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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20147
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Maryland Route 147
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Maryland Route 147 (MD 147) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Harford Road, the state highway runs from U.S. Route 1 (US 1) and US 40 Truck in Baltimore north to US 1 and US 1 Business in Benson. MD 147 is an alternate route to US 1 between Baltimore and Bel Air, the county seat of Harford County. The state highway is the main street of several neighborhoods in Northeast Baltimore and the Baltimore County suburbs of Parkville and Carney. MD 147 is maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration in Baltimore and Harford counties and by the Baltimore City Department of Transportation within the city. Harford Road was a pair of turnpikes before the Baltimore–Carney portion of the highway was designated one of the original state roads. The Baltimore County section of MD 147 was constructed in the early 1910s and widened multiple times in the late 1920s and 1930s. The section of the state highway in Harford County was built in the late 1920s.
Route description
MD 147 begins at an intersection with US 1 and US 40 Truck (North Avenue) in Baltimore. The south leg of the intersection is one-way northbound Harford Avenue; southbound Harford Avenue toward Downtown Baltimore is accessed via southbound Aisquith a few blocks to the west. MD 147 heads northeast from US 1 as a five-lane undivided road (three lanes northbound and two lanes southbound) that crosses over CSX's Baltimore Terminal Subdivision railroad line. Upon crossing 25th Street, the state highway widens to a six-lane divided street, passing west of Achievement Academy at Harbor City High School and along the western edge of Clifton Park. As it does so, it meets the southern ends of MD 542 (The Alameda) and MD 41 (Hillen Road). Within the Mayfield neighborhood, MD 147 narrows to four lanes undivided and passes by Lake Montebello and through Herring Run Park, where the highway crosses the namesake stream. Beyond Argonne/Parkside Drive, the state highway dualizes once again and gains a northbound parking lane, with one southbound lane doubling as a parking lane, as it then passes through Lauraville, where the highway intersects Cold Spring Lane and Moravia Road. Becoming undivided once again, MD 147 widens to accommodate two full-time parking lanes at Echodale Avenue before intersecting the southern end of Old Harford Road and then Northern Parkway in Hamilton. Upon entering Baltimore County, the parking lanes end, and MD 147 continues as the main street of Parkville, narrowing further to two traffic lanes and two bike lanes just north of Taylor Avenue. The state highway widens once again to four lanes just before Putty Hill Avenue and meets Interstate 695 (Baltimore Beltway) at a cloverleaf interchange.
Outside of the Beltway, MD 147 gains a center left-turn lane through its intersection with Joppa Road in Carney, north of which the road reduces to two lanes. North of Cub Hill Road in the community of Cub Hill, the state highway exits the suburban area and enters Gunpowder Falls State Park. MD 147 makes a curvaceous descent into the Gunpowder Falls valley and, after crossing a bridge and making a sharp curve to the southeast, parallels Gunpowder Falls for a short distance before turning northeast again and away from the stream. After a curvaceous ascent from the river valley, the roadway straightens out to pass through farmland with scattered subdivisions. MD 147 crosses Long Green Creek and has a sharp S-curve around a hill before intersecting Glen Arm Road/Mt. Vista Road at a roundabout. The state highway continues through the community of Fork, at the center of which the highway meets Fork Road and Sunshine Avenue. East of Fork, MD 147 descends into the valley of Little Gunpowder Falls, which forms the Baltimore–Harford county line. The state highway continues northeast and crosses Rocky Branch before its intersection with MD 152 (Fallston Road). MD 147 heads into the community of Benson, the site of its northern terminus at a four-way intersection with US 1 and US 1 Business. US 1 heads north as the Bel Air Bypass and south as Belair Road, while US 1 Business heads east on Belair Road into the town of Bel Air.
MD 147 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from US 1 in Baltimore to Joppa Road in Carney.
History
MD 147's predecessor routes included parts of Old Harford Road in the late 18th century and a pair of turnpikes in the 19th century. The Baltimore and Harford Turnpike ran from Baltimore to the county line at Little Gunpowder Falls, and the Harford Turnpike went from there to the Baltimore and Bel Air Turnpike at the spot west of Bel Air that became the community of Benson. The portion of Harford Road from North Avenue in Baltimore to Cub Hill was designated one of the original state roads by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909. The proposed state road continued along what are today a series of county routes: Cub Hill Road, Glen Arm Road, and Manor Road to its intersection with Long Green Road in the community of Unionville or Long Green. Harford Road was under construction by 1911 from North Avenue to Taylor Avenue and completed in 1912. From North Avenue to the old city limits near Lake Montebello, Harford Road was reconstructed with a vitrified brick surface. From the city limits to Taylor Avenue, the highway was built with a wide tarred macadam surface.
The old turnpike along what is now Harford Road was resurfaced from Taylor Avenue northeast to Little Gunpowder Falls by 1915. The Harford County portion of Harford Road was reconstructed starting in 1926. The highway was completed as a macadam road from US 1 in Benson west to Rocky Branch in 1927. The remainder of Harford Road south to Little Gunpowder Falls was built as a concrete road in 1928. By 1930, the portion of Harford Road in Baltimore city and county was widened to a width of . Harford Road was marked as MD 147 by 1933. Between 1936 and 1938, the tracks of a defunct interurban were removed and the space used to widen MD 147 to a width of from the Baltimore city line to Carney. That portion of MD 147 was widened again with the addition of a wide concrete shoulder around 1940. In 2018, a roundabout was constructed at Glen Arm Road/Mt. Vista Road.
Junction list
See also
Old Harford Road
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 147
MD 147 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 147
147
Maryland Route 147
Maryland Route 147
Maryland Route 147
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15596228
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th%20Engineer%20Brigade%20%28United%20States%29
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16th Engineer Brigade (United States)
|
The 16th Engineer Brigade is a combat engineer brigade of the United States Army National Guard of Ohio. The brigade is responsible for a number of units throughout Ohio, most of which are also combat engineer units.
Overview
Members of the brigade provide construction and design assistance for nations worldwide, both in aid to civilian authorities and traditional training environments. The HHC 16th Engineer Brigade, mobilized into federal active duty in June 2020 in support of Operation Spartan Shield, Task Force Iron Castle.
Honors
CAMPAIGN PARTICIPATION CREDIT
World War I
Lorraine 1918
World War II
Northern Solomons
Luzon (with arrowhead)
War on Terrorism
Iraq
Iraq Governance
National Resolution
Iraqi Sovereignty
DECORATIONS
Presidential Unit Citation (Army),
Streamer embroidered BOUGAINVILLE
Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945
Meritorious Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2005-2006
Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2009 - 2010
Organization
HHC, 16TH EN BDE
204th EN DET
HHC, 216TH EN BN
SPT CO
1194th EN CO
811th EN CO SAPPER
1191st EN CO
1137th SIG CO
HHC, 112th EN BN
SPT CO
812th EN CO SAPPER
945th EN CO
192nd EN CO
291st EN DET
292nd EN DET
5694th EN DET
295th EN DET
296th EN DET
HHC, 5th BN, 54th SFAB
A CO
B CO
C CO
D CO
Lineage
Parent unit constituted 29 August 1917 in the National Guard as Headquarters, 62d Field Artillery Brigade, an element of the 37th Division
Organized on 21 September 1917 at Camp Sherman, Ohio, with personnel from the Ohio National Guard
Demobilized on 11 April 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio
Expanded, reorganized, and Federally recognized in the Ohio National Guard as elements of the 37th Division as follows:
Headquarters, 62d Field Artillery Brigade 26 July 1922 at Columbus
(location changed on 1 June 1937 to Cleveland)
Headquarters Battery, 62d Field Artillery Brigade, 26 April 1922 at
Dayton (hereafter, separate lineage)
Inducted into Federal service on 15 October 1940 at Columbus
Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1942 as Headquarters, 37th Division Artillery
Inactivated on 18 December 1945 at Camp Anza, California
Consolidated 11 November 1946 with the 37th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized (see ANNEX); consolidated unit Federally recognized as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery
Ordered into active Federal service on 15 January 1952 at Columbus
(Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery [NGUS] organized and Federally recognized 15 January 1954)
Released from active Federal service on 15 June 1954 and reverted to state control; Federal recognition was concurrently withdrawn from Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery (NGUS)
Redesignated 1 September 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Infantry Division Artillery
Converted and redesignated 15 February 1968 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Engineer Brigade and relieved from assignment to the 37th Infantry Division
Ordered into active Federal service 10 September 2005 at Columbus; released from active Federal service 8 March 2007 and reverted to state control
Ordered into active Federal service on 31 August 2009 at Columbus; released from active Federal service 4 October 2010 and reverted to state control
Ordered into active Federal service on 25 June 2020 at Columbus
ANNEX
Organized and Federally recognized on 29 April 1921 in the Ohio National Guard at Columbus as Headquarters Company, 2d Infantry Brigade
Reorganized and redesignated 1 July 1921 as Headquarters Company, 74th Infantry Brigade an element of the 37th Division (later redesignated as the 37th Infantry Division)
Inducted into Federal service on 15 October 1940 at Columbus
Converted and redesignated on 1 February 1942 as the 37th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop
Reorganized and redesignated on 1 June 1944 as the 37th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized
Inactivated on 13 December 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California
References
GlobalSecurity.org: 16th Engineer Brigade
Engineer 016
Ohio National Guard units
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15915994
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaulzy
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Jaulzy
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Jaulzy () is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
See also
Communes of the Oise department
References
Communes of Oise
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59218261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPR%20Ostrovia%20Ostr%C3%B3w%20Wielkopolski
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KPR Ostrovia Ostrów Wielkopolski
|
KPR Ostrovia, known as Arged KPR Ostrovia for sponsorship reasons, is a men's handball club from Ostrów Wielkopolski, Poland. It plays in the PGNiG Superliga.
History
Historical names:
KPR Ostrovia (1996–2021)
Arged KPR Ostrovia (2021–)
Team
Current squad
Squad for the 2022–23 season
Goalkeepers
1 Mikołaj Krekora
31 Dawid Balcerek
90 Jakub Zimny
Left wingers
6 Przemysław Urbaniak
19 Bartłomiej Tomczak
Right wingers
9 Artur Klopsteg
21 Mikołaj Bestian
23 Mikołaj Szych
Line players
13 Filip Wadowski
18 Krzysztof Misiejuk
22 Mateusz Wojciechowski
Left backs
5 Kamil Adamski
17 Patryk Marciniak
68 Ksawery Gajek
Centre backs
10 Łukasz Gierak
31 Mikołaj Przybylski
Right backs
2 Jakub Przybylski
29 Marek Szpera
Transfers
Transfers for the 2023–24 season
Joining
Krzysztof Łyżwa (RB) (from Górnik Zabrze)
Filip Rybarczyk (RW) (from SMS Kielce)
Daniel Režnický (P) (from Talent Plzeň)
Leaving
Jakub Przybylski (RB) (to Śląsk Wrocław)
Mikołaj Bestian (RW) (to ?)
Filip Wadowski (P) (to Piotrkowianin Piotrków Tryb.)
References
External links
Official website
Handball clubs in Poland
Sport in Ostrów Wielkopolski
Handball clubs established in 1996
1996 establishments in Poland
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59427094
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Pietro%2C%20Vitorchiano
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San Pietro, Vitorchiano
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The San Pietro is a former Roman Catholic church in Vitorchiano in the province of Viterbo, region of Lazio, Italy. The main attraction is the foliated Romanesque-style columns in the portal. The peperino stone facade is otherwise undecorated.
References
Pietro
Romanesque architecture in Lazio
Churches in the province of Viterbo
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15817735
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%201997%20This%20American%20Life%20episodes
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List of 1997 This American Life episodes
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In 1997, there were 40 new This American Life episodes.
Kitty Felde shows a side of the Yugoslav War Crimes Trials that hasn't been discussed anywhere: a portrait of Americans at the International Tribunal. And other stories. 1997-01-03.
Act I. International Justice.
Act II. Juvenile Justice.
Act III. Everyday Justice; Apology Hot Line.
Stories about the animalness of animals, the irreducible ways in which they are not human. 1997-01-10; This is a repeat of episode 12 which originally aired 1996-01-31.
Prologue
Act I. Staging the Food Chain in a New York Apartment.
Act II. Animal Court, written by David Sedaris.
Act III. The Moment Humans Stop Being Animals.
Kevin Kelly was in Jerusalem. For reasons too complicated to go into here, he ended up sleeping on the spot where Jesus was supposedly crucified. After Kevin awoke, the thought came into his head: Live as if you'll die in six months. So he did. He got rid of all his possessions. He visited his parents and brothers and sisters for the last time. That, and other stories of starting life over, including a visit to a courtroom in Los Angeles where people go to change their names. 1997-01-17
Prologue. Sandra, a gang girl, almost died at the age of fourteen.
Act I The Day After Kevin Slept on the Spot Where Jesus was Crucified.
Act II The Day Lawrence Left the AIDS Clinic for the Big Road Trip.
Act III The Day Claudia Asked Her Brother Some Questions.
Act IV The Day Sheryl Got the News.
Act V. The Day Matthew saw Bridgette. On the Edge of the World.
Stories of people who handle dead animals. Don't worry — it's not as gross as it sounds. In fact, not disgusting at all. A story by George Saunders about an animal control man who falls in unrequited love. A woman who studies illuminated manuscripts, whose pages look like paper but are in fact animals. And other stories. 1997-01-24
Act I. I'm Fernand, I'm Glad to be Your Stake Tonight.
Act II. The 400lb CEO; a story by John Saunders.
Act III. Dead Animal Man.
Act IV. Redemption.
Stories about the border between mental health and mental illness. 1997-01-31
Prologue; Mental Health and Romance.
Act I. Girl Interrupted; based on Susanna Kaysen's story.
Act II. Guided by Voices.
Act III. Plague of Tics; David Sedaris.
Act IV. You Don't Have to be Crazy to Work Here, But it Would Help. What is like to hold the keys to the asylum, but your grip on them is not too steady.
For Valentine's Day, stories about our parents falling in love. And troubles with their love. From Hilton Als, Scott Carrier, Julie Showalter, a magazine column called Men My Mother Dated and others. The idea for this show was inspired by Delmore Schwartz's classic 1937 work of American fiction about his parents' courtship: In Dreams Begin Responsibilities and Other Stories. 1997-02-07
Prologue: Ira Glass reads from "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities."
Act I. Men My Mother Dated. Brett Leveridge reads from: "Men My Mother Dated and Other Mostly True Tales."
Act II. Mom, Dad and Bats. Bia Lowe
Act III. It's Not the Heat. Song: "I Got a Crush on You" Jenny Magnus.
Act IV. Hilton Als reads from his book: "The Women"
Act V. Scott Carrier: "Running After Antelope"; questions to a daughter.
Stories, tributes, and attempts to understand the Chairman of the Board. 1997-02-21
Prologue. Ira Glass's observations on performances of the time and about the performer. Writer Rennie Sparks.
Act I: "The Death of Frank Sinatra"; Michael Ventura reads.
Act II: A modest request to all of American television from one Sinatra fan on her knees: "One Sinatra Fan... Versus All of Network TV"
Act III: History lesson for young people: "History Lesson."
Act IV: "Frank Sinatra Has a Cold."
Act V: A restaurant full of cabbies gets choked-up over Frank: "How Sinatra Affects Us."
A few months ago, radio producer Sandy Tolan was supposed to do a documentary about strippers with an aspiring writer — and stripper — named Susan. A few days before they were to begin working together, Susan disappeared, presumed dead. 1997-02-28
Prologue: Sarah, A college student in San Francisco ventures in phone sex business and also finds a job she loves dancing naked at the club.
Act 1: "Susan". Someone whose life comes apart working in the go-go clubs; Susan Walsh. Sandy Tolan interviews for a documentary.
Act II. "Striptease" A guy who prefers pornography than having sex with his girlfriend changes. Therapist Lauren Slater.
Stories of people changing their name — some to create a new identity, some to con people. Name changes are particularly American stories: they're the dream of starting over with a clean slate. They're Ellis Island and 12-step programs, the move westward and self help, Marilyn Monroe and Malcolm X and the Artist Formerly Known as Prince, all rolled up in one. 1997-03-07
Stories about the delivery business and the people in it. UPS men, bike messengers, FedEx dispatchers. Includes a new radio play by David Sedaris, in which we give him one sound effects record and this assignment: His radio play can only use sound effects from this record, and it must use all the sound effects on the disc. 1997-03-14
Stories of small town life: the claustrophia and freedom people feel in small towns, the yearning people feel in small towns. And three teenagers in one of the harshest urban environments explain how the public housing projects are like a small town. 1997-04-04
Stories about people who are not afraid of fire, though perhaps they should be. 1997-04-11
Usually we talk about death as a tragedy, a mystery, a hard-to-comprehend fact of life. But in addition to all that, for all sorts of people it's also ... a job. Stories of undertakers, homicide detectives, slaughterhouse workers, enunculators, autopsy pathologists, exterminators, and others. Does their contact with death teach them something we should learn? 1997-04-18
Stories of when things go wrong. Really wrong. When you leave the normal realm of human error, fumble, mishap, and mistake and enter the territory of really huge breakdowns. Fiascos. Things go so awry that normal social order collapses. This week's show is a philosophical inquiry in the nature of fiascos — perhaps the first ever. 1997-04-25
Stories of people trying to get rich quick or otherwise make something for nothing. As everyone knows, there's no such thing as something for nothing. You always pay a price. 1997-05-02
People whose lives are organized around one thing. 1997-05-09
Stories for the start of summer. We want summer to be this wonderful break, but so often it fails to deliver. We hear Ron Carlson's short story about a summer job delivering tanks of oxygen to the infirm, Scott Carrier takes a river vacation, and more. 1997-05-23
Notes and stories about the Canadians among us. Are they in fact any different from red-blooded Americans? They claim they're not. Skeptical Americans put their position to the test. 1997-05-30
Are people having experiences on the Internet they wouldn't have anywhere else? Several weeks ago, This American Life invited listeners to help answer that question. 1997-06-06
Could it be more obvious? Stories in which someone's dream is someone else's nightmare. All of us get into these situations with strangers, with the people we love most, with our own parents, with our children. 1997-06-27
A show for July 4th weekend. We begin with perhaps the most moving, poetic inaugural speech in American history, and look at its legacy today. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln wondered aloud why God saw fit to send the slaughter of the Civil War to the United States. His conclusion: that slavery was a kind of original sin for the United States, for both North and South, and all Americans had to do penance for it. 1997-07-04
How many of our parents move to some place — some dream house — with some vision of a new life in the new place, and move the family with them, hoping it works out for the kids. Three stories on this theme. 1997-07-18
When you read other people's mail, you can't help but try to fill in between the lines. You try to decipher the stories of the people who wrote the letters. We hear four stories of people who read other people's mail, and what happens to them once they get caught up in these other lives. 1997-07-25
Stories of people trying to do exactly what the doctors say they can't — or shouldn't. 1997-08-01
An idiosyncratic first-person travelogue about race relations and tourism from radio producer Rich Robinson and television producer Josh Seftel. Their radio story is about a trip they took to the new South Africa. Rich Robinson is black. Josh Seftel is white. The interracial pair travel through the still mostly-segregated society and have very different opinions about what they see, especially when it comes to some distant relatives of Josh's in South Africa. 1997-08-08
The darker side of the art world: petty jealousies, competitiveness, failure. And also what's so great about art. 1997-08-15
What happens when people with one common interest gather in monstrous, fluorescent -lit halls for the weekend? Sometimes they drive each other crazy, sometimes they fall in love. 1997-08-30
Stories of the kindness of strangers and where it leads. Also, the unkindness of strangers and where that can lead. All of today's stories take place in the city most people think of as the least kind city in America: New York. 1997-09-12
The mob as portrayed in movies, and as it is in real life. And its hold over us. 1997-09-19
Can the secular world and the religious world understand each other? We ask that question while visiting Colorado Springs, Colorado, where Pastor Ted Haggard at the New Life Church has put in place a project to pray in front of the home of every person in the city, systematically, block by block and house by house. He's also helped organize a 24-hour, 365-day-a-year "prayer shield" over the city; all-night prayer vigils; and more. 1997-09-26
How bad is bad enough to count? To go to hell? 1997-10-03
People stuck in the wrong decade — or simply carrying a lot of the props from another decade. 1997-10-10
Stories of people engaged in a battle with nature — a battle they don't stand much chance of winning. Most of the show is Scott Carrier's story of trying for twelve years to chase down and catch an antelope by foot. 1997-10-17
Americans who love their guns...and the Americans who love them. 1997-10-24
Stories of people who are haunted, not by ghosts or phantoms, but by other people. 1997-10-31
Stories of outsiders who want to be insiders, and vice versa. 1997-11-14
A parable of politics and race in America. The story of Chicago's first black mayor, Harold Washington, told two decades after his death. Washington died on November 25, 1987. 1997-11-21
Humans have turned chicken and turkey into what we want them to be. Which means that chickens and turkeys are a mirror of ourselves. 1997-12-05
Three stories of how to get money from strangers. In every story, the money is made by people who make the strangers feel good about themselves and about their nation. 1997-12-12
Stories from David Sedaris's book of Christmas stories, Holidays on Ice, read onstage by David, Julia Sweeney and actor Matt Malloy. 1997-12-19
External links
This American Lifes radio archive for 1997
1997
This American Life
This American Life
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96491
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairi
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Tairi
|
In the mythology of Mangareva (French Polynesia), Tairi (Ta'iri) is the god of thunder.
References
R.D. Craig, Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology (Greenwood Press: New York, 1989), 253;
A.C. Caillot, Mythes, légendes et traditions des Polynésiens (E. Laroux: Paris, 1914), 154.
Mangarevan mythology
Polynesian deities
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93165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steele%20County%2C%20North%20Dakota
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Steele County, North Dakota
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Steele County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,798, making it the fifth-least populous county in North Dakota. Its county seat since 1919 is Finley.
History
The Dakota Territory legislature created the county on June 2, 1883, with territories partitioned from Griggs and Traill counties. It was not organized at that time, but was attached to Traill for administrative and judicial purposes. It was named for businessman Edward H. Steele, who had pushed for its creation.
On July 13, 1883, the county organization was effected and Steele County was detached from Traill County; Sherbrooke, North Dakota was chosen as the county seat. In 1897 the town of Finley was founded, and by 1919 its growth had eclipsed Sherbrooke to the point that the county seat was transferred to Finley. The county's boundaries have been unchanged since its creation.
Geography
The Sheyenne River flows south near and into the county's west boundary line. The Goose River flows southeast through the northeastern part of the county. The terrain consists of rolling hills dotted with lakes and ponds. The area is devoted to agriculture. The terrain slopes to the south and east; its highest point is near its northwestern corner, at ASL. The county has an area of , of which is land and (0.5%) is water.
Major highways
North Dakota Route 32
North Dakota Route 38
North Dakota Route 200
Adjacent counties
Grand Forks County - north
Traill County - east
Cass County - southeast
Barnes County - southwest
Griggs County - west
Nelson County - northwest
Lakes
Golden Lake
Golden Rush Lake
Lake Tobiason
Lone Tree Lake
North Golden Lake
Stony Lake
Willow Lake
Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 1,798 people.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,975 people, 864 households, and 589 families in the county. The population density was . There were 1,171 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 97.6% white, 1.2% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.1% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 60.0% were Norwegian, 35.2% were German, 5.4% were Irish, and 1.0% were American.
Of the 864 households, 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.8% were non-families, and 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.78. The median age was 47.7 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $44,191 and the median income for a family was $54,625. Males had a median income of $36,588 versus $25,648 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,728. About 4.3% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.
Population by decade
Communities
Cities
Finley (county seat)
Hope
Luverne
Sharon
Unincorporated communities
Blabon
Colgate
Pickert
Sherbrooke (original county seat; now mostly uninhabited)
Townships
Beaver Creek
Broadlawn
Carpenter
Colgate
Easton
Edendale
Enger
Finley
Franklin
Golden Lake
Greenview
Hugo
Melrose
Newburgh
Primrose
Riverside
Sharon
Sherbrooke
Westfield
Willow Lake
Politics
Steele County was a Democratic-leaning swing county in presidential elections until 2016, when Hillary Clinton lost to Donald Trump by nearly 20 points, an almost total flip from Barack Obama's 20 point win in 2008. In 2020, Joe Biden fared even worse despite a national increase for the Democratic Party from 2016. He was the first Democrat to win without the county since John F. Kennedy in 1960, and had the lowest proportion of the county's vote of any winning Democrat since Woodrow Wilson in 1912. Since 1964 Steele County has favored the Democratic presidential candidate in 64% of elections.
Education
Steele County has the following school districts:
Dakota Prairie Public School District 1
Finley-Sharon Public School District 19
Griggs County Central School District 18
Hatton Public School District 7
Hope-Page School District (merger of Hope Public School District 10 and Page Public School District 80)
May-Port CG Public School District 14
Northwood Public School District 129
Former districts:
Hope Public School District 10 - Consolidated with Page district in 2020
Page Public School District 80 - Consolidated with Hope district in 2020
In 1964 the county had 992 students in four schools; at the time there were five school districts but Colgate was not operating any schools as its school closed in 1964.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Steele County, North Dakota
References
External links
Steele County map, North Dakota DOT
1883 establishments in Dakota Territory
Populated places established in 1883
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4292912
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstruck%20%28song%29
|
Thunderstruck (song)
|
"Thunderstruck" is the lead single from the 1990 album The Razors Edge by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It peaked at 4 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, No. 1 in Finland, and No. 5 on the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. In 2010, "Thunderstruck" topped Triple M Melbourne's Ultimate 500 Rock Countdown in Australia. The top five were all AC/DC songs. The song is used in movies such as Deadpool 2, Planes: Fire & Rescue, Varsity Blues, The Longest Yard, Battleship, Daddy's Home and other TV shows and films.
Background
Angus Young stated in the liner notes of the 2003 re-release of The Razors Edge:
The song has sold over a million digital copies since it became available for digital download.
In January 2018, as part of Triple M's "Ozzest 100", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, "Thunderstruck" was ranked No. 8.
The song is one of the most recognisable in the bands' entire catalog and it is a setlist staple having been performed at nearly all shows since its release. With the exception of new material from albums they are touring behind, it is one of only three songs released after Back in Black that are still performed live by the band, the others being 1981's "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)" and 2008's "Rock and Roll Train".
Music video
The video which accompanied the single, directed by David Mallet, was filmed at London's Brixton Academy on 1990. The audience members were given free T-shirts with the words "AC/DC – I was Thunderstruck" on the front and the date on the back, and these T-shirts were worn by the entire audience throughout the filming of the video.
On 29 October 2021, the video hit one billion views on YouTube, the first AC/DC music video to do so.
Critical reception
"Thunderstruck" is widely considered one of the band's best songs. The Guardian ranked the song number eight on its list of the 40 greatest AC/DC songs, and the British rock magazine Kerrang! ranked the song number six on its list of the 20 greatest AC/DC songs.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
!scope="col" colspan="3"| Ringtones
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Personnel
Brian Johnson – lead vocals
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals
Chris Slade – drums, percussion
Cyber attack of the Iranian nuclear program
The song was used as part of the payload of a computer virus which attacked the Iranian nuclear program between 2009 and 2010. Reportedly developed by the US and Israeli governments, Stuxnet took control of centrifuge controls in nuclear facilities across the country causing extensive damage to machinery. Additionally, various workstations were hijacked with the song playing randomly at high volume late at night. In an email sent to Finnish computer security expert, Mikko Hypponen of F-Secure, one of the scientists involved in the program was quoted as saying:
See also
List of best-selling singles in Australia
References
External links
[ "Thunderstruck" at AllMusic.com]
Songfacts for Thunderstuck
The Ultimate AC/DC Discography
AC/DC songs
Ministry (band) songs
1990 singles
Songs written by Angus Young
Songs written by Malcolm Young
Song recordings produced by Bruce Fairbairn
1990 songs
Atco Records singles
Number-one singles in Finland
Heavy metal songs
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40813605
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zula%2C%20Iran
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Zula, Iran
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Zula (, also Romanized as Zūlā; also known as Zolā) is a village in Chahriq Rural District, Kuhsar District, Salmas County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 225, in 42 families.
References
Populated places in Salmas County
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20817354
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attercopus
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Attercopus
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Attercopus is an extinct genus of arachnids, containing one species Attercopus fimbriunguis, known from flattened cuticle fossils from the Panther Mountain Formation in Upstate New York. It is placed in the extinct order Uraraneida, spider-like animals able to produce silk, but which lacked true spinnerets and retained a segmented abdomen bearing a flagellum-like tail resembling that of a whip scorpion. They are thought to be close to the origins of spiders.
Its name is taken from the English dialect word attercop ("spider"), which came from ("poison-head"), from ("poison"), itself drawn from the Proto-Germanic *aitra- ("poisonous ulcer") and kopp- ("head"). In The Hobbit Tolkien had Bilbo use attercop to insult attacking spiders, the insult possibly deriving from its meaning in Northern England dialect of "peevish, ill-natured person".
An important Early Devonian (about ) fossil example from Gilboa, New York, was originally described as a member of the extinct order Trigonotarbida and named Gelasinotarbus? fimbriunguis. It was later assigned to a new genus Attercopus and reinterpreted as the oldest, and most primitive, example of a true spider and described as being the first user of silk in animals.(Araneae). This hypothesis was based on the supposed presence of unique spider features such as silk-producing spinnerets and the opening of a venom gland on the fang of the chelicera.
