
Kim Perrot (Class of 1986) – WNBA Houston Comets guard, 1997–1998
Stryker Trahan (Class of 2012) – baseball player Arizona Diamondbacks
Sheri Sam (Class of 1992) – WNBA (1999-2009) 2 Time WNBA Champion (Seattle Storm 2004; Detroit Shock 2008)
References
External links
Lafayette Parish School System
Acadiana High School
Acadiana Band
Public high schools in Louisiana
Education in Lafayette, Louisiana
Schools in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana
Educational institutions established in 1969
1969 establishments in Louisiana |
Tadef (; also spelled Tedef or Tadif) is a town southeast of Al-Bab, about east of Aleppo, Syria and less than south of Al Bab. The town, which is the site of a shrine to the Jewish prophet Ezra (c. 400 BCE), was a popular summer resort for the Jews of Aleppo.
History
The village was inhabited during the 19th century by Arabs belonging to the Aneyzeh tribe. During the late 1800s, the village came under repeated attack by nomadic tribes who wished to steal sheep and cattle from the surrounding plains. Casualties were reported as the villagers were able to muster over 400 armed men to defend their flocks and herds. At the time, about 20 Jewish families lived in the village, which was described as a "Jewish town". Before the festival of Shavuot, Jews from Aleppo made an annual pilgrimage to the village.
In 1931, there were 15 Jewish families living in the town.
Association with Ezra
Local tradition maintains that Ezra (c. 400 BCE) paused in the town on his way from Babylon to Jerusalem and built the synagogue which still stands today. In 1899, Max Freiherr von Oppenheim discovered 14th-century Hebrew inscriptions at the synagogue. There is a spring near the town called Ein el-Uzir, where it is said Ezra regularly immersed himself during his sojourn there. A tomb ascribed to Ezra is also located in the town and has been intact for many centuries. On a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1414, Issac Elfarra of Málaga was informed:
At a distance of two (sic) miles from [Aleppo] is the tomb of Ezra the Scribe. There Ezra recorded the Torah... This village is called Taduf [and contains] a synagogue... They [also] say that every night year round a cloud ascends from the tomb of Ezra never departing.
There is also another tomb attributed to Ezra near Basra, Iraq.
References
Historic Jewish communities in Asia
Jewish Syrian history
Populated places in al-Bab District
Towns in Aleppo Governorate |
Al-Hadah is a village in east-central Yemen. It is located in the Hadhramaut Governorate.
External links
Towns and villages in the Hadhramaut Governorate
Populated places in Hadhramaut Governorate |
The 2011 Louisville Cardinals football team represented the University of Louisville in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cardinals were led by second-year head coach Charlie Strong and played their home games at Papa John's Cardinal Stadium. They were a member of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 7–6, 5–2 in Big East play to share the conference championship with Cincinnati and West Virginia. Due to tie-break rules, the Cardinals did not receive the Big East's automatic bid into a BCS bowl; West Virginia received the bid. The Cardinals were instead invited to the Belk Bowl, where they were defeated by North Carolina State, 31–24.
Schedule
Roster
References
Louisville
Louisville Cardinals football seasons
Big East Conference football champion seasons
Louisville Cardinals football |
Shortcut: Disto Pan Nasto () is a 2015 Indian Marathi-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Harish Raut and produced by M.K Motion Pictures & Chitrakar Films. Shortcut was scheduled to be theatrically released on 7 August 2015.
It is based on the life of protagonist, Rohit (Vaibbhav Tatwawdi) an ace computer hacker who mysteriously gets into a legal hassle for a huge hacking case. The case is helmed by cop Rajesh Shringarpure, a no nonsense police officer. Meanwhile, his love is tested with Ishika (Sanskruti Balgude).
Synopsis
"Shortcut: Disato Pan Nasato" is a story of Rohit Pradhan (Vaibbhav Tatwawdi), a 20-year-old introvert guy from a middle-class family. With lack of any interesting hobbies and spoken skills, suppressed thoughts, social fear he never managed to create his identity among his friends since his childhood. He has never felt his existence in the society. On the flipside, he is genius of computer algorithms and hacking. He is desperately in search for a unique identity and dreams of becoming noticeable to all.
Enters Ishika (Sanskruti Balgude), a charming, beautiful, intelligent, bit Stubborn girl with a lovely smile. And it’s a love at first sight for Rohit. Rohit uses his amazing hacking skills to impress Ishika, and their combination works.
We see Rohit taking up hacking as a part-time business; he does for the good of society. He thus, starts to carve his own identity. He excels in every code he inputs and goes on to hack a leading radio channel’s system that makes him win an all new Audi. With this new found confidence, Rohit proposes to Ishika and things look positive for him.
But the happiness gets cut short, when ACP, Rajesh Nibalkar, books him under the charges of being the most wanted cyber criminal, with his IP address as evidence against him.
Filming
Shooting of the film started at the end of 2014, in Mumbai And Karjat. It was shot on various locations in Lonavala and Out of Mumbai, and directed by Harish Raut.
Cast
Soundtrack
References
Article title
https://twitter.com/sanskruti19/status/486403364054237185
http://marathistars.tumblr.com/post/90775899623/shortcut-a-marathi-film-on-cyber-crime-there
http://rangmarathi.com/i-left-television-to-do-something-worthy-in-films-sanskruti-balgude/
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Remo-DSouza-F-A-L-T-U-Anybody-Can-Dance-Rajesh-Shringarpure-Rajesh-Shringarpure-Sanskruti-Balgude/articleshow/37825098.cms?
http://www.muhurtnews.com/1916/
http://www.zeetalkies.com/gossip/pinjara-to-shortcut-was-a-great-learning-experience-sanskruti-balgude.html
http://zagmag.net/movie/shortcut-marathi-movie-music-launch.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eAGhniHBro
External links
www.facebook.com/ShortcutTheMovie
www.twitter.com/shortcutmarathi
2015 films
Indian thriller films
2010s Marathi-language films
2015 thriller films |
The Global Basketball Association (GBA) was a professional basketball minor league based in the United States. The majority of the league's franchises were based in the Southern United States, with the remaining teams located in the Midwest. The league announced plans for franchises in European cities that never materialized. The league began play in 1991 and lasted one and a half seasons before folding in December 1992.
History
When the league was announced in 1991, league officials said there would be franchises around the world, hence the name "Global Basketball Association" (GBA). The league was owned and founded by Ted Stepien, the owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers from 1980 to 1983. Two international teams were announced: Tallinn, Soviet Union (now Estonia) and San Marino. The team from the Soviet Union was KK Kalev, which was a professional basketball team founded in 1920. The four American teams announced were Greensboro, North Carolina; Raleigh, North Carolina; Nashville, Tennessee and Greenville, South Carolina. Vilvoorde, Belgium and Évry, France were later awarded GBA franchises.
Mike Storen, who served as commissioner of the American Basketball Association from 1973 to 1975, was named commissioner of the GBA. The league announced a 64-game schedule in from November 1991 to March 1992, followed by a playoff for the league championship. To distinguish itself from other basketball leagues, the GBA used a white basketball, which was manufactured by MacGregor.
In May 1991, the GBA awarded a charter franchise to Huntsville, Alabama. The GBA merged Pro Basketball USA, another fledgling basketball minor league, in August 1991. The GBA adopted six of Pro Basketball USA's franchises: the Albany Sharp Shooters, the Louisville Shooters, the Memphis HotShots, the Fayetteville Flyers, the Mid-Michigan Great Lakers and the Wichita Outlaws.
The GBA draft was held on August 3, 1991 in Atlanta, Georgia. It was broken-up into three rounds. The first found was the territorial round where teams were limited to selecting players within a 100-mile radius. In the second round, teams could only draft free agents. The third and final round was the collegiate draft, where teams could pick players from colleges across the United States. The Greensboro City Gaters selected Keith Gatlin with the first overall pick in the draft.
By the start of the 1991–92 season in November 1991, the GBA only had franchises based in the United States. League officials said the international teams would begin play in the 1992–93 season. The Mid-Michigan Great Lakers let people attend the first few games for free, which attracted around 3,000 attendees per game. When the Great Lakers started charging for tickets, the team averaged 200 attendees. The Music City Jammers were last in attendance, averaging 300 people per game. They played a game on February 2, 1992 at the 11,000 seat Nashville Municipal Auditorium, which had a total attendance (including the players, referees and statisticians) of 136.
The Louisville Shooters in October 1991 announced plans for a $125,000 to $175,000 marketing campaign to advertise the GBA's inaugural season. The firm Bridgemon, James & Shawver Advertising Inc.—who also worked on marketing for the Louisville Redbirds professional baseball team—was contracted to run the campaign which consisted of newspaper ads, television and radio ads and a 30-minute infomercial on WAVE (TV). By February 1992, team owner Jim Tilton told Business First-Louisville the Shooters were facing "a pretty heavy loss" and he was seeking a new line of credit to keep the team afloat. The team had sold 150 season tickets and were averaging 2,250 attendees per game. A deal to sell the Shooters to an ownership group led by David Gleason fell through. By mid-March 1992, the Shooters had their telephone service shut off for failed payment. On March 31, 1992, the office furniture at the team's headquarters was repossessed. The team also had to forfeit their first round playoff series against the Mid-Michigan Great Lakers due to failure to pay rent on their home venue, Louisville Gardens. As of April 1992, the Shooters owed $23,000 in back rent to the Louisville Gardens owners.
After the 1991–92 season, GBA commissioner Mike Storen announced he was stepping away from the league to focus on his sports marketing business.
David Gleason, who attempted to purchase the Louisville Shooters in February 1992, eventually purchased the franchise from Jim Tilton. Gleason said the purchase did not include the legal obligation for $300,000 in outstanding debts owed by Tilton, however, Gleason still had to pay the debts as he wanted his debtors services. He had to settle his account with Bridgemon, James & Shawver Advertising Inc. before they would agree to continue working for the team. When they did settle the debt, the advertising firm only agreed to work on an hourly rate and would no longer let debts accrue. Gleason came to an agreement that let him continue to use Louisville Gardens as the team's home venue. The Shooters folded after three games into the 1992–93 season. The league itself disbanded in December 1992.
