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1106460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-60%20%28missile%29 | R-60 (missile) | The Molniya (now Vympel) R-60 (NATO reporting name: AA-8 "Aphid") is a short-range lightweight infrared homing air-to-air missile designed for use by Soviet fighter aircraft. It has been widely exported, and remains in service with the CIS and many other nations.
History
The R-60 was initially developed for the MiG-23. Work began on the weapon, under the bureau designation K-60 (izdeliye 62), in the late 1960s. Series production began in 1973. It entered service with the designation R-60 (NATO reporting name "Aphid-A").
When introduced, the R-60 was one of the world's lightest and most agile air-to-air missiles, with a launch weight of . It has infrared guidance, with an uncooled Komar (Mosquito) seeker head. Control is by forward rudders with large rear fins. The distinctive canards on the nose, known as "destabilizers," serve to improve the rudders' efficiency at high angles of attack. The R-60 uses a small, tungsten expanding-rod surrounding a high explosive fragmentation warhead. Two different types of proximity fuze can be fitted: the standard Strizh (Swift) optical fuse, which can be replaced with a Kolibri active radar fuse. Missiles equipped with the latter fuse were designated R-60K.
According to Russian sources, practical engagement range is about , although "brochure range" is at high altitude. The weapon was one of the most agile air-to-air missiles until the advent of thrust vectored missiles like the R-73 and AIM-9X. The R-60 can be used by aircraft maneuvering at up to 9g against targets maneuvering at up to 8g. A tactical advantage is the short minimum range of only .
Soviet practice was to manufacture most air-to-air missiles with interchangeable IR-homer and semi-active radar homing (SARH) seekers – however, an SARH version of the R-60 was never contemplated due to the small size of the missile which makes a radar-homing version with an antenna of reasonable size impractical.
An inert training version, alternatively designated UZ-62 and UZR-60, was also built.
An upgraded version, the R-60M (NATO reporting name: "Aphid-B"), using a nitrogen-cooled seeker with an expanded view angle of ±20°, was introduced around 1982. Although its seeker is more sensitive than its predecessor, the R-60M has only limited all-aspect capability. Minimum engagement range was further reduced, to only . The proximity fuzes had improved resistance to ECM, although both optical and radar fuzes remained available. The export version with the Kolibri-M Radar-fuze are designated R-60MK (NATO reporting name: "Aphid-C"). The R-60M is longer, and has a heavier, continuous-rod warhead, increasing launch weight to . In some versions the warhead is apparently laced with about of depleted uranium to increase the penetrating power of the warhead.
The inert training version of the R-60M was the R-60MU.
Since 1999, a modified version of the weapon has been used as a surface-to-air missile (SAM) as part of the Yugoslav M55A3B1 towed anti-aircraft artillery system. It has also been seen carried on a twin rail mount on a modified M53/59 Praga armored SPAAG of (former) Czechoslovakian origin. These missiles have been modified with the addition of a first stage booster motor, with the missile's own motor becoming the sustainer. This was done in lieu of modifying the missile's motor for ground launch, as in the case of the US MIM-72 Chaparral.
The current Russian dogfight missile is the R-73 (AA-11 "Archer"), but large numbers of R-60 missiles remain in service.
Operational history
Soviet Union
On 20 April 1978, two R-60 missiles were fired at Korean Air Lines Flight 902 after a navigational error had caused it to fly into Soviet airspace. One missile hit, detaching 4 meters of the left wing and killing 2 passengers. The plane made an emergency landing on a frozen lake.
On 21 June 1978, a PVO MiG-23M flown by Pilot Captain V. Shkinder shot down two Iranian Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters that had trespassed into Soviet airspace, one helicopter being dispatched by two R-60 missiles and the other by cannon fire.
Syria
Several Russian reports affirm the R-60 was widely used during the 1982 Lebanon war, and it was the main weapon used by the Syrians in air-to-air combat. Some Russian reports affirm that the R-60 was the most successful air-to-air missile deployed by the Syrians in Lebanon over the Bekaa Valley. According to Israeli reports, the vast majority of air-to-air combat consisted of visual range dogfights, and this has been also confirmed by Russian sources. The Russian reports also mentioned that several F-4s, F-16s, and IAI Kfirs were destroyed by R-60s among other aircraft. Israel claims some F-4s and Kfirs were lost in 1982, but lists surface-to-air missiles as responsible for all Israeli aircraft losses. However, on 9 June 1982, a Syrian MiG-21 heavily damaged an F-15 using an R-60, but the Israeli aircraft was able to make it back to its base and was subsequently repaired.
Iraq
On 11 August 1984, during the Iran–Iraq War, an Iraqi Air Force MiG-23ML shot down an Iranian F-14A piloted by Hashem All-e-Agha using an R-60.
Iraqi MiG-23s damaged two EF-111A Raven by R-60 (missile)s during the Gulf War.
On 19 January 1991, during the Gulf War, Iraqi air force pilot Jameel Sayhood claimed to have shot down a Royal Air Force Panavia Tornado with an R-60 missile. However, the Royal Air Force claimed that the aircraft crashed on 22 January 1991 on a bombing mission in Ar Rutba.
Angola/Cuba
On 27 September 1987, during Operation Moduler, two Cuban FAR MiG-23MLs intercepted Captain Arthur Piercy's Mirage F1CZ, which was damaged by an R-60 fired head-on by Major Alberto Ley Rivas. The explosion destroyed the aircraft's drag chute and damaged the hydraulics. Piercy was able to recover to AFB Rundu, but the aircraft overshot the runway. The impact with the rough terrain caused Piercy's ejection seat to fire, but he failed to separate from the seat and suffered major spinal injuries.
India
In 1999, an Indian Air Force MiG-21 used an infrared-homing R-60 to bring down a Pakistani Navy Breguet Atlantic which intruded over Indian airspace. Part of the wreckage was found in contested territory, this incident is widely known as the Atlantic incident.
Operators
Current operators
Former operators
Passed on to successor states.
Was used on the MiG-21bis. Used concurrently and afterwards on BAE Hawks until the early 2000s. Replaced by the AIM-9M.
Passed on to successor states.
Passed on to successor states.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Air-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union
Cold War air-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union
Vympel NPO products
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s |
4340025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSDZ | WSDZ | WSDZ (1260 AM) is a radio station licensed to Belleville, Illinois, and serving the Greater St. Louis radio market. It is owned and operated by Relevant Radio, Inc. WSDZ carries a Catholic talk and teaching radio format supplied by the Relevant Radio network. WSDZ, along with 1120 KMOX, are responsible for activation of the St. Louis area Emergency Alert System.
By day, WSDZ is powered at 20,000 watts. But at night, to avoid interfering with other stations on AM 1260, it reduces power to 5,000 watts. It uses a directional antenna at all times. The studios are located on Weber Hill Road in St. Louis. The transmitter is off Schuleter Germaine Road in Belleville. Programming is also heard on 99-watt FM translator 95.1 MHz K236CS in St. Louis.
History
The station signed on in July 1947 as WIBV "Belleville's Voice." It was a daytimer, broadcasting on 1060 kHz with 250 watts of power. WIBV was owned by Belleville Broadcasting Co.
WIBV aired various types of music, and would broadcast high school sports into the Metro-East area for many years, until the mid-1990s, when it became a talk radio station. The call sign switched to WSDZ when it began broadcasting Children's Radio programming as a network affiliate of Radio Disney on May 22, 1998. At that point, the talk programming moved over to 550 KSD, which became KTRS in early 1997.
On August 13, 2014, Radio Disney announced it would sell nearly all of its owned-and-operated stations including WSDZ. Radio Disney said it wanted to focus more on the network's programming, co-branded events, and digital outlets.
Disney originally planned to take the stations dark on September 26, 2014. However, Disney changed plans at the last minute, and all stations would remain on the air, continuing to broadcast Radio Disney programming until each were sold. Radio Disney planned to keep only one of its stations, its outlet at 1110 AM in Los Angeles, now KWVE.
On September 15, the Salem Media Group said it would acquire the last five Radio Disney owned-and-operated stations for sale (including WSDZ) for $2.225 million. WSDZ was acquired through Caron Broadcasting, Inc., for $275,000. The sale of WSDZ was completed on December 18, 2015.
On December 11, 2015, Radio Disney programming went off the air and WSDZ went silent, pending its new format. On December 22, 2015, WSDZ signed back on the air with a new conservative talk format as "1260 AM The Answer". Most of the programming came from the co-owned Salem Radio Network.
On October 30, 2017, WSDZ changed from conservative talk (which moved to sister station 1380 KXFN). It began playing urban gospel music, branded as "Praise 95.1 & 1260".
On November 14, 2019, the station was sold to Immaculate Heart Media, Inc., and became an affiliate of the co-owned Relevant Radio network. The programming included Catholic talk and teaching shows.
References
External links
Belleville, Illinois
Relevant Radio stations
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Illinois
Former subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company
SDZ |
34446778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newville%20Historic%20District | Newville Historic District | The Newville Historic District is a national historic district which is located in Newville, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. The district is bordered roughly by Cove Alley, Big Spring Creek, the right-of-way for the Cumberland Valley Railroad, and Washington Street, and encompasses 414 contributing buildings, one contributing site, and two contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Newville.
History
Most of the contributing buildings in this historic district are residential, spanning construction dates from 1790 to 1950. The oldest residential building is a log residence. Contributing non-residential buildings include the Big Spring Presbyterian Church (1790) and five additional churches, two governmental buildings, nine commercial buildings, three social buildings, one educational building, and one industrial building. The contributing objects are a fountain (1899) and a Veterans of Foreign Wars memorial monument (1940). The contributing site is Big Spring Presbyterian Cemetery (c. 1777).
Placement of this district on the National Register of Historic Places
The community's application to place the Newville Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places was reviewed by the Historic Preservation Board of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission at its meeting on October 6, 2009, along with applications for: the Hamburg Historic District in Hamburg, Pennsylvania, the Hamnett Historic District in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania State Office Building and the Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot in Philadelphia, the Experimental and Safety Research Coal Mines in Allegheny County's South Park Township, and the Cheney Farm, Hopewell Farm, and Chandler Mill Road Bridge in Chester County.
This district was then officially added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
References
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Historic districts in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania |
47300215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Panchen%20Lamas | List of Panchen Lamas | This is a list of Panchen Lamas of Tibet. There are currently 10 recognised incarnations of the Panchen Lama; the 11th Panchen Lama is disputed however.
List
11th Panchen Lama schism
After the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, his succession came to be disputed between the exiled 14th Dalai Lama and the government of the People's Republic of China. This resulted in a schism between two competing candidates are claimed to be the 11th Panchen Lama.
See also
List of Dalai Lamas
List of rulers of Tibet
References
History of Tibet
Panchen Lamas
Tibet |
53663602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady%20Wilson | Grady Wilson | Grady Wilson may refer to:
Grady Wilson (Sanford and Son), fictional character
Demond Wilson, stage name of actor Grady Wilson
Grady B. Wilson, American evangelist
Grady Wilson (baseball) |
23762328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20DOS%20games%20%28U%29 | Index of DOS games (U) | This is an index of DOS games.
This list has been split into multiple pages. Please use the Table of Contents to browse it.
DOS
DOS games |
33177861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%E2%80%93shell%20semiconductor%20nanocrystal | Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal | Core–shell semiconducting nanocrystals (CSSNCs) are a class of materials which have properties intermediate between those of small, individual molecules and those of bulk, crystalline semiconductors. They are unique because of their easily modular properties, which are a result of their size. These nanocrystals are composed of a quantum dot semiconducting core material and a shell of a distinct semiconducting material. The core and the shell are typically composed of type II–VI, IV–VI, and III–V semiconductors, with configurations such as CdS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdS, and InAs/CdSe (typical notation is: core/shell) Organically passivated quantum dots have low fluorescence quantum yield due to surface related trap states. CSSNCs address this problem because the shell increases quantum yield by passivating the surface trap states. In addition, the shell provides protection against environmental changes, photo-oxidative degradation, and provides another route for modularity. Precise control of the size, shape, and composition of both the core and the shell enable the emission wavelength to be tuned over a wider range of wavelengths than with either individual semiconductor. These materials have found applications in biological systems and optics.
Background
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, which are also called quantum dots (QDs), consist of ~1–10 nm diameter semiconductor nanoparticles that have organic ligands bound to their surface. These nanomaterials have found applications in nanoscale photonic, photovoltaic, and light-emitting diode (LED) devices due to their size-dependent optical and electronic properties. Quantum dots are popular alternatives to organic dyes as fluorescent labels for biological imaging and sensing due to their small size, tuneable emission, and photostability.
The luminescent properties of quantum dots arise from exciton decay (recombination of electron hole pairs) which can proceed through a radiative or nonradiative pathway. The radiative pathway involves electrons relaxing from the conduction band to the valence band by emitting photons with wavelengths corresponding to the semiconductor's bandgap. Nonradiative recombination can occur through energy release via phonon emission or Auger recombination. In this size regime, quantum confinement effects lead to a size dependent increasing bandgap with observable, quantized energy levels. The quantized energy levels observed in quantum dots lead to electronic structures that are intermediate between single molecules which have a single HOMO-LUMO gap and bulk semiconductors which have continuous energy levels within bands
Semiconductor nanocrystals generally adopt the same crystal structure as their extended solids. At the surface of the crystal, the periodicity abruptly stops, resulting in surface atoms having a lower coordination number than the interior atoms. This incomplete bonding (relative to the interior crystal structure) results in atomic orbitals that point away from the surface called "dangling orbitals" or unpassivated orbitals. Surface dangling orbitals are localized and carry a slight negative or positive charge. Weak interaction among the inhomogeneous charged energy states on the surface has been hypothesized to form a band structure. If the energy of the dangling orbital band is within the semiconductor bandgap, electrons and holes can be trapped at the crystal surface. For example, in CdSe quantum dots, Cd dangling orbitals act as electron traps while Se dangling orbitals act as hole traps. Also, surface defects in the crystal structure can act as charge carrier traps.
Charge carrier trapping on QDs increases the probability of non-radiative recombination, which reduces the fluorescence quantum yield. Surface-bound organic ligands are typically used to coordinate to surface atoms having reduced coordination number in order to passivate the surface traps. For example, tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and trioctylphospine (TOP) have been used to control the growth conditions and passivate the surface traps of high quality CdSe quantum dots. Although this method provides narrow size distributions and good crystallinity, the quantum yields are ~5–15%. Alkylamines have been incorporated into the TOP/TOPO synthetic method to increase the quantum yields to ~50%.
The main challenge in using organic ligands for quantum dot surface trap passivation is the difficulty in simultaneously passivating both anionic and cationic surface traps. Steric hindrance between bulky organic ligands results in incomplete surface coverage and unpassivated dangling orbitals. Growing epitaxial inorganic semiconductor shells over quantum dots inhibits photo-oxidation and enables passivation of both anionic and cationic surface trap states. As photogenerated charge carriers are less likely to be trapped, the probability for excitons to decay through the radiative pathway increases. CdSe/CdS and ZnSe/CdSe nanocrystals have been synthesized that exhibit 85% and 80–90% quantum yield, respectively.
Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal architecture was initially investigated in the 1980s, followed by a surge of publications on synthetic methods the 1990s.
Classification of core–shell semiconductor nanocrystals
Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal properties are based on the relative conduction and valence band edge alignment of the core and the shell. In type I semiconductor heterostructures, the electron and holes tend to localize within the core. In type II heterostructures, one carrier is localized in the shell while the other is localized in the core.
Type I
Description
In a Type I CSSNC, the bandgap of the core is smaller than that of the shell. Both the conduction and valence band edges of the core lie within the bandgap of the shell, which confines both electrons and holes in the core. This can be seen in figure X, where the electron and hole of an exciton at the CdSe (bandgap:1.74 eV) /CdS (bandgap:2.42 eV) interface occupy energy states within the CdSe core, which corresponds to the lowest available energy separation. The emission wavelength due to radiative electron-hole recombination within the core is slightly redshifted compared to uncoated CdSe.
Examples
CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, InAs/CdSe and ZnO/MgO
Reverse Type I
Description
In the reverse type I configuration, the core has a wider bandgap than the shell, and the conduction and valence band edges of the shell lie within those of the core. The lowest available exciton energy separation occurs when the charge carriers are localized in the shell. Changing the shell thickness tunes the emission wavelength.
Examples
CdS/HgS, CdS/CdSe, ZnSe/CdSe and MgO/ZnO
Type II
Description
In the type II configuration, the valence and conduction band edge of the core are both lower or higher than the band edges of the shell. An example of a type II is shown in figure X, ZnTe (bandgap:2.26) /CdSe (bandgap:1.74). The lowest energy separation of the electron and the hole will occur when the hole is confined in the ZnTe core valence band and the electron is confined in the CdSe shell conduction band. The emission wavelength will be determined by the energy difference between these occupied states, as shown by the red arrow, which will be at a lower energy than either of the individual bandgaps. The emission wavelength can be significantly red shifted compared to the unpassivated core.
Examples
ZnTe/CdSe, CdTe/CdSe, CdS/ZnSe
Doped core-shell semiconductor nanocrystals
Doping has been shown to strongly affect the optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals. Impurity concentrations in semiconductor nanocrystals grown using colloidal synthesis, however, are typically lower than in their bulk counterparts. There has been interest in magnetic doping of CSSNCs for applications in magnetic memory and spin-based electronics. Dual-mode optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been explored by doping the shell of CdSe/ZnS with Mn, which caused the CSSNC to be paramagnetic.
Synthesis
In synthesizing core shell nanoparticles, scientists have studied and found several wet chemical methods, such as chemical precipitation, sol-gel, microemulsion and inverse micelle formation. Those methods have been used to grow core shell chalcogenide nanoparticles with an emphasis on better control of size, shape, and size distribution. To control the growth of nanoparticles with tunable optical properties, supporting matrices such as glasses, zeolites, polymers or fatty acids have been used. In addition, to prepare nanoparticles of sulfides, selenides and tellurides, the Langmuir–Blodgett film technique has been used successfully. In comparison to wet chemical methods, electrochemical synthesis is more desirable, such as the use of aqueous solvents rather than toxic organic solvents, formation of conformal deposits, room-temperature deposition, low cost, and precise control of composition and thickness of semiconductor coating on metal nanoparticles. However, owing to the difficulty of preparing electrically addressable arrays of nanoparticles, the use of electrochemical techniques to produce core-shell nanoparticles was difficult. Recently, Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) and Copper iodide (CuI) was electrochemically grown on a 3-D nanoelectrode array via layer-by-layer depositing of alternating layers of nanoparticles and Polyoxometalate (POM).
Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystals can be grown by using colloidal chemistry methods with an appropriate control of the reaction kinetics. Using this method which results in a relatively high control of size and shape, semiconductor nanostructures could be synthesized in the form of dots, tubes, wires and other forms which show interesting optic and electronic size-dependent properties. Since the synergistic properties resulting from the intimate contact and interaction between the core and shell, CSSNCs can provide novel functions and enhanced properties which are not observed in single nanoparticles.
The size of core materials and the thickness of shell can be controlled during synthesis. For example, in the synthesis of CdSe core nanocrystals, the volume of H2S gas can determine the size of core nanocrystals. As the volume of H2S increases, the size of the core decreases. Alternatively, when the reaction solution reaches the desired reaction temperature, rapid cooling can result in smaller core sizes. In addition, the thickness of shell is typically determined by the added amount of shell material during the coating process.
Characterization
An increase in either the core size or shell length results in longer emission wavelengths. The interface between the core and shell can be tailored to passivate relaxation pathways and form radiative states. The size dependence of the band gap in these nanoparticles due to the quantum confinement effect has been utilized to control the photoluminescence color from blue to red by preparing nanoparticles of varying sizes. By manipulating the size or shape of the nanoparticles, the luminescence colors and purity can be controlled. However, the quantum yield and the brightness of luminescence of the CSSNCs is ultimately limited and it cannot be controlled because of the presence of surface traps.
UV-vis absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are the techniques typically used to identify and characterize CSSNCs.
Purification techniques
As synthesized core-shell nanocrystals contains impurities, such as unreacted precursors, reaction by products, high b.p. solvents, and necessary ligands that were used during the synthesis of NCs to control growth. Such impurities often perturb the surface chemistry of the NCs and it directly reflects on their physical properties. In addition to this, the solvent that is used during synthesis barely resembles with the solvent into which the nanocrystals will be kept during the measurements of different types of physical properties of that NCs. Hence, for almost all cases, an effective means of purification is required after core-shell NC synthesis.
There are several purification techniques exist to purify CSNCs from as-synthesized CSNCs solution. A few of them discussed below:
Purification techniques based on Polarity
Precipitation and Re-dissolution
Generally, high boiling non-polar solvents are frequently used during the synthesis of CSNCs. By introducing an antisolvent (a solvent in which the desired product is insoluble) to the solvent mixture, a flocculated form of CSNCs can be achieved. When an antisolvent introduced in such solutions, it increases the polarity of that solvent mixture, which primarily governs the flocculation. However, this flocculated CSNCs then can be precipitated out from the solution by exploiting gravitational force or by means of centrifugation. This precipitated CSNCs, separated from impurities, then redispersed in a clean solvent. By repeating this process multiple times, purer form of CSNCs can be achieved. Through this method, a refine size distributed CSNCs can be found by adding a minimum amount of antisolvent until the point when the flocculation of CSNCs just begin to occur instead of fully precipitated the CSNCs.
The main advantage of the PR method is that it is scalable, hence, this method is favorite amongst scientists as a primary purification technique for CSNCs since the beginning. However, this method has certain drawbacks. For example, often the solubility properties of the impurities in as-synthesized CSNCs solution can be found almost similar to that of CSNCs, which make them difficult to isolate them from the impurities by this method. Another drawback of this method is, it can cause a substantial damage to the CSNCs surface, which negatively affect to their physical properties. For example, in 2012, Hens’s group have showed that methanol, an antisolvent, displaces the native ligand from CSNC surface by reacting with the surface of that CSNC, which reduces the stability of the CSNC, also negatively affected its optical properties.
Extraction
A liquid-liquid extraction process can be exploited as a purification technique for the CSNCs. When an extracting solvent is introduced to the as-synthesized CSNC solution, due to the partition coefficient, CSNCs and impurities are redistributed to different phases. This method has an advantage over the previously discussed PR method is that it is a much gentler process than PR method. Because, during extraction, the CSNCs tends to stay in their native phase, hence unwanted irreversible aggregation of CSNCs is less likely to occur.
A disadvantage of this method is that it requires a multiple extraction cycle to achieve an effective extraction, which is time-consuming. In addition to this, similarity in polarity between impurities and CSNCs greatly limits its efficiency as a purification method for CSNCs. To increase the extraction efficiency, sometimes a co-extractants can be used along with primary extracting solvent. A combination of both PR method and extraction method often can lead to a better purification of CSNCs.
Purification based on Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis techniques are common as a purification technique for primarily proteins, DNA and RNA. Electrophoresis techniques exploit the mobility of two or more different species - different by their size, charge or binding affinity - under an electric field to separate them from one another. Nano-scientists, also use electrophoresis to separate CSNCs from impurities. Multiple evidence shows that CSNCs can be purified effectively by means of gel-electrophoresis techniques. However, as purification of CSNCs via gel-electrophoresis is highly time-consuming, recently, nano-scientists are shifting towards more advanced free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) techniques.
Applications
One of the most important properties of core–shell semiconducting nanocrystals (CSSNCs) is that their cores, which are quantum dots, fluoresce, which is important in their biomedical and optical applications. The shells are highly modular, and thus the bulk properties, such as solubility and activity of the CSSNCs can be changed.
Biomedical applications
The properties desired of CSSNCs when using them for biological applications include high quantum yield, narrow fluorescence emission, broad absorption profile, stability against photobleaching, 20 second fluorescent lifetime, and high brightness. High quantum yields mean that minimal energy will need to be put into the quantum dot to induce fluorescence. A narrow fluorescence emission allows for multiple colors to be imaged at once without color overlap between different types of CSSNCs. Having a broad absorption profile allows multiple CSSNCs to be excited at the same wavelength and thus, multiple CSSNCs could be imaged simultaneously. Having a 20-second fluorescent lifetime allows for time-resolved bioimaging. The utility of CSSNCs is that they can be a complement to organic fluorophores. CSSNCs are less susceptible to photobleaching, but less is known about them compared to organic fluorophores. CSSNCs have 100–1000 times the two-photon fluorescence efficiency as organic dyes, exemplifying their value.
In the cases where CSSNCs are used in biological medium, the core is a quantum dot and the shell can be an organic molecule or biological ligands, such as a DNA, that are used for biocompatibility and targeting. The shell can also be an organic molecule to which a biological molecule is later conjugated, furthering the modularity of core–shell structure. The most popular core/shell pair used is CdSe core with ZnS or CdS shell, which improves the quantum yield and protects against photobleaching compared to that of the core material alone. The size of the CSSNC is directly correlated to the color of fluorescence, so being able to control particle size is desirable. However, it is generally unknown how the shell molecules, and salt concentration, pH, and temperature of the media affect the CSSNCs’ properties and remains empirical.
In vitro cell labeling
Because multiple colors can be imaged, CSSNCs’ ability to be used in cell labeling is of growing importance. However, it can be difficult to get CSSNCs across the cell membrane. This has been achieved via endocytosis (the most common method), direct microinjection, and electroporation, and once in the cell, they become concentrated in the nucleus and can stay there for extended periods of time. Once CSSNCs are inside cells, they remain even after cellular division and can be imaged in both mother and daughter cells. This particular technique was shown using Xenopus embryos. Another example of CSSNCs is seen in their tracking ability; when cells are gown on a 2D matrix embedded with CSSNCs, cells uptake the CSSNCs as they move, leaving a trail seen as the absence of CSSNCs. This means that the mobility of cells can be imaged, which is important since the metastatic potential of breast tissue cells has been shown to increase with mobility. Also, it has been shown that five different toxins can be detected using five different CSSNCs simultaneously.
In a move toward environmentally friendlier and less toxic CSSNCs, Si quantum dots with various shells have been developed. Si is 10 times safer than Cd and current work is focused on making Si more water-soluble and biocompatible. In particular, Si quantum dots with poly (acrylic acid) and allylamine shells have been used in cell labeling. Other in vitro uses include flow cyclometry, pathogen detection, and genomic and proteomic detection.
In vivo and deep tissue imaging
Because CSSNCs emit in the near-infrared region (700–900 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, imaging them is not complicated by autofluorescence of tissue, which occurs at higher frequencies (400–600 nm), and scattering effects. This has been used in the mapping of sentinel lymph-nodes in cancer surgery in animals. Lymph nodes 1 cm deep were imaged and the excised nodes with CSSNC accumulation were found to have the highest probability for containing metastatic cells. In addition, CSSNCs have been shown to remain fluorescent in cells in vivo for 4 months. To track and diagnose cancer cells, labeled squamous carminoma cell-line U14 cells were used and fluorescent images could be seen after 6h. CSSNCs conjugated to doxorubicin were also used to target, image, and sense prostate cancer cells that express the prostate-specific membrane antigen protein. Using a cancer-specific antibody conjugated to QDs with polymer shells is the most popular in tumor targeted imaging.
The main disadvantage of using CSSNCs for in vivo imaging is the lack of information about their excretion and toxicity. The typical cores used show DNA damage and toxicity toward liver cells, but using shells seems to diminish this effect. The use of other substances in the core, such as rare-earth elements and Si, are being explored to reduce toxicity. Other disadvantages include limited commercial availability, variability in surface chemistry, nonspecific binding, and instrument limitation.
Optics
The size, shape, and composition of the core–shell structure are related to the bandgap, which in turn is related to its optical properties. Thus, by modulating the size, shape, and material of the core, the optics can be tuned and optimized for use in optical devices and applications such as LEDs, detectors, lasers, phosphors, and photovoltaics.
LEDs
Currently, CSSNC LED efficiency is less than that of organic LEDs. However, studies show that they have potential to accomplish what organic LEDs cannot. CSSNC LEDs constructed using multiple layers of CSSNCs resulted in poor conduction, charge imbalance, low luminescence efficiency, and a large number of pinhole defects. LEDs constructed of one monolayer avoid these problems. An advantage of CSSNC LEDs over organic LEDs is that CSSNC LEDs have narrower emissions, as narrow as 32 nm, than organic LEDs, which range from 50–100 nm. Specifically, the core–shell motif is desirable for use in LEDs because of their electroluminescence and photoluminescence quantum efficiencies and their ability to be processed into devices easily. Current aims for LED displays include developing materials with wavelength emissions of 610–620 nm for red displays, 525–530 nm for green displays, and 460–470 nm for blue displays. This is because these wavelengths maximize the perceived power and they lie outside of the National Television System Committee standard color triangle. CSSNCs have been synthesized that meet these wavelength emissions: (CdSe)ZnS for red emission, (CdS)ZnS for blue emission, and (CdxZn1−xSe)CdyZn1−yS for the green emission. Using CdSe core and ZnS or CdS/ZnS shells, the maximum luminance values of red, orange, yellow and green LEDs were improved to 9,064, 3,200, 4,470 and 3,700 cd m−2, respectively; electroluminescent efficiency (1.1–2.8 cd A−1), and turn-on voltages (3–4 V) were also increased.
Lasers
In CSSNCs with only one exciton, absorption and stimulated emission occur equally and in CSSNCs with more than one exciton, non-radiative Auger recombination occurs, which decays optical gain, an important quality in lasers. However, type II CSSNCs, CdS/ZnSe, were used in optical amplification from stimulated emission of single-exciton states, eliminating Auger recombination. This has the advantage that lasing threshold could be lowered under continuous wave excitation, enhancing the potential of CSSNCs as optical gain media. Type II CSSNCs separate the electrons and holes of the exciton pair, which leads to a strong electric field and thus, reducing absorption losses.
Phosphors
By combining the modularity of CSSNCs and stability of organic polymer, a broad range of colors of phosphors were developed. CdSe core/ZnS shell CSSNCs are used to generate bluish green to red colors, and (CdS)ZnS QDs are used to generate violet to blue colors. By mixing the appropriate amounts of the different sizes of CSSNCs, the entire visible range with narrow emission profiles and high photoluminescence quantum yields can be achieved.
Dye-sensitized solar cells
ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nano-structures were synthesized with fast electron transport and high surface area combining the properties of ZnO nanorods and TiO2 nano particles. As ZnO nanorods have fast electron transport and TiO2 nano-particles have high surface area. ZnO-MgO core-shell nanowires were synthesized improving the efficiency of the dye sensitized solar cells by 400% when compared to the ZnO nanowires. MgO shell acts as efficient insulating tunnel preventing recombination.
References
Nanoparticles by surface chemistry
Chemistry |
69535689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutum%20from%20Dura-Europos | Scutum from Dura-Europos | The scutum from Dura-Europos is the only surviving semi-cylindrical shield (scutum) from Roman times. It is now in the Yale University Art Gallery (inventory number 1933.715). The shield was found in the excavation campaign of 1928/37 on Tower 19 of Dura-Europos (in present-day Syria). The city was besieged by the Sassanids in 256, eventually captured and destroyed. The dry climate enables very good conservation conditions for organic materials such as wood. Since the city housed a Roman garrison and was lost during a siege, a particularly large number of weapons were found during the excavations.
Structure
The scutum is a rectangular arched shield that measures 105.5 by 41 cm and is mainly made of wood. It was found broken up into thirteen parts. It is made from strips of wood that are 30 to 80 mm wide and 1.5 to 2 mm thick. They are put together in three layers, so that the total thickness of the wood layer is 4.5 to 6 mm. In the center of the shield is a hole that was probably cut in the wood after the board was made, the umbo (central boss) is missing. The shield hump that was once there is missing. The back of the shield was provided with reinforcing strips of wood, but they weren't found. There appears to have been a red covering of skin on the back. It is mentioned in the preliminary report of the excavation, but later was lost. The surface of the front was covered with fabric and then with skin or parchment, with a painting on it. There are several decorative ribbons around the central hole. Decorations include an eagle with a laurel wreath, winged Victories, and a lion.
The shield has been heavily restored several times. The main aim of these earlier restorations was to preserve the paintings, while the restorers did not care about the construction of the shield. Many technical details can only be traced today using old descriptions. The shield is now more rounded than in its original state.
Background and history of finding
The shield was found during excavations in 1932/1933 in tower 19 of the city wall that is on the west side of the city. The events that took place during the siege could be reconstructed. The city appears to have been under constant attack by the Sassanids since the 220s. Shortly after 250 it even fell into the hands of the Sassanids, but was recaptured by the Romans in 254. During this time, the western side of the city was reinforced. The east side, on the other hand, is on a steep slope and did not need a city wall, but here it appears to be a gateway to the Euphrates. Adjacent houses were incorporated into the west wall and filled with clay bricks, so that a massive wall was created. This was fortunate for archeology: the structures incorporated into the wall were in excellent condition.
In 256 there was a major attack by the Sassanids. A camp larger than the city was set up west of Dura. A major operation during the siege was the excavation of the city wall to bring it down at one point. This action was not hidden from the Romans, and they dug their own tunnel to meet the enemies underground and to fight them. What exactly happened next is controversial in research. Remains of twenty Roman soldiers with full equipment were found in the tunnel, but only one corpse of a Sassanid. In the preliminary report of the excavations it was assumed that the tunnel simply collapsed and buried the soldiers. More recent considerations come to a different scenario. Accordingly, the Sassanids noticed that the Romans were digging a counter tunnel and waited for it to break through. When the Romans broke through the tunnel of the Sassanids, they were "received" with a fire reinforced by naphtha. The Roman soldiers burned or suffocated. The Sassanids then continued to build the tunnel until tower 19 and the wall partially collapsed, probably only a few hours, at most a few days later. Numerous objects were buried inside the tower, some of which were burned and fell from the upper part of the tower, and which were stored here. They are mostly weapons that have been remarkably well preserved, including the scutum. The operation as a whole failed, however, as the tower and the wall only partially collapsed and no breach was created in the wall.
Further reading
Michael I. Rostovtzeff, Alfred R. Bellinger, Clark Hopkins, Charles Bradford Welles (Hrsg.): The Excavations at Dura Europos, Preliminary Report on the Fourth Season, 1932–1933. Yale University Press, New Haven 1936, p. 456–466, Tafeln XXV–XXVI.
Simon James: The Excavations at Dura-Europos conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters 1928 to 1937, Final Report VII: The Arms and Armours and other Military Equipment. British Museum Press, London 2004, , p. 182–183 (Nr. 629), Tafel 10.
Michael I. Rostovtzeff, Dura-Europos and Its Art, 1st (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1938), 4, pl. 3:1, ill.
Clark Hopkins, The Discovery of Dura-Europos, ed. Bernard Goldman (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979), 187, ill.
Alan Shestack, ed., Yale University Art Gallery Selections (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Art Gallery, 1983).
Handbook of the Collections, exh. cat. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Art Gallery, 1992), 273, ill.
Simon T. James, The Excavations at Dura-Europos, 1928 to 1937: Final Report VII, 7 (London: British Museum Press, 2004), xxix 182–83, no. 629, pl. 10, fig. 106, 107.
Lisa R. Brody and Gail Hoffman, eds., Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity (Boston: McMullen Museum of Art, 2011), 325, pl. 5, fig. 2.2, 2.5.
Jennifer Chi and Sebastian Heath, eds., Edge of Empires: Pagans, Jews, and Christians at Roman Dura-Europos, exh. cat. (New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2011), 40, 56, no. 5, ill. cover detail , fig. 2–30.
Simon T. James, Rome and the Sword: How Warriors and Weapons Shaped Roman History (London: Thames and Hudson, 2011), 136, ill.
Blair Fowlkes-Childs and Michael Seymour, The World Between Empires: Art and Identity in the Ancient Middle East, exh. cat. (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2019), 188, no. 133
References
External links
Scutum on the Yale University Art Gallery
Death Underground: Gas warfare at Dura-Europos in Current Archaeology
Dura-Europos
Collections of the Yale University Art Gallery
Archaeological discoveries in Syria |
41575746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcyna%20subangulata | Alcyna subangulata | Alcyna subangulata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.
Description
The height of the shell attains 2½ mm, its diameter 1½ mm. The minute, rather solid, narrowly perforate shell has an ovate-turbinate shape. It is ornamented with raised spiral striae. The four whorls are depressed somewhat in the center. The body whorl is obtusely biangular with about four low spiral cords above the upper angle, two and a very weak third between the angles. The base of the shell contains numerous spirals. The outer lip is thickened externally with a swelling or varix. The umbilicus is rather large. The aperture is circular. The columella ends in a prominent tooth. The color is deep red, wtth oblique light red flames radiating from the suture.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Seychelles, Mauritius, Réunion and Hawaii.
References
Adams, H. 1868. Descriptions of some new species of shells collected by Geoffrey Nevill, Esq., at Mauritius, the Isle of Bourbon, and the Seychelles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1868:288-292, pl. 28,
Kay, E.A. (1979). Hawaiian marine shells. [Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii, Section 4: Mollusca. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 64(4)]. Honolulu : Bishop Museum Press. xvii + 653 pp.
External links
To World Register of Marine Species
subangulata
Gastropods described in 1861 |
26674102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowndes%20County%20Courthouse | Lowndes County Courthouse | Lowndes County Courthouse may refer to:
Lowndes County Courthouse (Alabama), Haynesville, Alabama
Lowndes County Courthouse (Georgia), Valdosta, Georgia
Lowndes County Courthouse (Mississippi), Columbus, Mississippi |
55788030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge%20at%20the%202018%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Qualification | Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification | The following is about the qualification rules and the quota allocation for the luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Qualification rules
The qualification is based on the cumulative world ranking points from the first five world cup events of the 2017–18 season. A total of 110 quota spots are available to athletes to compete at the games. A maximum 37 men, 27 women, and 17 doubles teams will initially qualify. Each NOC can enter a maximum of three men, three women, and two doubles. The host then has the right to enter a competitor in the men's, doubles, and women's competitions provided they meet minimum standards. Then eight athletes will be added, first to fill the highest ranked relay teams who did not qualify individuals in all three disciplines, then the remaining quotas will be distributed equally among the three disciplines.
The team relay will consist of all nations who can form a relay team from qualified athletes. They must have participated in relay competitions during qualification. There will be three relay races during qualification.
Quota allocation
Current allocation is according to the world rankings following World Cup 5 ending 16 December 2017.
Current summary
As of 28 January 2018.
Men's
Slovenia elected to use only one of its quota places. Declined quota was reallocated to Kazakhstan.
Doubles
Teams in italics gained entry by use of additional quotas to form a relay team
South Korea qualified as the host.
Women's
Teams in italics gained entry by use of additional quotas to form a relay team
Switzerland elected to use only one of its quota places. Declined quota was reallocated to Croatia on 17 January 2018.
The FIL released a press statement indicated that team OAR would only use one female quota, unused quota places were reallocated to Argentina and Ukraine.
Team relay
Final team relay world ranking as of 9 December 2017. Teams in italics could not form an olympic relay team. Scores next to a nation indicate the "Team Relay nations rankings" for the purpose of identifying which team receives additional quotas first.
References
Qualification for the 2018 Winter Olympics
Qualification |
18788964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20J.%20F.%20Lusaka | Paul J. F. Lusaka | Paul John Firmino Lusaka (10 January 1935 – 11 November 1996) was a Zambian politician and diplomat who became President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1984.