Further study – based on new fossils from a comparable Devonian locality called South Mountain – and comparison with other material from the Permian of Russia, i.e., of Permarachne, indicates that Attercopus does not actually have spinnerets. The feature which looked like a tubular spinneret is actually a folded sheet of cuticle. It would, however, have produced silk from a series of silk gland openings, or spigots, located across plates on the underside of the abdomen. The opening for the venom gland is also a misinterpretation. A segmented tail, or flagellum, also belonged to this animal.
It seems unlikely that Attercopus spun webs, but it may have used its silk to wrap eggs, lay draglines or construct burrow walls. Attercopus fimbriunguis is not a spider, but it is probably close to the type of animals which did give rise to modern spiders today.
References
Devonian arachnids
Devonian arthropods of North America
Monotypic arachnid genera
Fossil taxa described in 1987
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%20280
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 280
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 280 was adopted on May 19, 1970. After reaffirming its previous resolutions on the topic, the Council condemned Israel for its premeditated military action in violation of its obligations under the Charter. The resolution declared that such armed attacks could no longer be tolerated and that if they were the Council would consider taking adequate and effective steps in accordance with the Charter. The Council also deplored the loss of life and damage to property. The resolution came in the context of Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon.
The resolution was adopted with 11 votes; Colombia, Nicaragua, Sierra Leone and the United States abstained from voting.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 201 to 300 (1965–1971)
References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
External links
0280
0280
Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
1970 in Israel
1970 in Lebanon
0280
May 1970 events
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFA%20Freshspring
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RFA Freshspring
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RFA Freshspring was a Fresh-class water tank vessel of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She survives in civilian hands as SS Freshspring, the last surviving example of the Fresh-class ships. The last of fourteen ships, she was used to carry fresh water out to larger ships. She is listed on the National Register of Historic Vessels maintained by National Historic Ships.
Working career
Freshpring was the last of the Fresh-class vessels to be built, and was launched by Lytham Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Lytham St Annes, Lancashire on 15 August 1946.
Following initial trials, she sailed to Malta, replacing one of her sister ships which had been sunk during the Second World War. Originally coal fired by hand, she was converted while in Malta to burn heavy fuel oil, with oil burners being fitted in each of the three furnaces in the Scotch boiler. Completing around 15 years service in Malta she was repatriated to the UK, working around River Clyde and the west coast of Scotland for the Port Auxiliary Service. In 1969 she was surveyed and refitted at Ardrossan, then towed to Gareloch where she remained possibly laid-up out of service. In 1977 she was put up for sale and was sold two years later for a Bristol company to evaluate alternative ship fuels, which is where it is thought she was last in steam. Following vandalism and theft in Bristol, which saw the loss of equipment from the wheelhouse such as the telegraph, she was moved to Newnham on Severn where she remained until 2016.
Preservation
Freshsprings condition deteriorated while lying on the banks of the River Severn at Newnham. In 2011, two holes appeared in her hull, the plating became very pitted and she foundered in the mud. Her machinery remained in excellent condition though, with her engine room, steam steering gear and accommodation areas intact, although the galley and officers' quarters have been dismantled.
In 2013 a Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO), The Steamship Freshspring Society, was formed to preserve and operate Freshspring.
In April 2016 the SS Freshspring Society obtained a National Memorial Heritage Fund grant of £155,000 to remove the ship from Newnham on Severn to a dry dock in Sharpness for essential repairs and tow the ship to a new permanent mooring in Bideford. The Freshspring left Newnham on Severn on 6 July 2016 and arrived in Bideford on 16 October 2016. Since then a great deal of work has been undertaken on the ship to enhance its appearance and restore machinery to working order. In December 2017 the Society obtained a Lottery grant to restore the wheelhouse, carry out repairs to the decking and other parts of the ship and employ an Education Officer for two years. The Education Officer's role is to devise a programme of visits to and from educational establishments and open the ship to the public. In 2018 the restored wheelhouse was in place and the ship hosted over 1200 students, many returning during the holiday period with their parents.
During 2019 work on maintaining and enhancing the ship continued. There is now a wind and PV powered electrical system, new planking on the upper deck and many areas below and above deck have been repainted and restored. During the year the society obtained / borrowed on long term loan several items of the type used on Freshspring including wheels, binnacle, radio and an intercom. At the Society's AGM it was agreed that the organisation would be re-named the Steamship Freshspring Trust. In November 2019 a Crowdfunding appeal was launched to fund an awning to cover the forward deck and this appeal successfully concluded in January 2020. The awning is expected to be in place by the end of March 2020.
Notes
References
External links
SS Freshspring official website
Tankers of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
1946 ships
Steamships
Ships and vessels on the National Register of Historic Vessels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Superior%20Zendo
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Lake Superior Zendo
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Lake Superior Zendo (LSV) is a Sōtō Zen Buddhist temple located in Marquette, Michigan. The zendo was founded in 1990 by Tesshin Paul Lehmberg, who received Dharma transmission from Rev. Shoken Winecoff of Ryumonji Zen Monastery. Lake Superior Zendo is informally affiliated with Northern Michigan University through the Presque Isle Zen Community and participates in local interfaith events.
See also
Zazen
References
External links
Buddhist temples in Michigan
Buddhism in Michigan
Zen centers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Marquette, Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Dennis%20Enviro200
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Alexander Dennis Enviro200
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The Alexander Dennis Enviro200 (previously known as the TransBus Enviro200) is a midibus that was manufactured by TransBus International and later Alexander Dennis between 2003 and 2018. The original TransBus Enviro200 design was innovative but ultimately unsuccessful, with few being sold before the introduction of the second generation Enviro200 (originally referred to as the Enviro200 Dart) revived sales for the product from 2006. It was supposed to be positioned in between a minibus and a rigid single-decker bus.
The Enviro200 was originally designed to be the replacement for the Dennis Dart SLF chassis and Alexander ALX200 and Plaxton Pointer 2 bodies. The Enviro200 MMC was launched in 2014, eventually replacing the original Enviro200 and Enviro300, which went out of production in 2018 and 2016 respectively.
Over 6,000 Enviro200s had been built as of July 2017. While most have been for British operators, examples have been exported to Australia, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand and Spain. From 2017, the Enviro200 was also marketed in North America. Previously, a licence-built version of the model was built by New Flyer Industries and branded the MiDi.
First generation (2003–2007)
The first generation Enviro200, then known as the TransBus Enviro200, was unveiled at Coach & Bus 2003 by the vehicle's then-manufacturer, TransBus International. Two diesel trial buses were initially produced for display in 2003.
The first generation Enviro200 was unique in that it had a door both at the front and at the rear of the bus, as such a layout is rare in the UK - most dual-door buses in the UK have a door at the front and another door around the centre of the bus. This door layout was achieved by placing the engine vertically at the rear offside together with other driveline components, which also created a full low floor layout, common on buses in Continental Europe. The vehicle also incorporated an "Enviro Pack", intended to vent exhaust emissions, noise and heat away from ground level and thus alighting passengers.
The innovative design meant that the Enviro200 could hold up to 25% more passengers than a vehicle of equivalent dimensions (10.4m long, 2.4m wide), with a capacity of 77, with 27 seated.
A single demonstrator of the hybrid variant, the Enviro200H, was produced in 2004 and entered long-term trials in London; however the unconventional engine and door layout, combined with the collapse of TransBus International in 2004, led to the type's commercial failure. As a result, it was the VDL SB120-based Wright Electrocity hybrid electric single-decker bus that was ordered instead by many operators.
Following the collapse of TransBus, the Enviro200 was rebranded as the Alexander Dennis Enviro200 by Alexander Dennis, the successor to TransBus. Only two more first generation Enviro200s were built following the collapse of TransBus, one diesel and one hybrid vehicle, delivered to Far East Travel of Ipswich in early 2007. This pair, and the original London demonstrator, have since passed to Buses Excetera of Guildford.
The first generation Enviro200 was offered alongside the second generation Enviro200 Dart for a time, but received no further orders following 2007 and was retired in favour of the new model. Only five examples were built.
Second generation (2006–2011)
The second generation Enviro200, also known as the Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Dart, was launched in August 2006. The Dart moniker – in reference to the Dennis Dart, from which the Enviro200 Dart was developed – was added in order to prevent confusion with the first generation TransBus Enviro200, which remained in production alongside the Enviro200 Dart for a time.
The second generation Enviro200 retained the conventional rear-engined layout of the Dennis Dart, and was offered with a choice of four or six-cylinder Cummins ISBe Euro IV engines with a range of transmission options, and featured new front and rear axles. It also offered the same seating capacity of the Plaxton Pointer and Alexander ALX200 (which it ultimately replaced) at launch, but with more fixed seats rather than 'tip up' seats for each length. The vehicle also featured integrated chassis and body multiplexing, and cantilevered seats, to reduce weight. Externally, the bus features the same front panel as the double-deck Enviro400, projecting a "family look" onto the two models.
The Enviro200 chassis was also soon made available with Optare Esteem and MCV Evolution bodywork; this was followed in February 2007 by the launch of the Enviro200 body on MAN 14.240 chassis. This gave prospective operators the option of EGR emissions reduction for the Enviro200, as some operators prefer this technology to Cummins' SCR used on the integral design.
In August 2007, due to significant orders for the Enviro400, Alexander Dennis announced that the production of Enviro200 would be moved from its plant at Falkirk to the recently acquired Plaxton factory at Scarborough. This meant that the Scarborough factory would once again be producing the bodywork for a variation of the Dart chassis, while also producing the bodywork for the MAN 14.240 with both Plaxton Centro and Enviro200 bodies simultaneously.
In 2008, Alexander Dennis unveiled the hybrid-electric powered version of Enviro200, known as the Enviro200H, using BAE Systems's HybriDrive series drive system with the Cummins ISBe 4-cylinder engine fitted for power generation.
Third generation (2009–2018)
In 2009, the third generation Enviro200 was launched, dropping the Dart moniker from the previous model. Compared to the previous model, the third generation Enviro200 received a major chassis redesign, including a front-end facelift in order to allow the type to comply with European Community Whole Vehicle Type Approval (ECWVTA) regulations. Some of the major external changes included the introduction of white LED daytime running lights below the headlights, the relocation of the offside emergency door, redesigned front and rear bumpers and the introduction of several new Enviro200 lengths. Additionally, the third generation Enviro200 introduced a Euro V-compliant drivetrain.
The Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC was introduced in 2014, as the Enviro200's eventual replacement. Production of the original Enviro200 alongside the Enviro200 MMC continued for a time, with the third generation Enviro200 referred to by Alexander Dennis as the Enviro200 Classic from 2015. Production of the third generation Enviro200 ceased in late 2018.
North America
In May 2012, Canadian bus manufacturer New Flyer introduced a license-built version of the third generation Enviro200 as the New Flyer MiDi, modified for the North American market. New Flyer estimated the size of the medium-sized bus market at approximately 1,000 units per year.
Initially the MiDi was built at the New Flyer factory in St. Cloud, Minnesota. In May 2017 production was transferred to Alexander Dennis's own facility in Nappanee, Indiana, which manufactured the North American variant of the Enviro500 double-decker bus since 2014. The bus now carries the same Enviro200 branding as the international version, and is fully "Buy America" compliant.
Currently, the third-generation North American Enviro200 bus is offered in and lengths, with or without a rear exit door, equipped with a 250-hp Cummins ISB engine and an Allison B300R 6-speed transmission.
See also
List of buses
References
External links
Product description of Enviro200 Dart in Alexander Dennis official website
Product description of Enviro200H in Alexander Dennis official website
Enviro200
Hybrid electric buses
Low-floor buses
Midibuses
Vehicles introduced in 2003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan%20Municipal%20Baseball%20Stadium
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Tainan Municipal Baseball Stadium
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The Tainan Municipal Baseball Stadium () is a baseball stadium in South District,
Tainan, Taiwan. Situated in the South District, it is currently used mostly for professional baseball games, and has been the home stadium of Uni-President Lions since 1990.
History
The stadium was built in 1931 at the site of a baseball field built during the Japanese period. The stadium underwent a series of refurbishment in the 70's, and the light poles were installed in 1992 to enable the stadium for nighttime uses. Because the stadium is directly under the flight path of commercial airliners in and out of Tainan Airport, the building code limits the renovation that can be done to the stadium, resulting in sub-optimal placements of the light poles and support structures.
The stadium is currently under the management of the Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions organization since 1999, although the ownership is retained by the Tainan City Government. Chiayi-Tainan Luka of Taiwan Major League also occasionally played its home games here during its year of existence, although never officially naming it its home stadium.
See also
Uni-President Lions
Chinese Professional Baseball League
List of stadiums in Taiwan
Sport in Taiwan
References
1931 establishments in Taiwan
Baseball venues in Taiwan
Buildings and structures in Tainan
Sport in Tainan
Sports venues completed in 1931
Multi-purpose stadiums in Taiwan
Chinese Professional Baseball League venues
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52778895
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit-Coq
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Tit-Coq
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Tit-Coq (lit. "Little Rooster") is a Canadian film, directed by René Delacroix and Gratien Gélinas, and released in 1952.
Plot
Tit-Coq is a tale of love and the importance of family. It tells the story of Arthur Saint-Jean, a shy, awkward French-Canadian soldier with an irreverent sense of humour and a volatile temper, which is how he earned the nickname 'Tit-Coq'. He is a lonely, unhappy man until he falls in love with Marie-Ange, the sister of his friend Jean-Paul. When he is sent overseas to fight during World War II, Marie-Ange promises to wait for him, but she marries another man. When Tit-Coq returns to Montreal, he must accept the fact that he is again alone in the world.
Cast
Tit-Coq/Arthur Saint-Jean - Gratien Gélinas
Pére Désilets - Fred Barry
Marie-Ange Désilets - Monique Miller
Germaine - Denise Pelletier
Jean-Paul Désilets - Clément Latour
Tante Clara - Juliette Béliveau
Mere mere Désilets - Amanda Alarie
Léopold Vermette - Jean Duceppe
Commandant - George Alexander
Rosie - Corinne Conley
Once Alcide - Henri Poitras
Le Padre - Paul Dupuis
Reception
Gélinas' wrote the story as a film script in 1947, but when he had difficulty with the financing he put it on stage. Between 1947 and 1950, it was performed over 500 times in Eastern Canada; it was popular with audiences and critics. This reception led to film financing, and he shot the film as it had appeared on stage. The film was also successful; in its first year, 300,000 people in Quebec saw it and the subtitled English version did well in English Canada. It was released in Britain in 1953.
The film won the 1953 Canadian Film Award for Film of the Year at the 5th Canadian Film Awards. Gélinas was so moved by the victory that he began to cry during his acceptance speech, and presenter Dorothy Lamour pulled the handkerchief out of his suit pocket and began to dab at his eyes as he spoke.
A restored print of the film was screened at the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival, before going into a limited run at repertory theatres.
References
External links
1952 films
Canadian drama films
Quebec films
Best Picture Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Canadian World War II films
Canada in World War II
1952 drama films
Canadian black-and-white films
1950s French-language films
French-language Canadian films
1950s Canadian films
Films directed by René Delacroix
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33557938
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilde%20%28Eder%29
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Wilde (Eder)
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Wilde (also: Wölfte) is a river of Hesse, Germany. It passes through Bad Wildungen, and flows into the Eder in Wega.
See also
List of rivers of Hesse
References
Rivers of Hesse
Rivers of Germany
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25674199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20Saros%20115
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Lunar Saros 115
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Saros cycle series 115 for lunar eclipses occurs at the moon's descending node, repeats every 18 years 11 and 1/3 days. It contains 72 events.
This lunar saros is linked to Solar Saros 122.
List
See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of Saros series for lunar eclipses
Notes
External links
www.hermit.org: Saros 115
Lunar saros series
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12173686
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20hamster
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Romanian hamster
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The Romanian hamster or Dobrudja hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in Bulgaria and Romania.
Description
The Romanian hamster has brown dorsal (back) fur and a white underside. The top of the head has a dark stripe that extends to the neck. The dark cheek stripes extend back to the shoulder. Its head-body length is up to and its weight ranges from . Its dental formula is .
Behavior
The Romanian hamster is a nocturnal or crepuscular species. It lives solitarily in a complex burrow system. It eats seeds, legumes, rooted vegetables, and grasses, but also insects. It transports its food with its elastic cheek pouches to the food chambers. They reach sexual maturity when 56–70 days old and breed through early April to August. The common hamster has a gestation of 15 days, gives birth to a litter of 1–12 and weans after three weeks of pregnancy. It communicates by squeaking or with ultra-sound. Both sexes flank mark by rubbing their glands against objects.
References
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Mesocricetus
Mammals described in 1898
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Habitats Directive Species
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10360322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C5-Dimethoxy-4-%282-fluoroethyl%29amphetamine
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2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine
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2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine (DOEF; also known as dimethoxyfluoroethylamphetamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and member of the DOx class. DOEF was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 2–3.5 mg, and the duration is listed as 12–16 hours. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DOEF.
See also
DOET
DOPF
DOTFM
References
Substituted amphetamines
Fluoroethyl compounds
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59217863
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20Turner%20%28rower%29
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Amy Turner (rower)
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Amy Turner is an American rower. In the 1996 World Rowing Championships, she won a gold medal in the women's coxless four event.
References
External links
American female rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Place of birth missing (living people)
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55568582
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wetlands%20Initiative
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The Wetlands Initiative
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The Wetlands Initiative (TWI) is a non-profit conservation organization headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The Wetlands Initiative works with nonprofit and government partners and local communities to advance wetland restoration and science in the Midwestern United States. The organizational vision of TWI is: "A world with plentiful healthy wetlands improving water quality, climate, biodiversity, and human well-being."
History
The Wetlands Initiative was incorporated in 1994 and operations began in 1995. In 2020, TWI celebrated its 25th anniversary with the release of two short films, including a celebration of co-founder Al Pyott, who died in June 2020. "Wetlands: Havens of Life" is an original video essay by author and naturalist Julian Hoffman, who was to serve as keynote speaker at a 25th-anniversary event that had been called off due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Projects
The Wetlands Initiative owns and manages the Dixon Waterfowl Refuge just outside of Hennepin, Illinois. Most of the site is former Illinois River backwater lakes and wetlands that was drained in the early 20th century and farmed for more than 75 years. TWI purchased the land in 2000 and proposed to demonstrate that such a site could be, within a practicable cost and time, restored to genuinely high quality even after having been drained and farmed for so long. Restoration began in spring 2001, and by 2004 the refuge had been named by the National Audubon Society as an "Important Bird Area". In 2012 the Dixon Waterfowl Refuge was named a "Wetlands of International Importance" under the global Ramsar Convention, only the 34th site in the United States to achieve that recognition. A 26-acre portion of the preserve contains a rare seep, the largest high-quality seep in the Illinois River Valley, that is under protection as an Illinois Nature Preserve.
TWI is a leading partner at Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, a United States Forest Service site. The site includes rare and endangered dolomite prairies and sedge meadows. In 2013, a section of Midewin restored by TWI and Openlands won a Conservation and Native Landscaping Award from Chicago Wilderness.
Starting in 2016, TWI with partners launched major restoration projects in the bi-state Calumet Region. At Indian Ridge Marsh, a Chicago Park District site at the extreme southeastern edge of Chicago, the partners are working to establish functional hemi marsh and prairie habitats at a site which for decades was used as a dump for slag and other waste produced by the area's Industrial Age steel mills. In Northwest Indiana, TWI helped organize a growing partnership which is restoring wetlands hydrology and native vegetation across a 2,000-acre corridor of the Little Calumet River which was cleared and leveed off for flood control. Each of these sites had long been identified by area conservationists as promising, but highly challenging, restoration targets.
Targeting agricultural runoff from Illinois farmland that is a major contributor to the growth of the Gulf Coast dead zone, TWI is encouraging and helping Illinois farmers to install constructed wetlands that mitigate the flow of agriculture pollutants into the Illinois River. The "Smart Wetlands" project operates in close partnership with the Illinois Sustainable Ag Partnership and farm-sector groups including the Illinois Corn Growers Association. Four of the in-line treatment wetlands had been installed as of fall 2020: two on farms in Bureau County, one on a farm in Livingston County and one on the campus of Illinois Central College, a community college which has the state's busiest agronomy degree program.
References
External links
Organizations established in 1994
Ecology organizations
Wetland conservation in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Chicago
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12397215
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay%20Rupani
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Vijay Rupani
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Vijaybhai Ramniklalbhai Rupani (born 2 August 1956) is an Indian politician who served as the 16th Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2016 to 2021 for two terms. He was a member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly, representing Rajkot West. He is a member of Bharatiya Janata Party.
Early life
Vijay Rupani was born to Mayaben and Ramniklal Rupani, in Yangon, Myanmar to a Jain Bania family. He was the seventh and youngest son of the couple. His family moved to Rajkot in 1960 due to political instability in Burma. He studied Bachelor of Arts from Dharmendrasinhji Arts College and LLB from Saurashtra University.
Career
Business career
Vijay Rupani is a partner in a trading firm Rasiklal & Sons, founded by his father. He had worked as a stock broker.
Political career
Vijay Rupani started his career as student activist associated with Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP). He joined Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and subsequently joined Jan Sangh in 1971. He has been associated with Bharatiya Janta Party since its establishment. He was imprisoned for 11 months and was sent to the jails in Bhuj and Bhavnagar during the Emergency in 1976. He was a Pracharak of RSS from 1978 to 1981. He was elected as a corporator of Rajkot Municipal Corporation (RMC) in 1987 and became the chairman of drainage committee. He became the chairman of standing committee of RMC from 1988 to 1996. He was again elected to RMC in 1995. He served as the mayor of Rajkot from 1996 to 1997. He became BJP's Gujarat unit general secretary in 1998 and served as the chairman of manifesto committee during chief ministership of Keshubhai Patel. He was appointed a chairman of Gujarat Tourism in 2006. He was a member of Rajya Sabha from 2006 to 2012. He served as BJP's Gujarat unit general secretary four times and chairman of the Gujarat Municipal Finance Board in 2013 during the chief ministership of Narendra Modi.
In August 2014, when Vajubhai Vala, the incumbent speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly, resigned as the MLA from Rajkot West, Vijay Rupani was nominated by the BJP to contest his vacant seat. He won the bypoll on 19 October 2014 by a huge margin.
He was inducted as minister in the first cabinet expansion by Chief Minister Anandiben Patel in November 2014 and held the ministry of transport, water supply, labor and employment.
On 19 February 2016, Rupani became the state BJP president, replacing R. C. Faldu. He was the BJP state president from February 2016 to August 2016.
Chief Minister (2016–2021)
He succeeded Anandiben Patel and was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Gujarat on 7 August 2016. In the 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, he retained Rajkot West constituency defeating the Indian National Congress candidate Indranil Rajyaguru. He was unanimously elected as the leader of legislature party on 22 December 2017 and continued as the Chief Minister of Gujarat with Nitin Patel as the Deputy Chief Minister. On 11 September 2021, he resigned from the post of Chief Minister. He was succeeded by Bhupendra Patel.
Controversy
In 2011, Vijay Rupani HUF sold shares worth about 35000 ($500) in Sarang Chemicals in a single transaction which were purchased in 2009 at about 63000, worth $1000, making a loss. The SEBI, the regulator, had charged 22 entities, including Vijay Rupani relative, for "manipulative trades" by pump and dump. In November 2017, the SEBI issued ex parte order imposing a penalty of 150000 or $3000 to Vijay Rupani HUF for creating misleading appearance in the stocks. Vijay Rupani HUF pleaded that the penalty was imposed without giving opportunity to be heard. The SEBI said that the entity had failed to file reply to their show cause notice in time. Later the Securities Appellate Tribunal set aside the penalty order and asked the SEBI to issue fresh order and hear all the entities.
Personal life
Vijay Rupani is married to Anjali, who is also a member of the BJP women's wing. The couple have a son, Rushabh, who is an engineering graduate, as well as a daughter, Radhika, who is married. The couple lost their youngest son Pujit in an accident and have started the Pujit Rupani Memorial Trust for charity.
See also
Vijay Rupani Ministry
First Vijay Rupani ministry
References
External links
Official website
Profile on Rajya Sabha website
Chief Ministers of Gujarat
Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat
Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat
Living people
1956 births
Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)
State cabinet ministers of Gujarat
Mayors of places in Gujarat
Ahmedabad municipal councillors
People from Rajkot
Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members
People from Yangon
Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022
Gujarati people
21st-century Indian Jains
Indian Jains
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18694220
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Carranza%20Fern%C3%A1ndez
|
Miguel Carranza Fernández
|
Miguel Carranza Fernández (1780, San José – 1841) was a Costa Rican politician.
1780 births
1841 deaths
Politicians from San José, Costa Rica
Costa Rican people of Basque descent
Vice presidents of Costa Rica
Costa Rican businesspeople
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26482440
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesnes%20Air
|
Hesnes Air
|
Hesnes Air AS was a Norwegian private airline and helicopter company with registered office at Nøtterøy and office and hangar at Sandefjord Airport, Torp in Norway. The company was founded in 1992 and operates charter, cargo and ambulance flights, as well as helicopter operations throughout Europe. Hesnes Air specializes in complex and sophisticated aircraft- and helicopter services for both companies and private persons. The company is owned by Hesnes Holding AS, which operates within shipping and ship brokerage.
History
Hesnes Air was established in 1992 and was granted operating permission from the CAA the same year. As a helicopter company with an Airbus Helicopter H125 (formerly Eurocopter AS 350 B3) Hesnes Air took on missions including long-line of flight, photo flights, cargo flights, predator monitoring, line monitoring, air taxi and passenger transport for private and business purposes across the country.
The company expanded its operations in 2006 acquiring its first aircraft, a Beechcraft B200C King Air. This aircraft was used for freight charters and ambulance missions, including donor flights all over Europe. The company expanded its operations again in 2007 with their second plane, a Cessna Citation Encore. In 2012 the company acquired an additional Cessna Citation Encore, and again in 2015 the fleet was expanded with a Cessna Citation Bravo and a second Airbus Helicopter H125 (formerly Eurocopter AS 350).
In April 2018 Pegasus Helicopter has signed an agreement with its Hesnes Air to take over Hesnes' helicopter operations.
In May 2018, the Swedish company Hummingbird Aviation acquired Hesnes Air. The company established a new base for the new Norwegian part of H-bird at Oslo Airport.
Fleet
Hesnes Air operated the following:
References
External links
Defunct airlines of Norway
Airlines established in 1992
Transport companies of Vestfold og Telemark
Companies based in Sandefjord
Norwegian companies established in 1992
2018 disestablishments in Norway
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66471397
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Freyer
|
Gilles Freyer
|
Gilles Freyer is a French professor, oncologist and medical professional who has specialised in the field of gynaecological cancers. He is currently head of the Department of Medical Oncology and Vice-Dean of the University of Lyon. He is also the current Medical Director of the Cancer Institute of the Hospices Civils de Lyon. He is known for having been the President of the cooperative group GINECO (Groupe d'Investigateurs National des Etudes des Cancers Ovariens et du sein) from 2013. He was also a member of the International Scientific Committee of INCa (French National Cancer Institute). Professor Freyer is also known for being the President of the Monaco Age Oncologie and the Co-President of the Biennale Monégasque de Cancérologie.
Education
Freyer obtained his MD in 1994 and specialised in medical oncology the following year. He then obtained a degree in clinical pharmacology and psychophysiology at the University of Lyon I in 1995-96. In 1996, he obtained a master's degree in human biology from the same University. He also specialised in bioethics at the University of Paris in 1997. He obtained his PhD in Population Pharmacokinetics in 2000 at the University of Lyon.
Significant Academic Publications
</ref>
Controversy
In 2019, Pr Freyer as the main teacher of Ethics at Lyon Sud faculty of medicine was accused of being homophobic and sexist during his classes by the media Mediacités. An administrative inquiry concluded that the remarks made “do not call for referral to justice or disciplinary proceedings” .
Nevertheless, the mission points to Professor Freyer's "obvious taste" for provocation, which translates into "sometimes untimely little phrases or humorous strokes". "If he gives the impression of being often provocative, not on the merits but on the fringes of his teaching, he does not, however, exceed, according to the mission, the implicit limits which impose his status on him".
The mission nevertheless recommends that the teacher take “more account of the very strong sensitivities that are expressed today on societal issues”.
His controversial comments are still a subject of conversations inside the walls of the faculty as Pr Gilles Freyer may be a potential successor to the dean.
Books authored
Ovarian Cancer in Elderly Patients. Germany: Springer International Publishing, 2015.
Freyer, Gilles. Faire face au cancer: L’espoir au quotidien. France: Editions Odile Jacob, 2008.
Freyer, Gilles. Dénoncer et bannir: ou L'Obscurantisme progressiste. France: Jacques André éditeur, 2019.
Freyer, Gilles. Sciences humaines et sociales en médecine et pharmacie. France: Ellipses, 2009.
