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46731696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Pacific%20Naval%20Symposium	Western Pacific Naval Symposium	The Western Pacific Naval Symposium are a series of biennial meetings of the Pacific nations to discuss naval matters held on even numbered years. A WPNS workshop is held on odd numbered years in between the symposiums. History At the International Seapower Symposium in 1987 agreement was reached "to establish a forum where leaders of regional navies could meet to discuss cooperative initiatives". The first meeting was held in 1988. Member countries as of 2010: Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, France, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, Tonga, United States of America, Vietnam. Observers: Bangladesh, India, Mexico, Peru, The United Kingdom. At the 2014 WPNS, agreement was reached on the Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea. References Pacific Ocean Navies Diplomatic conferences
11769449	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Arbor%20%28disambiguation%29	Ann Arbor (disambiguation)	Ann Arbor is a city in Washtenaw County, Michigan, US. Ann Arbor may also refer to: Ann Arbor station, an Amtrak station in Ann Arbor, Michigan Ann Arbor Charter Township, Michigan, a township adjacent to the city of Ann Arbor Ann Arbor Film Festival Ann Arbor Municipal Airport (IATA: ARB, ICAO: KARB) See also Ann Arbor staging, the staging system for lymphomas Anarbor, a pop-rock band on Hopeless Records AnnArbor.com, Ann Arbor's defunct local newspaper Ann Arbor Railroad (disambiguation) defunct lines in Ohio and Michigan Ann Arbor (automobile), a vehicle produced by Huron River Manufacturing Company (1911–12)
66860542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb%20of%20Lepejou	Tomb of Lepejou	The Tomb of Lepejou is the oldest Muslim burial site in the Netherlands, dating back to 1828. The grave is located on the Huize Arnichem Estate outside the hamlet of Haerst, which is under the municipal jurisdiction of Zwolle. Lepejou Lepejou was a historical figure born circa 1805 on the island of Sulawesi in the former Dutch East Indies. Lepejou died on 23 July 1828. Lepejou was born from parents named August and Jeanette and he was sold as a slave in British Guiana. Although Lepejou was from Sulawesi, his death certificate incorrectly stated that he was born in Boegis. Folklore Numerous Dutch publications have reported local folklore surrounding the tomb of Lepejou. Oral histories relate that Lepejou saved the life of Joan Hendrik Tobias, the historic owner of the Huize Arnichem Estate. As a way of saying thanks, Joan Hendrik Tobias subsequently brought Lepejou from Sulawesi to the Netherlands. Tombstone features The grave consists of two stones. On the first stone is a Latin text, which translated reads: "Lepejou, also called Apolloon, was born on the island of Celebes and died on July 23, 1828." On the second stone is an Arabic text, which translated reads: "The lord has his most loyal servant dedicated this tomb, because he is grateful to him and always thinks of him." Burial site In 1979, the grave was dug up and vandalized: both stones were broken and the tomb was partially opened. At this time, the skull was also stolen from the grave. In archives The legal death certificate of Lepejou is held in the Historical Center Overijssel in Zwolle. See also Grave robbery Islam in the Netherlands Islamophobia in Europe Notes References Archaeological theft Cemetery vandalism and desecration Cemeteries in the Netherlands Muslim cemeteries Islam in the Netherlands Anti-Islam sentiment in the Netherlands
74625679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland%27s%20Secret%20Bunker	Scotland's Secret Bunker	Scotland's Secret Bunker is a nuclear bunker turned into a Cold War museum. History The nuclear bunker was built in 1952 with the original purpose of being a Royal Air Force radar station as part of the ROTOR system, it was official named RAF Troywood. In the 1960s, it was transferred to the Civil Defence Corps. The facility had a cinema, broadcasting capabilities, telephone switchboard, In 1993, it was decommissioned, and became a Cold War museum. In 2004, a man broke into the facility using a JCB digger. Sealed himself inside the bunker, leading to stand-off between him and armed police officers.Which ended after 3 days, the man was committed to psychiatric care. References External links Scotland's Secret Bunker website Radar stations Bunkers in the United Kingdom Museums in Scotland
31299952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9cassine%20%281940%20film%29	Bécassine (1940 film)	Bécassine is a 1940 French comedy film directed by Pierre Caron and starring Max Dearly, Paulette Dubost and Marguerite Deval. It is an adaptation of the French comic series Bécassine. Cast Paulette Dubost - Bécassine Max Dearly - Monsieur Proey-Minans Marguerite Deval - Madame Tampico Marcel Vallée - L'oncle Annie France - Annie de Grand-Air Alice Tissot - La marquise de Grand-Air Nita Raya - Arlette Daniel Clérice - José Tampico See also Bécassine (2018) External links 1940 films 1940 comedy films 1940s French-language films Films based on French comics Films directed by Pierre Caron Live-action films based on comics French black-and-white films French comedy films 1940s French films
58581733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20McEvoy%20%28artist%29	Mary McEvoy (artist)	Mary Augusta McEvoy née Spencer Edwards (22 October 1870 – 4 November 1941) was a British artist known for her paintings of portraits, interiors and flowers. Biography McEvoy was born in Freshford in Somerset and studied at the Slade School of Art in London. Between 1900 and 1906 she was a regular exhibitor with the New English Art Club. In 1902 she married the artist Ambrose McEvoy and in due course gave up a full-time art career although she worked with her husband on at least one major project. In 1909 Ambrose McEvoy was commissioned to paint a series of decorations for St Columba's Church, Long Tower in Derry which were to consist of three original works and twenty-two copies of bible scenes as depicted by Old Masters. While Ambrose created the three original pieces, it is believed that Mary worked on the twenty-two copies, finding suitable sources, making cartoons and then painting enlarged versions onto copper panels for the church. After Ambrose died in 1927 Mary resumed painting and began exhibiting her work again. Between 1928 and 1938 she exhibited twelve works at the Royal Academy in London and also had works shown at the Paris Salon. During the 1930s Knoedlers Gallery in London showed a series of, mostly female, portraits by McEvoy. The Tate collection holds her 1901 painting Interior: Girl Reading and also a bust of her by the sculptor Jacob Epstein. Both the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modern Art in Dublin and the Southampton City Art Gallery hold examples of her later works. References External links 1870 births 1941 deaths 20th-century English women artists Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art Artists from Somerset English portrait painters English women painters
23999790	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbophyllum%20ptilotes	Bulbophyllum ptilotes	Bulbophyllum ptilotes is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. References The Bulbophyllum-Checklist The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia ptilotes
44743181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20%28Moiseyenko%20painting%29	Cherry (Moiseyenko painting)	Cherry () is an oil painting on canvas painted in 1969 by Russian artist Yevsey Moiseyenko (1916–1988). History Cherry has been described as a philosophical essay about evil and good of the war. It is one of the most important works by Moiseyenko. It belongs to the series called "Years of Fighting" – a historical epopee, which brought the Lenin Prize to the artist in 1974. It was again a theme of Russian Civil War in this painting (before there were Cavalry the First (1957), Here Reds are (1961), Friends (1964), Son (1969) and others). Moiseyenko began to make studies for his painting from 1967. He made a few variants of Cherry. The last one took a year. Cherry was presented for the first time at the largest exhibition, the "Fine Arts of Leningrad" in Moscow, 1976. The Russian Museum has Cherry in its collection. As a subject Moiseyenko selected a very peaceable and idyllic episode of war in which it seems as if the soldiers have forgotten about death, which was not far from them. There are not the sabres in their hands but cherry. Moiseyenko allocated his main heroes in the top of the hill and divided the composition to the separate scenes, dissolving the border between an external space and a lyric reflection. There is a ring of friendship in the circular position of their figures. All of them are very young but their faces show strength of mind and courage. The foreground and background are from different times: There is a peaceful life of towns and villages in a condensed space of the background. It belongs to the time of dreams. "Silence. Pause. Maybe, at noon there, behind the hill, they will lie down into this caressing grass... They are pure-minded dreamers and with a great idea," the author explained his message. See also Leningrad School of Painting 1969 in art References Bibliography Изобразительное искусство Ленинграда. Каталог выставки. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1976. C.23. Кекушева, Г. В. Евсей Моисеенко. Альбом. — М.: Сов. художник, 1981. Ганеева, В., Гусев, В., Цветова, А. Изобразительное искусство Ленинграда. Выставка произведений ленинградских художников. Москва. Ноябрь 1976 — январь 1977. — Л.: Художник РСФСР, 1981. — С. 88–89. Кекушева, Г. В. Картина Е. Е. Моисеенко «Матери, сёстры». Путь к картине / Альбом. — Л.: Художник РСФСР, 1982. Герман, М. Вселенная живописца // Евсей Евсеевич Моисеенко. Каталог выставки. — Л., Художник РСФСР, 1982. — С. 15. Новожилова, Л. И., авт. вступ. ст. // Евсей Евсеевич Моисеенко. Каталог выставки. — Л., Художник РСФСР, 1982. — С. 7. Герман, М. Евсей Моисеенко // Искусство Советского Союза. Альбом. — Л.: Аврора, 1985. — С. 520–521. Справочник членов Ленинградской организации Союза художников РСФСР. — Л.: Художник РСФСР, 1987. — С. 88. Каменский, А. А. Романтический монтаж. — М.: Сов. художник, 1989. — С. 317. Литовченко, Е. Н. Евсей Евсеевич Моисеенко. 1916—1988. Живопись. Графика. Каталог выставки. — СПб.: НИМРАХ, 2006. — С. 13–14. Юбилейный справочник выпускников Санкт-Петербургского академического института живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры имени И. Е. Репина Российской Академии художеств. 1915—2005. — СПб.: Первоцвет, 2007. Литовченко, Е. Н. Е. Е. Моисеенко. «Коллекция из мастерской». Живопись, рисунок. — СПб.: Ист. иллюстрация, 2012. — С. 520–521. Collections of the Russian Museum 1969 paintings 20th-century portraits Paintings by Yevsey Moiseyenko Horses in art
11749349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%20%28automobile%29	Miller (automobile)	The Miller was a brass era automobile built in Detroit, Michigan by the Miller Car Company from 1912 to 1913. History The Miller Car Company was established in the Detroit Excelsior Works in 1911. Guy Sintz was factory manager. The Miller was built as roadsters and five-seat tourers that were powered by 30 hp and 40 hp four-cylinder Wisconsin engines. The vehicles were priced at $1,250 and $1,450, . In 1912 a 1,000-lb delivery wagon was added. The company ran out of money in 1913 and the Kosmath Company purchased the factory. The Miller automobile design and Guy Sintz went to Pittsburgh where it was refined into the Pennsy automobile. References Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan Brass Era vehicles 1910s cars Cars introduced in 1911 Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1911 Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1913
44537233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HowNutsAreTheDutch	HowNutsAreTheDutch	"How Nuts Are The Dutch" is an online research platform that became established on 13 December 2013 in the Netherlands. HowNutsAreTheDutch has been designed by researchers from the University of Groningen to support self-measurement of mental health for the entire population of The Netherlands. The project shows how crowdsourcing can be used for studying mental health in the general population. HowNutsAreTheDutch (HoeGekIsNL in Dutch) provides automatic personalized feedback on filled-out questionnaires to provide participants with more basic insight in their mental health, including a comparison with the scores of other participants. HowNutsAreTheDutch is meant to reduce mental health stigma and to promote a discrete categorization of mental health, by showing that all people have both personal strengths and weaknesses, and that most psychological characteristics are distributed continuously in the population. A background goal is to develop and evaluate personalized interventions to improve mood-related problems and social-emotional functioning. In the first year 13000 inhabitants of the Netherlands and Belgium participated. Background The HowNutsAreTheDutch name has been reported to be inspired by the Pandora foundation. The Pandora foundation was a Dutch patient organization for people with mental health problems, which used posters with tongue-in-cheek sayings to inform the public and reduce mental health stigma. The HowNutsAreTheDutch project was created by scientists from different fields, including computer sciences, psychiatric epidemiology, psychology, and mathematics. Diary Study Since the summer of 2014 HowNutsAreTheDutch provides an automated electronic diary study. This is also known as the ecological momentary assessment methodology. With this diary study participants can monitor their emotions, behaviour, somatic symptoms, and well-being over 30 days (3 times a day), which results in a personal network model. There is no financial compensation for taking part in the research; instead, if participants fill in the diary often enough they get a personal, automatically generated report in return. The web-platform uses automated vector autoregression models to determine cause-effect relationships between the measured features in the time series data. Results evidence substantial between-person variability in within-person associations. The diary study featured in the Dutch magazine "Psychologie" as a Quantified Self tool. Some researchers coupled data from commercially available sensors (i.e., their Apple Watch, Google Fit, Jawbone, NikeFuel, or Misfit) to their HowNutsAreTheDutch diary data to study the interaction between their physical and psychological processes. One study showed that positive affect and prosocial actions reinforce each other; Thus when an individual was feeling good in one six-hour period, they were more likely to do something prosocial in the next six hours, and vice versa, in line with the mood maintenance theory. Another study showed that negative affect predicted most differences in somatic symptoms between subjects, whereas positive affect predicted most variations in symptom levels within subjects. An increase in positive affect was followed by a decrease in somatic symptoms in the following 24 hours. Psychopathology Psychological problems like major depression can be seen as complex dynamic systems in which symptom activation patterns can change suddenly (phase transitions). Researchers showed that people from the general Dutch population were not susceptible to these transitions whereas someone who had experienced a depression was, using mean field approximation. References External links Further reading Foundation Pandora Mental health in the Netherlands
14757426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFAT5	NFAT5	Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5, also known as NFAT5 and sometimes TonEBP, is a human gene that encodes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in the osmotic stress. The product of this gene is a member of the nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors. Proteins belonging to this family play a central role in inducible gene transcription during the immune response. This protein regulates gene expression induced by osmotic stress in mammalian cells. Unlike monomeric members of this protein family, this protein exists as a homodimer and forms stable dimers with DNA elements. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Osmotic stress Tissues that comprise the kidneys, skin, and eyes are often subjected to osmotic stresses. When the extracellular environment is hypertonic, cells lose water and consequently, shrink. To counteract this, cells increase their sodium uptake in order to lose less water. However, an increase in intracellular ionic concentration is harmful to the cell. Cells can alternatively synthesize enzymes and transporters that increase intracellular concentration of organic osmolytes, which are less toxic than excess ions but which also aid in water retention. Under conditions of hyperosmolarity, NFAT5 is synthesized and accumulates in the nucleus. NFAT5 stimulates the transcription of genes for aldose reductase (AR), the sodium chloride-betaine cotransporter (SLC6A12) the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SLC5A3), the taurine transporter (SLC6A6) and neuropathy target esterase which are involved in the production and uptake of organic osmolytes. Additionally, NFAT5 induces heat shock proteins, Hsp70, and osmotic stress proteins. NFAT5 is also implicated in cytokine production. It has been shown that when NFAT5 is inhibited in renal and immune cells, these cells become significantly more susceptible to osmotic stress. NFAT5 deficient mice were found to suffer from massive cell loss in the renal medulla. Additionally, mice expressing a dominant-negative form of NFAT5 in their eyes exhibited decreased viability under hypertonic extracellular environment. Structure The NFAT family consists of five different forms: NFAT1, NFAT2, NFAT3, NFAT4, and NFAT5 (this protein). The proteins in this family are expressed in nearly every tissue in the body and are known transcriptional regulators in cytokine and immune cell expression. Among the different forms of NFAT, NFAT5 is an important component of the hyperosmolar stress response system. cDNA of NFAT5 was first isolated from a human brain cDNA library. Subsequent analysis revealed that NFAT5 is a member of the Rel family, which also consists of NF-κB and NFATc proteins. The largest Rel protein, it consists of nearly 1,500 amino acid residues. Like the other Rel proteins, NFAT5 contains the Rel homology domain, a conserved DNA-binding domain. Outside of the Rel homology domain, no similarities exist between NFAT5 and NF-κB or NFATc. Among these differences is the absence of docking sites for calcineurin, which is necessary for NFATc nuclear import. Instead, NFAT5 is a constitutively nuclear protein whose activity and localization does not depend on calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation. Increased NFAT5 transcription is correlated with p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation. Mechanism of Activation Although the precise mechanism by which osmotic stress is sensed by the cell is unclear, it has been suggested that Brx, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) localized near the plasma membrane, is activated by osmotic stress through changes in the cytoskeleton structure. Alternatively, Brx may also be activated through changes in its interactions with possible osmosensor molecules at the cell membrane. Upon Brx activation, the GEF domain of Brx facilitates activation of Rho-type small G proteins from its inactive GDP state to active GTP state. Additionally, activated Brx also recruits and physically interacts with JIP4, a p38 MAPK-specific scaffold protein. JIP4 binds to downstream kinases, MKK3 and MKK6. This complex then activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Activation of p38 MAPK is regulated by Cdc42 and Rac1. Activation of p38 MAPK is a necessary step for NFAT5 expression. It has been found that NFAT5 expression, following hyperosmolarity, depends on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The addition of a p38 MAPK inhibitor was found to correlate with decreased NFAT5 expression, even in the presence of osmotic stress signals. However, the downstream transcription of the NFAT5 gene by p38 MAPK is currently not yet characterized. It is hypothesized that p38 MAPK phosphorylation activates c-Fos and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which bind to AP-1-binding sites and ISRES (Interferon Stimulated Response Element) respectively. Binding to these sites consequently activates the transcription of target genes. Although the Brx-mediated activation of NFAT5 has only been examined in lymphocyte response to osmotic stress, it is hypothesized that this mechanism is a common one in other cell types. Additional Roles NFAT5 has also been implicated in other biological roles, such as in embryonic development. Mice in the embryonic stages with non-function NFAT5 exhibited reduced survivorship. NFAT5 is also involved in cellular proliferation. NFAT5 mRNA expression is particularly high in proliferating cells. Inhibition of NFAT5 in embryonic fibroblasts resulted in cell cycle arrest. Although NFAT5 has been found to be important in other biological processes besides hyperosmotic stress response, the mechanism by which NFAT5 acts in these other processes are currently not well known. References Further reading External links Transcription factors Human proteins
14691887	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyed%20Imam%20Al-Sharif	Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif	Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif, (, Sayyid ‘Imām ash-Sharīf; born 8 August 1950), aka "Dr. Fadl" and Abd Al-Qader Bin 'Abd Al-'Aziz, has been described as a "major" figure "in the global jihad movement." He is said to be "one of Ayman Al-Zawahiri's oldest associates", and his book al-'Umda fi I'dad al-'Udda ("The Essentials of Making Ready [for Jihad]"), was used as a jihad manual in Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan. Fadl is reported to be one of the first members of Al Qaeda’s top council. He has, as of 2007, recently attacked al-Qaeda and called for a stop to violent jihad activities both in Western and Muslim countries. He is reported to have two wives, with four sons and two daughters between them. Early life and education According to Human Rights Watch, Sharif was born in 1950, in the southern Egyptian province of Beni Suef seventy-five miles south of Cairo. His father was a headmaster in Beni Suef. Sharif studied the Quran, and was a hafez (i.e. he had memorized the Quran) by time he finished sixth grade. At fifteen, the Egyptian government enrolled him in a boarding school in Cairo for exceptional students. At 18 he entered medical school, and began preparing for a career as a plastic surgeon, specializing in burn injuries. He has been described as being "pious and high-minded, prideful, and rigid" at that time. It was while studying medicine at Cairo University in the 1970s that al-Sharif met Ayman Al-Zawahiri. In 1977, Zawahiri asked al-Sharif to join his group. According to al-Sharif, Zawahiri misrepresenting himself as a delegate from a group that was advised by Islamic scholars, when in fact Zawahiri was the group's emir and was not guided or advised by clerical authorities. Al-Sharif did not join Zawahiri's group. Egyptian Islamic Jihad Following the 1981 assassination of the President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat – who had signed a peace treaty with Israel two years earlier – thousands of Egyptian Islamists were rounded up. These included Zawahiri, who was charged with smuggling weapons, but not Al-Sharif who fled the country, was tried in absentia, and convicted. Al-Sharif left Egypt for the UAE in 1982, where he worked as a doctor. He then resided in Pakistan for few weeks before leaving for Saudi Arabia, and then went back to Pakistan again, where he worked for a Kuwaiti Red Crescent hospital in Peshawar. In Pakistan Sharif worked with Ayman al-Zawahiri to rebuild Egyptian Islamic Jihad in exile. In the mid-eighties, Sharif is thought to have become Egyptian Islamic Jihad’s emir, or chief. Al-Sharif denies this, saying that his role was merely one of offering "Sharia guidance." Zawahiri, "whose reputation had been stained by his prison confessions", handled "tactical operations." Al-Sharif impressed other jihadis with his encyclopedic knowledge of the Koran and the Hadith. According to one source, al-Sharif stayed in the background, “Ayman was the one in front, but the real leader was [al-Sharif, aka] Dr. Fadl." The Essential Guide for Preparation In Peshawar, Imam Al-Sharif (aka Fadl) wrote a text for jihadis to "school them in the proper way to fight battles" and preached that the "real objective was not victory over the Soviets but martyrdom and eternal salvation". This work, "The Essential Guide for Preparation," appeared in 1988 and became "one of the most important texts in the jihadis' training". The "Guide" begins with the premise that jihad is the natural state of Islam. Muslims must always be in conflict with nonbelievers, Fadl asserts, resorting to peace only in moments of abject weakness. Because jihad is, above all, a religious exercise, there are divine rewards to be gained. He who gives money for jihad will be compensated in Heaven, but not as much as the person who acts. The greatest prize goes to the martyr. Every able-bodied believer is obligated to engage in jihad, since most Muslim countries are ruled by infidels who must be forcibly removed, in order to bring about an Islamic state. "The way to bring an end to the rulers' unbelief is armed rebellion," the "Guide" states. Some Arab governments regarded the book as so dangerous that anyone caught with a copy was subject to arrest. In 1989, bin Laden moved from Afghanistan to Sudan along with Zawahiri and most members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Imam Al-Sharif, who was finishing "what he considered his masterwork, The Compendium of the Pursuit of Divine Knowledge", agreed to go at the urging of Al-Zawahiri. Time in Sudan "On September 10, 1993, al-Sharif took his wife and family to Sudan, where he was received on arrival by Ayman al-Zawahri, in Khartoum Airport. The relations between the two men, however, deteriorated further during al-Sharif's time in Sudan." Sometime in the early 1990, Al-Zawahiri and Al-Sharif fell out over questions of strategy and tactics. Al-Sharif opposed Islamic Jihad's joining another Islamist group, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, in its terror campaign against Egyptian government and foreign tourists in Egypt saying, "this is senseless activity that will bring no benefit." "Al-Sharif believed that violent attacks were futile, and instead advocated slow and steady infiltration into the structure of the state, but the group as a whole decided otherwise." After two unsuccessful bombing attempts "members of Al Jihad demanded that their leader resign. Many were surprised to discover that the emir was Fadl." Al-Sharif "willingly gave up the post", and Zawahiri became the official leader as well as leader of tactical operations. Before he left Sudan, however, Al-Sharif gave a copy of his finished manuscript to Zawahiri, saying that it could be used to raise money. The Compendium of the Pursuit of Divine Knowledge Al-Sharif's second book was more than a thousand pages long and its author used the pseudonym Abdul Qader bin Abdul Aziz. It opens with the assertion that: "A man may enter the faith in many ways, yet be expelled from it by just one deed." Despite Al-Sharif's complaints about the al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya bombing campaign, his book defined Islam narrowly and takfir very broadly. Among those who were not only sinners but apostates of Islam and deserving of death, according to Fadl, are the rulers of Egypt and other Arab countries, those who obey them, and those who participate in elections. “The infidel's rule, his prayers, and the prayers of those who pray behind him are invalid," Fadl decrees. His blood may be shed legally by true Muslims. "I say to Muslims in all candor that secular, nationalist democracy opposes your religion and your doctrine, and in submitting to it you leave God’s book behind." Other Muslims who are actually infidels include anyone employed by the government, the police, and the courts, and anyone who works for peaceful change instead of violent jihad. In addition, those who disagree with these ideas are also heretics and deserve to be killed. According to Fadl, Zawahiri was delighted with the result, saying, “this book is a victory from Almighty God." But Zawahiri also edited the book before publishing it, removing "a barbed critique of the jihadi movement" and specific organizations and individuals – including al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (the Islamic Group) with whom Zawahiri was attempting to engineer a merger – and changing the title to Guide to the Path of Righteousness for Jihad and Belief. Al-Sharif became furious with Zawahiri when he found this out, refusing to accept his apology and telling Al Hayat, "I do not know anyone in the history of Islam prior to Ayman al-Zawahiri who engaged in such lying, cheating, forgery, and betrayal of trust by transgressing against someone else's book." Leaving Islamic Jihad In Yemen Al-Sharif reportedly severed his ties with the Jihad, and devoted his time to his medical work and theological studies. He took his family to Sana'a following the 1994 Yemeni Civil War, then to the mountain town of Ibb, and began working in a local hospital. His son Isma`il insisted his father had by then severed all links with militant groups. He called himself Dr. Abdul Aziz al-Sharif. Arrest and imprisonment In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, Al-Sharif was questioned by Yemen’s Political Security Organization, the Yemeni "secret police", while at work as a surgeon at the al-Shiffa Hospital in Ibb Governorate, south of Sana'a, on October 28, 2001. Shortly after he turned himself in. He was held for three years in detention in Sana'a, "without charge, without trial, and without access to an attorney." Criticism of Jihad movement On 28 February 2004 Al-Sharif was transferred to Egypt. He was eventually transferred to Scorpion Prison, a facility inside Tora Prison where major political figures were held. There, Al-Sharif/Fadl was serving a life sentence, although according to his son his "cell" was a private room with a bath and a small kitchen, refrigerator, and a television. During his imprisonment in Egypt he wrote Wathiqat Tarshid Al-'Aml Al-Jihadi fi Misr w'Al-'Alam ("Document of Right Guidance for Jihad Activity in Egypt and the World", also translated as "Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World"). In it he proclaimed "We are prohibited from committing aggression, even if the enemies of Islam do that." Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World In November–December 2007 this book/initiative attacking al-Qaeda and calling for a stop to jihad activities both in the West and in Muslim countries, was published in serial form in two Arab dailies, the Kuwaiti Al-Jarida and the Egyptian Al-Masri Al-Yawm. Al-Sharif claims that hundreds of Egyptian jihadists from various factions – including a majority of Islamic Jihad members – had endorsed his position. Lawrence Wright has described it as "undermin[ing] the entire intellectual framework of jihadist warfare." Restrictions on jihad The book Rationalizing Jihad opens with the premise that "there is nothing that invokes the anger of God and His wrath like the unwarranted spilling of blood and wrecking of property." It defines most forms of terrorism as illegal under Islamic law and restrict the possibility of holy war to extremely rare circumstances. Requirements for the lawful declaration of jihad include: a place of refuge, adequate financial resources to wage the campaign without resort to stealing or kidnapping, a means of providing for and protecting family members, properly identified enemy to avoiding killing the innocent. The "blowing up of hotels, buildings, and public transportation" is not permitted. In addition permission must be granted by the jihadi's parents, creditors and a qualified Islamic scholar. Al-Sharif warns, "Oh, you young people, do not be deceived by the heroes of the Internet, the leaders of the microphones, who are launching statements inciting the youth while living under the protection of intelligence services, or of a tribe, or in a distant cave or under political asylum in an infidel country. They have thrown many others before you into the infernos, graves, and prisons." Even if a person has met these requirements and is fit and capable, jihad may not be required of him. Isolation from, rather than jihad against, unbelievers is praiseworthy. Also "God permitted peace treaties and cease-fires with the infidels, either in exchange for money or without it – all of this in order to protect the Muslims, in contrast with those who push them into peril," if the enemy is much more powerful than Muslims. Al-Sharif narrows down those who may be targets of jihad. Unjust Muslim rulers are excluded. Fadl quotes prophet Muhammad advising Muslims: "Those who rebel against the Sultan shall die a pagan death." Non-Muslims are not an acceptable target unless they are actively attacking Muslims. "There is nothing in the Sharia about killing Jews and the Nazarenes [Christians], referred to by some as the Crusaders. They are the neighbors of the Muslims ... and being kind to one's neighbors is a religious duty." Foreigners in Muslim countries may actually be Muslims or they may have been invited into the country for work, which is "a kind of treaty" and exempts them from being targets of jihad. To Muslims living in non-Islamic countries eager to wage jihad, Fadl says, I say it is not honorable to reside with people – even if they were nonbelievers and not part of a treaty, if they gave you permission to enter their homes and live with them, and if they gave you security for yourself and your money, and if they gave you the opportunity to work or study, or they granted you political asylum with a decent life and other acts of kindness – and then betray them, through killing and destruction. This was not in the manners and practices of the Prophet. Current jihads While "terrorizing the enemy is a legitimate duty" Al-Sharif believes "legitimate terror" must follow Islamic law. As for current or recent jihad, "Jihad in Afghanistan will lead to the creation of an Islamic state with the triumph of the Taliban, if God wills." In Palestine, "if it were not for the jihad in Palestine, the Jews would have crept toward the neighboring countries a long time ago," and without jihad in Iraq, "America would have moved into Syria." However the strife between Sunnis and Shiites in the jihad in Iraq is troubling because: "Harming those who are affiliated with Islam but have a different creed is forbidden." Examples of unlawful slaughter include Al Qaeda's terrorist attacks in America, London, and Madrid, which were wrong because they were based on nationality, which is forbidden under Islam. 9/11 attack Al-Sharif criticizes the hijackers of 9/11 on the grounds that they "betrayed the enemy," because the visas to the U.S. they received were a kind of contract of protection. The followers of bin Laden entered the United States with his knowledge, and on his orders double-crossed its population, killing and destroying. The Prophet — God's prayer and peace be upon him – said, ‘On the Day of Judgment, every double-crosser will have a banner up-proportionate to his treachery.' He also criticizes the attack for the retaliation it brought forth People hate America, and the Islamist movements feel their hatred and their impotence. Ramming America has become the shortest road to fame and leadership among the Arabs and Muslims. But what good is it if you destroy one of your enemy's buildings, and he destroys one of your countries? What good is it if you kill one of his people, and he kills a thousand of yours? ... That, in short, is my evaluation of 9/11. Interview In what is thought to have been an effort to dispel suspicions that the book did not represent Al-Sharif's true feelings, Muhammad Salah, the Cairo bureau chief of Al Hayat, was allowed into Tora Prison to interview Fadl. The result was published in a six-part series, where Fadl "defended the work as his own and left no doubt of his personal grudge against Zawahiri." In the interview, Fadl labels 9/11 "a catastrophe for Muslims," because Al Qaeda's actions "caused the death of tens of thousands of Muslims—Arabs, Afghans, Pakistanis and others." Criticism of Rationalizing Jihad According to journalist Lawrence Wright, "Jihadist publications were filled with condemnations of Fadl's revisions." Some critics include Hani al-Sibai, a London-based Egyptian political refugee who runs the Almaqreze Centre for Historical Studies, Muhammad Khalil al-Hukayma, leader of the al-Qaeda in Egypt group. Al-Zawahiri himself replied to al-Sharif in a nearly two hundred pages long "letter," which appeared on the Internet in March 2008. According to Diaa Rashwan, an analyst for the Al Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies, in Cairo, it was "the first time in history" that al-Qaeda leadership "have responded in this way to internal dissent." In countering Al-Sharif, Al-Zawahiri contends that "we have the right to do to the infidels what they have done to us. We bomb them as they bomb us, even if we kill someone who is not permitted to be killed." He compares the 9/11 attack to the 1998 American bombing of a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan: "I see no difference between the two operations, except that the money used to build the factory was Muslim money and the workers who died in the factory's rubble [a single night watchman] were Muslims, while the money that was spent on the buildings that those hijackers destroyed was infidel money and the people who died in the explosion were infidels." Al-Zawahiri denies that by attacking a country which gave them visas the 9/11 attackers were "betrayed the enemy," saying, "even if the contract is based on international agreements, we are not bound by these agreements." He denies the attacks on New York, London and Madrid were un-Islamic targeting of nationalities saying "The writer speaks of violations of the Sharia, such as killing people because of their nationality, skin color, hair color, or denomination. This is another example of making accusations without evidence." Rather than conducting terror attacks that bring devastating retaliation, "the Islamic mujahid movement was not defeated, by the grace of God; indeed, because of its patience, steadfastness, and thoughtfulness, it is headed toward victory." Zawahiri denies Muslims living in non-Islamic countries are treated fairly, pointing out that in France, Muslim girls are forbidden to wear hijab to school, that Muslim men are prevented from marrying more than one wife, and from beating their wives, as allowed by the Sharia (according to Zawahiri). The kidnapping or killing of tourists by jihadis has not been unislamic it has been done to send a message to their home countries (this is an opinion stated as fact): "the mujahideen don't kidnap people randomly ... We don't attack Brazilian tourists in Finland, or those from Vietnam in Venezuela." Zawahiri also complains of a double standard when Palestinian organizations are not criticized for the same tactics and problems that Al-Sharif criticizes other jihadis. Why does al-Qaeda suffer from infighting? "Why don't you ask Hamas the same thing?" Zawahiri demands. "Isn't this a clear contradiction?" Zawahiri concedes Al Jihad has failed to overthrow the Egyptian government, then adds, "Neither has the eighty-year-old jihad kicked the occupier out of Palestine. If it is said that the jihad in Egypt put a halt to tourism and harmed the economy, the answer is that jihad in Palestine resulted in the siege of Gaza." Al-Zawahiri's book has been published in French, in September 2008, by Editions Milelli (). References Sources Egypt's Jihad Group leader wants end to violence Violence won't work: how author of 'jihadists' bible' stirred up a storm External links Al Qaeda's Dissident Foreign Policy December 2009 Living people Egyptian al-Qaeda members 20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam Cairo University alumni Egyptian expatriates in Pakistan 1950 births
8176461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Faught	George Faught	George Faught (born July 14, 1962) is an American businessman and Republican politician from Oklahoma. Faught was Representative for District 14 in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 2007 to 2012. House District 14 encompasses Muskogee, Fort Gibson, Braggs, Hulbert, and outlying areas. When the 51st Legislature was opened on February 5, 2007, Faught became the only Republican in state history to represent the historically Democratic 14th House District. He announced his candidacy for Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district on July 14, 2011. Early life George Faught was born in Brownfield, Texas, on July 14, 1962. His family relocated to Muskogee, Oklahoma, when he was 6 months old. Faught graduated from Muskogee High School in 1980 and graduated from Bryan Institute in 1987. Faught owns his own carpet cleaning business. State representative In 2006, long-time Democratic State Representative Barbara Staggs was termed out of office due term limits placed on her by the Oklahoma Constitution. To succeed her, Republican Faught faced former Democratic State Representative Jeff Potts. Faught defeated Potts by receiving 54% of the vote and was elected to the 51st Oklahoma Legislature. By winning his election, Faught became the first Republican in state history to represent Muskogee in the Oklahoma Legislature. In the legislature, he was often identified with the right wing of the House GOP caucus that aligns more with Conservatives in the United States. Faught sought reelection as State Representative in 2008. Faught faced Democrat Eugene Blankenship, Muskogee County's emergency management director. Faught won reelection with 56% of the vote and was elected to the 52nd Oklahoma Legislature. English as official language Bills Faught was quick to spark controversy, when in January 2007 he filed a bill to make English the official language of Oklahoma. Democratic legislators and Native American tribes, such as the Cherokee and Creek, came out strongly against this legislation. The bill passed through committee 9-7 , but never made it to the House floor. In the 2008 session Faught, along with Rep. Randy Terrill (R, Moore) again filed legislation to make English the Official Language of Oklahoma. This time, the bill passed through the House, but was not brought up in the Senate. Committee Memberships As of the 53rd Oklahoma Legislature, George Faught is a member of the following committees: Administrative Rules & Government Oversight Committee (Chair) Economic Development, Tourism & Financial Services Committee Transportation Committee Faught is also a member of the following subcommittees: Eastern Oklahoma Redistricting Subcommittee A&B General Government & Transportation Subcommittee 2012 Congressional Campaign On June 7, 2011, Congressman Dan Boren announced that he would not seek reelection to Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district in 2012. Faught announced the same day that he was forming an exploratory committee for the seat. Faught declared his official candidacy on July 14. Faught lost to candidate Markwayne Mullin in the Republican primary runoff. Personal life Faught is married to his wife Becky, and they have three children. Controversy During a debate in the Oklahoma House on restricting abortion services, Faught responded to the question "are rape and incest the will of God" by saying that "God brings beauty out of ashes". Election history References 1962 births Living people People from Brownfield, Texas Politicians from Muskogee, Oklahoma Republican Party members of the Oklahoma House of Representatives 21st-century American politicians Candidates in the 2012 United States elections
32358838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385%20Czechoslovak%20Extraliga%20season	1984–85 Czechoslovak Extraliga season	The 1984–85 Czechoslovak Extraliga season was the 42nd season of the Czechoslovak Extraliga, the top level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia. 12 teams participated in the league, and Dukla Jihlava won the championship. Regular season 1. Liga-Qualification External links History of Czechoslovak ice hockey Czechoslovak Extraliga seasons Czechoslovak 1984–85 in Czechoslovak ice hockey
50706470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Home%20Course	The Home Course	The Home Course is a public golf course owned and operated by the Washington State Golf Association and Pacific Northwest Golf Association, located in DuPont, Washington, just south of Tacoma. The Home Course is often referred to as "The Home of Golf in the Northwest" and has hosted a number of championships over the years including the 2014 U.S. Women's Amateur Public Links Championship, along with being the companion course to Chambers Bay for the 2010 U.S. Amateur. Course Design The Home Course was designed by golf course architect Mike Asmundson, and opened for play in the summer of 2007. It is located on the site of a former dynamite manufacturing plant that was operated by the DuPont company, and after which the city of DuPont was named. The Home Course has five different sets of tees ranging from 7,424 yards at the longest to 5,470 yards at the shortest. The Home Course also has a set of tees for beginners, called the Little Home Course. Course Scorecard Dynamite Tees Black Tees Blue Tees White Tees Gold Tees Little Home Course All hole names retrieved from: http://thehomecourse.com/golf/hole-by-hole/ References External links Official Website The Washington State Golf Association The Pacific Northwest Golf Association Golf clubs and courses in Washington (state) Buildings and structures in Pierce County, Washington 2007 establishments in Washington (state)
35724844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finongan%20language	Finongan language	Finongan is one of the Finisterre languages of Papua New Guinea. Phonology The phonology of Finongan is as follows: - The voiceless labial, coronal, and non-labialized velar stops 'p', 't', and 'k' are all unreleased syllable-finally - In multisyllabic words, 'i' is pronounced preceding another 'i' - Several diphthongs can occur over syllable breaks References Finisterre languages Languages of Morobe Province