Teams
→ denotes that a team was relocated and/or renamed, (YEAR) denotes team never played
Albany Sharp Shooters (1991–92) → SouthGA Blues (1992)
Cedar Rapids Sharpshooters (1992)
Évry, France (1991)
Fayetteville Flyers (1991–92)
Greensboro Triad (1991) → Greensboro City Gaters (1991–92)
Greenville Spinners (1991–92)
Huntsville Lasers (1991–92)
Kalev Tallinn (1991)
Louisville Shooters (1991–92)
Memphis HotShots (1991–92) → Pensacola HotShots (1992)
Mid-Michigan Great Lakers (1991–92)
Mississippi Coast Sharks (1992)
Music City Jammers (1991–92) → Jackson Jammers (1992)
Raleigh Bullfrogs (1991–92)
San Marino (1991)
Vilvoorde, Belgium (1992)
Wichita Outlaws (1991–92)
Venues and locations
Season standings
1991–92 season
1991–92 playoffs
Bracket
Finals game-by-game results
Greenville 128, Music City 126
Music City 100, Greenville 94
Greenville 114, Music City 103
Music City 103, Greenville 101
Music City 103, Greenville 100
Music City 106, Greenville 104
1992–93 season
Note: Louisville disbanded after three games, the GBA disbanded in December 1992
Award winners
GBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player
Lloyd Daniels, Greensboro City Gaters
GBA All-League Team, 1991–92
John Crotty, Greenville Spinners
Reggie Fox, Mid-Michigan Great Lakers
Willie McDuffie, Greenville Spinners
Danny Pearson, Greenville Spinners
Lloyd Daniels, Greensboro City Gaters
Mike Ratliff, Huntsville Lasers
Joey Wright, Memphis/Pensacola HotShots
Alfredrick Hughes, Louisville Shooters
Jerome Harmon, Louisville Shooters
GBA All-Defensive Team, 1991–92
David Harris, Huntsville Lasers
Sean Gay, Greensboro City Gaters
James Martin, Fayetteville Flyers
Paris McCurdy, Mid-Michigan Great Lakers
Lorenzo Williams, Fayetteville Flyers
References
Sports leagues established in 1991
Sports leagues disestablished in 1992
Defunct basketball leagues in the United States
1991 establishments in the United States
1992 disestablishments in the United States |
Chintan Patel is an Indian industrialist and the managing director of the Deesan Group which functions in the textile industry. He is also the vice president of Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal (SVKM) where he runs educational institutions like Mithibai College and Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) in Mumbai.
Early life
Chintan Patel is the son of politician and the chancellor of NMIMS University Amrish Patel and Jayshree Patel. Chintan completed his graduation from Mithibai College, Mumbai. He is married to Hiral Patel.
Career
Chintan founded Deesan Group alongside his father in 2004. He established a textile mill in 2004 with 24 looms, that manufactured bedsheet fabric. At present, the group has 1800 looms globally.
In 2007, Chintan set up Krushna Cortex Pvt Ltd which produces 72000 metric tons of terry towels and bathrobes annually. In 2013, he started Pramukh Cotex Pvt Ltd, which now manufactures 120 million meters of shirt fabric annually.
He is also the director of Deesan AgroTech. The company was incorporated in 1991.
Philanthropic Initiatives
Chintan Patel is a trustee of the Shirpur Education Society which was established by his family in 1979. It runs 85 educational institutes from pre-primary school to graduation. The society has been awarded by Maharashtra Government in 2003 for its contribution to the education sector.
Chintan along with his father has also initiated a rainwater harvesting program in their hometown Shirpur, where more than 1000 check dams have been constructed across Shirpur and adjoining areas of Maharashtra, under this initiative. This contributes to sustainable irrigation in drought-prone areas and provides 24x7 water for industries, farming, and other uses. His work is known as the ‘Shirpur Pattern’ across Maharashtra and has been implemented in Bengaluru and other cities of India as well.
Awards and recognition
2021:
Philanthropist of the Year at Iconic Gold Award
2022:
Met Connect Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award for contribution to the field of water conservation.
Global National Stardom of the Year Award for contribution to the Education Sector
2023:
Received Maharashtra Ratna Award along with his father Amarish Patel for their contribution to the social and education sector. The award was presented by Cabinet Minister Mangat Prasad Lodha
References
Living people
Indian industrialists
Businesspeople from Maharashtra
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Rice production in Indonesia is an important part of the national economy. Indonesia is the third-largest producer of rice in the world.
Rice is the staple food in the Indonesian diet, accounting for more than half of the calories in the average diet, and the source of livelihood for about 20 million households, or about 100 million people, in the late 1980s. Rice cultivation covered a total of around 10 million hectares throughout the archipelago, primarily on sawah. The supply and control of water is crucial to the productivity of rice land, especially when planted with high-yield seed varieties. In 1987 irrigated sawah covered 58 percent of the total cultivated area, rainfed sawah accounted for 20 percent, and ladang, or dryland cultivation, together with swamp or tidal cultivation covered the remaining 22 percent of rice cropland.
History
Rice is a staple food for all classes in contemporary Indonesia, and it holds the central place in Indonesian culture and Indonesian cuisine: it shapes the landscape; is sold at markets; and is served in most meals both as a savoury and a sweet food. The importance of rice in Indonesian culture is demonstrated through the reverence of Dewi Sri, the rice goddess of ancient Java and Bali. Traditionally the agricultural cycles linked to rice cultivations were celebrated through rituals, such as Sundanese Seren Taun rice harvest festival. In Bali the traditional subak irrigation management was created to ensure the water supplies for rice paddies, managed by priest and created around "water temples".
Rice is most often eaten as plain rice with just a few protein and vegetable dishes as side dishes. It is also served, however, as nasi uduk (rice cooked in coconut milk), nasi kuning (rice cooked with coconut milk and turmeric), ketupat (rice steamed in woven packets of coconut fronds), lontong (rice steamed in banana leaves), intip or rengginang (rice crackers), desserts, vermicelli, noodles, arak beras (rice wine), and nasi goreng (fried rice). Nasi goreng is omnipresent in Indonesia and considered as national dish.
Evidence of wild rice on the island of Sulawesi dates from 3000 BC. Evidence for the earliest cultivation, however, comes from eighth century stone inscriptions from the central island of Java, which show kings levied taxes in rice. The images of rice cultivation, rice barn, and mouse pest infesting a rice field is evident in Karmawibhangga bas-reliefs of Borobudur. Divisions of labour between men, women, and animals that are still in place in Indonesian rice cultivation, were carved into relief friezes on the ninth century Prambanan temples in Central Java: a water buffalo attached to a plough; women planting seedlings and pounding grain; and a man carrying sheaves of rice on each end of a pole across his shoulders (pikulan). In the sixteenth century, Europeans visiting the Indonesian islands saw rice as a new prestige food served to the aristocracy during ceremonies and feasts.
Rice production in Indonesian history is linked to the development of iron tools and the domestication of Wild Asian Water Buffalo as water buffalo for cultivation of fields and manure for fertilizer. Rice production requires exposure to the sun. Once covered in dense forest, much of the Indonesian landscape has been gradually cleared for permanent fields and settlements as rice cultivation developed over the last fifteen hundred years.
Supply and trade regulations
The government was intensely involved in the rice economy, both to stabilize prices for urban consumers and to expand domestic output to achieve national self-sufficiency in rice production. Various governmental policies included the dissemination of high-yield seed varieties through government-sponsored extension programs, direct investment in irrigation facilities, and control of the domestic price of rice through the National Logistical Supply Organization (Bulog), the government rice-trading monopoly. In the 1970s, Indonesia was a major rice importer, but by 1985 self-sufficiency had been achieved after six years of annual growth rates in excess of 7 percent per year. From 1968 to 1989, annual rice production had increased from 12 million to over 40 million tons, and yields had increased from 2.14 tons of padi (wet rice growing) per hectare to 4.23 tons per hectare.
The most significant factor in this impressive increase in output and productivity was the spread of high-yield rice varieties. By the mid-1980s, 85 percent of rice farmers used high-yielding variety seeds, compared with 50 percent in 1975. High-yield varieties were promoted together with subsidized fertilizer, pesticides, and credit through the "mass guidance" or Bimas rice intensification program. This extension program also offered technical assistance to farmers unfamiliar with the new cultivation techniques. The new technology was not without its own problems, however. Several major infestations of the brown planthopper, whose natural predators were eliminated by the heavy use of subsidized pesticides, led to a new strategy in 1988 to apply the techniques of integrated pest management, relying on a variety of methods to limit pesticide use for control insects, plant diseases and rodents. To help reduce pesticide use, subsidies on pesticides were eliminated in 1989.
Government investments in irrigation had also made a significant contribution to increased rice production in Indonesia. From FY 1969 to FY 1989, 2.5 million hectares of existing irrigated land were rehabilitated, and irrigation was expanded to cover about 1.2 million hectares.
Because the government objective of price stability for urban consumers could potentially undermine efforts to increase production by reducing the profitability of the rice crop, Bulog's operations evolved to take into consideration producer incentives as well as consumer costs. Domestic rice prices were permitted to rise gradually during the 1970s, although they were generally held below world rice prices. However, domestic prices were kept above world prices in several periods during the 1980s. Bulog influenced the domestic rice price by operating a buffer stock on the order of 2 million tons during the 1980s. When domestic prices fell, Bulog purchased rice through village cooperatives, and when prices rose above the price ceiling, Bulog released buffer supplies. The margin between the producer floor price and urban ceiling price was sufficient to permit private traders to operate profitably, and Bulog's distribution of rice was limited to under 15 percent of total rice consumed domestically in a given year.
References
Agriculture in Indonesia
Indonesia |
Giovanni Capellini (23 August 1833 – 28 May 1922) was an Italian geologist and paleontologist.
He was a Senator of the Kingdom of Italy in the seventeenth legislature.
Birth and education
Giovanni Capellini was born on 23 August 1833 in La Spezia, Liguria, son Pietro Francesco Capellini and Margherita Ferrarini.
His family originated in Porto Venere.
His parents intended that he should make a career as a musician, and then in the church.
As a boy he collected interesting natural objects.
In 1853 the future King Umberto I of Italy visited La Spezia, and Capellini was presented to him when he came to view the collection.
Later Umberto called Capellini his oldest friend.
Capellini remained in the monks' school until his father died in 1854.
To make a living he worked as a bookbinder, a teacher in a college of La Spezia and a manufacturer of electrical equipment.
He was finally able to devote himself to geology thanks to the Rector of the Seminary of Pontremoli, who offered him the post of prefect at the seminary,
and he continued his studies thanks to the Municipality of La Spezia, which paid for his costs at the University of Pisa.
After graduating he embraced the profession of a geologist, and began his exploratory research on the Apuan Alps.
Career
Capellini's work was quickly appreciated in the academic world.
He went to France to further his studies.
On his return to Italy in 1860 he was appointed professor of natural history in the National College of Genoa, a position he held for a short time before being appointed Professor of Geology at the University of Bologna the next year. He was to hold this position for over sixty years.