References
External links
Gilles Freyer at Google Scholar
Gilles Freyer at ResearchGate
Gilles Freyer at mediacites
Living people
Cancer researchers
French oncologists
French gynaecologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of the University of Lyon
University of Lyon alumni
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34017694
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio%20Centenario%20%28Cuernavaca%29
|
Estadio Centenario (Cuernavaca)
|
The Estadio Centenario is a multi-purpose stadium in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Its primary current use is for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 14,800 people and was opened in 1969 and renovated in 2009.
References
Football venues in Mexico
Athletics (track and field) venues in Mexico
Sports venues in Morelos
|
59814606
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1nzazu%20Gallardo
|
Aránzazu Gallardo
|
Aránzazu Gallardo (born 30 September 1973) is a former professional tennis player from Mexico.
Biography
Gallardo appeared in six Federation Cup ties for Mexico, between 1989 and 1991.
On the professional tour, Gallardo reached a best singles ranking of 324 and featured in the main draw of the Aurora Classic WTA Tour tournament in 1991, where she was beaten in the first round by Anne Minter.
At the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana she partnered with Isabela Petrov to win a bronze medal in the women's doubles.
ITF finals
Singles (1–3)
Doubles (2–2)
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Mexican female tennis players
Tennis players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in tennis
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican women
|
1217021
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OUSA
|
OUSA
|
OUSA may mean:
The Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance
The Open University Students Association, the students' union of the Open University
The Organization of African Trade Union Unity (Organisation de l'Unité Syndicale Africaine)
Orienteering USA, the national sports governing body for orienteering in the United States
OrigamiUSA The largest Origami society in the USA
The Otago University Students' Association
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56519234
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceraturgus%20cruciatus
|
Ceraturgus cruciatus
|
Ceraturgus cruciatus is a species of robber flies in the family Asilidae.
References
Further reading
External links
Asilidae
|
14264235
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20CNBC%20personalities
|
List of CNBC personalities
|
This a list of current and former on-air staff of business news channel CNBC.
Current on-air staff
Staff are based at CNBC's headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey unless stated otherwise.
Anchors
Reporters
Notable Contributors
Former on-air staff
Anchors and hosts
Peter Barnes (Capitol Gains; now a Washington-based bureau reporter for the Fox Business)
Maria Bartiromo (Squawk Box, Street Signs, Market Watch, Market Wrap, Business Center, Closing Bell and On the Money with Maria Bartiromo; now a Global Markets Editor and anchor of Mornings with Maria at Fox Business)
Louisa Bojesen (Street Signs; left CNBC Europe in April 2017)
Gloria Borger (Capital Report; now a Senior Political Analyst for CNN)
Erin Burnett (Squawk on the Street, Street Signs; now anchor of CNN's Erin Burnett OutFront)
Brenda Buttner (The Money Club; business correspondent for Fox News and host of Bulls & Bears; died February 20, 2017)
Michelle Caruso-Cabrera; (Worldwide Exchange, Power Lunch; left in September 2018)
Neil Cavuto (Market Wrap; now host of 3 shows, Your World with Neil Cavuto and Cavuto Live on Fox News and Cavuto: Coast to Coast on Fox Business, where he is also the Senior Vice President and Managing Editor of Business News)
Liz Claman (Morning Call, Cover to Cover, Wake Up Call, Market Watch, Today's Business, This Morning's Business, and Before the Bell; now a co-anchor at Fox Business)
Tom Costello (Today's Business; now a correspondent for NBC News)
Ted David (The Money Wheel, Market Wrap, Morning Call; retired in May 2008)
Donny Deutsch (The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch; now CEO of the advertising/marketing firm Deutsch, Inc. and MSNBC contributor)
Amanda Drury (Street Signs, Power Lunch; rejoined CNBC Asia, based in Sydney)
Michael Eisner (Conversations with Michael Eisner)
Wilfred Frost (Worldwide Exchange, Closing Bell; now with Sky News. He also occasionally presents Worldwide Exchange from CNBC Europe in London)
Melissa Francis (now an anchor at Fox Business and Fox News)
Yousef Gamal El-Din (Access: Middle East; now with Bloomberg Television based in Dubai)
Hadley Gamble (Capital Connection, Access: Middle East, Access: Africa)
Susie Gharib (Today's Business; formerly a co-anchor for the Nightly Business Report on PBS, now produced by CNBC; now working at Fortune magazine)
Bill Griffeth (Nightly Business Report, Closing Bell, Power Lunch retired in December 2019)
Charles Grodin (The Charles Grodin Show; subsequently a commentator for the CBS News Radio before passing.)
Mark Haines (Squawk Box, Squawk on the Street; died May 24, 2011)
Richard Hart (CNET News.com; no longer active in the cable news industry)
Simon Hobbs (Squawk on the Street; left in July 2016.)
Nicolas Hulot (now a French environmentalist and is no longer active in the cable news industry)
Gregg Jarrett (Inside America's Courts; now an anchor at Fox News)
Terry Keenan (The Money Wheel and Market Wrap; left Fox News in September 2009, died October 23, 2014)
Larry Kudlow (Kudlow & Cramer, The Kudlow Report; left CNBC to become Director of the National Economic Council, now with Fox Business)
Nicole Lapin (Worldwide Exchange; left CNBC in August 2011)
Janice Lieberman, (Steals and Deals)
Martha MacCallum (Morning Call; now co-anchor of America's Newsroom on Fox News)
Consuelo Mack (Market Watch, Morning Call, The Wall Street Journal Report, WealthTrack)
Boyd Matson (National Geographic Explorer; now host of Wild Chronicles on PBS)
Chris Matthews (The Chris Matthews Show; later host of Hardball with Chris Matthews on MSNBC)
Kevin McCullough (The Money Wheel)
John McEnroe (McEnroe; now a tennis commentator)
Dennis Miller (Dennis Miller; now a Fox News Channel contributor and talk radio show host)
Bob O'Brien (former stocks editor; now working at Barron's Magazine)
Suze Orman (The Suze Orman Show; left CNBC to develop a new series, Suze Orman's Money Wars, for Warner Bros. Telepictures Productions)
Dylan Ratigan (Closing Bell and Fast Money; left sister channel MSNBC in 2012; no longer active in the television industry)
Trish Regan (The Call; now an anchor at Fox Business)
Geraldo Rivera (Rivera Live and Upfront Tonight; now host of his own show, Geraldo at Large on Fox News)
Louis Rukeyser (Louis Rukeyser's Wall Street; died in 2006)
Tim Russert (Tim Russert; died in 2008)
John Seigenthaler (The News on CNBC; was at Al Jazeera America until its demise on April 12, 2016)
Bob Sellers (Today's Business, Market Watch; now at WZTV (Fox) in Nashville, TN and also, a talent agent for MediaStars Worldwide)
Shepard Smith (New York) (The News with Shepard Smith left CNBC in November 2022)
John Stehr (The Money Wheel; now primary anchor at WTHR in Indianapolis, Indiana)
Felicia Taylor (Before the Bell, The Money Wheel, and This Morning's Business; formerly a business correspondent for CNN, was with the Retirement Living TV network until its demise on December 31, 2017)
Brian Williams (The News with Brian Williams; was anchor of the weeknight editions of the NBC Nightly News from 2004 to 2015, rejoined MSNBC in August 2015)
Reporters and others
Kate Bohner (no longer active in the cable news industry)
Pat Bolland (now an anchor at BNN in Canada)
Eric Bolling (former panelist on Fast Money; now host of The Five on Fox News)
Margaret Brennan (later joined to Bloomberg Television and now an anchor at CBS News)
Bay Buchanan (now a political commentator for CNN's The Situation Room)
Allan Chernoff (now senior correspondent at CNN)
Alina Cho (now a New York City-based bureau reporter for CNN)
Don Dahler (now a correspondent for CBS News)
Jackie DeAngelis (now an anchor for Yahoo Finance, and a reporter for Fox Business)
Diane Dimond (now a co-host for the "TalkItOver" radio program)
Phil Donahue
Dan Dorfman (was a columnist for the New York Sun until its September 2008 demise; died June 16, 2012)
Morton Downey Jr. (died in 2001)
Charles Gasparino (now with Fox Business)
Garrett Glaser (retired from broadcasting and started his own firm, Glaser Media, in 2007)
Alexis Glick (later joined Fox Business and no longer in the cable news industry)
Bianna Golodryga (now a business correspondent for CBS News)
Amanda Grove
Nanette Hansen (now a realtor in Long Island, New York; no longer active in the cable news industry)
John Harwood
Kathleen Hays (now an anchor at Bloomberg Television)
Rebecca Jarvis (now working as anchor and correspondent for ABC News)
Cory Johnson (now a San Francisco-based co-anchor at Bloomberg Television)
Kate Kelly
John "Bradshaw" Layfield (former professional wrestler for the WWE and a business contributor for Fox News, which he rejoined in 2005 after he was fired from CNBC in 2004; he is also a color commentator for WWE Raw and WWE SmackDown)
Susan Li (now reporter at Fox Business)
John McLaughlin (died August 16, 2016)
John Murphy
Dee Dee Myers (former White House Press Secretary; now a political commentator for MSNBC)
Jim Paymar (now anchor/executive producer of the Long Island Business Report at WLIW)
Hampton Pearson (retired in June 2018)
Rob Reynolds (now a correspondent for Al Jazeera English)
Al Roker (now weatherman for the Today show on NBC)
Carol Roth (Closing Bell, host of The Noon Show on WGN Radio)
Darren Rovell (now with ESPN & ABC News)
John W. Schoen (now Data Editor for CNBC Digital.)
Bill Seidman (chief commentator for CNBC; died in 2009)
Tom Snyder (died in 2007)
Mary Thompson
Erinn Westbrook (now pursuing a career as an actress)
Joe Witte (later a weekend weather meteorologist at WJLA-TV (ABC) in Washington, D.C.; now with the Goddard Space Flight Center)
William (Bill) Wolman (most recently with Bloomberg BusinessWeek magazine; retired from broadcasting)
Carmen Rita Wong (On the Money; was most recently a radio host for Marketplace Radio on American Public Media until January 31, 2014.)
References
CNBC
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27612120
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torellia%20didyma
|
Torellia didyma
|
Torellia didyma is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Capulidae, the cap snails.
References
Capulidae
Gastropods described in 1993
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20017687
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20usnate
|
Copper usnate
|
Copper usnate is the copper salt of usnic acid. It has been used as an antimicrobial.
References
Antimicrobials
Copper(II) compounds
|
35780401
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siolius
|
Siolius
|
Siolius is a genus of beetles in the family Noteridae, containing the following species:
Siolius amazonicus J.Balfour-Browne, 1969
Siolius bicolor J.Balfour-Browne, 1969
Siolius clayae J.Balfour-Browne, 1969
References
Noteridae
|
7828895
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov%20Vilner
|
Yakov Vilner
|
Yakov Vilner (1899, Odessa – 29 June 1931, Leningrad) was a Ukrainian chess master.
Biography
Vilner won the Odessa chess championships four times (1918, 1923, 1925, and 1928). He won the Ukrainian championships three times; at Kiev 1924 (ahead of Fedor Bohatirchuk), at Kharkov 1925 (ahead of Nikolai Sorokin), and at Odessa 1928 (with Vladimir Kirillov). He also won at Odessa 1926 (ahead of Russo), and at Kiev 1929 (with Bohatirchuk).
He played in several Soviet chess championships. In July 1923, he tied for 11-13th in Petrograd (2nd URS-ch; Peter Romanovsky won). In September 1924, he tied for 6-8th in Moscow (3rd URS-ch; Efim Bogoljubow won). In 1925, he tied for 11-13th in Leningrad (4th URS-ch; Bogoljubow won). In October 1927, he tied for 15-17th in Moscow (5th URS-ch; Bohatirchuk and Romanovsky won). In September 1929, he tied for 8-9th in Odessa (6th URS-ch qual.; Boris Verlinsky won). Unfortunately, Vilner died young due to chronic asthma.
Notable chess games
Efim Bogoljubow vs Yakov Vilner, Leningrad 1925, 4th URS-ch, Semi-Slav Defense, Meran Variation, D49, 0-1
Yakov Vilner vs Mikhail Botvinnik, Moscow 1927, 5th URS-ch, Amazon Attack, Siberian Attack, A45, 1-0
Nikolai Sorokin vs Yakov Vilner, Odessa 1929, 6th URS-ch, Slav Defense, Schallopp Variation, D12, 0-1
References
1899 births
Ukrainian chess players
Russian chess players
Soviet chess players
Jewish chess players
Ukrainian Jews
1931 deaths
1919 in chess
20th-century chess players
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55071331
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318%20W-League
|
2017–18 W-League
|
The 2017–18 W-League season was the tenth season of the W-League, the Australian national women's association football competition.
Clubs
Stadia and locations
Personnel and kits
Managerial changes
Transfers
Foreign players
The following do not fill a Visa position:
A Australian citizens who have chosen to represent another national team;
G Guest Players
Regular season
The regular season was played between 27 October 2017 and 4 February 2018, over 14 rounds, with each team playing twelve matches.
League table
Fixtures
Individual matches are collated at each club's season article.
Finals series
Semi-finals
Grand final
Regular-season statistics
Top scorers
Own goals
Hat-tricks
End-of-season awards
The following end of the season awards were announced at the 2017–18 Dolan Warren Awards night on 30 April 2018.
Julie Dolan Medal – Sam Kerr (Perth Glory) and Clare Polkinghorne (Brisbane Roar)
NAB Young Footballer of the Year – Ellie Carpenter (Canberra United)
Golden Boot Award – Sam Kerr (Perth Glory) (13 goals)
Goalkeeper of the Year – Mackenzie Arnold (Brisbane Roar)
Coach of the Year – Melissa Andreatta (Brisbane Roar)
Fair Play Award – Melbourne Victory
Referee of the Year – Casey Reibelt
Goal of the Year – Lisa De Vanna (Sydney FC v Canberra United, 15 December 2017)
See also
2017–18 Adelaide United W-League season
2017–18 Brisbane Roar W-League season
2017–18 Canberra United W-League season
2017–18 Melbourne City W-League season
2017–18 Melbourne Victory W-League season
2017–18 Newcastle Jets W-League season
2017–18 Perth Glory W-League season
2017–18 Sydney FC W-League season
2017–18 Western Sydney Wanderers W-League season
References
Australia
2017–18 in Australian women's soccer
2017–18
2018 in women's association football
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53618769
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Coloma%20y%20Escolana
|
Emmanuel Coloma y Escolana
|
Emmanuel Coloma y Escolana, called Manuel, (1637-1713), is 2nd Marquess of Canales de Chozas and a Spanish Ambassador.
He was the son of don Pedro Coloma, Royal Secretary of Felipe IV. His brother was Secretary of State of King Carlos II. He was already since childhood Knight of Santiago. He married in 1691 to the Belgian countess Maximilienne Dorothea de t'Serclaes de Tilly, daughter of Jean-Werner and Marie Francois de Montmorency.
Career
He became secretary of the Council of Royal Orders. He was ambassador in 1689 to the Dutch Republic of The Spanish King. Later he was sent to the United Kingdom until 1699. He ended his career as captain general of the royal artillery.
After his death, he was succeeded by his daughter Maria Teresa Coloma, 3rd Marquessa of Canales de Chozas.
See also
Francisco Coloma y Maceda, Marquess of Canales de Chozas.
References
Coloma family
Knights of Santiago
18th-century diplomats
|
59870897
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga%20arnaca
|
Amiga arnaca
|
Amiga is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae erected by Shinichi Nakahara, Keith R. Willmott and Marianne Espeland in 2019. Amiga arnaca, formerly of the genus Chloreuptychia, is the only species in the genus Amiga. In 2019, Nakahara et al. described this new genus after molecular phylogenetic research showed it was not closely related to the other species of Chloreuptychia.
Amiga arnaca is found from southern Mexico through most of Central and South America to southern Brazil, and is common in rain and cloud forests. The larvae feed on grasses, including Eleusine, Ichnanthus, Lasiacis, Oplismenus, and Paspalum.
Subspecies
Amiga arnaca adela Nakahara & Espeland, 2019
Amiga arnaca arnaca (Fabricius, 1776)
Amiga arnaca indianacristoi Nakahara & Marín, 2019
Amiga arnaca sericeella (Bates, 1865)
References
Butterflies described in 1776
Euptychiina
Fauna of Brazil
Nymphalidae of South America
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
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15798996
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20Japan%20Soccer%20League
|
1971 Japan Soccer League
|
Japan Soccer League
Promotion/relegation Series
Nagoya Mutual Bank lost its place in the League for a second time, this time to Towa Real Estate, which would become one of the biggest names in Japanese football as Fujita Engineering and Bellmare Hiratsuka, currently known as Shonan Bellmare.
Towa RE promoted, Nagoya Mutual Bank relegated; NMB resigned from JSL instead of forming Second Division.
References
1971
1
Jap
Jap
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39918656
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshkaft-e%20Shiri
|
Eshkaft-e Shiri
|
Eshkaft-e Shiri (, also Romanized as Eshkaft-e Shīrī; also known as Eshgaft-e Shīrī) is a village in Lishtar Rural District, in the Central District of Gachsaran County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 133, in 27 families.
References
Populated places in Gachsaran County
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47709989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsolt%20Felcsuti
|
Zsolt Felcsuti
|
Zsolt Felcsuti (born 1971) is a Hungarian-born industrial investor and the major shareholder of the MPF Industry Group. He is also Co-President of the Confederation of Hungarian Employers and Industrialists. According to Forbes magazine, he is the 2259th richest person in the world with net worth of 1.2 billion USD.
Early life
Zsolt Felcsuti is the son of Csaba Felcsuti, who was an engineer and started the company which is now operated by his son. He studied economics at Corvinus University of Budapest.
Career
After years of working in Switzerland as sales and marketing manager Felcsuti came back to Hungary, to find business opportunities for his father’s small enterprise, which was specialized in the production of metal and plastic industry products. According to Forbes Magazine, today this is the third biggest Hungarian owned family business, with revenues of more than 800 million USD, with investments in East-Central Europe and in the Far East, seated in Singapore.
Felcsuti did not privatize any companies, but built a self-created business model based on the East-Central European and Far Eastern labor market and manufacturing sector. He owns one of the largest abrasive products manufacturing company in Europe and East Central Europe’s biggest heating device factory.
Family
Felcsuti is married with two sons, Gábor Felcsuti and Norbert Felcsuti.
Felcsuti family's holding, with an estimated value of HUF 401.9 billion (1.1 billion USD), is Hungary's most valuable family business, ranking at the top of Forbes' 2022 ranking.
Additional information
He is the chairman of the jury of the "Díj a sikeres vállalkozásokért", launched in August 2013.
He is fluent in English and German.
He spends most of the year in Switzerland, Hungary and Spain.
References
1971 births
Living people
Hungarian businesspeople
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40319225
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esanboy
|
Esanboy
|
Esanboy (Russian and Tajik: Эсанбой, formerly: Sardorov Karakhan) is a village and jamoat in Tajikistan. It is located in Rudaki District, one of the Districts of Republican Subordination. The jamoat has a total population of 20,072 (2015).
References
Populated places in Districts of Republican Subordination
Jamoats of Tajikistan
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8771369
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvalente%20Le%20Carrefour
|
Polyvalente Le Carrefour
|
The École Polyvalente Le Carrefour is a public high school located in Gatineau, Quebec. It is run by the Commission Scolaire des Draveurs school board in Gatineau and enrolls over 2 300 students and employs a staff of about 175 including teachers, administration and custodial staff.
Location
The school is located in the centre of a major commercial district which includes in addition to Les Promenades de l'Outaouais, several strips malls as well as a clinic.
It is located just across from the city's largest mall Les Promenades de l'Outaouais on Chemin de la Savane near Boulevard Greber.
The school itself contains an agora, several small sports and leisure infrastructures including a swimming pool, a gymnasium, a dance room, a weightlifting room as well as a large football field outside. Just south of the school, there is also a skateboard park and an ice skating rink called Stade Pierre-Lafontaine.
International Program
For over 10 years, the high school has offered an international program (initiated by UNESCO) to students in order to become more involved in the community, to initiate students to other cultures and traditions across the world and to be prepared for future studies at college and university. Generally, only high skilled students from the primary level have access to this program. Objectives and work projects are more demanding and Spanish is taught during the program in secondary 3 and 4.
Dress code
In June 2007, in response to complaints, the school adopted a new dress code policy in which students would wear new uniforms including polo sweaters starting in September 2007. In a poll, 88% of parents were in favour of a new measure while the student population was split over the matter. This measure was deemed unfair by the students since their opinion was not taken into consideration. The school will become the second Gatineau public high school to adopt such policy after Polyvalente de l'Erabliere. However, in September 2008, the 'black' and 'navy blue' polos were made with a lighter fabric to suit the hot summer days. Since 2010, the students can wear white, blue, gray or black Polo shirt. Student can also wear long sleeve black vests.
Saint-Jean Baptiste Day Concerts
Every June 23, there is a concert series held outside the school in the soccer field in conjunction with festivities surrounding the Saint-Jean Baptiste holiday.
References
External links
Le Carrefour's Website
Carrefour
International Baccalaureate schools in Quebec
Educational institutions established in 1974
1974 establishments in Quebec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair%2C%20West%20Virginia
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Sinclair, West Virginia
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Sinclair is an unincorporated community in Preston County, West Virginia, United States, located at the intersection of Davis Hill Road and Sinclair Coalbank Road. The town is named after oil drilling in the area performed by Sinclair Oil Corp. The Sinclair United Methodist Church is also located in Sinclair, West Virginia.
See also
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
References
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Preston County, West Virginia
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6750237
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmita%20cheese
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Palmita cheese
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Palmita cheese (queso palmita) is a soft, salty, fresh white farm cheese from Venezuela. The palmita cheese is usually made in large circular containers 6 feet in diameter and four feet in height. Each batch of palmita cheese can vary in taste depending on the ingredients which are mixed slowly for 2 to 3 days until the cheese has settled. Then the containers are set for an additional 10 days until coagulation. For the best taste, it is imperative that the cheese reaches an optimum level of saltiness. It is packaged into pressed wooden crates of 30 kilos each and set for distribution. Once the cheese is packaged, it must be sold within two to three days due to the sweating (loss of liquid) of the cheese from the boxes.
Palmita cheese is originally from the Zulia State in northwestern Venezuela, which is the main source of dairy products in the country. A softer type of cheese from this region is known as palmizulia.
References
Venezuelan cheeses
Zulia
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20944188
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Hiller
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Tim Hiller
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Tim Hiller (born December 13, 1986) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Western Michigan. He was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2010. After his playing days, Hiller worked as head football coach at Gull Lake High School in Richland, Michigan.
Early years
Hiller threw for 7,222 career yards and 55 touchdowns. He holds six school passing records as quarterback at Orrville High School in Orrville, Ohio. He was named Akron Beacon Journal Player of the Year.
College career
2005 season
Hiller appeared in seven games as a true freshman and was named MAC Freshman of the Year. He made his first collegiate start at Bowling Green and threw three TD passes. He also threw a career-long 89-yard touchdown pass to Greg Jennings against Bowling Green.
2006 season
Hiller spent the year redshirted due to an injury.
2007 season
Hiller started all 12 games and became the second Bronco quarterback to throw for over 3,000 yards in a single season. He became the fourth Bronco quarterback to throw over 40 touchdowns in his career, and he finished the years with a 63.4 completion percentage. He also booted his first career punt for 14 yards. Hiller was also named Academic All-MAC.
2008 season
Hiller caught national attention in his junior season. He broke WMU single-season records for passing attempts (522), completions (339), yards (3,725) and touchdowns (36). Hiller also led the MAC in five of six major passing categories (attempts, completions, yards, yards per game, and touchdowns) He became just the second Bronco to throw for over 3,000 yards in a season twice in a career. He threw for multiple touchdowns in all but two games and threw for over 300 yards in seven games. Hiller also set the record for passing yardage (471) at Kelly/Shorts Stadium in a 38–28 loss to Central Michigan on October 18, 2008. He also threw two touchdown passes in the 2008 Texas Bowl loss to Rice.
2009 season
Hiller threw for 3,249 yards and 23 touchdowns and finished the year with a passer efficiency rating of 122.9 as the Broncos struggled at times during the year and finished 5-7, including blow-out losses to Michigan and Michigan State. Hiller was 40-of-66 passing for 410 yards on October 17 against rival Central Michigan, but the Broncos could not keep pace with the Chippewas, falling, 34-23. Hiller's last game in Waldo Stadium against Ball State on November 24 was unceremoniously marked by four interceptions as the Broncos lost, 22-17, to the Cardinals, despite Hiller completing 33-of-62 passes for 354 yards and a score. Prior to start of 2009 season, in June 2009, Hiller was #5 on list of top senior college quarterback prospects by NFL.com. Hiller was also named to the 2009 Manning Award watchlist.
At the conclusion of the season, Hiller received the Wuerffel Trophy and the John S. Pingel Award as the Michigan Division I college scholar-athlete of the year. He was also a finalist for the William V. Campbell Trophy.
Professional career
Hiller trained for the 2010 NFL Combine at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California. He signed a contract with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted-rookie, 12 hours after the draft. Hiller played in one preseason game before being waived by the Colts on August 23, 2010.
Coaching career
Having a shortage of coaches in the fall of 2010, Tim Hiller agreed to coach at Vicksburg High School alongside former teammate Scott Gajos, a former physical education intern at Vicksburg Community High School. With Hiller filling the role of a quarterback coach, helped the Bulldogs secure playoff rights for the first time in 17 years. After a single year Tim decided to rise from an assistant coach to new Head coach at Gull Lake High School
Former Gull Lake High School coach Mark Blaesser was fired on November 22, 2010 and he went 34-23 in six seasons. Hiller was announced as the new varsity football coach at Gull Lake High School on February 1, 2011 and will patrol the sidelines in the fall.
Personal
Hiller completed his undergraduate degree in business, majoring in sales & marketing in August, 2008 and is currently pursuing his MBA. He also has carried a 4.0 GPA his entire academic career.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Indianapolis Colts players
Western Michigan Broncos football players
High school football coaches in Michigan
People from Parma, Ohio
Players of American football from Cuyahoga County, Ohio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Neighbors%27%20Window
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The Neighbors' Window
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The Neighbors' Window is a 2019 American short film written and directed by Marshall Curry. It won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 2020. The film was inspired by a true story by Diane Weipert, which she recounted on the podcast Love and Radio.
Plot
Alli and Jacob are a couple of 30-somethings living in New York City with their three young children. Alli is busy and stressing in nursing the kids, straining her relationship with husband Jacob. Alli's apartment's window faces with an apartment neighbor's window. Alli and Jacob both covertly spy on the couple, bitter about their loss of youth and new responsibilities as parents.
One day, Jacob comments that the neighbor man has "shaved his head" and looks hungover. Shortly after, while Jacob and the kids are out, Alli spies across the street again to find the man in hospice; he dies soon after. Alli goes out to witness the man being taken out in a body bag and finds the wife crying on the sidewalk. The woman reveals that ever since her husband became "sick," they would find comfort in watching the family through the window, much in the way Jacob and Alli did. The two embrace.
The same night, as Jacob and the kids return from the museum, the family interacted with each other with joviality.
Cast
Maria Dizzia as Alli
Greg Keller as Jacob
Juliana Canfield as The Neighbor
Bret Lada as The Neighbor's Husband
Awards
Won 2020: Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film
Palm Springs Shorts Fest, Best Live Action Short (Winner - Audience Award)
Casting Society Artios Awards - Short Film Casting (nominee)
Traverse City Film Festival, Best Fiction Short (Winner - Audience Award)
Hollyshorts Film Festival, Best Drama (Winner)
SCAD Savannah Film Festival, Best Narrative Short (Winner)
St. Louis International Film Festival, Best of the Fest (Winner)
Nashville Film Festival, Best Narrative Short (Winner)
Rhode Island Film Festival, Best Live Action Short (Winner)
Woodstock Film Festival, Best Short Film (Winner)
See also
A Night at the Garden, 2018 Oscar-nominated documentary film also directed by Curry
Rear Window, 1954 Alfred Hitchcock film to which critics compare The Neighbors' Window
References
External links
2019 short films
Films directed by Marshall Curry
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
American short films
2019 films
Live Action Short Film Academy Award winners
2010s English-language films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanughan
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Zanughan
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Zanughan (, also Romanized as Zanūghān, Zenowghān, Zanoo Ghan, and Zenughān; also known as Zanāgūn and Zānāqūn) is a village in Kavir Rural District, Deyhuk District, Tabas County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 371, in 121 families.
References
Populated places in Tabas County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Edwards%20%28inventor%29
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William Edwards (inventor)
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William Edwards (1770–1851) was an American inventor, grandson of Jonathan Edwards, the elder. He was born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. He introduced a valuable improvement in the manufacture of leather, whereby tanning was accomplished in a quarter of the usual time. He invented machines which greatly advanced the production of leather in America.
References
American inventors
1770 births
1851 deaths
People from Elizabeth, New Jersey
People of colonial New Jersey
Tanners
Engineers from New Jersey
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavaram%20taluk
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Pallavaram taluk
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Pallavaram taluk is a taluk in Greater Chennai City formed from the bifurcation of Alandur taluk in 2015. It also included some areas from Sriperumbudur Taluk. Its headquarters are in the town of Pallavaram near Pallavaram–Thuraipakkam Radial Road. It comes under Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA). It shares its boundaries with Alandur Taluk in Chennai District on the north, Kundrathur Taluk in Kanchipuram district on the west, Sholinganallur Taluk in Chennai District on the east.