31388683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny%20Cardin	Denny Cardin	Denny Cardin (born 3 August 1988) is an Italian footballer who plays for ACD Portomansuè. Biography Since 2007–08 season, Cardin was co-owned by Portogruaro and Atalanta. The club purchased Cardin and Matteo Scozzarella for €7,500 each. He followed the team promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione in 2008 as playoff winner. In 2010 the team promoted to Serie B. However the team relegated in 2011. Atalanta gave up the remain 50% registration rights in June 2011 for free. In July 2011 he left for Foggia. On 8 February 2013 he was signed by Carpi. On 5 July 2013 he was signed by Mantova F.C. Representative teams He played for Italy under-20 Lega Pro representative team in 2008–09 Mirop Cup. He also finished as the runner-up in 2008 Trofeo Dossena with the representative team, but not played in the final against Grêmio youth team. Honours Lega Pro Prima Divisione: 2010 Footnotes References External links Football.it Profile Italian men's footballers Atalanta BC players Portogruaro Calcio ASD players Calcio Foggia 1920 players AC Carpi players Mantova 1911 players Serie B players Serie C players Men's association football defenders Footballers from the Province of Treviso 1988 births Living people
68401090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSwMS%20Draken%20%281960%29	HSwMS Draken (1960)	HSwMS Draken (Dk), Sw. meaning The Dragon, was the lead boat of the Draken-class submarine of the Swedish Navy. Construction and career HSwMS Draken was launched on 1 April 1960 by Saab Kockums, Malmö and commissioned on 4 April 1962. She became the first Swedish submarine (but the only one in the class) to be fitted with a rubber-coated hull to reduce the surface area for active sonar detection. She was decommissioned in 1982 and scrapped in Landskrona in 1983. Gallery References Draken-class submarines Ships built in Malmö 1960 ships
1770681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby%20Singer	Abby Singer	Abner E. "Abby" Singer (December 8, 1917 – March 13, 2014) was an American production manager and assistant director in film between the 1950s and the 1980s. His name has become famous in Hollywood as a phrase describing the second-to-last shot of the day as the "Abby Singer". According to Burt Bluestein of the Directors Guild of America, "It all began when Abby was a 1st AD and people on the crew would ask him how many shots were left to do before lunch. Abby would answer, 'We'll do this and one more.' At the end of the day, when they asked what was to be done before the wrap, Abby would say, 'This and one more, then we're out of here.'" Abby Singer himself explains the reason behind calling out the second to last shot; "In television, we would make maybe five or six moves during the day — going from one set to another, or from one stage to another. Or we'd move from the back lot to a stage. I would say, 'Fellas, we'll do this [shot] and one more and then we're moving.' This would give the crew a chance to begin wrapping up their equipment or to call transportation for gurneys, so they'd be ready to get out quickly... I did it really to save time for the director. If we did it during the day, I could save 10 to 15 minutes each time we had to move. I could give the director another hour a day of shooting." The last shot of the production day is referred to as a "Martini Shot," referring to the alcoholic beverage. Abby Singer died of cancer on March 13, 2014, in California at the age of 96. Selected filmography As assistant director Death of a Salesman (1951) (Second AD) Income Tax Sappy (1954) (as Abner Singer) Shot in the Frontier (1954) (as Abner E. Singer) The Jack Benny Show (1958) (as Abner E. Singer) 7th Cavalry (1956) (as Abner E. Singer) The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957) (as Abner E. Singer) M Squad (1957) TV Series (assistant director) Hellcats of the Navy (1957) (assistant director) The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957) (assistant director) 7th Cavalry (1956) (assistant director) He Laughed Last (1956) (assistant director) Over-Exposed (1956) (assistant director) A Lawless Street (1955) [a.k.a. Marshal of Medicine Bend (USA)] (assistant director) Gypped in the Penthouse (1955) (assistant director) Cannibal Attack (1954) (assistant director) Shot in the Frontier (1954) (assistant director) Massacre Canyon (1954) (assistant director) Income Tax Sappy (1954) (assistant director) As production manager Columbo: Sex and the Married Detective (1989) (TV) (unit production manager) Columbo: Murder, Smoke and Shadows (1989) (TV) (unit production manager) Columbo: Columbo Goes to the Guillotine (1989) (TV) (unit production manager) Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974) (unit production manager) Remington Steele TV series "Signed, Steeled & Delivered" TV Episode (executive in charge of production) "Your Steele the One for Me" TV Episode (executive in charge of production) "Sting of Steele" (1983) TV Episode (executive in charge of production) "Steele's Gold" (1983) TV Episode (executive in charge of production) "Vintage Steele" (1983) TV Episode (executive in charge of production) "Steele in the News" (1983) TV Episode (executive in charge of production) "Steele Among the Living" (1983) TV Episode (executive in charge of production) The Bob Newhart Show (production manager) WKRP in Cincinnati (1978–1982) (executive in charge of production) Hill Street Blues (1981–1987) (executive in charge of production) St. Elsewhere (1982–1988) (executive in charge of production) A Little Sex (1982) (production manager: Los Angeles) First, You Cry (1978) (TV) (supervising production manager) Something for Joey (1977) (TV) (production manager) The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1974–1976) (unit production manager 1974–1975; production manager 1975–1976) "Rhoda" (1974) TV Series (unit production manager) (1968) (TV) (unit manager) The Doris Day Show (1968) TV Series (production manager) The Meanest Men in the West (1967) (TV) (unit production manager) Out of Sight (1966) (unit production manager) Gunsmoke'' (1955) TV Series (production manager) References External links Abby Singer Abby Singer Abby Singer movie (Abby Singer the Movie, named after Singer) AbbySinger.net American television producers American television directors 1917 births 2014 deaths
15568138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardou%2C%20Dordogne	Bardou, Dordogne	Bardou (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in southwestern France. Population See also Communes of the Dordogne department References Communes of Dordogne
29764998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20G.%20Smith	Marcus G. Smith	Marcus G. Smith (born 1973) is president and chief executive officer and director of NASCAR track owner Speedway Motorports, Inc.(SMI) and general manager of SMI owned Charlotte Motor Speedway. He is the son of SMI CEO Bruton Smith. Background Marcus Smith attended the University of North Carolina studying to become a doctor, then later a journalist, but did not earn a degree. He started working at Charlotte Motor Speedway during summers as an intern picking up trash, selling tickets and souvenirs, and cutting the grass. Smith slowly began to work his way up the SMI corporate ladder, becoming a sales associate in 1996 and manager of new business development in 1999. In 1999, Smith led talks between SMI and Lowe's Corporation, Inc. to sell the naming rights of Charlotte Motor Speedway. The track was known as Lowe's Motor Speedway until 2009 when a deal could not be reached to extend the contract. He became vice president of business development in 2001, and was made director in 2004. Also in 2004, he became the executive vice president of national sales and marketing for SMI. Smith assumed the position as president, chief operating officer and director of SMI on May 28, 2009 after H.A. "Humpy" Wheeler retired. At the same time, Smith also assumed duties as general manager and president of Charlotte Motor Speedway. When promoted, Smith stated "I'm going to bring the same passion to work each day that the race fans bring to the track every week. I'm competitive, and I want to be sure we're doing everything we can to provide a fantastic motorsports experience to our fans." References External links Official website of Speedway Motorsports American motorsport people Auto racing executives NASCAR people Businesspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina Living people 1973 births American chief operating officers Charlotte Country Day School alumni University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
2102259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm%20%26%20Drang%20Tour%202002%20%28video%29	Sturm & Drang Tour 2002 (video)	Sturm & Drang Tour 2002 is a live DVD documenting KMFDM's Sturm & Drang Tour of 2002 in support of the album Attak. It was the first tour after the band reunited following a 1999 split. Track listing "D.I.Y." "Attak/Reload" "Dirty" "Ultra" "Boots" "Yohoho" "Rules (ft. Chris Connelly)" "Find it Fuck it Forget it" "Sturm & Drang" "Megalomaniac" "Flesh" "Wrath" "Godlike (ft. Mark Durante)" "Spit Sperm" Personnel Raymond Watts – vocals, guitars Sascha Konietzko – vocals, percussion, samplers, synthesizers Lucia Cifarelli – vocals, ninja-sidstation Steve White - guitars Jules Hodgson – guitars Bill Rieflin – bass Andy Selway – drums Guest appearances Chris Connelly - vocals Mark Durante - guitars KMFDM video albums 2002 video albums Live video albums 2002 live albums Wax Trax! Records video albums
54051499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex%20human%20rights%20reports	Intersex human rights reports	Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies". Such variations may involve genital ambiguity, and combinations of chromosomal genotype and sexual phenotype other than XY-male and XX-female. Intersex infants and children may be subject to stigma, discrimination and human rights violations, including in education, employment and medical settings. Human rights violations in medical settings are increasingly recognized as human rights abuses. Other human rights and legal issues include the right to life, access to have standing to file compensation claims, access to information, and legal recognition. Community statements Malta declaration, 2013 The Malta declaration is the statement of the Third International Intersex Forum, which took place in Valletta, Malta, in 2013. The declaration was made by 34 people representing 30 organisations from multiple regions of the world. The declaration affirmed the existence of intersex people and demanded an end to "discrimination against intersex people and to ensure the right of bodily integrity, physical autonomy and self-determination". For the first time, participants made a statement on birth registrations, in addition to other human rights issues. Darlington Statement (Australia/New Zealand), 2017 In March 2017, a consensus "Darlington Statement" was published by Australian and Aotearoa/New Zealand intersex community organizations and others. The statement calls for legal reform, including the criminalization of deferrable intersex medical interventions on children, an end to legal classification of sex, and improved access to peer support. Vienna Statement (Europe), 2017 A statement was published after a conference in Vienna in March 2017. It called for an end to human rights violations, and recognition of rights to bodily integrity, physical autonomy and self-determination. The statement included calls to action by governments, educational institutions, medical and health care providers, media, and allies. International and regional reports and statements Yogyakarta Principles, 2006 The 2006 Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity is a set of principles relating to sexual orientation and gender identity, intended to apply international human rights law standards to address the abuse of the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. It briefly mentions intersex, influenced by the Declaration of Montreal which first demanded prohibition of unnecessary post-birth surgery to reinforce gender assignment until a child is old enough to understand and give informed consent. The Yogyakarta Principles detail this in the context of existing UN declarations and conventions under Principle 18, which called on states to: Report of UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, 2013 On 1 February 2013, Juan E. Méndez, the UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, issued a statement condemning non-consensual surgical intervention on intersex people. His report states: Resolution by the Council of Europe, 2013 In October 2013, the Council of Europe adopted a resolution 1952, 'Children's right to physical integrity'. It calls on member states to World Health Organization and UN interagency report, 2014 In May 2014, the World Health Organization issued a joint statement on Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement with the OHCHR, UN Women, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF. The report references the involuntary surgical "sex-normalising or other procedures" on "intersex persons". It questions the medical necessity of such treatments, patients' ability to consent, and a weak evidence base. The report recommends a range of guiding principles for medical treatment, including ensuring patient autonomy in decision-making, ensuring non-discrimination, accountability and access to remedies. Council of Europe Issue Paper, 2015 In a wide-ranging first detailed analysis on intersex health and human rights issues by an international institution, the Council of Europe published an Issue Paper entitled Human rights and intersex people in May 2015. The document highlighted an historic lack of attention to intersex human rights, stating that current social and biomedical understandings of sex and gender make intersex people "especially vulnerable" to human rights breaches. The report cited previous reports from San Francisco, the Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics and the Australian Senate. The Commissioner for Human Rights made eight recommendations. For this first time, these recognized a right to not undergo sex assignment treatment. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights report, 2015 In 2015, the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) described human rights violations against intersex people: The OHCHR acknowledged Australia and Malta as "the first countries to expressly prohibit discrimination against intersex persons," and Malta as "the first State to prohibit sex-assignment surgery or treatment on intersex minors without their informed consent." It called on UN member states to protect intersex persons from discrimination, and address violence by: "Banning "conversion" therapy, involuntary treatment, forced sterilization and forced genital and anal examinations;" "Prohibiting medically unnecessary procedures on intersex children" WHO report, "Sexual health, human rights and the law", 2015 In June 2015, the World Health Organization published a major report on sexual and reproductive rights and the law. Section 3.4.9, on intersex people, identifies discrimination and stigma within health systems (citations omitted): The report stated that intersex persons are entitled "to access health services on the same basis as others, free from coercion, discrimination and violence", with the ability offer free and informed consent. The report also called for the education and training of medical and psychological professionals on "physical, biological and sexual diversity and integrity". Asia Pacific Forum of NHRIs manual, 2016 In 2016, the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (AFP) manual on Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. The document provides an analysis of human rights issues, including the rights to physical integrity, non-discrimination, effective remedies and redress, and recognition before the law. The report states: UN and regional experts statement, 2016 For Intersex Awareness Day, October 26, UN experts including the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, along with the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and United Nations Special Rapporteurs called for an urgent end to human rights violations against intersex persons, including in medical settings. The experts also called for the investigation of human rights abuses, access to standing to file compensation claims, and the implementation of anti-discrimination measures. The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights also launched a website, United Nations for Intersex Awareness. Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe, 2017 In January 2017, the Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe published a report on children's rights entitled, "The Rights of Children in Biomedicine: Challenges posed by scientific advances and uncertainties". The report was critical of the lack of evidence for early intersex medical interventions, stating that, on "the scientific question of whether intervention is necessary, only three medical procedures have been identified as meeting that criteria in some infants: (1) administration of endocrine treatment to prevent fatal salt-loss in some infants, (2) early removal of streak gonads in children with gonadal dysgenesis, and (3) surgery in rare cases to allow exstrophic conditions in which organs protrude from the abdominal wall or impair excretion". National and State reports and statements San Francisco Human Rights Investigation, 2005 The 2005 Human Rights Investigation into the Medical "Normalization" of Intersex People, by the Human Rights Commission of the City and County of San Francisco is thought "likely to be the first human rights report into the treatment of intersex people, certainly in the English language." Report of Swiss National Advisory Council on Biomedical Ethics, 2012 In late 2012, the Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics reported on intersex. The Commission report makes a strong case against medical intervention for "psychosocial" reasons: The report is notable for making a clear apology for damage done to intersex people in the past, and up until the present. It recommends deferring all "non-trivial" surgeries which have "irreversible consequences". The report also recommended criminal sanction for non-medically necessary genital surgeries. Senate Committee inquiry, Australia, 2013 In October 2013, the Australian Senate published a report entitled Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia. The Senate found that "normalising" surgeries are taking place in Australia, often on infants and young children, with preconceptions that it described as "disturbing": "Normalising appearance goes hand in hand with the stigmatisation of difference". They commented: "...normalisation surgery is more than physical reconstruction. The surgery is intended to deconstruct an intersex physiology and, in turn, construct an identity that conforms with stereotypical male and female gender categories" and: "Enormous effort has gone into assigning and 'normalising' sex: none has gone into asking whether this is necessary or beneficial. Given the extremely complex and risky medical treatments that are sometimes involved, this appears extremely unfortunate." The report makes 15 recommendations, including ending cosmetic genital surgeries on infants and children and providing for legal oversight of individual cases. Organisation Intersex International Australia welcomed the report, saying that, Reports by human rights NGOs Amnesty International report on Denmark and Germany, 2017 In 2017, Amnesty International published a report condemning "non-emergency, invasive and irreversible medical treatment with harmful effects" on children born with variations of sex characteristics in Germany and Denmark. It found that surgeries take place with limited psychosocial support, based on gender stereotypes, but without firm evidence. Amnesty International reported that "there are no binding guidelines for the treatment of intersex children". Human Rights Watch/interACT report on U.S. children, 2017 In July 2017, Human Rights Watch and interACT published a report on medically unnecessary surgeries on intersex children, "I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me", based on interviews with intersex persons, families and physicians. The report states that: The report found that intersex medical interventions persist as default advice from doctors to parents, despite some change in some regions of the U.S. and claims of improved surgical techniques, resulting in an uneven situation where care differs and a lack of standards of care, but paradigms for care are still based on socio-cultural factors including expectations of "normality" and evidence in support of surgeries remains lacking. "Nearly every parent" in the study reported pressure for their children to undergo surgery, and many reported misinformation. The report calls for a ban on "surgical procedures that seek to alter the gonads, genitals, or internal sex organs of children with atypical sex characteristics too young to participate in the decision, when those procedures both carry a meaningful risk of harm and can be safely deferred." The report was acknowledged as an important contribution to research by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Associated Press reported on the report and opposition to a ban by CARES Foundation. See also Intersex human rights Intersex medical interventions Discrimination against intersex people Legal recognition of intersex people Notes Intersex rights Intersex in non-fiction
3543768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia%20Gridiron%20All-Star%20Classic	Magnolia Gridiron All-Star Classic	The Magnolia Gridiron All-Star Classic was an annual post-season college football all-star game held in December 2005 and 2006. The game was organized by Darry Alton, who previously helped found the Las Vegas All-American Classic, in view of the discontinuation of the Blue–Gray Football Classic and the Gridiron Classic, in order to provide players from lesser-known and lesser-televised schools with a chance to impress NFL scouts. The game was held at Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium in Jackson, Mississippi. It matched a team of senior players from Division I-A schools not participating in bowl games, against seniors from Division I-AA, Division II, and Division III schools; both teams also included some NAIA players. In advance of the game, players participated in practice days and a combine, which were open to NFL and CFL scouts. Game results Head coaches: 2005 – Kentucky offensive coordinator Joker Phillips (White) and Northwestern State head coach Scott Stoker (Red) 2006 – former Mississippi State head coach Jackie Sherrill (Green) and former Jackson State head coach W. C. Gorden (Red) 2005: White 17, Red 9 2006: Green 32, Red 14 Game summaries differ from the box score, stating that both Red touchdowns occurred late in the second half. MVPs 2006 – Jerry Babb (QB, Louisiana–Lafayette) and Edgar Jones (LB, Southeast Missouri State) See also List of college bowl games References External links Official site from February 2007 via Wayback Machine 2005 rosters via Wayback Machine 2006 rosters via Wayback Machine College football all-star games American football in Mississippi
10701133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost%20%28season%204%29	Lost (season 4)	The fourth season of the American serial drama television series Lost commenced airing on the ABC network in the United States, and on CTV in Canada on January 31, 2008, and concluded on May 29, 2008. The season continues the stories of a group of over 40 people who have been stranded on a remote island in the South Pacific, after their airplane crashed there more than 90 days prior to the beginning of the season. According to Lost executive producers/writers/showrunners Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse, there are two main themes in the fourth season: "the castaways' relationship to the freighter folk" and "who gets off the island and the fact that they need to get back". The fourth season was acclaimed for its flash-forwards, pace and new characters. The season was originally planned to contain 16 episodes; eight were written before the start of the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. Following the strike's resolution, it was announced that only five more episodes would be produced to complete the season; however, the season finale's script was so long that network executives approved the production of a 14th episode as part of a three-hour season finale split over two nights. The fourth season aired Thursdays at 9:00 pm from January 31 to March 20, 2008, and at 10:00 pm from April 24 to May 15, 2008. The two-hour finale aired at 9:00 pm on May 29, 2008. Buena Vista Home Entertainment (under the ABC Studios label) released the season on DVD and Blu-ray Disc under the title Lost: The Complete Fourth Season – The Expanded Experience on December 9, 2008, in Region 1; however, it was released earlier—on October 20, 2008—in Region 2. Crew The fourth season was produced by ABC Studios, Bad Robot Productions and Grass Skirt Productions. Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse served as the season's show runners. The show was primarily filmed in Hawaii with post-production in Los Angeles. Lindelof and Cuse's fellow executive producers were co-creator J. J. Abrams, Bryan Burk and Jack Bender. The staff writers were Lindelof, Cuse, co-executive producers Edward Kitsis, Adam Horowitz, and Drew Goddard, supervising producer Elizabeth Sarnoff, co-producer Brian K. Vaughan and executive story editor Christina M. Kim. The regular directors were Bender and co-executive producer Stephen Williams. Cast The fourth season featured 16 major roles with star billing. The show continues to chronicle the lives of the survivors of the crash of Oceanic Airlines Flight 815, including their interactions with the island's original inhabitants, whom they refer to as "the Others", and an inauspicious team from a nearby freighter. Characters are briefly summarized and credited in alphabetical order. Naveen Andrews acts as 815 survivor Sayid Jarrah, a former soldier of the Iraqi Republican Guard. Henry Ian Cusick plays Desmond Hume, a man who has been living on the island for three years and who has developed the ability to time travel, though this is beyond his control. Jeremy Davies plays Daniel Faraday, a socially awkward physicist from the freighter. Emilie de Ravin portrays single new mother Claire Littleton of Flight 815. Michael Emerson acts as Ben Linus, the leader of the Others. Matthew Fox stars as Dr. Jack Shephard, the leader of the castaways. Jorge Garcia plays unlucky millionaire and mentally unstable Hugo "Hurley" Reyes, one of Jack's fellow survivors of 815. Josh Holloway portrays the sardonic 815 survivor James "Sawyer" Ford. Daniel Dae Kim plays the non-English speaking Jin Kwon Yunjin Kim plays Jin's pregnant wife Sun. Ken Leung portrays Miles Straume, an arrogant medium from the freighter. Evangeline Lilly stars as fugitive Kate Austen. Rebecca Mader acts as anthropologist Charlotte Lewis from the freighter. Elizabeth Mitchell portrays fertility specialist Juliet Burke, a woman recruited by the Others who joins the 815 survivors in the third season and becomes involved in a love square with Jack, Kate and Sawyer. Dominic Monaghan as Charlie Pace. Monaghan only received star billing in the episode in which he appeared. Terry O'Quinn plays John Locke, an 815 survivor with a deep connection to the island. Harold Perrineau acts as Flight 815 survivor Michael Dawson, who returns aboard the freighter undercover for Ben as a deckhand, after escaping the island in Season 2. The show regularly features guest stars. Jeff Fahey plays the freighter's helicopter pilot Frank Lapidus, while Kevin Durand acts as Martin Keamy, the sinister leader of a group of mercenaries from the freighter that included Anthony Azizi's character Omar. L. Scott Caldwell and Sam Anderson return as 815 married couple Rose Henderson and Bernard Nadler. John Terry appears as Jack and Claire's deceased father Christian Shephard. Marsha Thomason returns as Naomi Dorrit, the first person from the freighter to appear on the island and Marc Vann plays Ray, the ship's doctor. Alan Dale acts as Charles Widmore, the man responsible for sending the freighter to the island. Mira Furlan portrays Danielle Rousseau, a marooned island inhabitant of sixteen years, who is reunited with her sixteen-year-old daughter, Alex, played by Tania Raymonde; Blake Bashoff plays Alex's boyfriend Karl. Nestor Carbonell is Richard Alpert, the ranking Other while Ben is held in captivity. Grant Bowler acts as Gault, the captain of the freighter, Kahana. Fisher Stevens and Zoë Bell play George Minkowski and Regina, two crew members involved with communications. Lance Reddick's character Matthew Abaddon is introduced as a mysterious man with connections to Naomi, Hurley and Locke. Former regular cast members return for guest spots. Malcolm David Kelley reprises the role of Walt Lloyd, Michael's son, in both flashbacks and flashforwards. Cynthia Watros appears in a hallucination scene as deceased survivor Libby. She was initially contracted to return for multiple episodes in the season to explore the character's mysterious backstory, but this was scrapped due to the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. Reception Critical reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 88% with an average score of 8.6/10 based on 25 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Lost regains its mojo in a fourth season that reaffirms the show's place as one of TV's most unique undertakings." Time named Lost the seventh best television series of 2008 and praised the fourth season for "complicat[ing] [Lost] time-and-space-travel story deliciously". Don Williams of BuddyTV dubbed "The Beginning of the End" "the most anticipated season premiere of the year" and Michael Ausiello later called the final hour of Lost fourth season "the most anticipated 60 minutes of television all year." American critics were sent screener DVDs of "The Beginning of the End" and "Confirmed Dead" on January 28, 2008. Metacritic gave the season a Metascore—a weighted average based on the impressions of a select twelve critical reviews—of 87, earning the second highest Metascore in the 2007–2008 television season after the fifth and final season of HBO's The Wire. In a survey conducted by TVWeek of professional critics, Lost was voted the best show on television in the first half of 2008 "by a wide margin", apparently "crack[ing] the top five on nearly every critic's submission" and receiving "nothing but praise". The May 7, 2007 announcement of a 2010 series end date and the introduction of flashforwards were received favorably by critics, as were the season's new characters. Awards and nominations The fourth season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards, with one win, for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (One-Hour). The series was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series, its second nomination in that category since the first season, while Michael Emerson received his second consecutive nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. It also received nominations for Outstanding Cinematography for a One-Hour Series, Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score), Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series, and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series. The season earned Lost two Television Critics Association Award nominations for "Program of the Year" and "Outstanding Achievement in Drama". The season also was nominated for a 2008 Writers Guild of America Award in the category of Dramatic Series. Ratings Throughout the fourth season, Lost continued to slip in the ratings. The season premiered with 16 million American viewers, giving Lost its highest ratings in 17 episodes; however, the size of the audience steadily decreased throughout the season. The eighth episode, which served as the mid-season finale as a result of the writers' strike, brought in 11 million, setting a new series low. The next episode and midseason premiere climbed slightly to 12 million, but the episode after that set the current record for lowest-rated episode in the United States with 11 million people watching. The finale was seen by 12 million, reaching the most viewers since the midseason premiere and making it Lost lowest-rated finale yet. Despite the decline in viewers, Lost consistently ranked within the top 20 programs of the week with one exception. The finale topped the chart, due to its broadcast being over a week after the official end of the television season. Entertainment president Stephen McPherson commented that while he would "love to see the show grow … the reality is that the numbers are pretty good." Episodes The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "Featured character(s)" refers to the character(s) who is centered on in the episode's flashbacks or flashforwards. "U.S. viewers (million)" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episode as it was aired. A clip-show recapping the first three seasons titled "Lost: Past, Present & Future" preceded the season premiere episode. Home media References External links List of Lost season 4 episodes at Lostpedia Lost (2004 TV series) 2008 American television seasons
59137606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf%20Griffiths	Alf Griffiths	Alf Griffiths was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s who played for Newtown in the NSWRL competition as a centre. Playing career Griffiths made his first grade debut in 1932 against University. The following year, Griffiths was a member of the Newtown side which claimed its second premiership defeating St George 18–5 at the Sydney Sports Ground with Griffiths scoring 2 tries. ut to play This would be the last game that Griffiths played for the club as he departed at the end of the year and moved out to captain/coach Queanbeyan . References External links Australian rugby league players Newtown Jets players Rugby league centres Rugby league players from Sydney Year of birth missing Year of death missing Place of birth missing Place of death missing
6856942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menier%20Chocolate	Menier Chocolate	The Menier Chocolate company () is a French chocolate manufacturing business founded in 1816 as a pharmaceutical manufacturer in Paris, at a time when chocolate was used as a medicinal product and was only one part of the overall business. Founded by Antoine Brutus Menier, the company remained managed by his family until 1971, when it was acquired by Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery. In 1988, Menier became part of Swiss conglomerate Nestlé when it acquired Rowntree Mackintosh. In 1996, Menier moved production to Swiss city Broc, where has remained since then. The former building at Noisel Factory was turned into Nestlé France headquarters. History The Menier family In 1816, Antoine Brutus Menier founded the Menier Hardware Company in Paris. Although not trained as a pharmacist, he began preparing and selling a variety of powders for medicinal purposes. The business grew rapidly but for the first few years the company's production of chocolate was very limited, as its primary usage was as a medicinal powder and for coating bitter-tasting pills. Factory at Noisiel In 1825 the company began an expansion through the acquisition of a second production facility on land on the banks of the Marne River at Noisiel, at the time a small village of less than 200 inhabitants at the outskirts of Paris. Initially used as a grinding works for the production of medicinal powders, a modernization of the Noisiel facility in 1830 made it the first mechanized mass production factory for cocoa powder in France. In 1836, following the development of solid chocolate, Menier introduced to the market a chocolate tablet with six semi-cylindrical divisions wrapped in decorative yellow paper. By 1842, the success of the chocolate business led to another expansion of the Noisiel plant and by 1853 annual chocolate production reached 4,000 tons. Under the leadership of the founder's son, Emile-Justin Menier, the company concentrated solely on the manufacturing of chocolate products. In 1864 he sold off the pharmaceutical manufacturing part of the business and began a period of expansion that made the Menier Chocolate company the largest chocolate manufacturer in France. Under Emile-Justin Menier, the company purchased cocoa-growing estates in Nicaragua along with sugar beet fields and a sugar refinery at Roye in the Somme in France. Beginning in 1860, Emile-Justin Menier oversaw the addition of several new buildings then, after constructing a factory in London and a distribution center in New York City, in 1872 he initiated a major expansion that saw the construction of the most modern production facilities in the world. Designed by architect Jules Saulnier, many historians cite the building as the first true skeleton structure with exterior walls needing only simple infill. The February 1997 issue of the Architectural Review called the 1872 iron and brick chocolate factory at Noisiel "one of the iconic buildings of the Industrial Revolution". In 1992, the factory was designated by the government of France as an official Monument historique and is on the list to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As a result of the factory expansions, by the mid-1880s production capacity at the Noisiel plant jumped to 125,000 tons annually and the company employed 2000 people. Because of the Menier company's rapid growth, the shortage of workers available from the small village forced the company to try to attract labor from other towns and cities. However, a lack of housing in Noisiel made that nearly impossible and as a result, in 1874 Menier completed construction of 312 residences on 30 hectares of land near the factory. They would build a school for their employees' children and three decades later, a senior citizens' home for their retired workers. In the 1870s, the Meniers also built the Noisiel town hall where a family member would serve as mayor without interruption from 11 May 1871 to 8 November 1959. At the 1878 World's Fair in Paris, the company was awarded seven gold medals plus the Grand Prize for the excellence of their products as well as citations for their modern production methods and the importance the company placed on the well-being of its employees. Following the death of Emile Justin Menier, in 1881 his sons Henri and Gaston assumed control of the business. As the eldest son, Henri Menier became the titular head of the company. Although involved in the business, he spent a great deal of his time pursuing various leisure interests and left much of the company's management to brother Gaston who would oversee a period of sustained prosperity. Of extreme importance to the sustaining of the Menier Chocolate Company's competitiveness were several internal and external developments in the second half of the 1870s and the early part of the 1880s. The Menier plant added modern refrigeration systems and in 1881 a railroad line was built to the Noisiel factory which reduced costs for incoming and outgoing freight and allowed for wider and faster distribution. Externally, Swiss chocolate manufacturers were making advancements in product development. They began mass production and promotion of milk chocolate and the new conching process provided a type of chocolate that consumers liked because it would melt in the mouth. Pioneering advertising strategies In 1893 the company began using advertising posters created by Firmin Bouisset featuring a little girl using a piece of chocolate to write the name Chocolat Menier on a wall or window. The small girl's sweet innocence conveyed the sweet chocolate message through her "chocolate graffiti". It proved to be a highly successful image and became an internationally recognized symbol. Firmin Bouisset's image of the little girl would be featured on Menier's packaged products as well as on promotional items such as reusable tin ware, creamers, bowls, sugar dishes, plates, canister sets, and even children's exercise books. Original Menier posters and assorted products as well as reproductions are still much in demand today. As part of its sales strategy, Menier introduced small dark chocolate sticks to be inserted into a piece of bread. To raise their profile and sell more product, on sidewalks in towns and cities all over France, the company set up "chocolate kiosques". Their hexagon shape and peaked roof became the standard for newspaper kiosques. Such was their popularity that for children, the company made plastic model kiosks as toy dispensers filled with tiny chocolate bars. With their growing international presence, the Menier Chocolate Company exhibited at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago where they were billed as the leading chocolate makers in the world. As the business continued to prosper, at the turn of the 20th century, more additions to the Noisiel plant were made including a major building that was one of the first to use reinforced concrete and, because of its appearance, was soon dubbed by locals as the "Cathedral." In addition, the company built Pont Hardi, a 44.5m long concrete bridge, a record at the time, across the Marne River to link the new building to the other plants. Decline and present day World War I marked the beginning of the decline of the Menier Chocolate company. While Europe was in turmoil and businesses there suffered greatly, rapid expansion was taking place in neutral Switzerland and in the United States. Companies there were untouched by the ravages of the war, and benefited from the influx of refugees that increased market size and provided labor necessary for expansion. While the war raged in France for four years, a Swiss company was able to introduce the first chocolates with a filling. By the end of the war, Menier's finances had been weakened while competition and technologies had substantially increased. Gaston Menier died in 1934 and the onset of World War II five years later exacerbated the company's problems to an even greater extent. Run by Hubert and Antoine Menier, neither had the capacity to deal with the problems. Despite the Menier Chocolate company's strong brand recognition and an effective marketing of children's books utilizing the fables of Jean de La Fontaine, by the 1950s the industry leader in France was being swamped by its competitors, rapidly losing market share and considerable amounts of money. In 1957 Menier Chocolate absorbed the Lombart Chocolate company. Hubert Menier died in 1959 and Antoine would be the last Menier to run the business. Entering the 1960s, the Menier workforce dropped to just over 250 from its peak of more than 2,000. In 1960, the Menier company had no choice but to find a buyer and was merged with the Cacao Barry company; by 1965 the Menier family no longer held an interest in the company. The Menier factory was sold to Group Ufico-Perrier which became part of British confectioners Rowntree Mackintosh in 1971 who in turn was acquired in 1988 by the Swiss food and beverage giant Nestlé S.A. In the early 1990s, all production ceased at the Noisiel facility but in 1996, Nestlé France opened its headquarters in the main building while other buildings in the complex are now part of a chocolate museum with tours open to the public. The Menier Chocolate Factory building on Southwark Street in London is now a popular arts complex that incorporates an art gallery, restaurant, and theatre. Today, Menier continues to sell a limited range of chocolate that can be purchased online through their official website and affiliated retailers. Corporate affairs Leadership Controlled and run by the Menier family for more than 150 years, the early heads of Menier Chocolate company were: Antoine Brutus Menier (1795–1853), founder Emile-Justin Menier (1826–81), sole CEO Gaston Menier (1855–1934), COO Henri Menier (1853–1913), CEO Hubert Menier (1910–59), co chief executive with Antoine Antoine Gilles Menier (1904–67), last CEO See also Anticosti Island Château de Chenonceau Port-Menier, Quebec Valle Menier, Nandaime References External links Chocolat Menier – Les Fables de La Fontaine pictures and French language text Nestlé France in The Architectural Review Unesco World Heritage Site – Menier plant at Noisiel In the French language: Menior Chocolate Company history Pere Lachaise cemetery info on the Menier family and its business Rowntree's brands Nestlé brands French chocolate companies Food and drink companies established in 1816 French companies established in 1816 Defunct companies of France Food and drink companies based in Paris Manufacturing companies based in Paris Menier family Nestlé
15785150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candido%20Pancrudo%20Jr.	Candido Pancrudo Jr.	Candido P. Pancrudo Jr. (born December 20, 1955) is a Filipino politician. A member of the Lakas-CMD, he was a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the First District of Bukidnon from 2007 to 2010. Pancrudo won his seat by defeating the sister of his predecessor, Nereus Acosta, and former COMELEC Commissioner Virgilio Garcillano. He faced an election protest filed by Malou Acosta which is now with the Supreme Court. Per the decision of the Huouse of Representatives Electoral Tribunal his initial lead of 121 votes is now reduced to less than 15 votes. Notes References 1955 births Living people Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Bukidnon Independent politicians in the Philippines Lakas–CMD politicians People from Bukidnon
71355983	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Ononiwu	Grace Ononiwu	Grace Ononiwu CBE, is a solicitor and Chief Crown Prosecutor, Director of Legal Services at the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) in the UK. Life Ononiwu qualified as a solicitor in 1991 and joined the Crown Prosecution Service. She became Chief Crown Prosecutor for Northamptonshire in April 2005 and Legal Director for North Region, CPS London, before becoming Deputy Chief Crown Prosecutor for all the London Districts. She was Chair of the National Black Crown Prosecution Association and was awarded a Black Solicitors Network Lifetime Achievement honor. She received an OBE in 2008 and CBE in 2019 for her services to law and order. She is a visiting professor at the University of Hertfordshire and has been awarded honorary doctorates from Hertfordshire and Birmingham City universities. A building at Hertfordshire University has been named in her honour in 2022. Ononiwu has been featured in the Power list of the UK’s most influential men and women of African, African Caribbean and African American heritage and was one of their Women of the Year 2020. References Women lawyers Women legal scholars Year of birth missing (living people) Black British lawyers Living people