On this fiftieth anniversary as a teacher at Bologna he donated his huge collection of specimens from Europe and North America to the Museum of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of Bologna Institute.
From 1858, Capellini spent most of his holidays in research and meetings in other European countries, including France, Switzerland, Romania, Turkey, Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Greece, and Hungary.
Capellini's easy access to the Savoy royal family bought him access to the royalty of other European countries,
which was to greatly help him in his work.
In 1863 Capellini went to the United States and Canada, travelling in Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario and in the United States as far west as Nebraska, where he made his first true geological excavations. He was particularly impressed by the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C..
He made many contacts and friends on this visit, as he had in Europe, which he was to use in his mission establishing international cooperation between geologists, including the exchange of comparative samples. Capellini was a supporter of Darwinism.
Starting with the 2nd Congress of Naturalists, held in La Spezia in 1865, Capellini led a series of international scientific congresses.
In 1876 he was a member of the founding committee of the International Geological Congress. In 1873, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.
Capellini was several times rector of the University of Bologna, and initiated the Geological Map of Italy project.
From 1883 he was often President of the Italian Geological Society.
He was also a member of the Accademia dei Lincei and many other societies.
He died on 28 May 1922 in Bologna.
Honors
Capellini received many honors:
Grand'Ufficiale dell'Ordine della Corona d'Italia
Commendatore dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro
Commendatore dell'Ordine del Salvatore (Regno di Grecia)
Commendatore dell'Ordine di San Giacomo della Spada (Portogallo)
Commendatore dell'Ordine del Dannebrog (Danimarca)
Commendatore dell'Ordine della Stella Polare (Svezia)
Cavaliere di IV classe dell'Ordine di Medjidié (Impero ottomano)
Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Legion d'Onore (Francia)
Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Rosa (Brasile)
Cavaliere dell'Ordine dell'Immacolata Concezione di Vila Viçosa (Portogallo)
Notes and references
Citations
Sources
External links
1833 births
1922 deaths
19th-century Italian geologists
Italian paleontologists
People from La Spezia
Academic staff of the University of Bologna |
Yuluma is a rural community in the central part of the Riverina and a railway station on The Rock - Oaklands Railway line. The station is situated about 616 rail kilometres from Sydney. It is situated by road, about south west of Boree Creek and north east of Urana. The railway station was in operation between 1911 and 1975.
References
External links
Towns in the Riverina
Federation Council, New South Wales |
Marianne Burgman (14 May 1953 – 15 May 2021) was a Dutch politician. A member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, she served as Mayor of Maarn, Bunnik, and De Ronde Venen.
Biography
Burgman became Mayor of Maarn in 1995 and served until 2002, when the municipality was merged into Utrechtse Heuvelrug. She was Acting Mayor of Bunnik from 1 April to 1 November 2000 before becoming Mayor of De Ronde Venen in 2002. She began serving as Acting Mayor in 2011, during the merger between De Ronde Venen and Abcoude. She was succeeded by .
Marianne Burgman died on 15 May 2021 at the age of 68 following a short illness.
References
Further reading
W. Jong and R.H. Johannink, Als dat maar goed gaat, Bestuurlijke ervaringen met crises, 2005, (in-depth interview)
1953 births
2021 deaths
Dutch women in politics
Mayors of places in the Netherlands
Dutch politicians
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
People from Maarn
People from Bunnik
People from De Ronde Venen |
The Military ranks of Zaire were the military insignia used by the Zairian Armed Forces. The ranks are based on the Belgian military ranks, with additional influence from France and the United States. Following the overthrow of Mobutu Sese Seko, the ranks were replaced by the military ranks of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
References
External links
Zaire
Military of Zaire |
Gibraltar Pistol Association (GPA) is the Gibraltarian association for practical shooting under the International Practical Shooting Confederation.
References
Sports organisations of Gibraltar
Regions of the International Practical Shooting Confederation
Regions of the World Association PPC 1500 |
Eupithecia disformata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Ecuador.
References
Moths described in 1893
disformata
Moths of South America |
Raoul Manselli (1917–1984) was an Italian historian.
1917 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Italian historians
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Italian medievalists
Historians of the Catholic Church |
Ledigos is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 96 inhabitants.
Ledigos in the movies
2005 : Saint-Jacques ... La Mecque directed by Coline Serreau
References
Municipalities in the Province of Palencia |
Nigeria won their first two games while Paraguay drew their first two games 0–0, which meant that Nigeria were certain of qualifying in first place with a game to spare. In their final game, Spain got their only victory after scoring six against Bulgaria, but were still eliminated in third place after Paraguay beat Nigeria. Thus, Spain were the only top seed not to advance to the second round, while all others topped their respective groups. On the other hand, Bulgaria could not repeat their surprise performance from the previous tournament, finishing last in the group with a single point.
Standings
Nigeria advanced to play Denmark (runner-up of Group C) in the round of 16.
Paraguay advanced to play France (winner of Group C) in the round of 16.
Matches
Paraguay vs Bulgaria
Spain vs Nigeria
Nigeria vs Bulgaria
Spain vs Paraguay
Nigeria vs Paraguay
Spain vs Bulgaria
See also
Bulgaria at the FIFA World Cup
Nigeria at the FIFA World Cup
France at the FIFA World Cup
Spain at the FIFA World Cup
Group D
Group
Bulgaria at the 1998 FIFA World Cup
Group
Group |
The Emma Silver Mine is a currently inactive silver mine near Alta, Utah, in the United States. The mine is most noted for an attempt in 1871 by two American business promoters, including Senator William M. Stewart and James E. Lyon, to make a profit by promoting the depleted silver mine to British investors.
Origins
In the Spring of 1871, promoters Senator William M. Stewart of Nevada, and James E. Lyon from Wisconsin, attempted to sell the "worked-out" Emma Silver Mine at Alta, Utah to British investors. Lyon owned the mine along with Trenor W. Park and Henry H. Baxter at an estimated $1.5 million worth. Stewart had been sending bogus ore samples from other deposits to get people in England excited about buying out the Emma mine. Stewart claimed that the mine could be sold for $5 to 8 million in England. As a reward for Stewart's effort he was to receive a percentage of the profits from the sale of the depleted silver mine.
British investment
To get the people of England to invest, Stewart and Park got U.S. ambassador, Robert C. Schenck, a Grant appointee, to be named on the director’s list. Schenck gave his name and reputation to get English people to invest in the phony mine in exchange for shares in the company. Many British speculators invested millions of pounds in the exhausted mine.
Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and Grant discovered the indiscretion and advised Schenck on November 21, 1871 to drop his name from the mine. Schenck did so on December 6, however he delayed severing his name with the mine until January 12, 1872, time enough for himself and other investors to sell their shares at a profit. The mine was sold to English investors for a sum of $5 million. The scandal was exposed by a U.S. Congressional investigation in 1876 led by the Democratic Party. Schenck was reprimanded by the House investigation committee, but not charged with any crimes.
Notes
External links
Emma Mine at MiningSwindles.com
Mining companies of the United States
Buildings and structures in Salt Lake County, Utah
Silver mines in the United States
Mines in Utah |
```javascript
class Foo {
foo() {
switch (1) {
case (MatrixType.IsScaling | MatrixType.IsTranslation):
}
}
bar() {
switch ((typeA << 4) | typeB) {}
}
}
``` |
HIV/AIDS was first diagnosed in 1981. As of year-end 2018, 160,493 people have been diagnosed with HIV in the United Kingdom and an estimated 7,500 people are living undiagnosed with HIV. New diagnoses are highest in gay/bisexual men, with an estimated 51% of new diagnosis reporting male same-sex sexual activity as the probable route of infection. Between 2009 and 2018 there was a 32% reduction in new HIV diagnosis, attributed by Public Health England (PHE) to better surveillance and education. PHE has described an "outbreak" in Glasgow amongst people who inject drugs, and has campaigns targeting men who have sex with men in London and other major cities. London was the first city in the world to reach the World Health Organization target for HIV, set at 90% of those with HIV diagnosed, 90% of those diagnosed on HAART and 90% of those on HAART undetectable. The UK as a whole later achieved the same target. Under the Equality Act 2010, it is illegal to discriminate against someone based on their HIV status in the UK.
Demographics
In 2017, 93,385 people (64,472 men and 28,877 women) living with diagnosed HIV infection received HIV care in the UK. 42,739 of those are gay or bisexual.
In 2017, the prevalence of HIV in the United Kingdom was estimated at 101,600 (credible interval 99,300 to 106,400) with 92% (credible interval 88 to 94%) diagnosed. Prevalence is highest in gay/bisexual men in London with an estimated 83 (credible interval 73 to 96) per 1000 gay and bisexual men aged 15 to 74 years. HIV prevalence in this group was higher in London compared with the rest of England (134/1,000 CrI 113 to 156 and 63/1,000 CrI 53 to 76, respectively). However, the 2017 statistics showed a tremendous decrease in the number of newly HIV infected gay men during 2015-17. The number of newly HIV infected gay men decreased by a third in just two years.
2995 people were newly diagnosed during 2021 An estimated 42% of diagnoses were late (likely to have been living with the virus for over three years). Late diagnosis is associated with a 10-fold increase in the chance of death during the first year after diagnosis. Risk groups have been identified by various organisations, including National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Health Service and the IMPACT trial for pre-exposure prophylaxis. They are:
Treatment and prognosis
HIV treatment is available free of charge in the UK and as a result 96% of diagnosed are receiving treatment and of those 94% have a suppressed viral load making them very unlikely to pass on the infection. In 2015, less than 1% of people living with a diagnosed HIV infection in the UK died (cause of death is uncertain and may not be HIV-related). All-cause mortality for ages 15–59 in people living with HIV was 5.7 per 1000 compared to 1.7 for the UK population as a whole. People newly diagnosed with HIV today can expect to have a normal life expectancy if they are diagnosed on time and on effective treatment.
In 2017, 39% adults seen for HIV care were 50 years of age or older. This is partly due to improvements to life expectancy for people living with HIV as well as increasing numbers of people acquiring HIV later in life.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
Access to pre-exposure prophylaxis ("PrEP"), using a drug which can prevent HIV infection, on the National Health Service is partially limited. It was available to high-risk individuals in England through the IMPACT trial, which had a cohort size of 26,000. This was made available following the PROUD trial, a randomised control trial and a high-court battle in 2016. Use of PrEP in London, both as part of a trial and from private purchases, was partially credited in a drop in diagnoses among men who have sex with men, after a five-year plateau in diagnoses.
In Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland PrEP is available free on the NHS from sexual health clinics for those deemed at high risk of acquisition.