Later in 2018, Areas under Alandur Taluk (which also comes under Greater Chennai Corporation) were annexed with Chennai District. Villages that are not under Greater Chennai Corporation in Alandur Taluk are moved to Pallavaram Taluk.
Pallavaram Taluk has four revenue blocks: Pallavaram, Pammal, Kundrathur and Mangadu.
Since 2019, new Chengalpattu district has been carved out from Kancheepuram District. Kundrathur is formed as new taluk with Kundrathur and Mangadu revenue blocks. Kundrathur taluk comes under Kancheepuram District and Pallavaram Taluk is moved to newly formed Chengalpattu District.
The total area of Pallavaram is 100 km2 including Kundrathur and Mangadu Firkas forming a largest taluk. Since 2019, Kundrathur and Mangadu Firkas are carved out from Pallavaram Taluk to form the new Kundrathur Taluk under Kancheepuram District. So, the total area of Pallavaram Taluk will shrink to 62 km2 covering Pallavaram and Pammal revenue blocks.
Currently, Pallavaram Taluk will have 2 firkas: Pallavaram and Pammal revenue blocks.
Pallavaram Firka
Pammal Firka
Pallavaram taluk will soon have its own District Munsif Court.
Pallavaram Firka
Tirusulam, Cantonment Pallavaram, St. Thomas Mount Cantonment, Meenambakkam Cantonment, Essa Pallavaram, Zamin Pallavaram, Chromepet, Keelkattalai, Nemilichery, Hasthinapuram and Moovarasampattu villages.
Pammal Firka
Thiruneermalai, Pammal, Anakaputhur, Pozhichalur and Cowl Bazaar.
Taluk Boundaries
Demographics
Pallavaram Taluk was created in 2015. The demographics for the taluk will be published based on 2021 Census Report.
Administration
The taluk is administered by the Tahsildar office located in Pallavaram.
References
External links
Pallavaram is set to become a taluk The Hindu
Work on new building for Pallavaram Taluk The New Indian Express
Taluk boundaries of Tambaram and Pallavaram expanded livechennai.com
Tamilnadu gets five new districts News Today
TN gets five new districts, notified in govt gazette United News of India
Resurrected Chengalpet is now a satellite district Times of India
Taluks of Chengalpattu district
Tamil Nadu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Walking%20Dead%3A%20Survival%20Instinct
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The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct
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The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct is a first-person shooter video game developed by Terminal Reality and published by Activision. It is based on and canon to The Walking Dead television series, in contrast to the video game by Telltale Games, which is based on and canon to the comics. The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct acts as a prequel to the TV series; it is set in the Georgia countryside and focuses on Daryl and Merle Dixon as they make their way to Atlanta during the early days of the zombie apocalypse. The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct was received poorly by critics, with criticisms mainly directed to the game's graphics, controls, and plot.
Gameplay
The player controls Daryl Dixon from a first-person perspective, who can either fight the walkers or stealthily sneak past them. As he travels, he meets other survivors, who can either help or leave. He will have to be cautious of how much fuel, ammo and food he has, and think very strategically of who and how many he chooses to take in to his group. When he travels, he can either choose to take the highway, and save fuel but break down a lot, or take the small roads, where he will be able to scavenge from small villages and chance of breaking down is low. He can also change the vehicle he is using, ranging from a small truck to an SUV. The vehicles use up fuel which Dixon has to watch over. When he runs out of fuel, he must stop at various roadsides to scavenge jerry cans of fuel.
Plot
In the midst of a zombie outbreak and shortly after the death of Daryl Dixon's father, Will Dixon, Daryl and his half-uncle Jess Collins escape their mountain shelter in Cabot Ridge to gather supplies in the nearby town of Sedalia. During the scavenger hunt for fuel, Daryl meets Jimmy Blake, the last standing police officer of Sedalia who requests that Daryl find radio batteries to call for help and a ride out of town, in exchange for sniper support. In a nearby gas station, Daryl meets Warren Bedford, who gives fuel to Daryl under the condition he join the group. The quartet then escapes with the newly acquired fuel, this time heading to Pemberton.
Upon entering Pemberton, Jess continues to get weaker from a bite he suffered in the mountains, and the truck they took is about to die out. At the campgrounds, Daryl meets deputy Lee, who gives Daryl a shotgun and asks him to look for a park ranger in order to get car keys to another vehicle. When looking for the ranger, Daryl hears a girl calling for help over a radio. Daryl also finds that the ranger has turned into a walker already. In the aftermath, Jess succumbs to the bite and reanimates.
Shortly after arriving at a town called Fontana to look for his brother Merle Dixon, Daryl hears gunshots from a building. When Daryl enters a diner, two survivors are being surrounded by walkers, which Daryl kills before talking to them. A woman called Scout and her partner Noah who was injured by an unknown sniper asks Daryl to check the movie theater for another survivor named Mia in exchange for one of their bags of supplies. After finding Mia alive, Daryl returns to the diner for the bag only to realize that Scout and Noah ran off to Memorial Hospital with the bags, yet gives him keys to another car. When Daryl arrives at the police station, the unknown shooter was revealed to be Merle, who was trying to protect himself from U.S. soldiers attempting to bring him to prison. Merle joins the group and demands to go to a bar called Jake's as their next destination.
When Daryl questions Merle's reason to go to Jake's, Merle tells him he kept something of Daryl's at the bar. After arriving at the bar, Merle instructs Daryl to stay by the car but Daryl goes and looks for his brother anyway. It is revealed that Merle really went back to get revenge on the gang that sold him out and took Daryl's crossbow. Merle attacks some of them in the bar, until the rest of the gang comes back and knocks Daryl out, taking all of his equipment and supplies. However, an undead gang member has Daryl's crossbow. Daryl takes the crossbow and continues to look for Merle, the gang, and his missing equipment. Afterwards, Daryl finds out that Merle had gone missing while the entire gang was killed and eaten by walkers.
Before leaving, Daryl runs into Scout whose real name is Anna Turner and contacts her father John, a sheriff, and plans on meeting at the evacuation point at Palmetto Estates. After arriving at Danvers research lab for the serum (a supposed cure), Daryl fights his way through the lab and finds a woman named Sheila Schneider, who was a member of the Archer Creek Dam group. Sheila tells Daryl that the serum is just a fairy tale, and there is no cure. The lab is locked down by the automatic security system and Daryl tells Anna to flip the alarm switch, which actually ends up accidentally triggering the alarm. After escaping the lab, Daryl and Anna go to Sherwood to gather information about the evacuation. Daryl later says goodbye to Anna when she and her father find each other and drive away.
While scavenging the area, Daryl finds two elderly survivors, Terry Harrison and his wife, who is bedridden and in bad condition. Harrison is taking care of his wife, though he is concerned for his daughters, Amy and Andrea. He tells Daryl to find Aiden, who was in charge of signaling an evacuation helicopter. He also asks Daryl to get antibiotics from the pharmacy to ease his wife's suffering. Daryl finds Aiden's wife, Jane, who tells Daryl to look for her husband in the pharmacy. Daryl finds Aiden who has apparently twisted his ankle, stuck on the roof of the pharmacy. Aiden tells Daryl that, to signal the evac chopper, he must retrieve his bag from a garage, as the bag has flares that can be used to signal the helicopter. Daryl retrieves and brings it to Aiden, who starts the evacuation. Daryl then returns to the neighborhood where Terry, his wife, and Jane are located. When he arrives, Aiden tells Daryl the choppers have arrived but instead they only grab Aiden and takeoff despite his pleas to wait for the others. Daryl is forced to choose between them as both of their houses are under attack by walkers. The survivor that Daryl chooses to save then tells him that the last evacuation site is Atlanta, at the Firesign Stadium.
Daryl and his remaining survivors continue to the stadium but find it overrun by walkers. Daryl tries to reach various helicopters, but they take off before he can get on, until only one is left, which is problematically surrounded by walkers. Daryl holds off the horde with an M2 Browning mounted on a Humvee that is driven by Merle, who returns. After defending the helicopter, Daryl attempts to get on but is held back by Merle, who tells him the pilot was bitten. The survivors, who have already boarded the helicopter, are left to their fates.
Development
In the game, Norman Reedus and Michael Rooker reprise their television roles as Daryl and Merle Dixon, respectively.
During each of the first eight episodes of the TV series' third season, three code words per episode were shown during the commercial breaks which could be entered for a limited time at amcdead.com for the Dead Giveaway / The Survive And Drive Sweepstakes. Each week a winner won the opportunity to be featured in the game. Each weekly winner's headshot would be incorporated into a fictional character in the game and used in one of eight "death vignettes."
Reception
The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct was panned by critics, citing broken gameplay mechanics, poor graphics and "bland" environments, a lack of meaningful storyline, and for not meeting the high expectations associated with its source material. On Metacritic, the Xbox 360 version holds an aggregate score of 32 out of 100, based upon 30 critic reviews.
Although feeling that its "no thrills approach to zombie [first-person shooter] games and its emphasis on stealth and non-firearm weaponry (in comparison to other franchises such as Dead Rising and Left 4 Dead) "[wasn't] necessarily a bad thing", Computer & Video Games criticized Survival Instinct for being a "shoddy squandering of one of entertainment's hottest licenses", citing its "archaic" design, broken, slow-paced gameplay with inconsistent level behaviors, and its "atrocious" graphical quality.
Writing for Giant Bomb, Alex Navarro was even more harsh, believing that in comparison to Telltale's The Walking Dead game, "nothing about Survival Instinct feels properly executed, let alone coherent or thoughtful." Of particular criticism was its gameplay mechanics, the requirement to perform resource gathering and side missions at "the same handful of recycled environments" between story missions, and for providing "no meaningful information or commentary on the characters it revolves around." Giving the game one star, he concluded that Survival Instinct was "an abysmally rushed game of barely connected ideas that brings the player little more than frustration and disappointment." Considering it to be an example of licensed video games that are "lazy, cheap cash-grab[s]", Polygon compared playing Survival Instinct to "listening to a roomful of barely competent musicians, each of whom is playing a completely different song. And every once in a while one kicks you in the groin. Also, you have a sunburn."
During a Reddit AMA session, The Walking Dead creator Robert Kirkman distanced himself from Survival Instinct due to its negative reception, citing his more direct involvement in the Telltale game, and remarking that "I'm pretty sure there's an AMC logo before the title of that game and not a picture of my face. If there was a picture of my face in front of the logo, then I'd be completely responsible for that." Kirkman, however, felt that the ability to play as Daryl was "at least cool".
References
External links
2013 video games
Activision games
First-person shooters
PlayStation 3 games
Survival Instinct
Video games based on television series
Video games based on adaptations
Video games set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Wii U games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Terminal Reality games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial
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Antimicrobial
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An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent). Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi. They can also be classified according to their function. The use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy, while the use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as antimicrobial prophylaxis.
The main classes of antimicrobial agents are disinfectants (non-selective agents, such as bleach), which kill a wide range of microbes on non-living surfaces to prevent the spread of illness, antiseptics (which are applied to living tissue and help reduce infection during surgery), and antibiotics (which destroy microorganisms within the body). The term antibiotic originally described only those formulations derived from living microorganisms but is now also applied to synthetic agents, such as sulfonamides or fluoroquinolones. Though the term used to be restricted to antibacterials (and is often used as a synonym for them by medical professionals and in medical literature), its context has broadened to include all antimicrobials. Antibacterial agents can be further subdivided into bactericidal agents, which kill bacteria, and bacteriostatic agents, which slow down or stall bacterial growth. In response, further advancements in antimicrobial technologies have resulted in solutions that can go beyond simply inhibiting microbial growth. Instead, certain types of porous media have been developed to kill microbes on contact. Overuse or misuse of antimicrobials can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance.
History
Antimicrobial use has been common practice for at least 2000 years. Ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks used specific molds and plant extracts to treat infection.
In the 19th century, microbiologists such as Louis Pasteur and Jules Francois Joubert observed antagonism between some bacteria and discussed the merits of controlling these interactions in medicine. Louis Pasteur's work in fermentation and spontaneous generation led to the distinction between anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The information garnered by Pasteur led Joseph Lister to incorporate antiseptic methods, such as sterilizing surgical tools and debriding wounds into surgical procedures. The implementation of these antiseptic techniques drastically reduced the number of infections and subsequent deaths associated with surgical procedures. Louis Pasteur's work in microbiology also led to the development of many vaccines for life-threatening diseases such as anthrax and rabies. On September 3, 1928, Alexander Fleming returned from a vacation and discovered that a Petri dish filled with Staphylococcus was separated into colonies due to the antimicrobial fungus Penicillium rubens. Fleming and his associates struggled to isolate the antimicrobial but referenced its therapeutic potential in 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology. In 1942, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Edward Abraham used Fleming's work to purify and extract penicillin for medicinal uses earning them the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Chemical
Antibacterials
Antibacterials are used to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are classified generally as beta-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, tetracyclines or aminoglycosides. Their classification within these categories depends on their antimicrobial spectra, pharmacodynamics, and chemical composition. Prolonged use of certain antibacterials can decrease the number of enteric bacteria, which may have a negative impact on health. Consumption of probiotics and reasonable eating may help to replace destroyed gut flora. Stool transplants may be considered for patients who are having difficulty recovering from prolonged antibiotic treatment, as for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections.
The discovery, development and use of antibacterials during the 20th century have reduced mortality from bacterial infections. The antibiotic era began with the therapeutic application of sulfonamide drugs in 1936, followed by a "golden" period of discovery from about 1945 to 1970, when a number of structurally diverse and highly effective agents were discovered and developed. Since 1980, the introduction of new antimicrobial agents for clinical use has declined, in part because of the enormous expense of developing and testing new drugs. In parallel, there has been an alarming increase in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria, fungi, parasites and some viruses to multiple existing agents.
Antibacterials are among the most commonly used drugs and among the drugs commonly misused by physicians, for example, in viral respiratory tract infections. As a consequence of widespread and injudicious use of antibacterials, there has been an accelerated emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, resulting in a serious threat to global public health. The resistance problem demands that a renewed effort be made to seek antibacterial agents effective against pathogenic bacteria resistant to current antibacterials. Possible strategies towards this objective include increased sampling from diverse environments and application of metagenomics to identify bioactive compounds produced by currently unknown and uncultured microorganisms as well as the development of small-molecule libraries customized for bacterial targets.
Antifungals
Antifungals are used to kill or prevent further growth of fungi. In medicine, they are used as a treatment for infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm and thrush and work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes. Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the molecular level, making it more difficult to find a target for an antifungal drug to attack that does not also exist in the host organism. Consequently, there are often side effects to some of these drugs. Some of these side effects can be life-threatening if the drug is not used properly.
As well as their use in medicine, antifungals are frequently sought after to control indoor mold in damp or wet home materials. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) blasted on to surfaces acts as an antifungal. Another antifungal solution applied after or without blasting by soda is a mix of hydrogen peroxide and a thin surface coating that neutralizes mold and encapsulates the surface to prevent spore release. Some paints are also manufactured with an added antifungal agent for use in high humidity areas such as bathrooms or kitchens. Other antifungal surface treatments typically contain variants of metals known to suppress mold growth e.g. pigments or solutions containing copper, silver or zinc. These solutions are not usually available to the general public because of their toxicity.
Antivirals
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. They should be distinguished from viricides, which actively deactivate virus particles outside the body.
Many antiviral drugs are designed to treat infections by retroviruses, including HIV. Important antiretroviral drugs include the class of protease inhibitors. Herpes viruses, best known for causing cold sores and genital herpes, are usually treated with the nucleoside analogue acyclovir. Viral hepatitis is caused by five unrelated hepatotropic viruses (A-E) and may be treated with antiviral drugs depending on the type of infection. Some influenza A and B viruses have become resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, and the search for new substances continues.
Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics are a class of medications indicated for the treatment of infectious diseases such as leishmaniasis, malaria and Chagas disease, which are caused by parasites such as nematodes, cestodes, trematodes and infectious protozoa. Antiparasitic medications include metronidazole, iodoquinol and albendazole. Like all therapeutic antimicrobials, they must kill the infecting organism without serious damage to the host.
Broad-spectrum therapeutics
Broad-spectrum therapeutics are active against multiple classes of pathogens. Such therapeutics have been suggested as potential emergency treatments for pandemics.
Non-pharmaceutical
A wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used as antimicrobials. Organic acids and their salts are used widely in food products, e.g. lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, either as ingredients or as disinfectants. For example, beef carcasses often are sprayed with acids, and then rinsed or steamed, to reduce the prevalence of Escherichia coli.
Heavy metal cations such as Hg2+ and Pb2+ have antimicrobial activities, but can be toxic. In recent years, the antimicrobial activity of coordination compounds has been investigated.
Traditional herbalists used plants to treat infectious disease. Many of these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity, and some plant products have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. A number of these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are distinct from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal.
Copper
Copper-alloy surfaces have natural intrinsic antimicrobial properties and can kill microorganisms such as E. coli and Staphylococcus. The United States Environmental Protection Agency approved the registration of antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces for use in addition to regular cleaning and disinfection to control infections. Antimicrobial copper alloys are being installed in some healthcare facilities and subway transit systems as a public hygienic measure. Copper nanoparticles are attracting interest for the intrinsic antimicrobial behaviors.
Essential oils
Many essential oils included in herbal pharmacopoeias are claimed to possess antimicrobial activity, with the oils of bay, cinnamon, clove and thyme reported to be the most potent in studies with foodborne bacterial pathogens. Coconut oil is also known for its antimicrobial properties. Active constituents include terpenoids and secondary metabolites. Despite their prevalent use in alternative medicine, essential oils have seen limited use in mainstream medicine. While 25 to 50% of pharmaceutical compounds are plant-derived, none are used as antimicrobials, though there has been increased research in this direction. Barriers to increased usage in mainstream medicine include poor regulatory oversight and quality control, mislabeled or misidentified products, and limited modes of delivery.
Antimicrobial pesticides
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, antimicrobial pesticides are used to control growth of microbes through disinfection, sanitation, or reduction of development and to protect inanimate objects, industrial processes or systems, surfaces, water, or other chemical substances from contamination, fouling, or deterioration caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, or slime. The EPA monitors products, such as disinfectants/sanitizers for use in hospitals or homes, to ascertain efficacy. Products that are meant for public health are therefore under this monitoring system, including products used for drinking water, swimming pools, food sanitation, and other environmental surfaces. These pesticide products are registered under the premise that, when used properly, they do not demonstrate unreasonable side effects to humans or the environment. Even once certain products are on the market, the EPA continues to monitor and evaluate them to make sure they maintain efficacy in protecting public health.
Public health products regulated by the EPA are divided into three categories:
Disinfectants: Destroy or inactivate microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses,) but may not act as sporicides (as those are the most difficult form to destroy). According to efficacy data, the EPA will classify a disinfectant as limited, general/broad spectrum, or as a hospital disinfectant.
Sanitizers: Reduce the number of microorganisms, but may not kill or eliminate all of them.
Sterilizers (Sporicides): Eliminate all bacteria, fungi, spores, and viruses.
Antimicrobial pesticide safety
Antimicrobial pesticides have the potential to be a major factor in drug resistance. Organizations such as the World Health Organization call for significant reduction in their use globally to combat this. According to a 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report, health-care workers can take steps to improve their safety measures against antimicrobial pesticide exposure. Workers are advised to minimize exposure to these agents by wearing personal protective equipment such as gloves and safety glasses. Additionally, it is important to follow the handling instructions properly, as that is how the EPA has deemed them as safe to use. Employees should be educated about the health hazards and encouraged to seek medical care if exposure occurs.
Ozone
Ozone can kill microorganisms in air, water and process equipment and has been used in settings such as kitchen exhaust ventilation, garbage rooms, grease traps, biogas plants, wastewater treatment plants, textile production, breweries, dairies, food and hygiene production, pharmaceutical industries, bottling plants, zoos, municipal drinking-water systems, swimming pools and spas, and in the laundering of clothes and treatment of in–house mold and odors.
Antimicrobial scrubs
Antimicrobial scrubs can reduce the accumulation of odors and stains on scrubs, which in turn improves their longevity. These scrubs also come in a variety of colors and styles. As antimicrobial technology develops at a rapid pace, these scrubs are readily available, with more advanced versions hitting the market every year. These bacteria could then be spread to office desks, break rooms, computers, and other shared technology. This can lead to outbreaks and infections like MRSA, treatments for which cost the healthcare industry $20 billion a year.
Halogens
Elements such as chlorine, iodine, fluorine, and bromine are nonmetallic in nature and constitute the halogen family. Each of these halogens have a different antimicrobial effect that is influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, contact time, and type of microorganism. Chlorine and iodine are the two most commonly used antimicrobials. Chlorine is extensively used as a disinfectant in the water treatment plants, drug, and food industries. In wastewater treatment plants, chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant. It oxidizes soluble contaminants and kills bacteria and viruses. It is also highly effective against bacterial spores. The mode of action is by breaking the bonds present in these microorganisms. When a bacterial enzyme comes in contact with a compound containing chlorine, the hydrogen atom in that molecule gets displaced and is replaced with chlorine. This thus changes the enzyme function which in turn leads to the death of the bacterium. Iodine is most commonly used for sterilization and wound cleaning. The three major antimicrobial compounds containing iodine are alcohol-iodine solution, an aqueous solution of iodine, and iodophors. Iodophors are more bactericidal and are used as antiseptics as they are less irritating when applied to the skin. Bacterial spores on the other hand cannot be killed by iodine, but they can be inhibited by iodophors. The growth of microorganisms is inhibited when iodine penetrates into the cells and oxidizes proteins, genetic material, and fatty acids. Bromine is also an effective antimicrobial that is used in water treatment plants. When mixed with chlorine it is highly effective against bacterial spores such as S. faecalis.
Alcohols
Alcohols are commonly used as disinfectants and antiseptics. Alcohols kill vegetative bacteria, most viruses and fungi. Ethyl alcohol, n-propanol and isopropyl alcohol are the most commonly used antimicrobial agents. Methanol is also a disinfecting agent but is not generally used as it is highly poisonous. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus are a few bacteria whose growth can be inhibited by alcohols. Alcohols have a high efficiency against enveloped viruses (60–70% ethyl alcohol) 70% isopropyl alcohol or ethanol are highly effective as an antimicrobial agent. In the presence of water, 70% alcohol causes coagulation of the proteins thus inhibiting microbial growth. Alcohols are not quite efficient when it comes to spores. The mode of action is by denaturing the proteins. Alcohols interfere with the hydrogen bonds present in the protein structure. Alcohols also dissolve the lipid membranes that are present in microorganisms. Disruption of the cell membrane is another property of alcohols that aid in cell death. Alcohols are cheap and effective antimicrobials. They are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Alcohols are commonly used in hand sanitizers, antiseptics, and disinfectants.
Phenol and Phenolic compounds
Phenol also known as carbolic acid was one of the first chemicals which was used as an antimicrobial agent. It has high antiseptic properties. It is bacteriostatic at concentrations of 0.1%–1% and is bactericidal/fungicidal at 1%–2%. A 5% solution kills anthrax spores in 48 hr. Phenols are most commonly used in oral mouth washes and household cleaning agents. They are active against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Today phenol derivatives such as thymol and cresol are used because they are less toxic compared to phenol. These phenolic compounds have a benzene ring along with the –OH group incorporated into their structures. They have a higher antimicrobial activity. These compounds inhibit microbial growth by precipitating proteins which lead to their denaturation and by penetrating into the cell membrane of microorganisms and disrupting it. Phenolic compounds can also deactivate enzymes and damage the amino acids in microbial cells. Phenolics such as fentichlore, an antibacterial and antifungal agent are used as an oral treatment for fungal infections. Trischlosan is highly effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Hexachlorophene (Bisphenol) is used as a surfactant. It is widely used in soaps, handwashes, and skin products because of its antiseptic properties. It is also used as a sterilizing agent. Cresol is an effective antimicrobial and is widely used in mouthwashes and cough drops. Phenolics have high antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2-Phenylphenol-water solutions are used in immersion treatments of fruit for packing. (It is not used on the packing materials however.) Ihloff and Kalitzki 1961 find a small but measurable amount remains in the skin of fruits processed in this manner.
Aldehydes
They are highly effective against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Aldehydes inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting the outer membrane. They are used in the disinfection and sterilization of surgical instruments. Being highly toxic they are not used in antiseptics. Currently, only three aldehyde compounds are of widespread practical use as disinfectant biocides, namely glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) despite the demonstration that many other aldehydes possess good antimicrobial activity. However, due to its long contact time other disinfectants are commonly preferred.
Physical
Heat
Microorganisms have a minimum temperature, an optimum, and a maximum temperature for growth. High temperature as well as low temperatures are used as physical agents of control. Different organisms show different degrees of resistance or susceptibility to heat or temperature, some organisms such as bacterial endospore are more resistant while vegetative cells are less resistant and are easily killed at lower temperatures. Another method that involves the use of heat to kill microorganisms is fractional sterilization. This process involves the exposure to a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius for an hour, on each for several days. Fractional sterilization is also called tyndallization. Bacterial endospores can be killed using this method. Both dry and moist heat are effective in eliminating microbial life. For example, jars used to store preserves such as jam can be sterilized by heating them in a conventional oven. Heat is also used in pasteurization, a method for slowing the spoilage of foods such as milk, cheese, juices, wines and vinegar. Such products are heated to a certain temperature for a set period of time, which greatly reduces the number of harmful microorganisms. Low temperature is also used to inhibit microbial activity by slowing down microbial metabolism.
Radiation
Foods are often irradiated to kill harmful pathogens. There are two types of radiations that are used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms – ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. Common sources of radiation used in food sterilization include cobalt-60 (a gamma emitter), electron beams and . Ultraviolet light is also used to disinfect drinking water, both in small-scale personal-use systems and larger-scale community water purification systems.
Desiccation
Desiccation is also known as dehydration. It is the state of extreme dryness or the process of extreme drying. Some microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and molds require water for their growth. Desiccation dries up the water content thus inhibiting microbial growth. On the availability of water, the bacteria resume their growth, thus desiccation does not completely inhibit bacterial growth. The instrument used to carry out this process is called a desiccator. This process is widely used in the food industry and is an efficient method for food preservation. Desiccation is also largely used in the pharmaceutical industry to store vaccines and other products.
Antimicrobial surfaces
Antimicrobial surfaces are designed to either inhibit the ability of microorganisms to grow or damaging them by chemical (copper toxicity) or physical processes (micro/nano-pillars to rupture cell walls). These surfaces are especially important for the healthcare industry. Designing effective antimicrobial surfaces demands an in-depth understanding of the initial microbe-surface adhesion mechanisms. Molecular dynamics simulation and time-lapse imaging are typically used to investigate these mechanisms.
Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent a solvent from passing from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane. When the concentration of dissolved materials or solute is higher inside the cell than it is outside, the cell is said to be in a hypotonic environment and water will flow into the cell.When the bacteria is placed in hypertonic solution, it causes plasmolysis or cell shrinking, similarly in hypotonic solution, bacteria undergoes plasmotysis or turgid state. This plasmolysis and plasmotysis kills bacteria because it causes change in osmotic pressure.
See also
Biocide
References
External links
BURDEN of Resistance and Disease in European Nations – An EU-Project to estimate the financial burden of antibiotic resistance in European Hospitals
Cochrane Wounds list of antimicrobials (PDF)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/using-physical-methods-to-control-microorganis
National Pesticide Information Center
Overview of the use of Antimicrobials in plastic applications
The Antimicrobial Index – A continuously updated list of antimicrobial agents found in scientific literature (includes plant extracts and peptides)
Biocides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus%20Party
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Campus Party
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Campus Party (CP) is a conference and hackathon.
Founded in 1997 as a technology festival and LAN party, the event was first held in Málaga, Spain, and has since been run in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Paraguay, Singapore, Spain, the Netherlands, Uruguay and USA.
The event has evolved into an annual week-long, 24-hour-a-day festival involving online communities, gamers, programmers, bloggers, governments, universities, companies and students and covers technology innovation and electronic entertainment, with an emphasis on free software, programming, astronomy, social media, gaming, green technology, robotics, security networks and computer modeling.
History
In December 1996 EnRED, a Spanish youth organization, wanted to found a small, private LAN party held at the Benalmádena Youth Center in Andalucía, Spain. Paco Regageles, then director of Channel 100, suggested they expand the event, and promoted it as a LAN party under the original name, the "Ben-Al Party" in reference to the event's location in Benalmádena.
In April 1998 the second Ben-Al Party was held, attracting 5 times the number of participants and national media attention to the gaming event. EnRED abandoned the project as it grew, and in April 1999 Paco Regageles along with Belinda Galiano, Yolanda Rueda, Charles Pinto, Pablo Antón, Juanma Moreno and Rafa Revert founded the non-profit organization E3 Futura, with the broader objective of making technology in all forms more accessible to society. Asociación E3 Futura founded Futura Networks to organize the Campus Party festivals, Campus IT Summer University and the Cibervoluntariado digital inclusion movement.