24156575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasa%2C%20British%20Columbia	Wasa, British Columbia	Wasa is an unincorporated community in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. This place, on the east shore of the Kootenay River north of the mouth of Lewis Creek, surrounds Wasa Lake. The locality, on the merged section of highways 93 and 95, is by road about north of Cranbrook and southeast of Golden. Name origin Nils Hanson, who reached the district in 1885, purchased land from the Kootenay Valley Lands Co (see Canal Flats) and made pre-emptions, amassing . To honour his homeland, he chose the name Wasa after either a: Swedish king of the House of Vasa Swedish battleship Vasa Scandinavian place such as Vaasa or Väsa. The body of water was called Hanson's Lake, which became Hanson (or sometimes Hansen) Lake. Hanson Lake, officially adopted in 1954, changed to Wasa Lake in 1964. Hanson Creek is the outlet to the river. Earlier community Hanson undertook ranching and lumber activities. In 1887, he established the first sawmill and by 1901, he had two mills on the west side of the river. By 1896, he ran a general store. That year, he built a fine residence to entertain his guests, who could enjoy the beautiful gardens he was developing. To replace his modest Golden–Fort Steele stage stop, he built a hotel that year, which proved popular on opening early the next year. Rated among the better establishments in BC, the hotel received gas lighting in 1899. These properties were at the southern end of the lake. By 1901, about 20 further buildings made up the surrounding community. Hanson minted his own coins which were circulated locally. He was the inaugural postmaster 1902–1915. His original hotel building lasted into the 1920s but had been replaced by a more lavish structure in 1904, which offered running water. A private hydro plant on Lewis Creek supplied electricity. The arrival of the railway diminished Hanson's freighting business. He had sold his Wasa holdings to the Unionist Investment Co, which failed during World War I, reverting the assets to the Hanson estate. While Frank Carlson was the hotel manager, the BC Prohibition era of 1916–1920 destroyed business. Pete Matheson was manager when the hotel burned to the ground in 1927. After easily available timber for logging had run out, the main sawmill closed that year. When combined with the shuttering of the Estella Mine, Wasa entered a period of decline. A modest hotel was soon erected at the southern intersection of Wasa Lake Park Drive but burned down in 1938. Sleeping in tents, Bible camps were held at the lake in the 1920s. The Anglicans held day camps during the 1930s and early 1940s. The Presbyterians acquired a property in 1948 and erected camp buildings. Camp Wasa closed in 1974, and the property was later subdivided. Unable to secure a postmaster, the post office was closed 1934–1968. Although smaller sawmills operated over the decades, the community did not revive until the Skookumchuck pulp mill opened in 1968. In 1945, the community hall was erected. In 1989, the new hall opened at a different site. A Roman Catholic church camp existed 1957–1980. In 1958, the BC Hydro transmission lines were extended from Kimberley into the area. When an interdenominational church was formed in 1982, services were held in the then community hall. In 1986, this property was donated to the church. After the building was demolished, the framework of a new church auditorium opened in 1989. Construction was completed in 1993. Ferry, bridges, and roads The early pack trail was northward from Wasa via Wolf Creek Rd, Wasa Sheep Creek Rd, Premier Lake, Sheep Creek (Lussier River), Top of the World, Whiteswan Lake, and the White River to its mouth. A wagon road northward from Galbraith's Ferry opened in 1886. The route initially retained the section northward via Premier Lake, before heading southwestward to Skookumchuck. Stopping places for horse changes, meals, and possible overnight rests were every . In summertime, the Golden–Fort Steele passenger service encompassed riverboat, tramway and stage modes. In 1892, the Upper Columbia Navigation & Tramway Co opened the tramway which connected Columbia Lake and Windermere Lake. In wintertime, when river ice shut down river traffic, a stage traversed the whole route. By 1896, a ferry operated across the Kootenay just north of Wasa. Assumedly, the ferry continued until the bridge opened. During an overnight stop at Wasa in 1897, the mail bag, en route to Fort Steele, was robbed and about $1,100 taken. The thief, who was captured within six hours, received a 10-year sentence but served only five years. That year, the tramway permanently closed. Passengers transferred to a stage for the Windermere–Fort Steele leg. To assist his logging operations, Nils Hanson built a toll bridge in 1901 below the southern end of the lake. The drawbridge, which had a draw, cost $5,000. In the 1920s, a cross-river cable ferry operated to the south of Wasa. The 1928 opening of the Skookumchuck bridge diverted travel immediately north of Wasa from the east shore of the Kootenay to the west one. Housed in relief camps during the Great Depression, workers reconstructed the road to Kimberley. In 1940, paving was completed on the highway from the Canada–US border via Kimberley to Radium Hot Springs. In 1946, an overweight logging truck collapsed a section of Hanson's bridge at Wasa. Around 1950, the rail bridge was planked for dual highway use. In late 1955, a narrow two-lane-log stringer-trestle constructed by highways crew opened. Located at the road junction north of Wasa, the cost was $20,000. In 1979, the new four-span concrete replacement cost $1.9 million. Railways The Kootenay Central Railway (KCR) was a Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) subsidiary. The northward advance of the rail head from Colvalli was near Wasa in September 1914, when a fireman walking along the top of a moving construction train fell between the cars and was killed instantly. That November, the last spike was driven near the north end of Columbia Lake. Through train service commenced in January 1915. The Crowsnest Pass Lumber Co. operated a standard gauge logging railway from a base at Wasa. Track length was in 1912, in 1919, and in 1928. The east shore route went northeast via Premier Lake before turning northwest to reach the Kootenay just north of Torrent. Traffic ceased in 1930, and the three remaining locomotives were dismantled at Wasa for scrap in 1938. A west shore route left the CP track about north of Wasa. Construction began in 1916. Track length was in 1924 and in 1930. One branch went west to the Echo Lake base and the other south to Ta Ta Creek. Traffic ceased around 1930. Later community Infrastructure includes a church, community hall, general store/post office/gas station, country pub, and motel. The lake is among the warmer in Canada. At the south end is the Wasa Slough Wildlife Sanctuary. A wheelchair and bike accessible trail surrounds the lake. At the north end is the Wasa Lake Provincial Park, which has been a popular family vacation destination since the 1950s. Education By 1897, a public school existed at Wasa. The status of the school over the next decade is unclear but did operate from 1907 onward. In 1908, the first Ta Ta Creek school (Moyase) began in a residence. In 1914, the first of a series of Moyase schoolhouses and locations existed. During 1927–1946, Wasa students attended Moyase. During 1946–1963, the Wasa community hall housed classes. In 1963, new school buildings were erected at Wasa and Ta Ta Creek. In 1978, the Wasa school was built on a new site at the north end of the lake, and all the area schools from Skookumchuck to Bummers Flats were closed and consolidated at the new location. Wasa was one of the seven schools closed in June 2002 by School District 6 Rocky Mountain. Ta Ta Creek (community) Ta Ta Creek lies across the river to the northwest. Norman (Red) McLeod was a horse thief, who arrived in the East Kootenays in the early 1890s. After his jumping or charging across the creek to escape his pursuers, the common thread of the different anecdotes outlining the incident is his exclamation of "Ta ta" before riding away. Allegedly, Ta Ta Creek, McLeod Creek, McLeod Meadows, and Horsethief Creek were all named for him, but the evidence casts suspicion on all these claims. Any plausible origin of "Ta Ta" remains unclear. From the late 1890s, Nils Hanson conducted logging operations in the vicinity, which brought the initial Ta Ta settlers. Opening the first general store in 1923, David Hopkins was the inaugural postmaster 1924–1929. In 1937, Charlie and Edith Crookes opened a store/gas bar and later built a dance hall. The post office alternated between the two stores but closed in 1995. Tracy Town About by road northeast of Wasa on Lewis Creek, is the mouth of Tracy Creek. Prior to 1885, a trail existed northward from Fisherville to facilitate the considerable mining activity on Tracy Creek. In 1895, Frank Tracy and Harry Bradford staked claims, which they called the Estella Group, about from the future Tracy Town. The town, near the creek confluence, was first settled in 1898. That year, Hanson brought in a sawmill for the construction program, and a road was built to Bummers Flats on the Kootenay. By 1901, the thriving community comprised residences, stores, a community hall, churches, a school, and hotels. By 1910 only a ghost town remained. Consolidated Mining and Smelting conducted exploratory tunnelling 1927–1929 at the Estella mine before abandoning the venture. Another company extracted ore 1948–1952 before calling a halt. Bummers Flats Bummers Flats, about southeast of Wasa, is a local name dating to the pack trail era. In 1864, Bob Dore, en route to Fisherville, camped here. The name origin is unclear. Suggestions have been a shanty town for hobos possibly once existing or the bummer lambs produced by Alfred Doyle's sheep, which grazed on the flats. However, the name was already established at this river ford by 1878, long before Doyle appearing. Ranching has continued on the flats since that time. CP named their flag stop as Doyle when the line opened. On the opposite river bank, North Star Landing accessed the McGinty Trail to Kimberley, which was used 1893–1898 to carry sacks of ore. Cherry Creek ferry Mather Creek, formerly called Cherry Creek, is about southeast of Wasa on the opposite shore. During 1890–1896, ten landowners resided in the vicinity. Despite the Galbraith ferry charter prohibiting competition either side, Robert Mather was operating a small ferry across the Kootenay in 1887, which continued throughout the 1890s. At this point, the river could be unpredictable, the east landing submerged, and the ferry hazardous. The new installation at Cherry Creek in 1921/22 was called the Bechtel ferry, which was subsidized 1926–1935. Charles Bechtel, who lived just above the ferry, was the operator. In 1945, he threatened a passerby with an axe. When the police attempted to draw him from his barricaded cabin, he escaped into the surrounding bush. During a shootout a few days later, a police officer and Bechtel were wounded. Bechtel died in hospital the following day. Map 1898 area map. Notable people Gavin Hassett (1973–), rower, was a Ta Ta Creek resident 1982–1988. William Owen (1967–), university lecturer/academic writer, was a Ta Ta Creek resident 1968–1986. Robert G. Owen (1968–), leading lawyer, was a Ta Ta Creek resident 1968–1988. Climate Footnotes References East Kootenay Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
56612643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costruzioni%20Meccaniche%20di%20Saronno	Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno	Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno was an Italian company producing steam locomotives and cars, active from 1887 to 1918. Origins The origins of the engineering company are to be found in a framework of political agreements of the economic-military alliance assumed by the Kingdom of Italy, the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the early 1880s. Favoured by these international cooperation agreements, the German company Maschinenfabrik Esslingen founded the Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno in the Varese municipality and began to manufacture its renowned steam locomotives in Italy. Production Between 1887 and 1913, the company built steam locomotives of various track gauges for a number of railway companies. Beginning in 1894, it began assembling Peugeot Type 3 cars, produced under a Peugeot license and with engines supplied by the French company. World War I During the First World War, the company converted to war production. At the end of the conflict the company, until then predominantly backed by German capital, was acquired by the engineer Nicola Romeo with backing from a Swiss bank, but it appears that Romeo closed the plant in 1918 and did not revive it until 1925. Nicola Romeo In 1911 Nicola Romeo (later the owner of Alfa Romeo) founded the limited partnership Ing. Nicola Romeo e Co. for the production of mining machinery. The company soon began to specialize in the production of railway rolling stock, taking advantage of the opportunities offered by the emerging internal combustion engine technology to license some of the first Italian railcars. After some years of inactivity, Romeo re-started the Costruzioni Meccaniche plant as CEMSA in 1925. See also Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno locomotives External links Existing Locomotives of Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno References 1887 establishments in Italy 1918 disestablishments in Italy Engineering companies of Italy Steam locomotives of Italy Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1887 Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1918
3319515	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland%20Theatre	Queensland Theatre	Queensland Theatre, formerly the Queensland Theatre Company and Royal Queensland Theatre Company, is a professional theatre company based in Brisbane, Australia. It regularly performs in its own Bille Browne Theatre and the Queensland Performing Arts Centre's Playhouse. The company was founded in 1970 by British actor and director Alan Edwards with a full company of performers. It was granted the prefix "Royal" in 1984. It is currently headed by executive director Amanda Jolly and artistic director Lee Lewis. History The company has a strong history of development programs and has always aimed to encourage artistic growth across the state. There is an emerging artists program, writing program, including the Queensland Premier's Drama Award, and regional partnerships program. Emphasis is also placed on developing and inspiring young people through the company's education and youth program, with programs including The Scene Project, Youth Ensemble, Theatre Residency Week, Young Playwrights and other master classes. The company is principally supported by the Queensland Government through Arts Queensland and the Major Performing Arts Board of the Australia Council. People Actors Actors who began their career with the original Queensland Theatre Company include Geoffrey Rush, Bille Brown, Kate Wilson (Foy) (former Chair of the Board of the Queensland Theatre Company and Honorary Professor of Theatre at the University of Southern Queensland), Carol Burns and David Waters. Many Queenslanders including Babette Stephens and Diane Cilento have worked with the original Queensland Theatre Company during their careers. A large number of Sydney- and Melbourne-based actors have performed with the company, which some considered controversial as it reduced the number of opportunities for Queensland-based actors within the state-funded professional theatre. Artistic directors The foundation Artistic Director was Alan Edwards. He was succeeded in 1988 by Aubrey Mellor, who was followed by Chris Johnson, Robyn Nevin and director/playwright Michael Gow. From July 2010, Wesley Enoch took over as artistic director, firstly on a part-time basis and then full-time in January 2011. becoming the first Indigenous person to head a state-funded theatre entity in Australia. Enoch left Queensland Theatre to become director of the Sydney Festival in October 2015, handing over to Sam Strong, former Associate Artistic Director at the Melbourne Theatre Company. Other directors have included Gale Edwards, Joe McCallum, Rodney Fisher, Arnie Neeme and Murray Foy. In 2019 it was announced that Artistic Director Sam Strong would be stepping down and that Lee Lewis would succeed him. Chairs The current chair of the company is Elizabeth Jameson. Venues For almost thirty years the Queensland Theatre Company used the purpose-built 600 seat SGIO Theatre in Turbot Street, Brisbane, as their chief venue for productions. In 1996 they moved to the Queensland Performing Arts Centre at South Bank. Queensland Theatre is based in its own complex at South Brisbane. It performs in the much smaller venues than the original SGIO Theatre, named after two well known Brisbane theatre actors, Bille Brown and Diane Cilento. It has in the past performed in the Playhouse Theatre, Cremorne Theatre and at one time in the Lyric Theatre, all part of the Queensland Performing Arts Centre. Productions Productions have included: many Shakespeare's plays presented in the Roma Street Parkland Amphitheatre (formerly called the Albert Park Amphitheatre), as well in the Lyric Theatre, Cremorne Theatre and the Playhouse at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre. Other productions have included: Black Diggers, Macbeth (directed by Michael Attenborough), Twelfth Night, The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, The Alchemist by Ben Jonson, That Face by Polly Stenham, God of Carnage by Yasmina Reza, 25 Down by Richard Jordan, The School of Arts by Bille Brown, Ninety by Joanna Murray-Smith, The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion, The Crucible by Arthur Miller, And A Nightingale Sang by C.P. Taylor and Toy Symphony by Michael Gow. In 2017 the company staged a production of Ingmar Bergman's Scenes from a Marriage starring Sydney-based actors Marta Dusseldorp and her husband Ben Winspear. In May 2021, the company staged an adaptation of William Shakespeare's The taming of the shrew in the Bille Brown Theatre, Brisbane, directed by Damien Ryan. Petruchio was played by Nicholas Brown, and Katharina by Anna McGahan. This year the company was also using the QPAC Playhouse. References External links (plays presented until 2001, list incomplete) (plays presented from 2001, list incomplete) Theatre in Brisbane Theatre companies in Australia Companies based in Queensland Australian companies established in 1970 Performing groups established in 1970
20857871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezium%20americanum	Mezium americanum	Mezium americanum, the American spider beetle or black spider beetle, is a species of beetle in the subfamily Ptininae, the spider beetles. These are sometimes mistaken for spiders or mites because of their rounded abdomens and long legs. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, but it is an exotic species in Australia. Description The beetle is about long. Its body is dull yellow and hairy, and the elytra are a glossy black or reddish. It has a nearly cylindrical thorax with blunt projections on each side. The antennae and legs are long and slender and pale brown to yellow in color. The larva is C-shaped and cream-colored with a brown head. Impacts Like many other spider beetles, this species feeds on stored animal and vegetable products, including foodstuffs. It lives on nuts, beans, seeds, spices, cacao, and powdered chocolate, cereals and meal, dried fruits, herbs, and mushrooms, soup powder, fish meal, and bread. Other products it consumes include leather and animal skins, bones, feathers, dried feces, silk, wool, textiles, old wood, books, and dead insects and specimens, including taxidermy. It is known to feed on cayenne pepper, tobacco, and opium. References External links Ebeling, W. Chapter 7: Pests Of Stored Food Products. Urban Entomology. UC Riverside Species Mezium americanum - American Spider Beetle. Bug Guide Family: Ptinidae (spider beetles). Biodiversity Explorer Images: Mezium americanum. Invasive.org Ozone Pest Control Mezium americanum Household pest insects Beetles described in 1840 Cosmopolitan insects
12852060	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio%20Alberto%20P%C3%A9rez	Julio Alberto Pérez	Julio Alberto Pérez Cuapio (born July 30, 1977, in Tlaxcala) is a former Mexican racing cyclist who rode for between 2000 and 2008. He is best known for his stage wins in the Giro d'Italia. In 2001, he won on the Passo Pordoi ahead of Gilberto Simoni. In 2002, he also won in San Giacomo and in Corvara. Major results 2000 1st Trofeo dello Scalatore 2nd Overall Tour de Langkawi 1st Mountains classification 1st Stage 10 2001 1st Stage 13 Giro d'Italia 2002 Giro d'Italia 1st Mountains classification 1st Stages 13 & 16 2nd Overall Giro del Trentino 2003 1st Overall Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda 1st Mountains classification 1st Stage 2 2004 6th Overall Brixia Tour 1st Mountains classification 1st Stage 2a 2005 1st Overall Giro del Trentino 5th Overall Settimana Ciclista Lombarda 2008 4th Overall Vuelta a Costa Rica 1st Stage 14 2009 5th Overall Vuelta a Guatemala 9th Overall Vuelta Ciclista Chiapas 2010 8th Overall Vuelta Mexico Telmex External links Mexican male cyclists 1977 births Living people Sportspeople from Tlaxcala Mexican Giro d'Italia stage winners 20th-century Mexican people 21st-century Mexican people
1367448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Twilight%20Zone%20%281985%20TV%20series%29	The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series)	The Twilight Zone is an anthology television series which aired from September 27, 1985, to April 15, 1989. It is the first of three revivals of Rod Serling's acclaimed 1959–64 television series, and like the original it featured a variety of speculative fiction, commonly containing characters from a seemingly normal world stumbling into paranormal circumstances. Unlike the original, however, most episodes contained multiple self-contained stories instead of just one. The voice-over narrations were still present, but were not a regular feature as they were in the original series; some episodes had only an opening narration, some had only a closing narration, and some had no narration at all. The multi-segment format liberated the series from the usual time constraints of episodic television, allowing stories ranging in length from 8-minutes to 40-minute mini-movies. The series ran for two seasons on CBS before producing a final season for syndication. Series history After the original Twilight Zone series ended in 1964, Rod Serling sold the rights to the series to CBS, which allowed for a revival of the show by the network. As an in-house production, they stood to earn more money producing The Twilight Zone than they could by purchasing a new series produced by an outside company. Even so, the network was slow to consider a revival, shooting down offers from the original production team of Rod Serling and Buck Houghton and later from American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola. Their hesitation stemmed from concerns familiar to the original series: The Twilight Zone had never been the breakaway hit CBS wanted, so they should not expect it to do better in a second run. "We were looking at the success of the original series in syndication and the enormous popularity of the Steven Spielberg films," said CBS program chief Harvey Shepard. "Many of them (such as E.T. or Poltergeist) deal with elements of the show. Perhaps the public is ready for it again." Despite the lukewarm response to Twilight Zone: The Movie, a theatrical homage to the original series directed by a quartet of directors headed by John Landis and Steven Spielberg, CBS decided to move forward with a new Twilight Zone series under the supervision of Carla Singer, the CBS Vice President of Drama Development in 1984. Writers and filmmakers involved included Harlan Ellison, George R. R. Martin, Rockne S. O'Bannon, Jeremy Bertrand Finch, Paul Chitlik and directors Wes Craven and William Friedkin. Casts featured stars including Bruce Willis, Helen Mirren, Season Hubley, Morgan Freeman, Martin Landau, Jonathan Frakes, Frances McDormand, Victor Garber and Fred Savage, among others. New theme music was composed and performed by Grateful Dead with Merl Saunders, incorporating elements of the classic theme to the original Twilight Zone by Marius Constant (used in seasons 2–5). Grateful Dead also provided incidental music for a number of episodes. Rod Serling had died in 1975, so he was not available to narrate the new series; this was done instead by Charles Aidman—himself the star of two classic Twilight Zone episodes. The new series ran for three seasons. Most episodes presented two or three stories within the one-hour time slot. Four episodes in season 2 were 30 minutes long, and a third season of half-hour episodes was produced in 1988 to expand the series' syndication package. Robin Ward replaced Aidman as the narrator of these Canadian-produced episodes. Unlike Serling in the original series, neither Aidman nor Ward appear on-screen (Serling's image appears fleetingly in the revival's opening credits, however.) Subsequent revivals would return to having on-screen hosts; Forest Whitaker would host the 2002 series, and Jordan Peele would host the 2019 revival. Episodes First season (1985–86) The Twilight Zone debuted the night of September 27, 1985 to a warm reception: it won its Friday-night time slot in four of its first five weeks. Episodes featured adaptations of stories by Harlan Ellison (whose "Shatterday", adapted by Alan Brennert, launched the new series), Greg Bear, Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Robert McCammon, and Stephen King. In contrast to Twilight Zone: The Movie, which relied primarily on remakes of classic Twilight Zone episodes in order to tap the nostalgia market, content for the new The Twilight Zone consisted almost entirely of new stories and adaptations of stories which had never before been brought to the television screen. Animator Gary Gutierrez designed the visual images used in the title sequence, including the ghostly Rod Serling, which he created by projecting Serling's image onto nitrogen. After the images were completed, the footage was taken to a recording studio, where the Grateful Dead both composed and recorded the title music in a late night recording session. "Paladin of the Lost Hour", an episode written by Harlan Ellison, won the 1987 Writers Guild of America Award for Anthology Episode/Single Program. Executive producer Philip Deguere stated that CBS initially told him the show would air at 10 P.M., and therefore the earliest episodes were written with that time slot in mind. The late and unexpected rescheduling of the show to the 8 PM time slot (widely known as Family Viewing Hour, during which most viewers expect to be able to tune in with their whole family to shows which are appropriate for all ages) was considered by Deguere to be inappropriate given the content of the early episodes. He noted that the show dropped from a 30 share to a 22 share between episodes 4 and 5, and attributed this to episode 4 including the segment "Nightcrawlers", which he considered one of the most violent and disturbing works to have aired on television at the time. Ellison was an extremely vocal critic of television who had already published two collections of essays on the subject, "concluding that to work in television is akin to putting in time in the Egyptian House of the Dead." These feelings surfaced once again when the script he submitted for Twilight Zones Christmas special—an adaptation of Donald E. Westlake's 1964 story "Nackles", in which an obnoxious and mean-spirited drunk frightens his children with stories of a malicious anti-Santa Claus—was rejected by CBS' West Coast Program Practices. The segment, which was to be Ellison's directorial debut, was halted in mid-production. This cost the program between $150,000 and $300,000 and Ellison's services as a creative consultant. "[Their] suggestions were vile, infamous!" Ellison recalled of his aborted attempts to change the network's mind. The "Nackles" incident generated a flurry of press which ultimately proved inadequate to revive public interest in the series. "I can see why people who were expecting The Twilight Zone were disappointed with it," said staff writer Michael Cassutt of the show's low ratings. "...our show always seemed uneven to me. There were episodes perfectly in keeping with The Twilight Zone spirit, and then others that could have been from The Outer Limits or from anything." Despite poor ratings, The Twilight Zone was renewed for a second season in early 1986. Second season (1986–87) The series debuted in an hour-long format, but was put on hiatus only a few weeks into the season. CBS had moved the series to Saturday nights, which led to falling ratings. When The Twilight Zone returned in December, the episodes were half-hour shows, and generally contained only one story. Some episodes, such as "The Road Less Traveled", were produced for the hour format and then cut down for the half-hour broadcast. According to writer Alan Brennert, CBS was looking for a way to save the series from its ratings slump and took inspiration from the fact that the one season of the original The Twilight Zone which used the hour format instead of the half-hour format had the worst ratings of the series. The series was cancelled by February, with remaining episodes being burned off over the summer as hour-long multi-story episodes. Season 2 only ran for 11 episodes; several of the unproduced episodes would be filmed for season 3. In regard to writing for the episode "The Girl I Married", J. M. DeMatteis commented "I have a feeling that the show that appears will not bear much relation to what I wrote. What I've found out is that this season—unlike last, where the script was pretty much regarded as sacrosanct—the network is really interfering a lot. [...] Regardless, I know I did a good job and it was a real satisfying experience." Third season (1988–89) CBS replaced the original production team, and set out to do thirty 22-minute episodes for the third season; this way they could have enough episodes to sell the series into syndication. Robin Ward replaced Aidman as the narrator of these Canadian-produced episodes, and he also re-recorded Aidman's narration when the CBS episodes were edited for inclusion in the syndication package. To lead the writing team, the producers brought in a new group led by executive producer Mark Shelmerdine (I, Claudius) and supported by story editors Paul Chitlik, Jeremy Bertrand Finch, and J. Michael Straczynski. Straczynski authored more episodes that season than anyone else on staff. The producers named Straczynski the sole story editor following the release of Chitlik and Finch. Harlan Ellison was coaxed back to The Twilight Zone in the third season, and wrote what would be the third-to-last episode of the series, titled "Crazy as a Soup Sandwich." Home media Image Entertainment has released The Twilight Zone on DVD in Region 1. Season 1 was released on December 28, 2004, and Seasons 2 and 3 were released together in a 7-Disc DVD on June 28, 2005. Image re-released all three seasons together with the remastered original series in a 41-disc box set on August 26, 2014. On February 7, 2017, CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) released "The Complete 80s Series" 13-disc box set. In Region 2, Cinema Club UK has released all three seasons on DVD in the UK. Season 1 was released on September 19, 2005, on 6 DVDs, Season 2 on December 23, 2005, on 4 DVDs, and Season 3 on May 12, 2006, on 4 DVDs. In Region 4, Shock Entertainment has released the entire series on DVD in Australia. All 3 seasons were released on June 1, 2011. On October 3, 2012, Shock released a complete series box set. Alan Brennert, one of the writer-producers who contributed to the series, wrote that the picture quality of the DVD set was "NOT a 'bad transfer'" but rather that the episodes were "shot on film, but edited on video. In other words, the raw footage was 35 mm film, which was then transferred to videotape. Editing, dubbing, special effects—everything was done on video. We were in fact the first drama series on television to do this. So unlike the original Rod Serling TZ, there are no original film negatives from which Image could strike new prints for transfer. All that exist are the old one-inch master tapes, and the unfortunate reality is, videotape does deteriorate some over time. Image has, in my opinion, done a superb job packaging our series, and it is to them that I award the five stars in this review! If not for their interest in bringing this show to DVD, those one-inch masters might eventually have eroded into so much static (as my 3/4-inch tapes of the show already have)." He concluded by saying "If you enjoyed this series, just be grateful it's been preserved!" See also List of The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series) episodes The Twilight Zone The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) The Twilight Zone (2002 TV series) The Twilight Zone (2019 TV series) References Ellison, Harlan: "The Deadly 'Nackles' Affair". The Twilight Zone Magazine, February 1987 Graham, Jefferson: "The Twilight Zone Returns". The Twilight Zone Magazine, April 1985. Zicree, Marc Scott: The Twilight Zone Companion. Sillman-James Press, 1982 (second edition) External links Postcards from the Zone (Extensive episode guides, including photos) Episodes ranked from worst to best 1985 American television series debuts 1989 American television series endings 1985 Canadian television series debuts 1989 Canadian television series endings 1980s American anthology television series 1980s Canadian anthology television series CBS original programming First-run syndicated television programs in the United States The Twilight Zone American horror fiction television series Canadian horror fiction television series Television series by MGM Television Television series by CBS Studios Television series by Alliance Atlantis 1980s American science fiction television series 1980s Canadian science fiction television series Television series reboots English-language television shows Television series created by Rod Serling Science fiction anthology television series 1980s American horror television series Television shows filmed in Toronto
3891654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukeri%20Nunataks	Kukeri Nunataks	The Kukeri Nunataks (Kukerski Nunatatsi \'ku-ker-ski 'nu-na-ta-tsi\) are two rocky peaks with an elevation of , on Huron Glacier, Livingston Island, off West Antarctica. The Kukeri Nunataks are situated in the north foothills of the Tangra Mountains, 200 metre away from each other. Nunatuk is originally an Inuit word referring to rocky peaks amid ice/snow, while Kukeri are costumed and masked figures (i.e. mummers) who appear in folk rituals and folklore in Bulgaria. The larger northeastern peak is located at which is 3.76 km east of Kuzman Knoll, 890 m north of Nestinari Nunataks, 2.68 km south-southeast of Atanasoff Nunatak and 1.97 km west of Godech Nunatak (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009 from the Tangra 2004/05 topographic survey). Maps L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005. L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. A. Kamburov and L. Ivanov. Bowles Ridge and Central Tangra Mountains: Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:25000 map. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2023. References Kukeri Nunataks. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English) External links Kukeri Nunataks. Copernix satellite image Nunataks of Livingston Island
58740576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona%20false%20memory%20case	Ramona false memory case	The Ramona false memory case concerns a California man, Gary Ramona, who successfully sued psychiatrists who supposedly implanted false memories of abuse into his daughter. This was the first instance of a lawsuit against a therapist over implanted memories. It was also the first instance of a person who was not a patient bringing a malpractice suit in this field. Background Gary Ramona was a vice president for worldwide marketing of Robert Mondavi Winery and made an annual salary of $400,000, and was married to Stephanie Ramona. Daughter Holly Ramona, a student at the University of California, Irvine, had experienced bulimia and depression and sought treatment in the beginning of 1990. From 1989 to 1990, she was treated at Western Medical Center in Anaheim, California. Marche Isabella, a counselor for children, families, and marriages, told Holly and Stephanie that bulimia was usually caused by incest. Isabella stated that sexual abuse affected 60–70% of her patients experiencing eating disorders. Isabella had not received much training in the eating disorder realm although initial reports stated that this was her specialty. Western Medical chief of psychiatry Richard Rose also treated Holly Ramona. Holly, at this point believing her father raped her, agreed to take sodium amytal, administered by Rose, which was meant to recover memories. Holly Ramona confronted her father at a March 15, 1990 meeting at Western Medical, in which her mother was also present. She accused Gary of raping her from the time when she was 5 until when she was 8, and that these memories were triggered when her father looked at her in a sexually-charged way during a Christmas 1989 visit to their house. Gary's wife Stephanie divorced him, and he lost his family and job. Isabella moved to Virginia and continued her career there, while Rose moved to Hawaii and stopped practicing psychiatry. Holly Ramona entered a master's program in clinical psychology at Pepperdine University. Lawsuit In Napa County Superior Court, Gary Ramona, represented by lawyer Richard Harrington, sued Western Medical, Rose, and Isabella, stating that the parties gave his daughter false memories and that the alleged sexual abuse never occurred. He asked for $8,000,000 for wages he would have earned if he had not lost his job and general damages. Lenore Terr, an advocate of recovered memories, served as the chief witness of the defense. Terr was cross-examined on whether Holly Ramona's flashbacks of abuse were accurate, and she stated that the one in which Holly gave a dog oral sex was not accurate. During the trial, Harrison Pope, a Harvard University physician and expert on bulimia, stated that bulimia was not influenced by one being sexually assaulted as a child. In 1994, the jury voted 10–2 against the defendants, and awarded Ramona $500,000, with half corresponding to loss of future wages the other half loss of past wages. Stephanie Ramona stated that she continued to believe the therapists and her daughter. Jury foreman Thomas Dudum stated that he disliked how Ramona perceived the verdict as a victory and that the jury intended "to make it clear that we did not believe, as Gary indicates, that these therapists gave Holly a wonder drug and implanted these memories." B. Drummond Ayres Jr. of The New York Times stated that the decision bolstered critics against the repressed memory theory. In the Harvard Law Review, Bowman and Mertz published an analysis of the Ramona case in the context of California courts’ history of third-party tort liability. They reported that the Ramona case was “atypical” and a “major diversion from the current state of tort law.” No adequate precedent for the third-party responsibility imposed in Ramona was found, and the authors concluded that the legal system should not hear future lawsuits imposing similar third-party liability upon therapists. Legacy Author Moira Johnston wrote the 1997 book Spectral Evidence: The Ramona Case: Incest, Memory, and Truth on Trial in Napa Valley. See also Recovered-memory therapy False memory syndrome References External links Ramona v. Superior Court (Ramona) (1997) Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 1, California. Gary RAMONA, Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT of Los Angeles County, Respondent. Holly RAMONA, Real Party in Interest. No. B111565. Decided: August 19, 1997 Ramona, Gary Year of birth missing (living people)
333488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean%20Society%20of%20London	Linnean Society of London	The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes academic journals and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards a number of prestigious medals and prizes. A product of the 18th-century enlightenment, the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection on 1 July 1858. The patron of the society was Queen Elizabeth II. Honorary members include: King Charles III of Great Britain, Emeritus Emperor Akihito of Japan, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (both of the latter have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough. History Founding The Linnean Society was founded in 1788 by botanist Sir James Edward Smith. The society takes its name from the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, the 'father of taxonomy', who systematised biological classification through his binomial nomenclature. He was known as Carl von Linné after his ennoblement, hence the spelling 'Linnean', rather than 'Linnaean'. The society had a number of minor name variations before it gained its Royal Charter on 26 March 1802, when the name became fixed as "The Linnean Society of London". In 1802, as a newly incorporated society, it comprised 228 fellows. It is the oldest extant natural history society in the world. Throughout its history the society has been a non-political and non-sectarian institution, existing solely for the furtherance of natural history. The inception of the society was the direct result of the purchase by Sir James Edward Smith of the specimen, book and correspondence collections of Carl Linnaeus. When the collection was offered for sale by Linnaeus's heirs, Smith was urged to acquire it by Sir Joseph Banks, the eminent botanist and president of the Royal Society. Five years after this purchase Banks gave Smith his full support in founding the Linnean Society, and became one of its first Honorary Members. Prominent members The society has numbered many prominent scientists amongst its fellows. One such was the botanist Robert Brown, who was librarian, and later president (1849–1853); he named the cell nucleus and discovered Brownian motion. In 1854 Charles Darwin was elected a fellow; he is undoubtedly the most illustrious scientist ever to appear on the membership rolls of the society. Another famous fellow was biologist Thomas Huxley, who would later gain the nickname "Darwin's bulldog" for his outspoken defence of Darwin and evolution. Men notable in other walks of life have also been fellows of the society, including the physician Edward Jenner, pioneer of vaccination, the Arctic explorers Sir John Franklin and Sir James Clark Ross, colonial administrator and founder of Singapore, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and Prime Minister of Britain, Lord Aberdeen. Biological evolution and the society The first public exposition of the 'Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection', arguably the greatest single leap of progress made in biology, was presented to a meeting of the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858. At this meeting a joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace was made, sponsored by Joseph Hooker and Charles Lyell as neither author could be present. The society's connection with evolution remained strong into the 20th century. Sir Edward Poulton, who was president 1912–1916, was a great defender of natural selection, and was the first biologist to recognise the importance of frequency-dependent selection. Female fellows In 1904 the society elected its first female fellows, following a number of years of tireless campaigning by the botanist Marian Farquharson. Whilst the society's council was reluctant to admit women, the wider fellowship was more supportive; only 17% voted against the proposal. Among the first to benefit from this were the ornithologist and photographer Emma Louisa Turner, Lilian J. Veley, a microbiologist, Annie Lorrain Smith, a lichenologist and mycologist, Gulielma Lister, a mycologist, and Margaret Jane Benson, a paleobotanist, all formally admitted on 19 January 1905. Also numbered in the first cohort of women to be elected in 1904 were: the paleobotanist, and later pioneer of family planning, Marie Stopes, the philanthropist Constance Sladen, founder of the Percy Sladen Memorial Trust and Alice Laura Embleton (1876–1960), biologist, zoologist and suffragist, who had been one of the earliest women to deliver a paper to the society on 4 Jun 1903. Overall, 15 out of 16 women nominated in 1904 were elected to the society. Marian Farquharson was not admitted, having been "shamefully blackballed" as the society now states, although she was finally admitted in 1908. The painting "Admission of Lady Fellows" by James Sant R.A., which hangs on the upper staircase, shows the eleven women signing the society's Book of Admission and Obligation on 19 January 1905. The painting was altered to remove the figures of T R R Stebbing, the Zoological Secretary, and his wife, Mary Anne, from the right hand side sometime before the painting was presented to the society in 1919. The first female president of the society was Irene Manton (1973 to 1976), who pioneered the biological use of electron microscopy. Her work revealed the structure of the flagellum and cilia, which are central to many systems of cellular motility. Present interests Recent years have seen an increased interest within the society in issues of biodiversity conservation. This was highlighted by the inception in 2015 of an annual award, the John Spedan Lewis Medal, specifically honouring persons making significant and innovative contributions to conservation. Locations The society has had a number of different homes, initially meeting in Marlborough Coffee House (1788), before moving to Panton Square in 1795, then Gerrard Street, Soho in 1805, and Soho Square in 1821. Since 1857 the society has been based at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London; an address it shares with a number of other learned societies: the Geological Society of London, the Royal Astronomical Society, the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Royal Society of Chemistry. In April 1939 the threat of war obliged the society to relocate the Linnean collections out of London to Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire, where they remained for the duration of World War II. This move was facilitated by the 12th Duke of Bedford, a Fellow of the Linnean Society himself. Three thousand of the most precious items from the library collections were packed up and evacuated to Oxford; the country house of librarian Warren Royal Dawson provided a refuge for the society's records. Membership Fellowship requires nomination by at least one fellow, and election by a minimum of two-thirds of those electors voting. Fellows may employ the post-nominal letters 'FLS'. Fellowship is open to both professional scientists and to amateur naturalists who have shown active interest in natural history and allied disciplines. Having authored relevant publications is an advantage, but not a necessity, for election. Following election, new fellows must be formally admitted, in person at a meeting of the society, before they are able to vote in society elections. Admission takes the form of signing the membership book, and thereby agreeing to an obligation to abide by the statutes of the society. Following this the new fellow is taken by the hand by the president, who recites a formula of admission to the fellowship. Other forms of membership exist: 'Associate' (or 'ALS'), for supporters of the society who do not wish to submit to the formal election process for fellowship, and 'Student Associate', for those registered as students at a place of tertiary education. Associate members may apply for election to the fellowship at any time. Finally, there are three types of membership that are prestigious and strictly limited in number: 'Fellow honoris causa''', 'Foreign', and lastly, 'Honorary'. These forms of membership are bestowed following election by the fellowship at the annual Anniversary Meeting in May. Meetings Meetings have historically been, and continue to be, the main justification for the society's existence. Meetings are venues for people of like interests to exchange information, talk about scientific and literary concerns, exhibit specimens, and listen to lectures. Today, meetings are held in the evening and also at lunchtime. Most are open to the general public as well as to members, and the majority are offered without charge for admission. On or near 24 May, traditionally regarded as the birthday of Carl Linnaeus, the Anniversary Meeting is held. This is for fellows and guests only, and includes ballots for membership of the council of the society and the awarding of medals. On 22 May 2020, for the first time in its history, the Anniversary Meeting was held online via videotelephony. This was due to restrictions on public gatherings imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Medals and prizes The Linnean Society of London aims to promote the study of all aspects of the biological sciences, with particular emphasis on evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity, and sustainability. Through awarding medals and grants, the society acknowledges and encourages excellence in all of these fields. The following medals and prizes are awarded by the Linnean Society: Linnean Medal, established 1888, awarded annually to alternately a botanist or a zoologist or (as has been common since 1958) to one of each in the same year. Darwin-Wallace Medal, first awarded in 1908, for major advances in evolutionary biology. H. H. Bloomer Award, established 1963 from a legacy by the amateur naturalist Harry Howard Bloomer, awarded to "an amateur naturalist who has made an important contribution to biological knowledge" Trail-Crisp Award, established in 1966 from the amalgamation of two previous awards – both dating to 1910 – awarded "in recognition of an outstanding contribution to biological microscopy that has been published in the UK". Bicentenary Medal, established 1978, on the 200th anniversary of the death of Linnaeus, "in recognition of work done by a person under the age of 40 years". Jill Smythies Award, established 1986, awarded for botanical illustrations. Linnean Gold Medal, For services to the society – awarded in exceptional circumstances, from 1988. Irene Manton Prize, established 1990, for the best dissertation in botany during an academic year. Linnean Tercentenary Medal, awarded in 2007 in celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus. John C Marsden Medal, established 2012, for the best doctoral thesis in biology examined during a single academic year. John Spedan Lewis Medal, established 2015, awarded to "an individual who is making a significant and innovative contribution to conservation". Sir David Attenborough Award for Fieldwork, established in 2015. Collections Linnaeus' botanical and zoological collections were purchased in 1783 by Sir James Edward Smith, the first president of the society, and are now held in London by the society. The collections include 14,000 plants, 158 fish, 1,564 shells, 3,198 insects, 1,600 books and 3,000 letters and documents. They may be viewed by appointment and there is a monthly tour of the collections. Smith's own plant collection of 27,185 dried specimens, together with his correspondence and book collection, is also held by the society. Other notable holdings of the society include the notebooks and journals of Alfred Russel Wallace and the paintings of plants and animals made by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1762–1829) in Nepal. In December 2014, the society's specimen, library, and archive collections were granted designated status by the Arts Council England, recognising collections of national and international importance (one of only 152 institutions so recognised as of 2020). Publications The Linnean Society began its extensive series of publications on 13 August 1791, when Volume I of Transactions was produced. Over the following centuries the society published a number of different journals, some of which specialised in more specific subject areas, whilst earlier publications were discontinued. Those still in publication include: the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, which covers the evolutionary biology of all organisms, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, which focuses on plant sciences, and Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society focusing on animal systematics and evolution. In 2022, the society launched the Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society, its first fully open access scholarly publication. The Linnean is a biannual newsletter. It contains commentary on recent activities and events, articles on history and science, and occasional biographies/obituaries of people connected to the Linnean Society; it also includes book reviews, reference material and correspondence. The society also publishes books and Synopses of the British Fauna, a series of field-guides. Previously, an electronic magazine for Fellows, Pulse, was produced quarterly. This ceased publication in 2021. Presidents Arms FellowsFor the fellows of the Linnean Society of London, see: Fellows of the Linnean Society of LondonSee also Dorothea Pertz, one of the first women awarded full membership Linnaeus Link Project References External links Linnean Society of London Home page of the Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyHome page of the Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyHome page of the Botanical Journal of the Linnean SocietyBHL scans of Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1791–1874 BHL scans of Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2nd series, Zoology 1875–1921 BHL scans of Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'', 2nd series: Botany 1875–1922 Learned societies of the United Kingdom Science and technology in the United Kingdom Carl Linnaeus Biology societies Herbaria in the United Kingdom 1788 establishments in England Scientific organizations established in 1788