Sexual health specialist Mags Portman was credited in making PrEP more accessible to gay and bisexual men in the UK. In October 2018, the Terrence Higgins Trust established the Mags Portman PrEP Access Fund to provide PrEP to those in England and Northern Ireland who cannot afford it. The fund has a maximum size of 1,000 users and was available until the end of 2020.
Timeline
1979, June: a sample shows a UK transmission to a haemophiliac in the UK.
1981, 12 December: The Lancet publishes a case report of a 49-year-old man who had died in Brompton hospital due to an AIDS related illness in October - the first death in the UK. He was homosexual and a frequent visitor to the United States.
It was finally revealed in November 2021, by the ITV Tonight programme that this first patient was called John Eaddie, a 49 year old guest house proprietor from Harrogate - 40 years after the first mention of a case in a medical journal.
Painstaking work from the ITV Tonight team matched a death certificate from 1981, which included the same details revealed in the Lancet - a 49 year old man, dying in the Royal Brompton Hospital of Pneumocystis Pneumonia.
1982, 4 July: Terry Higgins dies of an AIDS related illness - leading to the establishment of the Terrence Higgins Trust.
1983: Scottish AIDS Monitor founded to monitor and raise awareness of HIV/AIDS in Scotland.
1983, 25 April: BBC broadcasts "Killer in the Village" as part of its Horizon series. The documentary describes the illnesses affecting patients and looks at theories and early research into AIDS. It includes interviews with Linda Laubenstein, Alvin Friedman-Kien, James W. Curran, Michael S. Gottlieb and Bobbi Campbell.
1985: 58 AIDS-related deaths had been recorded in Britain, according to the current affairs series TV Eye, broadcast in 1985. In October, a man with AIDS is detained under the Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1985, marking their first and only use.
1986, 24 March: BBC broadcasts "AIDS: A Strange and Deadly Virus" as part of its Horizon series. The documentary looks at early work to identify the virus and experimental use of AZT.
1987, 9 April: Diana, Princess of Wales, opens the Broderip Ward, a dedicated ward at Middlesex Hospital for the treatment of HIV patients, and notably shakes the hands of AIDS patients without wearing gloves.
1987: The UK Government launched "AIDS: Don't Die of Ignorance", a major public information campaign. A leaflet about AIDS was delivered to every household in the UK, which warned that it is impossible to tell who is infected with the virus.
1991, 24 November: Queen star Freddie Mercury dies of AIDS, just one day after he announced he had the condition.
1994: Scottish Voluntary HIV and AIDS Forum (HIV Scotland) set up in Edinburgh to make policy and advocacy changes and provide support for people living with HIV in Scotland.
1995: Project for HIV and Aids Care and Education (PHACE West) established to provide HIV support, advice and health services for the West of Scotland.
1996: Triple combination therapy (HAART) becomes standard treatment, reducing the death rate.
2003, March : The National AIDS Trust launched a campaign challenging HIV stigma.
2010, 8 April: The Equality Act 2010 qualifies anyone with HIV as disabled and so gives protection against discrimination.
2012: 1 October: Free HIV treatment in England extended to include non-resident overseas visitors.
2012, 23 November: First National HIV Testing Week.
2013, April: HIV Prevention England started a two-year campaign funded by the Department of Health communicating messages about HIV testing and condoms to Africans and MSM.
2015, April: First home testing kits become available, after being legalised in April 2014.
2015, 9 September: Results announced of PROUD study, testing the effectiveness of PrEP on reducing HIV infections in 544 participants.
2016: Results of PARTNER Study show that a person living with HIV, who is on treatment and whose virus is undetectable cannot pass the virus on to anyone else. The 'U=U' campaign and Terrence Higgins Trust's 'Can't Pass It On' campaigns followed shortly after. The PARTNER Study followed other research and studies, such as the Swiss Statement, which provided similar evidence of HIV not being able to be passed on under these stated circumstances.
2017, July: PrEP made available free on the NHS in Scotland.
2017, 3 August: NHS announced trial of PrEP for 10,000 people over three years.
2019, 1 January: NHS announced to increase IMPACT trial size to 26,000.
2019, 22 July: Independent HIV Commission to end new HIV transmissions in England by 2030 launches.
2020, March: UK government announces PrEP will be made freely available in England from April 2020 to anyone at risk.
2021, 1 December: the UK Ministry of Defence announces a commitment to ensuring being HIV+ no longer excludes anyone from joining the armed forces. Any candidates taking PrEP would be welcomed and serving armed forces personnel with HIV are recognised as fully fit.
See also
National AIDS Trust
Terrence Higgins Trust
Avert
Ensuring Positive Futures
Tainted blood scandal (United Kingdom)
Health in the United Kingdom
References |
Gustav Casmir (5 November 1874 – 2 October 1910) was a German fencer. He won two gold and two silver medals at the 1906 Intercalated Games.
References
1874 births
1910 deaths
German male fencers
Olympic fencers for Germany
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in fencing
Medalists at the 1906 Intercalated Games
Fencers at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1906 Intercalated Games
Fencers from Berlin
20th-century German people |
Jack Anthony Naglieri (born 1950) is an American school psychologist and research professor at the University of Virginia. He is also a senior research scientist at the Devereux Center for Resilient Children and an emeritus professor at George Mason University, as well as a former professor at Ohio State University. He is known for his development of the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test and (with Jagannath Prasad Das) the Das–Naglieri cognitive assessment system.
References
External links
Living people
1950 births
21st-century American psychologists
Educational psychologists
University of Virginia faculty
LIU Post alumni
St. John's University (New York City) alumni
University of Georgia alumni
George Mason University faculty
Ohio State University faculty
20th-century American psychologists |
```javascript
import { test } from '../../test';
export default test({
get props() {
return { x: false, things: ['a'] };
},
test({ assert, component, target, raf }) {
component.x = true;
const div1 = /** @type {HTMLDivElement & { foo: number }} */ (target.querySelector('div'));
raf.tick(0);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
raf.tick(100);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
component.things = ['a', 'b'];
assert.htmlEqual(target.innerHTML, '<div></div><div></div>');
const div2 = /** @type {HTMLDivElement & { foo: number }} */ (
target.querySelector('div:last-child')
);
raf.tick(100);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
assert.equal(div2.foo, 0);
raf.tick(200);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
assert.equal(div2.foo, 1);
component.x = false;
assert.htmlEqual(target.innerHTML, '');
}
});
``` |
The 2001 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships were held between 9 and 11 March 2001 in the Utah Olympic Oval.
Schedule
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
Medal table
References
2001 World Single Distance
World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships
World Single Distance, 2001
World Single Distance Speed Skating
World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships |
Jukebox is an album by the Danish composer Bent Fabricius-Bjerre under his Bent Fabric alias. It was released on 19 April 2004 on Universal. The album is co-written with a wide range of Danish pop musicians such as Paw Lagermann and Lina Rafn of Infernal, Remee, Martin Brygmann, and Søren Rasted of Aqua.
Track listing
Danish edition
US edition
Credits and personnel
The following information are taken from the US edition.
References
External links
Jukebox at Discogs
2004 albums
Bent Fabric albums
Universal Music Denmark albums
Hidden Beach Recordings albums |
Sai is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. It has a population of 222. Its inhabitants are known as Sayiens (male) and Sayiennes (female).
Geography
The commune of is made up of the following villages and hamlets,Bordeaux and Sai.
Sai has 2 water courses running through it, The Orne and The Ure.
Toponymy
The name of the village has been found under the forms: Saium in 1086, See et Zee in 1207, Saieum in 1223, Sav in 1418.
Notable people
Thierry Ardisson (1949), a French TV host and Producer lives in the commune.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
External links
Communes of Orne |
Merope (; Greek: Μερόπη) was originally the name of several, probably unrelated, characters in Greek mythology. The name may refer to:
Greek mythology
Merope (mythology), name of Greek mythological characters.
Books and music
Merope, an 18th-century opera libretto written by Apostolo Zeno and set to music by a number of composers, including Geminiano Giacomelli and Riccardo Broschi
Merope Riddle (née Gaunt), mother of Lord Voldemort in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling
Merope (play), a 1731 play by George Jeffreys
Mérope, a 1743 play by Voltaire
Merope Ward, a main character in the 2010 two-part novel Blackout/All Clear by Connie Willis
"Merope", tragic poem by Matthew Arnold, 1858
Plants and animals
Merope (insect), a genus of Mecoptera
Merope (plant), a plant genus in the subfamily Aurantioideae
Astronomy
1051 Merope, an asteroid
Merope (star), in the constellation Taurus and a member of the Pleiades star cluster
Places
Merope (region), historical region of Thrace |
Nampamunuwa is a village in the Western Province in Sri Lanka. The nearest town, Piliyandala, is 3.4 km away.
References
Nampamunuwa entry at tageo.com
Populated places in Western Province, Sri Lanka |
Masked rough-sided frog may refer to:
Hylarana baramica, a frog in the family Ranidae found in Brunei, Indonesia (including Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and Bangka Island), Malaysia, Singapore, and the extreme south Thailand
Hylarana laterimaculata, treated as a synonym of H. baramica by some authorities, a frog in the family Ranidae native to the Malay Peninsula (southernmost Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore), Sarawak (Malaysia), and the Natuna Besar island of Indonesia in the South China Sea
Animal common name disambiguation pages |
1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) is a highly energetic heterocyclic compound that has been considered as a potential replacement for TNT because of its low melting point (101 °C) and good thermal stability (up to 240 °C). TNAZ was first synthesized by Archibald et al. in 1990. Several synthesis routes are known, and bulk production of several hundred kilogram batches has been demonstrated at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Properties
The compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic lattice with the space group Pbca. Thermolysis occurs starting around 240 °C - 250 °C with decomposition products that include nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrous acid, carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde. It has a heat of decomposition of 6343 kJ/kg, and a detonation pressure of 36.4 GPa.
References
Explosive chemicals
Azetidines |
The Murambi Technical School, now known as the Murambi Genocide Memorial Centre, is situated near the town of Murambi in southern Rwanda.
Description
This Memorial Center is one of six major centres in Rwanda that commemorate the 1994 genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda. The others are the Kigali Memorial Centre, Ntarama Memorial Centre and others at Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre, Bisesero Memorial Centre and Nyarubuye.