In 2000 Manuel Toharia, a speaker at previous Campus Parties, and director of Príncipe Felipe's Museum of Sciences in Valencia's City of arts and Sciences suggested that Ragageles expand and make the event more international by moving it to the famous museum. That year, Campus Party doubled in size, attracting 1,600 participants to the 6-day festival.
Futura Networks
Futura Networks was founded by the non-profit E3 Futura in 1999 to create forums and educational programs, such as Campus Party, to promote innovation and responsible participation in digital culture.
Their headquarters are in Madrid, Spain with satellite offices in Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, London. Futura Networks employs 87 people, and hires approximately 20 local organizers and hundreds of volunteers for each Campus Party event.
Content and focus
Something Better
Something Better is an initiative announced on January 17, 2011, at Campus Party Brazil by CP co-founder Paco Ragageles and José María Álvarez-Pallete, President of Telefónica Latin America. Its goals are to promote the idea that the "Internet isn't a network of computers, but a network of people" and to encourage responsible and proper use of the networks. Paco Ragageles said that the new initiative aims to start a movement of civic and social responsibility on the web that promotes innovation and collaboration, and addresses common issues such as Internet privacy, piracy, spam and cyberbullying. One of the reported objectives of Something Better is to create an Internet use education program through Ministries of Education globally.
The first development of Something Better is Geeks Sans Frontières, a volunteer ambassador program which is based on the concept of Médecins Sans Frontières. Their goal is to help foster growth of technology infrastructure and access to information in developing countries in order to facilitate the exchange of ideas between all communities and cultures. The first destinations for the project are Colombia and Ghana.
Free and Open Source Software
Free software is rooted in the origins of Campus Party. They believe that free and open source software is a "new way of writing the rules of digital society" and demonstrates a "profound change in the relationship between the industry, software creators and all who participate in the construction of a world where knowledge knows no boundaries." Some of the most popular events at the Campus are Linux and Ubuntu download fests where free software advocates can recruit new converts.
Executive Director of Linux International, Jon "Maddog" Hall has spoken at the event four times, most recently in Brazil in 2011 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Linux. In 2009 he created the multimedia "maddog challenge," a video contest sponsored by Telefónica to raise the awareness of free software and Creative Commons licenses.
Green Campus
Campus Party's Green Campus initiative began in 2007 with the goal of making the technology and construction of the event focused on green technology and improving the environment. The organization has made the commitment to reduce CO2 emissions, and to encourage innovation through sponsored competitions in the sectors of green tech. In 2007 Futura Networks planted a tree for every Campusero who attended the event with the Nature Foundation. Al Gore has attended the event twice to lead discussions and debates about climate change and responsible energy use. The Green Campus initiative asks for participation in their green tech projects and proposals for future programs.
Innovation
Software development
Campus Party is a hub for programmers and developers to share ideas and code. Participants have the opportunity to work with some of the biggest names in software, game and application development through workshops and demos, and have the opportunity to present their own projects with programming enthusiasts.
Network and security
Campus Party holds debates, roundtables and talks related to network security vulnerabilities, new protocols, such as IPv6 and content privacy online. Ex-hacker turned computer security expert Kevin Mitnick has spoken at several editions about system vulnerabilities and how to protect content and systems, and Joaquín Ayuso, co-founder of Spanish social networking site Tuenti will present on ownership of personal information and security concerns on social platforms in Valencia in 2011.
Competitions
Each Campus Party edition has various competitions ranging from start-ups and multimedia presentations to app and game development. Campus Party Spain awards over $300,000 in prizes at each event.
Digital Inclusion
One of Campus Party's main missions is to bring the Internet to every citizen, and to bridge the digital divide in communities and countries most effected by lack of access. They hold activities focussed on addressing unequal access to information including "digital baptisms" for low-income groups, seminars, debates and about digital inclusion. Campus Party considers itself a "nucleus for digital inclusion" for less privileged populations through a program created with Telefónica and local public institutions. So far they report that the program has initiated over 30,000 people from Brazil, Colombia, Spain and Mexico in the use of information technologies since the program's founding in 2008.
The program works with educators to create programs addressing digital inequalities and training in information technology systems for companies, primarily in Ibero-American countries.
Organization
Campus Party is typically held in large indoor arenas and split into 3 areas: the "Arena" area, - a 24/7 meeting place for talks, workshops, challenges, hackathons, call for ideas and special activities -, the "Experience" area - a place for startups and makers, games, simulators, robots and drones, virtual and augmented reality, academic projects, and more -, and the "Village" area which includes camping, restaurants and a dining hall, and a relaxation zone that has couches, bean bags, TVs and gaming consoles, free massages and in Valencia, a sport arena with basketball and football fields.
The stages are split into areas of concentration
Science: astronomy, modeling and simulations
Creativity: design, social media, photography, art and music
Innovation: programming, security and networks
Technology/Coding
Entrepreneurship
Digital Entertainment
Campus Party attracts a wide audience of gamers, programmers, technology enthusiasts, online communities and industry experts; however, the primary demographic is male college students between the ages of 18 and 29. Participants refer to themselves as "Campuseros" creating a tight-knit community and attending Campus Party each year to reconnect with friends. Attendees are encouraged to bring their own computer as the event centers largely around online participation, computers are provided on-site, but are often in high demand. Campuseros bring both laptops and desktop computers and set up on tables in the center of the exposition hall.
Most participants camp out on site for the seven-day festival in the Campus Party Village where they can be part of the event 24 hours a day. The tents are included in the price of admission. The village features restaurants, microwaves, showers, lockers, gaming and sport arenas and rest areas with couches and beanbags for those needing a break.
The event is live streamed and videos are posted on YouTube, and it is also covered on blogs and social media.
Speakers
Campus Party has had a wide range of speakers in its history, including ex-US Vice President Al Gore, scientist Stephen Hawking, the inventor of the World Wide Web Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple, Vint Cerf, Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist of Google, the hackers Kevin Mitnick and George Hotz, Akira Yamaoka, Ben Hammersley, Nolan Bushnell, the film directors Alfonso Cuarón and Víctor Pérez, Federico Faggin, the physicist who invented the touchscreen, the touchpad and the first commercially produced microchip, Neil Harbisson and Moon Ribas, the first people in the world to be recognised as cyborgs, Don Tapscott, etc.
The focus on astronomy at the event has drawn astronauts Neil Armstrong, Jean-François Clervoy, Ellen Baker, Buzz Aldrin, Marcos Pontes, and Rodolfo Neri Vela to Campus Party.
The organization's work with bridging the digital divide has attracted politicians and government figures, including High Commissioner for the United Nations for the Millennium Objective Eveline Herfkens, Neelie Kroes, Brazilian Presidential candidates Marina Silva and Dilma Rousseff, Gilberto Gil, a Grammy Award-winning musician and former Brazilian Minister of Culture, and ex-Mayor of New York City, Rudolph Giuliani.
President of the Robotics Society of America, David Calkins, video game industry icon Tommy Tallarico, founding member of Blizzard Entertainment, Frank Pearce, media theorist Don Tapscott, and Linux International Executive Director Jon "maddog" Hall have all spoken at the event.
Editions
Campus Party Spain
The Spanish edition of Campus Party has been held at the Colegio Miguel Hernández, Ceulaj, and the Municipal Sport Arena of Benalmádena in Málaga, Spain; and at both the Valencia County Fair and the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia over the past 15 years.
2011
In July 2011 the 15th edition of Campus Party Spain will be held at the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia. Over $350,000 will be awarded for competition winners during the week-long event. Kevin Mitnick, David Calkins, Amira Al Hussaini, Carlos Schmukler, Gianluca Fratellini, Jon "Maddog" Hall, David O'Reilly, Stuart Clark, Julien Fourgeaud and David Bravo are confirmed speakers at the event.
Expansion
In 2008 the Campus Party crossed the Atlantic Ocean to be celebrated in the Americas, the first Latin American edition was held in São Paulo in February, and the second in Bogotá in June of the same year. Since 2008 the festival has been held annually in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, with a special Ibero-America edition in El Salvador in October 2008. In 2011 Futura Networks announced they will be founding Campus Parties in Ecuador, Venezuela, and the United States.
Campus Party Brazil
Campus Party's first edition in São Paulo was held at the São Paulo Art Biennial. From 2009 until 2011 it has taken place at the Centro de Exposições Imigrantes. The 2012 edition was relocated to Parque Anhembi, in order to better accommodate the ever-growing public.
2008
The first Latin American edition of Campus Party took place at the São Paulo Art Biennial and drew 3,000 people to the event. The party was connected by a 5.5GB network, and featured 360 official activities including presentations, workshops, debates and competitions. Numerous government and educational institutions and NGOs participated in the event. Major presenters included Jon "Maddog" Hall, Mari Moon, Marcos Pontes and Steven Berlin Johnson.
2009
In January 2009 Campus Party Brazil was held at the Center Exposições Imigrantes, and attended by 6,655 Campuseros. The event featured a 10GB connection, 11 different content areas and a total of 468 activities throughout the week.
The event was headlined by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, who spoke about the universality of the Internet and "web 3.0." Demi Getschko, who has been involved in the creation of the international networking since 1987 and was part of the team that created the first Internet connection in Brazil.
Gilberto Gil, Brazil's former culture minister, spoke about technology's role in government and brought his guitar along for a concert.
Jon "Maddog" Hall, challenged the campuseros to make their own creations multimedia music and video using only free software under the Creative Commons licensing policy.
The public open exhibition zone was attended by 119,000 people, and 6,819 of the attendees attended the Digital Inclusion area where they had the opportunity to learn more about the world of computers, the web and information technology.
2010
Creative Commons unveiled Version 3.0 of the Creative Commons licenses at Campus Party 2010. The new license is translated and adapted to Brazilian Law, and introduced a range of improvements without changing the licenses' basic structure or function. The keynote was given by Creative Commons' Lawrence Lessig and Brazil's Campus Party director, Ronaldo Lemos.
2011
Brazil's 4th Campus Party took place from January 17–23 at the Centro Imigrantes exposition hall. Over 6,800 Campuseros, primarily between the ages of 18 and 29, attended the event on a 10GB connection, over 1,000 times faster than a typical home connection, which was sponsored by Telefonica, the Brazilian Federal Government, and São Paulo City Government.
The content of the event was split into five main areas: science, creativity, innovation, digital entertainment, and the campus forum which includes open debates, and start-up competitions.
Campus Party founder Paco Ragageles and José María Álvarez-Pallete, President of Telefónica Latin America announced the Something Better initiative at the event, and Al Gore and Sir Tim Berners-Lee shared the stage to discuss the early days of the web and to discuss their visions for its future.
Digital inclusion was a major topic at the event, as only a quarter of Brazilians have Internet access at home, and just over 40% of the population has a home computer. A panel including Brazilian Communications Minister Paulo Bernardo discussed the need to improve the infrastructure of mobile and web networks.
The event sponsored 27 competitions from FIFA championships to modeling and Astrophotography, with awards to future events and funding for technology related start-ups.
Steve Wozniak keynoted the event, speaking to the over 6,000 Campuseros about his history as a developer and the founding of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
The first Startups Contest was organized that year, a joint action with TV Globo, having been awarded 5 finalists with the winning prize.
More code, video, photos and blogs were uploaded than downloaded during the event, with network traffic peaking at 3 am each morning.
2012
Campus Party Brasil 5 took place from February 6–11 at Anhembi exposition hall. The bandwidth were upgraded to a 20Gb connection sponsored by Telefonica, PRODESP, the Brazilian Federal Government, São Paulo State Government and São Paulo City Government.
2013
The sixth edition of the event took place from January 28 to February 3 at Anhembi exposition hall. With a 30Gb connection sponsored by Telefonica and 500 hours of content, including keynotes by Buzz Aldrin and Nolan Bushnell, the event attracted 7,631 Campuseros. The official hashtag on Twitter was #cpbr6.
Campus Party Colombia
Campus Party is held annually at the Bogotá Corferias Convention Center in Bogotá.
2009
Campus Party Colombia 2009 took place from July 6 to 12, 2009, with 3,671 Campuseros attending the event, which featured over 300 hours of training, workshops and collaborative activities.
Speakers and attendees included Kevin Mitnick, famous hacker turned network security expert, Linux International Executive Director Jon "Maddog" Hall, founding member of Creative Commons Michael Carroll, and President of Wikimedia Argentina, Patricio Lorente, who led a conference about Wikipedia.
The open public area, which included interactive zones, educational workshops and virtual reality and gaming expositions, was attended by over 90,000 visitors during the week.
In a partnership with the Mayor of Bogotá and the Ministry of Economic Development, Campus Party trained 8,400 people through their Digital Baptism program. The program offers workshops and sessions where people become familiar with available software and applications to help innovate new forms of interaction and communication. In a joint effort with the Ministry of Education, 130 teachers from across Colombia came together to share their experiences and brainstorm access to knowledge and technological resources for use in the classroom.
Campus Party Ibero-America
Campus Party Ibero-America was sponsored by the Secretary General of Ibero-America as part of the official agenda of the 18th Ibero-America Summit of Heads of State and Government. The event took place from October 28 to November 1, 2008, in the Sports City Merlot in San Salvador, El Salvador, and brought together 600 Internet enthusiasts from 22 countries and 2,000 digital literacy visitors to share their expertise and interests to find solutions to close the technological gap and improving social conditions and development in their countries.
Speakers included government representatives Antonio Saca, President of El Salvador, Secretary General of the SEGIB, Enrique Iglesias, and Eugenio Ravinet, Secretary General of the Iberoamerican Youth Organization, whose talks focused on technology appropriation, or how people shape technology to make it their own.
Astronaut Marcos Pontes, Mexican director Alfonso Cuaron, and Spanish video game developer Gonzo Suarez spoke at the event as well.
Campus Party México
Campus Party's Mexico City edition began in 2009, and has been held at the Expo Santa Fe Center.
2009
Mexico's first Campus Party took place on November 12–16 at the Bancomer Convention Center with 3,527 Campuseros, and 20,000 visitors to the public expo. Guests included Tim Berners-Lee the inventor of the World Wide Web, Jon "maddog" Hall, president of Linux International, and Rodolfo Neri Vela, the first Mexican to travel to space, among others. The event clocked in at over 250 hours of collaborative activities and workshops, supplied a 8Gb network, and hosted 1,500 campers.
2010
The second edition of the event was from August 9–15 and hosted almost double the number of attendees with 6,519 registered Campuseros.
Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple, Kevin Mitnick, Akira Yamaoka, Ben Hammersley and Wikimedia Foundation's Head of Business Partnerships Kul Wadhwa spoke at the event.
The event featured 27 competitions such as Iron Geek, whose winner received a three-month contract with Telefónica in Spain, the PEMEX Energy Innovation Award, The Great Mind Challenge sponsored by IBM, Mobile Modding and VoIP Hacker Challenges. And in honor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, a football match played my robots was held for two nights on the main stage.
European Union edition
The Campus Party Europe was held April 14–18, 2010 at the Caja Mágica in Madrid, Spain with 800 participants from each of the 27 European Union member states. Sponsored by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation and the European Commission, the event was held in conjunction with the Spanish Presidency of the European Union and centered around three areas of knowledge: science, digital creativity and innovation. Costs for transportation and accommodations were covered by Futura Networks for all 800 participants.
The world's biggest robot building society, Let's Make Robots, was invited to provide an international focus on robot building as a hobby. Students from northern Portugal's Braga University built football playing robots to kick a ball around with Cristiano Ronaldo and Raúl González in celebration of the 2010 World Cup.
The European Union event featured competitions that university students and industry professionals could enter, and showcased inventions from a computer-toaster hybrid to a video game to promote healthy eating habits in children.
The major sponsored competitions included:
Innovation Awards: Winner - "The foot APM" by Bram Vanderborght, Belgium, a passive prosthesis that doesn't require external power as energy is stored and released. It closely imitates the best possible functioning normal ankle.
MICINN Challenge: Winner: MobileDoc - a database of services and doctor expertises and application developed with graphics to be easily localized and isn't limited by illiteracy, that instantly finds nearby hospitals or medicine men in locations where emergency care is scarce, such as Nigeria.
Imagine Cup - Sponsored by Microsoft as the largest international student competition focusing on software technological innovation that leads to a better world. Microsoft created an honorary mention for Campus Party participants. The winners had the opportunity to present their creations at a European Union seminar to corporate representatives and Internet entrepreneurs.
FIRST Latam - A European Union funded project that aims to foster the development of Internet innovation in Latin America through international cooperation. FIRST holds competitions for individuals to present their proposals for future projects and then finds resources and funding for the projects.
Due to the volcanic eruption in Iceland, the party ended up with a massive challenge for the organisers, who had to arrange return trips the 800 stranded European participants, without any flights available.
Campus Party Europe in Berlin
From August 21 to 26, 2012 Campus Party held its first edition in Germany at Berlin's Tempelhof airport. The event, which is under patronage of the European Commission is said to have drawn 10,000 participants from all 27 countries in the European Union. Among the main speakers: Paulo Coelho, Tim Berners-lee, Don Tapscott, and Neil Harbisson.
Criticism
The event was criticized in advance for not being involved with the local hacker, gamer and policial activist scenes. Alcohol was banned on the venue, except in VIP areas.
Campus Party Europe in London
From September 2 to 7 2013, the first Campus Party in the UK was held at The O2 in London.
Campus Party Italy
The first edition of Campus Party Italy, the international festival that focuses on creativity and innovation, was held in Milan (Fiera Milano Congressi MiCo) in July 2017.
The event included over 2,000 campuseros (participants in tent) and 400 hours of content featured on 7 stages: business, coding, creativity, entertainment, technology, science and Feel The Future, the main stage. Among the main speakers: Federico Faggin, the physicist who invented the touchscreen, the touchpad and the first commercially produced microchip, Neil Harbisson and Moon Ribas, the first people in the world to be recognised as cyborgs, Roberto Saviano, author of Gomorra and journalist Enrico Mentana.
The second edition was hosted in Milan from 18 to 22 July 2018. Five days (and four nights) non-stop, 4,000 tents, 7 stages, 20,000 visitors expected, 350 speakers from all over the world, 450 hours of content, more than 130 partners including companies, institutions, communities and universities. Among the main speakers: Guido Tonelli, physicist talking about the CMS project at CERN that discovered the Higgs Boson; Jon “Maddog” Hall, the board chair for the Linux Professional Institute; Edward Frenkel, mathematics professor from the University of Berkeley in California and author of the bestseller Love and Math and George Hotz, programmer and hacker from the US, the first to jailbreak the iPhone 3S and to hack the PlayStation 3. Amond the speakers of the thematic stages (science, entrepreneurship, coding, entertainment and creativity): Víctor Pérez, film director who worked on the special effects of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and Rogue One: A Star Wars Story; James Hughes, executive director of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies and author of Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future, and more.
An important new feature of the second edition was the Job Factory, an area where participants and companies can get to know each other and carry out different activities together.
The third edition was held in Milan from 24 to 27 July 2019. It was a four days and four nights non-stop event with 450 hours of content, 4,000 tents, 20,000 visitors, 250 speakers from all over the world and more of 180 partners among institutions, companies, universities and communities. To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the World Wide Web, Campus Party invited Sir Tim Berners-Lee as keynote speakers to talk about the future of the Internet. Concurrent with the announcement of the presence of the inventor of the WWW, Campus Party launched a global call for ideas entitled "WORLD WIDE WE_", a study developed together with Kantar that will involve the entire network of 650,000 young campuseros from 14 countries. Everyone was invited to share their ideas for a better web with Campus Party and the inventor of the www, like how to combat fake news and the phenomenon of hate speech, proposals for new methods of website maintenance and ideas for defending privacy. Four finalists presented their ideas directly to Sir Tim Berners-Lee in front of 4,000 young campuseros at the event, inspiring them to give even more in terms of ideas and projects, in the unique and distinctive manner of Campus Party.
Campus Party TechFest (Detroit, USA)
The first USA edition of Campus Party was scheduled from 6 to 8 of November 2020 at TCF Center in Detroit, Michigan but due to the covid pandemic the event was postponed. Campus Party TechFest will be the first-ever 24-hour, 3-day, 2-night geek festival in the United States. This event will bring together Millennials, Generation Z, students, professionals and geeks for an interactive festival of open innovation, creativity, science, entrepreneurship and entertainment. Campus Party TechFest will serve to present cutting-edge technological innovations and STEM-based activities that will transform future-facing global economic sectors.
Between 4,000 and 5,000 people are expected to descend on downtown Detroit for an international technology conference's first foray into North America.
The conference will include workshops, demonstrations, hackathons, gaming and other activities, as well as keynote speakers such as Daymond John of reality television show "Shark Tank".
Campus Party editions
References
External links
LAN parties
Recurring events established in 1997
Robotics events
Science festivals
Software development events
Technology conferences
Hackathons
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19014831
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina%2C%20Opole%20Lubelskie%20County
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Adelina, Opole Lubelskie County
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Adelina is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chodel, within Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Chodel, east of Opole Lubelskie, and west of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Adelina
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34275417
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntypistis
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Syntypistis
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Syntypistis is a genus of moths of the family Notodontidae first described by Turner in 1907.
Species
Syntypistis alboviridis (Kiriakoff, 1970)
Syntypistis alleni (Holloway, 1983)
Syntypistis ardjuna (Kiriakoff, 1967)
Syntypistis amamiensis Nakatomi, 1981
Syntypistis ambigua Schintlmeister & Fang, 2001
Syntypistis aspera Kishida & Kobayashi, 2004
Syntypistis ceramensis (Kiriakoff, 1967)
Syntypistis chambae (Kiriakoff, 1970)
Syntypistis charistera (West, 1932)
Syntypistis chloropasta Turner, 1907
Syntypistis comatus (Leech, 1898)
Syntypistis cupreonitens (Kiriakoff, 1963)
Syntypistis cyanea (Leech, 1888)
Syntypistis defector (Schintlmeister, 1997)
Syntypistis eichhorni (Kiriakoff, 1970)
Syntypistis fasciata (Moore, 1879)
Syntypistis ferrea (Kiriakoff, 1967)
Syntypistis grisescens (Roepke, 1944)
Syntypistis hasegawai (Nakamura, 1976)
Syntypistis hercules (Schintlmeister, 1997)
Syntypistis japonica Nakatomi, 1981
Syntypistis jupiter (Schintlmeister, 1997)
Syntypistis lineata (Okano, 1960)
Syntypistis malayana (Nakamura, 1976)
Syntypistis melana C.S. Wu & C.L. Fang, 2003
Syntypistis murina (Kiriakoff, 1967)
Syntypistis nigribasalis (Wileman, 1910)
Syntypistis opaca Turner, 1922
Syntypistis palladina (Schaus, 1928)
Syntypistis pallidifascia (Hampson, 1892)
Syntypistis paranga (Kiriakoff, 1970)
Syntypistis parcevirens (de Joannis, 1929)
Syntypistis perdix (Moore, 1879)
Syntypistis praeclara M. Wang & Kobayashi, 2004
Syntypistis pryeri (Leech, 1889)
Syntypistis punctatella (Motschulsky, 1860)
Syntypistis rhypara (Kiriakoff, 1970)
Syntypistis scensus (Schintlemeister, 1997)
Syntypistis sinope Schintlmeister, 2002
Syntypistis spadix Kishida & Kobayashi, 2004
Syntypistis spitzeri (Schintlmeister, 1987)
Syntypistis subgeneris (Strand, 1916)
Syntypistis subgriseoviridis (Kiriakoff, 1963)
Syntypistis synechochlora (Kiriakoff, 1963)
Syntypistis triguttata (Kiriakoff, 1967)
Syntypistis trioculata (Holloway, 1976)
Syntypistis umbrosa (Matsumura, 1927)
Syntypistis uskwara (Kiriakoff, 1970)
Syntypistis victor Schintlmeister & Fang, 2001
Syntypistis viridigriseus (Rothschild, 1917)
Syntypistis viridipicta (Wileman, 1910)
Syntypistis witoldi (Schintlmeister, 1997)
References
Notodontidae
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2475514
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20D.%20Howe%20Institute
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C. D. Howe Institute
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The C. D. Howe Institute () is a Canadian nonprofit policy research organization in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It aims to be distinguished by "research that is nonpartisan, evidence-based, and subject to definitive expert review." The institute's office is located in the Trader's Bank Building in downtown Toronto.
The C. D. Howe Institute publishes research that is national in scope and hosts events across Canada on a wide variety of issues in economic and social policy. Its stated mission is "to raise living standards by fostering economically sound public policies."
Institute
The C. D. Howe Institute's origins go back to Montreal in 1958, when a group of prominent business and labour leaders organized the Private Planning Association of Canada (PPAC) to research and promote educational activities on issues related to public economic policy. In 1973, the PPAC's assets and activities became part of the C. D. Howe Memorial Foundation, created in 1961 to memorialize the late Right Honourable Clarence Decatur Howe. The new organization operated as the C. D. Howe Research Institute until 1982, when the Memorial Foundation chose to focus directly on memorializing C. D. Howe; the institute then adopted its current name: the C. D. Howe Institute.
The institute's research has been cited by Liberal, New Democrat and Conservative members of parliament. The media has described the institute as a centrist, right-wing, conservative, non-partisan, think tank. The institute "is happy to publish papers on either side of the ideological line, provided there is data to back it up." It has been described as having a "deep intellectual grounding to its public-policy approach".
Funding
The C. D. Howe Institute is a registered Canadian charity, and it accepts donations from individuals, private and public organizations, and charitable foundations. In 2018, 34% of the institute's income was from academic, corporate and individual donations; 23% was from endowments and research grants; and 18% was income from attendee fees and sponsorships.
Since 2016, the Institute has received major gifts and grants from:
Research
The institute publishes over 60 research reports per year. Major areas of policy research are:
Business Cycle
Demographics and Immigration
Education, Skills and Labour Market
Energy and Natural Resources
Financial Services and Regulation
Fiscal and Tax Policy
Health Policy
Industry Regulation and Competition Policy
Innovation and Business Growth
Monetary Policy
Public Governance and Accountability
Public Investments and Infrastructure
Retirement Saving and Income
Trade and International Policy
In March 2015, the institute published a review of provincial and Canadian vaccination policies funded through a $197,950 grant from the Public Health Agency of Canada's Immunization Partnership Fund. A follow-up report focused on childhood immunisation was published in April 2017, and an adult report published in April 2018.
In December 2022, the institute published a review of Canada's COVID-19 vaccination campaign in regards to reduction in cases, hospitalizations and deaths.
Events
The institute hosts public policy roundtables and conferences featuring prominent political leaders (including current and former Prime Ministers), Canadian and international policymakers, academics, business leaders and public servants. Over 80 events are held each year.
Awards
Authors of six C. D. Howe Institute publications have won the Doug Purvis Memorial Prize, which is awarded annually by the Canadian Economics Association to the authors of a highly significant written contribution to Canadian economic policy. (The prize was conferred on Institute contributors in 1994, 1995, 2002, 2010, 2012, and 2015.) A C. D. Howe Institute title received the Donner Prize in 2004 (Institute publications were runners-up in 2001, 2005, and 2011), which is awarded annually by the Donner Canadian Foundation for the best public policy book by a Canadian.
References
External links
The C. D. Howe Institute
Policy.ca Profile: C. D. Howe Institute
Canada Revenue Agency registered charity information database: C. D. Howe Institute
The Canadian Encyclopedia
Political and economic think tanks based in Canada
Charities based in Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-meter%20band
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15-meter band
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The 15-meter band (also called the 21-MHz band or 15 meters) is an amateur radio frequency band spanning the shortwave spectrum from 21 to 21.45 MHz. The band is suitable for amateur long-distance communications, and such use is permitted in nearly all countries.
Because 15-meter waves propagate primarily via reflection off of the F-2 layer of the ionosphere, the band is most useful for intercontinental communication during daylight hours, especially in years close to solar maxima, but the band permits long-distance without high-power station equipment outside such ideal windows. The 15-meter wavelength is harmonically related to that of the 40-meter band, so it is often possible to use an antenna designed for 40 meters.
History
The 15-meter band was designated by the 1947 International Radio Conference of Atlantic City in part to compensate for the loss of the 160-meter band to amateurs by the introduction of LORAN during World War II. The 15-meter band opened to amateurs for CW operation only in the United States on May 1, 1952, and telephony operations were authorized above 21.25 MHz and Novice CW operations between 21.100 and 21.250 MHz on March 28, 1953.
Frequency allocation
United States
Key
Canada
Canada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion or guideline.
Japan
Changed on September 25, 2023.
Key
See also
Shortwave bands
References
Click the 15 Meter button at the bottom of the page
Amateur radio bands
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33342502
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul%20Musannefin%20Shibli%20Academy
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Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy
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Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy is a research academy based in Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Its aim was to add authentic historical literature in Urdu so that people could have easy access to history.
History
Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy was conceived by Maulana Shibli Nomani and established by his disciples Hamiduddin Farahi, Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Maulana Syed Masood Ali, Mawlana Abdus Salam Nadwi and Mawlana Shibli Mutakallim Nadwi on 21 November 1914, three days after his death with the following objectives:
To nurture and sustain a body of scholarly authors.
To provide a congenial environment for scholars to create, compile and translate literary works of high scholastic and historical value.
To undertake printing and publication of the literary works of the Academy.
It aimed at effectively meeting increasing intellectual and ideological challenges faced by the Muslim community of the sub-continent after the collapse of their political authority and its replacement by the British power.