41165463	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Peace%20and%20Reconstruction%20%28Nepal%29	Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction (Nepal)	The Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction () is a Nepali ministry, tasked with ensuring peace and security. It was formed in 2007 after the Government signed the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and is mandated to implement the CPA. Former Ministers of Peace and Reconstruction This is a list of all ministers of Peace and Reconstruction since the Nepalese Constituent Assembly election in 2013: References Peace and Reconstruction Nepal
39502256	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Rated%20Fairy%20Tales	X-Rated Fairy Tales	X-Rated Fairy Tales is the debut album by the rock musician Helios Creed. It was released in 1985 on Subterranean Records. Track listing Personnel Musicians John Carlan – synthesizer Helios Creed – vocals, guitar, synthesizer on "X-Rated Fairy Tales", production Mark Duran – bass guitar Bill Roth – drums, tambourine, maracas, percussion, synthesizer Production and additional personnel Mike Hills – photography, design Elena Holt – backing vocals on "X-Rated Fairy Tales" George Horn – mastering Ricky Lee Lynd – engineering References External links 1985 debut albums Helios Creed albums Subterranean Records albums
16418013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose%20Clabaugh	Moose Clabaugh	John William "Moose" Clabaugh (November 13, 1901 – July 11, 1984) was an American professional baseball outfielder. He was batting star in minor league baseball who in 1926 blasted 62 home runs in a low-level circuit, and received an abbreviated trial with the Brooklyn Robins of the National League in the closing weeks of that season. But, hampered by defensive deficiencies as an outfielder, he appeared in only 11 Major League games, made one hit in 14 at bats, and returned to the minors for the remainder of his 16-season career. Clabaugh was born in Albany, Missouri, batted left-handed, and threw right-handed. Contrary to his nickname, he stood tall and weighed . In 1924, his second pro season, he batted over .300 for the first time, and would go on to win five batting titles. But his 1926 season, as a member of the Tyler Trojans of the Class D East Texas League, would earn his MLB audition and cement his reputation as a minor-league batsman. In 121 games played, he hit 62 homers, scored 106 runs, drove in 164 RBI, and batted .376, leading his league in those categories. His exploits caused the Brooklyn Robins to acquire his contract and bring him to the majors in late August. But because of his poor defense, he was used largely as a pinch hitter, getting into only two games (and one start) as a left fielder; in 11 defensive innings, he made three putouts and two errors in five total chances, for a horrendous fielding percentage of .600. At the plate, he collected one hit, a pinch-hit double off Hal Carlson of the Philadelphia Phillies at Baker Bowl on September 9; it was a key blow in a nine-run, ninth-inning rally that gave Brooklyn a 12–6 victory. Clabaugh's minor-league career resumed in 1927 and he resumed his heavy hitting in higher classifications, including four years in the top-level Pacific Coast League, before his retirement from baseball after the 1940 season with 346 home runs in 2,098 career games. He died in Tucson, Arizona, at 82 on July 11, 1984. References External links 1901 births 1984 deaths Ardmore Bearcats players Ardmore Boomers players Atlanta Crackers players Baltimore Orioles (International League) players Bartlesville Bearcats players Baseball players from Missouri Birmingham Barons players Brooklyn Robins players Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Decatur Commodores players High Point Pointers players Hutchinson Wheat Shockers players Jacksonville Tars players Major League Baseball outfielders Mobile Bears players Nashville Vols players Paris Bearcats players People from Albany, Missouri Portland Beavers players Quincy Indians players Salem Senators players Topeka Kaws players Tyler Trojans players
36202159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%20Preminger	Noah Preminger	Noah Preminger (born ) is an American jazz saxophonist. Music career Born in 1986, Preminger grew up in Canton, Connecticut. While in high school, he studied with saxophonist Dave Liebman. He released his debut album, Dry Bridge Road, after graduating from the New England Conservatory of Music. The album was a sextet session with Ben Monder, pianist Frank Kimbrough, trumpeter Russ Johnson, bassist John Hébert, and drummer Ted Poor. Preminger's second album as a leader, Before the Rain, came in 2011 from Palmetto, featuring a quartet with Kimbrough, Hébert and drummer Matt Wilson. Preminger has played with Billy Hart, Dave Holland, Fred Hersch, Dave Douglas, Victor Lewis, John and Bucky Pizzarelli, Billy Drummond, George Cables, Roscoe Mitchell, and Eddie Henderson. Critical reception Of Brooklyn-based saxophonist Noah Preminger, the Hartford Courant said: "Playing with the grace and expressiveness of a jazz veteran, the young man with a horn mixes cool restraint with emotional depth and old-fashioned poetry with contemporary bite." Jazz Review said: "Preminger seems to have arrived on the scene fully formed, with incisive musical instincts, a distinctive personal sound and an ability to write great tunes." The New York Times added: "More than just a promising starting point, this is a display of integrity; here's a musician you feel you can trust." Dry Bridge Road was named Debut of the Year in the Village Voice critics poll, making top 10 lists in JazzTimes, Stereophile and The Nation. All About Jazz said about Before the Rain: "Sensitivity and an ear for aural sophistication are the hallmarks of tenor saxophonist Noah Preminger." Down Beat magazine said, "The creativity and passion remain extremely high," while The New York Times concluded: "Mr. Preminger designs a different kind of sound for each note, an individual destiny and story." While he was a student, the Boston Phoenix said: "Preminger's sound is beholden to no one. That makes him continually unpredictable and continually satisfying." Discography As a leader As a sideman References Noah Preminger official site "Blindfold Test: Noah Preminger", Downbeat, November 2020 "Noah Preminger Quintet at Smalls NYC", London Jazz News, February 2020 "Noah Preminger in Perpetual Motion", Downbeat, April 2019 The Playlist: Offset Repents, and 13 More New Songs, Noah Preminger Quartet, The New York Times, 2-22-2019 The Blues? Overcoming Hard Times Through Swinging Elegance, Noah Preminger, The New York Times, 5-20-2016 Noah Preminger at the Jazz Standard, Noah Preminger, The New York Times, 5-22-2013 "Before The Rain", NPR Jazz: The Best Jazz of 2011, National Public Radio Performance/Tour Review, Noah Preminger, All About Jazz, 10-20-2011 "Before The Rain", Editor's Picks, Downbeat, January 2011 Music Review, Noah Preminger, The New York Times, 12-02-2009 1986 births Living people American jazz saxophonists American male saxophonists People from Canton, Connecticut Palmetto Records artists 21st-century American saxophonists Jazz musicians from Connecticut 21st-century American male musicians American male jazz musicians Criss Cross Jazz artists
43483475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicentenary%20University%20of%20Aragua	Bicentenary University of Aragua	The "Universidad Bicentenaria de Aragua" (UBA) is a private institution of higher education in Turmero, Aragua State, Venezuela. Undergraduate degrees offered: Engineering Faculty Systems engineering Electrical engineering Faculty of Management and Social Sciences Administration Public Accounting Social Communication Psychology Faculty of Political and Legal Sciences Law Private universities and colleges in Venezuela Educational institutions established in 1986 1986 establishments in Venezuela
63324104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markvoskoye	Markvoskoye	Markvoskoye () is a rural locality (a village) in Sheybukhtovskoye Rural Settlement, Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2002. Geography Markvoskoye is located 17 km southwest of Shuyskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Akulovskoye is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast
19493434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20Pot	Iron Pot	Iron Pot is a small flat sandstone island with an area of 1.27 ha in south-eastern Australia. It is part of the Betsey Island Group, lying close to the south-eastern coast of Tasmania around the entrance to the River Derwent. It is the site of the Iron Pot Lighthouse, Tasmania's first lighthouse. Flora and fauna The vegetation is dominated by boxthorn and lupins. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are little penguin, Pacific gull, silver gull, pied oystercatcher and black-faced cormorant. Access The island is frequented by tourism operator Pennicott Wilderness Journeys, departing from Constitution Dock at Sullivans Cove. The historic derrick crane once used for offloading supplies to the island today functions as a visual marker for incoming boats. The island can be approached from South Arm. References Islands of Tasmania
13665809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive%20Boot	Beehive Boot	The Beehive Boot, which signifies instate football supremacy among Division I FBS universities from the state of Utah, began in the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. The authentic pioneer boot, which is estimated to be well over 100 years old, is typically awarded annually to the Utah school with the best record against its instate NCAA Division I FBS foes. The schools that compete for the boot are Brigham Young, Utah, and Utah State. Weber State was originally eligible to win the trophy and games against them counted towards their opponents' record when determining the winner of the trophy. It is unclear when this stopped being the case, but it was at least by 2012, when Utah State won the trophy over BYU (BYU's win over Weber State was not counted towards their instate record). In the case of three-way ties between the schools, the winner was chosen by vote of the in-state media. Such an event has happened four times previously: in 1973, 1997, 2010, and in 2012. Utah State was awarded the trophy in each year. The 2017 season also ended with a tie where both Utah and Utah State defeated BYU, but did not play each other. However, no winner was officially awarded the Beehive Boot. In addition to the Beehive Boot, BYU and Utah State also play for The Old Wagon Wheel. The same three universities, along with Weber State University, Southern Utah University, and Utah Valley University, also played for a statewide trophy in basketball called the Old Oquirrh Bucket until the 2010 season, when it was retired due to conference realignments. Along with the Florida Cup, Commander-in-Chief's Trophy and the Michigan MAC Trophy, the Beehive Boot is one of the few three-way FBS rivalries that presents a trophy to the winner. History Brigham Young has the most wins in the series with 23, followed by Utah with 15, and Utah State with 9. After residing in Logan on USU's campus for the first four years of its existence, the trophy spent most of the next two decades in the hands of BYU. The Cougars won the intrastate series 19 of the next 27 years, including five in a row from 1983 to 1987. Since the mid-1990s, the boot has been back and forth between Salt Lake and Provo many times. Utah had a brief period of success during the early part of this century, winning four straight Beehive Boots from 2002 to 2005. It has also made a couple of trips to Logan during the past couple of decades. Historically, the trophy goes to the winner of the BYU-Utah game. Only nine times has that not happened: the years when Utah State has won it. Only four times in history has the winner of the Beehive Boot lost an intrastate game (Utah State in 1973, 1982, 1997, 2012). Utah won the trophy in 2016 after being the only team with an unbeaten in-state record, but the trophy then stopped being awarded. In 2021, BYU defeated both Utah and Utah State, leading to having a de facto winner for the first time since 2016. BYU then inquired as to the whereabouts of the trophy, resulting with BYU claiming the trophy two weeks later after it was found by Utah. The Holy War The "Holy War" is one of America's oldest and most heated college football rivalries. In fact, the schools even differ on when the first game was played. Utah claims that the first game was played in 1896 (when Brigham Young University was known as Brigham Young Academy). BYU on the other hand claims that the rivalry dates back to 1922, the first year BYU began playing football. For historical purposes, 1922 is the date most used when referring to the start of the Holy War. The Utes lead the all-time series 60–35–4. The Cougars are 27–20 since the Beehive Boot was created in 1971. The Old Wagon Wheel BYU and Utah State have met for the Old Wagon Wheel 88 times, dating back to 1922, with BYU holding a 48–37–3 lead. BYU had beaten Utah State ten straight times before Utah State defeated BYU by the score of 31–16 on October 1, 2010. With the victory, Utah State reclaimed the Old Wagon Wheel for the first time since 1993, and subsequently took the trophy in 2014, 2017, and 2018. The Battle of the Brothers The Utah/USU rivalry, often called the Battle of the Brothers, is the most played rivalry between any of the schools that participate in the Beehive Boot series, with 112 total all-time meetings. Utah leads the series 79–29–4, and Utah has won 22 victories in the last 25 meetings. The first game was played in 1892, a 12-0 Aggie victory, and the Utes and Aggies had met every year from 1944 to 2009 before taking a break. The Utes have won 31 of 42 meetings since the Boot was first awarded, with 5 of USU's 11 victories coming in the first 6 years after the trophy's creation. Winners of the trophy and results Rankings next to a champion's name indicate that team's ranking in the final AP Poll for that season. Teams are unranked unless otherwise indicated. Games against Weber State are included up until 1982, the last year that these games were certain to have counted towards each teams' interstate record. Between 2016 and 2020, there were no announced winners and it was kept by Utah. See also List of NCAA college football rivalry games List of most-played college football series in NCAA Division I Old Oquirrh Bucket similar historic trophy for Basketball, that includes additional Utah schools. References College football rivalry trophies in the United States BYU Cougars football Utah State Aggies football Utah Utes football
23005084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Sox%20Stadium	Blue Sox Stadium	Blue Sox Stadium was a ballpark located in Abilene, Texas and was the home to the Abilene Blue Sox of the West Texas–New Mexico League (1946–1955) and the Big State League (1956–1957). The park was located on the northeast corner of Barrow and South 14th streets; at the present time, the site is home to the H-E-B grocery store. The stadium opened in April 1946 to host the Blue Sox and was suitable for night play from its opening date. Closure and demolition Repairs were made to the stadium prior to the 1956 season, with new box seats being added along with a new infield. However, the site of the stadium was purchased and petitioned for re-zoning for the end of the 1957 baseball season. The stadium was razed in September 1957 and replaced with a shopping center. Sources "Texas Almanac 2008–2009", The Dallas Morning News, c.2008 References Baseball in Abilene, Texas Sports venues in Abilene, Texas Demolished sports venues in Texas Sports venues demolished in 1957 1957 disestablishments in Texas 1946 establishments in Texas Sports venues completed in 1946
68672420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Truck	New Truck	"New Truck" is a song by American country music singer Dylan Scott. It was released on August 9, 2021, as the lead single from his second studio album Livin' My Best Life. The song was written by Ashley Gorley, Ben Johnson, Hunter Phelps and Michael Hardy, and produced by Will Weatherly, Matt Alderman, Curt Gibbs and Jim Ed Norman. It reached number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart in August 2022, becoming Scott's second number one on that chart, and his first since "My Girl" in July 2017. Content "New Truck" is a song about a breakup that was inspired by Scott breaking up with his now-wife, Blair Robinson, for several months. Scott explained that it is about a man finding his partner's belongings when sitting in his truck, thus wanting a new truck to stop remembering them. "We've all been in a situation where you and your significant other have broken up, and it's tough. Every time you get back in your truck, you go back to certain memories of them in there as well." Scott wrote the song with Ashley Gorley, Ben Johnson, Hunter Phelps, and Michael Hardy. Scott told American Songwriter that "I have to find stuff that's relatable to me, and 'New Truck' is one of those. It relates to my life, so why try to write something else when I could just record this great song?" Critical reception The song was described by Jess of Taste of Country as "relatively upbeat for being filled with heartbreak". Off the Record UK published an uncredited review, which called the song "a fiery break-up anthem that is brought to life on his gritty new music video that will set his memories ablaze". Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2021 singles 2021 songs Dylan Scott songs Songs written by Ashley Gorley Songs written by Hardy (singer) Song recordings produced by Jim Ed Norman Curb Records singles Songs about cars
39018678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers%20in%20Engineering	Pioneers in Engineering	Pioneers in Engineering (PiE) is a student-run organization that promotes the study of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, collectively known as STEM fields. The organization was established in 2008 as a non-profit corporation by University of California, Berkeley student, Xiao-Yu Fu. The University provides training and mentorship opportunities for local high school students to improve their technological skills, by participating in a robotics competition, during which each student team designs, builds, and programs functional robots. Since 2008, over 20 schools have participated in the program. Background Pioneers in Engineering was founded in 2008 by University of California, Berkeley student and Tau Beta Pi member, Xiao-Yu Fu. The organization's office is in UC Berkeley's O'Brien Hall. Staff members, including University of California undergraduates and graduates, design and assemble robotics starter kits for the competition, develop mentors for the program, plan and manufacture the annual competition field, and oversee public relations and internal communications. , the organization has expanded to include 107 staff members. In preparation for the annual competition, robotic kits are distributed to groups of high schools students, who are paired with undergraduate mentors who assist the teams during the competition. A final tournament is held at the end of the season, allowing the student teams to reveal their work, for which awards are presented. References Student organizations in California Engineering organizations Organizations established in 2008 2008 establishments in California
133402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Hill%2C%20Pennsylvania	Red Hill, Pennsylvania	Red Hill is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is primarily a lakeshore, lowlands, suburban community northwest of Philadelphia in the Delaware River Valley watershed, as is the balance of its county. Its population was 2,383 at the 2010 census. Red Hill is served by the Upper Perkiomen School District. It is also part of the strip of small towns that run together along Route 29, Red Hill, Pennsburg, and East Greenville, colloquially known as Red Pennsville. The town is named after the large amounts of red shale in the soil and ground layers of the hill. History The Red Hill Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The borough is home to the Red Hill Band, which is older than the borough itself. Geography Red Hill is located at (40.376288, -75.484308). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all land. Transportation As of 2010 there were of public roads in Red Hill, of which were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and were maintained by the borough. Pennsylvania Route 29 is the only numbered highway serving Red Hill. It traverses the borough on a north-south alignment following Main Street. Demographics As of the 2010 census, the borough was 96.4% White, 1.4% Black or African American, 0.7% Asian, and 1.3% were two or more races. About 2.1% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.. As of the census, of 2000, 2,196 people, 899 households, and 576 families were residing in the borough. The population density was . The 944 housing units averaged 1,309.4 per mi (506.2/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.81% White, 0.32% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.55% of the population. Of the 899 households, 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were not families. About 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.08. In the borough, the age distribution was 23.8% under 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $45,313, and for a family was $58,529. Males had a median income of $35,857 versus $26,295 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,633. About 3.1% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over. Politics and government Red Hill has a city manager form of government with a mayor and borough council. The borough president of Red Hill is Doris Decker. The borough is part of Pennsylvania's 4th Congressional District (represented by Rep. Madeleine Dean), Pennsylvania's 131st Representative District (represented by Rep. Milou Mackenzie), and the 24th State Senate District (represented by Sen. Bob Mensch). References External links Borough fact sheet Populated places established in 1836 Boroughs in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania 1836 establishments in Pennsylvania
4202171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruo%20Remeliik	Haruo Remeliik	Haruo Ignacio Remeliik (1 June 1933 – 30 June 1985) was the first President of Palau from 2 March 1981 until his assassination on 30 June 1985. He is buried at Kloulklubed in his home state of Peleliu. Remeliik was of mixed Japanese and Palauan descent. Early life Remeliik studied priesthood in Truk. Later he returned to Palau and became an associate judge. In 1968, he won a seat in Palau legislature and became vice speaker. In 1970 he was appointed as deputy district administrator for the Palau district of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In 1978 he became a member and later also president of the constitutional convention. In 1980, he was elected as the first President of Palau, and he won re-election in 1984. Death Remeliik's killers remain unknown. Remeliik was shot in the driveway of his home by an unidentified gunman. Six months after the killing, two relatives of Roman Tmetuchl and another man were arrested in connection to the killing; however, they were later released. In March 2000, former presidential candidate and convicted felon John O. Ngiraked claimed responsibility for the conspiracy to kill Remeliik. Allegations of CIA involvement There have been persistent allegations that Remeliik was killed by the CIA due to his firm anti-nuclear stance. See also List of unsolved murders References External links 1933 births 1985 deaths Assassinated heads of government Assassinated Palauan politicians Burials in Palau Deaths by firearm in Palau Male murder victims Palauan politicians of Japanese descent People from Peleliu People murdered in Palau Presidents of Palau Unsolved murders in Palau 20th-century Palauan politicians Assassinated heads of state in Oceania 1980s assassinated politicians 20th-century assassinated national presidents
61636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20Ahlfors	Lars Ahlfors	Lars Valerian Ahlfors (18 April 1907 – 11 October 1996) was a Finnish mathematician, remembered for his work in the field of Riemann surfaces and his textbook on complex analysis. Background Ahlfors was born in Helsinki, Finland. His mother, Sievä Helander, died at his birth. His father, Axel Ahlfors, was a professor of engineering at the Helsinki University of Technology. The Ahlfors family was Swedish-speaking, so he first attended the private school Nya svenska samskolan where all classes were taught in Swedish. Ahlfors studied at University of Helsinki from 1924, graduating in 1928 having studied under Ernst Lindelöf and Rolf Nevanlinna. He assisted Nevanlinna in 1929 with his work on Denjoy's conjecture on the number of asymptotic values of an entire function. In 1929 Ahlfors published the first proof of this conjecture, now known as the Denjoy–Carleman–Ahlfors theorem. It states that the number of asymptotic values approached by an entire function of order ρ along curves in the complex plane going toward infinity is less than or equal to 2ρ. He completed his doctorate from the University of Helsinki in 1930. Career Ahlfors worked as an associate professor at the University of Helsinki from 1933 to 1936. In 1936 he was one of the first two people to be awarded the Fields Medal (the other was Jesse Douglas). In 1935 Ahlfors visited Harvard University. He returned to Finland in 1938 to take up a professorship at the University of Helsinki. The outbreak of war in 1939 led to problems although Ahlfors was unfit for military service. He was offered a position at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Zurich in 1944 and finally managed to travel there in March 1945. He did not enjoy his time in Switzerland, so in 1946 he jumped at a chance to leave, returning to work at Harvard, where he remained until his retirement in 1977; he was William Caspar Graustein Professor of Mathematics from 1964. Ahlfors was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1962 and again in 1966. He was awarded the Wihuri Prize in 1968 and the Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 1981. He served as the Honorary President of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1986 at Berkeley, California, in celebration of his 50th year of the award of his Fields Medal. His book Complex Analysis (1953) is the classic text on the subject and is almost certainly referenced in any more recent text which makes heavy use of complex analysis. Ahlfors wrote several other significant books, including Riemann surfaces (1960) and Conformal invariants (1973). He made decisive contributions to meromorphic curves, value distribution theory, Riemann surfaces, conformal geometry, quasiconformal mappings and other areas during his career. Personal life In 1933, he married Erna Lehnert, an Austrian who with her parents had first settled in Sweden and then in Finland. The couple had three daughters. Ahlfors died of pneumonia at the Willowwood nursing home in Pittsfield, Massachusetts in 1996. See also Ahlfors finiteness theorem Ahlfors function Ahlfors measure conjecture Beurling–Ahlfors transform Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem Measurable Riemann mapping theorem Bibliography Articles Ahlfors, Lars V. An extension of Schwarz's lemma. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 43 (1938), no. 3, 359–364. doi:10.2307/1990065 Ahlfors, Lars; Beurling, Arne. Conformal invariants and function-theoretic null-sets. Acta Math. 83 (1950), 101–129. doi:10.1007/BF02392634 Beurling, A.; Ahlfors, L. The boundary correspondence under quasiconformal mappings. Acta Math. 96 (1956), 125–142. doi:10.1007/BF02392360 Ahlfors, Lars; Bers, Lipman. Riemann's mapping theorem for variable metrics. Ann. of Math. (2) 72 (1960), 385–404. doi:10.2307/1970141 Ahlfors, Lars Valerian. Collected papers. Vol. 1. 1929–1955. Edited with the assistance of Rae Michael Shortt. Contemporary Mathematicians. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass., 1982. xix+520 pp. Ahlfors, Lars Valerian. Collected papers. Vol. 2. 1954–1979. Edited with the assistance of Rae Michael Shortt. Contemporary Mathematicians. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass., 1982. xix+515 pp. Books Ahlfors, Lars V. Complex analysis. An introduction to the theory of analytic functions of one complex variable. Third edition. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1978. xi+331 pp. Ahlfors, Lars V. Conformal invariants. Topics in geometric function theory. Reprint of the 1973 original. With a foreword by Peter Duren, F. W. Gehring and Brad Osgood. AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence, RI, 2010. xii+162 pp. Ahlfors, Lars V. Lectures on quasiconformal mappings. Second edition. With supplemental chapters by C. J. Earle, I. Kra, M. Shishikura and J. H. Hubbard. University Lecture Series, 38. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2006. viii+162 pp. Ahlfors, Lars V. Möbius transformations in several dimensions. Ordway Professorship Lectures in Mathematics. University of Minnesota, School of Mathematics, Minneapolis, Minn., 1981. ii+150 pp. Ahlfors, Lars V.; Sario, Leo. Riemann surfaces. Princeton Mathematical Series, No. 26 Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. 1960 xi+382 pp. References External links Ahlfors entry on Harvard University Mathematics department web site. Papers of Lars Valerian Ahlfors : an inventory (Harvard University Archives) Lars Valerian Ahlfors The MacTutor History of Mathematics page about Ahlfors The Mathematics of Lars Valerian Ahlfors, Notices of the American Mathematical Society; vol. 45, no. 2 (February 1998). Lars Valerian Ahlfors (1907–1996), Notices of the American Mathematical Society; vol. 45, no. 2 (February 1998). National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir Author profile in the database zbMATH 1907 births 1996 deaths 20th-century Finnish mathematicians Academic staff of the Helsinki University of Technology Finnish emigrants to the United States Complex analysts Fields Medalists Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty Harvard University faculty Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars Mathematical analysts Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland) People from Winchester, Massachusetts Swedish-speaking Finns Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
3158326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20railway%20stations%20in%20Japan%3A%20B	List of railway stations in Japan: B	Station List B
43170524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra%20MRT%20station	Canberra MRT station	Canberra MRT station is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line, located along Canberra Link at the junction with Canberra Way in Sembawang, Singapore. It is the second infill station on the MRT network (after Dover MRT station), and the first in Singapore with a platform linked directly to an overhead bridge at the same level. With several green features included in the station during construction, it was also the first MRT station to be awarded Platinum for the Building and Construction Authority's Green Mark for Transit Stations, as a result of the construction team's efforts to integrate landscaping and using eco-friendly materials in the construction of the station. The station was announced following a successful feasibility study conducted by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) after the idea of a new MRT station between the Sembawang and Yishun MRT stations was raised in the 2013 Land Transport Master Plan. Construction started in April 2015, and it opened on 2 November 2019. The mall opposite the station, Canberra Plaza, opened on 18 December 2020. History Planning The North South line, Singapore's first MRT line, opened in stages in 1987. The stations from Yew Tee to Sembawang were later opened in 1996 as part of the Woodlands Extension, with missing station codes NS6 and NS12 reserved for future stations along the line. Both the Land Transport Master Plan 2013 (launched by then-Minister for Transport Lui Tuck Yew in October) and the Draft Master Plan 2013 (unveiled by the Urban Redevelopment Authority during a public exhibition in November) mentioned the possible addition of a new MRT station between Sembawang and Yishun stations. After a year of review, the Draft Master Plan 2013 was officially gazetted to become the Master Plan 2014 in June of that year. Between January 2013 and June 2014, in response to these master plans, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) started feasibility studies for a new station between Sembawang and Yishun stations in tandem with developments in the northern part of Singapore. Minister Lui concluded that the station could be built, and on 1 August that year, Canberra station was officially announced by the LTA. Construction The estimated cost for the entire station was . On 27 April 2015, LTA awarded Contract 158 to China State Construction Engineering Corporation (Singapore Branch) for the design and construction of Canberra Station at a contract sum of S$90 million (US$ million). Heavy construction work began on 26 March 2016, following the fatal Pasir Ris rail accident on 22 March where two SMRT maintenance workers were killed by an incoming train while performing maintenance on the tracks. This tragedy shined a spotlight on the need for safety for all rail operations involving workers working close to an operational line. As a result of the accident, LTA and SMRT implemented several measures to improve safety such as limiting major work to non-service hours, sheltering the tracks with a temporary enclosure during the roof's construction and creating a full-scale mock-up of the station structure and roof to determine the safest method of construction. By September 2017, the station was 40% complete, with its deep foundation works in place and construction proceeding to the next stage where platform slabs were cast. By May 2018, the station was 55% complete, with most of its roof structure in place. Between 18 and 20 May 2019, a rail crossover track was constructed at the northern end of Canberra station to connect the two tracks. The crossover track was built partly to reduce the impact of future rail disruption, such as the power outage that occurred on 7 July 2015, by allowing trains to switch to the unaffected track using the crossover. During a visit to the station's construction site on 20 May 2019, Minister for Transport Khaw Boon Wan announced that the station would open on 2 November that year. A day before its opening, the station has an official opening ceremony by Khaw. Station details Canberra station is located in the eastern part of Sembawang, next to the residential town of Yishun and near Sungei Simpang Kiri river. An estimated 17,000 households are expected to benefit from the station. The station takes its name from Canberra Link, the road beside which it is located. This road is named after Canberra, the capital of Australia. The station serves the North South line, and is situated between the Sembawang and Yishun stations. The official station code is NS12. The station is linked to Canberra Plaza, a three-story shopping mall project by the HDB as part of a mixed-use transit-oriented development, via an elevated sheltered footbridge built across Canberra Link. DP Architects and KTP Consultants (the latter of which is now a subsidiary of Surbana Jurong) designed the station with a nautical theme; thus, the station is shaped like a ship when viewed from the outside. This design was inspired by Sembawang's historical role as a British naval base. The station's roof is modelled after wind blades to convey the speed of Singapore's public transportation. The sides of the station were constructed using glass rather than concrete to allow natural light to enter. Louvers were installed to provide ventilation. For the construction team's efforts to integrate landscaping and the use of eco-friendly materials, the station was awarded a Platinum certification under the Building and Construction Authority's new Green Mark scheme for transit stations. Canberra station is the first MRT station to attain such a rating. The artwork in the station, Symbiosis, was painted by Singaporean artist Tan Zi Xi. It aims to emphasise the symbiotic relationship between flora and fauna. Residents and stakeholders from the nearby Sembawang Group Representation Constituency contributed to the artwork by drawing imaginative plants and animals after a workshop that involved a nature walk. Tan developed her drawings further to suit the lively design of the station. The station has five entrances. Four of these are connected by covered pathways to a pair of bus stops, two passenger drop off and pick-up points and parking for over 500 bicycles. The fifth is a sheltered footbridge built across Canberra Link which allows passengers to bypass the concourse level and access the Marina South Pier-bound (city-bound) platform directly. References External links Canberra Station (Land Transport Authority site on Canberra MRT station) Railway stations in Singapore opened in 2019 Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations Sembawang
3630665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TigerSHARC	TigerSHARC	TigerSHARC refers to a family of microprocessors currently manufactured by Analog Devices Inc (ADI). See also SHARC Blackfin External links TigerSHARC processor website Digital signal processors VLIW microprocessors
64547824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikey%C5%ABen%20Station	Oikeyūen Station	is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Kinokawa, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Wakayama Electric Railway. Lines Oikeyūen Station is served by the Kishigawa Line, and is located 11.3 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Wakayama Station. Station layout The station consists of one side platform connected to an open-fronted shelter containing a ticket machine by a level crossing. The station is unattended. Adjacent stations History Oikeyūen Station opened on August 18, 1933. Passenger statistics Surrounding Area Oike Pond See also List of railway stations in Japan References External links Oikeyūen Station timetable Railway stations in Japan opened in 1933 Railway stations in Wakayama Prefecture Kinokawa, Wakayama
49825019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears%20of%20Joy	Tears of Joy	Tears of Joy may refer to: Theatre, Film and TV Tears of Joy Theatre Tears of Joy, Tears of Sorrow, TV movie starring John Forsythe 1986 "Tears of Joy", TV episode Grace Under Fire, 1994 "Tears of Joy", TV episode Mia and Me, 2012 Music Albums Tears of Joy (album), a 1971 album by Don Ellis, or the title song Tears of Joy, a 1988 album by Tuck & Patti Tears of Joy, a 1991 album by Jo-El Sonnier Tears of Joy, a 2005 album by Antonio Forcione Tears of Joy, a 2015 album by J. Stalin Songs "Tears of Joy" (song), a song by Faith Evans "Tears of Joy", a 1957 song by The "5" Royales "Tears of Joy", a 1972 song by Eddie Floyd "Tears of Joy", a 1992 song by Cherrelle "Tears of Joy", a 1963 song by Chuck Jackson "Tears of Joy", a song on the soundtrack for the 2015 film Inside Out See also Tears Joy Face with Tears of Joy emoji