Life and politics
Lusaka was born in Moomba Village near Lusaka on 10 January 1935. He attended Roma University College in Lesotho where he obtained a degree in history and geography in 1959. The following year he was on an exchange programme that took him to the University of Minnesota funded by the Ford Foundation.
His 1963 Master's Degree in Political Geography was from McGill University in Montreal, Canada, and he was also trained in diplomacy by the Canadian United Nations contingent. In 1964 he was at the Zambian High Commission in London where he rose to the position of Deputy High Commissioner in 1965, which he held until 1968.
From 1968 he served as the Zambian Ambassador to Romania, Yugoslavia and Russia, until he left Russia to become a Permanent Representative at the UN in 1972 as well as a number of other diplomatic positions.
Between 1973 and 1978 he was a Member of Parliament in Zambia, where he held a number of ministerial positions.
The United Nations
In 1979 he became the Permanent Representative to the United Nations and as President of the United Nations Council for Namibia. He was vice president in 1980 and in the following year President of the Economic and Social Council. He was Zambia's chief representative at the Security Council in 1979 and 1980.
In 1985 the New York Times recorded that after a meeting with ten former U.N. Presidents he said,
Family
Lusaka was married and had nine children.
References
1935 births
1996 deaths
Zambian diplomats
University of Minnesota alumni
Members of the National Assembly of Zambia
Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
Permanent Representatives of Zambia to the United Nations
Ambassadors of Zambia to the Soviet Union
Ambassadors of Zambia to Yugoslavia
Ambassadors of Zambia to Romania |
64233334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casalarreina%20CF | Casalarreina CF | Casalarreina Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football team located in the town of Casalarreina, autonomous community of La Rioja. Founded in 1997 it currently plays in Tercera División – Group 16, holding home matches at Estadio Municipal El Soto with a capacity of 800 spectators.
History
Casalarreina CF was founded in 1997. Josean Ríos became its first president. In the 2014-15 season the club played in the Tercera División for the first time but it was immediately relegated back to Regional Preferente league. In 2016 Casalarreina CF returned to the Tercera División.
Season to season
4 seasons in Tercera División
References
Football clubs in La Rioja (Spain)
Association football clubs established in 1997
1997 establishments in Spain |
3442098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20Motor%20Company%20Assembly%20Plant | Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant | The Ford Richmond Plant, formally the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant, in Richmond, California, was the largest assembly plant to be built on the West Coast and its conversion to wartime production during World War II aided the United States' war effort. The plant is part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It currently houses the National Park Service visitor center, several private businesses and the Craneway Pavilion, an event venue.
Construction
Built in 1930 during the Great Depression, the assembly plant measures nearly 500,000 square feet (46,450 m2). The factory was a major stimulant to the local and regional economy and was an important development in Richmond's inner harbor and port plan. Ford became Richmond's third largest employer, behind Standard Oil and the Santa Fe Railroad. It is also an outstanding example of 20th-century industrial architecture designed by architect Albert Kahn, known for his "daylight factory" design, which employed extensive window openings that became his trademark. The main building is composed of a two-story section, a single-story section, a craneway, a boiler house and a shed canopy structure over the railroad track.
World War II
To ensure that America prepared for total war by mobilizing all the industrial might of the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt banned the production of civilian automobiles during World War II. The Richmond Ford Assembly Plant switched to assembling jeeps and to putting the finishing touches on tanks, half-tracked armored personnel carriers, armored cars and other military vehicles destined for the Pacific Theater. By July 1942, military combat vehicles began flowing into the Richmond Ford plant to get final processing before being transported out the deep-water channel to the war zones. The "Richmond Tank Depot" (only one of three tank depots in the country) as the Ford plant was then called, helped keep American fighting men supplied with up-to-the-minute improvements in their battle equipment. Approximately 49,000 jeeps were assembled and 91,000 other military vehicles were processed here.
In mobilizing the wartime production effort to its full potential, Federal military authorities and private industry began to work closely together on a scale never seen before in American history. This laid the groundwork for what became known as the "military-industrial complex" during the Cold War years. This Assembly Plant was one cog in the mobilization of the "Arsenal of Democracy" and a historic part of what is today's industrial culture of the United States.
Post-war
After the war, the devastation to the local economy as a result of the closing of the Richmond Shipyards would have been crippling had it not been for the continued production of the Ford Plant. The last Ford was assembled in February 1953, with the plant being closed in 1956 and production transferred to the San Jose Assembly Plant because of the inability to accommodate increased productivity demands.
The plant was featured in the movie Tucker: The Man and His Dream. Principal photography started with first unit shooting on April 13, 1987 in the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Richmond, California.
In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake severely damaged the plant. After the earthquake, the City of Richmond repaired and prepared the Ford Assembly building for rehabilitation and selected Orton Development as the developer of the rehabilitation project. In 2008, after the building's rehabilitation was completed, tenants including SunPower Corporation and Mountain Hardwear made the building their new home. The craneway ("Craneway Pavilion") of the building is also used for banquets, weddings, and corporate events. In 2018, the Craneway Conference Center was the venue for West Edge Opera's summer opera festival. In April, 2020, Contra Costa County officials announced that the Craneway Pavilion would be converted into a 250-bed hospital for COVID-19 patients who do not require an intensive care unit level of care, which has since closed. The California National Guard helped set up the facility.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Contra Costa County, California
List of Ford factories
California during World War II
References
External links
Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park
Craneway Pavilion website
Assembly Plant
Former motor vehicle assembly plants
Motor vehicle assembly plants in California
Buildings and structures in Richmond, California
Industrial buildings completed in 1930
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Motor vehicle manufacturing plants on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Richmond, California
Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front National Historical Park
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1930
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1988
1930 establishments in California
1988 disestablishments in California
Companies based in Richmond, California
Defunct manufacturing companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Economy of the San Francisco Bay Area
Tourist attractions in Richmond, California |
64455852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934%20Dartmouth%20Indians%20football%20team | 1934 Dartmouth Indians football team | The 1934 Dartmouth Indians football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1934 college football season. In their first season under head coach Earl Blaik, the Indians compiled a 6–3 record. George Hill was the team captain.
Phil Conti was the team's leading scorer, with 30 points, from five touchdowns.
Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.
Schedule
References
Dartmouth
Dartmouth Big Green football seasons
Dartmouth Indians football |
37991200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare%20Booth | Clare Booth | Clare Booth (born 19 September 1964 at Liverpool) is a British former alpine skier who competed in the 1984 Winter Olympics and in the 1988 Winter Olympics.
See also
Winter Olympics
References
1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Liverpool
British female alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Great Britain
Alpine skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics |
218124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnerl%C3%B8kka | Grünerløkka | Grünerløkka is a borough of the city of Oslo, Norway. Grünerløkka became part of the city of Oslo (then Christiania) in 1858. Grünerløkka was traditionally a working class district; since the late 20th century the area has increasingly undergone gentrification. Although it is located in the East End, it is more expensive than other parts of the East End.
Etymology
The first element was derived from the surname Grüner. The last element is the definite form of løkke, meaning "paddock".
Grünerløkka was named after Friedrich Grüner (1628-1674) who served as chief administrator (Oberhauptmann) and the master of the mint (myntmester) at Christiania from 1651 until his death in 1674. Grüner purchased the Kings Mill (Kongens mølle) and surrounding acreage in the area from King Christian V of Denmark in 1672.
History
Thorvald Meyer (1818–1909) bought parts of the Grünerløkka area in 1861. The industrialist built the main street of Grünerløkka, now named Thorvald Meyers gate. During the 19th century, Grünerløkka became a working-class area. Several factories were placed here because of the advantages of being located close to the Akerselva River. Christiania Seildugsfabrikk from 1856 and Aktieselskapet Herkules from 1898 were two of the factories established.
Grünerløkka is located with the parish of Paulus Church (Paulus kirke). In 1866, Paulus parish had a total population of 13,600. By 1900, the parish population had risen to 22,000. At that time, only five streets in Oslo had a population above 3000. Of these, three were located in Grünerløkka: Markveien, Thorvald Meyers gate and Toftes gate. In 1864, a square meter had been priced at about 30 Norwegian shilling Active selling of property started in 1865. However, even as Thorvald Meyer offered low-priced land, almost no one bought any of it until after 1868.
The park square called Olaf Ryes plass has its name from Norwegian-Danish General Olaf Rye (1791–1849). It was an open field well into the 1880s. The property was bought by Oslo kommune from members of the Grüner family in 1883. A narrow diagonal street was built which led from Markveien to Thorvald Meyers gate. It had a stopping spot for horses and carriages at the middle point. This section is now a pedestrian park square. The district's previous logo showed Mangelsgården, a listed building in Storgata 36 that is part of Prinds Christian Augusts Minde. From 2019, the district has used a common logo for Oslo.
Politics
As a borough of Oslo, Grünerløkka is governed by the city council of Oslo as well as its own borough council. The council leader is Geir Jensen from the Green Party and the deputy leader is Vemund Rundberget, of the Labour Party. The Green Party has the most seats. The 15 seats are distributed among the following political parties for the 2019-2023 term:
4 from the Green Party (Miljøpartiet de Grønne)
3 from the Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)
3 from the Conservative Party (Høyre)
2 from the Red Party (Rødt)
2 from the Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)
1 from the Liberal Party (Venstre)
Sports
The neighbourhood has its own sports club, Grüner, which was founded in 1914 with ice hockey and football as the most important activities. Grüner Fotball plays its home games at Dælenenga idrettspark and currently is part of the third division of the Norwegian football system. The ice hockey team plays the home games at Grünerhallen.
Notable landmarks
Sportsklubben av 1909
Alexander Kiellands plass (Oslo)
Åmodt bro
Ankerbrua
Ankertorget
Birkelunden
Blå
Foss Brewery
Foss videregående skole
Freia
Grünerhallen
Keyserløkka
Kulturkirken Jakob
Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo
Olaf Ryes plass
Parkteatret
Paulus kirke
Prinds Christian Augusts Minde
Ring 2
Sagene ring
Schou Brewery
Sinsenkrysset
Sofienberg
Sofienberg kirke
Sofienberg Park
Gallery
References
Other sources
Tvedt, Knut Are, ed (2000). "Grünerløkka" in Oslo byleksikon (Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 4th ed. pp. 170–171)
External links
Grünerløkka, official website (City of Oslo)
Guide to Grünerløkka visitoslo.com
Munch's Grünerløkka
Boroughs of Oslo
Working class in Europe |
5537525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Delisle | Guy Delisle | Guy Delisle (, born January 19, 1966) is a Canadian cartoonist and animator, best known for his graphic novels about his travels, such as Shenzhen (2000), Pyongyang: A Journey in North Korea (2003), Burma Chronicles (2007), and Jerusalem (2011).
Biography
Delisle studied animation at Sheridan College in Oakville, near Toronto, and then worked for the animation studio CinéGroupe in Montreal. He later worked for different studios in Canada, Germany, France, China and North Korea.
His experiences as a supervisor of animation work by studios in Asia were recounted in two graphic novels, Shenzhen (2000) and Pyongyang: A Journey in North Korea (2003). The two books, Delisle's most famous work, were first published in French by the independent bande dessinée publisher L'Association. They have been translated into many languages, including Burmese, Croatian, Czech, English, Finnish, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. A film version of Pyongyang starring Steve Carell was cancelled in December 2014 after the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack.
Delisle is married to a Médecins Sans Frontières administrator. With her, he made a trip to Myanmar (Burma) in 2005, which is recounted in Chroniques Birmanes (2007), translated into English as Burma Chronicles.
In the summer of 2009, they completed a one-year stay in Beit Hanina, Jerusalem, again with Médecins Sans Frontières. This stay was recounted in Chroniques de Jérusalem (2011) which won the Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Best Album in 2012. Amongst other things it covered the Gaza War. In France, (English title: Jerusalem: Chronicles from the Holy City) was a best-seller.
In 2016, Delisle published S'enfuir. Récit d'un otage (Dargaud), translated into English as Hostage and published by Drawn & Quarterly in 2017. The graphic novel depicts the true story of Christophe André, a Médecins Sans Frontières administrator who was kidnapped in the Caucasus Region in 1997. Hostage was longlisted for Brooklyn Public Library's 2017 literary prize.
Delisle resides in Montpellier, France.
Bibliography
French language
Réflexion (L'Association, paperback, October 1996, )
Aline et les autres (L'Association, paperback, April 1999, )
Shenzhen (L'Association, paperback, April 2000, )
Inspecteur Moroni 1 : Premiers pas (Dargaud, paperback, March 2001, )
Albert et les autres (L'Association, paperback, June 2001, )
Inspecteur Moroni 2 : Avec ou sans sucre (Dargaud, paperback, April 2002, )
Comment ne rien faire (La Pastèque, paperback, August 2002, ; hardcover, November 2007, )
Pyongyang (L'Association, paperback, June 2003, )
Inspecteur Moroni 3 : Le Syndrome de Stockholm (Dargaud, paperback, July 2004, )
Louis au ski (Delcourt, paperback, November 2005, )
L'Association en Inde (L'Association, paperback, March 2007, , with Frederik Peeters, Thiriet, Katja Tukiainen, and Matti Hagelberg)
Chroniques birmanes (Delcourt, paperback, November 2007, )
Louis à la plage (Delcourt, paperback, August 2008, )
La maison close (Delcourt, paperback, January 2010, , with Jérôme Mulot, Florent Ruppert, et al.)
Chroniques de Jérusalem (Delcourt, paperback, November 2011, )
Le guide du mauvais père tome 1 (Delcourt, paperback, January 2013, )
Le guide du mauvais père tome 2 (Delcourt, paperback, January 2014, )
Papier 4 (Delcourt, paperback, September 2014, , with Lewis Trondheim, Grégory Panaccione, et al.)
Le guide du mauvais père tome 3 (Delcourt, paperback, January 2015, )
Croquis de Québec (Pow Pow, paperback, August 2016, )
S'enfuir. Récit d'un otage (Dargaud, paperback, September 2016, )
Le guide du mauvais père tome 4 (Delcourt, paperback, June 2018, )
Chroniques de jeunesse (Delcourt, paperback, January 2021, )
English language translations
Pyongyang: A Journey in North Korea (Drawn & Quarterly, hardcover, September 2005, ; paperback, May 2007, )
Shenzhen: A Travelogue from China (Drawn & Quarterly, hardcover, October 2006, ; paperback, April 2012, )
Aline and the Others (Drawn & Quarterly, paperback, November 2006, )
Albert and the Others (Drawn & Quarterly, paperback, November 2007, )
Burma Chronicles (Drawn & Quarterly, hardcover, September 2008, ; paperback, September 2010, )
Jerusalem: Chronicles from the Holy City (Drawn & Quarterly, hardcover, April 2012, ; paperback, March 2015, )
A User's Guide to Neglectful Parenting (Drawn & Quarterly, paperback, June 2013, )
Even More Bad Parenting Advice (Drawn & Quarterly, paperback, August 2014, )
The Owner's Manual to Terrible Parenting (Drawn & Quarterly, paperback, October 2015, )
Hostage (Drawn & Quarterly, hardcover, April 2017, )
The Handbook to Lazy Parenting (Drawn & Quarterly, paperback, October 2019, )
Factory Summers (Drawn & Quarterly, hardcover, June 2021, )
World Record Holders (Drawn & Quarterly, paperback, August 2022, )
References
External links
Drawn & Quarterly profile
1966 births
Artists from Quebec City
Canadian graphic novelists
Living people
Canadian expatriates in France |
55851697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Volta%20a%20Catalunya | 2002 Volta a Catalunya | The 2002 Volta a Catalunya was the 82nd edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 17 June to 23 June 2002. The race started in Sant Jaume d'Enveja and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Roberto Heras of the U.S. Postal Service team.
Teams
Sixteen teams of up to eight riders started the race:
Itera
Route
General classification
References
2002
Volta
2002 in Spanish road cycling
June 2002 sports events in Europe |
38533007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbari%20Upazila | Dhanbari Upazila | Dhanbari () is an upazila under Tangail District in the division of Dhaka. It was formed in 2006 by the efforts of Fakir Mahbub Anam Swapan,Central BNP leader who contest in the constituency Tangail-1 (Madhupur -Dhanbari) .Former Madhupur Upazila was split into two Upazilas - (Madhupur and Dhanbari) to form this Upazila.
Notable people :
Nawab Syed Ali Hasan Ali Choudhury,
Dr. Sheikh Nizamul
Islam, MP,
Syeda Ashika Akbar, MP,
Dr.Abdur Razzaq, MP.
Administration
Dhanbari Upazila is divided into Dhanbari Municipality and seven union parishads: Baniajan, Birtara, Bolibhadra, Dhopakhali, Jodunathpur, Musuddi, and Paiska. The union parishads are subdivided into 103 mauzas and 132 villages.
Dhanbari Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 25 mahallas.
Education
There are seven colleges in the upazila: Asya Hasan Ali Mohila Degree College, Bhai Ghat Ideal College, Dhanbari College, Mushuddi Razia College, Norilla College, Panchpotol Degree College, and Ukhariabari College.
According to Banglapedia, Govt. Dhanbari Nawab Institution, founded in 1910, Paiska High School (1960), and Pankata Islamia Secondary School (1943) are notable secondary schools.
See also
Dhanbari
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
References
Upazilas of Tangail District |
2239584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Houfton | Percy Houfton | Percy Bond Houfton (1873–1926) was a late-19th century and early-20th century English architect.
Career
He started work for his older cousin, J. P Houfton at the Bolsover and Creswell Colliery Company. He was awarded a certificate in mine management in 1897 and was elected to the Institute of Mining Engineers.
After designing Creswell Model Village for the colliery company in 1895, he turned to architecture and opened his own practice in Chesterfield in 1898. Much of his work was for colliery companies and designing private houses. In 1905 he was awarded a prize of £100 for producing the best cottage at Letchworth Garden City. Between 1907 and 1909 Sir Arthur Markham of Brodsworth Colliery employed him to build Woodlands, a model village for employees at his colliery near Doncaster. Houfton applied garden village principles designing the houses in an Arts and Crafts style with large gables reminiscent of the style of Voysey.
He became a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1925.
He had obituaries in
The Builder 130:826 21 May 1926
RIBA Journal 33:495 26 June 1926
Personal life
He was born in 1873 in Alfreton, Derbyshire, the son of Elijah Houfton (1832-1908) and Elizabeth Bond (1842-1937). Elijah Houfton was surveyor for Alfreton Urban Council. Percy was educated at St Mary's House School in Chesterfield.
He married Elizabeth Robinson (1879 - 1964), eldest daughter of William Robinson of Chesterfield on 2 July 1902 at St Thomas' Church, Brampton, Chesterfield, Derbyshire. A daughter, Margaret Eileen Houfton was born in 1904.
He died on 16 May 1926 and left an estate valued at £8,566 18s 10d. ().
Works
Cottage, 217 Iknield Way, Letchworth 1905 Grade II listed
Workmans' Institute, Public Hall and Girls' Club, Brook Street, Sutton-in-Ashfield 1906
Terry Holt Cottage, 100A The Park, Woodlands, Doncaster 1907-08 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 5 and 6, The Park, Woodlands, Doncaster 1907-08 Grade II listed
Four houses, 7-10, The Park, Woodlands, Doncaster 1907-08 Grade II listed
Four houses, 2-8 Central Avenue, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 27 and 29 Central Avenue, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Four houses, 31-37 Central Avenue, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 15 and 17 Green Lane, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Four houses, 26-32 Green Lane, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 27 and 29 Green Lane, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 87 and 89, Great North Road, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Three houses, 1-7 Harold Avenue, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 33 and 35 The Crescent, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 45 and 47 The Crescent, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Three houses, 49-53 The Crescent, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 64 and 66 The Crescent, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 65 and 67 The Crescent, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 73 and 675 The Crescent, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 113 and 115 The Crescent, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Four houses, 129-135 The Crescent, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Three houses, 17-19 Quarry Lane, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Semi-detached houses, 23 and 25 West Avenue, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Woodside Cottages, 1 and 2, Woodlands, Doncaster 1908 Grade II listed
Sheffield and Hallamshire Bank, Gluman Gate/Market Place, Chesterfield 1911-13
Chesterfield Technical College, Infirmary Road, Chesterfield, Derbyshire 1924-27
Derbyshire Miners' Convalescent Home, Skegness 1928
References
Citations
Bibliography
1926 deaths
1873 births
People from Alfreton
Architects from Derbyshire
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects |
39144503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mayors%20of%20Las%20Condes | List of mayors of Las Condes | This is a list of mayors of the Chilean commune of Las Condes, part of Greater Santiago in the Santiago Metropolitan Region.
References
La Cisterna |
55666104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Christian%20Nehring | Johann Christian Nehring | Johann Christian Nehring (29 December 1671 – 29 April 1736) was a German Rektor, supervisor or orphanages, Lutheran minister and hymnwriter. He is known as the author of hymn stanzas that were included in "Sonne der Gerechtigkeit" in 1932.
Nehring was born in Goldbach, Thuringia. He first studied medicine, but was influenced by pietism, as taught by August Hermann Francke. He worked as a Rektor in Essen, as a supervisor or orphanages in Halle, and as a Lutheran minister in Nauendorf and Morl.
As a hymnwriter, he expanded a hymn, "Sie wie lieblich und wie fein" by Michael Müller, which was published in Halle in 1704 in the collection Geistreiches Gesang-Buch by Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen. he is known as the author of hymn stanzas that were included in "Sonne der Gerechtigkeit" in 1932, when Otto Riethmüller chose two of his stanzas for the hymn "Sonne der Gerechtigkeit", published first in 1932 in a song book for young people, Ein neues Lied (A new song), and later in many hymnals.
Publications
Kurze Einleitung in die Universal-Historie, wie dieselbe kleinen Kindern beizubringen ist, in 136 einfältigen Fragen u. Antworten. (Short introduction to universal history, as it should be taught to little children, in 136 simple questions and answers). Cölln 1698.
Allgemeine geist- und weltliche Historie. Halle 1719.
References
Bibliography
1671 births
1736 deaths
18th-century German writers
18th-century German male writers
German Protestant hymnwriters
18th-century hymnwriters |
29866019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen%20Petra%20Basacopol | Carmen Petra Basacopol | Carmen Petra Basacopol (5 September 1926 – 15 October 2023) was a Romanian composer, pianist, musicologist and academic teacher. She taught at the National University of Music Bucharest, between 1962 and 2003, and at the Rabat Conservatoire in Morocco in the 1970s. As a musicologist, she achieved a PhD from the Sorbonne University in Paris in 1976, with a dissertation about three Romanian composers who had influenced her, George Enescu, Mihail Jora and Paul Constantinescu, composers representing essential features of Romanian music.
She composed music of many genres, with a focus on chamber music, including compositions with the harp; her works have been performed internationally. Her music has been described as stylistically diversified, "defined by the freshness of inspiration, the elegance of construction and the ability to communicate directly with the listener through the simplicity of melodic and harmonic expression".
Biography
Petra Basacopol was born Carmen Petra in Sibiu, on 5 September 1926. She had family homes in both Sibiu and Câmpia Turzii; her mother, Clementina, was a graduate of the Timișoara Municipal Conservatory, who encouraged her to take up visual arts (her first and lasting passion), as well as piano—which Carmen studied from the age of five. Though she received a diploma (presented to her by composer Sabin Drăgoi) during a national music festival, she focused on literature, and, from 1946, took up formal studies in philosophy at the University of Bucharest. She graduated in 1949. She was then enrolled at the Bucharest Conservatory of Music, graduating in 1956. Her professors included Ioan D. Chirescu (music theory), Leon Klepper, and Mihail Jora (composition), Paul Constantinescu (harmony) and Tudor Ciortea (musical analysis), Nicolae Buicliu (counterpoint), Theodor Rogalski (orchestration), Ion Vicol and Ion Marian (choral conducting), Adriana Sachelarie and George Breazul (music history), Tiberiu Alexandru and Emilia Comișel (folklore), and Silvia Căpățână and Ovidiu Drimba (piano).
Petra debuted as a composer at this stage, contributing a series of rondos and suites, before moving on to sonatas and symphonies inspired by her direct experience of peasant life in Țara Moților and Crișana. She took an award at the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students in East Berlin, 1951. In 1953, she won the George Enescu prize of the Romanian Academy. She was awarded at the 4th World Festival of Youth and Students, held in Bucharest in 1953, then at the 5th edition, held in Warsaw in 1955. The Mannheim Hochscule presented her with a special prize for composition in 1961.
Petra became teaching assistant at the Bucharest Conservatory in 1962, later becoming lecturer (1966–1972); by 1965, she had been included on the steering committee of the Union of the Composers and Musicologists of Romania (UCMR), and was regularly featured with articles in the trade magazine, Muzica. She also attended classes at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse in 1968, with György Ligeti, Erhard Karkoschka, , Christoph Caskel, Saschko Gawriloff, and Aloys Kontarsky. She then taught harmony, counterpoint, music history and improvisation at the conservatory of Rabat, Morocco, between 1974 and 1976.
Petra Basacopol received her PhD in musicology from the Sorbonne University in Paris in 1976, with a dissertation entitled "The Compositional Art of Great Romanian Composers: Enescu, Jora and Constantinescu", focused on three composers who had influenced her, Enescu and two of her teachers. She felt that these composers represented essential features of Romanian music, distinguishing it from other music.
Petra Basacopol then returned to Bucharest, teaching musical analysis and harmony at the Conservatory from 1976 to 2003. Petra Basacopol attended conferences, lectures, scientific communications in Romania and abroad (France, Angola, São Tomé and Príncipe). She authored research, published in trade journals and for Radio România Cultural. She was a jury member of the Harp Contest in Jerusalem in 1979, and of the Valentino Bucchi Composition contest in Rome in 1986. She repeatedly received the UCMR's annual prize—in 1974, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1999 and 2003. She was also awarded the George Enescu Prize of the Romanian Composers Academy in 1980, knighthood in the Order of Cultural Merit, and in 2017 the UCMR's Grand Prize for her life's achievements.
Personal life
Petra Basacopol was married to Alexandru Basacopol, a physician whom she met when attending a performance of Enescu's Œdipe in Bucharest. Their first child, a boy, was born in 1964. The Basacopols lived for a while in Rabat, where she founded a music school and gave piano lessons to children, also teaching at the conservatory. Their son Paul Basacopol became a singer at the Romanian National Opera, Bucharest.
Petra Basacopol died on 15 October 2023, at age 97.
Works
Petra Basacopol composed for orchestra, opera, chamber ensemble, harp, piano, voice, and ballet performance, often using themes and instruments from folk music. Among more than 80 opuses, chamber music has a special place, especially music for the harp. She expanded the expression of the harp, typically associated with delicacy and transparency, by aggressive and strident sonorities, by hammering on the wood, playing close to the table, glissandos and syncopated rhythms, with "archaic sounds" used to "translate inner movements of the soul".
Her works include:
Theatre music
1970 – Fata și masca, Op. 32, ballet
1980 – Miorița, Op. 47, ballet after a libretto by Oleg Danovski
1983 – Inimă de copil (A Child's Heart), Op. 52, opera for children in two acts after the book of the same name by Edmondo De Amicis
1986–1987 – Ciuleandra, Op. 54, ballet in two acts after Liviu Rebreanu
1988–1990 – Apostol Bologa, Op. 58, opera in two acts after Rebreanu's Pădurea spânzuraţilor (Forest of the Hanged)
1995–1996 – Cei șapte corbi (The Seven Ravens), Op. 73, ballet for children
Vocal-symphonic music
1966 – Crengile, Op. 26, vision for moving choir and orchestra
1966 – Moartea căprioarei, Op. 27, ballad for strings orchestra, clarinet, piano, percussion and solo baritone
1967 – Un cântec despre jertfe mari și despre lumină, Op. 28, cantata
1970 – Pulstio vitae, Op. 33, for harp, clarinet, xylophone, bells, percussion and moving choir
Symphonic music
1956 – Symphony, Op. 6
1959 – Symphonic Suite "Țară de piatră", Op. 13
1961 – Piano Concerto, Op. 19
1962 – Symphonic Triptic, Op.20
1963 – Violin Concertino, Op. 21
1965 – Violin Concerto, Op 25
1975 – Concerto for Harp, String orchestra and Timpani, Op.40
1981 – Concerto for String Orchestra, Op. 49
1982 – Cello Concerto, Op. 51
1994 – Concerto for Flute and Chamber orchestra, Op. 71
1996 – Concerto for Harp and String orchestra "Rituale", Op. 75
Chamber music
1950 – Flute Suite, Op. 3
1952 – Cello Sonata, Op. 4
1954 – Violin Sonata, Op. 5
1957 – Three Sketches for oboe and piano, Op. 8, No. 2
1957 – Seven songs for soprano and piano, Op. 8, No. 1
1958 – Three Lieder for mezzo-soprano and piano, Op. 9, No. 1 / Three Lieder for soprano and piano, Op. 9, No. 2
1959 – Piano Trio, Op. 11
1959 – Lieder for mezzo-soprano and piano, Op. 12, No. 1 / Seasons for soprano and piano, Op. 12, No. 2
1960 – Images from Valea Crișului, Op. 16, No. 1, for harp and violin
1961 – Sonata for Flute and Harp, Op. 17
1961 – Three Lieder for soprano and piano, Op. 18, No. 1
1963 – Five Lieder for tenor and harp, Op. 22, No. 1
1964 – Nostalgia for baritone and English horn, Op. 23, No. 1
1964 – Opium Flower, Op. 23, No. 2, for baritone and piano
1965 – Two Lieder for soprano and piano, Op. 18, No. 2
1968 – Ofrnade, Op. 29, two lieder for soprano and piano
1969 – Divertimento for harp, wind quartet, double bass, and xylophone, octet, Op. 30
1971 – Two Lieder for bass and harp, Op. 22, No. 2 / Propas, Op. 34, three lieder for soprano, flute and piano
1972 – Elegy for violin and piano, Op. 35
1972 – Moments for trumpet and piano, Op. 36
1974 – Trio for flute, clarinet and bassoon, Op. 39
1976 – Cântece haiducești for baritone and piano, Op. 41, No.1
1977 – Acuarele argheziene, Op. 91, No. 2, two lieder for soprano and lion
1978 – Craiul munților, Op. 43, quartet for flute, violin, cello and piano / Moroccan Poems, Op. 42, three lieder for mezzo-soprano and wind quartet
1979 – Variations on a Macedonian-Romanian Theme, Op. 44, for harp and cello
1980 – Tablouri dacice, Op. 46, trio for pan flute, vibraphone and cello
1984 – Cântecele vieții, Op. 53, cycle of five lieder for soprano and piano
1987 – Trio, Op. 57, for flute, harp and clarinet / Sângele pământului, Op. 55, three lieder for bass and piano
1991 – Ecouri, Op. 63, for 2 harps
1991 – Triptych for pan flute and harp, Op. 64
1992 – Divertimento, Op. 67, for wind quintet
1993 – Imne, Op. 65, for soprano and piano / File de acatist for voice and flute (low voice and piano lieder), Op. 70
1994 – Musica per cinque, Op. 72, for flute, harp, violin, viola and cello
1996 – Songs of Exile, Op. 74, seven songs for soprano and piano
1998 – Triptych, Op. 79, for soprano and piano
1999 – Character Pieces, Op. 80, for oboe and piano
1999 – Lamaneto, Op. 82, for two flutes and percussion
2000 – Dramatic Sonata, Op. 83, for cello and piano / Psalms of David, Op. 84, five lieders for soprano and piano / Meșterul Manole, Op. 85, five lieders for soprano and piano
2001 – Viziuni dansante, Op. 86, for violin and piano / Naive paintings, Op. 91, for instrumental ensemble
2002 – Serenada, Op. 92, for four cellos / Fantasy, Op. 94, for horn in F and piano / Măiastra, Op. 95, for instrumental ensemble / Hymn II, Op. 93, four lieder for soprano and piano / Îngerul a strigat, Op. 96, three lieder for soprano and piano
2003 – Legandă, Op. 97, for violin and organ / Elegy, Op. 96, for harp and clarinet / Duo, Op. 100, for violin and viola / Cântece imaginare, Op. 99 for soprano and piano / Diptic bucovian, Op. 101 / Cântece naive pentru Nichita, Op.102 / Mărturisiri, Op. 104 for mezzo-soprano and piano
2004 – Piccolo Sonata, Op. 105, for flute, contralto flute in G and piano / Variațiuni pe o temă elegiacă, Op. 106, for two harps / Tristeți bacoviene, Op. 107, for low voice and piano
Choral music
1960 – Fetelor, surorilor, Op. 16, No. 2, for women's choir
1979 – Seasons, Op. 45, No. 2, for two-part children's choir
1980 – Salutul păcii, Op. 48, No. 2, for two-part women's choir
1992 – Psalmii, Op. 66, for mixed choir
2001 – Sacred Songs, for mixed a cappella choir
Instrumental music
1949 – Rondo for piano, Op. 2
1956 – 24 Imagini pitorești for piano, Op. 7
1958 – Solo harp Suite, Op. 10
1973 – Solo flute improvisation, Op. 37
1978 – Cinci miniaturi pentru copii, Op. 45, No. 1, for piano
1980 – Odă, Op. 48, No. 1, for double bass solo
1981 – Solo Cello Suite, Op. 50
1987 – Incantațiile pământului, Op. 56, for harp
1990 – Imagini europene, Op. 59, for harp / Prelude, Interlude and Postlude, Op. 60, for organ
1992 – The Jungle Book, Op. 61, seven pieces
1993 – Mica sirenă, Op. 69, for harp
1997 – Three Dances, Op 76, for harp
1998 – Seven Visions of the Prophet Ezechiel, Op. 78, for organ
2001 – Improvisations, Op. 87, for piano / Incantațions, Op. 88, for horn / Fantasy, Op. 89, for bassoon
Recordings
Petra Basacopol's compositions were recorded first in Romania by Electrecord. In the 1960s, her Violin Concertino was recorded by soloist George Hamza and the Romanian Radio Studio Orchestra conducted by Ludovic Baci, ECE O404. Her Violin Concerto No. 2 was recorded in the 1970s, by soloist Ștefan Ruha and the Romanian Radio Orchestra conducted by , combined with Dan Constantinescu's Concerto for Piano and String Orchestra, ECE 607.
A collection of her chamber music appeared in 1980, containing the Quartettino for Strings in neoclassical style, the Sonata for Flute and Harp, Colaje for brass quintet, and the Violin Sonata, ST-ECE 01545. Her Concertino for Harp, String Orchestra and Timpani was recorded in 1983, together with the Harp Concerto by Paul Constantinescu, played by soloist Elena Ganţolea and the Romanian Radio Orchestra conducted by , ST-ECE 1862. In 1990, her Cello Concerto was recorded by soloist and the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by , along with the suite from the ballet Ciuleandra, played by the Romanian Radio Orchestra conducted by Modest Cichirdan, ST-ECE 03736.
Her Sonata for Flute and Harp was recorded for BIS as part of a collection of music for the two instruments, entitled Toward the Sea, played by Robert Aitken and , and released in 1995.
References
External links
1926 births
2023 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century women composers
Romanian women composers
Romanian women music educators
Romanian women classical composers
Romanian women musicologists
Romanian classical pianists
20th-century classical pianists
Women classical pianists
Romanian women pianists
Musicians from Sibiu
National University of Music Bucharest alumni
University of Bucharest alumni
Romanian expatriates in Morocco
Academic staff of the National University of Music Bucharest
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (Romania) |
43404995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Beer | William Beer | William Beer may refer to:
William Andrew Beer (1862–1954), British painter who worked as Andrew Beer
Will Beer (born 1988), English cricketer |
15107746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Swan%20Hill | City of Swan Hill | The City of Swan Hill was a local government area in northwestern Victoria, Australia, along the Murray River. The city covered an area of , and existed from 1939 until 1995.
History
Swan Hill was originally part of the Swan Hill Road District, which initially covered most of northwestern Victoria, and was incorporated in 1862. The Shire of Castle Donnington severed from the district on 30 May 1893, and on 31 May 1904, the Castle Donnington municipality was renamed and gazetted as the Shire of Swan Hill.
A small part of the shire, in and near the town of Swan Hill, severed on 31 May 1939, and was incorporated as the Borough of Swan Hill, which became the City of Swan Hill on 12 March 1965.
On 20 January 1995, the City of Swan Hill was abolished, and along with the Shire of Swan Hill and the Tresco district of the Shire of Kerang, was merged into the newly created Rural City of Swan Hill.
Wards
Swan Hill was not divided into wards, and its nine councillors represented all electors in the city.
Population
* Estimate in the 1958 Victorian Year Book.
References
External links
Victorian Places - Swan Hill
Swan Hill City
1939 establishments in Australia |
18970471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%99czniew | Pęczniew | Pęczniew is a village in Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Pęczniew. It lies approximately south-west of Poddębice and west of the regional capital, Łódź.
References
Villages in Poddębice County
Kalisz Governorate
Łódź Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939) |
51091834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie%20Willis | Mackenzie Willis | Mackenzie Willis (born 7 August 1995) is a former Australian rules footballer playing for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was drafted by the Gold Coast Football Club with their fourth selection and fifty-second overall in the 2015 national draft. He made his debut in the 120 point loss against in round 6, 2016 at Simonds Stadium. He was delisted by Gold Coast at the conclusion of the 2018 season.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Gold Coast Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Kingborough Football Club players
Hobart Football Club players
Southport Australian Football Club players |
25649940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoife%20Neary | Aoife Neary | Aoife Neary (born 1985) is a camogie player and works as a vascular physiologist in the south east. She lives in County Kilkenny. Winner of All Star awards in 2008 and 2009. Neary played in the All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship 2009 and again in 2013. Her father, Paddy, was a corner-back with Kilkenny in the early 1980s and went on to serve as an inter-county referee, while her aunt, Catherine Neary, is the Camogie Association president. Aoife Neary won a National League medal in 2008. Neary was on the Junior All-Ireland winning side of 2002 and holds Leinster titles in the Under-14 (two), Under-16 (three), Minor (three), Junior and Senior (three) grades. She has captured Gael Linn Cup Junior and Senior honours with Leinster, Under-16 (two), Junior and Minor titles with her club, and an All-Ireland Senior 'B' Colleges medal.
References
External links
Official Camogie Website
Kilkenny Camogie Website
All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship: Roll of Honour
Report of All Ireland final in Irish Times Independent and Examiner
1985 births
Living people
Kilkenny camogie players |
18615973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadodi%20language | Kadodi language | Kadodi, Samavedi is the language spoken by the Samvedi Brahmin and Kupari community in Vasai, Maharashtra, India.
See also
List of Kadodi words and Kadodi to Marathi word meanings
References
Southern Indo-Aryan languages
Culture of Maharashtra
Konkani languages |
481973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlovsk%20Oblast | Sverdlovsk Oblast | Sverdlovsk Oblast () is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk. Its population is 4,268,998 (according to the 2021 Census).
Geography
Most of the oblast is spread over the eastern slopes of the Middle and North Urals and the Western Siberian Plain. Only in the southwest does the oblast stretch onto the western slopes of the Ural Mountains.
The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals, Konzhakovsky Kamen at and Denezhkin Kamen at . The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to above sea level. Principal rivers include the Tavda, the Tura, the Chusovaya, and the Ufa, the latter two being tributaries of the Kama.