Members of Academy
It included many talented writers who furthered Shibli Nomani's academic dream.
Shah Muinuddeen Ahmad Nadvi: (Books; Tareekh e Islam 4 Volumes, Tab'een, Deen e Rehmat, Seerul Sahaba Rz Part 3 67, Hayat e Sulaiman, Islam aur Arbi Tamaddun).
Syed Sabahuddin AbdulRehman: (Books; Hindustan k Ehd e Wusta ka Fouji Nizam, Hindustan k Musalman Hukmarano k Ehad k Tamadduni Jalwy, Hindustan k Salateen Ulma o Mshaykh k ta'aluqat, Bazm e Soofiya, Bazm e Mamlukiya, Bazm e Taimuriya, Hindustan Ameer Khusro ki nazar mein, Zaheeruddin Babur, Islam mein Mazhabi Rawadari and Islam aur Mustashriqeen).
Molana Abdulsalam Nadvi: (Books; Hukamaye Islam, Uswa e Sahaba Rz, Uswa e Sahabiyat Rz, Seerat e Umar bin AbdulAziz Rh and Iqbal e Kamil, Imam Raazi).
Syed Abu Zafar Nadvi: (Books; Tareekh e Sindh, Tareekh e Gujrat 2 Volumes, Mukhtsar tareekh e Hind).
Syed Riyasat Ali Nadvi: (Books; Tareekh e Saqliya 2 Volumes,Tareekh e Undlas, Ehd e Risalat o Khilafat e Rashida).
Dr Muhammad Uzair: (Book; Tareekh e Saltanate Usmania).
Haji Muinuddeen Nadvi: (Books; Khulafaye Rashideen, Muhajireen).
Abulhasnat Nadvi: (Book; Hindustan ki qadeem Islami Darsgahein).
Syed Najeeb Ashraf Nadvi: (Book; Muqaddimah Ruq'at e Alamgeeri).
Abdulsalam Qadvai: (Books; Hamari Badshahi).
References
2. https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/11381-darul-musannefin-shibli-academy/
3. https://m.timesofindia.com/city/varanasi/darul-musannefin-an-excellent-seat-of-learning/articleshow/45321427.cms
Colleges in Azamgarh district
Education in Azamgarh
Shibli Nomani
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71457011
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila%20Greengrass%20Blackdeer
|
Lila Greengrass Blackdeer
|
Lila Greengrass Blackdeer (February 14, 1932 – October 30, 2021), also known as Masuhijajawiga, was an American maker of black ash baskets, in the Ho-Chunk tradition. She was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship in 1999.
Early life
Lila Greengrass was born in Black River Falls, Wisconsin, the daughter of Edwin Greengrass and Bessie Youngbear. Her father attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School from 1913 to 1917. She began making baskets as a child, instructed by her mother in the techniques of their Ho-Chunk (or Winnebago) tradition.
Career
Blackdeer taught basketmaking and other crafts for much of her life, including 24 years at Western Wisconsin Technical College. She was also manager of Winnebago Indian Mission Industries, a garment factory run by women in her community, on the site of an old mission school. In addition to basketry, Blackdeer was skilled in sewing, dyeing, needlework, and beadwork. She was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts in 1999. She was one of the elder-artists included in an exhibition and documentation project by the Hocak Wazijaci Language and Culture Preservation Committee in 1994. Works by Blackdeer are in the collections of the Milwaukee Public Museum, Marquette University, and the University of Wisconsin, and many private collections. Her baskets were part of an exhibit at Edgewood College in 2017.
Personal life
Lila Greengrass married William P. Blackdeer in 1954. They had four children. Her husband died in 2001. She died in 2021, aged 89 years.
References
1932 births
2021 deaths
People from Black River Falls, Wisconsin
Native American women artists
Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin people
Native American basket weavers
American weavers
20th-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American artists
21st-century American women artists
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native American artists
21st-century Native American women
21st-century Native American artists
Artists from Wisconsin
Native American people from Wisconsin
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37440437
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagamatsu
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Nagamatsu
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Nagamatsu (written: 永松) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
, Japanese boxer
Sequoia Nagamatsu, American writer
See also
Nakamatsu
Japanese-language surnames
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2115583
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20Contemporary%20Art%20San%20Diego
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Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego
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The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (or MCASD), in San Diego, California, US, is an art museum focused on the collection, preservation, exhibition, and interpretation of works of art from 1950 to the present.
Binational mandate
Located in the border city of San Diego, the museum's binational mandate includes a focus on artists from both sides of the US/Mexico border, celebrating both San Diego and Tijuana’s artistic communities. MCASD has held several exhibitions that explore cross-border themes, including Being Here With You / Estando aquí contigo: 42 Artists from San Diego and Tijuana, The Very Large Array: San Diego/Tijuana Artists in the MCA Collection and Strange New World: Art and Design from Tijuana.
In 2023, artists Celia Álvarez Muñoz and Griselda Rosas have exhibited their artwork to express their lived experiences from living on both U.S. and Mexico borderlands. More than 35 pieces of art were exhibited by these two artists. They exhibited their special representations of artwork including sculptural installations, textile drawings, embroidery, book projects, and photographic series. Both exhibit a unique and share a circulation of cultures with their artwork.
Locations
MCASD has two sites, about 13.2 miles (21 km) apart:
MCASD – 700 Prospect St, La Jolla, CA 92037.
Located on a 3-acre oceanfront campus, MCASD's flagship La Jolla location was originally an Irving Gill-designed residence, built in 1916 for philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps. Since opening in 1941, the property has undergone several expansions. Mosher & Drew completed a series of expansions in 1950, 1960, and again in the late 1970s; and a renovation by Venturi Scott Brown & Associates was done in 1996. In 2017, MCASD began its most recent expansion led by architect Annabelle Selldorf, which increased its size and added a public park. The La Jolla location reopened to the public after its four-year renovation on Saturday, April 9, 2022.
MCASD Downtown – 1100 Kettner Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92101.
In 1986 MCASD established a small gallery space in downtown San Diego and later opened a larger downtown outpost in 1993 inside America Plaza adjacent to the San Diego Trolley line, designed by artists Robert Irwin and Richard Fleischner along with architect David Raphael Singer. In 2007, MCASD expanded its downtown facility with two buildings.
Joan and Irwin Jacobs Building – The Jacobs Building is named for philanthropists Joan and Irwin Jacobs. It was formerly the baggage building for the landmark Santa Fe Depot, built in 1915-16 for the Panama-California Exposition. The Jacobs building has featured large-scale installations and sculptures including Maya Lin's Systematic Landscapes. Richard Serra’s Santa Fe Depot sculpture commissioned by MCASD is located behind the building.
David C. Copley Building – In 2004, benefactor David C. Copley supported the construction of a new building that would occupy the site adjacent to the Jacobs Building. The Copley Building is outfitted with two specially commissioned permanent installations which feature Light and Space art. Roman De Salvo made light fixtures of industrial materials for walls of the stairwell. Outside the building, Jenny Holzer created a parade of her trademark truisms to be spelled out vertically in light-emitting diodes. The words run through clear plastic tubes that she calls icicles.
History
Founded in 1941 in La Jolla as The Art Center in La Jolla, a community art center, through the 1950s and 1960s the organization operated as the La Jolla Art Museum. The museum was originally the 1915 residence of newspaper heiress and philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps, designed by the noted architect Irving Gill.
In the early 1970s, the name changed to the La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art, focusing the purview on the period from 1950 to the present. In 1990, the museum changed its name to San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art, only to change it to Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, after confusion developed between its name and the San Diego Museum of Art. The new name also acknowledged the larger geographic context and the population base of nearly 3 million in San Diego County, and opened a $1.2-million satellite facility downtown in 1993, further embracing the region.
In 1996, a major $9.2 million renovation and expansion of MCASD La Jolla took place, designed by Robert Venturi of the firm Venturi Scott Brown & Associates. Venturi's addition included four more galleries, doubling the museum's exhibition space to . It also expanded the museum's educational space, storage space, bookstore library and restaurant. It transformed the garden into an outdoor exhibition space for sculpture.
In 2007, a $25-million downtown location of the museum was opened, designed by architect Richard Gluckman of Gluckman Mayner Architects, New York. The expansion added of space to the downtown site and increases its exhibition space from about to . At the north end of the building is a three-story structure of corrugated steel and textured glass. It houses curatorial offices, art-handling and storage facilities, an art education classroom, a lecture hall that opens onto a terrace and a boardroom with a view of the harbor. The renovated baggage building is named for Irwin M. Jacobs, founder of the technology company Qualcomm, and his wife, Joan. The three-story Modernist structure bears the name of philanthropist and newspaper publisher David C. Copley.
In 2014, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego chose architect Annabelle Selldorf to head a $30 million expansion tripling the size of the museum's location in La Jolla. Upon completion, the museum had of gallery space to exhibit the permanent collection, as well as additional space for education. The museum's footprint was expanded to include properties (now residential but owned by the museum) on both sides of the institution, and the space that previously housed the Sherwood Auditorium was reconfigured as a gallery with exhibit space of approximately .
Collection
The Museum of Contemporary Art has a nearly 5,500-object collection of post-World War II art that includes key pieces by color field painter Ellsworth Kelly, minimalist sculptor Donald Judd and renowned California installation artist Robert Irwin. In 2012, museum received 30 contemporary pieces from the 1950s to 1980s, with artworks from Piero Manzoni, Ad Dekkers, Christo, Jules Olitski and Franz Kline, as well as California artists Craig Kauffman and Ron Davis, from the collection of Vance E. Kondon and his wife Elisabeth Giesberger.
As a site-specific installation, Irwin created 1° 2° 3° 4° (1997), consisting of squarish apertures cut into three lightly tinted museum windows so visitors have an unmediated view of the horizon line separating sea and sky and can feel the ocean breeze.
Notable works
Ellsworth Kelly, Red Blue Green, 1963
Andy Warhol, Liz Taylor Diptych, 1963
John Baldessari, Terms Most Usefull…, 1966-1968
Helen Pashgian, untitled, 1968-1969
Maren Hassinger, Wallflower, 1975
Richard Hunt, Linear Peregrine Forms, 1962
Jack Whitten, Chinese Sincerity, 1974
John Valadez, Pool Party, 1986
Lorna Simpson, Guarded Conditions, 1989
Tschabalala Self, Evening, 2019
Mely Barragan, Black Light, 2017
Deaccessioning
In May 2021, MCASD sent nine paintings and one sculpture from its collection to auction in New York, selling works by Roy Lichtenstein, Conrad Marca-Relli, Lorser Feitelson and six other postwar American artists for nearly $900,000.
Management
MCASD has a permanent endowment fund of over $40 million, and an annual operating budget of approximately $6 million. Annual support comes from a balanced mix of individuals, corporations, foundations, government agencies, and interest earned from the endowment, the majority of which came from a transformational 1999 bequest from Rea and Jackie Axline of more than $30 million.
From 1983 to 2016, Hugh Davies steered the museum as director. From October 2016, Kathryn Kanjo became the museum's director and CEO.
References
External links
Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego
Art museums and galleries in California
Museums in San Diego
Modern art museums in the United States
Arts centers in California
La Jolla, San Diego
1941 establishments in California
Art museums established in 1941
Irving Gill buildings
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Buildings and structures completed in 1941
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15354034
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVPI1
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AVPI1
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Arginine vasopressin-induced protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AVPI1 gene.
References
External links
Further reading
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33220943
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dead%20Files
|
The Dead Files
|
The Dead Files is an American paranormal television series that premiered September 23, 2011, on the Travel Channel. The program features physical mediums Amy Allan (until 2023), Cindy Kaza (since 2023), and former NYPD homicide detective Steve DiSchiavi, who investigate allegedly haunted locations at the request of their clients to provide proof of paranormal activity. Each partner is depicted exploring the case independently of the other, not to influence their portion of the investigation. They, along with their client(s), come together during the program's final segment, the "reveal," when they compare their findings.
On April 21, 2023, it was announced that the fifteenth season will premiere on June 1, 2023. In the same press release, it was announced that Allan was leaving the series after the June 29 episode. She was replaced by medium Cindy Kaza.
Cast
Current
Steve DiSchiavi: Investigator (2011–present)
Cindy Kaza: Psychic medium (2023–present)
Matthew Anderson: Videographer (2011–present)
Former
Amy Allan: Psychic medium (2011–2023)
Show format
Following her predecessor's (Amy Allen) guidance, Cindy Kaza continues her legacy alongside her partner, Steve DiSchiavi.
After items such as family pictures, trinkets, or personal effects have been removed from a location claimed to be haunted, Allan walks through, attempting to communicate with ghosts and spirits. Meanwhile, Dischiavi questions residents, employees, and local experts in genealogy, local history, and law enforcement regarding the site's history. Later, Allan collaborates with a sketch artist to create drawings of spirits she claims to have channeled during her walk-through. The episodes conclude with a "reveal", where the drawings will often appear to match Dischiavi's findings.
Criticism
According to skeptical reviewer Karen Stollznow, Allan often claims to find the same activity, such as shadow people, in multiple locations. Some items - such as religious iconography - are not removed but are often left in locations. Stollznow notes that Allan appears to offer no evidence to verify her suggestion she had no preexisting knowledge of a location, which could be problematic for well-known ones such as Alcatraz or the Lizzie Borden house. Stollznow characterizes DiSchiavi as more of a "biased believer" than a skeptic and suggests that the show is edited to make his investigation appear accurate, removing parts of Allan's observations that don't align with DiSchiavi's findings.
Episodes
See also
Apparitional experience
Parapsychology
Ghost hunting
Haunted locations in the United States
References
External links
of The Dead Files
Travel Channel original programming
Paranormal reality television series
2010s American reality television series
2010s American documentary television series
2011 American television series debuts
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60634860
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20That%20%28season%2011%29
|
All That (season 11)
|
The eleventh season of the Nickelodeon sketch-comedy series All That aired from June 15, 2019 to December 17, 2020. This season marked the first time the show had aired new episodes since 2005. Former cast members Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell served as executive producers. Like the first 10 seasons, this season was shot before a live audience.
The eleventh season featured the involvement of former cast members appearing regularly with the new cast in sketches. Numerous classic characters and sketches, such as Good Burger, the "Loud Librarian", and "Detective Dan", were revived for the new season. Besides Mitchell and Thompson's involvement; Lori Beth Denberg, Josh Server, Alisa Reyes, Mark Saul, Jamie Lynn Spears, and Lisa Foiles have returned.
Cast
Starring
Ryan Alessi
Reece Caddell
Kate Godfrey
Gabrielle Nevaeh Green
Nathan Janak
Lex Lumpkin
Chinguun Sergelen
Notes
Featuring
Aria Brooks (first episode: January 18, 2020)
Production
In the fall of 2018, Brian Robbins, co-creator of the series, was formally announced as the new president of Nickelodeon. Now in charge of the company's programming unit, he expressed interest in a revival of the show. By November 2018, Robbins met with original cast member Kenan Thompson in New York where he performs in the cast of Saturday Night Live.
The show's second revival was announced as part of Nickelodeon's 2019 content slate on February 14, 2019.
On May 14, 2019, it was announced that the show would premiere on June 15, 2019. The new cast was officially revealed on Today with Hoda & Jenna on May 29, 2019.
On October 16, 2019, it was announced that Nickelodeon had ordered 13 additional episodes for the season, bringing the total to 26 episodes. It was also announced that Aria Brooks would be joining the cast for the new episodes.
On November 21, 2019, it was revealed that Jamie Lynn Spears and the cast of Zoey 101 would be reuniting in a Thelma Stump sketch, in an episode aired on July 11, 2020.
On February 19, 2020, it was announced that Nickelodeon had ordered an additional 10 episodes for the season. However, on March 16, 2020, Nickelodeon postponed all live-action productions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Only eight of those episodes were completed, and production did not resume.
Episodes
Notes
References
2019 American television seasons
All That seasons
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67198576
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%931934%20Massachusetts%20legislature
|
1933–1934 Massachusetts legislature
|
The 148th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1933 and 1934.
Senators
Representatives
See also
1934 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
73rd United States Congress
List of Massachusetts General Courts
References
External links
Political history of Massachusetts
Massachusetts legislative sessions
massachusetts
1933 in Massachusetts
massachusetts
1934 in Massachusetts
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57549667
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinanga
|
Kinanga
|
Kinanga is a town and commune of Angola, located in the province of Luanda.
See also
Communes of Angola
References
Populated places in Luanda Province
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27579279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach%20Cities%20Robotics
|
Beach Cities Robotics
|
Beach Cities Robotics is a FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) team from the South Bay area in Southern California. Team is composed of members from both Mira Costa High School and Redondo Union High School.
Beach Cities Robotics (Team 294) won the 2010 FIRST Breakaway competition in Atlanta, Georgia, along with alliance partners, Team 67 (HOT Team), and Team 177 (Bobcat Robotics).
Beach Cities Robotics also won the 2001 FIRST National Championship, and the FIRST Tech Challenge (Quad Quandary) World Championship in 2008.
Beach Cities Robotics often participates in outreach activities in the South Bay, doing demos for middle schools and science events in the community, as well as attending local school district and city council meetings. The team participates in the annual Northrop Grumman open house.
History
Beach Cities Robotics has been a participant in the FIRST program since late 1996 when Hope Chapel Academy, Hawthorne High School, Mira Costa High School, and Redondo Union High School to form one of the first two Southern California teams, Team 61-”Circuit Breakers”. Several individuals (Dr. Beverly Rohrer, K.G. Englehardt, Rob Steele, and Pat Hosken) were instrumental in bringing that original team together with much support from ADTECH, the consortium behind the team’s formation. In 1998, Hope Chapel split off to form their own team, Team 330-”Beach Bots”. Hawthorne, Redondo, and Mira Costa stayed together and were sponsored by TRW and ADTECH, calling themselves the “Vultures”. In 1999, Hawthorne split off to become Team 207-”Metal Crafters” and Redondo and Mira Costa became 294-”Beach Cities Robotics”. In spring 2002, BCR became a year-round program, with students and mentors working more than 2000 hours during the build season.
2014
The 2014 FRC game, Aerial Assist, focused on assists between allied robots in the scoring of a 24" yoga ball on the opposite side of the field. Alliances gained additional points for receiving assists from other robots, launching the ball over the truss and catching it, and scoring in a high goal.
Team 294's robot, Wavelength, was designed to focus on launching over the truss and scoring high. The team developed a linear shot mechanism and 6CIM drive in order to accomplish these tasks.
It competed in the Inland Empire and Los Angeles Regional Competitions.
2016
Beach Cities Robotics competed in the 2016 FRC game, Stronghold. Stronghold was one of the most challenging FRC games yet, with robots crossing various field obstacles and scoring foam "boulders" into goals on the opposite side of the field. Beach Cities Robotics' robot, named Dominus, had a pneumatic intake and adjustable arm that allowed them to shoot the boulders from anywhere on the field, as well as a 4CIM drive to cross the field obstacles. It competed in the Los Angeles and Orange County Regional Competitions.
Achievements
2019 FRC Ventura Regional finalists
2019 FRC Ventura Regional Creativity Award
2019 FRC Los Angeles Regional Creativity Award
2019 FRC Orange County Regional Creativity Award
2018 FRC Aerospace Valley Regional finalists
2018 FRC Aerospace Valley Regional Industrial Design Award
2018 FRC Orange County Regional Innovation in Control Award
2017 FRC Central Valley Regional Entrepreneurship Award
2016 FRC Hopper Division Semifinalists
2016 FRC Orange County Regional semifinalists
2016 FRC Orange County Industrial Design Award
2016 FRC Los Angeles Regional finalists
2016 FRC Los Angeles Quality Award
2015 FRC Inland Empire Regional semifinalists
2015 FRC Los Angeles Regional Quarterfinalists
2014 FRC Los Angeles Regional Winner
2014 FRC Los Angeles Dean's List Finalist (Ryan Gulland)
2014 FRC Los Angeles Quality Award
2014 FRC Inland Empire Regional finalists
2014 FRC Inland Empire Industrial Design Award
2013 FRC Central Valley Xerox Creativity Award
2012 FRC Los Angeles Regional finalists
2011 FRC San Diego Finalists
2010 FRC World Champions
2010 FRC Newton Field Coopertition Award
2010 FRC San Diego Regional Champions
2010 FRC Los Angeles Regional finalists
2009 FRC Los Angeles Regional finalists
2008 FTC World Champions
2008 FRC Los Angeles Regional finalists
2008 FRC San Diego Regional Champions
2007 FRC San Diego Regional Champions
2004 FRC Southern California Regional Chairman's Award
2003 FRC Southern California Regional finalists
2001 FRC National Champions
2001 FRC Southern California Regional Champions
Sponsors
Northrop Grumman,
Boeing,
Google,
Raytheon,
Impresa Aerospace,
Cooler Master,
John Deere.
References
FIRST Robotics Competition teams
Manhattan Beach, California
Redondo Beach, California
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53316104
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9%20de%20Marseille
|
Honoré de Marseille
|
Honoré de Marseille is a 1956 French comedy film by Maurice Régamey.
Plot
The story begins in 600 BC with the landing in a calque of a Phocéenne galley commanded by the warrior Honorius who, married by mistake the daughter of the Ligurian king, will found the city of Marseille. Honor, the first Marseilles, gives way to Honorius to tell us the hero-comic adventures of the siege of Marseille by the legions of Julius Caesar, which will lead to the invention of the petanque. Through successive leaps over the centuries, and in songs, Honoré tells us the history of the city of Phocea.
Cast
Fernandel : Honoris, Honorius, Honoré
Andrex : Pastèque
Francis Blanche : Pasquale Marchetti
Yvonne Monlaur : Gyptis
Michel Etcheverry : Bob Patrick
Edmond Ardisson : Victor
Henri Crémieux : Garrigues
Rellys : Saturnin
Songs
Songs composed by Henri Betti with lyrics by Jean Manse and performed by Fernandel with an orchestration by Paul Bonneau : Quel Plaisir ! Quel Travail !, Tout ça c'est Marseille, Oh ! Honoré and C'est Noël.
Production
The song C'est Noël was sung in a scene that was cut at the editing. It was later sung by Tino Rossi and Georges Guétary.
External links
1956 films
French comedy films
1950s French films
1956 comedy films
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51745386
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202016%20Summer%20Paralympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20marathon
|
Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Women's marathon
|
The women's marathon athletics events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place in the streets of Rio de Janeiro on the 18 September. A total of two events were contested over this distance for three different disability classifications.
Results
T12
The T12 women's marathon was open to both T12 and T11 competitors, which are classifications for visually impaired athletes.
T54
The T54 women's marathon was open to both T54 and T53 competitors.
References
Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Summer Paralympics
Marathons at the Paralympics
2016 Summer Paralympics
Women in Rio de Janeiro (city)
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13175786
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duruelo
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Duruelo
|
Duruelo is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 136 inhabitants (an hour away from Madrid). The closest river to Duruelo is the Duratón.
Duruelo is the site where a small farm house was converted to house the first monastery of friars of the reformed Carmelites. This primitive, discalced Carmelite community in November of 1568 was one of the first for men begun by Saint Teresa de Jesus. Saint John of the Cross help to convert the old house with a few other monks. Frey Juan de Santo Matia, as he was known formally, changed his name to Juan de la Cruz (John of the Cross) there on November 28, 1568. In two short years, the small farm house became overcrowded and the monastery moved to Mancera de Abajo in June of 1570.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Segovia
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445404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Palmer
|
David Palmer
|
David Palmer may refer to:
David Palmer (American football) (born 1972), running back
David Palmer (baseball) (born 1957), baseball pitcher
David Palmer (curler) (born 1960), American wheelchair curler
David Palmer (squash player) (born 1976), Australian squash player
David Palmer (vocalist), American vocalist with Steely Dan
Dave Palmer (keyboardist), session musician
David R. Palmer (born 1941), American science fiction author
Dave Richard Palmer (born 1934), US Army Lieutenant General
Dee Palmer, British arranger and keyboardist, formerly David Palmer of Jethro Tull
David Palmer, British drummer and former member of ABC
Fictional
David Palmer (24 character), president of the U.S. in the television series 24
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62289001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%20al-Barqiyya
|
Bab al-Barqiyya
|
Bab al-Barqiyya was a gate in the city walls of Cairo, Egypt. It acted as one of the main eastern city gates until falling into disuse and disappearing. It was excavated and restored as part of the creation of Al-Azhar Park in the 2000s.
History
Bab al-Barqiyya (also known as Bab al-Tawfiq) was originally an eastern gate in the Fatimid walls built by the vizier Badr al-Gamali. It was rebuilt in the 12th to 13th centuries under an ambitious fortification project begun in 1176 by Salah ad-Din (Saladin) and continued by his Ayyubid successors. This project included the construction of the Citadel of Cairo and of a 20 kilometer-long wall to defend both Cairo (originally the royal city of the Fatimid caliphs) and Fustat (the earlier capital of Egypt to the southwest). The entirety of the envisioned course of the wall was never quite completed, but long stretches of the wall, especially north of the Citadel, were built. Bab al-Barqiyya was one of the gates in this completed northern section, along with the gates identified as Bab al-Mahruq and Bab al-Jadid.
The gate was one of the main eastern gates of the city. Outside it was a desert area which was initially by the Mamluks used for equestrian games, a tradition started by Baybars and ended in 1320 by al-Nasir Muhammad. Later on, during the Burji Mamluk period, this area was the site of new Mamluk mausoleum complexes, now known as the Northern Cemetery. In the meantime, however, the city's growth and the relative security of the region made Bab al-Barqiyya's function as defensive gate less and less important. The gate, and the Ayyubid walls around it, fell into disuse and the inhabitants of the city built new houses and structures into them or on top of them. Over time, the eastern edge of the city, where the walls once stood, became a dumping ground for the city's detritus. The walls and gates disappeared under a growing mound of debris (though they remained largely intact).
In the early 2000s, the rubbish hills east of the historic city were transformed by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture into al-Azhar Park, opened in 2005. In the process, the eastern Ayyubid city walls were excavated and restored between 2000 and 2008, including Bab al-Barqiyya. The gate is now visible on the western edge of the park. Another nearby gate further south, Bab al-Mahruq, was also transformed into the western entrance to the park from the Darb al-Ahmar neighbourhood.
Description
The gate, built in stone, had a complex design typical of Middle-Eastern medieval fortified gates known as a "bent entrance". Rather than a simple opening in the walls where traffic goes straight through, the gate forces traffic to pass sideways through the gate by effecting two 90-degree turns in and out of the gate. This design was intended to impede direct assaults and force any attackers to slow down as they entered the gate.
References
Gates of Cairo
Ayyubid architecture in Cairo
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62189009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20G.%20McAllister%20House
|
James G. McAllister House
|
The James G. McAllister House is a historic house in northeastern Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, that is located within the University Neighborhood Historic District, but is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
Description
The house was built in 1915 for James G. McAllister, a businessman who later moved to Los Angeles, California and served as a council member. It was listed on the NRHP December 17, 1982.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Salt Lake City
References
External links
National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake City
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Prairie School architecture in Utah
Houses in Salt Lake City
Houses completed in 1915
1915 establishments in Utah
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35566230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple%20Fork%2C%20West%20Virginia
|
Maple Fork, West Virginia
|
Maple Fork is an unincorporated community in Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Raleigh County, West Virginia
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37358451
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong%20Neng-2
|
Dong Neng-2
|
Dong Neng-2 () is an anti-satellite missile of the People's Liberation Army, developed in the early 2010s. It is designed as a low-Earth orbit interceptor which destroys orbiting satellites by high speed kinetic impact.
See also
2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test
References
Anti-satellite missiles
Anti-ballistic missiles of the People's Republic of China
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
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57035063
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36%20Street%20E/M%C3%A9tis%20Trail
|
36 Street E/Métis Trail
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36 Street E, Métis Trail, and Dwight McLellan Trail is a major arterial road in eastern Calgary and Rocky View County, Alberta. It connects with residential neighborhoods and commercial corridors in northeast Calgary.
Métis Trail, a developing freeway along the east side of Calgary International Airport, and becomes Dwight McLellan Trail upon reaching Rocky View County. The combined length of the roadway is about .
Route description
36 Street E
36 Street SE begins at 50 Avenue SE in an industrial area next to the CNR Sarcee Yard. North of Peigan Trail, 36 Street SE passes through residential areas of Greater Forest Lawn before crossing into the northeast quadrant at Memorial Drive, becoming 36 Street NE.
North of Memorial Drive, 36 Street NE becomes a commercial and retail corridor, passing northeast Calgary's main shopping malls of Marlborough Mall and Sunridge Mall, as well as Pacific Place Mall and the Peter Lougheed Hospital. The Blue Line of the CTrain LRT runs between the northbound and southbound lanes, with stations located at Marlborough (near Marlborough Mall), Rundle (near Sunridge Mall), and Whitehorn station. Unlike Crowchild Trail which is grade-separated, most cross streets are signalized intersections with at-grade LRT crossings. At McKnight Boulevard, 36 Street NE becomes Métis Trail.