144434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%20I%20of%20Jerusalem	Baldwin I of Jerusalem	Baldwin I (1060s – 2 April 1118) was the first count of Edessa from 1098 to 1100 and king of Jerusalem from 1100 to his death in 1118. He was the youngest son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida of Lorraine and married a Norman noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny. He received the County of Verdun in 1096, but he soon joined the crusader army of his brother Godfrey of Bouillon and became one of the most successful commanders of the First Crusade. While the main crusader army was marching across Asia Minor in 1097, Baldwin and the Norman Tancred launched a separate expedition against Cilicia. Tancred tried to capture Tarsus in September, but Baldwin forced him to leave it, which gave rise to an enduring conflict between them. Baldwin seized important fortresses in the lands to the west of the Euphrates with the assistance of local Armenians. Thoros of Edessa invited him to come to Edessa to fight against the Seljuks. Taking advantage of a riot against Thoros, Baldwin seized the town and established the first Crusader state on 10March 1098. To strengthen his rule, the widowed Baldwin married an Armenian ruler's daughter (who is now known as Arda). He supplied the main crusader army with food during the siege of Antioch. He defended Edessa against Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, for three weeks, preventing him from reaching Antioch before the crusaders captured it. Godfrey of Bouillon, whom the crusaders had elected their first ruler in Jerusalem, died in 1100. Daimbert, the Latin patriarch, and Tancred offered Jerusalem to Tancred's uncle, Bohemond I of Antioch. Godfrey's retainers took possession of the town and urged Baldwin to claim Godfrey's inheritance. Since a Muslim ruler had captured Bohemond, Baldwin marched to Jerusalem meeting little resistance. The Patriarch crowned him king in Bethlehem on 25December. He captured Arsuf and Caesarea in 1101, Acre in 1104, Beirut in 1110, and Sidon in 1111, with the assistance of Genoese and Venetian fleets and of several smaller crusader groups, but all his attempts to capture Ascalon and Tyre failed. After his victory at the third battle of Ramla in 1105, the Egyptians launched no further major campaigns against the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Baldwin helped Bertrand, Count of Toulouse, to capture Tripoli in 1109. Being the only crowned monarch in the Latin East, Baldwin claimed suzerainty over other crusader rulers. Baldwin II of Edessa and Bertrand swore fealty to him. Tancred, who ruled the Principality of Antioch, also obeyed his summons. Baldwin supported Baldwin II and Tancred against Kerbogha's successor, Mawdud, who launched a series of campaigns against Edessa and Antioch in the early 1110s. He erected fortresses in Oultrejordainthe territory to the east of the Jordan Riverto control the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt. He died during a campaign against Egypt. Early life Born some time after 1060, Baldwin was the third son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida of Lorraine. Being his parents' youngest son, he was intended for a career in the Church. He studied the liberal arts and held prebends in the cathedrals of Cambrai, Rheims and Liège. For reasons that are unknown, and at an unspecified time, he abandoned his church career and became a knight. The historian John France says that Baldwin most probably realised that the Gregorian Reform had diminished his chance to seize rich benefices. Historian Susan B. Edgington, on the other hand, proposes that Baldwin preferred a secular career because his childless brother, Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lotharingia, had taken ill suddenly, giving Baldwin a chance to inherit his duchy. Baldwin married a Norman noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny, whose family owned land and property in both Normandy and England. Baldwin and his wife most probably settled in the court of his eldest brother, Eustace III of Boulogne. Eustace and Baldwin jointly fought for their brother, Godfrey, against Albert III, Count of Namur, and Theoderic, Bishop of Verdun, at Stenay in 1086. Godfrey mentioned Baldwin in most of his charters of grant, indicating that Baldwin was regarded as his designated heir. Baldwin regularly visited the fortress of his wife's family at Conches-en-Ouche. First Crusade Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont on 27November 1095. Godfrey of Bouillon decided to join the military campaign and sold or mortgaged his inherited domains to raise funds. One of his domains, the County of Verdun, was seized by Richer, Bishop of Verdun, who soon granted it to Baldwin. The dissolution of Godfrey's allodial lands deprived all future dukes of the basis of their authority in Lower Lotharingia, which facilitated Baldwin's decision to take the Cross. Eustace III of Boulogne also joined the crusade. According to a letter from Pope Urban, only the army that Peter the Hermit had mustered for the People's Crusade outnumbered the three brothers' force. Baldwin departed for the crusade with Godfrey's army on 15August 1096. His wife and children accompanied him, suggesting that he had decided not to return to his homeland. The crusaders stopped at Tulln an der Donau before reaching the frontier of Hungary in September. Godfrey left Baldwin in charge of his troops during his conference with Coloman of Hungary, to discuss the conditions of the crusaders' march across the country. He agreed to hand over Baldwin, along with Baldwin's wife and retainers, as hostages, to ensure their troops' good conduct. Baldwin and Godehilde were released soon after the crusaders left Hungary. They entered the Byzantine Empire near Belgrade in late November. The crusaders reached Constantinople on 23December 1096. The Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos demanded an oath of allegiance from their leaders and imposed a blockade on their camp to enforce it. Baldwin made raids against the districts outside the walls of Constantinople, compelling Alexios to lift the blockade. The Emperor also agreed to hand over his son and heir, John II Comnenus, as a hostage, who was entrusted to Baldwin's care. Since the crusaders continued to resist the emperor's demand, the Byzantines reduced the fodder and food supplied to them. Baldwin again attacked the suburbs and killed or captured dozens of Pecheneg guards. The crusaders realised that they could not defeat the imperial army and so yielded to the emperor's demand. Their commanders (including Godfrey and Baldwin) swore fealty to Alexios and pledged that they would cede all conquered lands that the Seljuk Turks had seized from the Byzantines to the emperor's representatives. The crusaders were transferred to a camp established on the road between Chalcedon and Nicomedia in Asia Minor, but Godfrey and Baldwin soon returned to Constantinople to be present when the commanders of a new crusader army did homage to Alexios. When a knight sat on the emperor's throne during the ceremony, Baldwin "took him by the hand and made him rise" and severely reprimanded him. After the crusaders defeated Kilij Arslan, the Seljuk Sultan of Rûm, in the Battle of Dorylaeum on 1July 1097, Baldwin and the Italo-Norman leader Tancred broke away from the main body of the army. They marched as far as Heraclea, where they again joined their fellows around 15 August. The crusaders became exhausted during their long march across Asia Minor and most of their horses died. To secure a supply of food and forage, Baldwin and Tancred were sent to the fertile plains of Cilicia. There they could count on the support of the local Armenians, especially as Baldwin had already been befriended by an Armenian nobleman, Bagrat. Baldwin and Tancred led two separate contingents. Tancred was the first to leave Heraclea, accompanied by 100–200 troops; Baldwin and his 300 knights departed around 15September. Tancred arrived at Tarsusan important center of commerce in Ciliciaon 21September. He persuaded the Seljuk garrison of Tarsus to raise his flag on the citadel, even before his troops were granted access to the town. Baldwin reached Tarsus on the following day. The Turks replaced Tancred's banner with Baldwin's flag and allowed Baldwin to take possession of two towers. Heavily outnumbered by Baldwin's troops, Tancred decided not to fight for the town and rode off. Shortly thereafter, about 300 Norman knights arrived, but Baldwin denied entry to them, which enabled the Turks to attack and murder the Normans during the night. Baldwin's own men blamed him for their fate and massacred the remnants of the Seljuk garrison. Fearful of vengeance, Baldwin took shelter in a tower, but finally convinced his soldiers of his innocence. A pirate captain, Guynemer of Boulogne, sailed up the Berdan River to Tarsus and swore fealty to Baldwin. He hired Guynemer's men to garrison Tarsus and continued his campaign. Tancred had meanwhile seized the prosperous town of Mamistra. Baldwin reached the town on around 30September. One of the most prominent Italian Norman crusaders, Richard of Salerno, wanted to take revenge for the Normans who had perished at Tarsus, which caused a skirmish between the soldiers of Baldwin and Tancred. This was the first occasion when crusaders fought against each other. After one or two men were killed and many more were injured or captured on both sides, Baldwin and Tancred made peace and Baldwin left Mamistra. He joined the main army at Marash, but Bagrat persuaded him to launch a campaign towards the River Euphrates across a region densely populated by Armenians. About 80–100 knights accompanied him when he again left the main army on 17October. Count of Edessa Establishment The Armenians regarded Baldwin as a liberator. Two Armenian chiefs, Fer and Nicusus, joined him soon after he started his campaign. The local population massacred the Seljuk garrisons and officials, or forced them to flee. The Seljuks' fear of the crusaders contributed to Baldwin's success. He seized two important fortresses, Ravendel and Turbessel, without a fight before the end of 1097. He made Bagrat the governor of Ravendel, and appointed Fer to administer Turbessel. The Armenian lord of Edessa, Thoros, sent envoysthe Armenian bishop of Edessa and twelve leading citizensto Baldwin in early 1098, seeking his assistance against the nearby Seljuk rulers. Being the first town to convert to Christianity, Edessa had played an important role in Christian history. Before departing for Edessa, Baldwin ordered the arrest of Bagrat, whom Fer had accused of secret correspondence with the Seljuks. Bagrat was tortured and forced to surrender Ravendel. Baldwin left for Edessa in early February, but troops sent by Balduk, the emir of Samosata, or Bagrat prevented him from crossing the Euphrates. His second attempt was successful and he reached Edessa on 20 February. Baldwin did not want to serve Thoros as a mercenary. The Armenian townspeople feared that he was planning to leave the town, so they persuaded Thoros to adopt him. Alone among the contemporary historians of the First Crusade, Albert of Aix claims that the local customs of adoption required Thoros to take Baldwin under his shirt. Strengthened by troops from Edessa, Baldwin raided Balduk's territory and placed a garrison in a small fortress near Samosata. Unlike the majority of the Armenians, Thoros adhered to the Orthodox Church, which made him unpopular among his Monophysite subjects. Shortly after Baldwin's return from campaign, the local nobles started plotting against Thoros, possibly with Baldwin's consent (as is stated by contemporary chronicler Matthew of Edessa). A riot broke out in the town, forcing Thoros to take refuge in the citadel. Baldwin pledged to save his adoptive father, but when the rioters broke into the citadel on 9March and murdered both Thoros and his wife, he did nothing to help them. On the following day, after the townspeople acknowledged Baldwin as their ruler (or doux), he assumed the title of Count of Edessa, and so established the first Crusader state. The Seljuks had captured Edessa from the Byzantines in 1087, but Alexios did not demand that Baldwin hand over the town. Historian Christopher MacEvitt argues that the local population did not regard Baldwin's ascension as "a change in regime, but the replacement of one strongman with vague Byzantine ties with another of the same ilk". The acquisition of Ravendel, Turbessel and Edessa strengthened the position of the main crusader army during the siege of Antioch, which was taking place at the same time. The fertile lands along the Euphrates secured a supply of food for the crusaders. The three fortresses also hindered the movement of the Seljuk troops towards Syria and Palestine. Consolidation Baldwin had to use his diplomatic skills to secure his rule in Edessa, because his retinue was small. He married the daughter of an Armenian lord named Taftoc, according to William of Tyre, and encouraged his retainers to marry local women. Thoros' rich treasury enabled him to employ mercenaries and to buy Samosata from Balduk. Baldwin and Balduk's treaty about the transfer of Samosata was the first friendly arrangement between a crusader leader and a Muslim ruler. Balduk settled in Edessa. An Artuqid emir, Belek Ghazi, hired Baldwin to suppress a revolt in Saruj. When the Muslim burghers of the town approached Balduk to come to their rescue, Balduk hurried to Saruj, but it soon became apparent that his retinue was too small to resist a siege and both he and the townspeople yielded to Baldwin. Baldwin demanded Balduk's wife and children as hostages, but Balduk refused to hand them over to him, for which Baldwin had him captured and executed. Baldwin granted the usufruct of Turbessel and Ravendel to his brother Godfrey, to secure his and his retainers' accommodation during the siege of Antioch. The continued support that Baldwin provided his brother with increased his brother's standing within the crusade army, proofing crucial during the crusade as food was many times scarce. Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, gathered a large army to relieve the town. During his march towards Antioch, Kerbogha did not wish to risk allowing the crusaders to hold Edessa. He besieged Edessa for three weeks in May, but could not capture it. His delay enabled the crusaders to capture Antioch on 3June 1098. Antioch became the capital of a new Crusader state, the Principality of Antioch, with Tancred's uncle, Bohemond of Taranto, as its first prince. Baldwin levied high taxes, which made him unpopular among his native subjects. He also ignored the local nobles' advice and granted property to his retainers and other crusaders who moved to Edessa. A dozen Armenian chiefs plotted against Baldwin in December, and approached the nearby Seljuk emirs for assistance, but Baldwin learnt of the conspiracy and ordered the arrest of the conspirators. The two ringleaders were mutilated in accordance with Byzantine laws, but the others were allowed to redeem themselves for large fees. Nevertheless, Baldwin continued to appoint Armenian noblemen to important offices. He made the Armenian Abu'l-Garib the commander of Bijerik, an important fort controlling the road between Edessa and Turbessel. The main crusader army captured Jerusalem on 15July 1099. A week later, Godfrey of Bouillon was elected ruler of the city, but chose not to be crowned king. Baldwin decided to complete his pilgrimage and left Edessa for Jerusalem in November. At Buluniyas, he joined the pilgrims who had departed Antioch with Bohemond I and the papal legate, Daimbert of Pisa. Attacks by Muslim troops, fatigue and diseases caused heavy casualties during the journey, but most of the pilgrims reached Jerusalem on 21December. Four days later, Daimbert was elected and installed as the new Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. The new patriarch confirmed Godfrey and Bohemond in the possession of their lands, but no similar ceremony was recorded in connection with Baldwin. Baldwin and Bohemond left Jerusalem on 1January 1100. Duqaq, the Seljuk ruler of Damascus, sent forces to attack them, but the crusaders routed the Seljuk troops near Baalbek. Baldwin arrived back in Edessa in February. Godfrey died unexpectedly on 18July 1100. He had extracted oaths from Daimbert and other leading crusaders that they "would not confer the throne on anyone except his brothers or one of his blood", according to Albert of Aix. Warner of Grez, Godfrey's most influential retainer, took possession of the Tower of David in Jerusalem to secure control of the city. Although Warner soon died, two other members of Godfrey's court, Geldemar Carpenel and Arnulf of Chocques, sent a delegation to Baldwin, urging him to come to Jerusalem. To prevent Baldwin from seizing Godfrey's realm, Daimbert and Tancred sought assistance from Bohemond I of Antioch. Daimbert sent a letter to him, stating that Baldwin's rule would "bring about the downfall of the church and the destruction of Christianity itself", according to later chronicler William of Tyre. Bohemond, however, was captured by the Danishmend Gazi Gümüshtigin in the hills near Melitene around 15August. Baldwin hurried to Melitene and pursued the Danishmend for three days, but he was unable to rescue Bohemond. After his return, the Armenian lord of Melitene, Gabriel, swore fealty to him. Baldwin appointed fifty knights to defend the town. King of Jerusalem Coronation News of Godfrey's death reached Edessa shortly after Baldwin's return from Melitene. His chaplain, Fulcher of Chartres, noticed that Baldwin "grieved somewhat over the death of his brother, but rejoiced more over his inheritance". To finance his journey to Jerusalem, Baldwin seized gold and silver from his subjects. He appointed his relative, Baldwin of Le Bourcq, his successor in the county and Le Bourcq swore fealty to him. About 200 knights and 300–700 foot-soldiers accompanied Baldwin when he left Edessa on 2October 1100. He spent four days in Antioch, but did not accept the local inhabitants' plea for him to administer the principality during Bohemond's captivity. Duqaq of Damascus wanted to ambush him on the narrow road near the mouth of the Nahr al-Kalb River. The qadi of Tripoli secretly warned Baldwin, which enabled him to defeat the attack and rout the Damascene troops. Tancred hurried to Jerusalem to persuade the garrison to surrender the town to him, but he was barred from the town. Baldwin reached Jerusalem around 9November. Daimbert withdrew to a monastery on Mount Zion, and the townspeople stopped Baldwin outside the walls and ceremoniously accompanied him to the Holy Sepulchre. Albert of Aix's sporadic references suggest that Baldwin adopted the title of prince. Baldwin first raided the environs of Ascalon, which was still held by the Egyptians, then launched a punitive expedition against the bandits who had their headquarters in the caves near Jerusalem. He made an incursion across the River Jordan before returning to Jerusalem on 21 December. Baldwin was reconciled with Daimbert who agreed to anoint and crown him king. The ceremony took place in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem on Christmas Day. Thereafter Baldwin was most frequently styled king. For instance, a charter of grant in 1104 referred to him as "Baldwin, king of Judea and Jerusalem, and defensor of the Holiest Sepulchre of our Lord, Jesus Christ". In most of his charters, he also emphasised that he was Godfrey's lawful heir. First successes When Geldemar Carpenel laid claim to Haifa, stating that Tancred had arbitrarily seized it, Baldwin summoned Tancred to Jerusalem, but Tancred did not recognise him as the lawful monarch. They agreed to meet at a river near Jaffa, but their meeting did not result in compromise. The conflict was resolved when Tancred was invited to Antioch to administer the principality on Bohemond's behalf. Before leaving for Antioch in March, Tancred renounced his domains in Palestine, but also stipulated that the same domains should be granted in fief to him if he were to leave Antioch within fifteen months. Baldwin gave Haifa to Geldemar and the Galilee to Hugh of Fauquembergues. A new papal legate, Maurice of Porto, came to Jerusalem in early March 1101. After Baldwin accused Daimbert of treachery and convinced Maurice to suspend him on 15April, Daimbert had to bribe Baldwin with 300 bezants to persuade the legate to restore him to his office. The towns along the coast which were still under Egyptian ruleArsuf, Caesarea, Acre and Tyresent gifts to Baldwin to secure his benevolence. Always in need of funds, Baldwin concluded an alliance with the commanders of a Genoese fleet, offering commercial privileges and booty to them in the towns that he would capture with their support. They first attacked Arsuf, which surrendered without resistance on 29 April, securing a safe passage for the townspeople to Ascalon. The Egyptian garrison at Caesarea resisted, but the town fell on 17May. Baldwin's soldiers pillaged Caesarea and massacred the majority of the adult local population. The Genoese received one third of the booty, but Baldwin did not grant areas in the captured towns to them. Battles at Ramla While Baldwin and the Genoese were besieging Caesarea, the Egyptian vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, started mustering troops at Ascalon. Baldwin moved his headquarters to nearby Jaffa and fortified Ramla to hinder any attempt at a surprise attack against Jerusalem. He demanded more funds from Daimbert to cover the costs of this defense, but the patriarch refused. During a passionate debate in the presence of the papal legate, Daimbert stated that Baldwin should not "presume to make tributary and servant the holy Church". The legate persuaded Daimbert to promise that he would "maintain thirty soldiers by a money agreement", but the patriarch failed to raise the promised amount. The lightly armed and undisciplined Egyptian army approached Ramla in early September. The much smaller, but experienced and well-equipped crusader forces were the first to attack, at dawn on 7September. At least two of the five or six crusader corps were almost annihilated during the first phase of the battle, but Baldwin persuaded the remnants of his army to launch a fresh attack, surprising the Egyptians. After a short resistance, they fled in panic, pursued by the crusaders as far as Ascalon. Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia, sent money to Daimbert, partially for the recruitment of soldiers, but Daimbert retained the whole sum. After learning of this embezzlement, Baldwin convinced the papal legate to dismiss Daimbert in late 1101. Daimbert fled first to Jaffa, then to Tancred in Antioch. The vacancy enabled Baldwin to freely use the patriarch's rich treasury. Stephen, Count of Blois, Hugh of Lusignan and other survivors of the catastrophic crusade of the previous year came to celebrate Easter in Jerusalem in 1102. Shortly thereafter, a strong Egyptian army invaded the kingdom. On 17 May, and against all advice, Baldwin and a force of about 500 horsemen that included dozens of new crusaders, rode out to meet the Egyptians. In this second battle fought at Ramla, the Egyptians were the victors, and they forced Baldwin and his men to take refuge in Ramla. Baldwin escaped from the fortress before the Egyptians laid siege to it, leaving his troops to be killed or captured. He fled to Arsuf, after which an English pirate, Godric, took him to Jaffa, although the Egyptian army had blockaded it from the land. He went to Jerusalem to gather new troops and returned to Jaffa with more than 100 horsemen. However, only the arrival of a fleet filled with hundreds of English, French and German pilgrims forced the Egyptians to lift the siege on 27May. Baldwin wrote to Alexios I Komnenos, urging him not to obstruct their journey. During the siege of Jaffa, Baldwin had sent envoys to Antioch and Edessa, seeking assistance from Tancred and Baldwin II. They arrived only after the Egyptians' withdrawal. Tancred tried to persuade the new papal legate, Robert of St Eusebio, to restore Daimbert, but Baldwin convinced Robert to discuss the issue with the local bishops and abbots. After the prelates unanimously stated that Daimbert had almost provoked a civil war and had abused his ecclesiastic authority, the legate allowed them to elect a pious priest, Evremar, as patriarch. Baldwin laid siege to Acre in April 1103, but an Egyptian fleet relieved the town. He launched a raid against the bandits who had settled on Mount Carmel, but he was wounded in the kidneys and did not recover until the end of the year. After a fleet of Genoese and Pisan ships arrived at Haifa in April 1104, Baldwin made an alliance with their commanders and again besieged Acre. The town surrendered on 26May after Baldwin promised a free passage to those who wanted to move to Ascalon, but the Italian sailors plundered the wealthy emigrants and killed many of them. Baldwin wanted to punish the Genoese, but the patriarch mediated a reconciliation and Baldwin had to grant one-third of the town to them. Acre had always been the most important port of trade between Syria and Europe, and the harbour dues generated significant revenues for him. Duqaq's death on 14June led to internal conflict in Damascus. The atabeg (or regent) Toghtekin emerged as the ruler, but faced strong opposition. Baldwin promised to support Duqaq's young brother Irtash against Toghtekin. His intervention brought about a rapprochement between the Sunnite Toghtekin and the Shiite Al-Afdal. After Egyptian horsemen and foot soldiers invaded the kingdom from the south, and Syrian mounted archers from the west in August 1105, Baldwin assembled the largest crusader army since the beginning of his reign. At his request, Patriarch Evremar displayed the True Cross before the army to strengthen the crusaders' self-confidence. They inflicted a decisive defeat on the Egyptian and Syrian armies at Ramla on 27August. Expansion The Egyptians failed to launch any major military campaigns against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but they did continually raid Baldwin's southern frontier. They massacred hundreds of pilgrims near Jaffa and defeated the governor of the town while Baldwin was fighting against Damascene troops in Galilee in October 1106. In 1107 the Egyptians attacked Hebron, but Baldwin forced them to lift the siege. The Egyptian raids did not prevent Baldwin from pursuing an expansionist policy. He compelled the governor of Sidon to pay a large tribute for a two-year truce in early 1106. Early the following year, he made a raid into Oultrejordain and forced the enemy to destroy a fortress recently built by Damascene troops to control the caravan routes. In August 1108 Baldwin and a band of Italian adventurers laid siege to Sidon, but the arrival of an Egyptian fleet and Turkish horsemen from Damascus forced him to abandon the siege. In late 1108, he concluded a ten-year truce with Toghtekin in exchange for one-third of state revenues from the northern regions of Oultrejordain. Bertrand, Count of Toulouse came to Syria to claim the lands that his father, Raymond of Saint Gilles, had conquered around Tripoli. Bertrand's cousin, William Jordan, who had ruled these lands since Raymond's death, refused to cede them to him. Bertrand sought Baldwin's assistance, while William Jordan secured Tancred's support. Tancred had already outraged Baldwin II of Edessa through refusing to abandon Turbessel. Baldwin convoked an assembly to put an end to the crusader leaders' conflicts. Since neither Tancred nor Jordan were his vassals, he summoned them in the name of the "whole church of Jerusalem" to the castle of Mount Pilgrim near Tripoli. At the assembly in June 1109, Tancred agreed to abandon Turbessel in return for his restoration to his old domains in the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Galilee, Haifa and the Temple of the Lord). Tancred did not take possession of his old domain, which remained under Baldwin's control. Raymond's inheritance was distributed between Bertrand and Jordan, with Bertrand swearing fealty to Baldwin, and Jordan to Tancred. The crusader leaders united their forces to complete the conquest of Tripoli begun by Raymond. On 26June, the Egyptian governor, Sharaf ad-Daulah, offered to surrender the town if a safe passage for those who wanted to leave the town was guaranteed. Baldwin accepted the offer, but he could not prevent the Genoese from killing all those inhabitants whom they could capture. Two-thirds of the town was granted to Bertrand of Toulouse who again took an oath of fealty to Baldwin. Baldwin captured Beirut on 13May 1110, with the assistance of Bertrand and a Genoese fleet. He was again unable to prevent a general massacre of the townspeople. Mawdud, the atabeg of Mosul, and his allies invaded the County of Edessa during the siege of Beirut. After the fall of Beirut, Baldwin and Bertrand hurried to Edessa to fight against the invaders. Baldwin II of Edessa accused Tancred of having incited the Muslim rulers to take actions against him. Regarding himself as the leader of all the Crusaders, Baldwin ordered Tancred to join the campaign and make peace with Baldwin II, otherwise he would declare Tancred the enemy of Christianity. Since most crusaders supported the king, Tancred had no choice but to obey. The incident strengthened Baldwin's suzerainty over Edessa. After the new reconciliation, the crusaders pursued Mawdud, but rumours about Muslim attacks against Antioch and Jerusalem forced them to stop the campaign. Before leaving the county, Baldwin suggested that the Christian (mainly Armenian) peasants should be transferred to the lands west of the Euphrates, because the Seljuk rulers had frequently raided the eastern regions. While the peasants were gathering at a ferry on the river, Mawdud made a sudden raid and massacred most of them. Sigurd I of Norwaythe first king to visit the Kingdom of Jerusalemhad meanwhile landed at Acre. Baldwin made an alliance with him and they laid siege to Sidon in October 1110. An Egyptian fleet routed the Norwegians, but the Doge of Venice, Ordelafo Faliero, and his fleet soon joined the crusaders and the town capitulated on 5December. Baldwin spared the lives of the townspeople and many of them moved to Tyre and Damascus. The following year Baldwin marched to Ascalon: to prevent a siege the Egyptian governor of the town, Shams al-Khalīfa, promised to pay 70,000 dinars as a tribute and allowed crusader troops into the citadel. However, the townspeople rose up against al-Khalīfa in July and his Berber guards joined the rioters, murdering him and the crusader troops. Mawdud launched a new expedition against the northern crusader states in August. At Tancred's request, Baldwin mustered his troops and hurried to the North. Bertrand of Tripoli, Baldwin II of Edessa and the Armenian rulers also came to fight against Mawdud, who was compelled to return to Mosul in the autumn. Shortly thereafter, Baldwin attacked a caravan that was travelling from Tyre to Damascus, carrying with it the city's most precious possessions, and was able to carry off the rich cargo. In late November, he laid siege to Tyre, although he had no supporting fleet. He was still besieging the town when a Byzantine embassy arrived. The Byzantines tried to persuade him to join a coalition against Tancred, while he wanted to secure their assistance against Tyre. They could not reach a compromise, but Izz al-Mulk, the Egyptian governor of Tyre, persuaded Toghtekin to come to the rescue of the besieged town. Toghtekin compelled Baldwin to lift the siege and withdraw to Acre in April 1112. Baldwin made an incursion against Damascene territory in 1113. Mawdud and an Artuqid emir, Ayaz, who came to assist Toghtekin against the crusaders, routed Baldwin in the Battle of al-Sannabra in late June, forcing him to seek assistance from the new rulers of Tripoli and Antioch, Pons and Roger. Toghtekin, Mawdud and Ayaz invaded Galilee, but they did not risk attacking Tiberias after the arrival of the troops from Tripoli and Antioch. Toghtekin and Mawdud returned to Damascus where an Assassin murdered Mawdud in late September. The Seljuk sultan, Muhammad I Tapar, sent a large army to northern Syria in spring 1115. In an attempt to maintain the equilibrium in the region, Toghtekin soon sought reconciliation with the crusaders. He made an alliance with the crusader rulers, and their coalition forced the Seljuk troops to withdraw without a fight. With the pressure on the northern regions diminished, Baldwin was able to again deal with the Egyptians, who had already approached Jerusalem in 1113, and made a fresh attempt to capture Jaffa in 1115. Baldwin led an expedition across the Jordan and ordered the construction of the castle of Montreal in the autumn of 1115. The following year, he returned to the region and marched as far as Akaba on the Red Sea. After the local inhabitants fled from the town, Baldwin constructed castles in the town and on a nearby island and left a garrison in both fortresses. The three strongholdsMontreal, Eilat and Grayesecured the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt. They also enabled Baldwin to continuously survey the movements of the Egyptian troops. From the Red Sea coast, Baldwin hastened to Tyre and began the construction of a new fortress, known as Scandelion Castle, at the Ladder of Tyre, which completed the blockade of the town from the mainland. Death Baldwin fell seriously ill in late 1116. Thinking that he was dying, he ordered that all his debts be paid off and he started to distribute his money and goods, but he recovered at the start of the following year. To strengthen the defence of the southern frontier, he launched an expedition against Egypt in March 1118. He seized Farama on the Nile Delta without a fight as the townspeople had fled in panic before he reached the town. The late 12th-century Muslim historian Ibn Zafar al Siqilli wrote that Baldwin ordered the mosques in the town to be levelled. Baldwin's retainers urged him to attack Cairo, but the old wound that he had received in 1103 suddenly re-opened. Dying, Baldwin was carried back as far as Al-Arish on the frontier of the Fatimid Empire. On his deathbed, he named Eustace III of Boulogne as his successor, but also authorised the barons to offer the throne to Baldwin of Edessa or "someone else who would rule the Christian people and defend the churches", if his brother did not accept the crown. Baldwin died on 2April 1118. In accordance with his last wishes, his cook, Addo, removed his intestines and preserved his body in salt, so as to secure a burial in Jerusalem. He was buried in the Calvary Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre next to Godfrey of Bouillon five days later, on Palm Sunday. Legacy Fulcher of Chartres described Baldwin as his subjects' "shield, strength and support; their right arm; the terror of his enemies." The Muslim historian, Ali ibn al-Athir, who completed his chronicle a century after Baldwin's death, thought that "al-Bardawil" had started the First Crusade. Presenting a fictional correspondence between Baldwin and Roger I of Sicily, al-Athir claimed that Baldwin had initially wanted to conquer Ifriqiya, but Roger, who wanted to secure the territory for himself, talked him into attacking Jerusalem. Among modern historians, Thomas Asbridge states that Baldwin was one of the commanders of the First Crusade "whose skill, ambition and devotion drove the enterprise, and by turns threatened to rip it apart." Christopher Tyerman emphasises that Baldwin was a talented military commander and a clever politician, who "established a stable kingdom with defined and defensible borders." Amin Maalouf also concludes that Baldwin was the "principal architect of the occupation" of the Holy Land by the crusaders. Maalouf attributes Baldwin's success primarily to the "incorrigible fragmentation of the Arab world," which made the crusaders a "genuine regional power." Historian Christopher MacEvitt proposes that Baldwin was "adept at navigating the complexities of a world of competing local warlords," because the "political landscape" of his homeland, with its castellans dominating the countryside, was "not so different." Baldwin's earliest extant charters were issued in the early 1100s, but the establishment of a chancery took years. Initially, clerics from Baldwin's homeland compiled the royal documents. The first chancellor, Pagan, was appointed only in 1115. Pagan had come to the Holy Land in the entourage of Baldwin's third wife, Adelaide del Vasto. The Bardawil lagoons are named after Baldwin, who died in nearby El-Arish. Family Baldwin's wife Godehilde, the daughter of Raoul II of Tosny and Isabella of Montfort-l'Amaury, died during the First Crusade around 15October 1097. Historian Malcolm Barber argues that her death "may have been the decisive event that persuaded" Baldwin "to seek out a lordship in the East". According to the historians Steven Runciman and Christopher MacEvitt, Baldwin and Godehilde had children who did not long survive her, but historian Alan V. Murray emphasises that no primary source states that Baldwin fathered children. According to Murray, Runciman was wrong when he translated William of Tyre's words about Baldwin's "familia" as a reference to his family, because William of Tyre was referring to Baldwin's household. Uncertainty surrounds the name and family of his second wife, whom he married in the summer of 1098. Modern historians call her Arda and associate her father with Tathoul of Marash. Her father promised a dowry of 60,000 bezants and also pledged that she would inherit his lands, but he actually paid off only 7,000 bezants to Baldwin. The marriage was childless. Baldwin banished her to the convent of St Anne in Jerusalem before 1109, but she was soon allowed to move to Constantinople. Although they were separated, the marriage was never annulled. Baldwin's third wife, Adelaide, was the wealthy widow of Roger I of Sicily. Her first husband died in 1102 and she acted as regent for their minor sons until the end of 1111. She was more than forty years old when the marriage was proposed in 1112. According to William of Tyre, Baldwin wanted to marry her because he had learnt of her wealth, and even agreed to make her son, Roger II of Sicily, his heir in Jerusalem. She landed at Palestine in August 1113, accompanied by hundreds of soldiers and bringing her rich dowry. Their marriage was bigamous, because Baldwin's second wife was still alive. After recovering from a serious illness in late 1116, Baldwin accepted clerical advice and sent an indignant Adelaide home. She sailed for Sicily on 25 April 1117. Her humiliation outraged Roger II so much that he denied all support to the Kingdom of Jerusalem during his lifetime. Summarising Baldwin's marriages, historian Jonathan Phillips concludes that Baldwin "regarded women as useful sources of financial and political advancement but little else". Decades after Baldwin's death, William of Tyre wrote that Baldwin was "said to have struggled with weakness of the flesh", but only a few of his "body-servants" were aware of this. Historians Hans Eberhard Mayer, Christopher Tyerman and Malcolm Barber agree that William of Tyre most probably referred to Baldwin's homosexuality. Tyerman adds that a converted Muslim was one of Baldwin's lovers, but he betrayed Baldwin during the siege of Sidon. He proposed that the defenders of the town kill the king, but Baldwin was warned in advance. On the other hand, Susan B. Edgington states that there is "little evidence to support" the theories about Baldwin's homosexuality, emphasizing that his contemporaries made no reference to it. Notes References Sources Primary sources Albert of Aachen: Historia IerosolimitanaHistory of the Journey to Jerusalem (Edited and translated by Susan B. Edgington) (2007). Oxford University Press. . Anna Comnena: The Alexiad (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. . Secondary sources Further reading External links 1060s births 1118 deaths 11th-century monarchs of Jerusalem 12th-century monarchs of Jerusalem Burials at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Christians of the First Crusade Counts of Edessa House of Boulogne House of Flanders Kings of Jerusalem
1577523	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics	Australia at the 1972 Summer Olympics	Australia competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. Australian athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games. 168 competitors, 139 men and 29 women, took part in 110 events in 20 sports. Medalists Gold Shane Gould — Swimming, Women's 200m Individual Medley Shane Gould — Swimming, Women's 200m Freestyle Shane Gould — Swimming, Women's 400m Freestyle Beverley Whitfield — Swimming, Women's 200m Breaststroke Gail Neall — Swimming, Women's 400m Individual Medley Bradford Cooper — Swimming, Men's 400m Freestyle John Anderson and David Forbes — Sailing, Men's Star Team Competition Thomas Anderson, John Cuneo and John Shaw — Sailing, Men's Dragon Team Competition Silver Raelene Boyle — Athletics, Women's 100m Raelene Boyle — Athletics, Women's 200m John Nicholson — Cycling, Men's 1.000m Sprint (Scratch) Danny Clark — Cycling, Men's 1.000m Time Trial Clyde Sefton — Cycling, Men's Individual Road Race Shane Gould — Swimming, Women's 800m Freestyle Graham Windeatt — Swimming, Men's 1.500m Freestyle Bronze Shane Gould — Swimming, Women's 100m Freestyle Beverley Whitfield — Swimming, Women's 100m Breaststroke Archery In the first modern archery competition at the Olympics, Australia entered two men and one woman. Their highest placing competitors were Terene Donovan and Graeme Telford, who both placed 9th place in their respective competitions. Women's Individual Competition: Terene Donovan - 2356 points (→ 9th place) Men's Individual Competition: Graeme Telford - 2423 points (→ 9th place) Terry Reilly - 2387 points (→ 15th place) Athletics Men's 800 metres Graeme Rootham Heat — 1:48.2 (→ did not advance) Men's 1.500 metres Chris Fisher Heat — 3:42.5 Semifinals — 3:42.0 (→ did not advance) Men's 5.000 metres Tony Benson Heat — 13:42.8 (→ did not advance) Kerry O'Brien Heat — did not start (→ did not advance) Men's 3.000m Steeplechase Kerry O'Brien Qualifying Heat — did not finish (→ did not advance) Men's High Jump Lawrie Peckham Qualifying Round — 2.15m Final — 2.10m (→ 18th place) Basketball Men's Team Competition Preliminary Round (Group A): Lost to Spain (74-79) Lost to United States (55-81) Lost to Czechoslovakia (68-69) Defeated Japan (92-76) Lost to Cuba (70-84) Defeated Brazil (75-69) Defeated Egypt (89-66) Classification Matches: 9th/12th place: Defeated West Germany (70-69) 9th/10th place: Defeated Poland (91-83) → 9th place Team Roster: Glenn Marsland Ian Watson Richard Duke Bill Wyatt Eddie Palubinskas Brian Kerle Peter Byrne Perry Crosswhite Ray Tomlinson Ken James Tom Bender Toli Koltuniewicz Head coach: Lindsay Gaze Boxing Men's Light Middleweight (– 71 kg) Alan Jenkinson First Round — Bye Second Round — Defeated Michel Belliard (FRA), 4:1 Third Round — Lost to Mohamed Majeri (TUN), 0:5 Canoeing Cycling Ten cyclists represented Australia in 1972. Individual road race Clyde Sefton — Silver Medal David Jose — 29th place John Trevorrow — 32nd place Donald Allan — 58th place Team time trial Donald Allan Graeme Jose Clyde Sefton John Trevorrow Sprint John Nicholson 1000m time trial Daniel Clark Final — 1:06.87 (→ Silver Medal) Individual pursuit John Bylsma Team pursuit Steele Bishop Danny Clark Remo Sansonetti Philip Sawyer Diving Men's 3m Springboard: Donald Wagstaff — 344.13 points (→ 13th place) Kenneth Grove — 302.91 points (→ 29th place) Men's 10m Platform: Donald Wagstaff — 435.84 points (→ 11th place) Kenneth Grove — 254.73 points (→ 32nd place) Women's 10m Platform: Glenise-Ann Jones — 157.20 points (→ 26th place) Equestrian Fencing Four fencers, two men and two women, represented Australia in 1972. Men's foil Ernest Simon Greg Benko Women's foil Marion Exelby Christine McDougall Gymnastics Hockey Men's Team Competition Preliminary Round (Group B) Drew with New Zealand (0-0) Defeated Kenya (3-1) Lost to India (1-3) Defeated Mexico (10-0) Drew with Great Britain (1-1) Defeated Poland (1-0) Lost to the Netherlands (2-3) Semi Final Round Defeated Malaysia (2-1) Classification Match 5th/6th place: Defeated Great Britain (2-1) after extra time → 5th place Team Roster Robert Andrew Greg Browning Ric Charlesworth Paul Dearing Brian Glencross Robert Haigh Wayne Hammond James Mason Terry McAskell Patrick Nilan Desmond Piper Graeme Reid Ronald Riley Donald Smart Ronald Wilson Judo Modern pentathlon Two male pentathletes represented Australia in 1972. Men's Individual Competition: Robert Barrie — 4600 points (→ 32nd place) Peter Macken — 4449 points (→ 41st place) Rowing Sailing Shooting Four male shooters represented Australia in 1972. Mixed Swimming Men's 100m Freestyle Michael Wenden Heat — 52.34s Semifinals — 53.32s Final — 52.41s (→ 5th place) Greg Rogers Heat — 53.98s Semifinals — 54.26s (→ did not advance) Neil Rogers Heat — 55.32s (→ did not advance) Men's 200m Freestyle Michael Wenden Heat — 1:56.66 Final — 1:54.40 (→ 4th place) Graham White Heat — 1:58.60 (→ did not advance) Robert Nay Heat — 1:57.69 (→ did not advance) Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay Neil Rogers, Graham White, Bruce Featherston and Greg Rogers Heat — 3:40.47 (→ did not advance) Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay Graham Windeatt, Bruce Featherstone, Michael Wenden, and Graham White Heat — 7:49.03 Michael Wenden, Graham Windeatt, Robert Nay, and Bradford Cooper Final — 7:48.66 (→ 5th place) Men's 200m Butterfly James Norman Findlay Heat — 2:08.36 ( 4th Place) Men's 200m Individual Medley James Norman Findlay Heat — 2:20.08 ( 6th Place) Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling See also Australia at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games Australia at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games References 1972 Summer Olympics Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics Olympics
25752108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuki%20Kobayashi	Tatsuki Kobayashi	is a Japanese football player currently playing for Thespakusatsu Gunma. Career statistics Updated to 23 February 2019. References External links Profile at Thespakusatsu Gunma 1985 births Living people Komazawa University alumni Association football people from Tochigi Prefecture Japanese men's footballers J1 League players J2 League players J3 League players Shonan Bellmare players Thespakusatsu Gunma players Men's association football midfielders
63559978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20623	NGC 623	NGC 623 is a large elliptical galaxy located in the Sculptor constellation at a distance of about 400 million light-years away from the Milky Way. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel in 1837. See also List of NGC objects (1–1000) References Elliptical galaxies Sculptor (constellation) 0623 005898
5916092	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinate	Sinate	Sinate is a New Zealand death/thrash metal band. History The band was formed in 2001 (and went under the name 'Desecrator') but did not release their debut album, Beyond Human, until September 2005. The band had disbanded in 2003 when Sam Sheppard joined 8 Foot Sativa, followed by Matt Sheppard—but both left 8 Foot Sativa to reform Sinate in June 2005, joined by 8 Foot Sativa guitar technician Sean Parkinson and former cvhjkbate member Antony "The Colonel" Folwell. In 2009 Sean Parkinson was replaced by Matt Fawcett on guitar. Fawcett had supported Sinate in shows around New Zealand as the frontman for his band 'Damned Age', for which he performed vocals & guitar. Sinate left New Zealand to live & work in Europe. Some time previous to their departure Antony Folwell left the band. They initially based themselves in Stockholm, Sweden. They found a new bass player & settled in Berlin, Germany. In early 2010 they toured Europe supporting Marduk & Vader on many dates of their 'Funeral Nation Tour', establishing their name across Europe. November 2010 sees them return home to New Zealand to do a national tour and spend time with relatives. 23 November 2010 Sinate announce signing to San Francisco label ((Apocrypha Records)) to release their 3rd full-length album 'To The Death' in 2011. Late 2010 saw the departure of bassist Munro Goodwin. Brent Fox, formerly the bassist for 8 Foot Sativa, joined as a permanent member to fill in bass duties. Line-ups Early line-up Matt Sheppard - vocals, guitar Steve Dogg - guitar Bruce Klingenberg - bass Sam Sheppard - drums Line up from 2005-2008 Matt Sheppard - vocals, guitar Sean Parkinson - guitar Antony "Colonel" Folwell - bass Sam Sheppard - drums Current line-up Matt Sheppard - vocals, guitar Matt Fawcett - lead guitar Brent Fox - Bass Sam Sheppard - drums Discography External links Sinate's Official Website Sinate's Official Forums Sinate's MySpace Profile Sinate Interview on NZRock.com New Zealand death metal musical groups Musical groups established in 2001 New Zealand thrash metal musical groups