Sverdlovsk Oblast borders with, clockwise from the west, Perm Krai, the Komi Republic, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Tyumen Oblast, Kurgan, and Chelyabinsk Oblasts, and the Republic of Bashkortostan.
The area is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Natural resources
Rich in natural resources, the oblast is especially famous for metals (iron, copper, gold, platinum), minerals (asbestos, gemstones, talcum), marble and coal. It is mostly here that the bulk of Russian industry was concentrated in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Climate
The area has continental climate patterns, with long cold winters (average temperatures reaching to on the Western Siberian Plain) and short warm summers. Only in the southeast of the oblast do temperatures reach in July.
History
Early history
The territory of the region has been inhabited since ancient times. Numerous sites of ancient people were discovered, dating from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age. The Upper Paleolithic includes the Garinsky site on the right bank of the Sosva river near the village of Gari, the site in the Shaitansky grotto, and the site in the Bezymyanny cave (X millennium BC). In 1890, the 11 thousand years old (Mesolithic) Shigir idol was discovered.
A settlement and a burial ground in the Kalmatsky Brod tract are located on the right bank of the Iset river and date back to the Sarmatian time (from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD). They belong to the Kalmak archaeological culture. In the Kalmatsky Brod burial ground, the skeletal skulls were strongly deformed by tight bandaging in early childhood, which indicates the penetration of steppe ethnic elements to the north.
There are numerous pictograms on the Koptelovsky stone, on the Oblique stone, on the Two-eyed stone, Starichnaya, Serginskaya, the rock paintings of the Bronze Age on the Neyva River, Tagil River (villages Brekhovaya, Gaevaya, Komelskaya), rock carvings on Shaitan-Kamen on the right bank of the Rezh river tied to indigenous Ural population, possibly speakers of a Ugric language. The Gostkovskaya Pisanitsa refers to the Middle Ages.
Medieval history and Russian expansion
Before the first Russian colonists arrived to the region, it was populated by various Turkic and Ugrian tribes. By the 16th century, when the Middle Urals were under influence of various Tatar khanates, the strongest local state was the Vogul Pelym principality with its center in Pelym.
The Russian conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in the 1550s paved the way further east, which was now free from Tatar depredations (see Yermak Timofeyevich). The first surviving Russian settlements in the area date back to the late 16thearly 17th centuries (Verkhoturye, 1598; Turinsk, 1600; Irbit, 1633; Alapayevsk, 1639). At that time, those small trading posts were governed under Siberian administration in Tobolsk. After the 1708 administrative reform, Verkhoturye, Pelym and Turinsk became a part of the new Siberian Governorate, in 1737 their territories were assigned to the Kazan Governorate.
Rise of the mining-metallurgical era
During the 18th century, rich resources of iron and coal made Ural an industrial heartland of Russia. After getting control over Ural mines, the Demidov family put the region in the forefront of Russian industrialization. Yekaterinburg, Nevyansk and Tagil ironworks, founded in the 1700s to 1720s, soon joined the ranks of the major producers in Europe. Throughout the 18th and 19th century those newly founded factory towns enjoyed a status of special mining-metallurgical districts allowed to have a certain rate of financial and proprietary autonomy. During the 1781 reform middle Ural finally got its own regional administration in the form of the Perm Governorate.
When in 1812 the Russian government legalized gold digging for its citizens, Middle Ural became a center of gold mining. Entrepreneurs of the Perm Governorate also started the gold rush in West Siberia, soon Yekaterinburgers began to dominate the Russian market of precious metals and gemstones.
After the emancipation reform of 1861, major Middle Uralian industries that were heavily dependent on serf labor entered decline, although it also allowed light industry to thrive. In 1878, Perm and Yekaterinburg were connected with a railroad, in 1888, railroads reached Tyumen, and ultimately, in 1897, Yekaterinburg joined the Trans-Siberian network. Emergence of railroad transportation helped to revitalize economy of Ural.
Soviet Ural
The Bolsheviks established their power in Yekaterinburg and Perm during the first days of the October Revolution of 1917. In early 1918 the dethroned Czar Nicholas II and his family were transferred under custody to Yekaterinburg. Local Bolsheviks decided autonomously to execute the royal family on July 17, 1918, to prevent its rescue of by the approaching White Army forces. Ten days later Yekaterinburg was captured by the Czechoslovak troops of Sergei Wojciechowski. For the next year the Anti-bolshevik forces took control over the region. On 19 August 1918, Provisional Government of Ural was formed in Yekaterinburg by a coalition of liberal and democratic socialist parties, it was supposed to serve as a buffer between the Komuch and Provisional Siberian governments. After the Kolchak coup d'état in Omsk in November 1918, the Government of Ural was disbanded.
In July 1919, in the course of the Yekaterinburg offense, Yekaterinburg and the surrounding areas were recaptured by the Red Army forces under command of Vasily Shorin. On the July 15th, the Perm Governorate was split by the Soviets and the east, for the first time in history, became a separate region, the Yekaterinburg Governorate. It was soon abolished and replaced by the Ural Oblast (1923-1934).
In the 1930s many industrial enterprises were established and built with the help of forced labour. Local industry received another impetus during World War II, when important producing facilities were relocated here from the European part of Russia to safeguard them from the advancing Germans (for example, IMZ-Ural, Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Works). In the postwar period much of the region was off-limits to foreigners. It was over Sverdlovsk that the American U-2 spy plane pilot Gary Powers was shot down on May 1, 1960, while on a reconnaissance mission.
In 1979, there was an anthrax outbreak caused by an accident in a facility to develop biological weapons.
Post-Soviet transition
In 1993, Governor Eduard Rossel responded to perceived economic inequality by attempting to create a "Ural Republic." Sverdlovsk led the "Urals Five" (Kurgan Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Sverdlovsk) in a call for greater regional power. They argued that the oblasts deserved as much power as the ethnic homeland republics. The Urals Republic Constitution went into effect on October 27, 1993. Then Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the Urals Republic and the Sverdlovsk Parliament 10 days later (on November 9).
Administrative divisions
Demographics
Population:
Vital statistics for 2022:
Births: 39,958 (9.4 per 1,000)
Deaths: 59,316 (13.9 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):
1.56 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):
Total — 68.79 years (male — 63.72, female — 73.80)
Settlements
Ethnic groups
There were twenty-one recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in the oblast. Residents identified themselves as belonging to a total of 148 different ethnic groups, including:
3,684,843 Russians (90.6%);
143,803 Tatars (3.5%);
35,563 Ukrainians (0.9%);
31,183 Bashkirs (0.8%);
23,801 Mari (0.6%);
14,914 Germans (0.4%);
14,215 Azerbaijanis (0.3%);
13,789 Udmurts (0.3%);
11,670 Belarusians (0.3%);
11,510 Chuvash (0.26%);
11,501 Armenians (0.3%);
11,138 Tajiks (0.3%);
9,702 Mordovians (0.22%);
9,358 Uzbeks (0.2%);
232,978 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.
Religion
Christianity is the largest religion in Sverdlovsk Oblast. According to a 2012 survey 43% of the population of Sverdlovsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are nondenominational Christians (excluding Protestant churches), 3% are Muslims, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any Church or are members of other Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 0.3% are adherents of forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism). In addition, 36% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", and 9.7% is atheist.
Education
The most important institutions of higher education include Ural Federal University, Ural State Medical University, Ural State University of Economics, Ural State Law University, Ural State Mining University and Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts, all located in the capital Yekaterinburg.
Politics
The oblast's Charter, adopted on 17 December 1994, with subsequent amendments, establishes the oblast government. The Governor is the chief executive, who appoints the Government, consisting of ministries and departments. The Chairman of the Government, commonly referred to as the Prime Minister, is appointed with the consent of the lower house of the legislature, a process similar to the appointment of the federal Prime Minister. But the Governor cannot nominate the same candidate more than twice, yet he/she can dismiss the house after three failed attempts to appoint the Premier.
The Legislative Assembly is the regional parliament of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Until 2011, it was a bicameral legislature consisting of the Oblast Duma, the lower house, and the House of Representatives, the upper house. Before the reform, members of the legislature served four-year terms with half of the Duma re-elected every two years. The Duma (28 members) was elected in party lists. The 21 members of the House of Representatives were elected in single-seat districts in a first-past-the-post system. The Legislative Assembly was the first bicameral legislature outside an autonomous republic, and the first regional legislature in Russia to elect members based on both party lists and single-seat districts. As of 2021, the Legislative Assembly is a unicameral legislature with a total of 50 seats, with half of the members elected by single-mandate constituencies and the other half elected in party lists for five-year terms.
Compliance with the Charter is enforced by the Charter Court. The existence of such regional courts in Russia, formed and functioning outside the federal judiciary, although challenged, has been upheld and persisted successfully in most constituent members of the Federation where they were established.
Until President Putin's reforms of 2004, the Governor was elected by direct vote for terms of four years. Eduard Rossel has been the only elected governor (first elected governor for an oblast in Russia) since 1995 (appointed in 1991 and dismissed in 1993 by President Yeltsin), re-elected in 1999 and 2003.
Since 2012, the oblast's Governor is Yevgeny Kuyvashev.
Chairmen of the Oblast Duma
Chairmen of the House of Representatives of the Legislative Assembly
Elections
In the 1990s, the Oblast's population was distinguished by relatively high support for parties and candidates of the right and democratic persuasion. In the 1996 presidential election, Boris Yeltsin, a native of the region who lived in Sverdlovsk until the 1980s, won over 70% of the vote. In the regional elections in 2010 in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, United Russia received minimal support relative to other regions - only 39.79% of votes.
Economy and transportation
Even though it could do with modernizing, the region's industries are quite diverse. 12% of Russia's iron and steel industry is still concentrated in Sverdlovsk oblast. Iron and copper are mined and processed here, the logging industry and wood-processing are important, too.
The largest companies in the region include Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, UralVagonZavod, Enel Russia, Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works, Federal Freight.
Transport
Yekaterinburg is a prominent road, rail and air hub in the Ural region. As the economic slump subsided, several European airlines started or resumed flights to the city. These include Lufthansa, British Airways, CSA, Turkish Airlines, Austrian Airlines and Finnair. Malév Hungarian Airlines used to be among those carriers but they had to drop their flights to SVX (IATA airport code for Sverdlovsk) after a few months.
The Alapaevsk narrow-gauge railway serves the communities around Alapayevsk.
Sister relationships
Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, Vietnam
Harbin, China
Notable people
Vladik Dzhabarov, Russian cyclist
Andrey Fedyaev, Russian cosmonaut
See also
Yakov Sverdlov, a communist revolutionary after whom Sverdlovsk and subsequently Sverdlovsk Oblast were named.
Church of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a building of regional historical significance in Staropyshminsk village.
References
External links
Investment portal of Sverdlovsk Oblast
Official website of the Government of Sverdlovsk Oblast
States and territories established in 1934 |
10189699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centric%20relation | Centric relation | In dentistry, centric relation is the mandibular jaw position in which the head of the condyle is situated as far anterior and superior as it possibly can within the mandibular fossa/glenoid fossa.
It is defined as, "The maxillo-mandibular relationship in which the condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular portion of their respective discs with the complex in the anterior-superior position against the slopes of the articular eminences. This position is independent of tooth contact. This position is clinically discernible when the mandible is directed superiorly and anteriorly. It is restricted to a purely rotary movement about the transverse horizontal axis". — GPT.
This position is used when restoring edentulous patients with removable or either implant-supported hybrid or fixed prostheses. Because the dentist wants to be able to reproducibly relate the patient's maxilla and mandible, but the patient does not have teeth with which to establish his or her own vertical dimension of occlusion, another method has been devised to achieve this goal. The condyle can only be in the same place as it was the last time it was positioned by the dentist if it is consistently moved to the most superior and anterior position within the fossa.
It is a physiologic position that is used for reproducibility. The Temporomandibular Joint is not restricted to Centric Relation in function. At the most superior position, the condyle-disc assemblies are braced medially, thus centric relation is also the midmost position. A properly aligned condyle-disc assembly in centric relation can resist maximum loading by the elevator muscles with no sign of discomfort. It also allows for the most repeatable and recordable position, and therefore should be used when designing an appropriate occlusion.
Methods of Recording Centric Relation:
Physiological Methods
Tactile or inter-occlusal check record method
Pressureless method
Pressure method
Functional Methods
Needlehouse method
Patterson method
Graphic Methods
Intraoral method
Extraoral method
Radiographic method
References
Davis Henderson, Victor L. Steffel. McCracken's Removable partial prosthodontics, 4th Edition, 1973.
Dental anatomy
Restorative dentistry |
47154187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham%20Ben%20Ghalbon | Hisham Ben Ghalbon | Hisham (also spelt Hashem) Ben Ghalbon is a founding member and spokesman for Libyan Constitutional Union (LCU) and was an opponent of the regime of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi since the mid 1970s when Ben Ghalbon was a student at the faculty of Engineering in the University of Tripoli.
Early life
Hisham Ben Ghalbon was born in Benghazi in 1955. He studied at the city's Model Primary School then at Salah-Eddin High School before traveling to Tripoli to study Mechanical Engineering at the University of Tripoli. He was a keen horse rider and owner and was an active member in the Benghazi Riding Club since its 1969 foundation, where he won several trophies in local and national show jumping competitions.
In Tripoli he took part in the April 1976 peaceful student revolt which later became known as the "first uprising" and was among dozens of students arrested and detained by the regime's "revolutionary elements" that had taken over the university. He, along with other detainees, was later expelled from the University for protesting against the regime.
He traveled to Britain later that year to finish his education and continue his opposition to the Gaddafi regime. He resided with his younger brother Ali in Manchester where he studied Mechanical Engineering at Manchester Polytechnic (now Manchester Metropolitan University) until 1982.
Establishing the Dissident Libyan Student Union (UK)
In 1979 he co-founded the British branch of the dissident Libyan Student Union with the union's president Ahmad Thulthi and others. He took a leading role in student protests against Gaddafi in Britain, including editing and publishing the union's journal “April Martyrs”, and organizing the first demonstration in front of the Libyan Embassy in London on 11 June 1980 in defiance of the wave of assassinations carried out by the regime's notorious “death squads.” These “squads” were dispatched from Libya to execute Gaddafi's command to “physically liquidate” his opponents abroad whom he publicly labelled “stray dogs” in his televised speeches. Among the victims of that campaign in Britain alone were the BBC London journalist Mohamed Mustafa Ramadan, gunned down on 11 April 1980 outside London’s Regent Mosque as he was leaving after Friday prayer, the lawyer Mahmoud Nafa, also shot in London on 25 April 1980 and the student Ahmad Burghia, savagely knifed and mutilated in Manchester on 29 November 1980.
The Libyan Constitutional Union
He co-founded the political opposition organization The Libyan Constitutional Union (LCU) which was launched in Manchester on 7 October 1981 (the 30th anniversary of the promulgation of the Libyan Constitution), pledging allegiance to Libya's former ruler King Idris El-Senusi as a symbol of constitutional legitimacy.
The LCU raised the Libyan flag of independence (the tricolour) which Gaddafi banned as soon as he usurped power through a coup d'état on 1 September 1969 and called upon fellow Libyan opposition groups in exile to fly the national flag and take the 1951 Libyan Constitution as a source of legitimacy to confront Gaddafi's illegitimate regime until the regime is toppled and the people were able to "decide such form of body politic and system of government as they may choose of their own free will in a referendum to be conducted under international supervision within a reasonable period following the restoration of constitutional legality to the nation".
Ben Ghalbon, Mohamed Ben Ghalbon and Mohamed Algazeri were publicly named on the LCU's proclamation card making them one of very few opponents of Gaddafi who publicly opposed him at that time. He later became the official spokesman of the LCU.
Both he and his family became immediate targets of the "revolutionary committee's" assassination teams. They had to be placed under 24-hour armed Police protection when a home he had lived in was bombed in the early hours of 11 March 1984 during the regime's wave of terrorist acts in Europe which began the previous day in London with the bombing of a kiosk that sold Libyan opposition magazines. These terrorist acts reached their deadly peak on 17 April 1984 with the murder of WPC Yvonne Fletcher with bullets fired from a window of the Libyan Embassy in London while she was on duty patrolling a peaceful protest by Libyan dissidents outside the embassy in St. James Square. Their lives returned to normality only after diplomatic relations between the UK and Libya were severed on 23 April 1984 and Gaddafi's agents left the UK.
Publicising the 1996 Abu Salim prison massacre
Since the beginning of May 2010 Ben Ghalbon co-organised the weekly vigils held in Manchester by political activists from the north of England in solidarity with the families of the victims of the Abu Salim prison massacre in which more than 1260 civilian detainees were murdered on 29 June 1996 in Tripoli, and to support their families demands for a fair inquest and to bring the perpetrators of that crime to justice. The vigils in Manchester were held every Saturday afternoon to coincide with the victim's families vigils in front of Benghazi's court at the same time. The massacre received close attention by international human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch and was widely publicised in their literature.
February Revolution
On the morning of 16 February 2011 Ben Ghalbon co-organised the first demonstration outside Libya to support the February Revolution that had broken out the previous night in the city of Benghazi. Libyan residents in Manchester gathered in the city's Albert Square to express their solidarity with the demonstrators in Libya and be "the echo of their voice". He also played an active role in organising the daily demonstrations in Manchester and issuing daily bulletins of the latest developments on the ground to raise public awareness in Britain and provide the media with the latest facts after the regime enforced a news blackout by blocking the internet and other lines of communications with the outside world in the early days of the uprising. He participated in organizing demonstrations in front of 10 Downing Street, the office of the British Prime Minister, in front of the embassies of countries that were still sympathetic to Gaddafi and his regime, as well as in the picketing in front of the Libyan Embassy in London until it was taken over by the pro-revolution Libyans and the flag of independence flew on its mast.
He appeared regularly on Arabic and English TV channels to support the revolution and counter propaganda from the Libyan regime.
In the early days of the Revolution the LCU attempted to persuade the National Transitional Council (NTC) and those in charge of post revolution Libya that the adoption of the nation's 1951 constitution was necessary to prevent a political vacuum and stop the country entering a violent distantergation that the sudden collapse of Gaddafi's rule would inevitably bring about. When this along with the LCU warning of the dangers of fragmentation of the country and civil war were ignored, Ben Ghalbon withdrew from the media and refrained from publicly commenting on the chaos that has since overwhelmed the country. He now lives and works in Manchester.
See also
The Libyan Constitutional Union
References
1955 births
Living people
Constitutions of Libya
The Libyan Constitutional Union
Libyan expatriates in the United Kingdom
Libyan politicians
Libyan resistance leaders
People from Benghazi
Politics of Libya
Political movements in Libya |
10524675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20H.%20Johnston%20Sr. | Clarence H. Johnston Sr. | Clarence Howard Johnston Sr. (August 26, 1859 – December 29, 1936) was an American architect who practiced in the US state of Minnesota during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Specializing in domestic, religious, and public architecture, he served as Minnesota State Architect from 1901 to 1931. He is considered one of the most prolific architects in the state's history.
Early life
Johnston's parents, Alexander Johnston and Louise Johnston (née Buckhout), moved to Waseca County, Minnesota, in 1856, along with a few other families. They established a settlement named Okaman on the shores of Lake Elysian. Their first son, John Buckhout Johnston, was born in 1858, and became a prominent manufacturer and businessman. Clarence Johnston was born August 26, 1859. The family then moved to Wilton, which was then the county seat of Waseca County, and Alexander Johnston took over the publication of a local newspaper. In 1861 the family moved to Faribault. Their third child, Grace, was born March 2, 1862. They moved again, to Saint Paul, where their fourth child, Charles Albert, was born in 1864. After moving briefly to Hastings, the family returned to Saint Paul permanently in 1868. Alexander Johnston was then a reporter for the Daily Pioneer newspaper.
Education and apprenticeship
Johnston started attending Saint Paul High School in 1872 and took on a job as a clerk at the law firm of Rogers and Rogers. His mother died May 8, 1874, at the age of 42. That same year, Johnston quit his clerical job and began work at the firm of Abraham M. Radcliffe as a draughtsman. Radcliffe's firm was a local training ground for aspiring architects at the time. In September 1876, Cass Gilbert joined Radcliffe's firm as an apprentice, and Gilbert and Johnston soon became close friends.
In the fall of 1878, Gilbert and Johnston enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). There they met James Knox Taylor, who had also grown up in Saint Paul and joined MIT as an architectural student a year earlier. Gilbert and Johnston, along with Taylor, had opted to take the special two-year course in architecture, rather than the full four-year degree-granting program. However, Johnston was forced to drop out after one term due to financial reasons. He moved back to Saint Paul and worked briefly at the firm of Edward Bassford, where the firm was more conscious of costs to the client in the design and construction process. This influenced Johnston to view economic constraints as a challenge to be solved by inventiveness, instead of being a restriction on his artistry. During these years, Gilbert and Johnston kept in touch through a large number of letters.
In January 1880, Cass Gilbert departed to Europe for an architectural tour. Gilbert wrote back to Johnston urging him to make a similar trip, but Johnston was preoccupied with a job offer from Herter Brothers in New York. One of the projects on which he worked during his tenure at Herter Brothers was J.P. Morgan's brownstone house on Madison Avenue at 36th Street. In the summer of 1880, Cass Gilbert returned from Europe and settled in New York, working for the firm of McKim, Mead & White. Gilbert and Johnston, along with their MIT classmate Francis Bacon, shared rooms at 40 Irving Place. That same year Johnston, Gilbert, Bacon, Taylor, and William A. Bates founded the Sketch Club, which later became the Architectural League of New York. Accounts vary on which members were actually the founders of the club.
Career
After finally traveling to Europe and the Asia Minor in February 1883, Johnston returned to the United States and established his own practice in Minnesota in 1886. He quickly gained a reputation as a respected domestic architect, designing countless homes and churches in Saint Paul, especially in the vicinity of Summit Avenue and Saint Paul's Hill District. In 1886 Johnston formed a partnership with William H. Willcox which lasted through 1890. In 1895 Johnston entered the competition to design the new Minnesota State Capitol, but lost to Cass Gilbert.
On May 22, 1901, the Minnesota State Board of Control, a body responsible for the construction and operation of all state-funded institutions, appointed Johnston as State Architect. As State Architect, Johnston prepared plans for the Minnesota State Prison, buildings at various state college campuses, hospitals, sanitoriums, and other public structures. Since state business was at the whims of the Minnesota Legislature and was not always consistent, he continued his private practice during this time. Retaining private commissions allowed him to operate his office continuously and receive a higher rate of return. Johnston continued as State Architect until 1931, when the State Division of Construction was dissolved.
Johnston was also architect for the Board of Regents of the University of Minnesota and drew plans for all the new buildings constructed on campus during his tenure.
Johnston never officially retired, but backed off on his practice after the State Architect position dissolved in 1931. He died December 29, 1936.
Family and personal life
Johnston married Mary "May" Thurston October 1, 1885. The couple had a total of five children.
Johnston's son, Clarence H. Johnston Jr, was also an architect. Taking charge of the Johnston firm upon his father's death, he went on to design Coffman Memorial Union and the old Bell Museum building at the University of Minnesota, among other projects.
Johnston was also the father of Jimmy Johnston, a noted amateur golfer.
State Architect projects
The Minnesota State Board of Control was initially in charge of nine institutions. Johnston designed buildings at these following institutions:
While Johnston was State Architect, the Minnesota State Board of Control added the following institutions to its governance:
For all the institutions above, Clarence H. Johnston Sr. either designed new buildings, designed improvements to existing buildings, or both.
Notable works
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Campus
Child Development and Folwell Hall, part of the University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District
Collaborator with Cass Gilbert on the Northrop Mall
Northrop Auditorium
Walter Library
Williams Arena
University of Minnesota, Saint Paul Campus
Haecker Hall (Dairy Husbandry)
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Building
Coffey Hall
McNeal Hall
Eastcliff, the residence of the President of the University of Minnesota
Other buildings
Minnesota State Fair Grandstand
Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House, 432 Summit Avenue, Saint Paul
976 Summit Ave., Saint Paul
Pierce and Walter Butler House, 1345-1347 Summit Avenue, Saint Paul
Henry Byllesby Row House, Saint Paul
Saint Paul Academy, lower school building, formerly the Summit School for Girls
Minnesota State Academy for the Deaf Administration Building, Faribault, Minnesota
Glensheen Historic Estate, Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth State Normal School buildings, now the University of Minnesota Duluth lower campus
Several buildings of the University of Minnesota Morris, dating back to its foundation as West Central School of Agriculture and Experiment Station Historic District
Saint Paul Central High School, 1912 building at Marshall Avenue and Lexington Parkway.
Minnesota Humanities Center (Formerly Dowling Memorial Hall on the Gillette Children's Hospital Campus at Phalen Lake), 1924. Building at 987 Ivy Avenue East in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Several buildings on the Saint Paul campus of Hamline University.
City Hall Annex (Lowry Medical Arts Building).
Trade and Commerce Building, 916 Hammond Avenue, Superior, Wisconsin.
Farrar-Howes Houses, 596-604 Summit Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota
Holy Trinity Church, Veseli, Minnesota
References
External links
Clarence H. Johnston in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
Gracious Spaces: Clarence H. Johnston, Minnesota Architect Documentary produced by Twin Cities Public Television
1859 births
1936 deaths
Architects from Saint Paul, Minnesota
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
University of Minnesota people
People from Waseca County, Minnesota |
68526285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20LST-1050 | USS LST-1050 | USS LST-1050 was a in the United States Navy during World War II. She was transferred to the Republic of China Navy as ROCS Chung Lien (LST-209).
Construction and career
LST-1050 was laid down on 23 December 1944 at Dravo Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Launched on 3 March 1945 and commissioned on 3 April 1945.
Service in United States Navy
During World War II, LST-537 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific theater. She was assigned to occupation and China from 25 September 1945 to 27 January 1947.
She was decommissioned on 29 May 1946 and struck from the Naval Register, 12 March 1948 after she was transferred to the Republic of China.
Service in Republic of China Navy
The ship was commissioned in 1946 with the name Chung Lien (LST-209).
Chung Lien was decommissioned on 1 September 1990.
Awards
LST-1050 have earned the following awards:
China Service Medal (extended)
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp)
Citations
Sources
LST-542-class tank landing ships
Ships built in Pittsburgh
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
LST-542-class tank landing ships of the Republic of China Navy
1945 ships |
12266682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean%20pod%20mottle%20virus | Bean pod mottle virus | Bean pod mottle virus, or BPMV, is a species of plant pathogenic virus in the family Secoviridae. It is known to infect soybean crops.
Description
BPMV is the viral pathogen that causes the disease Bean Pod Mottle in soybeans and other legumes such as snap peas. BPMV is a species in the plant pathogenic virus family Comoviridae, and genus Comovirus characterized by icosahedral symmetry, non-enveloped, having two single stranded positive-sense RNAs (RNA-1 and RNA-2) separately encapsulated in isomeric particles, and are between 28 and 30 nm in diameter. (Bradshaw, 2007). The virus can overwinter in leaf-feeding beetle vectors (such as the bean leaf beetle), survive in perennial host species, and in virus-infected seed. In the North Central Region, the bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcate) is the most influential vector, by feeding on infected legumes and transferring virus particles to the next plant it lands on to feed.
The BPMV disease has most significantly affected soybeans; causing yield losses, reduced seed quality, and predisposing the plant to infection from the Phomopsis fungus, among other consequences.
(Soybean Research and Information Initiative, 2016)
Symptoms
Typical soybean foliage symptoms of BPMV include leaf mottling (if present), which is the appearance of yellow and green blotches on the leaf as well as leaf rugosity. Symptoms vary between different host species and virus strains. Mottling can be seen more severely on younger leaves with a distorted or blistery appearance. In stressful conditions such as hot weather and during the reproductive stages there are less symptoms. BPMV may also be a cause of green stem syndrome resulting in green stems and leaves while the pods and rest of the field has matured. Seed infected with BPMV can be discolored or mottled.
All of these symptoms are difficult to differentiate from other viruses or pathogens, so seeing these symptoms does not necessarily guarantee the plant has BPMV, lab testing can confirm. There can also be a combination of pathogens infecting the plant which can affect the severity of symptoms. Insect activity, especially of the bean leaf beetle or other known vectors, can increase the chance of BPMV presence.
(University of Minnesota Extension, 2016)
Pathogenesis
BPMV can be transferred via insect vector such as the bean leaf beetle or from infected seed which is a low occurrence (Michigan State University Field Crop Pathology), although it is still not fully understood how the virus gets from one host from another host, if not bean leaf beetles. Being a non-persistent virus, when the bean beetle feeds on infected tissue, the virus is carried around the mouthparts of the insect to the next host the beetle feeds on. The feeding creates an easy opening for the virus to get in, after which the virus begins its attack on the host.
The virus enters the host cell and replicates, then spreads to the surrounding cells, making its way through the plant systemically, as the plant develops symptoms. RNA-1 codes for replication proteins, and the proteinase and putative helicase are linked to symptomology of the virus. RNA-2 codes for coat and movement proteins, which are important in the cell-to-cell movement of BPMV.
Once the virus reaches the seed, it is believed that it is harbored in the seed coat, not actually infecting the embryo. This would result in the virus waiting for an opening to infect the new plant, such as the germination period where damage to the cotyledons can take place. Seed-seedling transmission occurrences are low. BPMV can also survive on an alternate host, which the beetle would transfer to the soybeans.
(Byamukama, 2008)
Agronomic Impact
BPMV infected seed that is planted will grow into an infected seedling which have the most severe yield losses, between 10-40% reductions have been reported. In addition to yield, BPMV can reduce grain quality through protein and oil content, reduced seed quality and performance (discolored appearance, low germination and seedling vigor), delayed plant maturation, and the predisposition to other stresses and diseases (such as infection of Phomopsis fungus decreasing germination of seed and seedling vigor). (Smith, Wisconsin Field Crops Pathology) (University of Minnesota Extension, 2016)
Management
BPMV cannot be removed from the plant once infected, so it is important to take action to avoid the virus, or prevent it from spreading. There are genetic, cultural, and chemical options which should be used together in an integrated pest management plan, in addition to managing the vector presence as well.
Genetic Resistance: Partial resistance to BPMV is available in some soybean varieties meaning there is less yield reductions, lower rates of green stem and seed mottling. Varieties with higher resistance are in development, thus commercially unavailable at this time. Other plants in the genus Glycine have been identified as immune, so it may be possible in the future to develop resistant lines in soybeans by interspecific crosses (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016).
Cultural Tactics: Plant certified, virus-free, good quality seed Consider delayed planting of soybeans to avoid high populations of the bean leaf beetle, although other insects may be more prevalent then.
Chemical tactics: If bean leaf beetles have been spotted in the field in addition to the virus in the past year, spray insecticides or treat seed with an insecticide to manage the bean leaf beetle, field history is important to consider in timing of foliar sprays. If the virus is present but the insect vector is not, spraying insecticides will not be effective in managing the disease.
Management of the virus is difficult because there is not a wide range of options, and none can solve the problem completely, but a comprehensive strategy is more effective than depending on one method.
Field scouting is useful in tracking the disease presence and future management. Scouting for virus symptoms during cool temperatures and rapid growth periods because optimum plant growth conditions will more readily show symptoms of the disease than stressful periods.
Also, scout for bean leaf beetles. The first-generation peak population should be checked around early July during the late vegetative or early reproductive growth stages. The second-generation bean leaf beetle peak should be checked during pod-fill in August. (Soybean Research and Information Initiative, 2014)
References
External links
ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Bean pod mottle virus
Family Groups - The Baltimore Method
Viral plant pathogens and diseases
Comoviruses
Soybean diseases |
44744969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Tojos | Los Tojos | Los Tojos is a municipality located in the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain.
Localities
Its 449 inhabitants (INE, 2010) live in:
Bárcena Mayor, 86 hab.
Correpoco, 51 hab.
Saja, 104 hab.
El Tojo, 88 hab.
Los Tojos (Capital), 120 hab.
References
Municipalities in Cantabria |
22737147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami-Teshikaga%20Station | Minami-Teshikaga Station | was a railway station on the Senmō Main Line in Teshikaga, Hokkaido, Japan, operated by the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido). It was numbered "B63".
Lines
Minami-Teshikaga Station was served by the Senmō Main Line, and lied 62.3 km from the starting point of the line at .
Station layout
The station had one side platform serving a single bidirectional track.
Adjacent stations
History
The station opened on 15 August 1929. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR Hokkaido.
On 14 March 2020, this station was closed due to low numbers of passengers.
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
Stations of Hokkaido Railway Company
Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1929 |
50709689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja%20Brose | Katja Brose | Katja Brose is an American neuroscientist and a science program officer at the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI) where she leads CZI's efforts in neurodegenerative diseases.
Education and career path
Brose received a bachelor's degree in Biology and European history from Brown University in 1990. As an undergraduate she also studied Evolutionary biology and Ecology. After her undergraduate work, she became a technician at an MIT molecular biology lab for about five years. She then was a doctoral student at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) from 1994 to 2000. Her research conducted in the laboratory of Marc Tessier Lavigne focused on axon guidance mechanisms in the developing spinal cord. She earned her PhD in Biochemistry in 2000. That year, she applied for employment at the scientific journal Neuron towards the end of her graduate studies at UCSF while doing lab work in neuroscience, and was subsequently hired. She was part of the editorial team at Cell Press for 17 years, where from 2004-2017 she was editor-in-chief of Neuron.
"For her graduate work, she worked in the laboratory of Dr. Marc Tessier-Lavigne focusing on axon guidance mechanisms in the developing spinal cord. In collaboration with Corey Goodman’s laboratory at UC-Berkeley, her research led to the identification of the receptor Robo and its ligand Slit as a new family of axon guidance molecules".
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American neuroscientists
American women neuroscientists
Brown University alumni
University of California, San Francisco alumni
21st-century American women |
14612032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Robie | Frederick Robie | Frederick Robie (August 12, 1822 – February 3, 1912) was an American physician and politician who most notably served as the 39th Governor of Maine.
Early life
Robie was born in Gorham, Maine and studied at the Gorham Academy. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1841. After graduation, he taught at academies in the Southern states and served as a tutor to the family of Dennis DuPont Hankins, a plantation owner in the Territory of Florida. He then took a medical course at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and received his medical degree in 1844. He had a successful medical career and established medical practices in Biddeford, Maine, and then in Waldoboro, Maine. He later practiced medicine in his hometown of Gorham.
Civil War
During the American Civil War, Robie accepted an appointment from President Abraham Lincoln as Paymaster of United States Volunteers. He served with the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to 1863. Robie then was transferred to Boston as Chief Paymaster of the Department of New England. He later served in Maine administering the final payments of discharged soldiers.
Politics
Robie was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1859. Re-elected in 1860, he left office to serve in the Union Army. At the end of the war, Robie was elected to the Maine Senate in 1866 and 1867. He was Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives in 1872 and 1876. He served as a member of the Executive Council of Maine in 1880 and from 1881 to 1882. In 1882 he was the Republican nominee for Governor and was elected by a popular vote. He was re-elected in 1884 by nearly 20,000 votes. He left office on January 5, 1887.
Later years
After leaving office, Robie continued his medical practice. He also served on the boards of directors of the First National Bank of Portland and the Portland and Rochester Railroad Company. He died on February 3, 1912.
References
Sobel, Robert and John Raimo. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. Greenwood Press, 1988.
People of Maine in the American Civil War
1822 births
1912 deaths
Bowdoin College alumni
Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
Republican Party Maine state senators
Members of the Executive Council of Maine
Politicians from Gorham, Maine
Physicians from Maine
Republican Party governors of Maine
Speakers of the Maine House of Representatives
United States Army paymasters
19th-century American politicians |
24702670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Prescott%20Montague | Margaret Prescott Montague | Margaret Prescott (or Preston) Montague (29 November 1878 – 26 September 1955) was an American short story writer, and novelist. Her middle name is sometimes attributed as Preston before changing to Prescott.
Her work appeared in Harper's among other places.
Her novels were adapted into the films Linda (1929), Calvert's Valley (1922), Uncle Sam of Freedom Ridge (1920) and Seeds of Vengeance (1920) from The Sowing of Alderson Cree.
Awards
1919 O. Henry Award
Works
()
Stories
References
Further reading
External links
West Virginia & Regional History Center at West Virginia University, Margaret Prescott Montague, Author, Papers
1878 births
1955 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Christian mystics
American women novelists
American women short story writers
Appalachian writers
Novelists from West Virginia
O. Henry Award winners
Protestant mystics
People from White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia |
2331009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20Japanese%20history | Glossary of Japanese history | This is the glossary of Japanese history including the major terms, titles and events the casual (or brand-new) reader might find useful in understanding articles on the subject.
A
ashigaru (足輕) – feudal foot soldiers drawn from the peasant or commoner class, rather than from the samurai hereditary warrior class.
Ashikaga – bushi clan from Kamakura whose members ruled as shōguns over Japan from 1336 to 1573.
B
bakufu (幕府) – a shōguns government; commonly called "shogunate" in English.
bettō (別當) – the head of a civilian, military or religious institution.
bugyō (奉行) – a magistrate. Examples include the Edo period machibugyō who administered the city during the Edo period.
bushi (武士) – a member of the warrior class (a samurai).
bushidō (武士道) – purported warrior code of honor, analogous to Western chivalry.
C
chōnin (町人, "townsman") - a social class that emerged in Japan during the early years of the Tokugawa period. The majority of chōnin were merchants, but some were craftsmen, as well.
D
daimyō () – a feudal lord during the later Muromachi period, Sengoku period, Azuchi–Momoyama period and Edo period.
E
Edo (江戸) – the old name of Tokyo when it was the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. Alternate, outdated spellings include Yedo and Yeddo.
Eikyō Rebellion (永享の乱 Eikyō no Ran) – Ashikaga Mochiuji's 1439 rebellion against the Ashikaga shogunate. See also the article Kantō kubō.
F
fudai daimyō (譜代) – a daimyō who was a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa before the Battle of Sekigahara (1600). See also tozama daimyō.
G
gaikoku bugyō – commissioners appointed to oversee foreign trade and relations between 1858 and 1868.
Genkō War (元弘の乱, Genkō no Ran) – a civil war which marked the fall of the Kamakura shogunate and end of the power of the Hōjō clan
Genpei War (源平合戦 Genpei Kassen) (1180–1185) – a conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clans and in late-Heian period Japan that resulted with the defeat of the Taira.
genrō (元老) – unofficial term for retired Japanese statesmen considered "founding fathers" of modern Japan who served as informal advisors to the emperor during the Meiji and Taishō periods.
gokenin (or kenin) – A vassal of the shōgun during the Kamakura, Ashikaga and Tokugawa shogunates.
Gosanke – Three branches of the Tokugawa clan from which a shōgun might be chosen if the main line became extinct. Established by Tokugawa Ieyasu in the early Edo period. They were the daimyōs of the Owari (or Bishū), Kii (or Kishū), and Mito Han.
Gosankyō – Three branches of the Tokugawa clan from which a shōgun might be chosen if the main line became extinct. Established by Tokugawa Yoshimune in the middle of the Edo period.
gosho (御所) – The Emperor's throne or his residence. The residence of a member of the Imperial family, and a term to indicate those members. The residence of a prince or shōgun, and a term for prince or shōgun.
gōzoku (豪族) – local samurai clans with significant local land holdings.