A northern section of 36 Street NE exists as a collector road northeast of the McKnight Boulevard / Métis Trail / 36 Street NE interchange. Beginning at 48 Avenue NE, which continues west to Barlow Trail, it follows the former road allowance along the eastern boundary of the Calgary International Airport, to Country Hills Boulevard. It serves as the eastern terminus for Airport Trail, just east of the Airport Tunnel, and was expanded in 2013 to handle additional traffic. As part of the development of the Stonegate Landing business park, the plan is reconstruct 36 Street NE north of Country Hills Boulevard to 128 Avenue NE and become Barlow Circle.
Métis Trail
Métis Trail begins at McKnight Boulevard and continues north as a limited-access road. Just north of the McKnight Boulevard interchange, the CTrain shifts to the east side of the roadway. Métis Trail diverts slightly to the northeast, before continuing north beyond 64 Avenue NE as a 4-6 lane roadway, . The roadway continues north, crossing Stoney Trail before leaving the City of Calgary. Métis Trail was originally constructed with provision to be upgraded to freeway standards; however, the City of Calgary has since downgraded the classification to an arterial street so it remains to be seen if the route will ever be upgraded. Métis Trail functions as a boundary between residential areas to the east and commercial and light industrial to the west.
The roadway was originally known as 36 Street NE south of 64 Avenue NE and 44 Street NE to the north; it was renamed to Métis Trail in 2006.
Dwight McLellan Trail
Dwight McLellan Trail begins at the Calgary city limits at 144 Avenue NE, just north of the Stoney Trail interchange. It continues through Wagon Wheel Industrial Park in Rocky View County to Highway 566 before it continues north as Range Road 293. It functions as an alternate access from Calgary to CrossIron Mills and Century Downs Racetrack and Casino. The roadway is named after the late Dwight McLellan, a Calgary businessman and real estate developer who envisioned the commercial and horse racetrack development, but passed away in 2008 prior to the start of construction.
Major intersections
From north to south.
See also
Transportation in Calgary
References
Roads in Calgary
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39049573
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupithecia%20fioriata
|
Eupithecia fioriata
|
Eupithecia fioriata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Libya.
References
Moths described in 1959
fioriata
Moths of Africa
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17885126
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson%20Islands
|
Jameson Islands
|
The Jameson Islands are an island group located in the Coronation Gulf, south of Victoria Island, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. Other island groups in the vicinity include the Chapman Islands, Sesqui Islands, and Wilmot Islands.
References
Islands of Coronation Gulf
Uninhabited islands of Kitikmeot Region
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51874747
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam%20Thompson%20%28rugby%20league%29
|
Liam Thompson (rugby league)
|
Liam Thompson (born 3 January 1992) is an English professional rugby league footballer who last played for Oldham (Heritage № 1321) in Betfred League 1. He plays as a second-row or loose forward.
Background
Thompson was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester, England. He attended The University of Central Lancashire making numerous appearances for the Universities first team. He now resides in Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia.
Career
Thompson came through the Wigan Warriors academy and was in the junior systems of the Widnes Vikings. He has also represented England at Schoolboy level.
Thompson emigrated to Australia in 2018 signing for Stingrays RLFC Shellharbour later joining Currumbin Eagles.
References
External links
Oldham R.L.F.C. profile
1992 births
Living people
English rugby league players
Oldham R.L.F.C. players
Rugby league locks
Rugby league players from Wigan
Rugby league second-rows
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51871492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Kalinke
|
Mario Kalinke
|
Mario Kalinke (born in Rostock) is a German male weightlifter, competing in the 99 kg category and representing Germany at international competitions. He participated at the 1996 Summer Olympics in the 108 kg event. He competed at world championships, including the 1997 World Weightlifting Championships.
Major results
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
German male weightlifters
Weightlifters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic weightlifters for Germany
Sportspeople from Rostock
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40143122
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad%20Raji%C4%87
|
Nenad Rajić
|
Nenad Rajić (born 28 December 1982) is a Serbian footballer.
Honours
Diósgyőr
Hungarian League Cup (1): 2013–14
References
External links
MLSZ
Profile at Official FFU Website (Ukr)
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Novi Sad
Serbian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
FK Budućnost Banatski Dvor players
FK Spartak Subotica players
FK Srem players
Alki Larnaca FC players
Cypriot First Division players
FK Leotar players
Diósgyőri VTK players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
FK Moravac Mrštane players
FC Zorya Luhansk players
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23103279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlakes%2C%20California
|
Midlakes, California
|
Midlakes (also, Midlake and Blue Lakes) is a settlement in Lake County, California.
Location
Midlakes is located northwest of Laurel Dell.
The town lies between Blue Lake and Lower Blue Lake in the Blue Lakes chain.
The Midlake Post Office operated from 1900 to 1945.
Midlake falls into Division #9, which is the Pacific Division, and Census #4, which is the West Region.
External links
Souvenir photo album of Blue Lakes (ca. 1895), The Bancroft Library
References
Former settlements in Lake County, California
Former populated places in California
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7586702
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust%20for%20Public%20Land
|
Trust for Public Land
|
The Trust for Public Land is a U.S. nonprofit organization with a mission to "create parks and protect land for people, ensuring healthy, livable communities for generations to come". Since its founding in 1972, the Trust for Public Land has completed 5,000 park-creation and land conservation projects across the United States, protected over 3 million acres, and helped pass more than 500 ballot measures—creating $70 billion in voter-approved public funding for parks and open spaces. The Trust for Public Land also researches and publishes authoritative data about parks, open space, conservation finance, and urban climate change adaptation. Headquartered in San Francisco, the organization is among the largest U.S. conservation nonprofits, with approximately 30 field offices across the U.S., including a federal affairs function in Washington, D.C.
Focus areas
Consistent with its "Land for People" mission, the Trust for Public Land is widely known for urban conservation work, including New York City playgrounds and community gardens, Chicago's 606 linear park, Los Angeles green alleys, Climate-Smart Cities programs in 20 American cities, and "The 10-Minute Walk" initiative, which aims to put a high-quality park or open space within a 10-minute walk of every resident of every U.S. urban census tract.
The Trust for Public Land simultaneously focuses on public access-oriented land protection, such as additions to Yosemite National Park, the Appalachian Trail, Cape Cod National Seashore, and other national, state, and municipal parks across America. The organization also prioritizes projects that celebrate and advance social equity, like helping to create Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park, the Stonewall National Monument, and the Kashia Coastal Reserve.
Although the Trust for Public Land is an accredited land trust, the organization differs from conventional land trusts in that it does not generally hold or steward conservation property interests. Instead, the Trust for Public Land works with community members, public agencies, and other conservation non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to identify park-creation and land protection projects, and then helps plan, fund, protect, and/or create those spaces, with ownership of any resulting property interests typically transferring to local, state, or federal public agencies, or to other conservation NGOs.
In addition to creating parks and protecting open spaces, the Trust for Public Land is a leading advocate for public conservation funding at the local, state, and federal levels. Through campaigns, ballot measures, and legislative advocacy, the organization works—often in concert with its affiliated 501(c)(4) nonprofit, the Trust for Public Land Action Fund—to ensure adequate funding for many of the federal and state public funding programs relied on by public park and conservation agencies, and by conservation NGOs.
The Trust for Public Land also researches, publishes, and contributes to many authoritative national databases and platforms providing information about U.S. parks, protected open spaces, conservation finance, and urban climate risks, including ParkScore, ParkServe, Parkology, The Conservation Alamanac, the National Conservation Easement Database, LandVote, and "Climate-Smart Cities" Decision Support Tools.
Strategies, programs and initiatives
Parks for People, a strategy for providing close-to-home access to nature through parks, playgrounds, trails, community gardens, and other outdoor public spaces in U.S. cities, towns, and suburbs .
Our Land, a strategy for protecting wild, working, and other open spaces, with an emphasis on enabling public access to natural areas for outdoor recreation.
Climate-Smart Cities™ program, which helps municipalities assess climate risks, develop resilience strategies, and identify sites for parks, greenways, and other multi-benefit green infrastructure, using GIS -based, city-specific decision support tools.
10-Minute Walk campaign—a collaboration with the National Recreation and Park Association and Urban Land Institute—which seeks to ensure that everyone in urban America lives within a 10-minute walk of a high-quality park or open space. Since this initiative's 2017 launch, 200 U.S. mayors have taken the 10-Minute Walk Pledge for their cities.
Center for City Park Excellence, which provides "research on parks and works to create, improve, and promote urban parks", and maintains the Trust for Public Land's ParkServe, ParkScore, and Parkology platforms, which provide, respectively, maps and data about 14,000 U.S. municipal park systems, park system rankings for America's 100 largest cities, and information about how communities can create and steward high-quality parks.
Services
Plan – The Trust for Public Land provides GIS-based spatial analysis services, including greenprinting, greenway and trail planning, and large landscape analysis.
Fund – The organization advocates for public conservation funding by providing technical assistance, campaign services, research data, and conservation economics analyses.
Protect – The Trust for Public Land works with willing sellers, public agencies, and conservation nonprofits to negotiate, structure, fund, and complete the conservation real estate transactions that result in the acquisition and protection of land for parks and open spaces.
Create – The organization helps communities plan, site, design, construct, and restore parks, using community engagement, participatory design, and creative placemaking techniques.
History
The Trust for Public Land was founded in San Francisco in 1972 by Huey Johnson, the former western regional director of The Nature Conservancy, and other San Francisco Bay Area and national lawyers and conservationists. Johnson's goal was to create an organization that would use emerging real estate, legal, and financial techniques to conserve land for human use and public benefit. An additional founding goal was to extend the conservation and environmental movements to cities, where an increasingly large segment of the population lived. Early Trust for Public Land programs of the 1970s and '80s included:
The Urban Land Program, which led to the creation of parks and gardens in Oakland, California, San Francisco, New York City, Newark, New Jersey, and other cities.
The Public Land Program, which included transactions that helped create the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, and the Sawtooth National Recreation Area in Idaho, among other parks and preserves.
The Land Trust Program'', which helped found or train about one-third of the nation's then-existing local land trusts. In the 1980s, the Trust for Public Land joined other groups to found the Land Trust Alliance, in order to train and support local land trusts.
The Trust for Public Land Action Fund
As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, the Trust for Public Land is legally limited in the amount it can spend on campaigning for legislative and ballot measures. In 2000, the organization launched a 501(c)(4) affiliate, The Conservation Campaign, which is not limited in such spending. This affiliate entity is now called the Trust for Public Land Action Fund and frequently works with the Trust for Public Land to help pass local and state conservation finance measures.
Noteworthy projects
The 606/Bloomingdale Trail, Chicago
Appalachian Trail additions in multiple states
Atlanta Beltline
Boston African American National Historic Site
Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness/Superior National Forest expansion, Minnesota
Cape Cod National Seashore additions
Civic Center Playgrounds, San Francisco
Connecticut Lakes Headwaters, New Hampshire
East Boston Greenway
Everglades National Park expansion, Florida
Green Alleys, Los Angeles
Hollywood Sign/Cahuenga Peak, Los Angeles
Kashia Coastal Reserve, Sonoma County, California
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park, Atlanta
Montana Legacy Project, the largest private conservation transaction in U.S. history
Neponset River Greenway, Boston and Milton, Massachusetts
Newark Riverfront Park
New York City Community Gardens
New York City Playgrounds
Pacific Crest Trail expansion
The Preserve, Old Saybrook, Connecticut
Queensway, New York City
Runyon Canyon Park expansion, Los Angeles
San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County
Sterling Forest State Park, Orange County, New York
Stonewall National Monument, New York City
Yellowstone National Park ecosystem, Wyoming
Yosemite National Park expansion, California
Virgin Islands National Park expansion
Walden Woods, Concord, Massachusetts
Weir Farm National Historic Site, Wilton and Ridgefield, Connecticut
Zion National Park expansion, Utah
References
External links
Trust for Public Land ParkServe
Trust for Public Land ParkScore
Trust for Public Land Parkology
Trust for Public Land ParkEvaluator
Trust for Public Land Climate-Smart Cities Decision Support Tools
Trust for Public Land Conservation Almanac
Trust for Public Land National Conservation Easement Database
Trust for Public Land LandVote
Land trusts in the United States
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Environmental organizations based in California
Environmental organizations established in 1972
1972 establishments in the United States
Community building
Urban agriculture
Urban public parks
Urban planning in the United States
Cultural heritage of the United States
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70081924
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolvulus%20pentapetaloides
|
Convolvulus pentapetaloides
|
Convolvulus pentapetaloides is a species of annual herb in the family Convolvulaceae. They have simple, broad leaves. Individuals can grow to tall.
Sources
References
pentapetaloides
flora of Malta
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32844450
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%20giorno%20di%20San%20Sebastiano
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Il giorno di San Sebastiano
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Il giorno di San Sebastiano (Saint Sebastian Day) is an Italian film written and directed by Pasquale Scimeca. The film is based on true historical events, the Caltavuturo massacre that took place on January 20, 1893, in Caltavuturo in the Province of Palermo (Sicily), during the celebration of Saint Sebastian.
On that day some 500 peasants returning from the symbolic occupation of 250 hectares of communal land were dispersed by soldiers and policemen, killing 13 and wounding 21 peasants. The claim for land reform was one of the demands of the Fasci Siciliani (Sicilian Leagues), a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration in 1891–1894. The film was released 100 years after the event. It is based on a play by Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, one of the leaders of the Fasci Siciliani. The play, a monologue depicting a peasant woman whose husband was killed in the events at Caltavuturo, was first performed on February 2, 1893, in Palermo to raise money for the victims.
The film won a Globo d'oro for Best First Feature (1994) in Italy and was presented at the Venice film festival in the section Showcase of Italian cinema.
See also
List of Italian films of 1993
References
Guglielmo, Jennifer (2010). Living the revolution: Italian women's resistance and radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945, University of North Carolina Press,
External links
Il giorno di San Sebastiano Sicilia Film
1993 films
Italian historical drama films
Films set in Sicily
1990s Italian films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe%20Ben-Ze%27ev
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Moshe Ben-Ze'ev
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Moshe Ben-Ze'ev (, December 8, 1911 – June 25, 1995) was an Israeli jurist who served as Attorney General between 1963 and 1968.
Legal career
Ben-Ze'ev was born December 8, 1911 in Luninets in the Russian Empire (now in Belarus). He immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1935.
In the 1950s he worked as a judge in a Haifa District court and had close ties with the ruling Mapai party. In early 1963 he replaced Gideon Hausner as Attorney General after Hausner resigned to enter politics.
After concluding his term as Attorney General, Ben-Ze'ev opened a private practice with Aryeh Kamar. In 1980 he headed a commission to investigate abuse of civil servants who had exposed corruption.
Ben-Ze'ev died in Jerusalem on June 25, 1995 and was buried at the Mount of Beatitudes.
References
20th-century Israeli judges
Attorneys General of Israel
1911 births
1995 deaths
Soviet emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Burials at Har HaMenuchot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Mann%20Inn
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Andrew Mann Inn
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Andrew Mann Inn is a historic inn located at Unadilla in Otsego County, New York. It was built as the private home of David Baits in 1787 and quickly converted into an inn in 1795. It consists of a two-story, five-bay, rectangular main section and a two-story wing. Both sections are of heavy timber-frame construction with clapboard siding. It is a well-preserved example of the transitional period between the late Georgian and Federal styles.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
References
Houses completed in 1795
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Georgian architecture in New York (state)
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Houses in Otsego County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Otsego County, New York
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibotium%20taiwanense
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Cibotium taiwanense
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Cibotium taiwanense is a species of fern in the genus Cibotium, endemic to Taiwan. Some sources regard it as the same species as Cibotium cumingii.
References
taiwanense
Flora of Taiwan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Langton
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Edward Langton
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Edward Langton (2 January 1828 – 5 October 1905) was an Australian businessman and politician, Treasurer of Victoria in 1868 and 1872–1874.
Langton was born in Gravesend, Kent, England, the youngest son of David Elland Langton, a butcher, and his wife Mary, née Payne.
Langton migrated to Melbourne in 1852, aged 24, becoming involved in politics in the late 1850s.
Langton unsuccessfully contested the Victorian Legislative Assembly seats of Collingwood in 1859 and 1861, East Melbourne in 1861, East Bourke Boroughs in 1864, and Dundas in 1865.
Langton eventually had electoral success and represented East Melbourne from February 1866 until December 1867. Then from May 1868 to April 1877 he represented West Melbourne.
On 6 May 1868 Langton, who was a staunch Conservative as well as a Free-trader, became Treasurer of Victoria in Charles Sladen's short-lived Ministry, and occupied the same post, with the additional office of Postmaster-General of Victoria, in the James Francis Government, from 10 June 1872 to 31 July 1874, when he resigned with his colleagues. Langton has written much for the Melbourne press, and was one of the earliest proprietors of the Spectator, a free trade organ started in 1865. He was secretary of the Free Trade League of Victoria from its commencement until 1866, was an honorary member of the Cobden Club from 1874, and was a trustee and treasurer of the Melbourne Public Library and Museum.
Langton was again unsuccessful in contesting Castlemaine February 1880, West Melbourne in 1886, Toorak in 1892 and 1894, and East Melbourne in 1897.
Langton died of pneumonia on 5 October 1905 in his home in Toorak, Victoria;survived by a daughter and one of his two sons.
References
1828 births
1905 deaths
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Treasurers of Victoria
People from Gravesend, Kent
English emigrants to colonial Australia
19th-century Australian politicians
Deaths from pneumonia in Victoria (state)
19th-century Australian businesspeople
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian%20explosion
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Cambrian explosion
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The Cambrian explosion, Cambrian radiation, Cambrian diversification, or the Biological Big Bang refers to an interval of time approximately in the Cambrian Period of early Paleozoic when there was a sudden radiation of complex life and practically all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil record. It lasted for about 13 – 25 million years and resulted in the divergence of most modern metazoan phyla. The event was accompanied by major diversification in other groups of organisms as well.
Before early Cambrian diversification, most organisms were relatively simple, composed of individual cells, or small multicellular organisms, occasionally organized into colonies. As the rate of diversification subsequently accelerated, the variety of life became much more complex, and began to resemble that of today. Almost all present-day animal phyla appeared during this period, including the earliest chordates.
A 2019 paper suggests that the timing should be expanded back to include the late Ediacaran, where another diverse soft-bodied biota existed and possibly persisted into the Cambrian, rather than just the narrower timeframe of the "Cambrian Explosion" event visible in the fossil record, based on analysis of chemicals that would have laid the building blocks for a progression of transitional radiations starting with the Ediacaran period and continuing at a similar rate into the Cambrian.
History and significance
The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the "Primordial Strata" was noted by William Buckland in the 1840s, and in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin discussed the then-inexplicable lack of earlier fossils as one of the main difficulties for his theory of descent with slow modification through natural selection. The long-running puzzlement about the seemingly-sudden appearance of the Cambrian fauna without evident precursor(s) centers on three key points: whether there really was a mass diversification of complex organisms over a relatively short period during the early Cambrian, what might have caused such rapid change, and what it would imply about the origin of animal life. Interpretation is difficult, owing to a limited supply of evidence based mainly on an incomplete fossil record and chemical signatures remaining in Cambrian rocks.
The first discovered Cambrian fossils were trilobites, described by Edward Lhuyd, the curator of Oxford Museum, in 1698. Although their evolutionary importance was not known, on the basis of their old age, William Buckland (1784–1856) realized that a dramatic step-change in the fossil record had occurred around the base of what we now call the Cambrian. Nineteenth-century geologists such as Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison used the fossils for dating rock strata, specifically for establishing the Cambrian and Silurian periods. By 1859, leading geologists including Roderick Murchison were convinced that what was then called the lowest Silurian stratum showed the origin of life on Earth, though others, including Charles Lyell, differed. In On the Origin of Species, Darwin considered this sudden appearance of a solitary group of trilobites, with no apparent antecedents, and absent other fossils, to be "undoubtedly of the gravest nature" among the difficulties in his theory of natural selection. He reasoned that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but that their fossils had not been found because of the imperfections of the fossil record. In the sixth edition of his book, he stressed his problem further as:
American paleontologist Charles Walcott, who studied the Burgess Shale fauna, proposed that an interval of time, the "Lipalian", was not represented in the fossil record or did not preserve fossils, and that the ancestors of the Cambrian animals evolved during this time.
Earlier fossil evidence has since been found. The earliest claim is that the history of life on Earth goes back : Rocks of that age at Warrawoona, Australia, were claimed to contain fossil stromatolites, stubby pillars formed by colonies of microorganisms. Fossils (Grypania) of more complex eukaryotic cells, from which all animals, plants, and fungi are built, have been found in rocks from , in China and Montana. Rocks dating from contain fossils of the Ediacara biota, organisms so large that they are likely multicelled, but very unlike any modern organism. In 1948, Preston Cloud argued that a period of "eruptive" evolution occurred in the Early Cambrian, but as recently as the 1970s, no sign was seen of how the 'relatively' modern-looking organisms of the Middle and Late Cambrian arose.
The intense modern interest in this "Cambrian explosion" was sparked by the work of Harry B. Whittington and colleagues, who, in the 1970s, reanalysed many fossils from the Burgess Shale and concluded that several were as complex as, but different from, any living animals. The most common organism, Marrella, was clearly an arthropod, but not a member of any known arthropod class. Organisms such as the five-eyed Opabinia and spiny slug-like Wiwaxia were so different from anything else known that Whittington's team assumed they must represent different phyla, seemingly unrelated to anything known today. Stephen Jay Gould's popular 1989 account of this work, Wonderful Life, brought the matter into the public eye and raised questions about what the explosion represented. While differing significantly in details, both Whittington and Gould proposed that all modern animal phyla had appeared almost simultaneously in a rather short span of geological period. This view led to the modernization of Darwin's tree of life and the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which Eldredge and Gould developed in the early 1970s and which views evolution as long intervals of near-stasis "punctuated" by short periods of rapid change.
Other analyses, some more recent and some dating back to the 1970s, argue that complex animals similar to modern types evolved well before the start of the Cambrian.
Dating the Cambrian
Radiometric dates for much of the Cambrian, obtained by analysis of radioactive elements contained within rocks, have only recently become available, and for only a few regions.
Relative dating (A was before B) is often assumed sufficient for studying processes of evolution, but this, too, has been difficult, because of the problems involved in matching up rocks of the same age across different continents.
Therefore, dates or descriptions of sequences of events should be regarded with some caution until better data become available. In 2004, the start of the Cambrian was dated to 542 Ma. In 2012, it was revised to 541 Ma then in 2022 it was changed again to 538.8 Ma.
Some theory suggest Cambrian explosion occurred during the last stages of Gondwanan assembly, which is formed following Rodinia splitting, overlapped with the opening of the Iapetus Ocean between Laurentia and western Gondwana. The largest Cambrian faunal province is located around Gondwana, which extended from the low northern latitudes to the high southern latitudes, just short of the South Pole. By the middle and later parts of the Cambrian, continued rifting had sent the paleocontinents of Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia on their separate ways.
Body fossils
Fossils of organisms' bodies are usually the most informative type of evidence. Fossilization is a rare event, and most fossils are destroyed by erosion or metamorphism before they can be observed. Hence, the fossil record is very incomplete, increasingly so as earlier times are considered. Despite this, they are often adequate to illustrate the broader patterns of life's history. Also, biases exist in the fossil record: different environments are more favourable to the preservation of different types of organism or parts of organisms. Further, only the parts of organisms that were already mineralised are usually preserved, such as the shells of molluscs. Since most animal species are soft-bodied, they decay before they can become fossilised. As a result, although 30-plus phyla of living animals are known, two-thirds have never been found as fossils.
The Cambrian fossil record includes an unusually high number of lagerstätten, which preserve soft tissues. These allow paleontologists to examine the internal anatomy of animals, which in other sediments are only represented by shells, spines, claws, etc. – if they are preserved at all. The most significant Cambrian lagerstätten are the early Cambrian Maotianshan shale beds of Chengjiang (Yunnan, China) and Sirius Passet (Greenland); the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale (British Columbia, Canada); and the late Cambrian Orsten (Sweden) fossil beds.
While lagerstätten preserve far more than the conventional fossil record, they are far from complete. Because lagerstätten are restricted to a narrow range of environments (where soft-bodied organisms can be preserved very quickly, e.g. by mudslides), most animals are probably not represented; further, the exceptional conditions that create lagerstätten probably do not represent normal living conditions. In addition, the known Cambrian lagerstätten are rare and difficult to date, while Precambrian lagerstätten have yet to be studied in detail.
The sparseness of the fossil record means that organisms usually exist long before they are found in the fossil record – this is known as the Signor–Lipps effect.
In 2019, a "stunning" find of lagerstätten, known as the Qingjiang biota, was reported from the Danshui river in Hubei province, China. More than 20,000 fossil specimens were collected, including many soft bodied animals such as jellyfish, sea anemones and worms, as well as sponges, arthropods and algae. In some specimens the internal body structures were sufficiently preserved that soft tissues, including muscles, gills, mouths, guts and eyes, can be seen. The remains were dated to around 518 Mya and around half of the species identified at the time of reporting were previously unknown.
Trace fossils
Trace fossils consist mainly of tracks and burrows, but also include coprolites (fossil feces) and marks left by feeding. Trace fossils are particularly significant because they represent a data source that is not limited to animals with easily fossilized hard parts, and reflects organisms' behaviour. Also, many traces date from significantly earlier than the body fossils of animals that are thought to have been capable of making them. While exact assignment of trace fossils to their makers is generally impossible, traces may, for example, provide the earliest physical evidence of the appearance of moderately complex animals (comparable to earthworms).
Geochemical observations
Several chemical markers indicate a drastic change in the environment around the start of the Cambrian. The markers are consistent with a mass extinction, or with a massive warming resulting from the release of methane ice.
Such changes may reflect a cause of the Cambrian explosion, although they may also have resulted from an increased level of biological activity – a possible result of the explosion. Despite these uncertainties, the geochemical evidence helps by making scientists focus on theories that are consistent with at least one of the likely environmental changes.
Phylogenetic techniques
Cladistics is a technique for working out the "family tree" of a set of organisms. It works by the logic that, if groups B and C have more similarities to each other than either has to group A, then B and C are more closely related to each other than either is to A. Characteristics that are compared may be anatomical, such as the presence of a notochord, or molecular, by comparing sequences of DNA or protein. The result of a successful analysis is a hierarchy of clades – groups whose members are believed to share a common ancestor. The cladistic technique is sometimes problematic, as some features, such as wings or camera eyes, evolved more than once, convergently – this must be taken into account in analyses.
From the relationships, it may be possible to constrain the date that lineages first appeared. For instance, if fossils of B or C date to X million years ago and the calculated "family tree" says A was an ancestor of B and C, then A must have evolved more than X million years ago.
It is also possible to estimate how long ago two living clades diverged – i.e. about how long ago their last common ancestor must have lived – by assuming that DNA mutations accumulate at a constant rate. These "molecular clocks", however, are fallible, and provide only a very approximate timing: they are not sufficiently precise and reliable for estimating when the groups that feature in the Cambrian explosion first evolved, and estimates produced by different techniques vary by a factor of two. However, the clocks can give an indication of branching rate, and when combined with the constraints of the fossil record, recent clocks suggest a sustained period of diversification through the Ediacaran and Cambrian.
Explanation of key scientific terms
Phylum
A phylum is the highest level in the Linnaean system for classifying organisms. Phyla can be thought of as groupings of animals based on general body plan. Despite the seemingly different external appearances of organisms, they are classified into phyla based on their internal and developmental organizations. For example, despite their obvious differences, spiders and barnacles both belong to the phylum Arthropoda, but earthworms and tapeworms, although similar in shape, belong to different phyla. As chemical and genetic testing becomes more accurate, previously hypothesised phyla are often entirely reworked.
A phylum is not a fundamental division of nature, such as the difference between electrons and protons. It is simply a very high-level grouping in a classification system created to describe all currently living organisms. This system is imperfect, even for modern animals: different books quote different numbers of phyla, mainly because they disagree about the classification of a huge number of worm-like species. As it is based on living organisms, it accommodates extinct organisms poorly, if at all.
Stem group
The concept of stem groups was introduced to cover evolutionary "aunts" and "cousins" of living groups, and have been hypothesized based on this scientific theory. A crown group is a group of closely related living animals plus their last common ancestor plus all its descendants. A stem group is a set of offshoots from the lineage at a point earlier than the last common ancestor of the crown group; it is a relative concept, for example tardigrades are living animals that form a crown group in their own right, but Budd (1996) regarded them as also being a stem group relative to the arthropods.
Triploblastic
The term Triploblastic means consisting of three layers, which are formed in the embryo, quite early in the animal's development from a single-celled egg to a larva or juvenile form. The innermost layer forms the digestive tract (gut); the outermost forms skin; and the middle one forms muscles and all the internal organs except the digestive system. Most types of living animal are triploblastic – the best-known exceptions are Porifera (sponges) and Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.).
Bilaterian
The bilaterians are animals that have right and left sides at some point in their life histories. This implies that they have top and bottom surfaces and, importantly, distinct front and back ends. All known bilaterian animals are triploblastic, and all known triploblastic animals are bilaterian. Living echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.) 'look' radially symmetrical (like wheels) rather than bilaterian, but their larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry and some of the earliest echinoderms may have been bilaterally symmetrical. Porifera and Cnidaria are radially symmetrical, not bilaterian, and not triploblastic (but the common Bilateria-Cnidaria ancestor's planula larva is suspected to be bilaterally symmetric).