This was the site of a massacre during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. When the killings started, Tutsis in the region tried to hide at a local church. However, the bishop and mayor lured them into a trap by sending them to the technical school, claiming that French troops would protect them there. On April 16, 1994, an average of 65,000 Tutsis traveled to the school. Once the victims arrived, no water or food was provided. This was done to ensure the people were too weak to resist. After defending themselves for a few days using stones, the Tutsi were overrun on April 21. The French soldiers disappeared and the school was attacked by Hutu Interahamwe militiamen. Some 20,000 Tutsi were murdered at the school, and almost all of those who managed to escape were killed the next day when they tried to hide in a nearby church. The death toll of around 50,000 given by the government is not supported by the number of bodies exhumed, even considering yet to be opened graves and unburied bodies. According to the guide at the memorial, the French brought in heavy equipment to dig several pits where many thousands of bodies were placed. They then placed a volleyball court over the mass graves in an attempt to hide what happened. Among the bodies currently displayed are those of children and infants.
Only 34 people are thought to have survived the massacre in Murambi.
The memorial was founded on 21 April 1995. The site contains 50,000 graves. The school building is now a genocide museum exhibiting the skeletons and mummified bodies of some of the thousands of people killed in Gikongoro Province in 1994. In his study of Rwandan genocide memorials, Timothy Longman argues that although the bodies on display at Murambi are presented as those of people killed on site, in reality they are bodies brought to Murambi from throughout the surrounding area. Those killed at Murambi were buried in mass graves on site in 1996.
See also
Dark tourism
List of massacres in Rwanda
References
External links
Official Web site
Malcolm Trevena's visit to the Murambi Technical School
Rwandan genocide
Rwandan genocide museums
Museums in Rwanda
Mummies
Museums established in 1995
1995 establishments in Rwanda |
This is a list of seasons completed by the Sheffield Steelers ice hockey team, presently of the British Elite League. This list documents the season-by-season records of the Sheffield Steelers from their inaugural season in 1991–92 to the present day. Since achieving promotion to the Premier League in 1993, the Steelers have become one of the most successful teams in the history of British ice hockey winning a total of 19 major titles.
The Steelers have won 7 league titles, in 1994–95, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2008–09, 2010–11 8 British Championships, in 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2007–08 and 2008–09; 2 Autumn Cup titles, in 1995–96 and 2000–01; and four Challenge Cups, in 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01 and 2002–03. 20–20 Hockey Fest 2009. In addition, the club has appeared in five other cup finals. The Steelers have completed the Grand Slam of all trophies available during a season twice, in 1995–96 and 2000–01.
Footnotes
References
The Internet Hockey Database
Hockey Results & Tables - Malcolm Preen
Steelers Statistics Website
Sheffield Steelers |
Zhaojuesi Road South () is a station on Line 3 of the Chengdu Metro in China.
Station layout
Gallery
References
Railway stations in China opened in 2016
Chengdu Metro stations |
Kyle Wood may refer to:
Kyle Wood (rugby league) (born 1989), rugby league footballer
Kyle Wood (ice hockey) (born 1996), Canadian ice hockey defenceman |
Nancy Ann Kerrigan (born October 13, 1969) is an American former figure skater. She won bronze medals at the 1991 World Championships and the 1992 Winter Olympics, silver medals at the 1992 World Championships and the 1994 Winter Olympics, as well as the 1993 US National Figure Skating Championship. Kerrigan was inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 2004.
On January 6, 1994, an assailant used a police baton to strike Kerrigan on her landing knee; the attacker was hired by the ex-husband of her rival Tonya Harding. The attack injured Kerrigan, but she quickly recovered. Harding and Kerrigan both participated in the 1994 Winter Olympics, but after the Games, Harding was permanently banned from competitive figure skating. At the Olympics, Kerrigan won the silver medal in a controversial showdown with gold medal winner Oksana Baiul. She then started touring and performed with several ice skating troupes that included Champions on Ice and Broadway on Ice. In 2017, she was a contestant on Dancing with the Stars.
Early life
Kerrigan was born in Stoneham, Massachusetts, the youngest child and only daughter of welder Daniel Kerrigan (1939–2010) and homemaker Brenda Kerrigan (née Schultz, b. 1940). She is of English, Irish and German ancestry, and has stated: "There's very little Irish in me, just my name." While her brothers Michael and Mark played hockey, she took up figure skating at age six. She did not start private lessons until age eight and won her first competition, the Boston Open, at age nine.
Kerrigan's family was of modest means. Her father sometimes worked three jobs to fund her skating career; he also drove the Zamboni at the local rink in exchange for Nancy's lessons. Kerrigan was coached by Theresa Martin until she was 16, then began working with Evy and Mary Scotvold after a brief period with Denise Morrissey. The Scotvolds remained her coaches through the rest of her competitive career.
Skating career
Kerrigan began to reach prominence at the national level when she placed fourth at the junior level at the 1987 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. She made an early impression as a strong jumper, but was comparatively weak in compulsory figures. She made her senior debut the following season, moving up the national rankings each year: 12th in 1988, fifth in 1989,when she was the bronze medal winner at the 1989 Winter Universiade and fourth in 1990. She continued to be held back by compulsory figures until they were eliminated from competitions after the 1990 season.
1991–1993 competitions
Kerrigan's rise at the national level continued when she placed third at the 1991 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. She qualified for the 1991 World Figure Skating Championships, where she won the bronze medal. Her medal was part of the first-ever sweep of the women's podium by a single country at the World Championships, as her teammates Kristi Yamaguchi and Tonya Harding won gold and silver, respectively.
In the 1992 season, Kerrigan again improved on her placement at the previous year's national championships by finishing second. She won a bronze medal (Yamaguchi took the gold) in the 1992 Winter Olympics and earned the silver medal at the 1992 World Championships.
The following season—with Yamaguchi retired from eligible competition—Kerrigan became United States champion, even though her performance was flawed. She admitted that she would have to improve her skating in time for the World Championships. She won the short program at the World Championships in Prague, but had a disastrous free skate that resulted in her tumbling to fifth in the standings. This was followed by an even worse performance at a televised pro-am event, where Kerrigan fell three times, botched the landing of another jump, and appeared dazed and depressed, losing to 1988 Olympian Caryn Kadavy.
Before and after the 1992 Olympics, she had many corporate sponsorship contracts (with companies such as Campbell's Soup, Evian, Reebok, and Seiko) and opportunities to perform professionally, which were permitted after the International Skating Union abolished the earlier strict amateur status rules that had governed eligibility for the sport. In preparation for the 1994 Winter Olympics, she curtailed these activities to focus on her training, instead. She also began working with a sports psychologist to better handle her nerves in competition.
1994 assault
On January 6, 1994, at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships in Detroit, As Kerrigan was walking through a corridor at Cobo Arena immediately after a practice session, she was bludgeoned on the right lower thigh with a police baton by an assailant, who was later apprehended and identified as Shane Stant. The assault was planned by rival Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly and co-conspirator Shawn Eckardt (1967–2007). The conspirators' goal was to prevent Kerrigan from competing in both the National Championships and the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics.
The attack's immediate aftermath was recorded on a TV camera and broadcast around the world. The initial footage showed the attendants helping Kerrigan as she grabbed at her knee, crying out: "Why, why, why?" Kerrigan was also seen being carried away by her father Daniel. Harding won the championship, with Michelle Kwan second. Although Kerrigan's injury forced her to withdraw from the U.S. Championships, her fellow skaters agreed that she merited one of the two spots on the Olympic team. The USFSA chose to name her to the Olympic team rather than Kwan, who was sent to Lillehammer as an alternate in the event that Harding was removed from the team.
Kerrigan recovered quickly from her injury and resumed her intensive training. She practiced by doing complete back-to-back, double run-throughs of her programs until she felt completely confident in her ability to compete under pressure. The fame she had acquired from the attack led to further opportunities; she was reported to have already signed endorsement contracts for $9.5 million before the Olympics began.
Harding denied any involvement in the planning of the attack but later pleaded guilty to conspiring to hinder the prosecution. In late 2005, Kerrigan expressed objections to Shane Stant's wishes to have the attack removed from his record so he could join the Navy SEALs, which do not recruit anyone with a felony conviction. Kerrigan stated in a letter dated November 25, 2005, that "to allow Stant to have the attack removed from his record would not only be an insult to [her], but it [also] would send the message that a crime like that can ultimately be swept under the rug." Stant's request had already been denied by a judge, saying that it is against the law to expunge an assault conviction. Stant was 34 when he tried to remove the attack from his record.
The attack was depicted in the 2017 film, I, Tonya.
1994 Winter Olympics
The ladies single skating event of the 1994 Winter Olympics in the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre of Norway took place seven weeks after the attack, and Kerrigan skated what she considered to be the best two performances of her life in the short program and free skate. She won the silver medal, finishing second to Oksana Baiul and ahead of Chen Lu as Tonya Harding finished in eighth place amid controversy. Harding had trouble with her equipment (the laces on her skates) and was given a reskate by the judges. Kerrigan was in first place after the short program, but lost the free skate and the gold medal to Baiul in a close and controversial 5–4 decision.
Kerrigan appeared to display dissatisfaction and disappointment with her second-place finish. While Kerrigan and Chen waited over 20 minutes for Olympic officials to find a copy of the Ukrainian national anthem, someone mistakenly told Kerrigan the delay in the presentation was because Baiul had cried off her make-up and was getting it retouched. Kerrigan, with obvious frustration, was caught on-camera saying, "Oh, come on. So she's going to get out here and cry again. What's the difference?" CBS chose to air the undiplomatic comment. This marked a distinct shift in the way Kerrigan was portrayed in the media, which had been somewhat protective of her image up to that point because of the attack against her.
Kerrigan elected not to attend the closing ceremonies at the Olympics. Her agent claimed this was because Norwegian security had advised her to leave due to death threats that had been made against her, but this was later denied. Instead, she left Norway early to take part in a prearranged publicity parade at Walt Disney World, her $2 million sponsor.
1994 Walt Disney World parade
Following the 1994 Winter Olympics, Kerrigan participated in a Walt Disney World parade. She was caught on microphone saying to Mickey Mouse, "This is dumb. I hate it. This is the corniest thing I have ever done." She later said that her remark was taken out of context and she was not commenting on being in the parade but rather on her agent's insistence that she wear her silver medal in the parade. She said that her parents had always taught her not to show off or brag about her accomplishments. She added that she had nothing against Disney or Mickey Mouse: "Who could find fault with Mickey Mouse? He's the greatest mouse I've ever known."
Commenting on the media backlash, Mike Barnicle of The Boston Globe said, "Now the thing is over so we've got to kill her. That's us [the media], not her." Either because of the bad publicity or her own inclinations, some of Kerrigan's previously announced endorsements and television deals were dropped after the Olympics.