54275021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairi%20Piya	Bairi Piya	"Bairi Piya" is a song from the 2002 Bollywood film, Devdas. The song is composed by Ismail Darbar and sung by Shreya Ghoshal along with Udit Narayan. The lyrics were penned by Nusrat Badr. The song features Aishwarya Rai and Shah Rukh Khan in the video. Shreya Ghoshal received many accolades for her rendition of the song. Development Ghoshal recorded the whole song in a single take, without even knowing that she was being recorded, and received much appreciation from the established movie personalities involved in the project. She was sixteen when she recorded this first song for her as well as the film, with Udit Narayan. Her Higher Secondary Examinations were nearing that time and she would take her books and notebooks to the studio in order to study during downtime. Picturization The song is picturized on Parvati (Aishwarya Rai) and Devdas (Shah Rukh Khan). The song picturises the romance and the sweet relation between the two characters and their love for each other since their childhood. Reception "Bairi Piya" was an instant success and topped the charts. Ghoshal became the first and till date is the only singer to win both Filmfare and National Film Awards for her debut song. Shreya's rendition of "Ish" or "Eesh" in the song became the highlight of the character Parvati and was well appraised. Reviewing the soundtrack, Aniket Joshi said, "If you liked "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyan" from Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, I can pretty much guarantee you’ll like “Bairi Piya”. The song falls in the same genre as the previously mentioned song from Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, a chhed-chhad song, but done with a lot of grace and maturity. Yes, that’s quite hard to put together. Shreya Ghoshal and Udit Narayan render this number. The singing, like all of the songs in the album is just mind-blowing. The unique part of the song is the "ish" that Darbar has put in at certain points in the song, very unique!". While reviewing for Rediff.com, Sukanya Verma wrote, "Udit Narayan and Shreya murmur sweet nothing as they playfully chide and make up in Bairi piya. Narayan successfully captures the eternal romanticism of Devdas whereas Shreya brings an element of impishness to Paro's character by blushing "Eesh" at every given opportunity." Accolades See also Devdas Dola Re Dola References External links iTunes Online streaming at Saavn Online streaming at Gaana 2002 songs Songs in Hindi Film songs in Hindi Shreya Ghoshal songs Songs with music by Ismail Darbar Songs written for films
36166202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh%20Youth%20Choir	Edinburgh Youth Choir	The Edinburgh Youth Choir or eyc is a choir based in Edinburgh, Scotland and intended for members aged between 14 and 24. The choir was established by Jane Kirk and Dorcas Owen in 2000 as the junior choir of the Edinburgh Royal Choral Union, with the principal aim of providing vocal training through a variety of musical styles. The choir rehearses at Augustine United Church on George IV Bridge. The current musical director is James Slimings, who replaced Wayne Weaver at the start of the 2014–15 season. Accompanist Joanna Stewart has been with eyc since 2003. The choir performs regularly throughout the year. Annual events include a spring concert at Edinburgh's Canongate Kirk, Christmas with the Choral and performances at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery and National Museum of Scotland. Other projects have included joint concerts with ERCU at St Cuthbert's Church and the McEwan Hall, the World premiere of Shadow Aspect by Judith Bingham and a recording for BBC Radio 2's Sunday Half Hour. References External links Official website Youth choirs Scottish choirs Musical groups established in 2000
4066812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler%20water	Boiler water	Boiler water is liquid water within a boiler, or in associated piping, pumps and other equipment, that is intended for evaporation into steam. The term may also be applied to raw water intended for use in boilers, treated boiler feedwater, steam condensate being returned to a boiler, or boiler blowdown being removed from a boiler. Early practice Impurities in water will leave solid deposits as steam evaporates. These solid deposits thermally insulate heat exchange surfaces initially decreasing the rate of steam generation, and potentially causing boiler metals to reach failure temperatures. Boiler explosions were not uncommon until surviving boiler operators learned how to periodically clean their boilers. Some solids could be removed by cooling the boiler so differential thermal expansion caused brittle crystalline solids to crack and flake off metal boiler surfaces. Other solids were removed by acid washing or mechanical scouring. Various rates of boiler blowdown could reduce the frequency of cleaning, but efficient operation and maintenance of individual boilers was determined by trial and error until chemists devised means of measuring and adjusting water quality to minimize cleaning requirements. Boiler water treatment Boiler water treatment is a type of industrial water treatment focused on the removal or chemical modification of substances potentially damaging to the boiler. Varying types of treatment are used at different locations to avoid scale, corrosion, or foaming. External treatment of raw water supplies intended for use within a boiler is focused on the removal of impurities before they reach the boiler. Internal treatment within the boiler is focused on limiting the tendency of water to dissolve the boiler, and maintaining impurities in forms least likely to cause trouble before they can be removed from the boiler in boiler blowdown. Within the boiler At the elevated temperatures and pressures within a boiler, water exhibits different physical and chemical properties than those observed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Chemicals may be added to maintain pH levels minimizing water solubility of boiler materials while allowing efficient action of other chemicals added to prevent foaming, to consume oxygen before it corrodes the boiler, to precipitate dissolved solids before they form scale on steam-generating surfaces, and to remove those precipitates from the vicinity of the steam-generating surfaces. Oxygen scavengers Sodium sulphite or hydrazine may be used to maintain reducing conditions within the boiler. Sulphite is less desirable in boilers operating at pressures above ; because sulfates formed by combination with oxygen may form sulfate scale or decompose into corrosive sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide at elevated temperatures. Excess hydrazine may evaporate with steam to provide corrosion protection by neutralizing carbon dioxide in the steam condensate system; but it may also decompose into ammonia which will attack copper alloys. Products based on filming amines such as Helamin may be preferred for corrosion protection of condensate systems with copper alloys. Coagulation Boilers operating at pressures less than may use unsoftened feedwater with the addition of sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide to maintain alkaline conditions to precipitate calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and magnesium silicate. Hard water treated this way causes a fairly high concentration of suspended solid particles within the boiler to serve as precipitation nuclei preventing later deposition of calcium sulfate scale. Natural organic materials like starches, tannins and lignins may be added to control crystal growth and disperse precipitates. The soft sludge of precipitates and organic materials accumulates in quiescent portions of the boiler to be removed during bottom blowdown. Phosphates Boiler sludge concentrations created by coagulation treatment may be avoided by sodium phosphate treatment when water hardness is less than 60 mg/L. With adequate alkalinity, addition of sodium phosphate produces an insoluble precipitate of hydroxyapatite with magnesium hydroxide and magnesium and calcium silicates. Lignin may be processed for high temperature stability to control calcium phosphate scale and magnetic iron oxide deposits. Acceptable phosphate concentrations decrease from 140 mg/L in low pressure boilers to less than 40 mg/L at pressures above . Recommended alkalinity similarly decreases from 700 mg/L to 200 mg/L over the same pressure range. Foaming problems are more common with high alkalinity. Coordinated control of pH and phosphates attempts to limit caustic corrosion occurring from concentrations of hydroxyl ions under porous scale on steam generating surfaces within the boiler. High pressure boilers using demineralized water are most vulnerable to caustic corrosion. Hydrolysis of trisodium phosphate is a pH buffer in equilibrium with disodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide. Chelants Chelants like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) form complex ions with calcium and magnesium. Solubility of these complex ions may reduce blowdown requirements if anionic carboxylate polymers are added to control scale formation. Potential decomposition at high temperatures limits chelant use to boilers operating at pressures less than . Decomposition products may cause metal corrosion in areas of stress and high temperature. Feedwater Many large boilers including those used in thermal power stations recycle condensed steam for re-use within the boiler. Steam condensate is distilled water, but it may contain dissolved gases. A deaerator is often used to convert condensate to feedwater by removing potentially damaging gases including oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Inclusion of a polisher (an Ion exchange vessel) helps to maintain water purity, and in particular protect the boiler from a condenser tube leak. Make-up water All boilers lose some water in steam leaks; and some is intentionally wasted as boiler blowdown to remove impurities accumulating within the boiler. Steam locomotives and boilers generating steam for use in direct contact with contaminating materials may not recycle condensed steam. Replacement water is required to continue steam production. Make-up water is initially treated to remove floating and suspended materials. Hard water intended for low-pressure boilers may be softened by substituting sodium for divalent cations of dissolved calcium and magnesium most likely to cause carbonate and sulfate scale. High-pressure boilers typically require water demineralized by reverse osmosis, distillation or ion-exchange. See also Dealkalization of water Sources References Boilers Water
10661235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll%20Be%20Your%20Shelter	I'll Be Your Shelter	"I'll Be Your Shelter" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne from her second studio album, Can't Fight Fate (1989). Written by Diane Warren and produced by Ric Wake, the song was released on March 20, 1990, by Arista Records as the third single from Can't Fight Fate. "I'll Be Your Shelter" was a commercial success. In the United States, the single reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 15 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, it topped the RPM 100 Singles chart on the week dated August 4, 1990, becoming Dayne's only chart-topper there. Outside North America, the song reached number four in Australia, number 33 in New Zealand, and number 43 in the United Kingdom. Background The song, written by American songwriter Diane Warren, was a departure from Taylor Dayne's dance music background, displaying more of a mid-tempo pop rock. As explained by Warren on American Top 40 with Shadoe Stevens, she originally intended for the song to be recorded by Tina Turner, but when Turner declined, the song was offered to Dayne instead. It features background vocals by Kathy Troccoli. Critical reception People Magazine wrote, "She has the spirit and rhythmic sense to turn "I'll Be Your Shelter", a tune by all-the-rage pop composer Diane Warren, into a vivacious party track. (The song’s only shortcoming is that the arrangement, by Dayne's producer Ric Wake, makes the sound a bit too reminiscent of Lone Justice's "Shelter".)" Steven Daly from Spin commented, "A brazen move onto Tina Turner's tuff turf, the track almost stalls thanks to some ham-fisted synth bass and clumsy drums, but by the sheer force of her personality the great Dayne gives Dianne Warren what she deserved—one more classic record in her favourite color, platinum." Chart performance In the United States, "I'll Be Your Shelter" was Dayne's seventh consecutive top-10 single on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number four during the summer of 1990. On the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1990, the track ranked at number 63. The song also reached number one in Canada for one week in August 1990 and peaked at number four in Australia. Music video The accompanying music video for "I'll Be Your Shelter" was directed by American director Dominic Sena, who went on to direct such films as Gone in 60 Seconds and Swordfish. The music video was later included on Dayne's music video collection Twist of Fate. Remix Two remixes were produced for the release, giving it a more pop sound (the "Extended Remix" and the "Groove Mix"). These remixes were very difficult to find until they were released on her collection of remixes Dance Diva: Remixes & Rarities (2005). They are also both available on the 2014 deluxe re-issue of Can't Fight Fate. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1989 songs 1990 singles Music videos directed by Dominic Sena RPM Top Singles number-one singles Song recordings produced by Ric Wake Songs written by Diane Warren Taylor Dayne songs
30875057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh%20Karthik	Dinesh Karthik	Krishnakumar Dinesh Karthik (born 1 June 1985) is an Indian professional cricketer and commentator who nationally plays for the Indian Cricket Team and currently in Indian Premier League playing for Royal Challengers Bangalore. He is also the current captain of the Tamil Nadu cricket team in domestic cricket. He made his debut for the Indian cricket team in 2004. Karthik has become the 4th Indian batsman to play 300 T20 matches. Karthik was a member of the team that won both the inaugural 2007 T20 World Cup and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. He made his maiden Test century against Bangladesh and was India's leading scorer in their Test tour of England, helping India win their first series in England in 21 years. After a drop in form in September 2007, Karthik was dropped from the Test team. He has made only sporadic international appearances since then, although he continues to score well domestically. Between 2018 and 2020, he was the captain of IPL team Kolkata Knight Riders. Karthik has also worked occasionally as a commentator/pundit for British channel Sky Sports between 2020 and 2021, most notably during India's tour of England. Early life He began playing cricket at the age of 10, after a two-year period of living in Kuwait (where his father worked). Karthik was educated in India, and at Carmel School and Fahaheel Al-Watanieh Indian Private School in Kuwait and finally from eighth standard on studied at Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Egmore in Chennai. He was coached in cricket by his father, who was a first-division cricketer from Chennai. Disappointed that his career was hindered when he was forced by his family to put his education first, Karthik's father did not want his son to suffer the same fate and trained him hard from an early age. Karthik honed his reflexes at a young age by having his father throw hard leather balls at him at high speed. He was initially a batsman and learned wicket-keeping on the Tamil Nadu youth teams, and Robin Singh considered him very fit. Karthik steadily ascended the youth ranks. He made his Tamil Nadu under-14 debut in early 1999, and was promoted to the under-19 side at the beginning of the 2000/2001 season. He made his first-class debut for the senior side the following season. Personal life Karthik was married to Nikita Vanjara in 2007. Dinesh Karthik and Nikita divorced in 2012 due to dysfunctionalities in their relationship. She later married Karthik's fellow cricketer Murali Vijay. He participated in the dance-reality show Ek Khiladi Ek Hasina with Nigaar Khan in 2008. Karthik got engaged to Indian squash player Dipika Pallikal in November 2013, and they married in traditional Christian and Hindu ceremonies in August 2015. The couple became parents to twin boys, Kabir and Zian on 18 October 2021. Domestic career Karthik made his first-class debut in late 2002 against Baroda as a wicket-keeper. He batted in five matches of the round-robin, scoring 179 runs at an average of 35.80 with a top score of 88 not out against Uttar Pradesh in his second match. Karthik's form tapered off after this match, and he failed to pass 20 again during the season. He took 11 catches but, due to repeated wicket-keeping errors, he was dropped from the season's final matches. Karthik was overlooked in the selection for the zonal Duleep Trophy, and played in the under-19s for South Zone. He was more productive in his second zonal season, scoring 180 runs at 60.00 with three half-centuries. He was selected for the national under-19 team, and played in three youth One Day Internationals (ODIs) against Nepal. Karthik attended a wicket-keeping camp in the off-season under, guided by former Indian keeper and chairman of selectors Kiran More, which he credited with improving his technique. After playing in the Chennai League, he returned to the under-22 team at the start of the season before his selection for India Emerging Players to play their youthful counterparts from Sri Lanka and Pakistan in late September. Karthik was recalled to the Ranji Trophy team at the beginning of the 2003–04 season. He scored 438 runs (an average of 43.80), with two centuries, and took 20 catches. In the semi-final against Railways, he scored his maiden first-class century with 122 runs. He followed this with an unbeaten 109 in the final against Mumbai. Karthik was selected for the India squad in the 2004 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in Bangladesh, and scored two half-centuries on an India A tour to Zimbabwe. He had a strong domestic first-class season in 2008–09. After starting the Ranji Trophy campaign with two single-figure scores, he scored 213 runs in partnership with Subramaniam Badrinath as Tamil Nadu defeated Uttar Pradesh by an innings. Karthik then scored 123 and 113 in consecutive matches against Baroda and Railways, before ending his Ranji Trophy campaign with 72 against Uttar Pradesh in the return match. He continued his strong run against Central Zone in the Duleep Trophy, scoring 153 (103 in one match). Karthik ended with 1,026 runs at 64.12 for the season, including five centuries and two fifties. In 2009–2010, he was the Tamil Nadu captain in six Ranji Trophy matches. Karthik scored 152 against Orissa and 117 against Punjab, adding a further two scores of at least 70. He scored only 16 runs in his four other innings, ending the season with 443 runs and an average of 55.37. Karthik was named captain of the India A team for the 2018–19 Deodhar Trophy in October 2018. In October 2019, he was named in India C squad for the next edition. Karthik led the Tamil Nadu team to their second Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy win, at the tournament's 2020–21 edition, after he captained the team to a win at the inaugural edition in 2006–07. He finished with 183 runs at 61.00 and was named captain in Wisden 'team of the tournament'. Dinesh Karthik has become the 4th Indian batsman to play 300 T20 matches. Indian Premier League Karthik played in the 2008 Indian Premier League as wicket-keeper for the Delhi Daredevils, scoring 145 runs at 24.16 with a strike rate of 135.51. His highest score was an unbeaten 56 to steer Delhi to a five-wicket win in a group match against the Mumbai Indians. In the 2009 Indian Premier League hosted by South Africa, Karthik played in each of Delhi's 15 matches. He scored 288 runs at 36.00, passing 40 on three occasions and making 17 dismissals. Although Delhi topped the tournament's pool stage, Karthik made only nine in the semi-final and Delhi were defeated by six wickets by the Deccan Chargers. He was bought by Kings XI Punjab in 2011 for $900,000, making him the second-most-expensive player on their squad. For the 2012 Indian Premier League, Karthik joined Mumbai Indians for a reported $2.35 million. He played with Mumbai Indians for two seasons (2012,2013), where he won his only IPL title in the 2013 season until date. He was again bought back by Delhi in 2014, by Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2015 and in 2016 by the Gujarat Lions, who retained him for the 2017 season. Karthik was named wicket-keeper of the IPL XI of the tournament in 2017 by CricBuzz. He was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders for the 2018 IPL season (replacing Gautam Gambhir), and led the team to the playoffs. For his performance in the 2018 IPL season, Karthik was named to the Cricinfo and CricBuzz IPL XI. In 2020, halfway through the season Karthik relinquished the captaincy to Eoin Morgan. The team could, however, win only 3 off their 7 matches in the second half and failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second season in a row. He managed to score only 223 runs and enforce 7 dismissals in IPL 2021. DK ended his Kolkata Knight Riders stint as the second most successful captain of the franchise only behind Gautam Gambhir. In the 2022 IPL Auction, Karthik was bought by the Royal Challengers Bangalore for ₹5.50 crores. He managed to score 330 runs in 16 matches with an average of 55.00 and a strike rate of 183.33. International career Test career Karthik made his Test cricket debut in the fourth Test between Australia and India in Mumbai in October 2004, replacing Parthiv Patel (who was dropped for poor wicket-keeping). He scored 14 runs in two innings and took two catches, but was praised for his wicket-keeping on a pitch with variable bounce and spin on which 40 wickets fell in two days. Karthik was retained for India's next engagement: a two-Test home series against South Africa. In a high-scoring draw where both teams passed 450 in the first innings, Karthik managed only a solitary run in the first Test in Kanpur. In the second Test at Kolkata, he scored 46 runs to help extend India's first innings lead to 106 runs for the host's eight-wicket win. Karthik had a chance to score highly in India's two-Test tour of Bangladesh in December 2004. Against a team which had never won a Test, India swept the series and won both matches by an innings. Although his side exceeded 500 in both matches, Karthik scored only 25 and 11. However, he was retained for the three-Test series at home against Pakistan in March. In a high-scoring draw in the first Test in Mohali, Karthik scored only six of India's 516 runs. He then had his best Test batting performance to date, at Eden Gardens in Kolkata against Pakistan. India batted first; Karthik made a start and reached 28, before being run out. India made 407 and Pakistan almost broke even, replying with 393. Karthik scored in the second innings, joining Rahul Dravid in a 166-run partnership to set up a target of 422. The pitch was deteriorating, and India won the match by 196 runs. In the next match, Karthik made only 10 and nine as India collapsed and lost ten wickets on the final day of an otherwise high-scoring match; 1,280 runs had been scored for only 22 wickets in the first three innings. Dhoni scored 148 in an ODI against Pakistan, and he replaced Karthik for the three Tests at home against Sri Lanka. In ten tests since his debut, Karthik scored 245 runs for an average of 18.84 with one half-century and one other score above 25. He was selected as a back-up wicket-keeper and middle-order batsmen on the Test team in November 2006. After Dhoni injured a finger, Karthik replaced him for the third Test at Newlands against South Africa for his first Test in over a year. He opened the innings with Wasim Jaffer, allowing Sehwag to bat in the middle order. He used his domestic experience to score 63 in the first innings, combining in a century opening stand and helping India to 414 (enough for a first-innings lead of 41). In the second innings, Karthik scored an unbeaten 38 as the team were all out for 169. In addition to his batting, his wicket-keeping was praised. Although he did not play a match at the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup, after a roster reshuffle Karthik was selected as a specialist opener for a tour of Bangladesh. He scored 56 and 22 in the drawn first Test in Chittagong before scoring his maiden Test century in the second Test in Dhaka, making 129 runs and featuring in a century opening stand as India took an innings victory. Karthik was a regular opener in the mid-2007 Test series in England. After scoring 76 and 51 in the two tour matches before the Tests, he recorded a half-century in each of the three Tests. In the first Test at Lord's, Karthik made 60 in the second innings before India fell to 9/282 (in pursuit of 380) when rain ended the match early. In the second Test at Trent Bridge, Karthik scored 77 and 22; in the third Test at the Oval, he scored 91. With a total of 263 runs at 43.83, he was the highest scorer in the series for India (who won their first series in England in 21 years). Karthik started the ODI series with an unbeaten 44, but had four consecutive innings where he failed to score more than four runs and was dropped for the final two matches. He had a lean Test series against Pakistan at home in late 2008. Karthik managed only 39 in two innings of the first two Tests, exceeding single figures only once. In the third Test in Bangalore, Sachin Tendulkar was injured; his replacement, Yuvraj, scored 170. Karthik, batting down the order, scored 24 and 52 in a high-scoring draw and kept the wickets because of Dhoni's injury. In the first innings, Karthik was behind the stumps as India set a world record for the most extras conceded in a Test innings; the 35 byes were the secondmost in Test history. Karthik was retained for the Test tour of Australia as an opener, and Gambhir was out with an injury. He did not play in the first two Tests, however, because Dravid was elevated to his opening position so Tendulkar and Yuvraj could bat in the middle order. When Dravid and Yuvraj struggled in their new positions, Dravid was moved back to his number-three position and Yuvraj was dropped for the series' third Test; Karthik was not recalled. He was recalled to the Test team as a wicket-keeper for the July 2008 tour of Sri Lanka when Dhoni took a sabbatical due to fatigue. Karthik played in the first two Tests, but struggled with the bat in the middle order. He scored 36 runs at 9.00, falling all four times to the spinners Muttiah Muralitharan and Ajantha Mendis. He scored an unbeaten 117 against Kerala in the 2009 one-day tournament and was selected for the tour of New Zealand as reserve wicket-keeper. After watching the T20 and ODI series, Karthik played in the second Test when Dhoni was injured; he was criticised for dropping a number of catches. Karthik then played in the first Test at Chittagong after Dhoni was injured again. He made a duck in the first innings and 27 in the second, watching the next match after Dhoni returned. He scored 183 and 150 in the Duleep Trophy final against West Zone, the third player to score centuries in both innings of a Duleep Trophy final. Limited over career Dinesh Karthik made his debut match in 2004 against England at Lord's in the last match of ODI series, scoring just one run. Despite dropping England captain Michael Vaughan from Anil Kumble's bowling, he eventually stumped Vaughan down the legside and took another catch. Karthik played in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy against Kenya, taking three catches before being replaced on the ODI team by MS Dhoni. He did not play another ODI until April 2006. In April 2006, Karthik was recalled to the ODI team to give Dhoni a rest in the final ODI against England in Indore. He was not required to bat, as India cruised to a seven-wicket victory. Karthik was then reinstated as reserve wicket-keeper for the tour of the West Indies after scoring 134 runs for India A at 33.50, including a man-of-the-match 75 runs against the UAE. He had more opportunities at the international level later that year during the ODI tour of South Africa after Yuvraj Singh was injured. As a batsman in three of the ODIs, Karthik struggled with 42 runs at an average of 14.00 and a top score of 17 as South Africa took a 5–0 whitewash. Dinesh Karthik's 15-year-old career includes 94 ODIs, and 32 T20s. He has kept wickets for the Indian team in ICC events and crucial trophies, both ODIs as well as T20Is. Karthik averages best in T20s 33.25 with a strike rate of 143.52. While he was snubbed in ODIs after ICC World Cup 2019, Karthik is well in contention for 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He scored an unbeaten 31 to steer India to a six-wicket win in the Twenty20 International against South Africa, with one ball to spare, in 2007. Karthik then featured in the four-match ODI series against West Indies. After not batting in the victorious first match, he top-scored with 63 as a specialist batsman when India recovered from 35/3 to post 189 on a slow wicket at the Barabati Stadium in Cuttack. India won by 20 runs, giving Karthik his first man-of-the-match award. He was then selected for the series against Sri Lanka and the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Before their tour of England, India played a series of ODIs in Ireland against the hosts and South Africa. Karthik played in four matches, scoring 15 runs at 51.00 and keeping wicket in two matches. Selected for the inaugural 2007 ICC World Twenty20 in South Africa in September 2007, he played in India's earlier matches before being replaced in the semi-final and final by Rohit Sharma. During the series against England, he played in only the final match in Mumbai, making a duck as India scraped home by two wickets. 2009–2019 Karthik had another chance in India's four-match tour of West Indies when he replaced Virender Sehwag, who was out with a shoulder problem. He scored 67, 4 and 47 runs as an opener as India took the series, 2–1. Karthik was retained for a short triangular ODI tournament in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 4 and 16 in India's two round-robin matches and was dropped for the final, in which India defeated the hosts. Karthik was retained for the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy in South Africa, but after his performances in Sri Lanka he was omitted for the first two matches. Although he had an opportunity in India's final pool match against the West Indies and scored 34 in a seven-wicket win, it was not enough to prevent India's first-round exit. In December 2009, Karthik was recalled to the ODI team during the Sri Lankan tour of India after Dhoni was banned after the second match for two matches because of low over rates. Karthik kept wickets in the next two matches, scoring 32 and 19 (unbeaten in both) and helping guide India to the target in successful run chases. He retained his place as a middle-order batsman in the fifth and final match when Dhoni returned after Tendulkar was rested and Yuvraj was injured, but the match was ended early due to an unsafe pitch. Karthik retained his place for the ODI tri-series in Bangladesh against the hosts and Sri Lanka after Tendulkar was rested for the tournament. He was an opener with Gambhir in the last two of the round-robin matches, after Sehwag was rested. Although Karthik made 48 and 34 in quick time as India won both matches, he was dropped for the final (which India lost). Karthik was recalled to the Indian ODI team for the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy after a good domestic season and IPL performance. He scored back-to-back centuries in the two warm-up games, securing his place on the team for the tournament. On 10 December 2017 Karthik faced 18 deliveries without scoring a run against Sri Lanka, an ODI record. He was flown in for the third Test of India's 2017–18 tour of South Africa to replace the injured wicket-keeper, Saha. The substitute, Patel, was included on the side before he injured his right index finger; Karthik began keeping the wickets on day four of the Test. Although he was on the squad for the limited-overs matches, he did not make the playing eleven (except for the final T20I, when he made a six-ball 13). Karthik was again named to the squad for the March 2018 Nidahas Trophy Tri-Nation T20 series, after team regular (and wicket-keeper) Dhoni was rested. He played a match-winning knock of an unbeaten 29 off eight balls in the final of the tournament against Bangladesh. Coming to bat when India required 34 runs off the last two overs, Karthik's assault (which included a six when requiring five runs off the last ball) won the match and the tournament. In April 2019, he was named to India's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 6 July, in the match against Sri Lanka, Karthik played his 150th international match for India. The Tamil Nadu cricketer had a forgettable outing in the 2019 World Cup and, as a result, he was dropped from both the ODI and T20I squads post the quadrennial event. Comeback Karthik was recalled to India's T20 set-up after three years for the South African tour of India in May 2022. He made his first half-century in the series 16 years after his debut in T20 cricket for India in the 3rd T20 match against South Africa. In June 2022, he was named in India's squad for their T20I series against Ireland. In July 2022, Karthik was announced as the captain of the Indian cricket team for the 20 over warm-up matches against Derbyshire and Northamptonshire. He was subsequently named in India's 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup squad. Karthik is one of the only two cricketers from the 2022 squad to have also featured in India’s victorious 2007 campaign under MS Dhoni, skipper Rohit Sharma being the other. Commentary career Dinesh Karthik was part of the commentary team during India-England T20I and ODI series held in March 2021. He made his debut behind the mic for the official broadcasters of England and Wales Cricket Board. On 12 March 2021, Sky Sports announced that Karthik would be part of their commentary team for the inaugural season of the Hundred. Dinesh Karthik and former captain Sunil Gavaskar were also the only two Indians to be included in the ICC's on-ground commentary panel for the inaugural ICC World Test Championship final between India and New Zealand in Southampton. Dinesh Karthik was also part of the commentary team during England-Sri Lanka T20I and ODI series held in July 2021. References External links Dinesh Karthik Profile from RoyalChallengers 1985 births Living people India One Day International cricketers India Test cricketers India Twenty20 International cricketers Indian cricketers Tamil Nadu cricketers South Zone cricketers Tamil sportspeople Indian Tamil people Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup Delhi Capitals cricketers Mumbai Indians cricketers Punjab Kings cricketers Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers India Red cricketers India Blue cricketers Abahani Limited cricketers World XI Twenty20 International cricketers Wicket-keepers Cricketers who have acted in films
73285043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Lovell	George Lovell	George Lovell is an 1847 novel by the Irish writer James Sheridan Knowles, published in three volumes. Sheridan Knowles had made his name writing stages plays, particularly tragedies such as Caius Gracchus and Virginius. He then turned to writing novels this was the second following the semi-autobiographical Fortescue (1846). His second novel focused on a series of adventures experienced by the son of a jeweller. Some reviewers found the novels too earnest in their tone. Both enjoyed more success in the United States that in Britain. Charlotte Brontë mentions the novel in one of her letters. References Bibliography Burwick, Frederick Goslee, Nancy Moore & Hoeveler Diane Long . The Encyclopedia of Romantic Literature. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Gibson, Gertrude Gladys. James Sheridan Knowles and His Dramas. University of Iowa, 1930. Rollyson, Carl Edmund & Magill, Frank Northen. Critical Survey of Drama. Salem Press, 2003. Smith, Margaret (ed.) The Letters of Charlotte Brontë: 1848-1851. Clarendon, 1995 Sutherland, John. The Longman Companion to Victorian Fiction. Routledge, 2014. 1847 British novels 19th-century Irish novels Works by James Sheridan Knowles Novels set in London
61554434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Joseph%20Heywood	John Joseph Heywood	John Joseph Heywood, (19 May 1787 – 26 May 1855) was a Manx lawyer and Member of the House of Keys who successively became Second Deemster and subsequently First Deemster of the Isle of Man. Biography Early life John Heywood was born on 19 May 1787. By the time of his birth the Heywood family had established themselves as one of the most prominent Manx families, being descended from a former Governor of the Isle of Man, Robert Heywood, who arrived on the Island from Heywood, Lancashire, following his appointment to the governorship in 1678 by William Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby. Professional career Following his schooling Heywood was articled to Peter Hodgson in Whitehaven, Cumberland, from where he took a position in London in order to conclude his legal studies. He subsequently practiced as a solicitor in several Courts of Chancery, King's Bench and Exchequer. Upon his return to the Island from England, Heywood enrolled as a law student at the Rolls Office, Castle Rushen, subsequently being called to the Manx Bar. After practicing for several years he was raised to the bench in 1821, as Second Deemster, upon the appointment of John McHutchin as Clerk of the Rolls and following the resignation of John Christian, Heywood succeeded him as First Deemster in 1847. It was generally accepted on the Isle of Man at the time that the appointment of Christian as First Deemster in 1823 had been achieved by way of his connection with the Duke of Atholl, and that it had been made over the head of Heywood who was judged by his contemporaries to be more ably suited to the position. Personal life John Joseph Heywood was the second son of Robert Heywood and Elizabeth (née Bacon) and was the half-brother of Calcott Heywood, also a Member of the House of Keys and a Captain in the Royal Manx Fencibles. He was the nephew of Peter Heywood, who was a midshipman on HMS Bounty during its notorious voyage under the command of Captain William Bligh. Heywood was twice married. His first wife, Elinor (née Rowan), pre-deceased him in 1820 following which he married Elizabeth (née Birtwhistle) who pre-deceased him in 1843. His marriages produced one daughter by each wife. John Heywood was the last of the male line of the family resident on the Isle of Man. Through his father Heywood inherited Bemahauge Farm, which today is Government House, the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man. Governor's Bridge, which is near to Government House was originally known as Heywood’s or the Deemster’s Bridge after Deemster Heywood. The bridge gained its present name in 1920 when it was first included in the T.T. course. Death Heywood been ill for many months prior to his death. He died aged 66 at his home on Saturday 26 May 1855. Offices of State Second Deemster, 1821-1847 First Deemster, 1847-1855 References 1789 births 1855 deaths Manx judges
29589691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaghats%20Kar%20Monastery	Tsaghats Kar Monastery	Tsaghats Kar Monastery () is an Armenian monastery located along the mountain foothills overlooking the Yeghegis River, between the villages of Yeghegis (6 km northeast) and Horbategh in the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia. The monastery is located within walking distance of the fortress of Smbataberd. There are two groups of structures at the site that are separated by a distance of 200 meters (656 feet). The grouping to the west, now half-ruined, was constructed of rough-hewn basalt. Within the complex of Tsaghats Kar is Surb Hovhannes church built in 989, Surb Karapet church of the 10th century, and many other structures that are in ruins. Saint Karapet is a cupola hall type structure, with a sacristy in each of the four corners. Numerous khachkars may be seen around the monastery as well. There is a pipe-spring on the right a little after passing the river. Gallery References Bibliography External links Armcamping.com: Tsaghats Kar Monastery (Article written in Armenian) Armeniapedia.org: Tsaghats Kar Monastery Christian monasteries in Armenia Tourist attractions in Vayots Dzor Province Buildings and structures in Vayots Dzor Province
74736615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E	天城	天城 may refer to: Amagi (disambiguation), Japanese place name and surname Amaki, Japanese surname Tiancheng (disambiguation)
38444920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%20Khamaung	Min Khamaung	Min Khamaung (Arakanese:မင်းခမောင်း; , Arakanese pronunciation: ;1557 - 1622) also known as Hussein Shah; was a king of Arakan from 1612 to 1622. Early life The future king was born to Princess Pyinsala Sanda (ပဥ္စလစန္ဒာ) and Prince Razagyi in Khamaungseit (ခမောင်းဆိပ်) which is modern day Maungdaw Township on the year 1577. Death The King was assassinated by one of his queen. Reign Min Khamaung succeeded his father after revolted three times against his father, Min Razagyi death in 1612 . The Kingdom had been chaotic due to the Portuguese insurrections. References Bibliography Monarchs of Mrauk-U 17th century in Burma 17th-century Burmese monarchs
33431526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacidava	Dacidava	Dacidava was a Dacian fortified town, located in the North-Western part of present Transylvania, Romania, about 35 km North of the border established on Meseș Mountains, which was separating the dacian territory controlled by the Roman Empire and the territories inhabited by the free Dacians. It was built before ca. 5th century and it was in ruins by 1592. The city Șimleu Silvaniei is located near the ancient site of Dacidava. External links ... 3D Reconstructions Dacian fortress from Simleu Silvaniei (possibly the former Dacidava), virtual 3D reconstruction (hypothetical) v.1 Dacian towns
38794776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalam%20Maari%20Pochu%20%281996%20film%29	Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)	Kaalam Maari Pochu () is a 1996 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed by V. Sekhar. The film stars Pandiarajan, Sangita, Vadivelu, Kovai Sarala, R. Sundarrajan and Rekha. It was released on 13 April 1996 and ran for 175 days in theatres. The film was remade in Malayalam as Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum, in Kannada as Ellara Mane Dosenu and in Telugu as Family. Plot Sadagopan and Meenakshi have four daughters and a son. Sadagopan always thinks that the son is an asset to him and his real heir, while daughters are a burden on his head. Sadagopan searches grooms for his educated three elder daughters with the help of his Iyer priest friend. He is upset that he cannot find grooms for his daughters unless he is ready to offer them at least forty sovereigns of gold each. Sadagoppan wants to marry his daughters to grooms who do not require any dowry. He somehow finds out three under qualified grooms meeting his dowry conditions such as Murugesan a marriage catering cook for elder daughter Lakshmi, Sekar a Corporation pesticide-spraying worker for second daughter Sundari and an auto-rickshaw driver Muthupandi for his third daughter Indira. He forces his decision on his daughters to marry only them caring neither about whether they are right match for their daughters either in terms of qualification or job nor his daughters' refusal to marry them. His third daughter Indra strongly resists his decision of the wedding proposals of her sisters along with Meenakshi. Indira insists that she has to meet her groom personally to find whether he is a proper match for her, and only she will accept him. Sadagopan actually lies to Indra that her groom is actually a businessman running an automobile shop so that she will marry him, which as otherwise a storm will erupt if she knows her groom's real job. The first two daughters marry their groom reluctantly, but Indra is however satisfied with her would be husband. However, Indra is infuriated when she learns the truth about Muthupandi. All the three women move into their husbands' houses. Although no dowry was paid, the three wayward husbands want to rely on their wives' property and asks for some money to start their own businesses, to which the wives agree. Sadagopan's son is very selfish, and he does not want to share his father's property among his sisters. Sadagopan also supports him out of blind love for the male child. The three women suffer mentally amidst son only loving father, selfish brother and greedy husbands who care least about any of the feelings of the daughter or sister or wife. Sadagopan's son gets married to a powerful politician's daughter. At the wedding, the husbands Muthupandi, Sekar and Murugesan feel insulted and quarrel. They were insulted and told to leave the wedding hall, which further angers them. They vent out their frustration and anger on their respective wives and compel them to bring money from their parents' home. This brings up quarrels between the three couples. Meenakshi promises them that she will talk to her husband and arrange the money. An unexpected twist comes when her son cunningly tries to inherit all the properties in his name, taking advantage of his father's blind love, which shocks Meenakshi. She vigorously fights for her daughters' rights, which falls in to deaf ears. Her extreme emotion leads her to brain damage, causing her to die, leaving her daughter's devastated. Sadagopan is very much upset that his son is so much loyal to his in-laws and never cares about his house and also refuses to accommodate his pregnant elder sister in their house as her labor date nears. Sadagopan slowly realizes his son's true colors and the mistake he did with the marriage decision of his three daughters. He decides to marry off his last daughter to someone well qualified and well doing, unlike he did for other daughters, so that at least she gets a happy life. This infuriates his son when he learns that Sadagopan is going to spend the money for his last daughter from the property, which he thinks that belongs only to him. This creates a fight between father and son, and Sadagopan and his sister are thrown out of the house by him. Indra, Lakshmi and Sundari file a petition in court for a rightful share of their father's property, which angers their brother further. However, on advice of his father-in-law, he pretends to come to a smooth agreement with them that he will spend the money for their sister's wedding in exchange for the signature of withdrawing the case and forgoing their rightful share of their father's property. Indra is alerted by his cunningness, and she stops everyone from accepting it. The three husbands change their minds and realized their mistake of being greedy. They support their wives to conduct the wedding at any cost. On the day of the wedding, the brother creates all the possible ruckus he could and wants to stop the wedding at any cost unless the sisters sign the agreement. He even goes to the extent of kicking his pregnant sister and frantically attacks all the other sisters, including the bride. Sadagopan is enraged by this and he in turn beats his son frantically to kill him. The sisters stop him and shout that he is the reason for their brother to behave like this. The daughters shout at him for being so biased against them right from their childhood and for him, son is superior and daughters are inferior. He is one who has spoiled his son and raised him without any respect and love for his sisters. Sadagopan and his son realize their mistakes for being so biased and greedy respectively. They both have now understood that daughters are not inferior to sons and have all the rights even after getting married. All the men finally reunite with the sisters and conduct the wedding of the fourth daughter happily. Cast Pandiarajan as Muthupandi Sangita as Indra Vadivelu as Sekar Kovai Sarala as Sundari R. Sundarrajan as Murugesan Rekha as Lakshmi Raj Chander Vinu Chakravarthy as Sadagopan Vennira Aadai Moorthy as Iyer Vadivukkarasi as Meenakshi Oru Viral Krishna Rao as Muthupandi's father Shanmugasundari as Rangamma, Sekar's mother Kalidoss as Politician Idichapuli Selvaraj as a marriage broker Bonda Mani as Sekar's coworker Jayamani LIC Narasimhan as Advocate Kovai Senthil Bayilvan Ranganathan as a garment factory owner MLA Thangaraj as Police officer Vijay Ganesh Soundtrack The soundtrack was composed by Deva. Reception The Hindu wrote "Known for dealing, with an expert touch, middle class family stories, director V. Sekar comes up trumps in Tiruvalluvar Kalai Koodam's Kaalam Maari Pochchu. This time three married couples are the central figures in his story, for which he has also written the screenplay and dialogue, the director excelling in the last mentioned department also." Vadivelu won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian. References External links 1990s Tamil-language films 1996 films Films directed by V. Sekhar Films scored by Deva (composer) Tamil films remade in other languages