H
haibutsu kishaku (廃仏毀釈)– anti-Buddhist violence, in particular that of the early Meiji period. See also shinbutsu bunri.
haimyō (俳名) – a "haiku pen-name". It was common in the Edo period for artists, writers, kabuki actors and others to take part in poetry circles and to take on pen-names under which they would compose poetry or create related works, such as haiga paintings.
han (藩) – feudal fiefs; the land owned and controlled by a noble lord or clan.
hansatsu (藩札) – scrip issued by a han.
Heian
(a) Heian-kyō (平安京) – capital of Japan from 794 to 1185; located in present-day Kyoto.
(b) Heian period (平安時代) – historical period during which capital was located at Heian-kyō.
Hiki Yoshikazu's rebellion (比企能員の乱 Hiki Yoshikazu no Ran) – Hiki Yoshikazu's rebellion against the Hōjō clan.
Hōjō clan (北条氏) – branch of the Taira clan that ruled Japan from Kamakura during the Kamakura period. Not to be confused with the Later Hōjō clan (see below).
Hōkōshū (奉公衆) – During the Muromachi period, the Gokenin part of the shōguns personal army. They constituted five uits were in service from the time of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu to that of Ashikaga Yoshinori. The KantōkKubō had his own Hōkōshū, which were an important part of his power base.
J
jitō (地頭) – shōgun-appointed officials that managed shōen (manors) during the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates.
Jōkyū War (承久の乱 Jōkyū no Ran) – a 1221 war between Emperor Go-Toba and the Kamakura shogunate.
K
kaikin (海禁) – "maritime prohibitions" imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate from roughly 1635 to 1853. See also hai jin, sakoku.
Kami (神) - are the spirits or phenomena that are worshipped in the religion of Shinto.
Kamikaze (神風) – were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who initiated suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan. It also means "divine wind" or "spirit wind".
kampaku (関白) – an Imperial regent who served a number of functions, including chief advisor and secretary.
Kannō disturbance (観応擾乱, Kannō Jōran), also called Kannō incident – a 1350 factional struggle with serious consequences pitting Ashikaga Tadayoshi, Takauji's brother, against the Kō brothers, Moronao and Moroyasu. See also the article Nanboku-chō period.
kanrei (管領) - a high political post (shōguns deputy) of the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates. Originally called shitsuji.
kenin (家人) – one of the lower castes under the ritsuryō system (see below). Also a direct vassal of the shōgun during the Kamakura period (see "gokenin" above).
Kentō-shi (遣唐使) – mission to Tang China (唐) for importing the technologies and culture of China to Japan.
Kenzui-shi (遣隋使) – mission to Sui China (隋) for importing the technologies and culture of China to Japan.
koku (石) – an amount of rice equal to the amount one man eats in a year; used in feudal times as a measurement of income and of wealth.
Koga kubō (古河公方) – title arbitrarily assumed by Ashikaga Shigeuji after his escape from Kamakura to the city of Koga, Ibaraki.
kubō (公方) – shōgun. Title later also assumed by the Kantō kanrei, who became known as Kantō kubō.
kugyō (公卿) – a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
Kyōtoku Incident (享徳の乱, Kyōtoku no Ran) – a long series of skirmishes and conflicts fought for control of the Kantō region of Japan in the 15th century.
L
Later Hōjō clan (後北条氏) – also known as Odawara Hōjō clan. A powerful warrior clan of the Sengoku period, it had renamed itself after the original Hōjō clan from Kamakura (see above).
M
Meiji Restoration – The 1867 restoration of the Emperor to being the true ruler of the country, in practice as well as name, and the downfall of the last shogunate.
Minamoto – the Minamoto clan defeated the rival Taira clan in 1185, establishing the first shogunate.
N
Nagaoka-kyō (長岡京) – the capital of Japan from 784 to 794 (after Nara, before Kyoto).
O
Ōnin War (応仁の乱, Ōnin no Ran) – a civil war that lasted from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period.
R
rensho (連署) – "co-signatory", the rensho was the assistant to the regent of the Kamakura shogunate.
ritsuryō (律令) – the East Asian historical law system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism. In Japan, ritsuryō was in effect during the late Asuka period, the Nara period and the early Heian period. The Taihō-ritsuryō (大宝律令, Code of Taihō) was a key element of the ritsuryō.
rōjū (老中) – one of the highest-ranking government posts in the Tokugawa shogunate. There were usually four or five rōjū.
rōnin (浪人) – a samurai without a lord or master during the feudal period (1185–1868) of Japan.
S
sadaijin (左大臣) – Senior Minister of State overseeing all branches of the Department of State with his deputy, the udaijin.
sakoku (鎖国) – the "self-isolation" policy followed during the Edo period (1603–1867), under which Japan engaged in limited trade or communication with the outside world.
samurai (侍) – the feudal Japanese noble warrior class.
sankin-kōtai (参勤交代) – the Edo period (1603–1867) policy under which feudal lords (daimyōs) had to travel to the capital in Edo annually, and to leave their families in Edo year-round. This was used by the shōgun (warlord leader of the nation) to prevent rebellion.
Sengoku period (戦国時代, sengoku jidai) was a time of social upheaval and nearly constant military conflict that lasted roughly from the middle of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century.
seppuku (切腹) – honorable ritual suicide. Also called hara-kiri. One of the death penalties which respected a samurai's honor. The belly was ceremonially cut and an assistant then cut the head from the back. Suicide allowed a samurai to keep his honor because it was considered dishonorable for a samurai to be killed by others.
sesshō (摂政) – Imperial regent for a child emperor or empress; the regent often continued in this role, changing titles to kampaku once the child emperor came of age.
shikken (執権) – the regent for the shōgun during the Kamakura shogunate. The Hōjō clan monopolized the shikken post and was therefore the effective ruler of Japan.
shinbutsu bunri (神仏分離) – The forcible separation of Buddhism and Shinto, in particular during the Meiji era.
shinto (神道) – is the traditional religion of Japan that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past.
Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order (神仏判然令, Shinbutsu Hanzenrei) - A Meiji era law that forbade the mixing of Buddhism and Shinto, an effort to weaken Buddhist temporal power. See shinbutsu bunri
shitsuji (執事) – see kanrei above.
shizoku (士族) – "warrior families", term used to refer to former samurai after the abolition of the class system following the Meiji Restoration.
shōen (荘園 or 庄園) – a manor and its fields.
shōgun (将軍) – warlord dictator; the practical head of the nation, having seized power militarily or inherited it from another shōgun.
shogunate – see bakufu
shugo (守護) – officials appointed by the shōgun to oversee one or more provinces.
T
taikō (太閤) – a title frequently taken on by retired kampaku (Imperial regents). The term is most commonly used in reference to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
tairō (大老) – the highest-ranking government post of the Tokugawa shogunate. There was usually only one tairō, or, at times, none.
tandai (探題) – during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, tandai was a colloquialism for a high-ranking official (for example a shikken or rensho) with governmental, judiciary or military responsibilities within a certain area.
Tokugawa (徳川) – Tokugawa Ieyasu united Japan through force, becoming its shōgun in 1603. His family ruled in that position until 1867.
tokusō (得宗) – the head of the mainline Hōjō clan, who monopolized the position of shikken (see above) during the Kamakura shogunate.
tozama daimyō (外様) – a daimyō who had become a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara (see fudai). There were tozama who had fought both for and against Ieyasu.
U
udaijin (右大臣) – Junior Minister of State overseeing all branches of the Department of State during the late Nara and Heian periods, deputy of the sadaijin (see above).
Uesugi clan (上杉氏, Uesugi-shi) – a clan, descended from the Fujiwara clan, important for its power in the Muromachi and Sengoku periods (roughly 14th–17th centuries).
Uesugi Zenshū's rebellion (上杉禅秀の乱 Uesugi Zenshū no Ran) – Uesugi Zenshū's 1416 rebellion against Ashikaga Mochiuji.
W
Warring states period - See Sengoku period
Y
Yūki Kassen (結城合戦) – 15th century rebellion by the Yūki clan against the Ashikaga shogunate.
See also
Category:Government of feudal Japan
Japanese units of measurement
Japan history-related lists
Japanese history
Wikipedia glossaries using unordered lists |
12829872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saku%20Station | Saku Station | is a railway station located in Saku (佐久), Nakagawa, Nakagawa District (Teshio), Hokkaidō, and is operated by the Hokkaido Railway Company.
Lines serviced
Hokkaido Railway Company
Sōya Main Line
History
From 1922, when this part of the Sōya Main Line began operations, until 1977, there was an additional train station between Saku Station and Osashima Station: Kamiji Station.
From 1955 until 1990, there was an additional train station between Saku Station and Teshio-Nakagawa Station: Kotohira Station.
Future plans
In June 2023, this station was selected to be among 42 stations on the JR Hokkaido network to be slated for abolition owing to low ridership.
Adjacent stations
References
External links
Ekikara Time Table - JR Saku Station
Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1922 |
36853240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s%20Breath | Dragon's Breath | Dragon's breath comes from mythology, as used to describe the ability of dragons to emit fire from their mouth.
Dragon's Breath, Dragon's breath, dragon breath or dragonbreath may also refer to:
Dragon's breath (ammunition), a pyrotechnic shotgun shell
Dragon's Breath (dessert), a dessert made with liquid nitrogen
Dragon's Breath Cave in Namibia, with the largest non-subglacial underground lake in the world
Dragon's Breath (chili pepper), one of the world's hottest chilli peppers
Dragon's Breath Blue, a Canadian cheese
An alternate title for the 1990 video game Dragon Lord
Dragon's breath, a form of fire breathing
Dragon breath, a slang term for bad breath (halitosis)
Dragonbreath, a series of children's books by Ursula Vernon |
62198418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope%20Mountjoy | Penelope Mountjoy | Penelope Anne Mountjoy is an archaeologist from the United Kingdom who specializes in Mycenaean ceramics. Mountjoy has written several books and received numerous awards and fellowships to continue her research on Greek pottery.
Education
Mountjoy undertook a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in classics at the University of Bristol and a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree from the University of London before returning to Bristol for her PhD. She is a member of the British School at Athens.
Career and Honours
Mountjoy is a recipient of a Seymour Gitin Distinguished Professor Fellowship from the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in 2014 to study Mycenaean decorated pottery in Cyprus and the South Levant. She has also obtained the Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, Glassman Hall Fellowship, and was elected as a Corresponding Member of the German Archaeological Institute. On 5 May 1988 she was also elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA) Mountjoy is currently working on Mycenaean Pottery IIIC (1200-1050) in Cyprus, Turkey and Israel. She is also an experienced draftsman and uses that skill to teach students through "College Year in Athens". Her book, "Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction" is streamlined for accessibility by introducing the topic and backing it up with a brief description of archaeological and historical background. At the time this book was the most up to date and available books on the topic. While a later book, "Troy 9: Troy VI Middle, VI Late and VII. The Mycenaean Pottery" targets a more experienced audience by presenting the pottery using stratigraphy and details of excavation.
Bibliography
Selected books
1983. (with Kunze, Emil) Orchomenos V: Mycenaean pottery from Orchomenos, Eutresis and other Boeotian sites (Abhandlungen 89).
1985. The Archaeology of cult: the sanctuary at Phylakopi (British School of Archaeology at Athens 18). London, British school of archaeology at Athens.
1986. Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to Identification. Gothenburg.
1993. Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.
1999. Regional Mycenaean decorated pottery. Berlin, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
2008. The Mycenaean and the Minoan Pottery: the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Collections. Weisbaden.
2003. Knossos the south house. The British School at Athens.
2017. Troy 9: Troy VI Middle, VI Late and VII. The Mycenaean Pottery. Habelt.
2018. Decorated Pottery in Cyprus and Philistia in the 12th Century BC: Cypriot IIIC and Philistine IIIC, Vols. I&II. Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Selected articles
Mountjoy, Penelope A., et al. (2017) "The Sea Peoples: A View from the Pottery." in "Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th-11th Centuries BCE, 1st ed., Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, pp. 355–78
References
British women archaeologists
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
21st-century British archaeologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Women classical scholars |
24651076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//%5C | /\ | /\ may refer to:
Λ, uppercase lambda, the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet
/\, ASCII symbol for boolean "and" operator, formed with a slash and a backslash
/\, an ALGOL 68 boolean "and" operator
/\, the boolean "and" operator in early K&R C in Unix V6, Unix V7 and more recently BSD 2.11
∧, the wedge symbol, used for logical conjunction
^, the caret symbol
See also
Chevron (insignia), a V-shaped mark, often inverted |
57180602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed%20Cut-Off%20Date%20Animal%20Testing%20Policy | Fixed Cut-Off Date Animal Testing Policy | In the European Union, the Fixed Cut-Off Date (FCOD) Animal Testing Policy relates to the testing of ingredients used in the manufacture of cosmetics, toiletries and household products. A company’s FCOD is a date after which none of the ingredients in its products has been tested on animals. The policy is recognised by animal welfare groups worldwide as the benchmark for cruelty free cosmetics / toiletries and household cleaning products because companies with a FCOD policy will not use any ingredient tested on animals after a specific date.
The FCOD Animal Testing Policy is endorsed by the Naturewatch Foundation and Cruelty Free International’s Leaping Bunny certification. Companies holding the Leaping Bunny cosmetics and personal care certification are encouraged to use a fixed cut-off date of 11 March 2013, the date on which a full European Union ban on animal testing for cosmetics came into force. Some companies are not endorsed by the Naturewatch Foundation even if they have a FCOD, because their parent company does not.
A Supplier Specific Boycott means a company has committed to only using suppliers that have no connection to animal testing at all and supply ingredients with a FCOD.
References
Animal testing |
57417769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Castlereagh%20%28ship%29 | Lord Castlereagh (ship) | Several ships have been named Lord Castlereagh for Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh. These vessels were sometimes referred to simply as Castlereagh:
was launched on the Thames as an East Indiaman She made seven voyages for the British East India Company (EIC) before she was sold in 1820. She then may have sailed one or twice to Bombay under license from the EIC. Her subsequent disposition is obscure.
was launched in 1803 at Cochin and spent her entire career as a country ship based in Bombay. She made several voyages to China, during the first of which she was present at the battle of Pulo Aura. She also made a few voyages to England, including one for the EIC. She participated as a transport in the British Invasion of Isle de France. She was lost in 1840 at Bombay coming into harbour.
Ship names |
9668811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Edgerson | Eugene Edgerson | Eugene Edgerson (born February 10, 1978 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American basketball player who used to play for the Harlem Globetrotters. As is tradition with the Globetrotters, Edgerson has a nickname: "Wildkat", presumably in honor of his alma mater, the University of Arizona.
Edgerson spent 1996–2001 as a member of the Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team. He played on a pair of Final Four teams (1997, 2001) with the Wildcats and was a member of the UA 1997 National Championship squad. He is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He appeared as a Globetrotter on the ESPN2 program Cold Pizza on March 1, 2007.
During his career at Arizona, Edgerson took a one-year hiatus from competitive basketball to fulfill student-teaching duties at a Tucson kindergarten.
He was a detention officer and joined the Pima Community College Police Department after graduating for the Southern Arizona Law Enforcement Training Center.
Notes
1978 births
Living people
Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players
Basketball players from New Orleans
Harlem Globetrotters players
Mobile Revelers players
St. Augustine High School (New Orleans) alumni
American men's basketball players |
27604133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan%20Albayrak | Sinan Albayrak | Sinan Taymin Albayrak (born 27 February 1973) is a Turkish TV and film actor. He is the brother of journalist and activist Hakan Albayrak.
Early life
Sinan Albayrak was born in Hanau, in the German State of Hesse to Ziya Albayrak, who went to Germany in the early 1960s, seeking work as part of a formal guest worker programme, and his wife Gülbeyaz Albayrak. The Albayraks are of Circassian origin (Hatuqwai and Kabarday). He graduated from Istanbul University State Conservatory, where he took lessons from Yıldız Kenter. He had leading roles in medical series "Sen de Gitme" and comedy series "Yalaza". He was cast in many popular series.
Personal life
He lives in Istanbul with his wife Seda.
Theater
Dönme Dolap (2019)
Nerede Kalmıştık - Amphitryon (2003)
Rumuz Goncagül (2000)
Ivan Ivanovich Var Mıydı Yok Muydu (1999)
Bir Cinayetin Söylencesi (1990)
Filmography
Film
Yunus Emre-Aşkın Sesi (2014)...Sultan Veled
Sultan'ın Sırrı (2011)
Esrefpaşalılar (2010)....Imam
Kiralık Oda (2008)
Kilit (2008)
Bayrampaşa: Ben Fazla Kalmayacağım (2007)...Police officer
Sis ve Gece (2007) .... Mustafa
Çinliler Geliyor (2006) .... Yupi
Döngel Kârhanesi (2005) .... Russian gangster
Herşey Çok Güzel Olacak (1998)...Tolga Baykal
Television
Kasaba Doktoru (2022-)...Chief physician Yalçın Aygün
Aşkın Yolculuğu: Hacı Bayram-ı Veli (2022)...Mevlüt Bey
Kanunsuz Topraklar (2021-2022)...Göksel Yılmaz
İyi Günde Kötü Günde (2020)...Bülent (TV)
Kalk Gidelim (2019)...Ali Demir (TV)
Kurtlar Vadisi Pusu (2015)...Sadık (TV)
O Hayat Benim (2014)...Mehmet Emir (TV)
Leyla ile Mecnun (2013)...Tom Waits (guest appearance) (TV)
Tozlu Yollar (2013)...Tayfun (TV)
Sen De Gitme (2012)...Mehmet (TV)
Parmaklıklar Ardında (2007)...Tarık (TV)
Yersiz Yurtsuz' (2007)...Ishak (TV)
Beyaz Gelincik (2006)...Melih (TV)
Kadın Severse (2006) TV
Sessiz Gece (2005)...Serkan (TV)
Omuz Omuza (2004)...Cem (TV)
Kurtlar Vadisi (2005)... Sadık (TV)
Unutma Beni (2002)...Gökhan (TV)
Nasıl Evde Kaldım (2001) TV
Karanlıkta Koşanlar (2001) TV
Şaşıfelek Çıkmazı (2000)...Rafet (TV)
Yılan Hikayesi (1999)...David (TV)
Kara Melek (1996)...Cameraman Mithat (TV)
Ferhunde Hanımlar (1993) TV
Geçmişin İzleri'' (1993) TV
References
External links
Turkish male film actors
1973 births
Hacettepe University alumni
Living people
German people of Circassian descent
Turkish people of Circassian descent
Turkish male television actors
Turkish male stage actors |
50797978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlin%20Hope | Devlin Hope | Devlin Hope (born 27 April 1990 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player, currently playing with English National League 1 side Esher. His regular position is hooker.
Rugby career
After playing first class rugby union in his native South Africa for the , making 17 appearances and scoring two tries for the team from the East Rand between 2013 and 2015, Hope moved to England, where he joined National League 1 side Coventry for the 2015–2016 season.
After one season at that level, he signed with RFU Championship side London Scottish for the 2016–17 season.
Personal life
Hope is the grandson of English footballer Eddie Lewis.
References
South African rugby union players
Living people
1990 births
Rugby union players from Johannesburg
Rugby union hookers
Falcons (rugby union) players
South African people of English descent
White South African people |
18665015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakale | Zakale | Zakale is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Korycin, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
References
Zakale |
19973234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa%20Pektemek | Mustafa Pektemek | Mustafa Pektemek (born 11 August 1988) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a striker for Eyüpspor.
Career
Early career
Pektemek started his professional career with Sakaryaspor in 2006. He went on loan to Sarıyer for the second half of the 2006–07 season.
On 27 May 2011, he joined Gençlerbirliği for a fee of €4 million. After breaking his leg at the start of the 2010–11 Süper Lig season, he scored on his first appearance back for Gençlerbirliği six months later, scoring in a 1–0 win against İstanbul Başakşehir.
Beşiktaş
On 27 May 2011 Beşiktaş announced that Pektemek has been transferred from Gençlerbirliği for €4 million. During the first derby match on the second week of the 2012–13 season against rivals Galatasaray he suffered a knee injury, leaving the match immediately.
On 20 August 2016, Pektemek joined İstanbul Başakşehir on a 1-year loan.
Career after Besiktas
On 27 July 2019, Pektemek joined Kasimpasa on a free transfer.
On 14 January 2020, he joined Süper Lig rival Alanyaspor on a free transfer.
On 27 July 2021, Pektemek signed for Kayserispor on a 2-year deal.
On 13 January 2023, he joined 1.Lig side Eyüpspor.
Career statistics
International goals
Scores and results table. Turkey's goal tally first:
Honours
Beşiktaş J.K.
Süper Lig: 2015–16
References
External links
Profile at TFF.org
1988 births
People from Akyazı
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's international footballers
Turkey men's under-21 international footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
Turkey men's B international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Sakaryaspor footballers
Sarıyer S.K. footballers
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Kasımpaşa S.K. footballers
Kayserispor footballers
Eyüpspor footballers
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players |
3606434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjoy%20Bandopadhyay | Sanjoy Bandopadhyay | Sanjoy Bandopadhyay (born 16 September 1954) is a Bengali Hindustani classical sitar player. He is primarily a disciple of Radhika Mohan Maitra and Bimalendu Mukherjee. His performance is a unique synthesis of Senia-Shahjehanpur, Rampur-Senia and Etawah gharana.
Career
He is Chair Professor (Ustad Allauddin Khan Chair) at the Department of Instrumental Music, of Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata India. He is also the Director, S.M. Tagore Centre of Documentation & Research of Languishing & Obsolescent Musical Instruments. This centre is created for ethnological mapping of the world through obsolescent musical instruments. The project will run with support from scholars from all over the world.
Bandopadhyay visited the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as George A. Miller Visiting Professor(October 2005). In the same year he also visited the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada as Distinguished India Focus Visitor. He visited the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs [USA] in 2008 and University of Chicago [USA] in 2009 as artist in residence. He was specially invited to present a paper at the International Conference at the University of Amsterdam (2008).
Bandopadhyay is attached to a number of universities including the Department of Music, University of Delhi; Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi; Kashi Hindu Vidyapeeth, Varanasi; Visva Bharati, IKS University, Khairagarh; Utkal University, Orissa and more as adviser/expert.
He is also involved in a number in collaborative research projects at the national and international levels, including one with pianist Yaroslav Senyshyn, who is attached to the Simon Fraser University, Canada as a Professor.
He has produced 10 CDs and a DVD. He has widely performed in India, American, European and African continents.
Labels
EMI-HMV, India Archive Music [USA]
References
External links
Official web site
Department of Instrumental Music, Rabindra Bharati University
S.M. Tagore Centre of Documentation & Research of Obsolescent and Languishing Musical Instruments, Rabindra Bharati University
NYC Radio LIVE! performance
1954 births
Living people
Etawah gharana
Hindustani instrumentalists
Indian male musicians
Sitar players
Academic staff of Rabindra Bharati University
Indian male classical musicians |
74523400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Life%20%28Styles%20P%20song%29 | The Life (Styles P song) | "The Life" (also known as "My Life") is a song by American rapper Styles featuring American rapper Pharoahe Monch. It is the second single from the former's debut studio album A Gangster and a Gentleman (2002) and previously appeared on Rawkus Records' compilation album Soundbombing III (2002). The song was produced by Ayatollah.
"The Life" was interpolated in the song "My Life" (2021) by rappers J. Cole, 21 Savage and Morray.
Composition
M.F. DiBella of AllMusic described the song as a "soulful memoir". The production contains a vocal sample. The chorus is performed by Pharoahe Monch.
Critical reception
The song was well received by music critics. Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews called it a "welcome inclusion" to A Gangster and a Gentleman. Brett Berliner of Stylus Magazine wrote, "Easily the best track overall album, Ayatollah's soulful beat, laced with a mesmerizing vocal sample similar to that on his earlier work, Ms. Fat Booty, brings out the best in Styles, and has the hook of the year. The song is also backed with deep rhymes like 'My life is a blunt to the head, a prayer for the dead / Run around hustlin', scared of the feds / They said death is eternal sleep, but the only thing is you ain't really sure if you prepared for the bed', which is infinitely more than could be expected out of Styles even a year ago." Uproxx ranked it as Styles P's best song.
Legacy
The song was interpolated in the song "My Life" by J. Cole, 21 Savage and Morray, released in May 2021; Morray performed a rendition of the hook in the song. Both Styles P and Pharoahe Monch reacted favorably to it on social media.
Charts
References
2002 singles
2002 songs
Styles P songs
Pharoahe Monch songs
Rawkus Records singles |
35667098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deranged%20%282012%20film%29 | Deranged (2012 film) | Deranged () is a 2012 South Korean disaster science fiction thriller film starring Kim Myung-min, Kim Dong-wan, Moon Jung-hee and Lee Hanee. It is Korea's first medical thriller on an infectious disease epidemic (another related film, Flu, was released the next year in 2013). The film was directed by Park Jung-woo and produced by Lim Ji-young and Oz One Film. Distributed by CJ E&M, the film was released on July 5, 2012 and runs at 109 minutes.
Plot
Jae-hyuk (Kim Myung-min) is a former professor with a doctorate in biochemistry who is currently working as a pharmaceutical sales representative after losing his life savings and his job due to a bad investment he made in the stock market on the advice of his younger brother. When a series of dead bodies are found floating in the Han River, the public is shocked to discover that the deaths are related to a fatal outbreak of virus-infected mutant parasitic horsehair worms, called Yeongasi, that can control the human brain. Those infected show symptoms of increased hunger without appropriate weight gain and excessive thirst when the worms are mature and ready to reproduce. Hence, they jump into the river to allow the worms to come out of the body. While the authorities work to find a cure, Jae-hyuk and his brother Jae-pil (Kim Dong-wan), a detective who is agonized with guilt for squandering Jae-hyuk's money in the stock market, struggle to save Jae-hyuk's family when they exhibit similar symptoms to the infected.
Starting with Seoul, dead bodies with similar signs of malnutrition are found every morning in rivers all across the country. The police have trouble understanding the cause of the sudden deaths, as all the victims don't show any physical symptoms but look gruesome as soon as they jump into the water. One victim is found dead in his bathtub, but there are also unidentifiable worm-like organisms swimming next to his dead body. Officials at the Ministry of Health find out that these organisms are parasitic horsehair worms that normally use insects as hosts but became mutated into a new form that allows them to infect human bodies as well. The sudden change in appearance that was seen consistently in all victims was caused when the parasites escaped the bodies in the water. As soon as the news gets out and the government makes a public announcement urging people who have been in or near water and show symptoms of hunger and thirst to get checked out, countless people rush to hospitals. Pharmacies are crowded with people desperate to get anthelmintics. Matters become worse when more people jump into rivers overnight and dead bodies float around every morning.
Then it is discovered that using any type of anthelmintic actually causes more excruciating pain and eventual death. Chaos ensues and worsens until one patient claims that he was cured by a specific type of drug called Windazole. The country goes insane in order to get a hold of the drug, but pharmacies run out of supply in less than a day. Government officials contact the pharmaceutical company in charge of making Windazole, ChoA Pharmaceuticals, and demand that they increase supply. However, ever since being acquired by an investment company, the devices involved in creating the drug were poorly managed and the company fails to make a single pill. Public hearings follow as the government requests the company to reveal the drug's composition, but the CEO says that the company's major stockholders refuse to do so, and the government has no legal grounds to force the company to disclose the drug's "recipe" either.
Jae-pil then discovers evidence that this was all planned out by workers at ChoA Pharmaceuticals. He finds someone who used to work at the research team at ChoA and threatens him to tell the truth. The researcher confesses the entire story. A few years back, the researchers at ChoA learned about the parasite Yeongasi and thought that finding out the protein involved in controlling the brain might help with finding a cure to other brain diseases such as Alzheimer's. The team was successful in making a mutant version that used mammals as hosts and seemed to be on the way to success with their research when the company was sold, and the research team was disbanded. Some of the researchers who were angry about the whole incident came together and agreed to take part in a collective stock manipulation scheme in which they bought a bunch of stocks and released the parasite after storing away 100,000 packets of the drug. Consequently, hundreds of thousands of tourists became infected over the summer as they went to rivers for vacation. One of the researchers then acted as if he had been treated by the drug in order to raise stock prices.
Given this information, Jae-pil calls Jae-hyuk, and the two go to the storage the researcher admitted to having kept away the rest of the drugs. When Jae-hyuk finally is about to get a hold of the medicine, someone locks the door to the storage and sets the building on fire. The two survive, but the researcher who had been giving Jae-pil the information is murdered by a mysterious man (who later turns out to be the researcher to claim that Windazole worked), and all of the drugs burn down. Jae-pil then finds out that the murdered researcher had actually been the head of the research team and was a close friend to the CEO. Jae-pil learns that the other researchers had already run away overseas and that the head of the team was just staying behind to see how things panned out. Thus, the entire plan was premeditated and taken out by the CEO and the researchers from the beginning. Meanwhile, the CEO suggests that the government buy the company in its entirety, which would then allow them to find out the drug's composition and make more of it for the rapidly increasing number of patients. The price the CEO offers is completely unreasonable at 5 billion won and most government officials are against the idea, but the Prime Minister says there is no other option and is about to sign the contract. In the nick of time, he is informed of the whole scam and the CEO is arrested. Jae-hyuk is in despair when he suddenly realizes, based on his knowledge of chemistry, that as long as he is able to create a drug with the same active ingredient as Windazole, he should be able to treat his family—he does not necessarily need Windazole itself. Other people join in on the plan and pharmaceutical companies hastily create an effective drug that treats everyone.
The movie ends with Jae-hyuk and his family spending time at an amusement park. Jae-hyuk suggests the family go on vacation overseas all together, preferably to a place with many drugstores. His wife laughs and asks if Jae-hyuk is worried that there might be Yeongasi in other countries as well. Jae-hyuk smiles but suddenly freezes and whips around as the film suddenly transitions to a scene with a dead body floating in New York Harbor.
Cast
Kim Myung-min - Jae-hyuk
Moon Jung-hee - Gyung-seon
Kim Dong-wan - Jae-pil, a police investigator and younger brother of Jae-hyuk
Lee Hanee - Yeon-joo, Jae-pil's fiancé
Eom Ji-seong - Joon-woo
Yeom Hyun-seo - Ye-ji
Kang Shin-il - Doctor Hwang
Jo Deok-hyeon - Tae-won /Yhengmorada
Jeon Kuk-hwan - Prime Minister
Choi Jung-woo - Minister of Health and Welfare
Lee Hyung-chul - James Kim
Jung In-gi - Sales Office Manager
Song Young-chang - Doctor Kim
Choi Il-hwa - South Korean president
Kim Se-dong - Production Director
Reception
On the first day of its theatrical release, Deranged sold 190,953 tickets, making it number one on the daily box office chart (beating Hollywood film The Amazing Spider-Man which sold 149,170 tickets). The film grossed a total of after only five weeks of screening, with 4,515,665 total tickets sold nationwide.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
2010s science fiction horror films
2012 horror thriller films
2012 films
2012 horror films
Films about viral outbreaks
Films set in Seoul
South Korean horror thriller films
South Korean science fiction thriller films
Films directed by Park Jung-woo
2010s South Korean films |
64123224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Route%20180%20%28Costa%20Rica%29 | National Route 180 (Costa Rica) | National Secondary Route 180, or just Route 180 (, or ) is a National Road Route of Costa Rica, located in the Guanacaste province.
Description
In Guanacaste province the route covers Santa Cruz canton (Tempate, Cabo Velas districts).
References
Highways in Costa Rica |
5759874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami%3A%20The%20Aftermath | Tsunami: The Aftermath | Tsunami: The Aftermath is a 2006 American disaster drama television miniseries that dramatizes the events in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
The miniseries was written by Abi Morgan and directed by Bharat Nalluri. It is a joint production of HBO and the BBC and stars Tim Roth, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Sophie Okonedo, Hugh Bonneville, Samrit Machielsen and Toni Collette. It was filmed in Phuket and Khao Lak, Thailand from April to June 2006. Phuket and Khao Lak were two of the worst hit areas in Thailand in the disaster.
Plot
Interweaving stories examine the personal tragedies of several characters. Ian and Susie Carter are a young English couple searching for their six-year-old daughter Martha who was swept away by the tsunami. At the same time, Englishwoman Kim Peabody and her son Adam are looking for James (Kim's husband and Adam's father) and John (Kim's son and Adam's older brother). Meanwhile Than, a Thai waiter has to cope with the loss of his family and village.
Apart from these survivors, there are several officials trying to cope with the situation. There is Tony Whittaker, an overwhelmed British consular official whose faith in the powers of bureaucracy is severely tested. Kathy Graham, an Australian aid worker for a Christian charity, tries to convince Whittaker to show a healthy contempt for the rules and try to help the people as best as he can. And, there is Nick Fraser, a journalist who is investigating the lack of prior warning and corruption following the disaster.
Cast
The Journalists
Tim Roth as Nick Fraser
Will Yun Lee as Chai
Aure Atika as Simone
Kate Ashfield as Ellen Webb
The Carters
Chiwetel Ejiofor as Ian Carter
Sophie Okonedo as Susie Carter
Jazmyn Maraso as Martha Carter
Savannah Loney as Eve, Martha's lookalike
Jacek Koman as Peer, the Dutch doctor
The Diplomats
Hugh Bonneville as Tony Whittaker
Toni Collette as Kathy Graham
Leon Ford as Joe Meddler, Whittaker's assistant
The Thai
Samrit Machielsen as Than
Poh Sursakul as Than's Grandmother
Grirggiat Punpiputt as Dr. Pravat Meeko
Glacian Jarusomboon as Dr. Boomers Potuk
The Peabodys
Gina McKee as Kim Peabody
George MacKay as Adam Peabody
Morgan David Jones as John David Peabody
Owen Teale as James Robert Peabody
Awards
59th Primetime Emmy Awards nominations
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie (Toni Collette)
Outstanding Director for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special (Bharat Nalluri)
Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special
64th Golden Globe Awards nominations
Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Film (Chiwetel Ejiofor)
Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film (Sophie Okonedo)
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or TV Film (Toni Collette)
Golden Nymph Awards Awards nominations
Best Actor in a Miniseries (Chiwetel Ejiofor) (won)
Best Actor in a Miniseries (Hugh Bonneville)
Best Actor in a Miniseries (Tim Roth)
Best Actress in a Miniseries (Toni Collette)
38th NAACP Image Awards nominations
Best Miniseries, TV Film, or Dramatic Special
Best Actor in a Miniseries, TV Film, or Dramatic Special (Chiwetel Ejiofor)
Best Actress in a Miniseries, TV Film, or Dramatic Special (Sophie Okonedo) (won)
British Academy Television Awards nominations
Best Sound Fiction/Entertainment (won)
Best Original Television Music (Alex Heffes)
Best Photography & Lighting Fiction/Entertainment (John de Borman)
Humanitas Prize
90 Minute Category (Abi Morgan)
Controversy
The filming used actual locations in Thailand that were devastated by the tsunami. Some victims and grief counselors protested the film, saying that it was too soon after the disaster and that the scenes depicting the tragedy could prove too traumatic. Others welcomed the production, saying it brought jobs and could actually help the healing process and raise awareness of the impact of the tsunami. There was also concern over the lack of focus on the Asian victims of the flood.
References
External links
Official website at HBO
"'Tsunami' sets off wave of concern" by the New York Daily News
"Thais complain as BBC 'reopens tsunami wounds'" by Independent
Review at Variety
2000s American television miniseries
2006 television films
2006 films
2000s British television miniseries
American films based on actual events
British films based on actual events
Films directed by Bharat Nalluri
Films scored by Alex Heffes
Television shows shot at Elstree Film Studios |
2468705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20%28NASA%29 | Miguel Rodríguez (NASA) | Miguel Rodríguez (born 1952) is the Chief of the Integration Office of the Cape Canaveral Spaceport Management Office.
Early years
Rodríguez was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico, a section of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico where he received both his primary and secondary education. In 1969, he along with millions of other people around the world, witnessed the historical moment when Neil Armstrong from the Apollo mission stepped on the moon's surface. Like so many other young men at the time, Rodríguez felt inspired to consider a career in the Space program of the United States known as NASA.
After Rodríguez graduated from Colegio Espiritu Santo high school in Hato Rey, in 1971, he enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico's Mayagüez campus, where the Engineering College is located. Rodríguez earned his Mechanical Engineer Degree in 1976, however he had applied for a job with NASA in 1975, a year before his graduation. After graduating, he was called for an interview and offered a job in NASA. He became a mechanical engineer, designing parts for the Space Shuttle, at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
Career in NASA
In 1979, Rodríguez was transferred to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida where he was responsible for the activation and validation of facilities for processing Space Shuttle payloads and experiments. He rose through the engineering ranks and was promoted to the position of Payload Integration Engineer responsible for the STS-31 Hubble Space Telescope payload processing, testing and launch activities. He started his management career in 1990 supervising a group of engineers responsible for integrating experiments in the Spacelab Module. He later was assigned the position of Division Chief for the International Space Station Resupply and Return, where he was responsible for managing the development and delivery of the first Italian built Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM), Leonardo.
In 1999, Rodríguez was requested to serve as the Chief of the Integration Office at Cape Canaveral Spaceport Management Office at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. He also led a team which developed a tool for capturing employee competencies and skills in support of the Agency Core Capabilities Assessment.
In 2002, Rodríguez moved to Mississippi and to the NASA Stennis Space Center as the Director of Center Operations and as a member of the Senior Executive Service where he managed facility construction, security and other programs for 4,500 Stennis personnel. After a year, he was assigned to the position of Director of the Propulsion Directorate at Stennis Space Center located in Mississippiresponsible for providing the leadership and the safe operation of one of a kind national test facilities valued at over $2 billion, including the operations of several rocket engine propulsion test programs such as Space Shuttle Main Engine acceptance testing and the testing and evaluation of the next generation propulsion systems. His team worked on the STS-114 engines which were installed on the Discovery Space Shuttle launched in August 2005.
In 2006, he returned to Kennedy Space Center, FL, as the Director of Operational Systems Engineering responsible for implementing operational technical authority across the KSC Programs and Projects. He also provided program and project Chief Engineers to lead the engineering support activities and was instrumental in the formation of the matrixed Engineering Directorate, a first at KSC, by successfully implementing the Agency's Governance Model in the Chief Engineering teams.
In 2008, he became the Deputy Director for the Management, Engineering and Technology Directorate, responsible for a 590 employee organization providing workforce and business services for operational engineering, processing, launch, and landing support for Shuttle Transition & Retirement, International Space Stations, Launch Services, Commercial Crew and 21st Century Ground Systems programs/projects.
In December 2011, Rodríguez retired from NASA to start his own consulting business.
Awards and recognitions
Among his awards and recognitions from NASA are:
NASA Certificate of Commendation for leadership efforts after Hurricane Katrina
Two NASA Exceptional Service Medals
KSC Leadership Award
NASA Silver Snoopy award.
Currently
Miguel Rodríguez lives Satellite Beach, Florida with his wife. He is currently working as a Senior Program Manager for ASRC Federal managing the Wallops Engineering Services Contract located in NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Va.