Skating results
Skating honors
Kerrigan was inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 2004. She was also honored at Ice Theatre of New York's annual benefit gala in 2008.
Skating outfits
Kerrigan's Olympic skating outfits were designed by fashion designer Vera Wang. Along with Christian Lacroix's designs for Surya Bonaly in 1992, Wang's designs marked a new trend toward couture in figure skating. Kerrigan's white 1992 free-skating costume resembled a wedding dress with sheer illusion sleeves and a basketweave design on the bodice. Kerrigan's 1994 Olympic dresses were also designed by Wang. She wore another white dress trimmed with black velvet bands and sheer black sleeves for the original program and a champagne-colored dress set with 11,500 rhinestones for the free skate. Wang donated those two dresses to Kerrigan, the values of which were estimated at $9,600 and $13,000, respectively.
Post-Olympic skating career
Kerrigan turned professional after the Olympics. She appeared in a few competitions such as Ice Wars, but focused her career on performing in a variety of ice shows. She has appeared in Champions on Ice, Broadway on Ice, and an ice show adaptation of the musical Footloose, among other productions.
In 2003, Kerrigan became a national spokeswoman for Fight for Sight.
Television, movies and video games
In the 1994 TV movie Tonya and Nancy: The Inside Story, she was portrayed by Heather Langenkamp. Years later, Langenkamp commented: "Good girls always get short shrift in this society, we want the story to be about the bad girl. I can't imagine a more admirable character than Nancy Kerrigan and it's too bad we don't make movies about people like that. People consider good girls boring, unfortunately".
In 1994, Kerrigan hosted Saturday Night Live, season 19 episode 15, featuring musical guest Aretha Franklin.
In Tattoo Assassins, a Mortal Kombat-style arcade fighting video game developed in 1994 by Data East (the release of which was cancelled, though rare, nearly-complete prototypes are in existence), one character the player can fight as is heavily based on Kerrigan. Namely, the figure-skater "Karla Keller" played by Cristine Dupree. Keller's backstory as given in the game itself has her as an Olympic hopeful but in a fictionalized version of the assault on Kerrigan, Keller's rival and fellow figure-skater "Eva Gunter" (a fictional version of Tonya Harding) attacks her late at night and injures her so much that Keller is forced to pull out of the Olympics. Since then, Keller trains in martial arts so she can one day take revenge on Gunter by beating her up. In the game, Karla Keller is dressed in full figure-skater attire (even wearing ice-skates) and like all other fighters in the game, has magical tattoos on her skin that come alive when the player performs special attacks and finishing moves.
In 1995, Kerrigan had a guest appearance on Boy Meets World in the episode "Wrong Side of the Track" where she helps Eric Matthews discover his potential for skating in a dream sequence.
In 2004, Kerrigan sang a cover of "The Best" for a Tina Turner tribute album.
Kerrigan appeared in the Fox television program Skating with Celebrities (2006) and played a small part in the ice-skating comedy feature film Blades of Glory (2007) with Will Ferrell. She hosted Nancy Kerrigan's World of Skating on the Comcast Network starting in 2005, and has done commentary work for other skating broadcasts.
During the 2010 Winter Olympics, Kerrigan served as a "special correspondent" for Entertainment Tonight.
She has written an instructional book on advanced figure-skating technique, Artistry on Ice ().
In 2014, ESPN aired The Price of Gold, a 30 for 30 documentary about the 1994 attack. On February 23, 2014, NBC aired a documentary during the 2014 Winter Olympics on the incident called Nancy & Tonya.
On July 10, 2016, Kerrigan competed against Kayla Harrison on the "Battle of the Olympians" episode of the television program, Flea Market Flip (S7 E2).
In November 2017, she appeared on Keeping Up with the Kardashians in the Christmas special episode.
In December 2017, a fictional movie about Tonya Harding and the attack on Kerrigan, entitled I, Tonya, was released; Caitlin Carver played Kerrigan.
In January 2018, Kerrigan joined Inside Edition as their Super Bowl correspondent. She also appeared in an episode of Fresh Off the Boat as herself. In 2021, she played a voice role in the animated Easter movie, Eggs.
Dancing with the Stars
Kerrigan was a contestant on Dancing with the Stars for the 24th season, which premiered on March 20, 2017. Her partner was Artem Chigvintsev. They were eliminated in the seventh week of the competition.
Personal life
Kerrigan graduated from Stoneham High School and attended Emmanuel College in Boston to study business. Her mother, Brenda, is legally blind, which prompted Kerrigan to create the Nancy Kerrigan Foundation, which aims to raise awareness and support for the vision-impaired.
Kerrigan married her agent Jerry Solomon on September 9, 1995, the year after she retired from competition. The marriage was her first and his third. They have three children together: Matthew (born 1996), Brian (born 2005), and Nicole (born 2008). Solomon also has a son from his second marriage. In April 2017, Kerrigan said that she had six miscarriages in eight years, while attempting to have her three children. She said that the miscarriages were "devastating" and "a strain" on the marriage.
References
External links
Washington Post article on the 1994 attack
People Magazine article 1994 entitled "Poisoned Ice"
1969 births
Living people
American female single skaters
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American victims of crime
Emmanuel College (Massachusetts) alumni
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in figure skating
Olympic medalists in figure skating
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in figure skating
People from Stoneham, Massachusetts
People from Woburn, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Universiade medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Universiade bronze medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1989 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
21st-century American women |
The 2020 UEFA Women's Champions League Final was the final match of the 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 19th season of Europe's premier women's club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 11th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup to the UEFA Women's Champions League. It was played on 30 August 2020 at the Anoeta Stadium in San Sebastián, Spain, between German club VfL Wolfsburg and French club Lyon.
The match was originally scheduled to be played at the Generali Arena in Vienna, Austria, on 24 May 2020. On 23 March 2020, UEFA announced that the final was postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. On 17 June 2020, UEFA announced the match would take place in San Sebastián behind closed doors, as part of a "final-eight tournament" consisting of single-match knockout ties played in two stadiums across the Basque Country.
Lyon won the final 3–1 for their fifth consecutive and seventh overall UEFA Women's Champions League title. As Lyon also won the Division 1 Féminine and the Coupe de France féminine, they completed the treble, the club's second consecutive and fifth overall.
Teams
In the following table, finals until 2009 were in the UEFA Women's Cup era, since 2010 were in the UEFA Women's Champions League era.
Venue
The final took place at the Anoeta Stadium in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. The stadium, city, and province hosted their first ever UEFA club competition final. The greater Basque Country however had seen the San Mamés Stadium in Bilbao hosting the second leg of the 1977 UEFA Cup Final.
Original host selection
An open bidding process was launched on 22 September 2017 by UEFA to select the venues of the finals of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, and UEFA Women's Champions League in 2020. Associations had until 31 October 2017 to express interest, and bid dossiers must be submitted by 1 March 2018.
UEFA announced on 3 November 2017 that three associations had expressed interest in hosting the 2020 UEFA Women's Champions League final.
The Generali Arena was selected by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting in Kyiv on 24 May 2018. This would have been the first UEFA club competition final hosted at the Generali Arena, and the first to be hosted by the city of Vienna and Austria since the 1995 UEFA Champions League Final at the Ernst-Happel-Stadion. It is the home ground of Austrian club Austria Wien. Due to UEFA regulations regarding naming rights of non-tournament sponsors, the stadium was referred to as the "Viola Park" in UEFA materials.
Relocation to San Sebastián
The 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League was postponed indefinitely on 17 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The final was officially postponed on 23 March 2020. A working group was set up by UEFA to decide the calendar of the remainder of the season, with the final decision made at the UEFA Executive Committee meeting on 17 June 2020. It was decided that the remaining matches, including the quarter-finals, semi-finals and final, would be played between 21 and 30 August at San Mamés, Bilbao and Anoeta Stadium, San Sebastián in Basque Country, Spain, as an eight-team single-match knockout tournament, with San Sebastián hosting the final.
Unlike the UEFA Champions League and Europa League, where the host venues of future finals already awarded since 2020 were all pushed back a year, the host venues of future Women's Champions League finals already awarded remained the same. The Austrian Football Association said over 12,000 tickets had already been sold for the final and they would all be refunded.
Road to the final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away; N: neutral).
Pre-match
Ambassador
Austrian footballer Nina Burger was the original ambassador for the Vienna final.
Officials
On 28 August 2020, UEFA named Swiss official Esther Staubli as the referee for the final. Staubli had been a FIFA referee since 2006, and was previously the referee for the 2015 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. She also was a lead referee at the UEFA Women's Championship in 2013 and 2017, including the final of the latter, as well as FIFA Women's World Cup in 2015 and 2019. She was joined by assistant referees Sanja Rođak-Karšić of Croatia and Oleksandra Ardasheva of Ukraine, with the latter's compatriot Maryna Striletska serving as the reserve assistant referee. Jana Adámková of the Czech Republic was the fourth official. Spaniard José María Sánchez Martínez worked as the video assistant referee in the debut of the system in a Women's Champions League final, and was joined by his compatriot Ricardo de Burgos Bengoetxea as the assistant VAR official.
Match
Details
The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held on 8 November 2019, 13:30 CET (after the quarter-final and semi-final draws), at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.
Statistics
See also
2020 UEFA Champions League Final
2020 UEFA Europa League Final
2020 UEFA Super Cup
Notes
References
External links
2020
Final
August 2020 sports events in Spain
International club association football competitions hosted by Spain
Women's football competitions in Austria
2019–20 in Spanish football
Association football events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Sport in San Sebastián
VfL Wolfsburg (women) matches
Olympique Lyonnais Féminin matches
2019–20 in German football
2019–20 in French football |
```c++
#include <stdio.h>
class c{
public:
long long f;
};
class c2{
public:
long long f2;
};
static class sss: public c, public c2{
public:
long long m;
} sss;
#define _offsetof(st,f) ((char *)&((st *) 16)->f - (char *) 16)
int main (void) {
printf ("++Class with longlong inhereting classes with longlong & longlong:\n");
printf ("size=%d,align=%d\n", sizeof (sss), __alignof__ (sss));
printf ("offset-f=%d,offset-f2=%d,offset-m=%d,\nalign-f=%d,align-f2=%d,align-m=%d\n",
_offsetof (class sss, f), _offsetof (class sss, f2), _offsetof (class sss, m),
__alignof__ (sss.f), __alignof__ (sss.f2), __alignof__ (sss.m));
return 0;
}
``` |
K2-3, also known as EPIC 201367065, is a red dwarf star with three known planets. It is on the borderline of being a late orange dwarf/K-type star, but because of its temperature, it is classified as a red dwarf (4,000 K is typically the division line between spectral class M and K).