70011039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristipagia	Pristipagia	Pristipagia is a genus of bivalves belonging to the subfamily Tellininae of the family Tellinidae. Species Pristipagia adamsii (Bertin, 1878) Pristipagia bertini M. Huber, Langleit & Kreipl, 2015 Pristipagia elaborata (G. B. Sowerby III, 1917) Pristipagia gemonia Iredale, 1936 Pristipagia kolabana (Melvill, 1893) Pristipagia ojiensis (Tokunaga, 1906) Pristipagia radians (Deshayes, 1855) Pristipagia subtruncata (Hanley, 1844) References External links Raines B. & Huber M. (2012) Biodiversity quadrupled - Revision of Easter Island and Sala y Gomez bivalves. Zootaxa 3217: 1-106 Tellinidae Bivalve genera
31453099	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Noble%20Consort%20Sukbin%20Choe	Royal Noble Consort Sukbin Choe	Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Haeju Choe clan (Hangul: 숙빈 최씨, Hanja: 淑嬪崔氏; 17 December 1670 – 9 April 1718) is one of best known consorts of Sukjong of Joseon and the mother of Yi Geum, King Yeongjo. Biography Early life Lady Choe was born on the sixth day of the eleventh lunar month in the eleventh year of the reign of King Hyeonjong of Joseon, which translates to December 17, 1670 in the Gregorian calendar. She was the younger daughter of Choe Hyo-won, and Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan. She had one older brother, Choe Hu, who married Lady Ahn of the Sunheung Ahn clan and one older sister, Lady Choe of the Haeju Choe clan, who married Seo Jeon. Palace maid Lady Choe entered the palace at the age of 7. She belonged to the Cheonmin, which was the lowest class during the Joseon Dynasty. It is unknown how her first encounter with the King happened. The most accepted version is that she was a musuri (a water maid in the palace) during the time when Queen Inhyeon was exiled and Jang Ok-jeong had acquired the status of Queen. One night, Lady Choe was praying for the deposed Queen's well-being when Sukjong, who was returning to the palace from a trip, overheard her and was moved by her words. The book Sumunrok (수문록, 隨聞錄) authored by Yi Mun-jeong (1656 – 1726) describes the events that led to the execution of Jang Hui-bin. The author who lived during Sukjong's time, recorded the encounter as follows: "One night, the King [Sukjong] couldn't sleep, and suffering from insomnia decided to go out. When returning to the palace and passing by the servants' chambers, he suddenly heard sobbing coming from a small room. Out of curiosity, he took a peep into the room, then to his surprise in this neat and tidy room, he saw there was a setup of an offering for a banquet. He then saw a young palace musuri dressed in her official uniform, weeping bitterly in front of the table set for a memorial ritual. The memorial tablet was set for the former Queen Inhyeon. The King was surprised, since Queen Inhyeon had been deposed. The musuri had placed the memorial tablet because the deposed Queen Inhyeon had sacrificed herself for the King's sake. But fearing Queen Jang's influence, no one dared to commemorate the deposed Queen Inhyeon, as no one wanted to be accused and executed. The King was surprised that even under these perilous circumstances someone dared to risk death to honor and pray for Queen Inhyeon's well being, and he spoke to her. The musuri heard his voice, and turning around, was stunned to see the King. Recognizing him, she knelt before him and he asked her for an explanation. The musuri answered with a trembling voice, "Your Majesty, I used to serve under Queen Inhyeon when she was Queen. Today is her birthday, I cannot forget the kindness that Queen Inhyeon rendered to me when I served under her, thus privately I set a memorial for her. Please punish me with death." Hearing such an extreme plea, the King was taken aback and was astonished. Others in her situation would have played safe and not put themselves at risk, but this musuri risked death to honor her former Queen. Commendable and virtuous indeed was she and the King, finding himself witnessing this, was moved. He then brought the young musuri to his bed chambers. His feelings turned from sympathy into fondness and then into love, and he spent many nights with her. Over time, this musuri came to be known as Choe Suk-bin". Royal Concubine Lady Choe's status within the palace rose rapidly. In 1693, she became Sukjong's concubine with the fourth junior rank of Suk-won, after giving birth to a prince who died young. One year later, she was elevated to the second junior rank of Suk-ui, after giving birth to another son, Yi Geum, Prince Yeoning. In 1695, she was again elevated to the first junior rank of Gwi-in. In 1698, she gave birth to a stillborn prince. In 1699, she was again promoted to the first senior rank of Bin, with the adjective Suk (淑), meaning "pure/virtuous". Lady Choe openly supported Queen Inhyeon and was against Jang Ok-jeong, whom history had described as an evil and cruel woman. By 1693, the King was growing disillusioned with Queen Jang and the Namin faction. In 1694, King Sukjong brought back Queen Inhyeon and demoted Jang Ok-jeong (Queen Buok) back to her previous rank, Hui-bin. In 1701, Queen Inhyeon died of an unknown cause. Some historiographers believe she was poisoned, but this is unconfirmed. According to one version, Sukjong found Jang Hui-bin in her room with a shaman, making merry over having caused the Queen's death through black magic. Another interpretation based on a vague passage of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty states that it was Choe Suk-bin who told the King that sorcery had been used to try to bring harm to the Queen. Under the title "Queen's Will" it is written: "Choe Suk-bin with her usual grace gives tribute to the Queen [Inhyeon], and weeping for the one that could not win the heart of the King, she informed the King of the secret." However, the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty recorded in 1701, state that Min Jin-won and Min Jin-hu, the deceased Queen Inhyeon’s older brothers, informed King Sukjong of Jang Hui-bin's sorcery, claiming that in doing so they were in compliance with Queen Inhyeon's last request to them before dying. According to Min Jin-won, the rumor in the palace was that Jang Hui-bin had been using a shaman to curse the Queen and she learned of these rumors. Regardless of how the King learned of this, he decided to look into the matter and discovered the truth behind the rumors that Jang Hui-bin had built a shamanist altar within her quarters, where effigies with the name of the Queen were found. Later, her ladies-in-waiting declared that she had ordered them to shoot arrows at a portrait of Queen Inhyeon three times at day, and had buried dead animals in her palace's garden. Despite the many pleas of the Soron faction to pardon her, King Sukjong felt her conduct was too wicked, and in 1701, he ordered that Lady Jang and all the others involved should die by poisoning. After sentencing her, King Sukjong passed a law forbidding a concubine with the rank of Bin to become Queen. A misunderstanding exists that Choe Suk-bin was the next in line to become Queen, but this has no basis. Two other concubines from the Yangban class, Gwi-in of the Miryang Park clan (later Royal Noble Consort Myeong), who gave birth to a prince in 1699, and Kim Gwi-in (later Royal Noble Consort Yeong), who was part of the same political faction as Lady Choe, were probably more suited for the position of Queen. Choe Suk-bin's lower class status was an impediment to her becoming Queen as Joseon was a Confucian society was ruled by the class system. It clearly affect the life of her son, King Yeongjo, who was threatened in the beginning of his rule partially because of his mother's class. Later, when his rulership was firmly established, he considered it a personal insult if his mother's background as a slave was mentioned. Later life Between 1699 and 1702, Choe Suk-bin was the principal benefactor of the Gakhwangjeon Hall, in Hwaeomsa temple. In 1703, Queen Inwon adopted Prince Yeoning, who was known to be her favorite and whom she regarded as her own son. In 1704, the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty state that for Yeoning's marriage, the King ordered a very grand and expensive ceremony. The nobles complained about the big cost and excessive favoritism showed to the Prince, since he was not even the Crown Prince, but the son of a concubine. The Annals state that later that same year, Sukjong gifted his winter house, the Ihyeon Palace (where he had spent the days of his youth), to Choe Suk-bin. The residence was later conferred to their son to consummate his marriage in 1711. It is said that it was a large and spacious building, and was located in Hanseong (present-day Seoul). In 1711, when Queen Inwon came down with smallpox, Lady Choe ordered the gungnyeo to go out of the palace and look for remedies among the commoners to save the Queen, who in the end survived. In 1716, Choe Suk-bin was taken out of the palace while ill. Later that same year, Sukjong received a message from Yeoning informing him that his mother's health had worsened and asking for more medical help. In 1717, Sukjong retired from politics and allowed his son, Crown Prince Yi Yun, to take over most of the affairs of the government. Death In 1718, Lady Choe died at the age of 47, in Ihyeon Palace. That same year, Sukjong declared the Crown Prince (future Gyeongjong of Joseon), as regent. In her memorial tablet, under the description of her character it is written: "Her disposition and her status was absolutely indivisible. She did not scruple on people. She was respectful and always waited on Queen Inhyeon and later on Queen Inwon. Her wisdom and intelligence shone in her interaction with others. She kept to her duty and protocol. She never entered in palace disputes. She spent her days in peace and harmony." Her tomb is located in Paju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is called Soryeongwon and was designated as Historical Site No. 358. Sukjong died in 1720, supposedly after telling Yi Yi-myoung to name Prince Yeoning as Gyeongjong's heir. When her son became King, he set up an altar (제실) near her grave, as a display of his deep filial piety. In addition to building tablet houses on the four spots around her grave, he also erected gravestones, the contents of which were written by him in her memory. Her memorial tablet was enshrined in Chilgung (Historical Site No. 149), the place which houses the ancestral tablets of seven other royal concubines. Choe Suk-bin was given the posthumous title Hwagyeong (화경, 和瓊), meaning "harmonious reverence". She was later elevated to Hwideok ("magnificent virtue") and to Ansun ("tranquil purity"). Controversy of rank Her only surviving son was Prince Yeoning (Yi Geum, later King Yeongjo), who was known to be a child prodigy and became one of the greatest Kings in Joseon's history. King Sukjong was very proud and his treatment of him tended towards the lavish. But because the Prince was the son of a low-born concubine, the officials who were born in noble houses and had noble wives, maintained a condescending view of him and his mother, and were quick to lecture Sukjong on frugality and modesty, despite the King repeatedly ignoring them. Although Yeongjo in his adulthood was very sensitive about the origins of his mother, one cannot deny the deep love he had for his birth mother. His reverence for her had no limit. He wrote many poems and said in one of them: "My father begot me, my mother fed me, led me, bred me, brought me up, reared me, kept her eye on me, tended me, at every turn aided me. Their goods deeds I would requite". Yeongjo fought the court to have Choe Suk-bin recognized as a public mother, instead of being treated like other concubines—mothers of Kings, but regarded as a "private parent". But Yeongjo wanted to change that and have her as his "public mother". However, the officials were opposed to it as this meant the ministers would have to honor her and give the King the right to visit her tomb often as a part of his royal ceremonies. During the time he was fighting this, there are two interesting accounts of his feelings about this situation. In 1739, the day before the scheduled visit to Lady Choe's tomb, dissatisfied with the protocols that the Board of Rites had drawn up, he censured two officials who were directly responsible for them. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty explains the measure: "The King respectfully served his private parent Choe Suk-bin, but he suspected that the officials were unwilling to comply with his desire. Thus, on each occasion sudden clashes erupted, inevitably followed by a distressing royal declamation."On another occasion, the King was leaving her tomb for the Palace. About to mount the palanquin, he instead summoned the Minister of Military Affairs, Kim Son-gung. Breaking into sobs, he said: "Since 1737, this was the first time I came to pay respect to my mother. For those years, my heart has been filled with sadness. When children fall down, they automatically call out for their mother. This is human nature. At the time of divination, if there is no person offering earth, how can there be a divination? I have sent down orders [to make his birth mother a public or legal mother], but the bureaus in charge have ignored them. True, the ruler is not allowed to have private concerns, but it is wrong to lose trust [in his officials]. The elite scholars of today are just too cold-hearted. Those elite scholar must also have parents. They could not have fallen from Heaven or sprung from earth."In the end, he got what he wanted and Lady Choe was recognized as his public mother. Family Parents Father: Choe Hyo-won (최효원, 崔孝元) (23 February 1638 – 15 August 1672) Grandfather: Choe Tae-il (최태일, 崔泰逸) Great-grandfather: Choe Mal-jeong (최말정, 崔末貞) Great-great-grandfather: Choe Eok-ji (최억지, 崔億之) Grandmother: Lady Jang of the Pyeonggang Jang clan (평강 장씨, 平康張氏) Mother: Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan (정경부인 남양 홍씨, 貞敬夫人南陽洪氏) (17 October 1639 – 18 December 1673) Grandfather: Hong Gye-nam (홍계남, 洪繼南) Grandmother: Lady Kim of the Gangneung Kim clan (정경부인 강릉 김씨, 貞敬夫人江陵金氏) Sibling(s) Older sister: Lady Choe of the Haeju Choe clan (최씨, 崔氏) Brother-in-law: Seo Jeon (서전) Niece: Lady Seo (서씨) Nephew-in-law: Yi Hyeong-nyeon (이형년) Older brother: Choe Hu (최후, 崔垕) Sister-in-law: Lady Ahn of the Sunheung Ahn clan (숙부인 순흥 안씨, 淑夫人順興安氏) Nephew: Choe Su-gang (최수강, 崔壽崗) (? – 1749) Niece-in-law: Lady Kim (김씨) Grandnephew: Choe Jin-hae (최진해, 崔鎭海) Grandnephew: Choe Jin-hyeong (최진형, 崔鎭衡) Niece: Lady Choe (최씨) Nephew-in-law: Jo Tae-hang (조태항) Unnamed grandnephew Grandniece: Lady Jo (조씨) Grandniece: Lady Jo (조씨) Grandniece: Lady Jo (조씨) Husband Yi Sun, King Sukjong (이순 숙종대왕) (1661 – 1720) Mother-in-law: Queen Myeongseong of the Cheongpung Kim clan (명성왕후 김씨) (1642 – 1684) Father-in-law: Yi Yeon, King Hyeonjong (이연 현종대왕) (1641 – 1674) Issue Son: Prince Yeongsu (영수군) (1693 – 1693) Son: Yi Geum, King Yeongjo (이금 영조대왕) (1694 – 1776) Daughter-in-law: Queen Jeongseong of the Daegu Seo clan (정성왕후 서씨) (1692 – 1757) Daughter-in-law: Queen Jeongsun of the Gyeongju Kim clan (정순왕후 김씨) (1745 – 1805) Unnamed prince (왕자) (1698 – 1698) In popular culture Portrayed by Lee Mi-yeong in the 1981 MBC TV series Women of History: Jang Hui-bin. Portrayed by Kyeon Mi-ri in the 1988 MBC TV series 500 Years of Joseon: Queen Inhyeon. Portrayed by Nam Joo-hee in the 1995 SBS TV series Jang Hui-bin. Portrayed by Kim Young-ae in the 1998 MBC TV series The Great King's Road. Portrayed by Park Ye-jin in the 2002–3 KBS2 TV series Royal Story: Jang Hui-bin. Portrayed by Han Hyo-joo and Kim Yoo-jung in the 2010 MBC TV series Dong Yi. Portrayed by Han Seung-yeon in the 2013 SBS TV series Jang Ok-jung, Living by Love. Portrayed by Yoon Jin-seo in the 2016 SBS TV series Jackpot''. Notes References 17th-century Korean people 1670 births 1718 deaths Royal consorts of the Joseon dynasty 17th-century Korean women Haeju Choe clan
64342569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20in%20Belgium	1963 in Belgium	Events in the year 1963 in Belgium. Incumbents Monarch: Baudouin Prime Minister: Théo Lefèvre Events 2 August – Division of Belgium into four linguistically defined territories comes into force. Publications Hergé, Les Bijoux de la Castafiore album (serialised July 1961 to September 1962) Births 9 March – Yves Vander Cruysen, historian and local politician (died 2020) Deaths 30 May – Marthe Crick-Kuntziger (born 1891), museum curator References 1960s in Belgium Belgium Years of the 20th century in Belgium Belgium
15075903	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Fiesta%20Bowl	1995 Fiesta Bowl	The 1995 IBM OS/2 Fiesta Bowl, played on January 2, 1995, was the 24th edition of the Fiesta Bowl. The game featured the Colorado Buffaloes and Notre Dame Fighting Irish. 1st half Colorado kicker, Neil Voskeritchian, started the scoring with a 33-yard field goal in the first quarter, to give the Buffaloes the early 3–0 lead. Later in the 1st quarter, quarterback Kordell Stewart tossed a 1-yard pass to Christian Fauria for a touchdown, and a 10–0 Colorado lead. Scott Cengia got Notre Dame on the board with a 29-yard field goal to make it 10–3. In the second quarter Colorado sealed its win, by scoring three consecutive touchdowns. Kordell Stewart started by rushing 9 yards for a touchdown, then Rashaan Salaam scored two 1-yard touchdown runs to increase the lead to 31–3. Ron Powlus threw a 9-yard touchdown pass to Derrick Mayes to cut the lead to 31–10 before halftime. 2nd half Powlus threw a 40-yard touchdown pass to Mayes to cut the lead to 31–17, early in the third quarter. Then Voskeritchian kicked a 48-yard field goal to extend Colorado's lead to 34–17. Rashaan Salaam put the exclamation mark on the game with a 5-yard touchdown run, increasing Colorado's lead to 41–17. Notre Dame scored one last time on a 7-yard pass from Powlus to Leon Wallace to provide the final margin. References External links Bowl Championship Series – 1995 – Colorado 41, Notre Dame 24 Fiesta Bowl Fiesta Bowl Colorado Buffaloes football bowl games Notre Dame Fighting Irish football bowl games Bowl Coalition Fiesta Bowl Fiesta Bowl
548309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal%20Davis	Vaginal Davis	Vaginal Davis (born in Los Angeles, California) is an American performing artist, painter, independent curator, composer, filmmaker and writer. Born intersex and raised in South Central, Los Angeles, Davis gained notoriety in New York during the 1980s, where she inspired the Bushwick neighborhood of Brooklyn's prevalent drag scene as a genderqueer artist. She currently resides in Berlin, Germany. Early life Growing up, Davis lived with her mother, originally from Louisiana, and four older sisters. Her mother was Black Creole, her father was of Mexican and Jewish descent,<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Boshier\|first=Rosa\|date=2020-08-03\|title=We Paid For This Town": The Legacy of Chicanx Punk in LA\|url=https://hyperallergic.com/579836/we-paid-for-this-town-the-legacy-of-chicanx-punk-in-la/\|access-date=2020-08-07\|website=Hyperallergic\|language=en-US}}</ref> and her grandfather was of German descent, with Davis stating that she was born in Wannsee and the "black sheep" of the von Hohenzollern dynasty. Davis' mother was a revolutionary feminist and community activist in the South Central area, and planted food gardens in vacant lots to help feed the homeless, impoverished, and marginalized peoples of the area. As a young child in the Los Angeles public education system, Davis was accepted into a program for gifted students, where she was first exposed to and developed a love of theater and opera. At age 7, Davis saw Mozart's The Magic Flute on a school trip to the opera, and credits this experience as a catalyst for her development as a drag queen. Career Davis' name pays homage to activist Angela Davis, and considers Davis' involvement with the Black Panther Party and activism as a whole to be one of her biggest inspirations, explaining, "They came into the schools, they had guns, and they took over. They were teaching us all these revolutionary songs and chants and what not. At that time, when Angela Davis was the most wanted woman in America, I was just fixated with that image of her. By the late '70s I had decided I sort of wanted to sexualize her name and become her, more or less. So I started in the late '70s calling myself Vaginal Davis. I started to perform– or tried to perform– at these gay clubs in Los Angeles, in Hollywood. The people in these clubs, they would look at me and say, 'Vaginal Davis? Well who are you supposed to be?' And I said, 'Well, Angela Davis– it's a homage to that.' And they'd say, 'Well who's that?' They didn't know who Angela Davis was." Vaginal Davis is one of the founders of the homo-core punk movement. She chooses to exploit herself to engage in rude provocations and "gender-fucking." As a self-labeled "sexual repulsive", she is an icon of the disruptive performance aesthetic known as terrorist drag. 1970–1989: Career beginnings Vaginal Davis' band the Afro Sisters released their first seven-inch EP Indigo, Sassafras & Molasses, produced by Geza X with Amoeba Records in 1978. The Afro Sisters opened for the Smiths on their first American tour, as well as the Happy Mondays. Vaginal Davis is often associated with the formation of the Queercore zine movement. From 1982 to 1991, she self-published the zine Fertile La Toyah Jackson, focused on the imaginary adventures of a skateboarding, pregnant Jackson, and hailed by The Advocate critic Adam Block as "A veritable John Waters film of a skinny 'zine." Bruce LaBruce described the zine as "an underground rag that featured SoCal punk scene gossip, photos of hot Huntington Beach surfers and wistful musings by Miss Davis themself." Through Davis' job at UCLA's Placement & Career Planning Center, she was allowed free access to a Xerox machine to publish the zine. Davis went on to develop the zine into a series of videos titled Fertile LaToyah Jackson Video Magazine, Volume 1 and 2. 1989–1999: Bands Davis was well known for her band ¡Cholita! The Female Menudo, where she assumed the persona of a 13-and-a-half year old Latina named Graciela. Band mates included longtime collaborator Alice Bag as Sad Girl and Fertile LaToyah Jackson as Guadalupe, ages 16 and 12-and-a half respectively. In 1989, Davis formed the speed metal thrash band Pedro, Muriel, and Esther (PME) with Glen Meadmore. In PME, Davis performs as Clarence, "a white-supremacist militia-man from Idaho complete with ZZ Top beard." Davis had previously sung backup vocals for Meadmore, with RuPaul. PME disbanded after releasing a four-song EP on Amoeba records. Davis formed the band Black Fag in 1992 with Bibbe Hansen. Through the persona Rayvn Cymone McFarlane, Davis parodied the LA alternative scene, while engaging in performative actions such as spraying the audience with milk from her bra. Black Fag's album Passover Satyr was released by Dischord Records that same year and was produced by Sonic Youth's Kim Gordon. The band's 1995 album 11 Harrow House was produced by Hansen's son Beck. In 1995, Pedro, Muriel, and Esther reunited for a performance at the Queercore '95 festival in Chicago. The band later released their first full-length album The White to Be Angry, produced by Steve Albini in 1998 on Spectra Sonic Records. 2000–2009: Move to Germany In Los Angeles, Davis has hosted and DJ'd a range of performance and music events, one of the most prominent being "Bricktops" (2002–2005), a weekly salon/speak-easy inspired by vaudevillian Ada "Bricktop" Smith. they also hosted and DJed a Sunday afternoon music event called "Sucker" (1994–2000). Davis and artist Ron Athey curated and hosted GIMP (2000–2001), a monthly night of performance art. In 2006, Vaginal Davis moved from Los Angeles to Berlin, Germany. In 2009, Pedro, Muriel and Esther reunited in a 20th-anniversary show presented in New York City by Participant Inc. as part of Performa 09. 2010–present: Performance, visual art, and teaching Davis' performance piece "Speaking from the Diaphragm" ran from May 15 to 27, 2010, at Performance Space 122. The show parodied television talk shows and featured interviews by Carole Pope, Jamie Stewart, Joel Gibb, and Glen Meadmore and was co-hosted by Carmelita Tropicana and Jennifer Miller. In January 2012 Davis participated in the J. Paul Getty's "Pacific Standard Time Performance Festival, with "My Pussy Is Still in Los Angeles (I Only Live in Berlin)" at Southwestern Law School, Louis XVI-style Tea Room (originally Bullocks Wilshire Department Store). April 2012, Davis debuted live her band Tenderloin as part of the festival "Camp/Anti-Camp: A Queer Guide to Everyday Life" at Hebbel am Ufer. Tenderloin's line-up consisted of Felix Knoke, Jan Klesse, Joel Gibb, and Vaginal Davis performing under the alias "Dagmar Hofpfisterei.". In August 2012 the band was invited by curator Anthony Hegarty to perform at this year's Meltdown Festival at the Southbank Centre in London with Kembra Pfahler and the Voluptuous Horror of Karen Black. After the performances Tenderloin released the music video for "The Golden One" that featured drag queen the Goddess Bunny and was directed by Glen Meadmore. From November 9 to December 16, 2012, Davis opened her first major solo exhibition of solely visual art (as opposed to performance art), titled "HAG – small, contemporary, haggard" at the Participant Inc. in New York. The name of the show is based on the gallery that Davis hosted in her Los Angeles apartment from 1982–89. Davis has traveled to various universities and educational institutions to give lectures on her life experiences, including a talk on youth hosteling at New York University's Performance Studies complex in November 2015 with German actress and friend Susanne Sachsse. From December 1 to 5 of the same year, Davis teamed with avant-garde music group Xiu Xiu when they composed the score for her radical re-imagining of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute, performed at the 80WSE Gallery at the NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, in partnership with Berlin's CHEAP Kollectiv. In mid-October 2016, Davis was a keynote speaker at the Creative Time Summit in Washington, D.C., a conference on art and social issues which featured workshops and speeches on topics ranging from the Black Lives Matter movement to electoral politics. Artistry Davis has been accepted as an artist in the queer community more recently, but "the gay world [only] became more open to what [she] did after [she] established [her]self outside of the gay world." For many years, Davis felt as though she was "too gay for the punk scene and too punk for the gay." José Esteban Muñoz has identified Davis as a progenitor of "terrorist drag," for Davis was neither "glamour" like New York performers Candis Cayne and Girlina, nor "clown" (camp) like drag queens Varla Jean Merman and Lady Bunny. According to Davis, "I wasn't really trying to alter myself to look like a real woman. I didn't wear false eyelashes or fake breasts. It wasn't about the real-ness of traditional drag – the perfect flawless makeup. I just put on a little lipstick, a little eyeshadow and a wig and went there." Davis has several drag personas, including Princess Sellica the Sensual Psychic, R&B legend Lestar Vartan and Lieutenant Vaginal Davis of the Sexualese Liberation Front. Dominic Johnson of Frieze said, "Ms Davis consistently refuses to ease conservative tactics within gay and black politics, employing punk music, invented biography, insults, self-mockery, and repeated incitements to group sexual revolt." Davis has been critical of the co-optation of African, Hispanic, and LGBT culture by the mainstream. Davis' performances are also, according to journalist Ali Fitzgerald, "giddy, satirical stabs at the old-world order, leveling criticism at white privilege and the patriarchy with nuanced wit and game-show-style camp. The Vaginal Davis persona is a complex mixture of queercore punk antics and MGM studio glamour, reflecting Davis' socially engaged and aesthetically consistent interests." She was also a muse to German choreographer Pina Bausch, as well as fashion designer Rick Owens and photographer Catherine Opie. Jamie Stewart of Xiu Xiu also stated that "I am bi and found artists that were androgynous hit me hard – Peter Murphy, David Bowie, Morrissey. But there was a drag queen named Vaginal Davis that changed my life. I had no idea you could be punk and a drag queen and ultra intense and insane and hot and brilliant all at the same time." Davis also claims, in a 2015 interview with Bedford and Brooklyns Nicole Disser, that much of her artwork and performances are inspired by her late mother's artistic ability, stating, "I'm so intertwined with my mother. My whole career as an artist, and all of my visual art, is basically co-opting my mother. My mother didn't consider herself an artist, she just made stuff. Looking back to the things that she did, they were installations, assemblages – things in the art world that have proper names to them – she was doing this way back then. If I get any notice for any of my artworks or any of my performances, it's because I just copied my mother." In 2018, Davis was awarded $10,000 U.S. Dollars for receiving the Sustained Achievement Award from the non-profit organization Queer\|Art, which offers support and mentorship to LGBTQIA+ identifying artists. Personal life Davis has kept her exact birth year, as well as the name she was given at birth, private. Discography The Afro Sisters Indigo, Sassafras & Molasses (1978) Maxis on Melrose (1980) So Black I'm Blue (1981) Too Black, Too Strong (1982) Shoulder Pads, Maxi Pads (1983) Magnificent Product (1984) Armed & Extremely Dangerous (1985) Wet Lesbian (1986) Black Fag Parerga y Paralipomena (1992) Atlas Shrugged (1993) Passover Satyr (1994) 11 Harrow House (1995) ¡Cholita! The Female Menudo ¡No Controles! (1987) Chicas De Hoy (1989) ¡Cholita! (1996) Pedro, Muriel & Esther PME (1991) The White to Be Angry (1998) Solo Small Whyte House (Vaginal Davis and Robespierre) (1994) Other appearances Filmography Film Television Zine-ography Dowager (1972-1975) Crude (1976-1980) Fertile La Toya Jackson (1982-1991) Shrimp (1993) Yes, Ms. Davis (1994) Sucker (1995-1997) Dragazine (1997) Other Davis’s name appears in the lyrics of the Le Tigre song "Hot Topic." References Sources José Muñoz, Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999) Jennifer Doyle, Sex Objects: Art and the Dialectics of Desire'' (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006). External links The Zines of Vaginal Davis The Cholita! Page The Cholita! Family Tree, compiled by Ms. Davis Vaginal Davis in The Lollipop Generation Bruce LaBruce essay on Davis 1959 births Date of birth missing (living people) African-American drag queens African-American film directors American film directors American experimental filmmakers American punk rock singers American drag queens American expatriates in Germany Intersex non-binary people Intersex writers African-American LGBT people LGBT people from California American LGBT singers Living people Performance art in Los Angeles Queercore musicians Non-binary drag performers American non-binary artists American non-binary writers American non-binary musicians Non-binary singers 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people Intersex musicians
29650031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptolectica%20lazaroi	Cryptolectica lazaroi	Cryptolectica lazaroi is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the Galápagos Islands. The larvae feed on Ageratum conyzoides and Synedrella nodiflora. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant. References Acrocercopinae Moths described in 2006
1417884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Wrestling%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20and%20Museum	National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum	The National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum and hall of fame for amateur wrestling, headquartered in Stillwater, Oklahoma. In 2010, it began operating the Dan Gable Museum in Waterloo, Iowa. History The museum was awarded to Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1972 by a decision of the United States Wrestling Federation, which chose Stillwater over a competing bid from Waterloo, Iowa. The museum opened on September 11, 1976. In 2010, the National Wrestling Hall of Fame absorbed the Dan Gable Museum in Waterloo, previously operated by the Dan Gable International Wrestling Institute and Museum. The Dan Gable Museum had opened in 1998 in Newton, Iowa, and moved to Waterloo in 2006. In May 2016, the NWHOF voted to revoke all honors given to Dennis Hastert after his conviction, the first time the Hall of Fame has ever punished a now-former inductee. The museum operates by private donations and state funding. Six people from Oklahoma formed the Hall of Fame corporation: Myron Roderick, Dr. Melvin D. Jones, Ralph Ball, Robert L. McCormick, Bill Aufleger, and Veldo Brewer. Oklahoma State University, through its then-president, Dr. Robert B. Kamm, provided land – at no cost – with a 99-year renewable lease. Museums National Wrestling Hall of Fame in Stillwater The National Wrestling Hall of Fame in Stillwater, Oklahoma includes the John T. Vaughan Hall of Honors, the Paul K. Scott Museum of Wrestling History, the Cliff Keen Theater, and the William S. Hein Library. The museum covers around 15,000 square feet, featuring multiple interactive exhibits and digital kiosks, as well as the ability to watch NCAA Championship matches from the 1930s to the present day. The John T. Vaughan Hall of Honors is where the greatest names in wrestling are recognized, with Distinguished Members being honored and showcased through granite plaques. The Paul K. Scott Museum of History showcases a portion of the world's largest collection of wrestling artifacts and memorabilia, including most collegiate and Olympic uniforms. Dan Gable Museum in Waterloo The National Wrestling Hall of Fame also operates the Dan Gable Museum in Waterloo, Iowa which includes the Glen Brand Wrestling Hall of Fame of Iowa, the George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame, which honors professional wrestlers with a strong background in amateur wrestling, and the Alan and Gloria Rice Greco-Roman Hall of Champions. It also features the Dan Gable Teaching Center and its wrestling room, providing opportunities for area youth to train. State chapters The Board of Governors of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum established the State Chapter program in 1993. The purpose is to pay tribute to the coaches, officials, and contributors who represent the best qualities of what the sport of wrestling has to offer and who share those characteristics with young people every day. The Hall of Fame and Museum currently has state chapters in 36 states. United World Wrestling Hall of Fame The National Wrestling Hall of Fame in Stillwater also contains the UWW Hall of Fame, which honors some of the sport's greatest international wrestlers and coaches. See also Collegiate wrestling Scholastic wrestling References External links Official website Virtual tour webpage. NWHoF&M website National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum information on TravelOK.com – official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma Wrestling in the United States Oklahoma State University Sports museums in Oklahoma Sports halls of fame Wrestling National University museums in Oklahoma Museums in Payne County, Oklahoma Museums established in 1976 Buildings and structures in Stillwater, Oklahoma Tourist attractions in Stillwater, Oklahoma 1976 establishments in Oklahoma
18908662	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%20Tacha	Athena Tacha	Athena Tacha (; b. 1936 in Larissa, Greece), is a multimedia visual artist. She is best known for her work in the fields of environmental public sculpture and conceptual art. She also worked in a wide array of materials including stone, brick, steel, water, plants, and L.E.D. lighting. photography, film, and artists’ books. Tacha's work focused on personal narratives, and often plays with geometry and form. Early life, education, and academic career Tacha was born in 1936 in Greece. She received an M.A. in sculpture from the Athens School of Fine Arts in Greece (1959); an M.A. in art history from Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio (1961); and a Doctorate in aesthetics from the Sorbonne in Paris (1963). After her studies, she worked as the curator of modern art at the Allen Memorial Art Museum of Oberlin College, organizing contemporary art exhibitions (including Art In The Mind, 1970). She has published two books and various articles on Auguste Rodin, Brâncuși, Nadelman and other 20th-century sculptors. From 1973 to 2000, she was a professor of sculpture at Oberlin College. Since 1998, she has been an affiliate of the University of Maryland, College Park, and lives in Washington, DC. Artwork One of the first artists to develop environmental site-specific sculpture in the early 1970s, Tacha has won over fifty competitions for permanent public art commissions, of which nearly forty have been executed throughout the U.S. One of these public works was a two-acre sculptural landscape in downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania entitled Connections within Matthias Baldwin Park. She has had six one-artist shows in New York—at the Zabriskie Gallery, the Max Hutchinson Gallery, Franklin Furnace, the Foundation for Hellenic Studies, and the Kouros Gallery—and has exhibited in numerous group shows throughout the world, including the Venice Biennale. She produced a body of textual and photographic conceptual works and poetic studies, many of which were published as artist's books. Athena Tacha's artist books were printed between 1970 and 2005. An interactive online display of the artist books and other printed materials can be found at Printed Matter, Inc.The pocket books series are small folded books, similar to a zine that were often sold in a plastic sleeve. In The Way My Mind Works, Tacha writes about her schizophrenic mind, her ruminating mind, her orderly mind. Others in the pocket series examine everyday life. The larger artist books focus on geometry, space, and minimalism. A Dictionary of Steps displays diagrams of steps. In addition, Tacha explored self portraiture, in works like Gestures and Expressions. Exhibitions In 1989, a retrospective of more than 100 of Tacha's sculptures, drawings and conceptual photographic pieces was held at the High Museum of Art in Atlanta. It included large color photographs of her executed commissions and was accompanied by a fully illustrated catalog, Athena Tacha: Public Works, 1970-88 (introductory essay by John and Catherine Howett). The same year, she had an exhibition of new work, over 50 sculptures and drawings, as well as two large temporary installations, at the Cleveland Center for Contemporary Art, also accompanied by a richly illustrated catalog (with an essay by Thalia Gouma-Peterson). Her most recent museum solo show, Small Wonders: New Sculpture and Photoworks at the American University's Katzen Arts Center, Washington, DC, 2006, had a fully illustrated catalog with essays by Anne Ellegood and Brenda Brown (reinstalled in New York at Kouros Gallery in 2007). Since Tacha moved to Washington, DC, she has had two solo exhibitions at the Marsha Mateyka Gallery (2004 and 2008). A 40-year retrospective (over 100 works), "Athena Tacha: From the Public to the Private," opened at the Contemporary Art Center (State Museum of Contemporary Art) in Thessaloniki, Greece, Jan. 16 - April 11, 2010. It presents for the first time all aspects of Tacha's art—from large outdoor commissions, to "body sculptures" and photoworks, to conceptual art and films—with a bilingual catalog (164 pp., 113 color illustrations). It is scheduled travel to Larissa and Athens through 2010. Tacha's sculptures and photo-works are in many American museums and private collections, including the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Hirshhorn Museum, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and the Agnes Gund Collection. Latest executed commissions (2001–09) Victory Plaza, 2000–02, a plaza with fountains in front of the American Airlines Center (in collaboration with SWA), Dallas, Texas STOP & GO: to Garrett Augustus Morgan, 2001–04, a plaza for Metrorail's Morgan Blvd. Station, Washington, DC Hearts Beat, 2002–04, a long ceiling of animated LEDs for a sky bridge between Grosvenor Metro station and the Strathmore Music Center, N. Bethesda, Maryland. Riding with Sarah and Wayne, 2004–06, a mile-long trackbed pavement for the Light Rail, Newark, New Jersey. Waterlinks II, 2006–08, a 16x28 ft. granite water wall at the University of Wisconsin’s Business School, Madison, Wisconsin. An amphitheater and two fountains for the Muhammad Ali Center Plaza (ca. 5000 m2), 2002–09, in collaboration with EDAW, AGA and Color Kinetics, Louisville, KY. A plaza pavement with a Light Obelisk Fountain in front of Bloomingdale's; an arcade ceiling, Light Riggings, with RGB animation; and a LED sculpture, WWW-Tower, 2001-09—in collaboration with Arrowstreet Inc., CRJA and Art Display Co. -- for Wisconsin Place, a development at Friendship Heights Metro station, Bethesda, Maryland. Books, catalogs, and articles Books on Tacha's work: Athena Tacha: Public Sculpture (1982), with introductory essays by Ellen H. Johnson and Theodore Wolff Forms of Chaos: Drawings by Athena Tacha (1988) Elizabeth McClelland, Cosmic Rhythms: Athena Tacha's Public Sculpture (1998), in conjunction with an exhibition of the same title at the Beck Center for the Arts in Cleveland Dancing in the Landscape: The Sculpture of Athena Tacha (2000), with an introduction by Harriet Senie and over 200 color reproductions. Visualizing the Universe. Athena Tacha's Proposals for Public Art Commissions, 1972-2012 (2017), ed. Richard E. Spear, introduction by Glenn Harper and Twylene Moyer. Fifty Years Inside an Artist's Mind: The Journal of Athena Tacha (2020), 780 pp., edited with introduction by Richard E. Spear, Washington, D.C., 2020, . Richard E. Spear, The Art of Athena Tacha. A Complete Catalogue (2022), 200 pp., introduction by Syrago Tsiara, Washington, D.C. . Main solo exhibition catalogs: Athena Tacha: Public Works, 1970-88 (2009), with an introductory essay by Catherine M. Howett and John Howett, High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA Athena Tacha: New Works, 1986-89 (1989), Cleveland Center for Contemporary Art, with an introductory essay by Thalia Gouma-Peterson Athena Tacha: Small Wonders - New Sculptures and Photoworks (2006), with introductory essays by Anne Ellegood and Brenda Brown, American University Museum, Katzen Arts Center, Washington, DC, Sept.6-Oct.29, 2006 Athena Tacha: From Public to Private (2010), a bilingual catalogue for a traveling 40-year retrospective, with essays by Katerina Koskina and Syrago Tsiara, CACT (State Museum of Modern Art), Thessaloniki, Greece Several of Tacha's New York exhibitions have illustrated catalogues -- Massacre Memorials (Max Hutchinson, 1984), with an essay by Lucy Lippard; Vulnerability: New Fashions (Franklin Furnace, 1994), a conceptual art piece critiquing the fashion industry; and Athena Tacha: Shields and Universes (Foundation for Hellenic Culture, 2001). Further reading Landscape Architecture (May 1978) Artforum (Jan. 1981) Sculpture (June 1987) Arts Magazine (Oct. 1988) Art News (Sept. 1991) Sculpture (Nov. 2000) Sculpture (Oct. 2006) Landscape Architecture (March 2007) References External links Athena Tacha official Website Outdoor sculptures in Ohio, Sculpturecenter.org america.gov/multimedia/photogallery The Athena Tacha papers, consisting mostly of early correspondence, education materials, publications, and artwork, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Archives of American Art 1936 births Living people People from Larissa Greek emigrants to the United States Greek artists Oberlin College alumni University of Paris alumni American contemporary artists Postmodern artists Artists from Washington, D.C. Photographers from Washington, D.C. Greek women photographers 21st-century photographers 20th-century American women photographers 20th-century American photographers 21st-century American women photographers 21st-century American photographers