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
References
External links
Miguel Rodríguez
1952 births
Living people
NASA people
People from Santurce, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican scientists
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal |
8236801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarikh%20Khamis | Tarikh Khamis | Tarikh al-khamis fi ahwal anfas nafis or Tarikh Khamis or Tarikh al-Khamis is a history collection about the history of Islam authored by Sunni Islamic Scholar Husayn ibn Muhammad Diyarbakri, (who died in either 1559 CE (966 AH) or 1574 CE (982 AH)), and published in Cairo in 1884 CE (1302 AH) and reprinted in Beirut in 1390 AH
Diyarbakri is among the most popular compilers of later times.
It is also transliterated as Tareekh Khamees and Tareekh-e-Khamees.
See also
List of Sunni books
References
Sunni literature |
40968865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparganothoides%20laderana | Sparganothoides laderana | Sparganothoides laderana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Mexico, where it has been recorded from Popocatépetl and Iguala in Guerrero.
The length of the forewings is 11.2–11.9 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is brownish grey, with brown, orange and white scales. The hindwings are greyish white.
Etymology
The species name is derived from Spanish ladera (meaning slope).
References
Moths described in 2009
Sparganothoides |
1443478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anke%20Huber | Anke Huber | Anke Huber (born 4 December 1974) is a German retired professional tennis player. She was the runner-up in women's singles at the 1996 Australian Open and the 1995 WTA Finals. Huber won twelve singles and one doubles title on the WTA Tour. She finished inside the top twenty for ten seasons, and achieved a career-high ranking of four in October 1996.
Early life
Huber was born in Bruchsal, Baden-Württemberg. She started playing tennis at the age of seven, after being introduced to the game by her father, Edgar. In junior competition, she won the under-12 German Championships in 1986, the under-14s in 1987, the under-16s in 1988, and the European Championships in 1989. She was also a semifinalist at Wimbledon's junior tournament in 1990.
Career
Huber made her Grand Slam tournament debut at the 1990 Australian Open, a year before she graduated from high school. After defeating Maider Laval and Elise Burgin, she was defeated in the third round by 13th-seeded Raffaella Reggi. In August 1990, she defeated Marianne Werdel Witmeyer to win the Schenectady tournament, a warm-up for the US Open. Jennifer Capriati then defeated Huber in the first round of that tournament 7–5, 7–5. Huber was the runner-up in her next event, losing in Bayonne to Nathalie Tauziat in straight sets. She finished 1990 ranked world No. 34.
Huber became Germany's top female tennis player upon Steffi Graf's retirement in 1999. Only two years later, however, it was Huber's turn to hang up her racquet. She cited a persistent ankle injury and the desire for a "normal life" as the reasons for her retirement. She originally planned to quit after the 2002 Australian Open, her favorite tournament, but changed her mind when she unexpectedly qualified for the year-ending Sanex Championships in Germany. "I thought there's nothing better than to celebrate saying goodbye in front of the home fans in your own country", said Huber. Huber's final match took place on 31 October 2001, against Justine Henin, which she lost 6–1, 6–2.
During her twelve-year professional career, Huber reached 23 singles finals (winning twelve of them), 29 singles semifinals, and 50 singles quarterfinals. Her career record in singles was 447–225, and she amassed US$4,768,292 in career prize money.
Huber represented her country at three levels: the Olympic Games in 1992 in Barcelona and in 1996 in Atlanta; the Fed Cup from 1990 through 1998 and in 2000 and 2001, helping Germany to victory in 1992 by beating Spain's Conchita Martínez in the final; and the Hopman Cup, which she won with Boris Becker in 1995.
Although she did not win a Grand Slam title, Huber felt proud of her accomplishments, especially because she had to walk in Graf's footsteps. "I recognised pretty early on that I would never have her success, but I was still always measured against her", she says. "So, whenever I got into the quarterfinals or the semis of a Grand Slam tournament, it counted for nothing. Sometimes it was good to have her, because she drew the attention away from me", Huber continued. "On the other side, there was always the pressure to be the second Steffi Graf."
In 2002, Huber accepted a role with the German Tennis Federation and became the co-tournament director for the annual Porsche Tennis Grand Prix WTA tournament in Filderstadt, Germany.
Personal life
In April 2005, Huber gave birth to her first child, a boy, with her partner Roger Wittmann. A second, a girl, followed in October 2006.
Major finals
Grand Slam finals
Singles: (1 runner–up)
Year-End Championships finals
Singles: (1 runner–up)
WTA Tour finals
Singles: 23 (12–11)
Doubles: 4 (1–3)
ITF finals
Singles (2–0)
Grand Slam singles performance timeline
Head-to-head record against other players in the top 10
Players who have been ranked world No. 1 are in boldface.
Martina Hingis 1–12
Lindsay Davenport 2–10
Dominique Monami 2–1
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 2–12
Venus Williams 1–3
Steffi Graf 0–10
Kim Clijsters 1–2
Justine Henin 0–3
Amélie Mauresmo 2–3
Nadia Petrova 1–0
Monica Seles 0–9
Martina Navratilova 2–1
Conchita Martínez 6–2
Jennifer Capriati 1–7
Amanda Coetzer 4–3
Anna Kournikova 3–3
Mary Joe Fernández 3–4
Kimiko Date 1–2
Nathalie Tauziat 4–8
Jana Novotná 4–8
Irina Spîrlea 7–1
Gabriela Sabatini 3–4
Mary Pierce 5–6
Helena Suková 2–0
Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere 2–0
See also
Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
People from Bruchsal
Sportspeople from Karlsruhe (region)
German female tennis players
Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players for Germany
Hopman Cup competitors
West German female tennis players
Tennis people from Baden-Württemberg |
9332244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias%20Gaucher | Elias Gaucher | Elias Gaucher was a French printer and publisher of clandestine erotica who worked out of the Malakoff and Vanves communes in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France, about 3 miles from the centre of the City. He primarily reprinted or pirated the books of other publishers, but is best known today as the original publisher of Les Exploits d'une Jeune Don Juan (1905), Guillaume Apollinaire's translation of a German erotic work called Kindergeilheit. Geständnisse eines Knaben (Berlin, 1900), and Apollinaire's masterpiece Les Onze mille verges (c. 1907).
Gaucher's generally accepted period of activity was during the years immediately preceding the outbreak of World War I. However, in his Memoirs of Montparnasse, which is set in the late 1920s, the Canadian poet John Glassco tells of having a book called Contes en crinoline published by a 'monsieur Gaucher,' which raises the possibility that Gaucher was in business for longer than has been previously thought.
References
Jean-Pierre Dutel, Bibliographie des Ouvrages Érotiques Publiés Clandestinement en Français entre 1880 et 1920 (Paris, The Author, 2002)
Peter Mendes, Clandestine Erotic Fiction in English 1800-1920. A Bibliographical Study. (Aldershot, Scolar Press, 1993)
French publishers (people)
Erotic publishers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing |
40020602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Micchia | Joe Micchia | Joseph Micchia (born December 30, 1966) is an American physician and former gridiron football quarterback.
Biography
Micchia was born in Sharon, Pennsylvania, and attended high school there, playing three sports. He initially attended Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio, but transferred to Westminster College in New Wilmington, Pennsylvania, after his freshman year.
Micchia played college football for the Westminster Titans for the 1987 through 1989 seasons, going 31–0 as a starting quarterback. The Titans won consecutive NAIA Division II Football National Championships, in 1988 and 1989, during which the team had a 27-game winning streak. Micchia wore uniform number 10 in honor of Fran Tarkenton, his favorite player when he was growing up. Micchia briefly played professionally, appearing in the final regular-season game of the 1990 Pittsburgh Gladiators of the Arena Football League.
Following his football career, Micchia graduated from the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine in 1994, and later went into private practice in Wake Forest, North Carolina.
In 2013, Micchia was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He is also an inductee of the Titan Sports Hall of Fame at Westminster College (1995), and the Mercer County Hall of Fame (2016).
References
1966 births
Living people
People from Sharon, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
American football quarterbacks
Youngstown State University alumni
Westminster Titans football players
Pittsburgh Gladiators players
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine alumni
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
American physicians |
18002243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadayam | Sadayam | Sadayam () is a 1992 Indian Malayalam-language psychological drama written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair and directed by Sibi Malayil. It stars Mohanlal, Thilakan, Nedumudi Venu, Murali, Sreenivasan, Maathu, K. P. A. C. Lalitha, and T. G. Ravi. The film was produced and distributed by G. P. Vijayakumar of Seven Arts Films. The film score was composed by Johnson.
The story follows convict Sathyanathan (Mohanlal) who is awaiting capital punishment for the murder of two young girls and two men. Mohanlal's performance in the film is regarded as one of the finest in his career. Despite faring poorly at the box office, the film came to be appreciated years later for their cult following. M. T. Vasudevan Nair won the National Film Awards for Best Screenplay.
Plot
Sathyanathan is condemned to death for brutally murdering four persons – two adults and two young girls – and is awaiting his final call. He shows no remorse and is just as cheerful as a man who knows he has done no wrong. The prison doctor Dr. Nambiar's son Vijayan is one of Sathyan's victims; he wants to sign his death certificate and see the fear in his eyes as he is led up the gallows but the doctor is just as puzzled as to why the crime was committed.
There are appeals in lower courts and petitions for pardons by the cops as a matter of routine but Sathyan has no great interest in living. Eventually, when he wishes to start life again on a fresh slate because he now wants to live, in an O Henry-sque moment, he's denied a pardon and on Sept 29th, 1991, two years after he is originally convicted of the multiple murders, he is hanged to death. In a series of flashbacks, the story unfolds focusing on Sathyan's past and recreates the chilling crime scene, explaining his actions.
Sathyan is a ‘bastard’ who is bullied and abused in his childhood by the people around him until he is rescued by a priest who realizes that the kid is a talented artist. Under the aegis of Father, Sathyan becomes a painter who makes a living by painting sign boards and hoardings. As part of one of his assignments, he takes a rented house in Kozhikode next to a house of ill-virtue where Jaya and her two young sisters live with their aunts. They have no future to look forward to and it is only a matter of time when the aunts get them to carry out prostitution.
He helps the kids in their education and gets Jaya a job in the company in which he's working. Sathyan likes Jaya and wishes to marry her and settle down in life but destiny has other ideas; circumstances force her to end up as a prostitute and there are signs that her sisters will sink in the same quagmire later. In a moment of extreme paranoia, Sathyan kills the two girls in a bid to save them from prostitution and eventually both the guys responsible for her state.
The film then cuts back to the present as Sathyan wants to live on a fresh slate.
In the end, Sathyan is hanged to death, followed by his funeral.
Cast
Mohanlal as Sathyanathan
Thilakan as Dr. K. V. G. Nambiar
Nedumudi Venu as Father Dominic
Maathu as Jaya
KPAC Lalitha as Devakiamma
Janardhanan as Harishankar, Police superintendent
Sreenivasan as Kunjali
Murali as Madhavan Jailer (Police Officer)
Mahesh as Vijayan
Kaveri as Lathika, Jaya's sister
Augustine as Chandran
T. G. Ravi as Kanaran
M. G. Sasi as Samuel
Kozhikode Narayanan Nair as Ramettan
Awards
National Film Award for Best Screenplay - M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam - Siby Malayil
Kerala Film Journalists Award for Best Actor - Mohanlal
Soundtrack
Johnson composed the songs, for which the lyrics were written by Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri.
References
External links
1992 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Films with screenplays by M. T. Vasudevan Nair
1992 thriller films
1990s psychological drama films
Indian psychological drama films
Indian prison films
Films shot in Kozhikode
Films directed by Sibi Malayil
Films scored by Johnson
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award
1992 drama films |
49738841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Side%20%28R5%20song%29 | Dark Side (R5 song) | "Dark Side" is a song by American pop rock band R5. It was released on February 1, 2016 as the fifth and final single from Sometime Last Night. It was written by Ross Lynch, Riker Lynch, Rocky Lynch and Ellington Ratliff, and produced by Rocky and Matt Wallace.
Background and release
In an interview to Billboard, Ross said that "Dark Side" was the first song written for the album and it generated inspiration for the band to write other songs. He said: "I think it was at that moment that we realized we actually have the capability and the skill set to just write the whole record. And then we just kept writing songs and beating off songs that we previously had. We had a checklist; We'd be like, 'Alright, 'Dark Side' is better than this song, so it'll take that song's spot, and then this song can take this other song's spot.' We basically worked our way down and replaced the whole record". The funky guitar riffs came about with a bass line from Rocky, then the band sprinkled a little synth on top". It was written by Ross Lynch, Riker Lynch, Rocky Lynch and Ellington Ratliff, and produced by Rocky and Matt Wallace.
The song was released on February 1, 2016. To Maria Ciezak of The Aquarian, Riker commented that the band wanted the song as a single from the beginning of the album: "Everyone on our crew, our friends, our fans, everybody kept telling us "Dark Side" is the one you have to make the single! We all love it, and we know it’s a fan favorite, so it’s been going over really well".
Reception
"Dark Side" received positive reviews from critics. Jamee-Beth Livingston of Breakaway Daily said the song brings "a deeper level of honesty and realness" in their songwriting. She also said the band "giving in to bad temptations because they usually end up making good stories". Tim Sendra of AllMusic was positive and said that "Dark Side" "has a loose-limbed bounce that's missing from the pro tracks, the disco throwback". Gary Graff of Billboard was positive about the funk-theme direction, highlighting the other songs of the album, and compared it to songs of Michael Jackson. Katrina M. of Sputinik Music was positive and said the song is reversed, bright and cheerful.
Katy Amjs of Music Is The Home For You Pain said she was surprised by the disco rhythm and commented: "Unlike its title indicates, the track is fast paced from the first beat and maintains its energy throughout". She also said that the song convincing the listener to get up and dance along. Emery Columna of Maaf Box said that "Dark Side" is the key that opens the traditional rock door that held the R5 within the predictable. He also said: "[the song] is a clue to where R5 can go musically to break the evil spell some [critics] have unfairly cast upon this groovy band".
Music video
The "Dark Side" music video was released on March 10, 2016 and directed by band members. The video was recorded by R5 with a GoPro and contains scenes of the Sometime Last Night Tour, showing concerts by the United States, Europe, New Zealand, Australia and Brazil, meet with fans and behind the scenes of travel. Ross said the band chose not to record a studio video clip, because they wanted their own vision of the before and after shows to show for the fans.
Release history
References
2015 songs
R5 (band) songs
Hollywood Records singles
2015 singles |
40294424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Rappaport | Jill Rappaport | Jill Rappaport (born September 27, 1956) is an American journalist, animal advocate, and author. She has reported for The Today Show for over 22-years as well as NBC Nightly News and NBC affiliates. She was the creator, host, and executive producer of the animal welfare program, "Best in Shelter with Jill Rappaport," for NBC. She hosts the "Dog Bowl," and "Puppy Bowl," a dog rescue and adoption program on Animal Planet.
Bibliography
Jack Jill: The Miracle Dog with a Happy Tail to Tell, Collins, 2009,
500 Cats, HarperCollins, 2009,
Mazel Tov: Celebrities' Bat Mitzvah Memories, Simon & Schuster, 2007,
People We Know, Horses They Love, Rodale Books, 2004,
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
American women television journalists
People associated with animal welfare and rights
People from Jericho, New York
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American women
21st-century American women |
1593615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legum%20Doctor | Legum Doctor | Legum Doctor (Latin: “teacher of the laws”) (LL.D.) or, in English, Doctor of Laws, is a doctorate-level academic degree in law or an honorary degree, depending on the jurisdiction. The double “L” in the abbreviation refers to the early practice in the University of Cambridge to teach both canon law and civil law (Doctor of both laws), with the double “L” itself indicating the plural, although Cambridge now gives the degree the name Doctor of Law in English. This contrasts with the practice of the University of Oxford, where the degree that survived from the Middle Ages is the DCL or Doctor of Civil Law (only).
European and Commonwealth usage
In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and a number of European countries, the LL.D. is a higher doctorate usually awarded on the basis of exceptionally insightful and distinctive publications that contain significant and original contributions to the study of law. In South Africa, the LL.D. is awarded by many university law faculties as the highest degree in law, also based upon research and completion of a Ph.D. equivalent dissertation as in most European countries; see Doctor of Law in South Africa. The LL.D. may also be awarded as an honorary degree based upon a person's contributions to society.
Most Canadian universities that award the degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) award it only as an honorary degree, but typically when awarded by a law school, it is an earned degree. Of the universities in Canada that offer earned doctorates in law, five Francophone or bilingual universities (Université de Sherbrooke, University of Ottawa, University of Montreal, Laval University, and University of Quebec at Montreal) offer the LL.D.
Lakehead University in Ontario, Canada, is one place that awards this popular honorary doctorate. At Lakehead it is regarded as the most appropriate award for a person distinguished in general service to the state, to learning and to mankind.
Germany
Germany, as in many other continental European countries, does not distinguish between PhD and LL.D. academic degrees. German universities award the doctoral degree in law as a "Doctor of Law" (Dr. iur.) instead of a PhD, which literally means "Doctor of Philosophy" (Dr. phil.), and is traditionally reserved for doctoral dissertations in the field of social and political sciences. The degree of Dr. iur. usually requires independent academic research of up to 4 years. The doctor of law as an honorary degree is called "doctor iuris honoris causa" (Dr. iur. h.c.). The German academic system also knows a form of higher doctorate in law which is awarded after completion of a second dissertation (Habilitation) and is a prerequisite to teach law at (German) universities. The completion of the habilitation is indicated by adding "habil." to the title (Dr. iur. habil.) unless one holds a professership, in which case the habilitation is implied by using the title "Prof. Dr.".
Most German doctoral degrees in law are awarded as "Doktor der Rechte", "Doktor des Rechts" or "Doktor der Rechtswissenschaft" and would be abbreviated in the Latin form as "Dr. iur." or "Dr. jur.". If the dissertation is in the area of church laws, traditional universities may award the very rare degree of "Doktor beider Rechte" translating to doctor of both laws (Latin form: "doctor iuris utriusque" or "Dr. iur. utr."), emphasizing that the doctoral degree is in worldly and religious laws.
Malta
In Malta, the European Union's smallest member state, the LL.D. was a doctorate-level academic degree in law requiring at least three years of post-graduate full-time study at the University of Malta, Malta's national university. At least three years of previous law study were required for entry. Students were required to complete coursework in a number of core areas of law, as well as to submit a thesis which is to be "an original work on the approved subject or other contribution to the knowledge showing that he/she has carried out sufficient research therein". It confers the title of Doctor, which in Malta is used to address a holder of the degree. Up until 2014, the LL.D. was one of the requirements for admission to the profession of advocate in Malta (an advocate, as opposed to a legal procurator, has rights of representation in superior courts).
Practicing lawyers are of three designations – notary, legal procurator and advocate. The Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree is an undergraduate degree that of itself is not sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions. A one-year full-time taught post-graduate diploma of Notary Public (N.P.) is required after the LL.B. for admission to the profession of notary public, while a taught post-graduate diploma of Legal Procurator (L.P.) is required for admission to the profession of legal procurator. A legal procurator has rights of audience in the lower courts, a profession that was existent in Malta as early, and even prior to 1553. All three designations also require members to be holders of a warrant issued by the president of Malta, obtainable after examination, as well as a minimum of one year of work experience in that profession. It is not possible for a Maltese lawyer to hold a warrant in more than one of the professions at a time.
As of 2014 changes to the law course resulted from the implementation of the Bologna Process, removed the Doctorate of Laws (LLD) title and replace it with a second cycle degree, Master of Advocacy (M.Adv). This raised discussion as to whether newly qualified lawyers would be referred to as 'Doctor', as had been the norm. Following representation from law student organisations, the Chamber of Advocates came to the agreement that if a newly qualified lawyer was to self-stylize as 'Doctor' they would be supported, as a matter of convention.
Notable holders of the LL.D. degree include Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, Guido de Marco, George Borg Olivier, and Lawrence Gonzi.
South Africa
United Kingdom and Ireland
In the UK and Republic of Ireland, the degree of Doctor of Laws is a higher doctorate, ranking above the PhD, awarded upon submission of a portfolio of advanced research. It is also often awarded honoris causa to public figures (typically those associated with politics or the law) whom the university wishes to honor. In most British and Irish universities, the degree is styled "Doctor of Laws" and abbreviated as LLD; however, some universities (such as Oxford) instead award the degree of Doctor of Civil Law, abbreviated as DCL.
In former years, Doctors of Law were a distinct form of Attorney-at-Law who were empowered to act as advocates in the ecclesiastical, probate and admiralty courts. The Doctors had their own Inn, which was called Doctors' Commons. Charles Dickens spent some of his youth working in this branch of the law. The last surviving member of Doctors' Commons, Dr Thomas Tristram, wrote the first editions of a textbook on trusts still in use today. In 1954, a case was brought under long-dormant law in the High Court of Chivalry. The opening arguments in that case were by George Drewry Squibb, who was simultaneously distinguished as a barrister, a doctor of laws, and a historian. Squibb argued, to the satisfaction of the court, that since the modern class of Doctors of Laws were no longer trained as advocates, their role must necessarily be performed by barristers. This was because Victorian reforms, which had unified the other classes of court attorney into the single profession of Barrister, had overlooked the Doctors of Law.
United States
In the United States of America, the LL.D. is awarded as an honorary degree only. The terminal academic law degree is the Scientiae Juridicae Doctor (S.J.D. or J.S.D.), equivalent to the Ph.D.
At the University of Kansas, the LL.D. is awarded for notable service to humanity or the professions or contributions to the general welfare of the state, the nation, or the world.
The University of Washington gives this degree for recognition to those who have made profound and enduring contributions to scholarship, culture, and improved quality of life in society at large in the area of Law, public policy, and public service.
See also
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D. or J.S.D.)
Doctor of both laws (D.J.U.)
Juris Doctor (J.D.)
Master of Laws (LL.M.)
Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.)
Doctor of Canon Law (J.C.D.)
References
Laws
Law degrees
Higher doctorates
Honorary degrees |
32009686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio%20Quitandinha | Palácio Quitandinha | The Palácio Quitandinha is a historic former luxury resort hotel in Petrópolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In 1947, the Palácio Quitandinha was the site of the Rio Treaty, attended by United States President Harry Truman.
History
Designed by Italian architect Luis Fossatti, and constructed between 1941 and 1946 by Brazilian entrepreneur Joaquim Rolla, the Palácio Quitandinha is one of the most impressive architectural monuments in Petrópolis. The exterior is in the Norman-French style, while the interior is a mix of Brazilian Baroque and Art Deco. The surface area of the hotel is 50 thousand square meters. It has six floors, with a 10 meter high ground floor. It has 440 rooms plus 13 suites with decor by Dorothy Draper.
The hotel was, for many years, probably the second most famous hotel of the country, after the Copacabana Palace hotel in Rio de Janeiro, which is only about 65 km from Petrópolis. The scenic artificial lake in front of the hotel, loosely resembling the shape of Brazil, was built to provide a source of water in the event of a fire.
When it was opened as the "Cassino Hotel Quitandinha", the Palácio Quitandinha was the largest hotel casino in Latin America. Gambling had been permitted in Brazil since 1930, but it was outlawed on May 30, 1946 by decree of the federal government under president Eurico Gaspar Dutra. The ruling outlawed all types of gambling from casinos to games of chance in Brazil. As a result, the casino closed after only two years.
Notable guests who stayed at the hotel included Errol Flynn, Orson Welles, Lana Turner, Henry Fonda, Maurice Chevalier, Greta Garbo, Carmen Miranda, Walt Disney, Bing Crosby, politicians like Eva Perón and president Getúlio Vargas of Brazil and king Carol II of Romania.
The hotel eventually closed in 1962 and its rooms were sold as private residences in 1963. The imposing façade and the scenic surrounding of the hotel makes it an important tourist attraction itself. The building's enormous public areas were restored by SESC, a Brazilian commerce organization which had taken them over, beginning in 2007.
Gallery
References
External links
Casinos in Brazil - Photos, Videos and Facts About Quitandinha Palace Casino
Living in Quitandinha
Hotels in Brazil
Hotel buildings completed in 1944
Hotels established in 1944
Convention centres in Brazil
Defunct hotels
Defunct casinos
Buildings and structures in Petrópolis
Tourist attractions in Rio de Janeiro (state)
1946 establishments in Brazil
Casinos in Brazil |
21531764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England | New England | New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick to the northeast and Quebec to the north. The Gulf of Maine and Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the southwest. Boston is New England's largest city, as well as the capital of Massachusetts. Greater Boston is the largest metropolitan area, with nearly a third of New England's population; this area includes Worcester, Massachusetts (the second-largest city in New England), Manchester, New Hampshire (the largest city in New Hampshire), and Providence, Rhode Island (the capital of and largest city in Rhode Island).
In 1620, the Puritan Pilgrims established Plymouth Colony, the second successful English settlement in America, following the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia founded in 1607. Ten years later, more Puritans established Massachusetts Bay Colony north of Plymouth Colony. Over the next 126 years, people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the English colonists and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquian allies in America.
In the late 18th century, political leaders from the New England colonies initiated resistance to Britain's taxes without the consent of the colonists. Residents of Rhode Island captured and burned a British ship which was enforcing unpopular trade restrictions, and residents of Boston threw British tea into the harbor. Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government which the colonists called the "Intolerable Acts". These confrontations led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776. The region played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States, and it was the first region of the U.S. transformed by the Industrial Revolution, initially centered on the Blackstone and Merrimack river valleys.
The physical geography of New England is diverse. Southeastern New England is covered by a narrow coastal plain, while the western and northern regions are dominated by the rolling hills and worn-down peaks of the northern end of the Appalachian Mountains. The Atlantic fall line lies close to the coast, which enabled numerous cities to take advantage of water power along the many rivers, such as the Connecticut River, which bisects the region from north to south.
Each state is generally subdivided into small municipalities known as towns, many of which are governed by town meetings. Unincorporated areas are practically nonexistent outside of Maine, and village-style governments common in other areas are limited to Vermont and Connecticut. New England is one of the U.S. Census Bureau's nine regional divisions and the only multi-state region with clear, consistent boundaries. It maintains a strong sense of cultural identity, although the terms of this identity are often contrasted, combining Puritanism with liberalism, agrarian life with industry, and isolation with immigration.
History
The earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages. Prominent tribes included the Abenakis, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, Pequots, Mohegans, Narragansetts, Nipmucs, Pocumtucks, and Wampanoags. Prior to the arrival of European colonists, the Western Abenakis inhabited what is now New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock in today's Maine.
The Penobscots lived along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Narragansetts and smaller tribes under their sovereignty lived in Rhode Island, west of Narragansett Bay, including Block Island. The Wampanoags occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts, and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes lived in Connecticut. The Connecticut River Valley linked numerous tribes culturally, linguistically, and politically.
As early as the year 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the New World, trading metal, glass, and cloth for local beaver pelts.
Colonial period
On April 10, 1606, King James I of England issued a charter for the Virginia Company, which consisted of the London Company and the Plymouth Company. These two privately funded ventures were intended to claim land for England, to conduct trade, and to return a profit. In 1620, the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower and established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, beginning the history of permanent European colonization in New England.
In 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region "New England". The name was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620, when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint-stock company established to colonize and govern the region. The Pilgrims wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact before leaving the ship, and it became their first governing document. The Massachusetts Bay Colony came to dominate the area and was established by royal charter in 1629 with its major town and port of Boston established in 1630.
Massachusetts Puritans began to establish themselves in Connecticut as early as 1633. Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for theological reasons; he led a group south where they founded Providence Plantations, which grew into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1636. At this time, Vermont was uncolonized, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were claimed and governed by Massachusetts. As the region grew, it received many immigrants from Europe due to its religious tolerance and economy.
French and Indian Wars
Relationships alternated between peace and armed skirmishes between colonists and local Native American tribes, the bloodiest of which was the Pequot War in 1637 which resulted in the Mystic massacre. On May 19, 1643, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut joined in a loose compact called the New England Confederation (officially "The United Colonies of New England"). The confederation was designed largely to coordinate mutual defense, and it gained some importance during King Philip's War which pitted the colonists and their Indian allies against a widespread Indian uprising from June 1675 through April 1678, resulting in killings and massacres on both sides. In the aftermath of settler-Native conflicts, hundreds of captive Indians were sold into slavery. Up until 1700, Native Americans comprised a majority of the non-white labor force in colonial New England.
During the next 74 years, there were six colonial wars that took place primarily between New England and New France, during which New England was allied with the Iroquois Confederacy and New France was allied with the Wabanaki Confederacy. Mainland Nova Scotia came under the control of New England after the Siege of Port Royal (1710), but both New Brunswick and most of Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France. The British eventually defeated the French in 1763, opening the Connecticut River Valley for British settlement into western New Hampshire and Vermont.
The New England Colonies were settled primarily by farmers who became relatively self-sufficient. Later, New England's economy began to focus on crafts and trade, aided by the Puritan work ethic, in contrast to the Southern colonies which focused on agricultural production while importing finished goods from England.
Dominion of New England
By 1686, King James II had become concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies, including their self-governing charters, their open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and their growing military power. He therefore established the Dominion of New England, an administrative union including all of the New England colonies. In 1688, the former Dutch colonies of New York, East New Jersey, and West New Jersey were added to the dominion. The union was imposed from the outside and contrary to the rooted democratic tradition of the colonies, and it was highly unpopular among the colonists.
The dominion significantly modified the charters of the colonies, including the appointment of royal governors to nearly all of them. There was an uneasy tension among the royal governors, their officers, and the elected governing bodies of the colonies. The governors wanted unlimited authority, and the different layers of locally elected officials would often resist them. In most cases, the local town governments continued operating as self-governing bodies, just as they had before the appointment of the governors.
After the Glorious Revolution, in 1689, Bostonians overthrew the royal governor, Sir Edmund Andros. During a popular and bloodless uprising, they seized dominion officials and adherents to the Church of England. These tensions eventually culminated in the American Revolution, boiling over with the outbreak of the War of American Independence in 1775. The first battles of which were fought in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, leading to the Siege of Boston by continental troops. In March 1776, British forces were compelled to retreat from Boston.
New England in the new nation
After the dissolution of the Dominion of New England, the colonies of New England ceased to function as a unified political unit but remained a defined cultural region. There were often disputes over territorial jurisdiction, leading to land exchanges such as those regarding the Equivalent Lands and New Hampshire Grants.
By 1784, all of the states in the region had taken steps towards the abolition of slavery, with Vermont and Massachusetts introducing total abolition in 1777 and 1783, respectively. The nickname "Yankeeland" was sometimes used to denote the New England area, especially among Southerners and the British.
Vermont was admitted to statehood in 1791 after settling a dispute with New York. The territory of Maine had been a part of Massachusetts, but it was granted statehood on March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise. Today, New England is defined as the six states of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
New England's economic growth relied heavily on trade with the British Empire, and the region's merchants and politicians strongly opposed trade restrictions. As the United States and the United Kingdom fought the War of 1812, New England Federalists organized the Hartford Convention in the winter of 1814 to discuss the region's grievances concerning the war, and to propose changes to the United States Constitution to protect the region's interests and maintain its political power. Radical delegates within the convention proposed the region's secession from the United States, but they were outnumbered by moderates who opposed the idea.
Politically, the region often disagreed with the rest of the country. Massachusetts and Connecticut were among the last refuges of the Federalist Party, and New England became the strongest bastion of the new Whig Party when the Second Party System began in the 1830s. The Whigs were usually dominant throughout New England, except in the more Democratic Maine and New Hampshire.
Industrial Revolution
New England was key to the industrial revolution in the United States. The Blackstone Valley running through Massachusetts and Rhode Island has been called the birthplace of America's industrial revolution. In 1787, the first cotton mill in America was founded in the North Shore seaport of Beverly, Massachusetts as the Beverly Cotton Manufactory. The Manufactory was also considered the largest cotton mill of its time. Technological developments and achievements from the Manufactory led to the development of more advanced cotton mills, including Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Towns such as Lawrence, Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, and Lewiston, Maine became centers of the textile industry following the innovations at Slater Mill and the Beverly Cotton Manufactory.
The Connecticut River Valley became a crucible for industrial innovation, particularly the Springfield Armory, pioneering such advances as interchangeable parts and the assembly line which influenced manufacturing processes all around the world. From early in the nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth, the region surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts and Hartford, Connecticut served as the United States' epicenter for advanced manufacturing, drawing skilled workers from all over the world.
The rapid growth of textile manufacturing in New England between 1815 and 1860 caused a shortage of workers. Recruiters were hired by mill agents to bring young women and children from the countryside to work in the factories. Between 1830 and 1860, thousands of farm girls moved from rural areas where there was no paid employment to work in the nearby mills, such as the Lowell Mill Girls. As the textile industry grew, immigration also grew. By the 1850s, immigrants began working in the mills, especially French Canadians and Irish.
New England as a whole was the most industrialized part of the United States. By 1850, the region accounted for well over a quarter of all manufacturing value in the country and over a third of its industrial workforce. It was also the most literate and most educated region in the country.
During the same period, New England and areas settled by New Englanders (upstate New York, Ohio's Western Reserve, and the upper midwestern states of Michigan and Wisconsin) were the center of the strongest abolitionist and anti-slavery movements in the United States, coinciding with the Protestant Great Awakening in the region. Abolitionists who demanded immediate emancipation had their base in the region, such as William Lloyd Garrison, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Wendell Phillips. So too did anti-slavery politicians who wanted to limit the growth of slavery, such as John Quincy Adams, Charles Sumner, and John P. Hale. The anti-slavery Republican Party was formed in the 1850s, and all of New England became strongly Republican, including areas that had previously been strongholds for both the Whig and the Democratic parties. New England remained solidly Republican until Catholics began to mobilize behind the Democrats, especially in 1928. This led to the end of "Yankee Republicanism" and began New England's relatively swift transition into a consistently Democratic stronghold in national elections.
20th century and beyond
The flow of immigrants continued at a steady pace from the 1840s until cut off by World War I. The largest numbers came from Ireland and Britain before 1890, and after that from Quebec, Italy, and Southern Europe. The immigrants filled the ranks of factory workers, craftsmen, and unskilled laborers. The Irish assumed a larger and larger role in the Democratic Party in the cities and statewide, while the rural areas remained Republican.
The Great Depression in the United States of the 1930s hit the region hard, with high unemployment in the industrial cities. The Boston Stock Exchange rivaled the New York Stock Exchange in 1930. In the beginning of 1930 John C. Hull, first Securities Director of Massachusetts (1930–1936), helped to mitigate the consequences of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. He was helpful in the passing of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 with his war on "unlisted securities". Hull gave testimony to the US Senate (Sen. Duncan Upshaw Fletcher) for work on the Pecora Commission, which revealed that neither Albert H. Wiggin (born in Medfield, MA) nor J. P. Morgan Jr. had paid any income taxes in 1931 and 1932; a public outcry ensued.
Boston figured prominently on the subject of securities laws in the early 1930s in response to the Great Depression. Harvard University professors Felix Frankfurter, Benjamin V. Cohen, and James M. Landis drafted the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. was the first chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and he was from Boston.
The Democrats appealed to factory workers and especially Catholics, pulling them into the New Deal coalition and making the once-Republican region into one that was closely divided. However, the enormous spending on munitions, ships, electronics, and uniforms during World War II caused a burst of prosperity in every sector.
The region lost most of its factories starting with the loss of textiles in the 1930s and getting worse after 1960. The New England economy was radically transformed after World War II. The factory economy practically disappeared. Once-bustling New England communities fell into economic decay following the flight of the region's industrial base. The textile mills one by one went out of business from the 1920s to the 1970s. For example, the Crompton Company went bankrupt in 1984 after 178 years in business, costing the jobs of 2,450 workers in five states. The major reasons were cheap imports, the strong dollar, declining exports, and a failure to diversify. The shoe industry subsequently left the region as well.
What remains is very high technology manufacturing, such as jet engines, nuclear submarines, pharmaceuticals, robotics, scientific instruments, and medical devices. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology invented the format for university-industry relations in high tech fields and spawned many software and hardware firms, some of which grew rapidly. By the 21st century, the region had become famous for its leadership roles in the fields of education, medicine, medical research, high-technology, finance, and tourism.
Some industrial areas were slow in adjusting to the new service economy. In 2000, New England had two of the ten poorest cities in the U.S. (by percentage living below the poverty line): the state capitals of Providence, Rhode Island and Hartford, Connecticut. They were no longer in the bottom ten by 2010; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire remain among the ten wealthiest states in the United States in terms of median household income and per capita income.
Geography
The states of New England have a combined area, including water surfaces, of , making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and slightly smaller than Great Britain. Maine alone constitutes nearly one-half of the total area of New England, yet is only the 39th-largest state, slightly smaller than Indiana. The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S., including the smallest state—Rhode Island.
The areas of the states (including water area) are:
Maine,
Massachusetts,
Vermont,
New Hampshire,
Connecticut,
Rhode Island,
Geology
New England's long rolling hills, mountains, and jagged coastline are glacial landforms resulting from the retreat of ice sheets approximately 18,000 years ago, during the last glacial period.
New England is geologically a part of the New England province, an exotic terrane region consisting of the Appalachian Mountains, the New England highlands and the seaboard lowlands. The Appalachian Mountains roughly follow the border between New England and New York. The Berkshires in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and the Green Mountains in Vermont, as well as the Taconic Mountains, form a spine of Precambrian rock.
The Appalachians extend northwards into New Hampshire as the White Mountains, and then into Maine and Canada. Mount Washington in New Hampshire is the highest peak in the Northeast, although it is not among the ten highest peaks in the eastern United States. It is the site of the second highest recorded wind speed on Earth, and has the reputation of having the world's most severe weather.
The coast of the region, extending from southwestern Connecticut to northeastern Maine, is dotted with lakes, hills, marshes and wetlands, and sandy beaches. Important valleys in the region include the Champlain Valley, the Connecticut River Valley and the Merrimack Valley. The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for , emptying into Long Island Sound, roughly bisecting the region. Lake Champlain, which forms part of the border between Vermont and New York, is the largest lake in the region, followed by Moosehead Lake in Maine and Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire.
Climate
The climate of New England varies greatly across its span from northern Maine to southern Connecticut:
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and western Massachusetts have a humid continental climate (Dfb in Köppen climate classification). In this region the winters are long and cold, and heavy snow is common (most locations receive of snow annually in this region). The summer's months are moderately warm, though summer is rather short and rainfall is spread through the year.
In central and eastern Massachusetts, northern Rhode Island, and northern Connecticut, the same humid continental prevails (Dfa), though summers are warm to hot, winters are shorter, and there is less snowfall (especially in the coastal areas where it is often warmer).
Southern and coastal Connecticut is the broad transition zone from the cold continental climates of the north to the milder subtropical climates to the south. The frost free season is greater than 180 days across far southern/coastal Connecticut, coastal Rhode Island, and the islands (Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard). Winters also tend to be much sunnier in southern Connecticut and southern Rhode Island compared to the rest of New England.
Regions
Biodiversity
New England contains forested ecosystems with a variety of terrestrial vertebrates. Land-use patterns and land disturbance, such as the dramatic increase in land clearing for agriculture in the mid eighteenth century to nineteenth century, greatly altered the ecosystem and resulted in extinctions, local extirpations, and recolonizations.
According to an analysis of USDA Forest Service data, tree species diversity increases from north to south at about 2-3 species per degree in latitude. In addition, taller trees are associated with higher tree species diversity, and tree height is a better predictor than general forest age or biomass. Due to an increasing the amount of nitrogen in the soil from climate change, the red maple is becoming one of the most abundant trees in the region, and outcompeting other maples such as the sugar maple.