At a distance of , the star's proximity means it is bright enough to make it feasible for astronomers to study the planets' atmospheres to determine whether they are like Earth's atmosphere and possibly conducive to life.
Planetary system
K2-3 has three confirmed exoplanets, discovered in 2015. All are low-density super-Earths or sub-Neptunes, with the outermost orbiting near the inner edge of the habitable zone.
References
J11292037-0127173
K2-3
Leo (constellation)
M-type main-sequence stars
Planetary transit variables
Planetary systems with three confirmed planets |
Joshua 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the allotment of land for the tribe of Joseph, especially the tribe of Manasseh, a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan.
Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 18 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q48 (4QJosh; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–5, 11–15.
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).
Analysis
The narrative of Israelites allotting the land of Canaan comprising verses 13:1 to 21:45 of the Book of Joshua and has the following outline:
A. Preparations for Distributing the Land (13:1–14:15)
B. The Allotment for Judah (15:1–63)
C. The Allotment for Joseph (16:1–17:18)
1. Joseph's Allotment (16:1–4)
2. Ephraim's Inheritance (16:5–10)
3. Manasseh's Inheritance (17:1–13)
4. Additional Land for Joseph (17:14–18)
D. Land Distribution at Shiloh (18:1–19:51)
E. Levitical Distribution and Conclusion (20:1–21:45)
There are three key elements in the report of the allotments for the nine and a haf tribes in the land of Canaan as follows:
Allotment for Manasseh (17:1–13)
The tribe of Joseph is allotted with subdivision into Ephraim and Manasseh (Joshua 14:4), overall covering a huge area of land in Canaan between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea from just north of the Dead Sea to Mount Carmel in the north-west, in addition to the Transjordan lands allotted the other half of Manasseh. The allotment for the tribe of Manasseh as a whole include the Transjordan territory (17:1–6), containing genealogical information closely related to Numbers 26:29–34. Machir and Gilead appear in Judges 5 (verses 14, 17), where Machir appears to occupy lands west of the Jordan, while Gilead has the eastern part of Jordan, with six clans named in the Book of Numbers. The story of Zelophehad's daughters concludes a narrative from Numbers 27, 36, that the right of inheritance for female descendants, to protect family property in the absence of male ones, was established by Moses, with a requirement that the daughters should marry within the tribe (Numbers 36). Now the provisions were respected, and the five daughters of Zelophehad, son of Hepher, along with the five Gileadite clans (in place of Hepher), making 'ten portions' (verse 5) within the territory of Manasseh in west of Jordan (the other sons of Gilead already received lands in east of Jordan).
Western Manasseh's allotment stretches from the north, bordering the land of Asher, to Michmethath, on the border with the land of Ephraim to the south (verse 7, cf. 16:6). There were still enclaves of the Canaanites (verse 11–12, cf. Judges 1:27–28), that the people of Manasseh failed to expel, but put them as forced labor.
Verses 2–3
And allotments were made to the rest of the people of Manasseh by their clans, Abiezer, Helek, Asriel, Shechem, Hepher, and Shemida. These were the male descendants of Manasseh the son of Joseph, by their clans.
Now Zelophehad the son of Hepher, son of Gilead, son of Machir, son of Manasseh, had no sons, but only daughters, and these are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah.
Of the eleven names (six sons of Gilead and five daughters of Zelophehad) six appear on ostraca (potsherds) found at Samaria, as place-names. These "Samaria Ostraca" were found in the site of king Ahab's palace, containing inscription written in the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, which is very similar to the Siloam Inscription.
Additional land for Joseph (17:14–18)
The request from the tribe of Joseph (that is, the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim) for more land is accepted by Joshua on the basis of the tribe's large population, that 'they should clear the hill country of trees and make it habitable'. This is evidenced in the history of agricultural deforestation in the hill country. Actually, the sense of constriction in the tribe of Joseph is related to their inability to expel the Canaanites of the plain, who have iron chariots. Thus, Joshua challenged the tribe of Joseph (with their great numbers) that they must drive the Canaanites out in spite of their chariots.
See also
Related Bible parts: Numbers 26, Numbers 27, Numbers 36, Joshua 11, Joshua 14, Joshua 16
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Jewish translations:
Yehoshua - Joshua - Chapter 17 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
Christian translations:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Joshua chapter 17. Bible Gateway
17 |
Trel may refer to:
Fat Trel (born 1990), American rapper
Trel., taxonomic author abbreviation of William Trelease (1857–1945), American botanist and entomologist
Polish term for an area in the forest where felled timber is located, from which the surname Trela is derived
See also
La-Trel, abstract strategy board game designed by Richard Morgan
Trelly, former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France
Trell, a given name |
Biu Chun Rangers, previously known as Rangers, will seek to win at least a trophy in this season. They are competing in the First Division League, Senior Challenge Shield and FA Cup this season.
Key events
28 September 2012: Cameroonian midfielder Wilfred Bamnjo joins the club for free after being released by Tuen Mun this summer.
4 November 2012: Head coach Goran Paulic was demoted to the youth team as youth team coach. Chan Hung Ping is named as their new head coach.
10 January 2013: Biu Chun Rangers made a player exchange deal with South China. Wong Chin Hung joins Biu Chun Rangers from South China while Chak Ting Fung is transferred to South China. Both transfers are free transfers.
23 January 2013: Brazilian defender Juninho joins the club from Sun Pegasus for an undisclosed fee.
24 January 2013: Brazilian defender Luciano Silva da Silva joins the club from Vietnamese First Division side An Giang.
31 January 2013: Hong Kong midfielder Yeung Chi Lun lefts the club and joins Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei for an undisclosed fee.
Players
As of 30 January 2013.
Remarks:
FP These players are registered as foreign players.
Players with dual nationality:
Wilfred Bamnjo (Local player)
Andy Nägelein (Local player, eligible to play for Hong Kong national football team)
Liu Songwei (Local player, eligible to play for Hong Kong national football team)
Transfers
In
Stats
Squad Stats
Top scorers
As of 4 May 2013
Disciplinary record
As of 21 April 2013
Competitions
Overall
First Division League
Classification
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Competitive
First Division League
Remarks:
1 Biu Chun Rangers's home matches against South China and Kitchee were played at Mong Kok Stadium instead of their usual home ground Sham Shui Po Sports Ground.
2 South China's home matches against Biu Chun Rangers were rescheduled and played at Mong Kok Stadium instead of their usual home ground of Hong Kong Stadium.
Senior Challenge Shield
First round
FA Cup
Quarter-finals
Notes
References
Hong Kong Rangers FC seasons
Hon |
Barbarika (Barbarīka) Barbarika was the son of Ghatotkacha (Son of Bhima) and Princess Maurvi, daughter of Daitya Moora, though other references state that he was a warrior from the south. He is not a character who appears in the original Mahabharata, likely retroactively added to certain traditions through syncretism. Barbarika was originally a yaksha, reborn as a man. He was bound by his principle of always fighting on the weaker side, which led him to stand witness to the Kurukshetra war without taking part in it.
In Nepal, Kirati king Yalambar, is believed to be the Barbarik of Mahabharata, son of Ghatotkach and grandson of Bheem. Barbarik had the dubious honor of being slain in the battle of the Mahabharata, in which gods and mortals fought alongside each other. Legend credits him with meeting Indra, the lord of heaven, who ventured into the Valley in human guise, while natives of the Kathmandu Valley portray him as Akash Bhairav.
In Rajasthan, Barbarika is worshipped as Khatu Shyam in Khatu Shyam Temple, and in Gujarat, he is worshipped as Baliyadev and is believed to have been sacrificed before the Mahabharata war to ensure the victory of his grandfathers, the Pandavas. In return for his sacrifice, he was deified by Krishna.
Other names
Barbarika: Khatushyam's childhood name was Barbarika. His mother and relatives used to call him by this name before the name Shyam given by Krishna.
Sheesh Ke Daani: Literally: "Donor of Head"; As per the legend related above.
Haare Ka Sahara: Literally: "Support of the defeated"; Upon his mother's advice, Barbarika resolved to support whoever has less power and is losing. Hence he is known by this name. This has also led to a popular verse often sung by people who are passing through difficult times: Haare Ka Sahara, Khatushyam Hamara [We are in doldrums, but let's not worry; Khatushyam is with us!]
Teen Baan Dhaari: Literally: "Bearer of three arrows"; Reference is to the three infallible arrows that he received as a boon from Goddess Kamakshya . These arrows were sufficient to destroy the whole world. The title written below these three arrows is Maam Sevyam Parajitah.
Lakha-datari: Literally: "The Munificent Giver"; One who never hesitates to give his devotees whatever they need and ask for.
Leela ke Aswaar: Literally: "Rider of Leela"; Being the name of his blue-coloured horse. Many call it Neela Ghoda or "blue horse."
Khatu Naresh: Literally: "The King of Khatu"; One who rules Khatu and the whole universe.
Kalyug Ke Avtaar: Literally: "The God of Kali Yuga"; As per Krishna he will be the God who will save good people in the era of Kali Yuga.
Shyam Pyarey: Literally: "Beloved Shyam"
Baliya Dev: Literally: " The god who sacrificed himself"; newly born children are blessed in the temple located in Vasna, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Morechadidharak: Literally: "The bearer of the stick made of peacock feathers"
Shyam Baba: The name prevalent between marwadi community.
Barish Ka Devta: Literally: "The God of rain"; One who controls rain according to his will. Prevalent name in Kamrunag Temple at Mandi, Himachal Pradesh.
Yalambar: Yalambar was a Kirat warrior and First King of Kirata Kingdom in Nepal.
Akash Bhairava: Literally: "The God of sky"; One of the many dangerous Bhairava form of Lord Shiva.
Sava Bhakku Deva: Literally: "The Guardian of the sky"; Prevalent name between Licchavi community in Kathmandu
Wanga Dya: Literally: "The God of sky protection"; the first ancestral King of Kirat People in Nepal.
Hatu Dyah: Literally: "The pure alcohol God "; One who gives alcohol as a blessing, Prevalent name in Newari Language
Āju Dyah: Literally: "The ancestral God"; Commonly known as progenitor of the Maharjan community of Nepal
Barbarika and his dialogue with Krishna
Barbarika/ Belarsen was a grandson of Bhima (second of the Pandava brothers), and the son of Ghatotkacha. Ghatotkacha was the son of Bhima and Hidimbi. Even in his childhood, Barbarika was a very brave warrior. He learnt the art of warfare from his mother. The gods (ashtadeva) gave him the three infallible arrows. Hence, Barbarika came to be known as "Bearer of Three Arrows".