54276295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s%20Paquete	Tomás Paquete	Tomás Paquete (8 September 1923 – 25 May 2009) was a Portuguese sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was amongst the greatest Portuguese record holder of 100 meters of all time, winning 18 national titles, and he was the holder of a meritorious career in international athletics, with 11 caps. References 1923 births 2009 deaths Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes for Portugal Portuguese male sprinters Portuguese sportspeople of Bissau-Guinean descent Sportspeople from Bissau S.L. Benfica athletes
47760520	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast%2017th%20Avenue%20and%20Holgate%20Boulevard%20station	Southeast 17th Avenue and Holgate Boulevard station	Southeast 17th Avenue and Holgate Boulevard is a MAX Orange Line station located in the median of Southeast 17th Avenue at Holgate Boulevard in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Portland, Oregon. Bus service 17 - Holgate/Broadway 70 - 12th/NE 33rd Ave See also Passage (sculpture), installed along the MAX Orange Line Tri It, a nearby mural References 2015 establishments in Oregon Brooklyn, Portland, Oregon MAX Light Rail stations MAX Orange Line Railway stations in Portland, Oregon Railway stations in the United States opened in 2015
41346511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Moraes%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201989%29	Bruno Moraes (footballer, born 1989)	Bruno Eduardo Moraes (born 12 January 1989) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Figueirense FC. Career Born in Bragança Paulista, Moraes began his career on Santo André, and after being deemed surplus to requirements, signed with Porto Alegre. Soon after, he returned to his native state, joining Bragantino. However, after failing to appear with Braga, he was loaned to Ferroviário in March 2012. In 2013 Moraes signed with Taubaté, and after being the club's topscorer, he signed a contract with Série A outfit Portuguesa on 5 July. He made his top flight debut on the 13th, scoring in a 1–4 defeat to Santos. Moraes was released by Lusa in December, after the club's relegation. He subsequently represented Red Bull Brasil and Ferroviária before joining Santa Cruz. On 4 December 2017, after a stint at Dibba, Moraes joined Botafogo-SP. Honours Individual Campeonato Paulista Countryside player of the year: 2018 References External links 1989 births Living people Brazilian men's footballers Men's association football forwards Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players Esporte Clube Santo André players Porto Alegre Futebol Clube players Clube Atlético Bragantino players Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players Red Bull Bragantino II players Associação Ferroviária de Esportes players Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates Dibba Al Fujairah FC players UAE Pro League players UAE First Division League players Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) players Coritiba Foot Ball Club players People from Bragança Paulista Footballers from São Paulo (state)
22169405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropia	Cropia	Cropia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1858. Species Cropia albiclava Draudt, 1925 Cropia aleuca Hampson, 1908 Cropia carnitincta Hampson, 1908 Cropia cedica (Stoll, [1782]) Cropia connecta (Smith, 1894) Cropia consonens Dyar, 1910 Cropia europs Dyar, 1910 Cropia grandimacula (Schaus, 1911) Cropia hadenoides Walker, [1858] Cropia indigna (Walker, [1858]) Cropia infusa (Walker, [1858]) Cropia isidora Dyar, 1910 Cropia leucodonta Hampson, 1911 Cropia minthe (Druce, 1889) Cropia perfusa Dyar, 1910 Cropia phila (Druce, 1889) Cropia philosopha Schaus, 1911 Cropia plumbicincta Hampson, 1908 Cropia poliomera E. D. Jones, 1908 Cropia ruthaea Dyar, 1910 Cropia sigrida Schaus, 1933 Cropia subapicalis (Walker, [1858]) Cropia submarginalis Schaus, 1911 Cropia templada (Schaus, 1906) Cropia tessellata (Sepp, [1840]) References Hadeninae
15147649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick%20County%20Memorial%20International%20Airport	Maverick County Memorial International Airport	For the military use of the airport, see Eagle Pass Army Airfield Maverick County Memorial International Airport is a county-owned public use airport in Maverick County, Texas, United States. It is located eight nautical miles (15 km) north of the central business district of Eagle Pass, Texas. Facilities and aircraft Maverick County Memorial International Airport has one asphalt paved runway designated 13/31 which measures 5,506 by 100 feet (1,678 x 30 m). For the 12-month period ending May 27, 2023, the airport had 2,200 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 42 per week. References External links 1942 establishments in Texas Airports established in 1942 Airports in Texas Transportation in Maverick County, Texas
39478891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev%3A%20The%20Man%20and%20His%20Era	Khrushchev: The Man and His Era	Khrushchev: The Man and His Era is a 2003 biography of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Written by William Taubman, the book is the first in-depth and comprehensive American biography of Khrushchev. Taubman was the recipient of the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, as well as the 2004 National Book Critics Circle Award. The author spent almost 20 years researching the life of Khrushchev in preparation to write the book. Extensive research was made possible through access to archives in Russia and Ukraine, which were opened to the public following the collapse of the Soviet Union. In addition to printed materials and documentation, he spent time engaging Khrushchev's children and extended relatives, resulting in over 70 personal interviews. Taubman presents a historical narrative and study of the life of Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader who succeeded Joseph Stalin. The book concludes with Khrushchev's death on September 11, 1971. Synopsis Khrushchev: The Man and His Era presents a historical narrative and study of the life of Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader who succeeded Joseph Stalin. Historian and author, William Taubman offers a brief overview of Khrushchev's childhood and early life. He was raised in an economically depressed home and received little formal education. After he attended two years of school, his father pulled him out of class to begin working in the fields. Prior to his involvement in politics, he worked as a skilled metal worker in the Russian coal mining region. In spite of being relegated to working in the mines, Khrushchev was naturally intelligent and a quick learner. He was viewed by the Bolshevik party as the ideal recruit. In 1918, Khrushchev joined the Bolsheviks, where he displayed a strong work ethic and total loyalty to the party. Taubman presents a political and psychological analysis of Khrushchev, taking a comprehensive look at his quick rise in the Communist Party under Stalin. In January 1934, Khrushchev succeeded his mentor, Lazar Kaganovich as the First Secretary of the Communist Party in Moscow. Khrushchev was responsible for overseeing the development and completion of the Moscow Metro. Following Stalin's death in 1953, there was a power struggle, from which Khrushchev emerged as the First Secretary. Khrushchev's life and career mirrored the successes and failures of Soviet ideology, including national famine, collectivism, industrialization, and his participation in the Soviet revolution of October 1917. He lived through World War I, the Russian Civil War and World War II. He led the Soviet Union during the first part of the Cold War. In addition to serving as First Secretary of the Communist Party, he also served as the Chairman (or Premier) of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was one of the more complex and prominent political figures of the 20th century. He was known for his often contradictory decisions and political leadership. While he supported the Great Purge and authorized thousands of arrests and executions when Stalin was in power, he denounced these actions upon Stalin's death. He conspired in criminal acts with Stalin, while seemingly retaining his ability to feel compassion for others and empathize with their personal hardship and tragedies. He also supported de-Stalinization and attempted to reform the political climate of the Soviet Union. Taubman provides comprehensive details about Khrushchev's "Secret Speech", as well as his involvement in the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary and the Cuban Missile Crisis. There is also a fairly detailed account of Khrushchev's troubled and ambivalent relationship with artists and intellectuals, which reveals him at his worst, often devoid of elementary self-control. On February 25, 1956, Khrushchev gave a clandestine speech to the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which was entitled, "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", which denounced Stalin and his protégés. Khrushchev charged Stalin with fostering a personality cult, despite maintaining support for the ideals of communism. The speech was highly critical of Stalin and his reign of terror, primarily denouncing the purges of the Soviet military and Communist Party, which had taken place during the latter part of the 1930s. The speech brought forth several accusations, notably those concerning the Moscow Trials, where rulings were made based on forced confessions obtained through torture. Judicial decisions were determined based on liberal interpretations of Article 58 of the Russian SFSR Penal Code, which was introduced in 1927 in order to arrest persons suspected of counter-revolutionary activities. Due process, in accordance with Soviet law, was often dismissed and replaced with summary proceedings issued by institutional commissions known as NKVD troikas, who issued sentences to the accused without representation, defense, or trial. During the early 1960s, Americans viewed Khrushchev with apprehension and disdain, fearing he would bring about further war and nuclear holocaust. In 1962, the Soviet Union supported Cuba, following a failed attempt by the US to overthrow the Cuban government in the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Project. Khrushchev intended to place Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, threatening nuclear holocaust and essentially deterring future invasion of the island by the US. In response, the US established a military blockade by air and sea, crippling the ability of the Premier to deliver the missiles to Cuba. During this time, Khrushchev and US President John F. Kennedy, along with United Nations Secretary-General U Thant, reached an agreement that ended the conflict. Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, while the US made a public statement declaring that it would never invade Cuba. This effectively ended the confrontation on October 28, 1962. Overall, Khrushchev's political power laid the groundwork for the eventual demise and disintegration of the Soviet Union. At the same time, his efforts to lift the curtain on the Cold War ended up bringing about further crises. In addition to the Cuban Missile Crisis, author Taubman writes about Khrushchev's involvement with the shoe-banging incident, the Berlin Wall, and Sputnik. The book concludes with Khrushchev's death on September 11, 1971. Research Khrushchev: The Man and His Era was written by William Taubman, who serves as a professor of political science at Amherst College. The book is the first in-depth biography of Khrushchev, the publication of which was made possible by newly established access to archives in Russia and Ukraine, following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Prior to Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, no other book was able to fully reflect the personal life and professional background of Soviet leaders, due to open source restrictions and lack of accessible materials and documentation. He spent almost 20 years researching the life of Khrushchev in preparation to write his book. He culled information from a collection of documents, unpublished memoirs, and newsreels that have been held by approximately two dozen Soviet and American archives. He also consulted published books, and magazine and newspaper articles, while also engaging Khrushchev's children and extended relatives, resulting in over 70 personal interviews. Reception On March 16, 2003, Leon Aron of The New York Times reviewed the book and remarked that the work lives up to its title, fully introducing the time and era in which Khrushchev lived. Aron states that it is a "multifaceted study of the key political and economic forces of the first 47 years of the Soviet civilization". On March 26, 2003, Richard Pipes in The Times lauded the work and stated that, while there were over a dozen biographies written of Khrushchev, the biography is "the first scholarly study of this Soviet leader based on a thorough examination of all the existing literature as well as the available archival sources and interviews with those who knew him". Pipes also surmised that the "lively narrative is likely to remain for a considerable time the standard study of [Khrushchev]". Archie Brown of The Guardian was "intrigued" by the influence that Khrushchev had on the Soviet political arena. Brown states that Taubman's book is "by far the best and most thorough contribution to understanding Khrushchev's personality and politics ever written". At the same time, he dismisses Taubman's writing regarding the level of continuing acceptance that the citizens of the Soviet Union had toward communism, stating that Taubman "oversimplifies" the truth when he says that "Gorbachev shared Khrushchev's naivete about the extent of the Soviet people's commitment to communism". Brown countered that "Gorbachev himself ceased to be a Communist and increasingly embraced a social democratic conception of socialism; it was this that he believed corresponded with the aspirations of a majority of the Soviet people." Brown also questioned the reliability of content attributed to an interview with a leading Russian pollster, who stated that "the only two periods of the 20th century that Russians evaluate positively are those associated with the last tsar, Nicholas II, and Nikita Khrushchev". Brown said that the surveys used by pollsters merely "reflect changing views of the present". He said that Taubman was "misleading" by using this source, whereas the most reliable polling data shows that while "public consensus in 1994 [revealed that] 33 [percent] of respondents held Khrushchev's period to be the best of the 20th century and 36 [percent] chose the Brezhnev era, by 1999 support for Khrushchev's time had dropped to 30 [percent], whereas that for life under Brezhnev had risen to a remarkable 51 [percent]. Honors and awards 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography 2004 National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography 2004 Wayne S. Vucinich Book Prize of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 2004 Robert H. Ferrell Book Prize of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations See also Gorbachev: His Life and Times Notes References Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography-winning works National Book Critics Circle Award-winning works 2003 non-fiction books Biographies about politicians History books about the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev W. W. Norton & Company books Russian biographies
2699740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Trachtenberg	Alan Trachtenberg	Alan Zelick Trachtenberg (March 22, 1932 – August 18, 2020) was an American historian and the Neil Gray Jr. Professor of English and professor emeritus of American Studies at Yale University. Biography Born in Philadelphia, Trachtenberg attended Temple University, and earned his Ph.D. in American Studies at the University of Minnesota, writing his dissertation on the Brooklyn Bridge in American literature. Trachtenberg taught at Penn State for eight years, then spent a year at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, before joining the faculty at Yale in 1969. He resided in Hamden, Connecticut with his wife Betty (née Glassman), pianist and college administrator, who was dean of students at Yale College from 1987 to 2007. Trachtenberg's landmark 1990 book, Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans– A Study of American Photography from 1839 to 1938, won the Charles C. Eldredge Prize that year. Selected works Lincoln's Smile and Other Enigmas, Hill and Wang, 2007, . Shades of Hiawatha: Staging Indians, Making Americans, 1880-1930, Hill and Wang, 2004, . Distinctly American: The Photography of Wright Morris (with Ralph Lieberman) exh. cat. Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University, Merrill, 2002. . Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans, Hill and Wang, 1990, . The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age, Hill and Wang, 1982, . Hart Crane, A Collection of Critical Essays. Prentice-Hall, 1982. . Classic Essays in Photography (editor), Leetes Island Books, 1981, . Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol, University Of Chicago Press, 1965, . References External links The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age, online version. Photographic portrait by Walker Evans, 1974, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Tribute in the online Yale News, August 18, 2020. 1932 births 2020 deaths Writers from Philadelphia University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni Yale University faculty 20th-century American historians American male non-fiction writers American academics of English literature Jewish American historians Historians of photography 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American Jews
69753759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiterichthys%20pietschi	Kuiterichthys pietschi	Kuiterichthys pietschi is a species of fish in the family Antennariidae. It was described in 2013 by Rachel J. Arnold from 20 specimens collected at depths of 60 to 89 m (197 to 292 ft) off New South Wales, Australia. It differs from its congener K. furcipilis in number of fin rays, number of vertebrae, and escal morphology. It is named in honor of Theodore Wells Pietsch. Kuiterichthys pietschi measure in standard length. References Antennariidae Fish of the Pacific Ocean Marine fish of Australia Endemic fauna of Australia Fish described in 2013
27859337	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo%20Mel%C3%A9ndez	Gerardo Meléndez	Gerardo J. Meléndez is a San Juan, Puerto Rico-born scientist who served as Director of the Armaments Research Development Engineering Center (ARDEC) headquartered at Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey from 2010 until his Civil Service retirement in May 2014. During his civilian career with the U.S. Army, which began in 1983 as an electronics engineer for the U.S. Army Communications and Electronics Command in New Jersey, Meléndez was a strong advocate of incorporating commercial technological advances in military applications, including equipment based on consumer products generated by companies such as Apple Inc. and Microsoft. He also served as chief of the Automatic Target Recognition Team for the Product Manager Tactical Endurance Synthetic Aperture Radar, as well as chief of the Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate’s Battle Space Identification Branch. in 2014 he retired after 31 years of Army civilian in ceremony at Picatinny Arsenal. He is a graduate of Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in biomedical engineering in 1980, and Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where he obtained a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1983, and he obtained his Ph.D in electrical engineering at Drexel University in 1993. He subsequently earned a master's degree in strategic studies from the Army War College. Awards and distinctions • Department of the Army Distinguished Civilian Service Award (2014) • Department of the Army Fellowship (1987–1993) • United States Army Communications-Electronics Research, Development and Engineering Center Director Award for Technical Excellence (1989) • United States Army CECOM Leader of the Year Award (1998) • Executive Excellence in the Military awarded by Maj. Gen. Nick Justice at the 2010 Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Awards Conference (2010) • Keynote speaker at the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers Conference, Washington, D.C. (2010) • College of Engineering Alumni Circle of Distinction (2012) References Drexel University alumni Living people Scientists from San Juan, Puerto Rico Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent Tulane University alumni United States Army War College alumni Year of birth missing (living people)
3458920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partapur%2C%20Rajasthan	Partapur, Rajasthan	Partapur is a municipality (Nagar Palika) in the Banswara district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is a developing area in the Wagad region and is the second most populated city in the Banswara district. Geography Partapur's coordinates are . It has an average elevation of 164 metres (538 feet). Demographics According to the Directorate of Census Operations, Rajasthan, India, as of 2011, the population of Partapur is 10,758 (not including the people in the age group 0-6). Of this population, 49.83% are male, and 50.17% are female. After merging with nearby areas, Partapur was designated as a Municipal Council. There are 1,399 children under the age of 7 in Partapur. References Cities and towns in Banswara district
43293136	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20de%20Wael	Johan de Wael	Johan de Wael (1594 – 1663), was a Dutch Golden Age mayor of Haarlem. Biography He was born in Haarlem and together with his brother Michiel he owned the Haarlem breweries De Son and 't Roode Hart. He served as judge in 1618, magistrate in 1620, and mayor in 1627 (after that he was mayor 19 times). Frans Hals painted De Wael in a wedding pendant along with his wife Aeltje Pater of Amsterdam, whom he married in 1620. They had no issue. Her brother was a brewer and mayor of Amsterdam. De Wael was captured and taken to Loevestein in 1650 for supporting the Peace of Munster and was stripped of his appointments, but was completely reinstated a few months later after the death of William II, Prince of Orange. He died in Haarlem. Pendants References Johan de Wael on Vroedschap van Amsterdam by Johan Engelbert Elias 1594 births 1663 deaths Frans Hals Mayors of Haarlem Businesspeople from Haarlem Dutch brewers
4605916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippa%20Giordano	Filippa Giordano	Filippa Giordano (born 14 February 1974) is an Italian-born Mexican crossover singer. Biography Giordano was born in Palermo. At the age of nine, she started ballet at the National Academy of Rome (where she moved with her family). Giordano grew up in the opera world following her parents, but at the same time, she fell in love with the pop world. She started her studies of singing with her mother as a teacher and she learned both the techniques for opera and pop music. In 2010, Giordano obtained Mexican citizenship. Musical success In September 1998, she released her first album Passioni with Italian pop producers Celso Valli (Andrea Bocelli, Eros Ramazzotti, Laura Pausini, etc.) and Marco Sabiu (Take That, Tanita Tikaram, etc.). In February 1999, she won the 2nd prize at the Sanremo Festival. Due to this success in Sanremo, Giordano performed at the most important events of the year, the David di Donatello Awards for the awarding of The Legend of 1900 by Giuseppe Tornatore, and on Donna sotto le stelle, a major fashion TV event. In August 1999, she released the international version of the album Passioni called Filippa Giordano. The record was distributed by Warner Classic UK. Rising to the top of the classical charts, she reached gold status in Japan and in Australia. She was the honored guest at the first edition of the British Classical Awards at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The same year, Giordano performed on TV shows around the world, such as Parkinson and Barrymore in the UK, the NHK Music Christmas show and Music Fair in Japan and the Lottery show on NDR, Germany. In March 2000, Giordano opened The Maria Callas Museum at the Metropolitan Theatre in New York. In May 2000, she was invited, at the direct request of HRH Prince Charles of Britain to give a concert for His annual "Prince's Trust Gala Dinner" and, a few months later, the Mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg organized a dinner at his house in her honour. In October 2000, she won the annual edition of the "Echo Awards" in Germany in the category "Music without borders". In January 2001, she was invited by Mohammed Al Fayed for the opening of the famous "Harrods Sales" in London, coming after names like Cher, Sophia Loren, Raquel Welch and Christina Aguilera. In March 2001, during the Academy Awards in Los Angeles, she performed for Dino De Laurentiis, winner of the Thalberg Prize for his career. On the same occasion, she sang accompanied by Ennio Morricone on the piano, in order to celebrate his nomination for the G. Tornatore's movie "Malena". In July 2001, she was invited by Cristina and Riccardo Muti to hold a concert during the prestigious "Ravenna's Festival". In Autumn 2001, she recorded the love theme of the Italian movie "Vajont" beside Andrea Bocelli, interpreter of another theme. She was also the voice of "Aida degli alberi", an animation movie scored by M°Ennio Morricone. In the movie, Filippa sang a duet with Mick Hucknell (Simply Red). She is one of the artists (Pavarotti, Sting, Blondie, Dalla) to perform in the album called "Cinema Italiano", a homage to the best Italian movie melodies. In 2002, Giordano recorded her second cd, "Il Rosso Amore", produced by Robin Smith (Tina Turner, Cher, Lionel Richie) for Brian Rawling Productions in England and by the famous Italian Orchestra arranger M° Renato Serio. The album contains a mix of beautiful melodies and arias from the past and original songs written by great composers ( E. Morricone, D. Foster, R. Smith,C. Muti, F.Sartori, L. Quarantotto). With the song "Amarti Si" she participated again at the Sanremo Festival this time in the "celebrities" category. In the video of the English version "Heaven Knows" directed by Tim Rice (Robbie Williams, Nicole Kidman) Filippa met Giorgio Armani, who created her new look. In this year, Giordano posed for the main magazines such as "In Style" – UK, "Gala" – Germany appearing on the cover of "Marie Claire" as an icon of Italian fashion. In May 2002, she sang in a duet with Frida from the legendary group "ABBA", who really wanted to sing with her after a long time of not performing. In the same month, she met the Oscar winner Vangelis in Athens for a special interpretation of the Neapolitan song 'Torna a Surriento'. On the occasion of her tour in Japan, she presented a new, different show surrounded by dancers with the choreography of Susanna Beltrami from "La Scala Theatre" Milan. The tour was sold out after only one week of advance sales. On her return to Italy, the Mayor of Palermo presented her with "The keys of the city". For Christmas 2002, she sang at the prestigious TV Show "Natale in Vaticano", for the second time in her career, with artists like Dionne Warwick, Tom Jones, Lionel Richie etc., singing for the Pope for the third time (Jubilee 2000). In the summer of 2003, Filippa attended a Stanislavsky Method workshop with Michael Margotta from the Actors Studio of New York. For a special event at the University of Rome, she sang Ennio Morricone's songs conducted by his son Andrea Morricone. After the performance, Filippa was asked by Ennio Morricone to repeat the concert at the Auditorium in Rome with him personally conducting the Orchestra. She sang for the 25th Gold Efebo of the Italian Cinema where Ettore Scola and Gabriele Salvadores were rewarded. In December 2003 she gave her recitals at the International Forum Hall in Tokyo (two dates), the Festival Hall in Osaka and the main Theatres in Nagoya, Fukuoka and Sendai. During her career, she performed live with prestigious Orchestras such as "The Super World Orchestra" (made of top elements from various world Symphony Orchestras) and the "BBC Orchestra". In February 2004, she was invited by the City of Guadalajara to celebrate its birthday; she also performed in the historic Teatro Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez in Querétaro, where she received recognition from the University. In March 2004, Filippa moved to Los Angeles to work on her new classical album (she wrote some new tracks and co-produced it). In October 2004, she sang the "Ave Maria" for the Columbus Day Parade at St. Patrick's Church in New York. During her whole career, she has been invited, as Testimonial, for major brand's special events like Longines, Armani, Ferragamo, BMW, Roger Dubouis, Damiani, and Bulgari. In October 2005 Filippa was Special Guest for Ennio Morricone Tour in Japan. On this occasion, she had the pleasure to meet Junichiro Koizumi, Japanese Prime Minister. In November 2005 she released the album PrimaDonna in Japan. The song she wrote, "When I come back home", reached the 2nd position on the Hot 100 Chart on JWave Radio, following Madonna's hit Hung Up. Success in The Americas and the Spanish style In 2006 Filippa performed at the biggest and most important arenas in Latin America: Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City (receiving the nomination for 'Best Classical Show' at the LUNAS); more than eight thousand enjoyed a spectacular show, this performance followed presentations in other major Mexican cities. She was also honoured by the Zacatecas Governor during her show in the city and accepted the invitation to the Delicias and Cd Juarez Cultural Festival where she gathered more than thirty thousand people. Filippa performed on 26 September representing International women, before an estimated audience of more than 10,000 attendees to the CONFERENCE ON WOMEN, organized by California Governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady, Maria Shriver, among attending celebrities were: Dalai Lama, Martha Stewart, Sarah Ferguson, Tyra Banks and many more. At the end of the year, Prima Donna was released by Sony/Bmg in Mexico and other Latin American countries. The album contains, for the first time in her career, two songs in Spanish: 'Me He Enamorado de Ti' (Woman in Love) and 'Como He de Vivir Sin Tu Cariño' (How Am I Supposed to Live Without Your Love). Prima Donna was produced by Steve Galante and Filippa; the album was recorded in Montreal, Canada and Rome, Italy. In November she performed for the 100 Anniversary of Grupo Salinas for a special audience including Felipe Calderon, Vicente Fox, Ricardo Salinas, Carlos Slim. In December, she sang on the Movie Soundtrack 'Guadalupe' released in Mexico and the United States. In February 2007 Prima Donna reached the Gold Status in Mexico. In May she toured and performed in the National Auditorium again being nominated for the second time at the October 2007 LUNAS. In December 2007 she gave a recital at the Esplanade Concert Hall in Singapore with the Philharmonic Orchestra. In 2008 Filippa entered the recording studio to write and co-produce her new material "Capriccio", where for the first time, she sang almost the entire album in Spanish reaching the first positions on the Mexican Charts until March 2009. Singing for Mexico In the year 2008, she married Mexican businessman Brando Lomelí, initiating for Filippa a new stage, coming closer to and allowing her to be captivated by a new musical genre that reflects what Mexico marks in her life and career releasing her new album in 2009, and to celebrate the bicentennial of Mexican independence her album entitled "With Love to Mexico," produced by Latin Grammy winner Guillermo Gil, achieving a gold record for its high sales. In 2009, she offered a major concert with the renowned Mexican singer Guadalupe Pineda. This presentation won her the nomination to "Las Lunas del Auditorio" as the best show of the year. At the end of 2009, Filippa was invited to appear in Bogota, Colombia. In early 2010 she gave a concert in the Thai capital, Bangkok, and one more in the city of Phoenix, Arizona, for the celebration of the Virgin of Guadalupe Festival. By mid-2010, she launched the repackaging of the album "With Love to Mexico" gold edition DVD, which is about to achieve Platinum certification. She has always stressed her participation in social events of high importance, such as Teleton Mexico 2010, the Homage to the Virgin of Guadalupe where the most important Latin American artists are present at the Basilica of Guadalupe, in addition to participating in events of great significance such as the UN Climate Change (COP16) Parts Conference in Cancun, at the forum of Supreme Master TV, and in the celebration of the First Anniversary of the Foreign Residents Club in Monte Carlo, Monaco. In late 2010 and early 2011 she offered an impressive series of concerts, including the one at the Castillo de Chapultepec, the National Auditorium in Mexico City, DF, and at the Auditorio Telmex in Guadalajara, Jalisco; the latter with more than 10,000 spaces, with the special participation of Armando Manzanero, Gianluca Grignani, and the Pandora trio. In July 2011, she prepared her new album with operatic areas, Italian classical songs and Mexican themes internationally renowned, with arrangements that blend Mexican Italian cultures for the first time. Discography Studio and live albums Compilation albums References External links Official website [ Allmusic.com entry] 1974 births Living people Italian emigrants to Mexico People with acquired Mexican citizenship Opera crossover singers Musicians from Palermo 21st-century Italian singers 21st-century Italian women singers Erato Records artists
58426145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona%27s%2024th%20legislative%20district	Arizona's 24th legislative district	Arizona's 24th Legislative District is one of 30 in the state, consisting of a section of Maricopa County. As of 2023, there are 38 precincts in the district, all in Maricopa, with a total registered voter population of 87,214. The district has an overall population of 234,992. Following the 2020 United States redistricting cycle, the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (AIRC) redrew legislative district boundaries in Arizona. The 24th district was drawn as a majority Latino constituency, with 65% of residents being Hispanic or Latino. According to the AIRC, the district is "Outside of Competitive Range" and considered leaning Democratic. Political Representation The district is represented in the 56th Arizona State Legislature, which convenes from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2024, by Anna Hernandez (Dem-Phoenix) in the Arizona Senate and by Analise Ortiz (Dem-Phoenix) and Lydia Hernandez (Dem-Phoenix) in the Arizona House of Representatives. Election Results The 2022 elections were the first in the newly-drawn district. Arizona Senate Arizona House of Representatives See also List of Arizona Legislative Districts Arizona State Legislature References Maricopa County, Arizona Arizona legislative districts
43596855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner%20Solstein	Kleiner Solstein	The Kleiner Solstein is a mountain, high, in the Nordkette in the Karwendel Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Despite its name ("Small Solstein") it towers above its western neighbour, the Großer Solstein ("Great Solstein") () by almost and is thus the highest summit in the Nordkette. The southern side of the Kleiner Solstein facing the Inn valley is characterised by schrofen and steep-sided cirques. To the north it plummets in a rock face up to high towards the valley of Großkristental, which runs from the Gleirsch valley in a southwesterly direction to the Erl Saddle. Ascent The normal route to the Kleiner Solstein runs from the saddle between the Großer and Kleiner Solstein, initially crossing a small ridge of rock (Felsrippe) then over schrofen from the south to the flat summit ridge following a waymarked route to the top. The route to the saddle between the two peaks may be reached either from the Solsteinhaus and the Großer Solstein or on two paths from the south from the Neue Magdeburger Hut. The crossing from the Hohe Warte to the east from the Gamswart Saddle has a climbing grade of UIAA III- and runs directly along the initially extremely sharp eastern arête. There are several difficult climbing routes up the north face. Literature References External links Tour description Two-thousanders of Austria Karwendel Mountains of Tyrol (state) Mountains of the Alps Innsbruck
56238055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave%20parrasana	Agave parrasana	Agave parrasana, the cabbage head agave or cabbage head century plant, is a flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae. A slow-growing evergreen succulent from North East Mexico, it produces a compact rosette of fleshy thorn-tipped grey-green leaves, 60 cm tall and wide. The leaves are blue green and the thorns are red. The whole plant may reach 100 centimeters tall and wide. Occasionally, mature plants produce a spectacular flower head up to 6m tall, opening red and turning yellow. This signals the death of the flowering rosette. However, offsets may form and continue growing. As it can tolerate temperatures of or less, it is a popular plant to grow outdoors in a sheltered cactus garden or similar environment, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. In the US, it may be grown outdoors in USDA hardiness zones 7–10. It is susceptible to scale and chlorosis resulting from magnesium deficiency. References parrasana Taxa named by Alwin Berger
24051366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Proksch	Alfred Proksch	Alfred Proksch (December 11, 1908 – January 3, 2011) was an Austrian Olympic athlete and graphic designer. The son of one of the co-founders of the Wiener Sport-Club, Proksch took an active interest in both athletics and graphic design from an early age. By the age of 19 he had started his own design company and would later become a founder, then president, of the Confederation of Austrian Graphic Designers. He was also a key figure in the founding of Icograda. By the age of 17, Proksch was a champion pole vaulter and competed internationally, most notably placing 6th in the event at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He broke the Austrian record for the event on eight separate occasions. Even after turning 100, he continued to compete at the World's Masters Championships, often unopposed in his age bracket. Having won 14 gold medals at the games after 1994, he was considered the world's oldest active athlete. He was one of the last two known surviving track and field competitors from the 1936 Olympic Games to still be competing (the other being Ljubica Gabric-Calvesi). Early life Proksch was born on December 11, 1908, in Vienna to Ignaz Proksch and Henriette Gaugusch. His father was a secretary to the House of Schwarzenberg and, although his family was initially poor, they became better off financially after World War I. He attended boarding school with his four brothers and, by the age of 15, was already earning money as an illustrator under the pseudonym Fedor Broskow. He worked at various jobs designing posters until 1926, when he entered the University of Applied Arts Vienna. He later took courses at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. Professional career and Olympics In 1927, at the age of 19, Proksch started his own design company and was one of the original 10 founders of the Confederation of Austrian Graphic Designers (now Design Austria). He was for a time in the 1960s President of the Confederation of Austrian Graphic Designers. He encountered hardships, however, with the onset of the Great Depression and experienced difficulties in finding work. In 1933 he married Ida Moser, a fashion designer and model, and had four children with her. Proksch's father was one of the co-founders of the Wiener Sport-Club and encouraged his son to participate in athletic activities. At the age of 17 he was the Vienna Youth Champion and over the course of his career he set the Austrian record in the pole vault eight times. At the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin he placed 6th in the Men's Pole Vault competition with a height of 4.00m. He set his personal best at this event on August 2, 1937, in London with a height of 4.115. Later life and World's Masters Championships Proksch served during World War II in Russia, France and Albania. At the end of the war he hid in Waldviertel and Spitz, working low-key jobs as a graphic designer, before settling in Eichgraben in 1947. In 1963 he was present at the meeting that helped found what has become the world body for professional communication design and visual communication, Icograda. Awarded the title of "Professor" in 1967, he retired from graphic design at the age of 70. His son Peter Proksch is also a painter and graphic designer. From 1955 to 2005 he was President of the Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. Through 2009, Proksch continued to compete in athletics tournaments and lived on his own, his wife having died in the 1980s. Between 1994 and 2009 he won 14 gold medals, as well as one silver, in the World's Masters Championships, in the discus, shot put and javelin throw events. In 2009 he had cardiac surgery after a heart attack, as well as knee surgery, but nevertheless continued to participate in shot put events, winning gold medals in discus and shot put (with a distance of 2.8m) at the 2009 World's Masters Championships in Lahti as the only competitor in the 100+ age bracket. He was the Austrian Athletics Association's oldest athlete and was considered the world's oldest active athlete. Proksch was also a painter, and his works were displayed from December 9 to 23, 2008, and from January 13 to 31, 2009, in a gallery in Vienna in honour of his 100th birthday. He was made honorary president for life of Design Austria. He died on January 3, 2011, at the age of 102. See also List of centenarian masters track and field athletes References External links Peter Proksch's art website 1908 births 2011 deaths Austrian centenarians Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes for Austria Austrian graphic designers Athletes from Vienna Austrian male discus throwers Austrian male shot putters Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni Austrian masters athletes Men centenarians Austrian military personnel of World War II
27952694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol%20Grycz-%C5%9Ami%C5%82owski	Karol Grycz-Śmiłowski	Karol Grycz-Śmiłowski (17 September 1885 in Śmiłowice – 16 February 1959 in Kraków) was a Polish Lutheran priest who sought to reestablish the Polish Brethren of the period 1565–1658. Grycz-Śmiłowski was head of the Lutheran pastoral care service in Kraków. In 1934 he published A contemporary faith from the Holy Land ("Z ziemi świętej nowoczesne Wierzę") in which he presented himself as a free thinker, heir to the Polish Brethren. In 1936 he founded a small group started to publish the quarterly magazine Free Religious Thought ("Wolna Myśl Religijna"). In 1937 at a meeting in Łódź he founded the free religious association "Bracia Polscy", which in 1945 changed its name to "Jednota Braci Polskich". In 1937 Grycz-Śmiłowski took part in a Unitarian conference. Grycz-Śmiłowski aimed to follow the general outlines of the original Socinians, to proclaim the compatibility of faith with reason, and oppose the Trinity. They also practised baptism by immersion. Though how much detailed adherence there was to the original 1604 Racovian Catechism is open to question. The Jednota continued in an uneasy stand-off with both the mainstream Protestant churches and the Communist Government after 1945. Shortly before Grycz-Śmiłowski's death in 1959 he was permitted to attend the 16th International Association for Liberal Christianity and Religious Freedom Congress in Chicago. Works Karol Grycz-Śmiłowski Bracia Polscy, Arianie - Unitarianie: zarys dziejów undated 16 Karol Grycz-Śmiłowski Z ziemi świe̜tej nowoczesne "Wierze̜." 1937 - 51 pages Karol Grycz-Śmiłowski Wyganie i powrot Arian do Polski w 300-lecie ich męczeństwa 1934 262 pages After Grycz-Śmiłowski's death in 1959 The Jednota was registered with the Communist Government in 1967. It had then an assembly in Kraków, a lightstand in Bielsko and a missionary outpost in Warsaw. After the death of Grycz-Śmiłowskiego the Jednota evolved ideologically. It separated into two distinct groups: the Polish Brethren Unity Church of Unitarians in Krakow and Wroclaw, and the Panmonist group in Warsaw. Jednota of Polish Brethren, Wrocław In 1984 the main group joined the Pentecostals, while retaining certain elements of Arian belief. A feature of the Jednota is the attachment to the Law of Moses. They kept seventh-day Sabbath and celebrated the Lord's Supper on 14 Nissan, as well as keeping other Jewish holidays, such as the Feast of Tabernacles, and the Ten Commandments as recorded in the Pentateuch. Panmonist Church, Warsaw The smaller group is the Zbór Panmonistyczny or Panmonist Church in Warsaw. Poland. Since 1997 this has joined the Polish Unitarian Church. It is estimated that there are about 250 adherents in both groups. References 1885 births 1959 deaths Polish Lutherans Polish Unitarians People from Cieszyn Silesia People from Frýdek-Místek District
18263620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick%20Durham	Kirkpatrick Durham	Kirkpatrick Durham (Scottish Gaelic: Cill Phàdraig) is a village and parish in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire, Dumfries and Galloway, south-west Scotland. It is located north of Castle Douglas. History An old church dedicated to St Patrick gives the first element of the name: Kirk Patrick. The name Durham indicates barren land and distinguishes the village from another Kirkpatrick in the area. The village lay in the parish of Kilpatrick and was developed from 1785 by Rev David Lamont on his own ground and named Kirkpatrick Durham operating as a handloom weaving centre. The present church was built in 1850 by Dumfries-based architect Walter Newall. Notable residents William MacMorine born here in 1756. Served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1812. David Lamont was minister of the parish from 1774 to 1837 and served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1822. In the 19th century the minister was nominally George Duncan. Isabelle Wight Duncan was his wife and mother to nine of their children. In 1860 she published a book that went up against On the Origin of Species. Her book reconciled the emerging geological discoveries with the stories of Genesis. John Gerrond (1765-1832) the self-styled "Galloway Poet", was born at Gateside of Bar in Kirkpatrick Durham. His works include Poems on Several Occasions, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1802), The Poetical and Prose Works of John Gerrond (1812), and The New Poetical Works of John Gerrond, the Galloway Poet (1818). He died in the cholera epidemic in Dumfries in 1832. References http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/DunnJean.324.shtml Villages in Dumfries and Galloway Parishes in Dumfries and Galloway

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