Largest cities
The most populous cities as of the 2020 U.S. Census were (metropolitan areas in parentheses):
Boston, Massachusetts: 675,647 (4,941,632)
Worcester, Massachusetts: 206,518 (923,672)
Providence, Rhode Island: 190,934 (1,604,291)
Springfield, Massachusetts: 155,929 (699,162)
Bridgeport, Connecticut: 148,654 (939,904)
Stamford, Connecticut: 135,470 (part of Greater Bridgeport)
New Haven, Connecticut: 134,023 (862,477)
Hartford, Connecticut: 121,054 (1,214,295)
Cambridge, Massachusetts: 118,403 (part of Greater Boston)
Manchester, New Hampshire: 115,644 (406,678)
During the 20th century, urban expansion in regions surrounding New York City has become an important economic influence on neighboring Connecticut, parts of which belong to the New York metropolitan area. The U.S. Census Bureau groups Fairfield, New Haven and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut together with New York City and other parts of New York and New Jersey as a combined statistical area.
Metropolitan areas and capitals
Metropolitan areas
The following are metropolitan statistical areas as defined by the United States Census Bureau.
State capitals
Hartford, Connecticut
Augusta, Maine
Boston, Massachusetts
Concord, New Hampshire
Providence, Rhode Island
Montpelier, Vermont
Demographics
In 2020, New England had a population of 15,116,205, a growth of 4.6% from 2010. Massachusetts is the most populous state with 7,029,917 residents, while Vermont is the least populous state with 643,077 residents. Boston is by far the region's most populous city and metropolitan area.
Although a great disparity exists between New England's northern and southern portions, the region's average population density is 234.93 inhabitants/sq mi (90.7/km2). New England has a significantly higher population density than that of the U.S. as a whole (79.56/sq mi), or even just the contiguous 48 states (94.48/sq mi). Three-quarters of the population of New England, and most of the major cities, are in southern New England—the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island—where the combined population density is 786.83/sq mi (2000 census). In northern New England—the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont—the combined population density is 63.56/sq mi (2000 census).
According to the 2006–08 American Community Survey, 48.7% of New Englanders were male and 51.3% were female. Approximately 22.4% of the population were under 18 years of age; 13.5% were over 65 years of age. The six states of New England have the lowest birth rate in the U.S.
White Americans make up the majority of New England's population at 73.4% of the total population, Hispanic and Latino Americans are New England's largest minority, and they are the second-largest group in the region behind non-Hispanic European Americans. As of 2014, Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 10.2% of New England's population. Connecticut had the highest proportion at 13.9%, while Vermont had the lowest at 1.3%. There were nearly 1.5 million Hispanic and Latino individuals reported in New England in 2014.
Puerto Ricans were the most numerous of the Hispanic and Latino subgroups. Over 660,000 Puerto Ricans lived in New England in 2014, forming 4.5% of the population. The Dominican population is over 200,000, and the Mexican and Guatemalan populations are each over 100,000. Americans of Cuban descent are scant in number; there were roughly 26,000 Cuban Americans in the region in 2014. People of all other Hispanic and Latino ancestries, including Salvadoran, Colombian and Bolivian, formed 2.5% of New England's population and numbered over 361,000 combined.
According to the 2014 American Community Survey, the top ten largest reported European ancestries were the following: Irish: 19.2% (2.8 million), English (includes "American" ancestry): 16.7% (2.4 million), Italian: 13.6% (2.0 million), French and French Canadian: 13.1% (1.9 million), German: 7.4% (1.1 million), Polish: 4.9% (roughly 715,000), Portuguese: 3.2% (467,000), Scottish: 2.5% (370,000), Russian: 1.4% (206,000), and Greek: 1.0% (152,000).
English is, by far, the most common language spoken at home. Approximately 81.3% of all residents (11.3 million people) over the age of five spoke only English at home. Roughly 1,085,000 people (7.8% of the population) spoke Spanish at home, and roughly 970,000 people (7.0% of the population) spoke other Indo-European languages at home. Over 403,000 people (2.9% of the population) spoke an Asian or Pacific Island language at home. Slightly fewer (about 1%) spoke French at home, although this figure is above 20% in northern New England, which borders francophone Québec. Roughly 99,000 people (0.7% of the population) spoke languages other than these at home.
As of 2014, approximately 87% of New England's inhabitants were born in the U.S., while over 12% were foreign-born. 35.8% of foreign-born residents were born in Latin America, 28.6% were born in Asia, 22.9% were born in Europe, and 8.5% were born in Africa.
Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis, a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington, D.C. The region includes three of the four most densely populated states in the U.S.; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.
Greater Boston, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4.8 million, while over half the population of New England falls inside Boston's Combined Statistical Area of over 8.2 million.
Economy
Several factors combine to make the New England economy unique. The region is distant from the geographic center of the country, and it is a relatively small region but densely populated. It historically has been an important center of industry and manufacturing and a supplier of natural resource products, such as granite, lobster, and codfish. The service industry is important, including tourism, education, financial and insurance services, and architectural, building and construction services. The U.S. Department of Commerce has called the New England economy a microcosm for the entire U.S. economy.
The region underwent a long period of deindustrialization in the first half of the 20th century, as traditional manufacturing companies relocated to the Midwest, with textile and furniture manufacturing migrating to the South. In the late-20th century, an increasing portion of the regional economy included high technology, military defense industry, finance and insurance services, and education and health services. As of 2018, the GDP of New England was $1.1 trillion.
New England exports food products ranging from fish to lobster, cranberries, potatoes, and maple syrup. About half of the region's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment. Granite is quarried at Barre, Vermont, guns made at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Saco, Maine, submarines at Groton, Connecticut, surface naval vessels at Bath, Maine, and hand tools at Turners Falls, Massachusetts.
Urban centers
In 2017, Boston was ranked as having the ninth-most competitive financial center in the world and the fourth-most competitive in the United States. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank and a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation specializes in asset management and custody services and is based in the city.
Boston is also a printing and publishing center. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered there, along with Bedford-St. Martin's and Beacon Press. The city is also home to the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay and the Seaport Hotel and Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront.
The General Electric Corporation announced its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Boston Seaport District from Fairfield, Connecticut, in 2016, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education. The city also holds the headquarters to several major athletic and footwear companies, including Converse, New Balance and Reebok. Rockport, Puma and Wolverine World Wide have headquarters or regional offices just outside the city.
Hartford is the historic international center of the insurance industry, with companies such as Aetna, Conning & Company, The Hartford, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, The Phoenix Companies and Hartford Steam Boiler based in the city, and The Travelers Companies and Lincoln National Corporation have major operations in the city. It is also home to the corporate headquarters of U.S. Fire Arms Mfg. Co., United Technologies, and Virtus Investment Partners.
Fairfield County, Connecticut, has a large concentration of investment management firms in the area, most notably Bridgewater Associates (one of the world's largest hedge fund companies), Aladdin Capital Management and Point72 Asset Management. Moreover, many international banks have their North American headquarters in Fairfield County, such as NatWest Group and UBS.
Agriculture
Agriculture is limited by the area's rocky soil, cool climate, and small area. Some New England states, however, are ranked highly among U.S. states for particular areas of production. Maine is ranked ninth for aquaculture, and has abundant potato fields in its northeast part. Vermont is fifteenth for dairy products, and Connecticut and Massachusetts seventh and eleventh for tobacco, respectively. Cranberries are grown in Massachusetts' Cape Cod-Plymouth-South Shore area, and blueberries in Maine.
Energy
The region is mostly energy-efficient compared to the U.S. at large, with every state but Maine ranking within the ten most energy-efficient states; every state in New England also ranks within the ten most expensive states for electricity prices. Wind power, mainly from offshore sources, is expected to gain market share in the 2020s.
Employment
As of January 2017, employment is stronger in New England than in the rest of the United States. During the Great Recession, unemployment rates ballooned across New England as elsewhere; however, in the years that followed, these rates declined steadily, with New Hampshire and Massachusetts having the lowest unemployment rates in the country, respectively. The most extreme swing was in Rhode Island, which had an unemployment rate above 10% following the recession, but which saw this rate decline by over 6% in six years.
As of December 2016, the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with the lowest unemployment rate, 2.1%, was Burlington-South Burlington, Vermont; the MSA with the highest rate, 4.9%, was Waterbury, Connecticut.
Overall tax burden
In 2018, four of the six New England states were among the top ten states in the country in terms of taxes paid per taxpayer. The rankings included #3 Maine (11.02%), #4 Vermont (10.94%), #6 Connecticut (10.19%) and #7 Rhode Island (10.14%). Additionally New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine and Rhode Island took four of the top five spots for "Highest Property Tax as a Percentage of Personal Income".
Government
Town meetings
New England town meetings were derived from meetings held by church elders, and are still an integral part of government in many New England towns. At such meetings, any citizen of the town may discuss issues with other members of the community and vote on them. This is the strongest example of direct democracy in the U.S. today, and the strong democratic tradition was even apparent in the early 19th century, when Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in Democracy in America:
By contrast, James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 55 that, regardless of the assembly, "passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason. Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob." The use and effectiveness of town meetings is still discussed by scholars, as well as the possible application of the format to other regions and countries.
Politics
Elections
State and national elected officials in New England recently have been elected mainly from the Democratic Party. The region is generally considered to be the most liberal in the United States, with more New Englanders identifying as liberals than Americans elsewhere. In 2010, four of six of the New England states were polled as the most liberal in the United States.
As of 2021, five of the six states of New England have voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1992. In that time, New Hampshire has voted for Democratic nominees in every presidential election except 2000, when George W. Bush narrowly won the state. 2020 was a particularly strong year for Democratic nominee Joe Biden in New England, winning 61.2% of the total vote in the six states, the highest percentage for Democrats since the landslide election of 1964. As of the 117th Congress, all members of the U.S. House of Representatives from New England are members of the Democratic Party, and all but one of its senators caucus with the Democrats. Two of those senators, although caucusing with Democrats, are two of the only three independents currently serving in the Senate: Bernie Sanders, a self-described democratic socialist, representing Vermont and Angus King, an Independent representing Maine.
In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama carried all six New England states by 9 percentage points or more. He carried every county in New England except for Piscataquis County, Maine, which he lost by 4% to Senator John McCain (R-AZ). Pursuant to the reapportionment following the 2010 census, New England collectively has 33 electoral votes.
The following table presents the vote percentage for the popular-vote winner for each New England state, New England as a whole, and the United States as a whole, in each presidential election from 1900 to 2020, with the vote percentage for the Republican candidate shaded in red and the vote percentage for the Democratic candidate shaded in blue:
Political party strength
Judging purely by party registration rather than voting patterns, New England today is one of the most Democratic regions in the U.S. According to Gallup, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont are "solidly Democratic", Maine "leans Democratic", and New Hampshire is a swing state. Though New England is today considered a Democratic Party stronghold, much of the region was staunchly Republican before the mid-twentieth century. This changed in the late 20th century, in large part due to demographic shifts and the Republican Party's adoption of socially conservative platforms as part of their strategic shift towards the South. For example, Vermont voted Republican in every presidential election from 1856 through 1988 with the exception of 1964, and has voted Democratic every election since. Maine and Vermont were the only two states in the nation to vote against Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt all four times he ran for president. Republicans in New England are today considered by both liberals and conservatives to be more moderate (socially liberal) compared to Republicans in other parts of the U.S.
New Hampshire primary
Historically, the New Hampshire primary has been the first in a series of nationwide political party primary elections held in the United States every four years. Held in the state of New Hampshire, it usually marks the beginning of the U.S. presidential election process. Even though few delegates are chosen from New Hampshire, the primary has always been pivotal to both New England and American politics. One college in particular, Saint Anselm College, has been home to numerous national presidential debates and visits by candidates to its campus.
Education
Colleges and universities
New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States and the world. Harvard College was the first such institution, founded in 1636 at Cambridge, Massachusetts, to train preachers. Yale University was founded in Saybrook, Connecticut, in 1701, and awarded the nation's first doctoral (PhD) degree in 1861. Yale moved to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1718, where it has remained to the present day.
Brown University was the first college in the nation to accept students of all religious affiliations, and is the seventh oldest U.S. institution of higher learning. It was founded in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1764. Dartmouth College was founded five years later in Hanover, New Hampshire, with the mission of educating the local American Indian population as well as English youth. The University of Vermont, the fifth oldest university in New England, was founded in 1791, the same year that Vermont joined the Union.
In addition to four out of eight Ivy League schools, New England contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the bulk of educational institutions that are identified as the "Little Ivies", four of the original Seven Sisters, one of the eight original Public Ivies, the Colleges of Worcester Consortium in central Massachusetts, and the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts. The University of Maine, the University of New Hampshire, the University of Connecticut, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, the University of Rhode Island, and the University of Vermont are the flagship state universities in the region.
Private and independent secondary schools
At the pre-college level, New England is home to a number of American independent schools (also known as private schools). The concept of the elite "New England prep school" (preparatory school) and the "preppy" lifestyle is an iconic part of the region's image.
See the list of private schools for each state:Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.
Public education
New England is home to some of the oldest public schools in the nation and was the first region in the United States to implement universal compulsory schooling. Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in America and was attended by several signatories of the Declaration of Independence. Hartford Public High School is the second oldest operating high school in the U.S.
As of 2005, the National Education Association ranked Connecticut as having the highest-paid teachers in the country. Massachusetts and Rhode Island ranked eighth and ninth, respectively.
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont have cooperated in developing a New England Common Assessment Program test under the No Child Left Behind guidelines. These states can compare the resultant scores with each other.
Academic journals and press
There are several academic journals and publishing companies in the region, including The New England Journal of Medicine, Harvard University Press and Yale University Press. Some of its institutions lead the open access alternative to conventional academic publication, including MIT, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Maine. The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston publishes the New England Economic Review.
Culture
New England has a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by waves of immigration from Europe. In contrast to other American regions, many of New England's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England, contributing to New England's distinctive accents, foods, customs, and social structures. Within modern New England a cultural divide exists between urban New Englanders living along the densely populated coastline, and rural New Englanders in western Massachusetts, northwestern and northeastern Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, where population density is low. There is also a substantial divide between Connecticut and the other states of the region, owing to the former's close cultural and economic ties with the New York metropolitan area.
Religion
Today, New England is the least religious region of the U.S. In 2009, less than half of those polled in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont claimed that religion was an important part of their daily lives. Connecticut and Rhode Island are among the ten least religious states, where 55% and 53% of those polled (respectively) claimed that it was important. According to the American Religious Identification Survey, 34% of Vermonters claimed to have no religion; nearly one out of every four New Englanders identifies as having no religion, more than in any other part of the U.S. New England had one of the highest percentages of Catholics in the U.S. This number declined from 50% in 1990 to 36% in 2008.
Cultural roots
Many of the first European colonists of New England had a maritime orientation toward whaling (first noted about 1650) and fishing, in addition to farming. New England has developed a distinct cuisine, dialect, architecture, and government. New England cuisine has a reputation for its emphasis on seafood and dairy; clam chowder, lobster, and other products of the sea are among some of the region's most popular foods.
New England has largely preserved its regional character, especially in its historic places. The region has become more ethnically diverse, having seen waves of immigration from Ireland, Quebec, Italy, Portugal, Germany, Poland, Scandinavia, Asia, Latin America, Africa, other parts of the U.S., and elsewhere. The enduring European influence can be seen in the region in the use of traffic rotaries; the bilingual French and English towns of northern Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire; the unique, often non-rhotic traditional coastal dialect akin to the southeastern half of England; and the region's heavy prevalence of English town- and county-names. These repeat from state to state, primarily due to settlers throughout the region having named their new towns after their old ones. For example, the town of North Yarmouth, Maine, was named by settlers from Yarmouth, Massachusetts, which was in turn named for Great Yarmouth (still locally called Yarmouth) in England. Every New England state has a town named Warren (a French-English noble family of wealthy settlers), and each except Rhode Island has a city/town named Franklin and Washington (constitutional founding fathers), Andover, Bridgewater, Chester, Manchester, Plymouth, and Windsor (these six were towns in England). Every state except Connecticut has a Lincoln and has a Richmond. Massachusetts, Vermont, and Maine each contain a Franklin County.
Cuisine
New England maintains a distinct cuisine and food culture. Early foods in the region were influenced by Native American and English cuisines. The early colonists often adapted their original cuisine to fit with the available foods of the region. New England staples reflect the convergence of American Indian and Pilgrim cuisine, such as johnnycakes, succotash, cornbread and various seafood recipes. The Wabanaki tribal nations made nut milk.
New England also has a distinct food language. A few of the unique regional terms include "grinders" for submarine sandwiches and "frappes" for thick milkshakes, referred to as "Cabinets" in Rhode Island. Other foods native to the region include steak tips (marinated sirloin steak), bulkie rolls, maple syrup, cranberry recipes and clam chowder.
A type of India pale ale known as New England India Pale Ale (NEIPA) was developed in Vermont in the 2010s. Other regional beverages include Moxie, one of the first mass-produced soft drinks in the United States, introduced in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1876; it remains popular in New England, particularly in Maine. Coffee milk is associated with Rhode Island as the official state drink.
Portuguese cuisine is an important element in the annual Feast of the Blessed Sacrament in New Bedford, Massachusetts, the largest ethnic heritage festival in New England.
Accents and dialects
There are several American English dialects spoken in the region, most famously the Boston accent, which is native to the northeastern coastal regions of New England. The most identifiable features of the Boston accent are believed to have originated from England's Received Pronunciation, which shares features such as the broad A and dropping the final R. Another source was 17th century speech in East Anglia and Lincolnshire, where many of the Puritan immigrants had originated. The East Anglian "whine" developed into the Yankee "twang". Boston accents were most strongly associated at one point with the so-called "Eastern Establishment" and Boston's upper class, although today the accent is predominantly associated with blue-collar natives, as exemplified by movies such as Good Will Hunting and The Departed. The Boston accent and those accents closely related to it cover eastern Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine.
Some Rhode Islanders speak with a non-rhotic accent that many compare to a "Brooklyn" accent or a cross between a New York and Boston accent, where "water" becomes "wata". Many Rhode Islanders distinguish the aw sound , as one might hear in New Jersey; e.g., the word "coffee" is pronounced . This type of accent was brought to the region by early settlers from eastern England in the Puritan migration in the mid-seventeenth century.
Social activities and music
Acadian and Québécois culture are included in music and dance in much of rural New England, particularly Maine. Contra dancing and country square dancing are popular throughout New England, usually backed by live Irish, Acadian or other folk music. Fife and drum corps are common, especially in southern New England and more specifically Connecticut, with music of mostly Celtic, English, and local origin.
New England leads the U.S. in ice cream consumption per capita.
Candlepin bowling is essentially confined to New England, where it was invented in the 19th century.
New England was an important center of American classical music for some time. The First New England School of composers was active between 1770 and 1820, and the Second New England School about a century later. Prominent modernist composers also come from the region, including Charles Ives and John Adams. Boston is the site of the New England Conservatory, Boston Conservatory at Berklee, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
In popular music, the region has produced Donna Summer, JoJo, New Edition, Bobby Brown, Bel Biv Devoe, Passion Pit, MGMT, Meghan Trainor, New Kids on the Block, Rachel Platten and John Mayer. In rock music, the region has produced Rob Zombie, Aerosmith, Extreme, the Modern Lovers, Phish, the Pixies, the Cars, the J. Geils Band, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Grace Potter, GG Allin, the Dresden Dolls, Dinosaur Jr., the Dropkick Murphys and Boston. Quincy, Massachusetts, native Dick Dale helped popularize surf rock. Hip hop acts hailing from New England include Gang Starr, Apathy, Mr. Lif and Akrobatik.
Media
The leading U.S. cable TV sports broadcaster ESPN is headquartered in Bristol, Connecticut. New England has several regional cable networks, including New England Cable News (NECN) and the New England Sports Network (NESN). New England Cable News is the largest regional 24-hour cable news network in the U.S., broadcasting to more than 3.2 million homes in all of the New England states. Its studios are located in Newton, Massachusetts, outside of Boston, and it maintains bureaus in Manchester, New Hampshire; Hartford, Connecticut; Worcester, Massachusetts; Portland, Maine; and Burlington, Vermont. In Connecticut, Litchfield, Fairfield, and New Haven counties it also broadcasts New York based news programs—this is due in part to the immense influence New York has on this region's economy and culture, and also to give Connecticut broadcasters the ability to compete with overlapping media coverage from New York-area broadcasters.
NESN broadcasts the Boston Red Sox baseball and Boston Bruins hockey throughout the region, save for Fairfield County, Connecticut. Connecticut also receives the YES Network, which broadcasts the games of the New York Yankees and Brooklyn Nets as well as SportsNet New York (SNY), which broadcasts New York Mets games.
NBC Sports Boston broadcasts the games of the Boston Celtics, New England Revolution and Boston Cannons to all of New England except Fairfield County.
While most New England cities have daily newspapers, The Boston Globe and The New York Times are distributed widely throughout the region. Major newspapers also include The Providence Journal, Portland Press Herald, and Hartford Courant, the oldest continuously published newspaper in the U.S.
Comedy
New Englanders are well represented in American comedy. Writers for The Simpsons and late-night television programs often come by way of The Harvard Lampoon. A number of Saturday Night Live (SNL) cast members have roots in New England, from Adam Sandler to Amy Poehler, who also starred in the NBC television series Parks and Recreation. Seth MacFarlane, the creator of Family Guy, is from Connecticut, with the show taking place in a fictional town called Quahog, Rhode Island. Former Daily Show correspondents John Hodgman, Rob Corddry and Steve Carell are from Massachusetts. Carell was also involved in film and the American adaptation of The Office (alongside fellow Massachusetts natives Mindy Kaling, B. J. Novak, and John Krasinski), which features Dunder-Mifflin branches set in Stamford, Connecticut, and Nashua, New Hampshire.
Late-night television hosts Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien have roots in the Boston area. Notable stand-up comedians are also from the region, including Bill Burr, Steve Sweeney, Steven Wright, Sarah Silverman, Lisa Lampanelli, Denis Leary, Lenny Clarke, Patrice O'Neal and Louis CK. SNL cast member Seth Meyers once attributed the region's imprint on American humor to its "sort of wry New England sense of pointing out anyone who's trying to make a big deal of himself", with The Boston Globe suggesting that irony and sarcasm are its trademarks, as well as Irish influences.
Literature
New Englanders have made significant contributions to literature. The first printing press in America was set up in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Stephen Daye in the 17th century. Writers in New England produced many works on religious subjects, particularly on Puritan theology and poetry during colonial times and on Enlightenment ideas during the American Revolution. The literature of New England has had an enduring influence on American literature in general, with themes that are emblematic of the larger concerns of American letters, such as religion, race, the individual versus society, social repression and nature.
19th century New England was a center for progressive ideals, and many abolitionist and transcendentalist tracts were produced. Leading transcendentalists were from New England, such as Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Frederic Henry Hedge. Hartford, Connecticut resident Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin was an influential book in the spread of abolitionist ideas and is said to have "laid the groundwork for the Civil War". Other prominent New England novelists include John Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Louisa May Alcott, Sarah Orne Jewett, H. P. Lovecraft, Annie Proulx, Stephen King, Jack Kerouac, George V. Higgins, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Boston was the center of the American publishing industry for some years, largely on the strength of its local writers and before it was overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century. Boston remains the home of publishers Houghton Mifflin and Pearson Education, and it was the longtime home of literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly. Merriam-Webster is based in Springfield, Massachusetts. Yankee is a magazine for New Englanders based in Dublin, New Hampshire.
Many New Englander poets have also been preeminent in American poetry. Prominent poets include Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, David Lindsay-Abaire, Annie Proulx, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Amy Lowell, John Cheever, Emily Dickinson, Elizabeth Bishop, Stanley Kunitz, E. E. Cummings, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Robert P. T. Coffin and Richard Wilbur. Robert Frost who was described as an "artistic institution" frequently wrote about rural New England life. The Confessional poetry movement features prominent New England writers including Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath.
Film, television, and acting
New England has a rich history in filmmaking dating back to the dawn of the motion picture era at the turn of the 20th century, sometimes dubbed Hollywood East by film critics. A theater at 547 Washington Street in Boston was the second location to debut a picture projected by the Vitascope, and shortly thereafter several novels were being adapted for the screen and set in New England, including The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables. The New England region continued to churn out films at a pace above the national average for the duration of the 20th century, including blockbuster hits such as Jaws, Good Will Hunting and The Departed, all of which won Academy Awards. The New England area became known for a number of themes that recurred in films made during this era, including the development of yankee characters, smalltown life contrasted with city values, seafaring tales, family secrets and haunted New England. These themes are rooted in centuries of New England culture and are complemented by the region's diverse natural landscape and architecture, from the Atlantic Ocean and brilliant fall foliage to church steeples and skyscrapers.
Since the turn of the millennium, Boston and the greater New England region have been home to the production of numerous films and television series, thanks in part to tax incentive programs put in place by local governments to attract filmmakers to the region.
Notable actors and actresses that have come from the New England area include Ben Affleck, Matt Damon, Chris Evans, Ryan O'Neal, Amy Poehler, Elizabeth Banks, Steve Carell, Ruth Gordon, John Krasinski, Edward Norton, Mark Wahlberg and Matthew Perry. Many films and television series have been produced in and set in New England.
Museums, historical societies, and libraries
There are many museums located throughout New England, especially in the Greater Boston area. These museums include privately held collections as well as public institutions. Most notable of these museums are the Museum of Fine Arts, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Worcester Art Museum, and the Peabody Essex Museum. The oldest public museum in continuous operation in the United States is the Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts, which opened in 1824.
The Boston Public Library is the largest public library in the region with over 8 million materials in its collection. The largest academic research library in the world is the Harvard Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The W. E. B. Du Bois Library of the University of Massachusetts Amherst is the tallest academic library in the world.
There are also many historical societies in the region. Historic New England operates museums and historic sites in the name of historical preservation. Many properties belonging to HNE include preserved house museums of prominent figures in New England and American history. Other societies include the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Essex Institute, the American Antiquarian Society, and The Bostonian Society. The Massachusetts Historical Society, founded in 1791, is the oldest operating in the United States. Many cities and towns across New England operate their own historical societies focused on historical preservation of local sites and the recording of local history.
Sports
New England has a strong heritage of athletics, and many internationally popular sports were invented and codified in the region, including basketball, volleyball, and American football.
Football is the most popular sport in the region and was developed by Walter Camp in New Haven, Connecticut, in the 1870s and 1880s. The New England Patriots are based in Foxborough, Massachusetts, and are the most popular professional sports team in New England. The Patriots have won six Super Bowl championships and are one of the most winning teams in the National Football League. There are also high-profile collegiate and high school football rivalries in New England. These games are most often played on Thanksgiving Day and are some of the oldest sports rivalries in the United States. The high school rivalry between Wellesley High School and Needham High School in Massachusetts is considered to be the nation's oldest football rivalry, having started in 1882.
Before the advent of modern rules of baseball, a different form was played called the Massachusetts Game. This version of baseball was an early rival of the Knickerbocker Rules of New York and was played throughout New England. In 1869, there were 59 teams throughout the region which played according to the Massachusetts rules. The New York rules gradually became more popular throughout the United States, and professional and semi-professional clubs began to appear. Early teams included the Providence Grays, the Worcester Worcesters and the Hartford Dark Blues; these did not last long, but other teams grew to renown, such as the Boston Braves and the Boston Red Sox. Fenway Park was built in 1912 and is the oldest ballpark still in use in Major League Baseball. Other professional baseball teams in the region include the Hartford Yard Goats, New Hampshire Fisher Cats, Vermont Lake Monsters, Portland Sea Dogs, Bridgeport Bluefish, New Britain Bees and the Worcester Red Sox.
Basketball was developed in Springfield, Massachusetts, by James Naismith in 1891. Naismith was attempting to create a game which could be played indoors so that athletes could keep fit during New England winters. The Boston Celtics were founded in 1946 and are one of the most successful NBA teams, winning 17 titles. The NBA G League team the Maine Red Claws is based in Portland, Maine. The Women's National Basketball Association's Connecticut Sun is based in Uncasville, Connecticut. The UConn Huskies women's basketball team is the most successful women's collegiate team in the nation, winning 11 NCAA Division I titles. The Basketball Hall of Fame is located in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Winter sports are extremely popular and have a long history in the region, including alpine skiing, snowboarding, and Nordic skiing. Ice hockey is also a popular sport. The Boston Bruins were founded in 1924 as an Original Six team, and they have a historic rivalry with the Montreal Canadiens. The Bruins play in the TD Garden, a venue that they share with the Boston Celtics. College hockey is also a popular spectator sport, with Boston's annual Beanpot tournament between Northeastern University, Boston University, Harvard University and Boston College. Other hockey teams include the Maine Mariners, Providence Bruins, Springfield Thunderbirds, Worcester Railers, Bridgeport Sound Tigers and the Hartford Wolf Pack. The Connecticut Whale hockey team and the Boston Pride are two of the six teams of the Premier Hockey Federation. The region's largest ice hockey and skating facility is the New England Sports Center in Marlborough, Massachusetts, home to the Skating Club of Boston, one of the oldest ice skating clubs in the United States.
Volleyball was invented in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895 by William G. Morgan. Morgan was an instructor at a YMCA and wanted to create an indoor game for his athletes. The game was based on badminton and was spread as a sport through YMCA facilities. The international Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke.
Rowing, sailing, and yacht racing are also popular events in New England. The Head of the Charles race is held on the Charles River in October every year and attracts over 10,000 athletes and over 200,000 spectators each year. Sailing regattas include the Newport Bermuda Race, the Marblehead to Halifax Ocean Race, and the Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race. The New York Times considers the Newport and Marblehead races to be among the most prestigious in the world.
The Boston Marathon is run on Patriots' Day every year and was first run in 1897. It is a World Marathon Major and is operated by the Boston Athletic Association. The race route goes from Hopkinton, Massachusetts, through Greater Boston, finishing at Copley Square in Boston. The race offers far less prize money than many other marathons, but its difficulty and long history make it one of the world's most prestigious marathons. It is New England's largest sporting event with nearly 500,000 spectators each year.
New England is represented in the top level of American professional soccer by the New England Revolution, an inaugural team of the Major League Soccer founded in 1994 and playing in Gillette Stadium which it shares with the New England Patriots. The Revolution have won a U.S. Open Cup and a SuperLiga Championship, and they have appeared in five MLS finals. In the USL Championship, the second division on the American soccer pyramid, New England is represented by Hartford Athletic which was founded in 2019 and plays its games at Dillon Stadium.
Transportation
Each of the New England states has its own Department of Transportation which plans and develops systems for transport, though some transportation authorities operate across state and municipal lines. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) oversees public transportation in the Greater Boston area. It is the largest such agency and operates throughout eastern Massachusetts and into Rhode Island. The MBTA oversees the oldest subway system (the Tremont Street subway) and the second most-used light rail line (the Green Line) in the United States, as well as one of five remaining trolleybus systems nationwide. Coastal Connecticut makes use of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York due to the connection of that region to New York's economy. The MTA operates the Metro-North Railroad in coordination with the Connecticut Department of Transportation. CTrail is a division of the Connecticut Department of Transportation which operates the Shore Line East along its southern coast, terminating in Old Saybrook and New London. It also operates the Hartford Line, leading south to New Haven and north to Springfield. Commuter rail service is provided north of Springfield to Greenfield, Massachusetts, as part of the Valley Flyer Amtrak route.
Amtrak provides interstate rail service throughout New England. Boston is the northern terminus of the Northeast Corridor. The Vermonter connects Vermont to Massachusetts and Connecticut, while the Downeaster links Maine to Boston. The long-distance Lake Shore Limited train has two eastern termini after splitting in Albany, one of which is Boston. This provides rail service on the former Boston and Albany Railroad which runs between its namesake cities. The rest of the Lake Shore Limited continues to New York City.
Bus transportation is available in most urban areas and is governed by regional and local authorities. The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority and the MetroWest Regional Transit Authority are examples of public bus transportation which support more suburban and rural communities.
South Station in Boston is a major center for bus, rail, and light rail lines. Major interstate highways traversing the region include I-95, I-93, I-91, I-89, I-84, and I-90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike). Logan Airport is the busiest transportation hub in the region in terms of number of passengers and total cargo, opened in 1923 and located in East Boston and Winthrop, Massachusetts. It is a hub for Cape Air and Delta Air Lines, and a focus city for JetBlue. It is the 16th busiest airport in the United States. Other airports in the region include Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport, Bradley International Airport, Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport, Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, and Portland International Jetport.
See also
Atlantic Northeast
Autumn in New England
Brother Jonathan
Extreme points of New England
Fieldstone
Historic New England
List of beaches in New England
List of birds of New England
List of mammals of New England
Manor of East Greenwich
New Albion
New Albion (colony)
New England–Acadian forests
New England Confederation
New England (medieval)
New England Planters
New England Summer Nationals
Northeastern coastal forests
Offshore wind power
Southeastern New England AVA wine region
Swamp Yankee
References
Citations
Sources
New York: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries, John H. Long, Editor; Compiled by Kathryn Ford Thorne; A Project of the Dr. William M. Scholl Center for Family and Community History, The Newberry Library, Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Further reading
Bartlett, Ray et al. New England Trips.
Berman, Eleanor. Eyewitness Travel Guides New England.
Chenoweth, James. Oddity Odyssey: A Journey Through New England's Colorful Past. Holt, 1996. Humorous travel guide.
Hall, Donald, Burt Feintuch, and David H. Watters, eds. Encyclopedia of New England (Yale U.P. 2005), 1596 pp; the major scholarly resource to the geography, history and culture of the region.
Koistinen, David. Confronting Decline: The Political Economy of Deindustrialization in Twentieth-Century New England (2013)
Muse, Vance. The Smithsonian Guide to Historic America: Northern New England. Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1998. A photographic guide to historic sites in New England.
Riess, Jana. The Spiritual Traveler Boston and New England: A Guide to Sacred Sites and Peaceful Places, HiddenSpring
Sletcher, Michael. New England: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures (2004)
Wiencek, Henry. The Smithsonian Guide to Historic America: Southern New England. Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1998. A photographic guide to historic sites in New England.
External links
Political
New England Governors Conference
Historical
Historic New England
Minuteman National Park Homepage - American Revolution battle site
Maps
Historic USGS Maps of New England & NY
Map of New England. From the 1871 Atlas of Massachusetts by Walling and Gray.
Culture
New England Music Archive
Census regions of the United States
English colonization of the Americas
History of New England
Military history of New England
Regions of the United States
Maritime culture |
29148708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender%20of%20Montauban | Surrender of Montauban | The Surrender of Montauban occurred on 21 August 1629, when the Huguenot city of Montauban surrendered to the Catholic troops of the French king Louis XIII under the direction of Richelieu.
In 1622, Mautauban had successfully resisted the assaults of Louis XIII, but the city finally lost its independence with its surrender to royal forces in 1629. Montauban was considered to be the most powerful Huguenot fortress in France after La Rochelle.
The redition was the final chapter of the Huguenot rebellions, as the remnants of Huguenot power in southern France surrendered to the king. After the sieges of Privas and Alès, the remaining Huguenot cities rapidly fell, and finally Montauban surrendered without resistance. This was one of the last events in the repression of the Huguenot rebellions in France.
The redition was followed by the Peace of Alès of 27 September 1629, which settled the revolt by guaranteeing the practice of the Huguenot religion and judicial protection, but requiring Huguenot strongholds as well as political assemblies to be dismantled.
Soon after the surrender, the fortifications of Montauban were taken down by Richelieu. Catholicism was reinstated in Montauban, and a governing body, formed of half Protestants and half Catholics, established, as well as a senior administrator representing the king in 1635. In the space of 30 years, numerous discriminatory rules were established against the Protestants of Montauban, from clothing to religious restrictions. The Huguenots of Montauban were finally broken by Catholic military repression, the Dragonnades, in 1683.
Notes
1629 in France
Conflicts in 1629
History of Occitania (administrative region)
Huguenot rebellions |
581803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20Sciences%20X-34 | Orbital Sciences X-34 | The Orbital Sciences X-34 was intended to be a low-cost testbed for demonstrating "key technologies" that could be integrated into the Reusable Launch Vehicle program. It was intended to be an autonomous pilotless craft powered by a "Fastrac" liquid-propellant rocket engine, capable of reaching Mach 8 and performing 25 test flights per year.
The X-34 began as a program for a suborbital reusable-rocket technology demonstrator. In early 2001, the first flight vehicle was near completion, but the program was ended due to budget concerns. Up to this point, the project had encompassed spending of just under $112 million: $85.7M from the original contract with designer Orbital Sciences, $16M from NASA and various government agencies for testing, and an additional $10M for Orbital Sciences to adapt its L-1011 carrier to accommodate the X-34. The program was officially canceled by NASA on March 31, 2001. The unpowered prototype had been used only for towing and captive flight tests when the project was canceled.
The two demonstrators remained in storage at Edwards Air Force Base until they were temporarily moved to Mojave, California, in late 2010. This prompted some speculation that they might be restored to flight status. , the spaceplanes were lying in the yard of a crane company in nearby Lancaster, California.
Gallery
See also
List of experimental aircraft
Cygnus (spacecraft)
Lockheed Martin X-33
Prometheus (spacecraft) (CCdev)
Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (CCdev)
References
Further reading
External links
NASA Dryden X-34 Technology Testbed Demonstrator Photo Collection
Federation of American Scientists
Edwards Air Force Base
Spaceplanes
X-34, Orbital Sciences |
70826969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperomia%20trifolia | Peperomia trifolia | Peperomia trifolia is a species of plant in the genus Peperomia. Its native range covers the Lesser Antilles and Trinidad.
References
trifolia
Flora of Trinidad and Tobago
Flora of the Leeward Islands
Flora of the Windward Islands
Plants described in 1831
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
2009426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Game%20of%20Thrones%20%28role-playing%20game%29 | A Game of Thrones (role-playing game) | A Game of Thrones is a role-playing game produced by Guardians of Order based on the A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy series by George R. R. Martin.
Description
The game is designed to be usable with two RPG systems: the d20 System and the Tri-Stat dX system. Two editions were made: a serial-numbered edition limited to 2500 copies, ; and a standard edition, . The limited edition is faux-leather bound with silver gilt pages and includes rules for both systems, and includes an interview with Martin. The standard edition contains only the d20 system rules. The book was created by Guardians of Order and released by Sword & Sorcery, a subsidiary of White Wolf Games.
Reception
The A Game of Thrones RPG (AGOT RPG) was nominated for several ENnie Awards and won 2006 awards for: Best Production (Silver), Best Game (Silver), and Best d20/OGL Product (Silver).
History
On 28 July 2006, Martin announced that he had received word from the head of Guardians of Order that the company was folding and that no further releases for the setting would take place. Martin expressed hope that the game may be salvaged by another company, though he also said that he was experiencing difficulty in trying to recover his intellectual property rights.
On 7 March 2007 Martin wrote that he had regained control of his intellectual property rights and was "all square" with Guardians of Order. As part of their settlement, Mr. Martin received all remaining stock of the limited edition version of the RPG. No further information regarding the settlement was revealed, nor the status of other creditors' claims on the property.