When Barbarika learnt that the battle between the Pandavas and the Kauravas had become inevitable, he wanted to witness what was to be the Mahābhārata War. He promised his mother that if he felt the urge to participate in the battle, he would join the side that would be losing. He rode to the field on his blue horse, equipped with his three arrows and bow.
According to folklore, before the Kurukshetra War began, Krishna asked all the warriors how many days it would take to finish the Mahabharata war alone. Bhishma answered that he would take 20 days to finish the war. Dronacharya replied that it would take him 25 days. When Karna was asked, he said he would take 24 days. Arjuna told Krishna it would take 28 days for him to complete the battle by himself. In this manner, Krishna asked each warrior and received an answer.
Krishna, disguised as a Brahmin, stopped Barbarika to examine his strength. When asked how many days he would take to finish the war alone, Barbarika answered that he could finish it in one minute. Krishna then asked Barbarika how he would finish the great battle with just three arrows. Barbarika replied that a single arrow was enough to destroy all his opponents in the war, and it would then return to his quiver. He stated that the first arrow is used to mark all the things that he wants to destroy. If he uses the second arrow, then the second arrow will mark all the things that he wants to save. On using the third arrow, it will destroy all the things that are marked and then return to his quiver. In other words, with one arrow he can fix all his targets and with the other, he can destroy them. Another version of the story goes thus, "Barbarika had come to Kurukshetra armed with just three arrows. ‘With one, I can destroy the Pandavas. With the other, the Kauravas. And with the third, Krishna,’ he said boastfully."
Krishna then challenged him to tie all the leaves of the peepal tree under which he was standing, using his arrows. Barbarika accepted the challenge and started meditating to release his arrow by closing his eyes. As Barbarika started meditating, Krishna quietly plucked a leaf from the tree and hid it under his foot. When Barbarika released his first arrow, it marked all the leaves of the tree and finally started hovering around the leg of Krishna. Krishna asked Barbarika why the arrow was hovering over his foot. Barbarika replied that there must be a leaf under his foot and the arrow was targeting his foot to mark the leaf that was hidden underneath. Barbarika advised Krishna to lift his leg, since otherwise the arrow would mark the leaf by piercing Krishna's foot. Krishna then lifted his foot and the first arrow also marked the hidden leaf. The third arrow then collected all the leaves (including the hidden leaf ) and tied them together. By this, Krishna concluded that the arrows were so powerful and infallible, that even if Barbarika was unaware of the whereabouts of his targets, his arrows could still navigate and trace his intended targets. Thus, Krishna gets a deeper insight into Barbarika's phenomenal power.
Krishna then asked the boy whom he would favour in the war. Barbarika revealed that he intends to fight for the side whichever is weak. As the Pandavas had only seven Akshauhini armies compared to the eleven of the Kauravas, he considered that the Pandavas to be relatively the weaker side and hence wished to support them. But Krishna then asked him if he had seriously given a thought about the consequences, before giving such a word to his mother (about supporting the weaker side). Barbarika assumed that his support to the relatively weaker Pandava side would make them victorious. Krishna then revealed the actual consequences of his word to his mother:
Krishna says that whichever side he supports will end up making the other side weaker due to his power. Nobody would be able to defeat him. Hence, as he will be forced to switch sides to support the other side that has become weaker (due to his word to his mother). Thus, in an actual war, he would keep oscillating between the two sides, thereby destroying the entire army of both sides and eventually only he would remain. Subsequently, none of the sides would become victorious and he would be the lone survivor. Hence, Krishna avoids his participation in the war by seeking his head in charity.
Act of charity
Krishna then explained to him that before a battle, the head of the bravest Kshatriya needs to be sacrificed, in order to worship/sanctify the battlefield. Krishna said that he considered Barbarika to be the bravest among Kshatriyas, and was hence asking for his head in charity. In fulfillment of his promise, and in compliance with Krishna's command, Barbarika gave his head to him in charity. This happened on the 12th day of the Shukla Paksha (bright half) of the month of Phalgun on Tuesday. Barbarika was a Yaksha in his previous birth. Once Brahma and several other Devas came to Vaikuntha and complained to Vishnu that the Adharma on Earth was increasing; it was not possible for them to bear the tortures causes by the wicked people. Hence they came to seek the help of Vishnu to check them. Vishnu told the Devas that he will soon be incarnated on Earth as a human being and destroy all the evil forces. Then, a Yaksha told the Devas that he alone is enough to kill all evil elements on the Earth, and it was not necessary for Vishnu to descend to Earth. This hurt Brahma very much. Brahma cursed this Yaksha that whenever the time comes to eliminate all the evil forces on Earth, then Vishnu will first kill him. Later, the Yaksha takes birth as Barbarika and Krishna seeks his head in charity as a result of this curse. Since that day Human Barbarika become the Khatu Shyam, The realizer of Krishna by Barbarika given his head and God Krishna himself manifested in his heart.
Bearing witness to the war
Before decapitating himself, Barbarika told Krishna of his great desire to view the forthcoming battle and requested him to facilitate the same. Krishna agreed and placed the head on top of a hill overlooking the battlefield. From the hill, the head of Barbarika watched the entire battle.
At the end of the battle, the victorious Pandava brothers argued among themselves as to who was responsible for their victory. Krishna suggested that Barbarika's head, which had watched the whole battle should be allowed to judge. Barbarika's head suggested that it was Krishna alone who was responsible for the victory.
Barbarika replies, “All I could see was one thing, a divine chakra spinning all around the battlefield, killing all those who were not on the side of Dharma. Listening to this, Pandavas realized that it was Narayana who actually eradicated the Adharma from the world, and the Pandavas were mere instruments. After the war, Barbarika's head was joined with his body and he left that place for narrating the whole world to maintain peace.
His other name is God Kamrunaag and is venerated as the preeminent deity in District Mandi, in Himachal Pradesh. A pond and a temple are situated in Kamru hill in Sundernagar, District Mandi. He witnessed the entire battle of Kurukshetra from the hill which is now known as Khatushyam Temple, located in Khatu village in Sikar District, Rajasthan. An impressive and especially sacred Temple of Baliyadev, Barbarik is situated at village Lambha in Ahmedabad District, Gujarat.
Observances and festivals
Barbarika is worshiped as Shyam, he is not the supreme personality of godhead Sri Krishna or any of Krishna's incarnation but may be considered as the great devotee of Krishna. And since the glories of Krishna's devotee is more than Krishna himself people worship Khatushyam also. Therefore, the flavour of the festivities reflects the playful and vibrant nature of Krishna. The festivals of Krishna Janmaashtami, Jhool Jhulani Ekadashi, Holi and Vasant Panchami are celebrated with gusto in the temple. The Phalguna Mela detailed below is the principal annual festival.
Lacs of devotees visits the temple every day. Newly married couples come to pay homage and newborn babies are brought to the temple for their mundan (the first hair-shaving) ceremony. An elaborate aarti is performed at the temple five times a day. These are:
Mangala Aarti: performed in the early morning, when the temple is open.
Shringaar Aarti: performed at the time of make-up of Baba Shyam. The idol is grandly ornamented for this aarti.
Bhog Aarti: performed at noon when bhog (Prasadam) is served to the .
Sandhya Aarti: performed in the evening, at sunset.
Shayan Aarti: performed in the night, at around 10 PM.
Two special hymns, the "Shri Shyam Aarti" and the "Shri Shyam Vinati," are chanted on all these occasions. The Shyam mantra is another litany of the 's names that is chanted by devotees.
Other particular observances include:
Shukla Ekadashi and Dwadashi: The 11th and 12th days of the bright half of every month in the Hindu calendar is of special significance to the temple. This is because Barbarika was born on the 11th day of the bright half of the month of Kartika, and he donated his head (Sheesh) to Krishna on the 12th day of the bright half of the month of Phalgun on Tuesday. Darshan on these two days is therefore considered auspicious and devotees come in their thousands every month. The temple remains open throughout the night that falls between these days. Night-long Bhajan sessions are organized since devotees traditionally pass the night in singing the praises of the . Devotees organize Bhajan programmes and invite Bhajan singers to sing devotional songs.
Bathing in the Shyam Kund: This is the holy pond near the temple from which the idol was retrieved. It is believed that a dip in this pond cures a person of ailments and brings good health. Filled with devotional fervour, people take ritual dips in the Shyam Kund. They believe that this will relieve them of diseases and contagion. Bathing during the annual Phalguna Mela festival is deemed specially salutary.
Nishan Yatra: It is believed that your wishes are granted if you offer a Nishan at the temple. A Nishan is a triangular flag of a particular size, made of cloth, which is hoisted on a bamboo stick. It is carried in one's hands while covering the route from the town of Ringas to Khatu (17 km) on (bare) foot. Nishans are offered in millions during the Phalguna Mela.
Phalguna Mela: The most important festival associated with the temple is the Phalguna Mela which occurs just 8–9 days before the festival of Holi. Barbarika's head appeared on Phalguna Shuddha Ekadashi, the 11th day of the bright half of the Hindu month of Phalguna. Therefore, the fair is held from the 9th to the 12th of that month. The fair has now been extended to nearly 12–15 days of the bright half of the Phalguna month.
On this holy occasion, pilgrims all over the country come here on foot with nishaans (holy mark - flags) in their hands. People enjoy their holy journey by singing shyam bhajans and playing various musical instruments. They enjoy the journey by playing Holi with gulal. Many Shyam Bhaktas supply food to pedestrians in the shade of tents. They encourage also them to complete their journey with full enthusiasm. They enjoy this occasion as the marriage of Khatushyamji. People enjoy the mela by purchasing various things. On Dwadashi (= 12th day of a month), Bhog is being prepared as Baba's –Prasadi of Kheer Churama.
Special arrangements for security are made to control the crowd. Around 500,000 people visit in three days of this holy mela in this small village. To briefly see Baba Shyam's idol, very tight security is made with the help of bamboo fence around .
It is believed that the offerings made to Shyambaba is one of the highest collection made in India. There is also a new temple opened in Bengaluru, India.
See also
Iravan
References
Puranas
Shaiva texts
Folklore characters
Characters in Hindu mythology
Hindu gods |
Chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase is an enzyme that is encoded by ALG1 whose structure and function has been conserved from lower to higher organisms.
Function
The biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is catalyzed by 14 glycosyltransferases in an ordered stepwise manner. The Alg1 mannosyltransferase I (MT I) catalyzes the first mannosylation step in this process. Clinically, the deficiency of ALG1 in humans results in ALG1-CDG, a congenital disorder of glycosylation.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Overview |
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