On 24 April 2007, it was on Martin's website that Green Ronin was producing a new line of A Song of Ice and Fire RPG products, unrelated to the earlier Guardians of Order effort. The Green Ronin game, titled A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying (SIFRP), went on sale on 10 March 2009: it uses a custom game system and does not contain rules from either the d20 or Tri-Stat dX systems.
Issue 307 of Dragon magazine featured D20 content related to ASOIAF, including stats for Tyrion Lannister, Sandor Clegane and other prominent characters; adventure hooks; and a brother of the Night's Watch prestige class.
See also
A Game of Thrones (board game)
A Game of Thrones (card game)
References
External links
RPG.net review
Canadian role-playing games
ENnies winners
Fantasy role-playing games
Games based on A Song of Ice and Fire
Guardians of Order games
Role-playing games based on novels
Role-playing games introduced in 2005 |
58721062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine%20House%20No.%203%20%28Kalamazoo%2C%20Michigan%29 | Engine House No. 3 (Kalamazoo, Michigan) | Engine House No. 3 is a former fire station located at 607 Charlotte Avenue in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
History
The first Kalamazoo hook and ladder company was established in 1846. By 1854 there were two companies, and the fire department continued to grow. In the early part of the 20th century, a number of new stations were constructed, and by 1910, the city had six stations. Four of these were designed by local architect Forrest D. Van Volkenberg, including Engine House No. 3. This station was constructed between 1907 and 1908, and it was used as a fire station by the city until 1980, when it was sold. As of 2013, the building was vacant.
Description
Engine House No. 3 is a two-story brick structure, built in a Prairie School / Bungalow style that was popular at the time of construction. The architect, Forrest D. Van Volkenberg, designed the station with the local area in mind, and the design echoes that of the surrounding houses. It includes a small front porch similar to the houses in the neighborhood.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Kalamazoo County, Michigan
Prairie School architecture
Buildings and structures completed in 1907 |
21008328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%20schl%C3%A4ft%2C%20was%20soll%20ich%20hoffen%3F%20BWV%2081 | Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen? BWV 81 | (Jesus sleeps, what shall I hope for?), 81, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in 1724 in Leipzig for the fourth Sunday after Epiphany and first performed it on 30 January 1724.
History and words
Bach wrote the cantata in his first year in Leipzig for the Fourth Sunday after Epiphany. A fourth Sunday after Epiphany is rare and occurs only in years with a late date of Easter. The prescribed readings for the Sunday were taken from the Epistle to the Romans, love completes the law (), and from the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus calming the storm (after sleeping in the boat) (). The poet is unknown, but Erdmann Neumeister and Christian Weiss have been suggested by scholars. The poet refers to the Gospel and expands on the contrast of Jesus hidden (sleeping) and appearing (acting), similar to , written in 1716 and performed three weeks earlier on the First Sunday after Epiphany. The words of movement 4 are a quote from the Gospel, the question of Jesus: "" (Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith?). The closing chorale is the second stanza of Johann Franck's hymn "".
Bach first performed the cantata on 30 January 1724.
Scoring and structure
The cantata in seven movements is scored for alto, tenor and bass soloists, a four-part choir in the chorale, two oboes d'amore, two recorders, two violins, viola, and basso continuo. The recorders and the oboes were probably played by the same musicians.
Aria (alto):
Recitative (tenor):
Aria (tenor):
Arioso (bass):
Aria (bass):
Recitative (alto):
Chorale:
Music
Bach expresses the questions of the anxious "soul" in a dramatic way, similar to dialogues such as in . The first aria speaks of the "sleeping", illustrated by the recorders, low registers of the strings, and long notes in the voice. Bach used similar means also in the aria of his Easter Oratorio. The third movement almost visualizes the storm and the movement of the waves, similar to scenes in contemporary operas. The central fourth movement within a symmetrical arrangement is devoted to the bass as the (voice of Christ). The continuo and the voice use similar material in this arioso, intensifying the words. The following aria, marked allegro, contrasts the "storm", in unison runs of the strings, with calmer motion in the oboes.
The closing chorale is set for four parts. It is the second verse of "", a chorale by Johann Franck with a melody by Johann Crüger which appeared first in his published in Berlin in 1653.
Bach composed a similar symmetry around a biblical word in 1726 in .
Selected recordings
Bach Cantatas Vol. 1 – Advent and Christmas, Karl Richter, Münchener Bach-Chor, Münchener Bach-Orchester, Anna Reynolds, Peter Schreier, Theo Adam, Archiv Produktion 1972
J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk – Sacred Cantatas Vol. 5, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Tölzer Knabenchor, Concentus Musicus Wien, Paul Esswood, Kurt Equiluz, Ruud van der Meer, Teldec 1978
Die Bach Kantate Vol. 25, Helmuth Rilling, Gächinger Kantorei, Bach-Collegium Stuttgart, Julia Hamari, Adalbert Kraus, Siegmund Nimsgern, Hänssler 1983
J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 8, Ton Koopman, Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir, Bogna Bartosz, Jörg Dürmüller, Klaus Mertens, Antoine Marchand 1998
J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 8, Pieter Jan Leusink, Holland Boys Choir, Netherlands Bach Collegium, Sytse Buwalda, Knut Schoch, Bas Ramselaar, Brilliant Classics 1999
Bach Cantatas Vol. 19: Greenwich/Romsey, John Eliot Gardiner, Monteverdi Choir, English Baroque Soloists, William Towers, Paul Agnew, Peter Harvey, Soli Deo Gloria 2000
J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 21 – Cantatas from Leipzig 1724, Masaaki Suzuki, Bach Collegium Japan, Robin Blaze, James Gilchrist, Peter Kooy, BIS 2002
J. S. Bach: Cantatas for the Complete Liturgical Year Vol. 8, Sigiswald Kuijken, La Petite Bande, Gerlinde Sämann, Petra Noskaiová, Christoph Genz, Jan van der Crabben, Accent 2008
References
Sources
Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen BWV 81; BC A 39 / Sacred cantata (4th Sunday of Epiphany) Bach Digital
Cantata BWV 81 Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen? history, scoring, sources for text and music, translations to various languages, discography, discussion, bach-cantatas website
BWV 81 Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen? English translation, University of Vermont
BWV 81 Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen? text, scoring, University of Alberta
Luke Dahn: BWV 81.7 bach-chorales.com
External links
Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen? BWV 81: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach
1724 compositions |
11271347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo%20de%20Borja%20%28DO%29 | Campo de Borja (DO) | Campo de Borja is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines located in the Campo de Borja comarca, northwest of the province of Zaragoza (Aragon, Spain). It is a transition zone between the plains of the River Ebro and the mountains of the Sistema Ibérico.
The DOP comprises 16 municipalities. These are Ainzón, Agón, Albeta, Ambel, Bisimbre, Borja, Bulbuente, Bureta, Fréscano, Fuendejalón, Magallón, Maleján, Mallén, Pozuelo de Aragón, Tabuenca and Vera de Moncayo.
The Moncayo mountain is the dominant feature of the DOP and creates a microclimate which gives the wines a special character.
History
It is assumed that the ancient Romans introduced and developed grape-growing in this region, but the first written reference is a document in the archives of the Cistercian Monastery of Veruela which refers to donations of vineyards in the year 1203.
During the centuries of Arab domination of the Iberian Peninsula, grape and wine production decreased and only increased again after the reconquest by Christian forces.
During the course of the 15th century the successive abbots of the Veruela Monastery acquired vast quantities of land and placed it under vines. According to the monastery’s records, in 1453 they even bought an entire town (Ainzón) with all its fields, pastures, watercourses and vineyards.
This monastery was very influential in the development of wine production right up to the 19th century, and was responsible for the replanting and grafting of the entire area after the phylloxera plague.
The area was finally recognised as a Denominación de Origin in 1980 when the statutes were approved.
Climate
The climate is continental, with Atlantic influences during the winter, notably a cold, dry wind from the northwest. In summer, there is a Mediterranean influence. The temperature varies a great deal, both on a daily and on a seasonal basis. Annual rainfall is very low, only about 350 mm in the low-lying areas and 450 mm in higher areas. The vineyards are planted on a series of high plateaus at heights ranging between 350 m and 750 m above sea level.
Soils
The soils are mainly dark lime-bearing soils, of average rockiness, good drainage, average level of organic matter and rich in nutrients. Closer to the Moncayo the clay and iron content increases, as does the general rockiness.
Vineyards
There are currently about 6,300 ha under vines which produce between 20 and 25 million kg of grapes. The vines are cultivated both as low bushes (en vaso) and also on trellises (en espaldera).
Authorised Grape varieties
The authorised grape varieties are:
Red: Garnacha, Tempranillo, Mazuela, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah
White: Macabeo, Garnacha Blanca, Chardonnay, Moscatel de Alejandría, Sauvignon Blanc, and Verdejo
Wines
Whites: made with 100% Macabeo grapes. Min 11%
Rosés: made with Garnacha grapes. Min 11%
Young Reds: Made both as 100% Garnacha and also in combination with Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon. Min 12%
Crianzas: must be aged for at least 24 months. Min 12.5%
Reservas: must be aged for at least 12 months in oak casks plus 24 months in the bottle. Min 12.5%
Gran Reservas: must be aged for at least 24 months in oak casks plus 36 months in the bottle. Min 12.5%
Others: Mistelas, dessert wines form Moscatel and sparkling wine is also produced. Min 15%
References
External links
DOP Campo de Borja official website
Wine regions of Spain
Appellations
Wine classification
Geography of the Province of Zaragoza
Aragonese cuisine |
21763796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruknuddin%20Barbak%20Shah | Ruknuddin Barbak Shah | Ruknuddīn Bārbak Shāh (, ; r. 1459–1474) was the son and successor of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. Initially appointed as the governor of Satgaon during the reign of his father, Barbak ascended the throne of the Bengal Sultanate in 1459. He was the first ruler to give prominent roles in the Sultanate's administration to the Abyssinian community. Historian Aniruddha Ray credits Barbak Shah as the pioneer of urbanisation in Bengal.
Early life and ascension
Barbak was born into an aristocratic Bengali Muslim Sunni family known as the Ilyas Shahi dynasty that had founded the Bengal Sultanate in 1352 CE. Despite his family's long presence in the region, Barbak's ancestors were of Sistani origin, hailing from what is now eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan. His father, Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, ruled Bengal for over twenty years.
During his father's reign, Barbak served as the Governor of Satgaon (Arsah Sajla Mankhbad). During his governorship in 1455, Ulugh Ajmal Khan established the Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque in Tribeni. Barbak inherited the throne of the country in 1459 CE, after his father's death.
Reign
In 1459, Barbak upgraded Mahisantosh into a mint town known as Barbakabad. This acquisition helped his kingdom extended to the Buriganga river in north. In 1474, he re-established his authority in Chittagong. The extent of Barbak Shah's kingdom can be discovered through various inscriptions commemorating the construction of jame mosques and royal gates across Malda, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Chittagong, Dhaka, Sylhet, Mymensingh and for the first time, Barisal.
Barbak Shah was a patron of Bengali and Persian literature. During his time Zainuddin wrote his Rasul Bijay and Ibrahim Qawwam Faruqi composed a Persian lexicon Farhang-i-Ibrahim (known as Sharafnamah). Raimukuta Brhaspati Mishra, Maladhar Basu, Krittibas Ojha and Kuladhar were the most noted Hindu scholars that time.
Warfare
Barbak was the first ruler in Bengal to recruit large numbers of Habshis (Abyssinians) to the administration of the royal palace and army, which would eventually lead to a Habshi usurp permanently ending the Ilyas Shahi dynasty several years after Barbak's death. According to the 17th-century work Risalat ash-Shuhada, Raja Kapilendra Deva (r. 1434-1467) of the Gajapati Kingdom (present-day Orissa) invaded southern Bengal during the early years of Sultan Barbak's reign and managed to capture the fort of Mandaran. Barbak sent his military general, the Muslim missionary Shah Ismail Ghazi, who defeated the Gajapati army and recovered Fort Mandaran.
The Sultanate's next expedition was against Kameshwar of Kamarupa who had gained control of eastern Dinajpur. Barbak's army, again led by general Ismail Ghazi, suffered a heavy defeat in Mahisantosh, although Kameshwar was impressed by the general's spiritual characteristics and embraced Islam. In January 1474 CE however, Barbak executed Ismail Ghazi after a malicious instigation led by Bhandsi Rai, who commanded the Sultanate's Ghoraghat frontier. Rai had accused Ghazi of attempting to establish a separate independent kingdom with Kameshwar in the regained territory.
Barbak Shah was also known to have invaded Mithila (present-day Janakpur) and conquered the region. He appointed Kedar Rai as the governor of that region. He also invaded Hajiganj Fort and surroundings at Tirhut in 1468.
Death
Rukunuddin Barbak Shah died in 1474 after ruling Bengal for 15 years.
See also
List of rulers of Bengal
History of Bengal
History of India
References
1474 deaths
Articles lacking sources from March 2009
Year of birth unknown
15th-century Indian monarchs
Ilyas Shahi dynasty
Sunni monarchs
15th-century Bengalis
15th-century Indian Muslims |
29111512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose%20Mata | Jose Mata | Jose Mata (born Jose Mata; in Honolulu, HI) is a North American dance music DJ and record producer who has worked internationally since 2004. Mata has performed alongside some of the largest names in electronic dance music at festivals and nightclubs from all over the world. He has been featured on Sirius Satellite Radio's Area 38 on the Ultra Music Festival Radio Show as well as The Vanishing Point. He was also featured on Proton Radio's Perspectives in 2009. Has performed at Ultra Music Festival on the same bill as Tiesto, David Guetta, Deadmau5, John Digweed, Paul Oakenfold, Paul Van Dyke and Ferry Corsten. He collaborated with Noel Sanger in 2008 for his first record release "Tease My Heart - Zoltan Kontes (Noel Sanger & Jose Mata dub)" on Groove Syndicate Records a sub-label for Release Records. However, Groove Syndicate was discontinued for unknown reasons and the record was re-released in 2010 thru Dissident Music on Beatport as well as other outlets. Since performing with Paul Oakenfold on his International Perfecto Tour in 2010, Oakenfold has featured tracks from Mata on his Perfecto Podcast and Planet Perfecto Radio Show.
References
External links
Official Website
Resident Advisor Profile
Artist site at Proton Radio
Living people
1979 births
Musicians from Honolulu
American DJs |
7461983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Route%2029%20in%20Alabama | U.S. Route 29 in Alabama | U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), internally designated by the Alabama Department of Transportation as State Route 15 (SR 15), is a southwest–northeast state highway across the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. US 29 and SR 15 traverse Alabama in a general northeast–southwest slope. It has never been a major route in the state; its significance was completely overshadowed with the completion of Interstate 65 (I-65) and I-85 during the 1970s. Today, US 29 and SR 15 serve primarily to connect numerous smaller towns and cities in the southwest, south-central, and eastern parts of Alabama.
US 29 has concurrencies with SR 113 from the Florida state line, through Flomaton, SR 3 from Flomaton to Brewton, SR 41 from Brewton to East Brewton, SR 15 from East Brewton to the Georgia State Line, SR 55 and then SR 12, in Andalusia, SR 9 from Brantley to Luverne, SR 10, from Luverne to Troy, SR 6 in Union Springs, SR 8 from Tuskegee to Alliance, and SR 38 in Opelika.
Concurrencies with U.S Highways include US 31 from Flomaton to Brewton, US 84 in Andalusia, US 331 from Brantley to Luverne, US 82 in Union Springs, US 80 and unsigned SR 8 from Tuskegee to Alliance, and US 280 between Exits 58 and 62 along I-85 in Opelika. US 29 also runs along I-85 between Exit 51 Auburn and Exit 64 east of Opelika.
Route description
Florida state line through East Brewton
US 29 enters downtown Flomaton in a concurrency with SR 113 from a bridge over a large railroad yard north of Century, Florida. Descending from that bridge over both the railroad yard and Ringgold Drive, the route is named Sidney E. Manning Boulevard, and has its first intersection with Church Street. The road briefly runs straight north for one block between College Street and Poplar Street, then turns back to the northwest. Sidney E. Manning Boulevard ends at US 31 and US 29/SR 113 makes a right turn joining those routes in a concurrency, crossing a bridge over Big Escambia Creek. Throughout the multiplex with US 31, the road winds along the north side of the Alabama-Florida state line, occasionally making southeast turns.
SR 113 turns left and diverts from US 29 and 31 heading towards its terminus at I-65, while US 29 and US 31 continue along hidden
SR 3. For the rest of its journey US 29, US 31, SR 3 and SR 15 wind mostly toward the northeast. A former section of US 31 branches off to the east where it enters Pollard, but US 29/US 31/SR 3 bypasses that community. The road intersects the former segment three times after this. The routes pass by a Georgia-Pacific paper mill just outside of the Brewton City Limits. After the bridge over Burnt Corn Creek, a truck detour veers off to the left onto Persimmon Street, because the main road flanks too closely to a former Louisville and Nashville Railroad line, entering the Brewton Historic Commercial District. The concurrency with US 31/SR 3 ends at SR 41 and US 29 and SR 41 instantly cross that line as they share a wrong way concurrency. The road crosses the Buddy Mitchell Bridge over Murder Creek into East Brewton and Mildred Street becomes Forest Avenue. The end of the concurrency with SR 41 is also the beginning of SR 15 where it remains almost throughout the rest of the state.
Just as it did with the overlap with US 31, US 29 winds around the north side of the Alabama-Florida state line. Briefly curving more towards the northeast, it serves as the termini of two county roads, Escambia CR 22 (Ridge Road) and Escambia CR 4 (Brantley Road), before curving back towards the east. East of Escambia CR 43, US 29/SR 15 crosses over a bridge over Conecuh River and enters Conecuh National Forest where it passes through Dixie, and then crosses the Escambia-Covington County line. Along the way, it passes through the communities of Rome and then Pleasant Home, and after curving more toward the north and leaving the forest serves as the northern terminus of SR 137. Continuing at that northeast trajectory, it passes through Carolina, which contains a wye intersection with Covington CR 36 (Jacobs Road), and a short multiplex with Covington CR 31 between a blinker-light intersection with Rockhole Bridge Road and Salem Church Road, which has no signals of any sort whatsoever.
Andalusia through Luverne
The road officially enters Andalusia at the southern terminus of the concurrency with SR 55. US 29/SR 15/ SR 55 becomes a four lane undivided highway with center left-turn lane provisions It passes the other end of Brooklyn Road (Covington CR 42), then off to the northeast encounters the southern terminus of South Three Notch Road, which was once part of SR 15. SR 55 leaves the concurrency with US 29 at the west end of the concurrency with US 84/SR 12, and US 29/SR 15 joins that route in another concurrency. US 29/US 84/SR 12/ SR 15 crosses a railroad line as it continues to curve toward the east until it runs southeast then straight east as it encounters Three North Road again. This intersection is the official end of the US 29/US 84 concurrency. US 29/SR 15 turns left onto Three Notch Road, while US 84/SR 12 crosses the same railroad line it encountered northeast of the beginning of the concurrency, and runs east through Opp, Elba, Dothan, and towards coastal Georgia.
North of Andalusia, the road curves towards the northwest as it approaches the western terminus of CR 40 (Antioch Road), and then straightens out towards the north as it runs through Heath, where another former segment of SR 15 and Three Notch Road now known as Straughn School Road branches off to the northeast. After the intersection with Barton Road, US 29/SR 15 curves to the northwest again replacing the trajectory of Barton Road itself. From there, a dirt road named CW Green Road branches off northwest of the road. The routes descend along a hill where the run under some power lines, then runs over a culvert before making another left curve and encountering the north end of CW Green Road, which this time is paved. Immediately after this intersection it encounters Covington CR 82 (Haygood Road) and takes it along in a hidden concurrency as it curves to the west. The road crosses another bridge over the Conecuh River and enters Gantt, where it runs straight north, along the way serving as the northern terminus of CR 59 (Point A Road), letting go of another part of CR 82 at Gantt-Red Level Road, and serves as the southern terminus of CR 37 (Oakley-Streak Road). Curving to the northeast, the road passes through Dunns and then runs along the north shore of Gantt Lake eventually passing through Clearview. Maintaining relatively the same trajectory while the coastline of the lake moves away from the road, US 29/SR 15 enters Crenshaw County where it becomes Andalusia Highway and passes through Searight. The road makes a slight curve to the left, but still remains northeast as it passes through Dozier, where it has a blinker-light intersection with Crenshaw CR 77 and becomes Dozier Highway. Further north, it serves as the eastern terminus of SR 106. The road enters the Town of Brantley just west of the intersection with Spring Hill Road and the name changes to West Emmett Avenue, which runs practically to the east until further downtown where it turns left onto an intersection with US 331 and unsigned SR 9 while East Emmett Avenue continues as a local city street. US 29, U.S 331, SR 9 and SR 15 are co-routed until they split at Luverne, specifically at SR 10 (Third Street). US 331 makes a left turn onto West Third Street, while US 29 makes a right turn onto East Third Street. From there US 29 and SR 15 follow SR 10 east as the name changes from East Third Street to Troy Highway, then curves to the northeast into the Crenshaw-Pike County line north of Chrenshaw CR 50 (Camp Ground Church Road). Once in Pike County, the road starts to curve to the east.
Troy area to Rural Macon County
After the intersection with Pike CR 1174 (formerly CR 31), the road descends into a valley then climbs a hill, that crests just before the intersection of Pike CR 2205 (formerly CR 47). East of Pike CRs 2214 and then 1165 (formerly part of CR 25), the road crosses a third bridge over the Conecuh River. Approaching Troy, a railroad line begins to flank the north side of the road while Pike CR 1101 runs along the north side of those tracks, as US 29/SR 10 gains the name Montgomery Street. SR 10 leaves the concurrency with US 29/SR 15 at a quarter-cloverleaf interchange with US 231 and unsigned SR 53. The ramps are on the southwest and southeast corners, due to the railroad line flanking the north side of the road. Three Notch Road is encountered again, as US 29/SR 15 leaves Montgomery Street to turn left and go north, crossing the same railroad line it passed by over US 231, which itself curves towards the north. In the meantime, the route runs northeast until after the intersection of Love Street, where it turns straight north. The road runs along the west side of the town square between Church and Elm Streets, and later passes just outside of the College Street Historic District. After the intersection with Pierson Street, the road curve to the northeast.
Beginning near a cold-storage facility, the road runs along the west side of the same railroad line it had encountered in downtown Troy. After the intersection with Pike CR 55, the road crosses a bridge over that line and then runs along the east side. Both the road and the railroad line curve from the northeast to the southeast, and along the way US 29/SR 15 serves as the southern terminus of SR 223. The road continues to curve to the southeast until it enters Banks, where it turns left onto a blinker-light intersection with Monticello Avenue crossing that same railroad line in the process, while SR 93 continues south from there. US 29/SR 15 runs mostly eastbound as it serves as the northern terminus of SR 201. After passing through some of the wetlands surrounding Richland Creek, it serves as the northern terminus of SR 130 north of Monticello, and then the route curves to the northeast. The last community in Pike County is Josie, where it then to north-northwest before the intersection with Pike CR 6628. After curving to the right as it intersects Pike CR 6652, it runs northeast as it crosses the Bullock County line and descends along a hill. After the county line it passes through communities such as Tanyard, where it intersects CR 53 before curving more towards the north as it runs along bridges over Mill Creek and Double Creek, then Perote, where it intersects Bullock CR 8, then makes a reverse curve as it climbs a slight hill before running straight north. The road tilts north-northwest as it enters Blues Old Stand, and then begins to curve towards the northeast where it passes through Scottland. Winding past a power line right-of-way before making another curve towards the north, it passes through Aberfoil where it has a brief overlap with Bullock CR 31, but more importantly serves as the northern terminus of SR 239, with a connecting road south of that terminus. From there, US 29 curves to the northwest.
Approaching Union Springs as it crosses a fourth bridge over the Conecuh River, a US 29 Truck along with hidden SR 197 (Martin Luther King Boulevard South), branches off to the right then the road turns straight north onto South Prairie Street. Further north it crosses a bridge over an abandoned railroad line between Underwood Avenue and Holcombe Avenue. Later South Prairie Street becomes North Prairie Street as US 29/SR 15 makes a right turn onto a concurrency with US 82 and unsigned SR 6 (Blackmon Avenue) for two blocks. The concurrency does not end as US 29/US 82/SR 6/SR 15 makes a left turn onto Martin Luther King Boulevard North, terminating US Truck Route 29. Two blocks after that, US 82/SR 6 makes a right turn onto Conecuh Avenue East, terminating the concurrency, and US 29/SR 15 continues north. On its way out of the city limits, US 29 widens from three lanes to four as it curves to the northwest, then narrows back down to three lanes as it curves to the northeast before finally leaving the city just south of Bullock CR 23, then runs over a culvert over Old Towne Creek. In Sedgefield US 29 curves to the north-northwest and serves as the southwest end of Bullock CR 115. The road runs relatively in the same direction even as it passes through the Moores Creek wetlands, before the northeast end of CR 115, then crosses a bridge over Dobbs Creek just south of the Bullock-Macon County line. Shortly after this, it runs through Fort Davis which has a one block concurrency with Macon CR 2, due to a culvert over a tributary of Dobbs Creek. It then passes by the abandoned Seaboard Air Line Railroad line and station just before the post office. At the intersection of Saint Mark's Road it makes a curve to the northeast and further north passes through communities such as Cotton Valley and later Davisville where it has another concurrency, this time with Macon CR 47.
Tuskegee to the Georgia state line
In Tuskegee, US 29 becomes Union Springs Road in front of the George Washington Carver Elementary School, and makes a sharp curve to the west-northwest as it approaches Macon CR 10, where it turns into South Main Street. Before reaching Downtown Tuskegee, US 29 makes a slight right curve, but still remains northwest. Running through historic downtown Tuskegee, it makes a right turn in front of the town green to join eastbound US 80 and unsigned SR 8 in Downtown Tuskegee. SR 81, begins on the east side of the town green, before moving to North Main Street, while SR 81 Truck also begins and runs along the concurrency with US 29 and US 80. US 29, US 80, SR 8, SR 15, and SR 81 Truck are co-routed along East Martin Luther King Junior Drive until the intersection with General Chappie James Drive, where truck route 81 turns north. Later the routes enter Tuskegee National Forest. They briefly leave the forest but then re-enter it together until they split at an interchange southwest of Alliance, which is also the eastern terminus of SR 186. This interchange has a single eastbound ramp on the southeast corner, and a bi-directional quarter-cloverleaf ramp on the northwest corner. After leaving the forest for the last time and then intersecting a dirt road named Lee Road 191, the route takes a brief dip and then crosses the Macon-Lee County line.
Southwest of Auburn, US 29 becomes South College Road, encounters an industrial park at Cox Road and Sand Hill Road (Lee CR 10) and then has an interchange with I-85 at Exit 51. US 29/SR 15 joins I-85 in a concurrency, while South College Road becomes SR 147. The freeway segment continues northeast into the city of Opelika, the county seat of Lee County. At Exit 58 I-85/US 29 gains a second US concurrency at Exit 58, its four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with Gateway Drive, where US 280 (and unsigned SR 38) joins from the northwest. The three highways cross over a Norfolk Southern Railway line just west of their four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 51 and SR 169 south of downtown Opelika. US 280/SR 38 splits east toward Phenix City and ColumbUS at the next interchange with US 431 and unsigned SR 1, which is Exit 62. At Exit 64, US 29 leaves I-85 and joins West Point Parkway, but the road runs in close proximity to I-85 from the Auburn area to near Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
Though independent of I-85, US 29 has intersections with some relatively important roads leading to it, first among them Andrews Road (unmarked Lee CR 799) which leads I‑85 at Exit 66 as well as a Walmart Distribution Center, then crosses Lee CR 177. The road briefly turns east, then curves towards the northeast. At the terminus of Lee CR 390, it turns north-northeast and runs under a power line right-of-way. Lee CR 266 branches off to the northwest, while US 29 branches off to the northeast, then the road intersects Lee CR 270. From there the road curves north-northeast, then crosses an abandoned railroad line between the intersections of Lee CRs 268 and 271, and later runs through a wooded area where it crosses the Lee-Chambers County line where West Point Parkway becomes the Millard Fuller Memorial Highway. North of this border, it starts to make a slight curve to the northeast, where it encounters a multiplex with Chambers CR 388, the western end of which leads to I-85 at Exit 70.
The road officially enters the City of Valley approximately southwest of the intersection with Ben Brown Road. After the intersection with Judge Brown Road, the road gradually widens from two to four lanes as it crosses the Duwayne Bridges Bridge, and then after the intersection with Fairfax Bypass, becomes a divided highway. From there, the road winds through the former community of Fairfax. The road cuts through a portion of the historic district named for that community. After leaving that district at the intersection with Cusseta Road and River Road, the divider ends at a street named "Boulevard" but the road remains four-lanes wide as it begins to flank the Chattahoochee Valley Railroad Trail. It also gains a continuous center left-turn lane, which it possesses almost throughout the rest of the state.
In the former community of Langdale, the road winds down a slight hill then curves from 64th Boulevard to 20th Street, as the trail moves away from the road again in order to run along the Horace King Memorial Covered Bridge. The route, the trail and the bridge are part of the Langdale Historic District, and so are the former Landgale Cotton Mill, the Sears Memorial Auditorium, and various schools. Between 21st Avenue and 59th Street, US 29 crosses a bridge over Moores Creek then intersects Chambers CR 209 (Fob James Road), where it also has a crossing with the same rail trail. Fob James Road leads to Exit 77 on I-85. Roughly near Lanier Health Services, the route enters the former community Eady City and stays there until the intersection of 40th Street, but the route still remains in Valley, although around 33rd Street it enters the former community known as Shawmut, where it runs along the eastern edge of the Shawmut Historic District. The northern border of that district ends at 29th Boulevard, which is north of 23rd Drive, the gateway to Shawmut. Just north of 28th Street the divided highway briefly returns within the vicinity of I-85 at Exit 79, the last exit for I-85 within the state.
In Lanett the road runs over a bridge over a former Western Railway of Alabama line and then serves as the eastern terminus of SR 50, the last state highway to intersect with US 29. At that intersection the road curves straight to the northeast, and becomes Glimer Avenue. A residential frontage road runs along the east side between South 14th Street and South 10th Street. At the intersection of First Street, the numerical order of the side streets reverts forward. North of there, the same WRA line the road crossed over before the intersection with SR 50 begins to flank the east side of the road. The last intersection in Alabama is with North Seventh Avenue, a local street completely dominated by a car and truck dealership. US 29 enters the State of Georgia which runs northwest to southeast and the City of West Point, thus bringing SR 15 to an end.
History
The original southern terminus of US 29 was in Tuskegee, Alabama, and ran along today's Alabama State Route 81 and Alabama State Route 14. It was extended south into Brewton by 1934. Within Flomaton, US 29 was originally a segment of US 331 between 1926 and 1936. US 29 was extended to the road in 1935.
Three Notch Road is a local street that was the name of former segments of Alabama State Route 15
US Highway 29 once passed through downtown Auburn and downtown Opelika. The US Highway has been concurrent with Interstate Highway 85 from Exit 51, south of Auburn, to Exit 64, northeast of Opelika. This change was made by Alabama Department if Transportation in the 1990s. Route markers have been appropriately relocated since then, though some maps still show the old route in this area as being part of SR 15.
Major intersections
References
External links
US Highway 29 in Alabama (AARoads)
29
Alabama
Transportation in Escambia County, Alabama
Transportation in Covington County, Alabama
Transportation in Crenshaw County, Alabama
Transportation in Pike County, Alabama
Transportation in Bullock County, Alabama
Transportation in Macon County, Alabama
Transportation in Lee County, Alabama
Transportation in Chambers County, Alabama |
58128625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20News | Industrial News | The Industrial News was a newspaper serving Iaeger, West Virginia, and surrounding McDowell County. Published weekly, it had a 2016 circulation of 972 and was owned by Moffett Newspapers. It ceased publishing in March 2017.
History
The paper was started in 1923 by R. R. Cauble, previously of the Miners Journal. Originally published in Coeburn, Virginia, the paper was initially moved to Pocahontas County in early 1926, after its 1925 sale to editor James A. Johnson. It was subsequently moved to Iaeger in September 1926. Johnson, who was made a member of the 50 year club of the West Virginia State Newspaper Council in 1941, sold the paper in 1945 and retired, dying two years later.
The paper does not appear to have ever had a website. In recent years it had been run by Moffett Newspapers, under publisher Melissa Nester.
Related Resources
List of newspapers in West Virginia
References
Newspapers published in West Virginia |
60425683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dace%20Raid | Dace Raid | The Dace Raid is an informal name given to a raid conducted by Allied troops in the Pacific in World War Two.
Mission
On 22 March 1944, a party of twelve (including six natives) were off the coast of Hollandia on the US submarine Dace. Their mission was to conduct reconnaissance of the area over fourteen days. Captain "Blue" Harris decided to lead a reconnaissance party of five (including two natives) ashore, but capsized in their rubber boat, losing much of their equipment. A prearranged signal to the submarine to abort the following party was misinterpreted and the remainder of the party was sent apart from one man who was too sill. The party of eleven were onshore with little equipment or food, and limited weaponry. Only five men survived.
Awards
Captain Harris, who was killed by the Japanese was mentioned in dispatches.
References
External links
Photo of men on mission at AWM
Military operations of World War II involving Australia
Military operations involving the Netherlands
20th-century conflicts |
9496070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Wit | Half-Wit | "Half-Wit" is the fifteenth episode of the third season of House and premiered on the FOX network on March 6, 2007. Grammy-winning singer/songwriter Dave Matthews guest stars in the episode as Patrick, a savant and piano prodigy who comes under the care of Dr. House (Hugh Laurie) for a rare movement disorder. Dr. House also is suspected to have cancer by his staff. Also appearing is Kurtwood Smith. The episode marks the directorial debut of executive producer Katie Jacobs. The patient in the episode closely resembles real world savant Derek Paravicini.
Plot
Patrick Obyedkov, a respected pianist, suffers a painful involuntary muscle contraction in his left hand during a piano concert. The case attracts the attention of Gregory House, who learns from Patrick's father that Patrick suffered severe brain damage from a bus accident that also killed his mother. House is intrigued as to why Patrick, who had no musical training at the time of the accident, could suddenly play the piano after suffering a severe injury.
While trying to deduce the origin of the brain rewiring responsible for Patrick mysteriously gaining musical abilities, House and his team must stop the deadly bleeding that is quickly threatening his life. Patrick's condition worsens, and House presents a difficult option to Patrick's father: either perform a hemispherectomy, allowing Patrick to live normally but not play the piano, or to continue as he is and never live a normal life.
Patrick's father, after overcoming his anger at the suggestion, opts for the surgery. After the procedure, Patrick loses his ability to speak, though House says this will return. While the father is talking with House about his son's recovery, Patrick buttons his shirt, a task which he had previously been incapable of doing.
Meanwhile, Allison Cameron (Jennifer Morrison) discovers that House has been in contact with a hospital in Massachusetts and suspects that House may be looking to take a new job there. When Lisa Cuddy contacts the hospital, she learns that House has been in contact with a brain cancer specialist — not as a job applicant, but as a patient for a clinical trial. When confronted by his team, House denies the gravity of the situation and resents their interference, and they are forced to contend with the possibility his condition may be more serious than he is letting on.
Near the end of the episode, the team discovers that the medical file sent to the hospital in Massachusetts did not belong to House, and he intended to trick the doctors at the university into implanting a "cool drug" into the pleasure center of his brain, possibly in order to get over the pain in his leg.
Awards
This episode was submitted for consideration in the categories of "Outstanding Drama Series", "Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series" and "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series" on Hugh Laurie's behalf for the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. This resulted in nominations in the categories of Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.
Music
Patrick begins to play the Waldstein Sonata by Beethoven (1st Movement) at the piano recital, in the opening scene.
As a test of Patrick's musical recall, House wheels a piano into his room and plays the opening bars of "I Don't Like Mondays" by the Boomtown Rats. Patrick plays them back note for note as House adds the hand-claps at the right moments.
House also starts playing the opening bars of song we later find out is one of House's unfinished compositions. Patrick joins in and House withdraws after playing it together for a while and lets Patrick complete it. In 2010 this melody was sampled in Slacker's "I Have No Memory".
During the fMRI, the third movement of Georges Bizet's Symphony in C major is being played.
When Patrick was asked to pretend that his leg was a piano, he played the 3rd movement of the Waldstein Sonata.
In the end of the episode, House walks by a restaurant with the music "See the World" by Gomez playing.
References
External links
FOX.com-House official site
House (season 3) episodes
Dave Matthews
2007 American television episodes
fr:Demi-prodige |
14115496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891%20Boston%20Beaneaters%20season | 1891 Boston Beaneaters season | The 1891 Boston Beaneaters season was the 21st season of the franchise. The team finished first in the National League with an 87–51 record. After trailing the Chicago Colts by seven games in early September, the Beaneaters won 25 of their last 29 games to finish first in the league.
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
References
1891 Boston Beaneaters season at Baseball Reference
Boston Beaneaters seasons
Boston Beaneaters
Boston Beaneaters
19th century in Boston
National League champion seasons |
22656181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20P.%20Shuler | Robert P. Shuler | Robert Pierce Shuler Sr. (1880 – September 11, 1965), also known as "Fighting Bob", was an American evangelist and political figure. His radio broadcasts from his Southern Methodist church in Los Angeles, California, during the 1920s and early 1930s attracted a large audience and also drew controversy with his attacks on politicians and police officials. In 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked Shuler's broadcast license due to his outspoken views. He ran for the United States Senate in 1932 on the Prohibition Party ticket and attracted more than 500,000 votes.
Early years
Born in a log cabin in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee, Shuler graduated from Emory and Henry College in 1903 and was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He served as a pastor at churches in Virginia, Tennessee and Texas before moving west to California.
Pastor at Trinity Methodist Church in Los Angeles
It was in California that Shuler gained fame as the fiery pastor of Trinity Methodist Church, located at 1201 S. Flower St. in Downtown Los Angeles, from 1920 until 1953. Shuler acquired a wide following for his sermons and broadcasts in which he "thundered weekly against civic and moral evils", including gamblers, bootleggers, grafters, and above all corrupt politicians and police officials. From 1926-1932, Shuler operated radio station KGEF, which he said stood for "Keep God Ever First". He built the radio station at the site of Trinity Methodist Church, using funds donated by Methodist philanthropist Lizzie Glide, who also funded San Francisco's famous Glide Memorial Church. Shuler also published a magazine under the name Bob Shuler's Magazine. At his peak, Shuler's congregation had 5,000 members, and his radio broadcasts reportedly had an audience of 600,000 Southern Californians and were heard from Mexico to Canada.
American Mercury wrote that Shuler had "built up the greatest political and social power ever wielded by a man of God since the days of Savonarola in Florence." One historical account described Shuler's influence as follows:
Hyperbole aside, in the late 1920s and early 1930s, 'Fighting Bob' operated the most controversial religious radio station of all time. Politicians feared him, criminals avoided him, newspapers deplored him, and many ministers criticized him. But the public loved him, turning Shuler into a folk hero.
Shuler's controversial broadcasts included attacks on the president of the University of Southern California, for permitting evolution to be taught. In June 1930, the Los Angeles Times published a lengthy feature story about Shuler under the headline: "Champion 'Ag'inner' of Universe Is Shuler: Belligerent Local Pastor Holds All Records for Attacks Upon Everybody, Everything." The Times wrote: "Unless you have been attacked by Rev. 'Bob' Shuler, pastor of Trinity Methodist Church South, via radio, magazine, pulpit or pamphlet (25 cents per copy) you don't amount to much in Los Angeles." Shuler's targets included the Los Angeles Public Library (for carrying books not fit to be read even in "heathen China or anarchistic Russia"), the YWCA (for conducting dances for girls "until the early hours of Sunday morning"), and other evangelists, including Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson.
Crusade against vice
Shuler used his pulpit to make popular attacks on corruption in city government, the spread of vice and crime in the city, and abuses by the police department. Shuler made common cause with other reform-minded Protestant clergy (in a city that was predominantly Protestant), becoming president of the Ministerial Union. Schuler and other Protestant ministers active in the reform and anti-vice movements had applied direct political pressure on both the mayor and the Chief of Police.
In 1923, Shuler went after Chief Louis D. Oaks of the Los Angeles Police Department. Sworn to uphold the law, including Prohibition, Oaks had a reputation as a hard-drinking womanizer who once was arrested in the backseat of an auto in the company of a half-naked woman and a bottle of contraband whiskey by San Bernardino. Shuler staked out a speakeasy and caught Chief Oaks leaving the establishment in an inebriated state accompanied by two women, neither of whom were his wife. After revealing publicly what he had seen (drinking being a crime during Prohibition), Oaks was ousted by Los Angeles Mayor George E. Cryer.
In 1929, Shuler focused his attacks on Cryer himself, whom Shuler branded as a "grafter" and the "chief exploiter", and whom he linked to the city's vice kingpin Charles H. Crawford. Shuler's charges, made both on his radio station and in his magazine, led to a widely publicized libel lawsuit by Cryer against Shuler. The details of the Shuler libel suit were front-page news in the Los Angeles Times for much of 1929. The jury found Shuler not guilty on one count and failed to reach a verdict on a second count.
KGEF license revocation
In November 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked Shuler's broadcast license, and KGEF went off the air. KGEF was the second radio station to have its license revoked by the FRC. Shuler appealed the revocation, but the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed the decision. The court denounced the character of Shuler's broadcasts and declared that if such use of the airwaves were permitted, "radio will become a scourge and the nation a theater for the display of individual passions and the collision of personal interests." The U.S. Supreme Court denied Shuler's petition for a writ of certiorari, and his license revocation became final in February 1933. One of Shuler's recurring targets, the ACLU (which Shuler had regularly attacked for its "liberal" stands) supported Shuler's right to free speech and challenged the courts' decision to revoke his license. The Los Angeles Times, on the other hand, hailed the court's decision noting, "The final ruling of the courts putting an end to this nuisance is an occasion for general public felicitation."
1932 U.S. Senate campaign
By 1932, Shuler was a nationally known political and religious figure, and he announced his intention to run for the United States Senate. He was the Prohibition Party candidate in the 1932 Senate election against Democrat William G. McAdoo and Republican Tallant Tubbs. The Los Angeles Times refused to endorse any of the three candidates, calling it "Hobson's choice" for voters, and criticizing Shuler for his "demagogic appeals to discontent." In a remarkable about-face, the Los Angeles Record endorsed Shuler on the day before the general election. The same newspaper had previously described Shuler as a "bigot," a "blatherskite," and an "apostle of hate." After a Shuler rally in Carlsbad, California, a San Diego County newspaper wrote that any who expected to hear a man with disheaveled hair, wildly gleaming eyes and of radical mien and action," were surprised to hear "an average man, who spoke with a convincing earnesteness." Shuler called Tubbs "a rich playboy" and McAdoo "the freest spender of the government's and the people's money in the history of government." Shuler freely admitted "I don't know what I'll do in Washington until I get there," but promised that he would be on the side of "the great mass of common people" and a fighter for "free speech, equal rights and justice for all."
In the general election, Shuler received 560,088 votes—25.8% of the total. He carried Riverside and Orange Counties, and his total vote count was only 100,000 fewer than the Republican candidate, Tubbs. Shuler's showing in the U.S. Senate campaign was the strongest ever by a Prohibition Party candidate, and led some to back him as the party's candidate for U.S. President in 1936.
After losing the election, Shuler reportedly pronounced a curse on the State of California, and some claimed that the March 1933 Long Beach earthquake was the result of Shuler's curse.
1942 U.S. Congressional campaign and FCC censorship claims
In 1942, Shuler returned to politics and received the joint nomination of the Republican and Prohibition Parties as their candidate to oppose Democratic incumbent Congressman Jerry Voorhis in California's 12th Congressional District. Voorhis defeated Shuler by a margin of nearly 13,000 votes (53,705 to 40,780).
Shortly after the election, Shuler's problems with federal regulators returned. Having lost his broadcast license for KGEF, Shuler was broadcasting his weekly programs on KPAS in Pasadena. In early 1943, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ordered KPAS to submit all recordings of Shuler's broadcasts. The FCC contended that Shuler's broadcasts hurt the war effort. Shuler was again taken off the air. He told the Los Angeles Times, "Well, I'd been going after the communists pretty hard -- and the labor racketeers and New Deal too. So all at once the Federal Communications Commission ordered the station to send in copies of all I'd been saying. The boys over there at the station are all right, but naturally they got jittery and canceled my time."
After the incident, Jerry Voorhis, against whom Shuler had run a tough campaign months earlier, rallied to Shuler's support. Voorhis wrote to the FCC disputing the contention that Shuler's comments were harmful to the war effort and argued that the FCC's threats of punitive action against stations carrying Shuler's program were an inappropriate restraint on free speech. In 1946, Voorhis was defeated for re-election by novice politician, Richard M. Nixon, who accused Voorhis of having been endorsed by Communist front organizations.
Retirement and family
In 1953, Shuler retired after 33 years as pastor at Trinity Methodist Church. In his final sermon, Shuler spoke out against the "German rationalism" and "modern materialism" that he believed was "wrecking the world". He summed up his ministry as follows:
I have kept the faith. I fought. I have been a scrapper for God. I have never laid my shield aside -- and I'm not doing it now, either. ... As I come to the end of my ministry I can assure you that I have never swerved to the right or left of the fundamental Word of God.
Shuler died in 1965. He was survived by his wife, Nelle Shuler, and his seven children—Jack C. Shuler, William R. Shuler, Robert P. Shuler Jr., Edward H. Shuler, Phil R. Shuler, Dorothy Pitkin, and Nelle Fertig. Bill was the captain of the Army football team in 1935 and was named an All-American at the end position, while Robert Jr. assumed the Trinity Methodist Church pastorate after the elder Shuler's retirement. Jack was a well known evangelist who held large meetings throughout the United States, Canada, and Ireland in the 1940s and 1950s.
See also
List of Christian pastors in politics
Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
Prohibition Party
External links
Shuler's sermon, "God's Man," preached April 5, 1951
Notes
1880 births
1965 deaths
American evangelists
Methodist ministers
Methodist evangelists
Radio evangelists
Emory and Henry College alumni
People from Tennessee
California Prohibitionists
California Republicans
Critics of the Catholic Church
American temperance activists
American Christian creationists
American anti-corruption activists
Southern Methodists
Old Right (United States)
Christian fundamentalists
Anti-crime activists
American anti-communists
Conservative media in the United States |
13904396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putuo | Putuo | Putuo is the Chinese rendering of Sanskrit Potalaka. It may refer to the following places in China:
Mount Putuo, one of the four Buddhist holy mountains of China
Putuo District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province: location of Mount Putuo
Putuo District, Shanghai
Putuo Zongcheng Temple, in Chengde, Hebei Province
South Putuo Temple, in Xiamen, Fujian Province |
35104610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Kiss%20Your%20Lips | I Kiss Your Lips | "I Kiss Your Lips" is a song by the German electronic dance music duo Tokyo Ghetto Pussy, an alias of Jam & Spoon. It was released in 1995 as the second single from their album, Disco 2001. The song charted in several countries, and was a success in Australia and the Netherlands, where it reached the top 10.
Track listing
"I Kiss Your Lips" (Radio & Video Edit) - 3:52
"I Kiss Your Lips" (Music for the Girlies Radio Edit) - 3:54
"I Kiss Your Lips" (Club Mix) - 5:30
"I Kiss Your Lips" (Music for the Girlies Extended) - 5:29
"I Kiss Your Lips" (Groovecult's Mastertits Remix) - 7:03
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Yellow Claw version
On September 2, 2020, Dutch DJ trio Yellow Claw teamed up with Tokyo Ghetto Pussy to release a remastered version of the song.
References
1995 songs
1995 singles
Jam & Spoon songs
Songs about kissing |
32137233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansigunj | Hansigunj | Hansigunj is a small village in Dataganj tehsil, Badaun District, Uttar Pradesh, India. There is a single primary school in this village. People of this village depend upon agriculture. Till June, 2011 there was no any supply of electricity and water. The population of this village is approx 1000. The language mainly used by people is regional Hindi.
Geography
Dataganj is located at . It has an average elevation of 158 metres (518 feet).
References
Villages in Budaun district
bpy:দাতাগঞ্জ
it:Dataganj
new:दातागञ्ज
pt:Dataganj
vi:Dataganj |
5833589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleed%20Together | Bleed Together | "Bleed Together" is a song by the American rock band Soundgarden. Written by frontman Chris Cornell, "Bleed Together" was first released in the United States on Soundgarden's post-breakup greatest hits album, A-Sides (1997). It had previously appeared as a B-side on some foreign copies of the band's 1996 single, "Burden in My Hand". It was released as a single in November 1997 in support of A-Sides, and was the first single released by Soundgarden, after the band's breakup in April 1997. The song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.
Origin and recording
"Bleed Together" was written by frontman Chris Cornell. It was recorded by Soundgarden in Seattle, Washington, during the Down on the Upside sessions. Guitarist Kim Thayil on the song:
That came from the Down on the Upside session and originally the record company was interested in it being on the album, but we weren't interested in putting it on the album because we weren't happy with the mix we got for it. Also, we had to concern ourselves with the length of the record and how much time we could fit on one disc, so we never finished it before Down on the Upside came out. This was one of many mixes we had tried at the time.
Composition
"Bleed Together" is one of the few Soundgarden songs written in the key of E. Thayil said, "It's a fast, energetic, punk rock type song with a hooky melody. Chris sings aggressively, but definitely melodically—as opposed to screaming—over these fast punk rock chords." Drummer Matt Cameron can be heard visiting the paradiddle for effect on the ride cymbal during the bridge of the song.
Release and reception
"Bleed Together" was released as a promo CD single. It was the final single released by Soundgarden until "Black Rain" in August 2010. Thayil said, "We decided it would be a good single and song to promote A-Sides." The song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number 32 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. In Canada, "Bleed Together" charted on the Alternative Top 30 chart where it peaked at number 28.
Charts
References
1997 singles
Soundgarden songs
Song recordings produced by Chris Cornell
Song recordings produced by Matt Cameron
Songs written by Chris Cornell
1997 songs
A&M Records singles |
23205697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%20Powell%20%28nurse%29 | Muriel Powell (nurse) | Dame Muriel Betty Powell, DBE (30 October 1914 – 8 December 1978), was a British nurse, hospital matron, nurse educator, public servant, and Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) for the Scottish Home and Health Department (SHHD) 1970-76.
Early life
Powell was born , lived and was educated in Cinderford, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. She was the fourth of seven children of Annie (nee Stewart) and Wallace George Powell, a stonemason who set up a house building company. The family were committed members of the local Anglican church , where the vicar had previously been a chaplain at London at the Middlesex Hospital and St. George's Hospital, when it was at Hyde Park Corner. Powell had decided to train as a nurse with a view to becoming a missionary in Africa and applied to St. George's Hospital , Hyde Park Corner , London on the advice of her vicar, the Reverend Gliddon.
Early Nursing career
Powell entered trained at St. George's Hospital , London in 1934 and qualified as a State Registered Nurse in 1936. She then undertook midwifery training at St. George's Hospital , London and in Gloucestershire , attaining her Registered Midwife qualification from the Central Midwives Board in mid-1939. She first worked at the emergency maternity hospital at Potslip Hall, Gloucestershire and ,on its closure, as a district nurse/midwife for a short time. Returning to London in 1940 she gained her Nurse Tutor Certificate from Battersea College of Technology(1941) and Diploma in Nursing from University of London(1942). Powell was appointed sister tutor at Ipswich Borough General Hospital in 1943 and principal tutor at Manchester Royal Infirmary in1946. She joined the Royal College of Nursing in 1934.
Later Nursing career
In 1947, aged 32, Powell became matron at St George's Hospital, London. Her age reportedly "raised eyebrows" among the medical establishment, which deemed her too young for the position, but she proved her critics wrong and would remain there for 22 years. Powell was part of the government committee that recommended removal of the title "matron" from the National Health Service in 1968. The title has since been gradually reintroduced to the NHS lexicon.
She was appointed Chief Nursing Officer in Scotland in 1970. However, it soon became clear that she suffered from dementia, and retired in 1976. She returned to Gloucestershire, where she died in a psychiatric hospital in 1978, aged 64.
Honours and awards
Muriel Powell was appointed In the Queen's Honors' list ,first, as a Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 1962 and then as a Dame (DBE) in 1968 for her services to nursing, and specifically her membership of the Salmon Committee and including her tenure as matron of St George's Hospital, London.
Legacy
The St George's Nurses League presents the Dame Muriel Powell Award to those who have made important contributions in the field of nursing.
References
Sources
Thurgood, G. "Muriel Powell Remembered. A Profile of her Life", Journal of Nursing Management (July 2001)
Scott, Elizabeth J. C. "Dame Muriel Powell (1914-1978): role model of a hospital matron and leader of nursing". Journal of Medical Biography, Royal Society of Medicine publication; (as per the NCBI).
External links
Famous nurses: Dame Muriel Powell Profile
1914 births
1978 deaths
NHS Chief Professional Officers
Civil servants in the Scottish Office
Nurses from London
British nursing administrators
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Place of death missing
People educated at East Dean Grammar School
Health professionals from Edinburgh |
27259803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertador%20San%20Mart%C3%ADn | Libertador San Martín | Libertador San Martín is a municipality in Entre Ríos Province, central Argentina. It is located alongside National Route 131, near the city of Crespo, and about 60 km from provincial capital Paraná.
The town is home to the Universidad Adventista del Plata (founded in 1898) and the Sanatorio Adventista del Plata (founded in 1908). The majority of its residents are Seventh-day Adventists.
History
The town had its beginnings in 1898, when a group of Christian, Seventh-day Adventist immigrants arrived in Entre Ríos province with the aim of opening a new school to teach agriculture and theology. From 1909 until the late 1960s, trains were an important means of transport, with the Puiggari train station being the main hub used by people travelling to and from Libertador. This is the reason Libertador San Martín is known today also as "Puiggari".
In 1971, Libertador earned official city status.
Gallery
Twin towns
Loma Linda, California
References
External links
Puiggari web
Sanatorio Adventista del Plata website
Libertador San Martín City Hall
Universidad Adventista del Plata website
Populated places in Entre Ríos Province
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Cities in Argentina |
3158630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmuel%20Tamir | Shmuel Tamir | Shmuel M. Tamir (, born Shmuel Katznelson; 10 March 1923 – 29 June 1987) was a prominent Israeli independence fighter, lawyer, patriot and Knesset member. After a successful career fighting the British he entered the Knesset from 1965 to 1980, rising to become Minister of Justice in the government of Menachem Begin from 1977 until 1980. Tamir was an ardent anti-Nazi leading proactive legal cases to prosecute perpetrators of the Holocaust and war criminals. Tamir's maverick politics finally led him into an independent politician after several attempts of coalition with nationalist right-wing parties.
Biography
Born in Jerusalem, Shmuel was the son of Reuven Katznelson (a member of the Jewish Legion and Joseph Trumpeldor's sergeant and comrade in the Battle of Gallipoli) and Batsheva Katznelson (a member of the Knesset). Two of his uncles were Joseph Katznelson, a companion of Ze'ev Jabotinsky and one of the Irgun's two Chiefs of Illegal Immigration and Avraham Katznelson, one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence, and his aunt was Rachel Katznelson-Shazar, wife of Zalman Shazar, the third President of Israel.
Irgun activism
Shmuel joined Etzel in 1938 and after the declaration of the Revolt in February 1944, and took part in operations against British targets, most notably the 26 February 1944 attack on income tax offices in Jerusalem. In 1944 he was a commander of the Jerusalem District and commanded the operation that blew up the Income Tax offices in the city; Commander of Intelligence in Jerusalem District. During 1946 he served as Deputy Commander of the Jerusalem District and was in charge of the Irgun Intelligence unit in Jerusalem.
He was arrested by the British several times, and in March 1947 was exiled to Detention Camps in Kenya where he finished his Law studies. In the camp he served as the Supervisor who represented the detainees to the British Authorities.
Legal and political career
Katzenelson returned home with the last exiles from Kenya on 12 July 1948, after Israeli independence was declared; upon arriving in Israel, he adopted his code name, Tamir (meaning "tall and slender") as his legal name. He had a notable career as a lawyer and conducted several famous political cases, including the Yedidya Segal and Rudolf Kastner trials.
He was one of the founders of Menachem Begin's Herut party, but left in 1952. One of the founders of the "New Regime" in 1957 after the Suez Crisis, he returned to the party in 1964, and in 1965 was elected to the Knesset on the Gahal list.
In 1966 he was expelled from the party for trying to promote an abortion bill through the Knesset. So together with two others, he formed the Free Centre in 1967. Tamir was re-elected in 1969, and again in 1973, by which time his party had merged into Likud. He resigned from the Knesset in January 1977 to form the Shinui Party, which failed and very soon broke up. Immediately afterwards he decided to join the new centrist party, the Democratic Movement for Change (Dash). He was returned to the Knesset in the 1977 elections on Dash's list, and was appointed Minister of Justice in the Begin government on 24 October. As Dash disintegrated, Tamir joined the Democratic Movement, before leaving to sit as an independent MK (member of the Knesset). He resigned from the cabinet on 5 August 1980 when his party was frozen out of coalition decision-making. At the ensuing 1981 election he lot his seat.
Tamir was a supporter of far-right Rabbi Meir Kahane and the Jewish Defense League.
References
Further reading
1923 births
1987 deaths
Politicians from Jerusalem
Israeli people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Irgun members
Gahal politicians
Herut politicians
Free Centre politicians
Likud politicians
Democratic Movement for Change politicians
Democratic Movement (Israel) politicians
Israeli people imprisoned abroad
Ministers of Justice of Israel
Members of the 6th Knesset (1965–1969)
Members of the 7th Knesset (1969–1974)
Members of the 8th Knesset (1974–1977)
Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981)
Prisoners and detainees of the British military |
68329313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet%20Holden | Violet Holden | Violet Mary Holden (1873 — ?) was an English artist and book illustrator. Throughout her career, most of her illustrations were done in collaboration with her sister Evelyn. She additionally worked in stained glass design and metalwork, and specialized in illuminated lettering.
Biography
Violet Mary Holden was born in 1873 to Emma Wearing Holden and Arthur Holden, an industrialist. Three of her sisters were Edith Holden (1871-1920), Effie M Holden (b. 1867), and Evelyn Holden (1877-c. 1969). In 1890, she and her sister Evelyn began to attend the Birmingham Art School, joining their sister Edith who already studied there. Their family then moved to a house named Gowan Bank, which was closer to the railway that went to Birmingham. In 1893, she was awarded a local scholarship for the Birmingham School of Art, based on her success in "personal examinations" that were held in the United Kingdom.
Holden illustrated various publications. She was one of 18 contributors to Quest, an illustrated magazine published by the Birmingham Guild of Handicraft from 1894 to 1896. She contributed to the Book of Pictured Carols, created by the Birmingham School of Art. She illustrated the 1894 book The Real Princess with her sister, Eveyln. The book was a "fairy story" written by Blanche Atkinson. She and Eveyln also illustrated the 1895 book The House that Jack Built & Other Nursery Rhymes, which was edited by Grace Rhys.
In 1904, Holden began to teach at Birmingham Art School, where she previously attended.
One of her pieces—a late-1890s silver and enamel casket, designed by Holden and Florence Camm—is part of the permanent collection at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. The casket was made for John Thackray Bunce.
References
1873 births
Date of death missing
20th-century English women artists
Alumni of the Birmingham School of Art
Artists from Birmingham, West Midlands
Book artists
English illustrators
Sibling artists
Women book artists |
1068515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Philadelphia%20%28SSN-690%29 | USS Philadelphia (SSN-690) | USS Philadelphia (SSN-690), a attack submarine, was the sixth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the city of Philadelphia.
History
The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 8 January 1971 and her keel was laid down on 12 August 1972. She was launched on 19 October 1974 sponsored by Mrs. Marian Huntington Scott (née Chase), wife of Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott, and commissioned on 25 June 1977, with Commander Robert B. Osborne USN in command.
In June 1980 Philadelphia departed her homeport of Groton, Connecticut, and headed on a world cruise that would take it to the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf, as well as the Pacific. Under the command of Commander Edward S. Little USN, the cruise included at visit to Western Australia, when Philadelphia made her only visit to HMAS Stirling in Rockingham on 23 December 1980. The crew enjoyed Christmas in Australia and some R&R before departing on 29 December 1980. The Philadelphia arrived home in late January 1981.
In 1988, Philadelphia became the first submarine to receive TLAM-D capability.
In 1994, Philadelphia completed the first refueling overhaul of a Los Angeles-class submarine. This was completed at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine.
In 1998, Philadelphia was modified to carry a Dry Deck Shelter, a platform capable of carrying Special Operations Forces. In addition, she was fitted to provide Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) mother ship support.
On 5 September 2005 Philadelphia was in the Persian Gulf about northeast of Bahrain when she collided with a Turkish merchant ship, . No injuries were reported on either vessel. Damage to the submarine was described as "superficial." Philadelphia's Commanding Officer, CDR Steven M. Oxholm, was relieved following the incident.
The Turkish ship, which suffered minor damage to her hull just above the water line, was inspected by the United States Coast Guard and found still seaworthy.
In 2006, Philadelphia completed the first-ever Pre-Inactivation Restricted Availability (PIRA) conducted at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine.
On 20 July 2009 the Navy announced that the submarine would be inactivated on 10 June 2010 and subsequently decommissioned. Philadelphia was decommissioned on 25 June 2010, the thirty-third anniversary of her commissioning.
Deployments
Philadelphia performed many patrols and deployments during her career. She was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea in 1979, 1982, 1986, 1991 (where she later went on to support Operation Desert Storm), 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009, the last three of which also involved operations in support of CENTCOM. She performed a single Western Pacific deployment in 1980. She also spent a fair amount of time in the Atlantic Ocean, including deployments to the Northern part of the Ocean in 1983, 1992, 1996, 1997, and 1999, and one Eastern Atlantic deployment in 1989.
Awards
Over the course of her career, the Philadelphia received many awards. Among the ribbons and medals her crew earned were the Navy Unit Commendation in 1983; the Meritorious Unit Commendation in 1987, 1989, 1991, 1999, 2003 and 2004; the Battle Efficiency "E" Ribbon in 1983, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2003, and 2007; The Navy Expeditionary Medal in 2005; and the Southwest Asia Service Medal in 1991.
In terms of other awards given to the ship in terms of excellence from her crew in individual departments, she was awarded the Ney Memorial Award for Outstanding Food Service in 1983, an award for which she was also a finalist in 1996; the "A" Award for Outstanding Anti-Submarine Warfare in 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1991; the Communications Green "C" in 1998, 1999, 2005, and 2007; the Tactical White "T" in 1999 and 2000; the Damage Control Red "DC" in 1999 and 2005; the Deck "D" in 2000' the Engineering Excellence "E" in 2001 and 2006; the Supply Blue "E" in 2001 and 2006; and the Medical Yellow "M" in 2005.
Furthermore, the Philadelphia was awarded the COMSUBLANT Battenberg Cup Nominee for Best All Around Unit in 1996, the CINCLANTFLT Golden Anchor Award in 1990, and the CINCLANTFLT Silver Anchor Award in 1997 and 1998.
In popular culture
The USS Philadelphia was seen in the NCIS episode "Sub Rosa" as the submarine where Agents Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon) and Caitlin Todd (Sasha Alexander) were deployed in order to stop the release of a deadly sarin gas into the submarine's air conditioning system.
References
External links
navsource.org: USS Philadelphia (SSN-690)
Commander Submarine Group Two: USS Philadelphia (SSN-690)
Navy NewsStand: USS Philadelphia Returns From Historic Deployment (2003)
Navy NewsStand: USS Philadelphia Returns After Highly Successful Deployment (2007)
5 September 2005 Collision
Navy NewsStand: No Injuries as U.S. Submarine and Merchant Vessel Collide
Navy Times: Discipline, praise meted out to Philadelphia crew
The Stupid Shall Be Punished: USS Philadelphia Homeward Bound (photos)
The Stupid Shall Be Punished: USS Philadelphia Returns Home
Los Angeles-class submarines
Cold War submarines of the United States
Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
1974 ships |
53173994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashutosh%20Tandon | Ashutosh Tandon | Ashutosh Tandon (born 12 May 1960), also known as Gopal Tandon, is an Indian politician and currently serving as Minister of Urban Development, Overall Urban Development, Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation in the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Tandon was also a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Lucknow East constituency in Lucknow district. He is son of BJP's senior leader and former Governor of Madhya Pradesh Lal Ji Tandon.
Personal life
Tandon was born on 12 May 1960 to politician Lalji Tandon in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lucknow University in 1980. He married Madhu Tandon on 6 May 1982, with whom he has a daughter.
Career
Tandon was appointed Director of Union Bank of India from 2001 - 2006.
In 2014, Tandon defeated Juhie Singh by 26,459 votes for the Lucknow East assembly seat.
In 2017, Ashutosh Tandon defeated SP-Congress joint candidate Anurag Bhadoria by record 79,230 votes. Tandon was appointed to the ministries of Technical and Medical Education.
In a portfolio reshuffle in August 2019, Tandon was allocated Urban Development Department.
In 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, Tandon won for the third time from Lucknow East constituency, defeating Samajwadi Party's Anurag Bhadouria by 49017 votes.
Ashutosh Tandon, Dr Neeraj Vora nominated to SGPGI Hospital Board Member
See also
Yogi Adityanath ministry (2017–)
References
1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Lucknow
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh
State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh
Yogi ministry
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027 |
501827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPI | COPI | COPI is a coatomer, a protein complex that coats vesicles transporting proteins from the cis end of the Golgi complex back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they were originally synthesized, and between Golgi compartments. This type of transport is retrograde transport, in contrast to the anterograde transport associated with the COPII protein. The name "COPI" refers to the specific coat protein complex that initiates the budding process on the cis-Golgi membrane. The coat consists of large protein subcomplexes that are made of seven different protein subunits, namely α, β, β', γ, δ, ε and ζ.
Coat proteins
Coat protein, or COPI, is an ADP ribosylation factor (ARF)-dependent protein involved in membrane traffic. COPI was first identified in retrograde traffic from the cis-Golgi to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is the most extensively studied of ARF-dependent adaptors. COPI consists of seven subunits which compose the heteroheptameric protein complex.
The primary function of adaptors is the selection of cargo proteins for their incorporation into nascent carriers. Cargo containing the sorting motifs KKXX and KXKXX interact with COPI to form carriers which are transported from the cis-Golgi to the ER. Current views suggest that ARFs are also involved in the selection of cargo for incorporation into carriers.
Budding process
ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) is a GTPase involved in membrane traffic. There are 6 mammalian ARFs which are regulated by over 30 guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). ARF is post-translationally modified at the N-terminus by the addition of the fatty acid myristate.
ARF cycles between GTP and GDP-bound conformations. In the GTP-bound form, ARF conformation changes such that the myristate and hydrophobic N-terminal become more exposed and associate with the membrane. The interconversion between GTP and GDP bound states is mediated by ARF GEFs and ARF GAPs. At the membrane, ARF-GTP is hydrolyzed to ARF-GDP by ARF GAPs. Once in the GDP-bound conformation, ARF converts to a less hydrophobic conformation and dissociates from the membrane. Soluble ARF-GDP is converted back to ARF-GTP by GEFs.
Luminal proteins: Proteins found in the lumen of the Golgi complex that need to be transported to the lumen of the ER contain the signal peptide KDEL. This sequence is recognized by a membrane-bound KDEL receptor. In yeast, this is ERD2P and in mammals it is KDELR. This receptor then binds to an ARF-GEF, a class of guanine nucleotide exchange factors. This protein in turn binds to the ARF. This interaction causes ARF to exchange its bound GDP for GTP. Once this exchange is made ARF binds to the cytosolic side of the cis-Golgi membrane and inserts the myristoylated N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix into the membrane.
Membrane proteins: Transmembrane proteins which reside in the ER contain sorting signals in their cytosolic tails which direct the protein to exit the Golgi and return to the ER. These sorting signals, or motifs, typically contain the amino acid sequence KKXX or KXKXX, which interact with COPI subunits α-COP and β'-COP. The order in which adaptor proteins associate with cargo, or adaptor proteins associate with ARFs is unclear, however, in order to form a mature transport carrier coat protein, adaptor, cargo, and ARF must all associate.
Membrane deformation and carrier budding occurs following the collection of interactions described above. The carrier then buds off of the donor membrane, in the case of COPI this membrane is the cis-Golgi, and the carrier moves to the ER where it fuses with the acceptor membrane and its content is expelled.
Structure
On the surface of a vesicle COPI molecules form symmetric trimers ("triads"). The curved triad structure positions the Arf1 molecules and cargo binding sites proximal to the membrane. The β′- and α-COP subunits form an arch over the γζβδ-COP subcomplex, orienting their N-terminal domains such that the K(X)KXX cargo-motif binding sites are optimally positioned against the membrane. Thus β′- and α-COP do not form a cage or lattice as in COPII and clathrin coats as previously suggested; instead, they are linked to one another via the γζβδ-COP subcomplexes, forming an interconnected assembly. The triads are linked together with contacts of variable valence making up four different types of contacts.
See also
COPII vesicles
Clathrin vesicles
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase#ER to Golgi transport
Exomer
References
Cell biology |
31769733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20surfing%20in%20Australia | Women's surfing in Australia | In 1940, a study of 314 women in New Zealand and Australia was done. Most of the women in the study were middle class, conservative, Protestant and white. The study found that 183 participated in sport. The nineteenth most popular sport that these women participated in was surfing, with 2 having played the sport. The sport was tied with cricket, mountaineering, and rowing.
Isabel Letham was one of the early icons of women's surfing in Australia. She inspired several women including Pam Burridge.
During the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, women's surfing saw a large expansion in the number of competitors. Since then one-third of Australia's Surfing population are female.
Women's competitive surfing did not develop as quickly as men. This is due to many female competitions being cancelled at short notice leading to irregular competitions. Women also earned considerably less than men. In the 1984 Beaurepaire Open, women competed for A$5,000, whilst men A$95,000.
Surf lifesaving in Australia banned women from rescue work and competition in 1914: "conquering the sea was a man's prerogative and women were deemed physically too weak to carry a heavy belt and line or to swim competitively in surf races" (Booth, 2007).
Australia has produced several women's world champions including Pam Burridge, Pauline Menczer and Wendy Botha.
Pam Burridge was one of the most influential women in Australian surfing to push for equality between the men's and women's parts of the sport. She competed in an era when men and women did not earn comparable prize money. She shocked many in the surfing community by chasing after and successfully surfing big waves, waves women were typically not known to surf.
Notable Women in Australian Surfing
Pam Burridge
Pauline Menczer
Wendy Botha
Female Australian World Title Holders
1989: Wendy Botha
1990: Pam Burridge
1991: Wendy Botha
1992: Wendy Botha
1993: Pauline Menczer
1998: Layne Beachley
1999: Layne Beachley
2000: Layne Beachley
2001: Layne Beachley
2002: Layne Beachley
2003: Layne Beachley
2005: Chelsea Georgeson
2006: Layne Beachley
2007: Stephanie Gilmore
2008: Stephanie Gilmore
2009: Stephanie Gilmore
2010: Stephanie Gilmore
2012: Stephanie Gilmore
2014: Stephanie Gilmore
Constraints for Women in Surfing
In 2012, a study was completed by Laura Fendt & Erica Wilson which looked at the motivations and constraints experienced by women in relation to surfing and surf-related travel. This study was conducted by facilitating in-depth interviews with 20 women surfers in New South Wales, Australia. The interview was structured around questions designed to provoke a more in-depth response from participants. On completion of the study the following table of results was constructed using the responses of the 20 interviewed women.
The numbers in this column do not equal 20 as each woman has stated several constraints
Performance Differences Between Men and Women
Due to the natural differences in strength between men and women, competitions have always been segregated between the sexes. The main aspect of surfing which gives male athletes an advantage in competition is the pop up phase. The pop-up movement occurs when the surfer has gained enough speed in the paddling stage to catch the wave and is complete. Once this momentum has been gained an explosive movement occurs as the surfer pushes off the board to stand on their feet.
A study was conducted at the California State University to measure the exact advantage that men had over women in this pop-up stage. Men and women of the same ages were asked to perform three pop-ups on a plate that would measure relative peak force, relative rate of force development, peak velocity, rate of velocity development and relative power. In all of these criteria, men produced significantly better results.
It was then concluded from these results that female surfers are not physically able to perform the pop-up action with forces equal to that of their male competitors.
See also
Surfing Australia
Surfing in Australia
Women's surfing
Notes
References
Bibliography
Surfing in Australia
Surfing
Women's surfing |
31567970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nch%20%28rock%29 | Mönch (rock) | The Mönch (also Mönchstein) is a rock pinnacle and popular climbing peak in Saxon Switzerland in Germany near the spa town of Rathen. The weather vane on the summit, in the shape of a tin monk, is visible from afar and acts as a navigation aid.
In the Middle Ages the rock was used as a lookout for Neurathen Castle due to its prominent location. From that time stems the Mönchsloch ("Monk's Hole") hewn out of the rock just below the summit, a shelter about 1.75 metres high and 1.35 metres deep that was used by the guard post of the castle. The rock castle was destroyed in 1469 and fell into ruins. With it disappeared the medieval staircase that enabled the Mönch to be climbed, although traces of the timber beams remain today. Since that time the summit may only be reached by climbing.
The rocks were occasionally climbed thereafter; tradition recording ascents in the years 1632, 1777 and 1803. After gymnasts from Bad Schandau had made the first recreational ascent of the Falkenstein in 1864, the first ascent of the Mönch for similar reasons followed 10 years later, in 1874, made by O. Ufer and H. Frick. This was the first ascent of a climbing rock in Saxon Switzerland without artificial aids; whereas hitherto ladders or artificially hewn steps and the like had been used. Climbing without artificial aids is still an important point in the Saxon climbing rules valid today.
The Southeast Way (Südostweg) used by Ufer and Frick (Saxon climbing grade III) is still a popular climbing route today. Since the first recreational ascent of the Mönch, a multitude of other climbing routes have been opened. Even well-known climbers like Oscar Schuster, Rudolf Fehrmann, Emanuel Strubich and Bernd Arnold have made the first ascent of climbing routes on the Mönch. The most difficult ascents in the north face reach levels of difficulty of Saxon grade ten.
In 1887 a weather vane was erected on the Mönch, as was common on other peaks in the area in those times. The vane was in the shape of a monk's silhouette. Whilst most of the weather vanes and summit symbols were destroyed or dismantled again in the succeeding decades, that on the Mönch was one of the few that remained in Saxon Switzerland. The original figure suffered damage, in 1928 and 1930, and was replaced in 1957 by a faithful replica. The original monk of 1887 may be seen in the museum in Bad Schandau.
Sources
Peter Rölke (publ.): Wander- & Naturführer Sächsische Schweiz, Vol. 2, Verlag Rölke, Dresden,
Rock formations of Saxon Switzerland
Climbing areas of Germany
Rathen |
64084507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20Ride%20Home%20%28film%29 | Night Ride Home (film) | Night Ride Home is a 1999 American drama television film directed by Glenn Jordan and written by Ronald Parker and Darrah Cloud, based on the 1997 novel of the same name by Barbara Esstman. It stars Rebecca De Mornay, Keith Carradine, Ellen Burstyn, and Thora Birch. Its plot follows a family coping with the death of their son, which his sister inadvertently caused. It aired on CBS on February 7, 1999, as an episode of the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology series.
Cast
Production
Filming took place in Portland, Oregon.
Critical response
David Kronke of Variety praised the film as a "handsome, intelligent and well-burnished production," and a "thoughtful and sensitive examination of how a family copes with grief." Terry Kelleher of People compared the film negatively against the 1980 film Ordinary People. Don Heckman of the Los Angeles Times criticized the film's screenplay, noting "the presentation of these issues is far too calculated, and their solutions far too quickly accomplished. The script’s simplistic method of resolving what in real life would be significant emotional trauma is to provide a cathartic scene that almost immediately prompts a change in characters." Ron Wertheimer of The New York Times praised the film, writing that "Night Ride Home has the courage to depict imperfect people who are walloped by a heartbreaking loss and emerge only slightly wiser and no more perfect than before. The centerpiece of the film... is the quietly disturbing performance of Rebecca De Mornay."
References
External links
1999 television films
1999 films
1999 drama films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
American drama television films
CBS network films
Films about horses
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Glenn Jordan
Films scored by Bruce Broughton
Films set on farms
Films shot in Portland, Oregon
Hallmark Hall of Fame episodes
Television films based on books |
4165761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LifeType | LifeType | LifeType is an open-source blogging platform with support for multiple blogs and users in a single installation. It is written in PHP and backed by a MySQL database.
LifeType is licensed under the GNU General Public License.
LifeType began as a project to create a flexible blogging platform. LifeType was built with the intention to have a scalable architecture while keeping the core as light as possible, hoping to ensure an efficient and
fast web-publishing engine. However, many features have allowed LifeType to be comparative to other more established blog software. LifeType borrows from several Open-Source components. These functional components together help make LifeType more fully featured.
LifeType offers support for multiple blogs and multiple users in one installation. Each blog can be run in its own language and can be customized using a template engine. LifeType also features Bayesian spam filtering, media uploads, file handling, a customizable search engine friendly URLs and an administration area.
Lifetype integrates a web based wizard to help users to set up and configure their own blog.
With the integration of the template editor plug-in, users can make custom adjustments to LifeType's templates. As an open source project, LifeType is built, maintained and adjusted by the Lifetype community of designers.
Features
Multiple Blogs per Installation (suitable for blog hosting)
Sub-domains
Multiple Users per Blog
Multiple Blogs per User
Integrated Media Management (Podcasting, automatic thumbnail generation, a filebrowser and custom descriptions for each file)
Extensible plug-in support
Anti-Spam features (bayesian spam filter, comment moderation, Captcha (including the accessible ReCaptcha), trackback validation)
Localization
XML-RPC
Mobile features (moblogging)
History
The LifeType project started in February 2003 under the name pLog. pLog was renamed to LifeType after Amazon.com, the holder of the "plog" trademark requested it to change its name.
See also
list of blogging terms
External links
LifeType Home Page
Demo version of LifeType
coldtobi's blog Accessible ReCaptcha Plugin
References
Blog software
Free content management systems |
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