Coelomate
The term Coelomate means having a body cavity (coelom) containing the internal organs. Most of the phyla featured in the debate about the Cambrian explosion are coelomates: arthropods, annelid worms, molluscs, echinoderms, and chordates – the noncoelomate priapulids are an important exception. All known coelomate animals are triploblastic bilaterians, but some triploblastic bilaterian animals do not have a coelom – for example flatworms, whose organs are surrounded by unspecialized tissues.
Precambrian life
Evidence of animals around 1 billion years ago
Changes in the abundance and diversity of some types of fossil have been interpreted as evidence for "attacks" by animals or other organisms. Stromatolites, stubby pillars built by colonies of microorganisms, are a major constituent of the fossil record from about , but their abundance and diversity declined steeply after about . This decline has been attributed to disruption by grazing and burrowing animals.
Precambrian marine diversity was dominated by small fossils known as acritarchs. This term describes almost any small organic walled fossil – from the egg cases of small metazoans to resting cysts of many different kinds of green algae. After appearing around , acritarchs underwent a boom around , increasing in abundance, diversity, size, complexity of shape, and especially size and number of spines. Their increasingly spiny forms in the last 1 billion years may indicate an increased need for defence against predation. Other groups of small organisms from the Neoproterozoic era also show signs of antipredator defenses. A consideration of taxon longevity appears to support an increase in predation pressure around this time.
In general, the fossil record shows a very slow appearance of these lifeforms in the Precambrian, with many cyanobacterial species making up much of the underlying sediment.
Fossils of the Doushantuo formation
The layers of the Doushantuo Formation from around
harbour microscopic fossils that may represent early bilaterians. Some have been described as animal embryos and eggs, although some may represent the remains of giant bacteria.
Another fossil, Vernanimalcula, has been interpreted as a coelomate bilaterian,
but may simply be an infilled bubble.
These fossils form the earliest hard-and-fast evidence of animals, as opposed to other predators.
Burrows
The traces of organisms moving on and directly underneath the microbial mats that covered the Ediacaran sea floor are preserved from the Ediacaran period, about . They were probably made by organisms resembling earthworms in shape, size, and how they moved. The burrow-makers have never been found preserved, but, because they would need a head and a tail, the burrowers probably had bilateral symmetry – which would in all probability make them bilaterian animals. They fed above the sediment surface, but were forced to burrow to avoid predators.
Around the start of the Cambrian (about ), many new types of traces first appear, including well-known vertical burrows such as Diplocraterion and Skolithos, and traces normally attributed to arthropods, such as Cruziana and Rusophycus. The vertical burrows indicate that worm-like animals acquired new behaviours, and possibly new physical capabilities. Some Cambrian trace fossils indicate that their makers possessed hard exoskeletons, although they were not necessarily mineralised.
Burrows provide firm evidence of complex organisms; they are also much more readily preserved than body fossils, to the extent that the absence of trace fossils has been used to imply the genuine absence of large, motile, bottom-dwelling organisms. They provide a further line of evidence to show that the Cambrian explosion represents a real diversification, and is not a preservational artifact.
This new habit changed the seafloor's geochemistry, and led to decreased oxygen in the ocean and increased CO2 levels in the seas and the atmosphere, resulting in global warming for tens of millions years, and could be responsible for mass extinctions. But as burrowing became established, it allowed an explosion of its own, for as burrowers disturbed the sea floor, they aerated it, mixing oxygen into the toxic muds. This made the bottom sediments more hospitable, and allowed a wider range of organisms to inhabit them – creating new niches and the scope for higher diversity.
Ediacaran organisms
At the start of the Ediacaran period, much of the acritarch fauna, which had remained relatively unchanged for hundreds of millions of years, became extinct, to be replaced with a range of new, larger species, which would prove far more ephemeral. This radiation, the first in the fossil record, is followed soon after by an array of unfamiliar, large fossils dubbed the Ediacara biota, which flourished for 40 million years until the start of the Cambrian. Most of this "Ediacara biota" were at least a few centimeters long, significantly larger than any earlier fossils. The organisms form three distinct assemblages, increasing in size and complexity as time progressed.
Many of these organisms were quite unlike anything that appeared before or since, resembling discs, mud-filled bags, or quilted mattresses – one paleontologist proposed that the strangest organisms should be classified as a separate kingdom, Vendozoa.
At least some may have been early forms of the phyla at the heart of the "Cambrian explosion" debate, having been interpreted as early molluscs (Kimberella), echinoderms (Arkarua); and arthropods (Spriggina, Parvancorina, Yilingia). Still, debate exists about the classification of these specimens, mainly because the diagnostic features that allow taxonomists to classify more recent organisms, such as similarities to living organisms, are generally absent in the ediacarans. However, there seems little doubt that Kimberella was at least a triploblastic bilaterian animal. These organisms are central to the debate about how abrupt the Cambrian explosion was. If some were early members of the animal phyla seen today, the "explosion" looks a lot less sudden than if all these organisms represent an unrelated "experiment", and were replaced by the animal kingdom fairly soon thereafter (40M years is "soon" by evolutionary and geological standards).
Beck Spring Dolomite
Paul Knauth, a geologist at Arizona State University, maintains that photosynthesizing organisms such as algae may have grown over a 750- to 800-million-year-old formation in Death Valley known as the Beck Spring Dolomite. In the early 1990s, samples from this 1,000-foot thick layer of dolomite revealed that the region housed flourishing mats of photosynthesizing, unicellular life forms which antedated the Cambrian explosion.
Microfossils have been unearthed from holes riddling the otherwise barren surface of the dolomite. These geochemical and microfossil findings support the idea that during the Precambrian period, complex life evolved both in the oceans and on land. Knauth contends that animals may well have had their origins in freshwater lakes and streams, and not in the oceans.
Some 30 years later, a number of studies have documented an abundance of geochemical and microfossil evidence showing that life covered the continents as far back as 2.2 billion years ago. Many paleobiologists now accept the idea that simple life forms existed on land during the Precambrian, but are opposed to the more radical idea that multicellular life thrived on land more than 600 million years ago.
Ediacaran–Early Cambrian skeletonisation
The first Ediacaran and lowest Cambrian (Nemakit-Daldynian) skeletal fossils represent tubes and problematic sponge spicules. The oldest sponge spicules are monaxon siliceous, aged around , known from the Doushantou Formation in China and from deposits of the same age in Mongolia, although the interpretation of these fossils as spicules has been challenged. In the late Ediacaran-lowest Cambrian, numerous tube dwellings of enigmatic organisms appeared. It was organic-walled tubes (e.g. Saarina) and chitinous tubes of the sabelliditids (e.g. Sokoloviina, Sabellidites, Paleolina) that prospered up to the beginning of the Tommotian. The mineralized tubes of Cloudina, Namacalathus, Sinotubulites, and a dozen more of the other organisms from carbonate rocks formed near the end of the Ediacaran period from , as well as the triradially symmetrical mineralized tubes of anabaritids (e.g. Anabarites, Cambrotubulus) from uppermost Ediacaran and lower Cambrian. Ediacaran mineralized tubes are often found in carbonates of the stromatolite reefs and thrombolites, i.e. they could live in an environment adverse to the majority of animals.
Although they are as hard to classify as most other Ediacaran organisms, they are important in two other ways. First, they are the earliest known calcifying organisms (organisms that built shells from calcium carbonate). Secondly, these tubes are a device to rise over a substrate and competitors for effective feeding and, to a lesser degree, they serve as armor for protection against predators and adverse conditions of environment. Some Cloudina fossils show small holes in shells. The holes possibly are evidence of boring by predators sufficiently advanced to penetrate shells. A possible "evolutionary arms race" between predators and prey is one of the hypotheses that attempt to explain the Cambrian explosion.
In the lowest Cambrian, the stromatolites were decimated. This allowed animals to begin colonization of warm-water pools with carbonate sedimentation. At first, it was anabaritids and Protohertzina (the fossilized grasping spines of chaetognaths) fossils. Such mineral skeletons as shells, sclerites, thorns, and plates appeared in uppermost Nemakit-Daldynian; they were the earliest species of halkierids, gastropods, hyoliths and other rare organisms. The beginning of the Tommotian has historically been understood to mark an explosive increase of the number and variety of fossils of molluscs, hyoliths, and sponges, along with a rich complex of skeletal elements of unknown animals, the first archaeocyathids, brachiopods, tommotiids, and others. Also soft-bodied extant phyla such as comb jellies, scalidophorans, entoproctans, horseshoe worms and lobopodians had armored forms. This sudden increase is partially an artefact of missing strata at the Tommotian type section, and most of this fauna in fact began to diversify in a series of pulses through the Nemakit-Daldynian and into the Tommotian.
Some animals may already have had sclerites, thorns, and plates in the Ediacaran (e.g. Kimberella had hard sclerites, probably of carbonate), but thin carbonate skeletons cannot be fossilized in siliciclastic deposits. Older (~750 Ma) fossils indicate that mineralization long preceded the Cambrian, probably defending small photosynthetic algae from single-celled eukaryotic predators.
Cambrian life
Trace fossils
Trace fossils (burrows, etc.) are a reliable indicator of what life was around, and indicate a diversification of life around the start of the Cambrian, with the freshwater realm colonized by animals almost as quickly as the oceans.
Small shelly fauna
Fossils known as "small shelly fauna" have been found in many parts on the world, and date from just before the Cambrian to about 10 million years after the start of the Cambrian (the Nemakit-Daldynian and Tommotian ages; see timeline). These are a very mixed collection of fossils: spines, sclerites (armor plates), tubes, archeocyathids (sponge-like animals), and small shells very like those of brachiopods and snail-like molluscs – but all tiny, mostly 1 to 2 mm long.
While small, these fossils are far more common than complete fossils of the organisms that produced them; crucially, they cover the window from the start of the Cambrian to the first lagerstätten: a period of time otherwise lacking in fossils. Hence, they supplement the conventional fossil record and allow the fossil ranges of many groups to be extended.
Early Cambrian trilobites and echinoderms
The earliest trilobite fossils are about 530 million years old, but the class was already quite diverse and cosmopolitan, suggesting they had been around for quite some time.
The fossil record of trilobites began with the appearance of trilobites with mineral exoskeletons – not from the time of their origin.
The earliest generally accepted echinoderm fossils appeared a little bit later, in the Late Atdabanian; unlike modern echinoderms, these early Cambrian echinoderms were not all radially symmetrical.
These provide firm data points for the "end" of the explosion, or at least indications that the crown groups of modern phyla were represented.
Burgess Shale type faunas
The Burgess Shale and similar lagerstätten preserve the soft parts of organisms, which provide a wealth of data to aid in the classification of enigmatic fossils. It often preserved complete specimens of organisms only otherwise known from dispersed parts, such as loose scales or isolated mouthparts. Further, the majority of organisms and taxa in these horizons are entirely soft-bodied, hence absent from the rest of the fossil record. Since a large part of the ecosystem is preserved, the ecology of the community can also be tentatively reconstructed.
However, the assemblages may represent a "museum": a deep-water ecosystem that is evolutionarily "behind" the rapidly diversifying fauna of shallower waters.
Because the lagerstätten provide a mode and quality of preservation that is virtually absent outside of the Cambrian, many organisms appear completely different from anything known from the conventional fossil record. This led early workers in the field to attempt to shoehorn the organisms into extant phyla; the shortcomings of this approach led later workers to erect a multitude of new phyla to accommodate all the oddballs. It has since been realised that most oddballs diverged from lineages before they established the phyla known today – slightly different designs, which were fated to perish rather than flourish into phyla, as their cousin lineages did.
The preservational mode is rare in the preceding Ediacaran period, but those assemblages known show no trace of animal life – perhaps implying a genuine absence of macroscopic metazoans.
Early Cambrian crustaceans
Crustaceans, one of the four great modern groups of arthropods, are very rare throughout the Cambrian. Convincing crustaceans were once thought to be common in Burgess Shale-type biotas, but none of these individuals can be shown to fall into the crown group of "true crustaceans". The Cambrian record of crown-group crustaceans comes from microfossils. The Swedish Orsten horizons contain later Cambrian crustaceans, but only organisms smaller than 2 mm are preserved. This restricts the data set to juveniles and miniaturised adults.
A more informative data source is the organic microfossils of the Mount Cap formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Canada. This late Early Cambrian assemblage () consists of microscopic fragments of arthropods' cuticle, which is left behind when the rock is dissolved with hydrofluoric acid. The diversity of this assemblage is similar to that of modern crustacean faunas. Analysis of fragments of feeding machinery found in the formation shows that it was adapted to feed in a very precise and refined fashion. This contrasts with most other early Cambrian arthropods, which fed messily by shovelling anything they could get their feeding appendages on into their mouths. This sophisticated and specialised feeding machinery belonged to a large (about 30 cm) organism, and would have provided great potential for diversification: Specialised feeding apparatus allows a number of different approaches to feeding and development, and creates a number of different approaches to avoid being eaten.
Early Ordovician radiation
After an extinction at the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary, another radiation occurred, which established the taxa that would dominate the Palaeozoic.
During this radiation, the total number of orders doubled, and families tripled, increasing marine diversity to levels typical of the Palaeozoic, and disparity to levels approximately equivalent to today's.
Stages
The early Cambrian interval of diversification lasted for about the next 20–25 million years, and its elevated rates of evolution had ended by the base of Cambrian Series 2, , coincident with the first trilobites in the fossil record.
Different authors define intervals of diversification during the early Cambrian different ways:
Ed Landing recognizes three stages: Stage 1, spanning the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, corresponds to a diversification of biomineralizing animals and of deep and complex burrows; Stage 2, corresponding to the radiation of molluscs and stem-group Brachiopods (hyoliths and tommotiids), which apparently arose in intertidal waters; and Stage 3, seeing the Atdabanian diversification of trilobites in deeper waters, but little change in the intertidal realm.
Graham Budd synthesises various schemes to produce a compatible view of the SSF record of the Cambrian explosion, divided slightly differently into four intervals: a "Tube world", lasting from , spanning the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, dominated by Cloudina, Namacalathus and pseudoconodont-type elements; a "Sclerite world", seeing the rise of halkieriids, tommotiids, and hyoliths, lasting to the end of the Fortunian (c. 525 Ma); a brachiopod world, perhaps corresponding to the as yet unratified Cambrian Stage 2; and Trilobite World, kicking off in Stage 3.
Complementary to the shelly fossil record, trace fossils can be divided into five subdivisions: "Flat world" (late Ediacaran), with traces restricted to the sediment surface; Protreozoic III (after Jensen), with increasing complexity; pedum world, initiated at the base of the Cambrian with the base of the T.pedum zone (see Cambrian#Dating the Cambrian); Rusophycus world, spanning and thus corresponding exactly to the periods of Sclerite World and Brachiopod World under the SSF paradigm; and Cruziana world, with an obvious correspondence to Trilobite World.
Validity
There is strong evidence for species of Cnidaria and Porifera existing in the Ediacaran and possible members of Porifera even before that during the Cryogenian. Bryozoans, once thought to not appear in the fossil record until after the Cambrian, are now known from strata of Cambrian Age 3 from Australia and South China.
The fossil record as Darwin knew it seemed to suggest that the major metazoan groups appeared in a few million years of the early to mid-Cambrian, and even in the 1980s, this still appeared to be the case.
However, evidence of Precambrian Metazoa is gradually accumulating. If the Ediacaran Kimberella was a mollusc-like protostome (one of the two main groups of coelomates), the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split significantly before (deuterostomes are the other main group of coelomates). Even if it is not a protostome, it is widely accepted as a bilaterian. Since fossils of rather modern-looking cnidarians (jellyfish-like organisms) have been found in the Doushantuo lagerstätte, the cnidarian and bilaterian lineages must have diverged well over .
Trace fossils and predatory borings in Cloudina shells provide further evidence of Ediacaran animals. Some fossils from the Doushantuo formation have been interpreted as embryos and one (Vernanimalcula) as a bilaterian coelomate, although these interpretations are not universally accepted. Earlier still, predatory pressure has acted on stromatolites and acritarchs since around .
Some say that the evolutionary change was accelerated by an order of magnitude, but the presence of Precambrian animals somewhat dampens the "bang" of the explosion; not only was the appearance of animals gradual, but their evolutionary radiation ("diversification") may also not have been as rapid as once thought. Indeed, statistical analysis shows that the Cambrian explosion was no faster than any of the other radiations in animals' history. However, it does seem that some innovations linked to the explosion – such as resistant armour – only evolved once in the animal lineage; this makes a lengthy Precambrian animal lineage harder to defend. Further, the conventional view that all the phyla arose in the Cambrian is flawed; while the phyla may have diversified in this time period, representatives of the crown groups of many phyla do not appear until much later in the Phanerozoic. Further, the mineralised phyla that form the basis of the fossil record may not be representative of other phyla, since most mineralised phyla originated in a benthic setting. The fossil record is consistent with a Cambrian explosion that was limited to the benthos, with pelagic phyla evolving much later.
Ecological complexity among marine animals increased in the Cambrian, as well later in the Ordovician. However, recent research has overthrown the once-popular idea that disparity was exceptionally high throughout the Cambrian, before subsequently decreasing. In fact, disparity remains relatively low throughout the Cambrian, with modern levels of disparity only attained after the early Ordovician radiation.
The diversity of many Cambrian assemblages is similar to today's, and at a high (class/phylum) level, diversity is thought by some to have risen relatively smoothly through the Cambrian, stabilizing somewhat in the Ordovician. This interpretation, however, glosses over the astonishing and fundamental pattern of basal polytomy and phylogenetic telescoping at or near the Cambrian boundary, as seen in most major animal lineages. Thus Harry Blackmore Whittington's questions regarding the abrupt nature of the Cambrian explosion remain, and have yet to be satisfactorily answered.
The Cambrian explosion as survivorship bias
Budd and Mann suggested that the Cambrian explosion was the result of a type of survivorship bias called the "Push of the past". As groups at their origin tend to go extinct, it follows that any long-lived group would have experienced an unusually rapid rate of diversification early on, creating the illusion of a general speed-up in diversification rates. However, rates of diversification could remain at background levels and still generate this sort of effect in the surviving lineages.
Possible causes
Despite the evidence that moderately complex animals (triploblastic bilaterians) existed before and possibly long before the start of the Cambrian, it seems that the pace of evolution was exceptionally fast in the early Cambrian. Possible explanations for this fall into three broad categories: environmental, developmental, and ecological changes. Any explanation must explain both the timing and magnitude of the explosion.
Changes in the environment
Increase in oxygen levels
Earth's earliest atmosphere contained no free oxygen (O2); the oxygen that animals breathe today, both in the air and dissolved in water, is the product of billions of years of photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria were the first organisms to evolve the ability to photosynthesize, introducing a steady supply of oxygen into the environment. Initially, oxygen levels did not increase substantially in the atmosphere. The oxygen quickly reacted with iron and other minerals in the surrounding rock and ocean water. Once a saturation point was reached for the reactions in rock and water, oxygen was able to exist as a gas in its diatomic form. Oxygen levels in the atmosphere increased substantially afterward. As a general trend, the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere has risen gradually over about the last 2.5 billion years.
Oxygen levels seem to have a positive correlation with diversity in eukaryotes well before the Cambrian period. The last common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes is thought to have lived around 1.8 billion years ago. Around 800 million years ago, there was a notable increase in the complexity and number of eukaryotes species in the fossil record. Before the spike in diversity, eukaryotes are thought to have lived in highly sulfuric environments. Sulfide interferes with mitochondrial function in aerobic organisms, limiting the amount of oxygen that could be used to drive metabolism. Oceanic sulfide levels decreased around 800 million years ago, which supports the importance of oxygen in eukaryotic diversity. The increased ventilation of the oceans by sponges, which had already evolved and diversified during the Neoproterozoic, has been proposed to have increased the availability of oxygen and powered the Cambrian's rapid diversification of multicellular life. Molybdenum isotopes show that increases in biodiversity were strongly correlated with expansion of oxygenated bottom waters in the Early Cambrian, lending support for oxygen as a driver of the Cambrian evolutionary radiation.
The shortage of oxygen might well have prevented the rise of large, complex animals. The amount of oxygen an animal can absorb is largely determined by the area of its oxygen-absorbing surfaces (lungs and gills in the most complex animals; the skin in less complex ones), while the amount needed is determined by its volume, which grows faster than the oxygen-absorbing area if an animal's size increases equally in all directions. An increase in the concentration of oxygen in air or water would increase the size to which an organism could grow without its tissues becoming starved of oxygen. However, members of the Ediacara biota reached metres in length tens of millions of years before the Cambrian explosion. Other metabolic functions may have been inhibited by lack of oxygen, for example the construction of tissue such as collagen, which is required for the construction of complex structures, or the biosynthesis of molecules for the construction of a hard exoskeleton. However, animals were not affected when similar oceanographic conditions occurred in the Phanerozoic; therefore, some see no forcing role of the oxygen level on evolution.
Ozone formation
The amount of ozone (O3) required to shield Earth from biologically lethal UV radiation, wavelengths from 200 to 300 nanometers (nm), is believed to have been in existence around the Cambrian explosion. The presence of the ozone layer may have enabled the development of complex life and life on land, as opposed to life being restricted to the water.
Snowball Earth
In the late Neoproterozoic (extending into the early Ediacaran period), the Earth suffered massive glaciations in which most of its surface was covered by ice. This may have caused a mass extinction, creating a genetic bottleneck; the resulting diversification may have given rise to the Ediacara biota, which appears soon after the last "Snowball Earth" episode.
However, the snowball episodes occurred a long time before the start of the Cambrian, and it is difficult to see how so much diversity could have been caused by even a series of bottlenecks; the cold periods may even have delayed the evolution of large size organisms. Massive rock erosion caused by glaciers during the "Snowball Earth" may have deposited nutrient-rich sediments into the oceans, setting the stage for the Cambrian explosion.
Increase in the calcium concentration of the Cambrian seawater
Newer research suggests that volcanically active midocean ridges caused a massive and sudden surge of the calcium concentration in the oceans, making it possible for marine organisms to build skeletons and hard body parts.
Alternatively a high influx of ions could have been provided by the widespread erosion that produced Powell's Great Unconformity.
An increase of calcium may also have been caused by erosion of the Transgondwanan Supermountain that existed at the time of the explosion. The roots of the mountain are preserved in present-day East Africa as an orogen.
Developmental explanations
A range of theories are based on the concept that minor modifications to animals' development as they grow from embryo to adult may have been able to cause very large changes in the final adult form. The Hox genes, for example, control which organs individual regions of an embryo will develop into. For instance, if a certain Hox gene is expressed, a region will develop into a limb; if a different Hox gene is expressed in that region (a minor change), it could develop into an eye instead (a phenotypically major change).
Such a system allows a large range of disparity to appear from a limited set of genes, but such theories linking this with the explosion struggle to explain why the origin of such a development system should by itself lead to increased diversity or disparity. Evidence of Precambrian metazoans combines with molecular data to show that much of the genetic architecture that could feasibly have played a role in the explosion was already well established by the Cambrian.
This apparent paradox is addressed in a theory that focuses on the physics of development. It is proposed that the emergence of simple multicellular forms provided a changed context and spatial scale in which novel physical processes and effects were mobilized by the products of genes that had previously evolved to serve unicellular functions. Morphological complexity (layers, segments, lumens, appendages) arose, in this view, by self-organization.
Horizontal gene transfer has also been identified as a possible factor in the rapid acquisition of the biochemical capability of biomineralization among organisms during this period, based on evidence that the gene for a critical protein in the process was originally transferred from a bacterium into sponges.
Ecological explanations
These focus on the interactions between different types of organism. Some of these hypotheses deal with changes in the food chain; some suggest arms races between predators and prey, and others focus on the more general mechanisms of coevolution. Such theories are well suited to explaining why there was a rapid increase in both disparity and diversity, but they do not explain why the "explosion" happened when it did.
End-Ediacaran mass extinction
Evidence for such an extinction includes the disappearance from the fossil record of the Ediacara biota and shelly fossils such as Cloudina, and the accompanying perturbation in the record. It is suspected that several global anoxic events were responsible for the extinction.
Mass extinctions are often followed by adaptive radiations as existing clades expand to occupy the ecospace emptied by the extinction. However, once the dust had settled, overall disparity and diversity returned to the pre-extinction level in each of the Phanerozoic extinctions.
Anoxia
The late Ediacaran oceans appears to have suffered from an anoxia that covered much of the seafloor, which would have given mobile animals with the ability to seek out more oxygen-rich environments an advantage over sessile forms of life.
Increase in sensory and cognitive abilities
Andrew Parker has proposed that predator-prey relationships changed dramatically after eyesight evolved. Prior to that time, hunting and evading were both close-range affairs – smell, vibration, and touch were the only senses used. When predators could see their prey from a distance, new defensive strategies were needed. Armor, spines, and similar defenses may also have evolved in response to vision. He further observed that, where animals lose vision in unlighted environments such as caves, diversity of animal forms tends to decrease. Nevertheless, many scientists doubt that vision could have caused the explosion. Eyes may well have evolved long before the start of the Cambrian. It is also difficult to understand why the evolution of eyesight would have caused an explosion, since other senses, such as smell and pressure detection, can detect things at a greater distance in the sea than sight can; but the appearance of these other senses apparently did not cause an evolutionary explosion.
One hypothesis posits that the development of increased cognitive abilities during the Cambrian drove diversity increase. This is evidenced by the fact that the novel ecological lifestyles created during the Cambrian required rapid, regular movement, a feature associated with brain-bearing organisms. The increasing complexity of brains, positively correlated with a greater range of motion and sensory abilities, enabled a wider range of novel ecological modes of life to come into being.
Arms races between predators and prey
The ability to avoid or recover from predation often makes the difference between life and death, and is therefore one of the strongest components of natural selection. The pressure to adapt is stronger on the prey than on the predator: if the predator fails to win a contest, it loses a meal; if the prey is the loser, it loses its life.
But, there is evidence that predation was rife long before the start of the Cambrian, for example in the increasingly spiny forms of acritarchs, the holes drilled in Cloudina shells, and traces of burrowing to avoid predators. Hence, it is unlikely that the appearance of predation was the trigger for the Cambrian "explosion", although it may well have exhibited a strong influence on the body forms that the "explosion" produced. However, the intensity of predation does appear to have increased dramatically during the Cambrian as new predatory "tactics" (such as shell-crushing) emerged. This rise of predation during the Cambrian was confirmed by the temporal pattern of the median predator ratio at the scale of genus, in fossil communities covering the Cambrian and Ordovician periods, but this pattern is not correlated to diversification rate. This lack of correlation between predator ratio and diversification over the Cambrian and Ordovician suggests that predators did not trigger the large evolutionary radiation of animals during this interval. Thus the role of predators as triggerers of diversification may have been limited to the very beginning of the "Cambrian explosion".
Increase in size and diversity of planktonic animals
Geochemical evidence strongly indicates that the total mass of plankton has been similar to modern levels since early in the Proterozoic. Before the start of the Cambrian, their corpses and droppings were too small to fall quickly towards the seabed, since their drag was about the same as their weight. This meant they were destroyed by scavengers or by chemical processes before they reached the sea floor.
Mesozooplankton are plankton of a larger size. Early Cambrian specimens filtered microscopic plankton from the seawater. These larger organisms would have produced droppings and ultimately corpses large enough to fall fairly quickly. This provided a new supply of energy and nutrients to the mid-levels and bottoms of the seas, which opened up a new range of possible ways of life. If any of these remains sank uneaten to the sea floor they could be buried; this would have taken some carbon out of circulation, resulting in an increase in the concentration of breathable oxygen in the seas (carbon readily combines with oxygen).
The initial herbivorous mesozooplankton were probably larvae of benthic (seafloor) animals. A larval stage was probably an evolutionary innovation driven by the increasing level of predation at the seafloor during the Ediacaran period.
Metazoans have an amazing ability to increase diversity through coevolution. This means that an organism's traits can lead to traits evolving in other organisms; a number of responses are possible, and a different species can potentially emerge from each one. As a simple example, the evolution of predation may have caused one organism to develop a defence, while another developed motion to flee. This would cause the predator lineage to diverge into two species: one that was good at chasing prey, and another that was good at breaking through defences. Actual coevolution is somewhat more subtle, but, in this fashion, great diversity can arise: three quarters of living species are animals, and most of the rest have formed by coevolution with animals.
Ecosystem engineering
Evolving organisms inevitably change the environment they evolve in. The Devonian colonization of land had planet-wide consequences for sediment cycling and ocean nutrients, and was likely linked to the Devonian mass extinction. A similar process may have occurred on smaller scales in the oceans, with, for example, the sponges filtering particles from the water and depositing them in the mud in a more digestible form; or burrowing organisms making previously unavailable resources available for other organisms.
Complexity threshold
The explosion may not have been a significant evolutionary event. It may represent a threshold being crossed: for example a threshold in genetic complexity that allowed a vast range of morphological forms to be employed. This genetic threshold may have a correlation to the amount of oxygen available to organisms. Using oxygen for metabolism produces much more energy than anaerobic processes. Organisms that use more oxygen have the opportunity to produce more complex proteins, providing a template for further evolution. These proteins translate into larger, more complex structures that allow organisms better to adapt to their environments. With the help of oxygen, genes that code for these proteins could contribute to the expression of complex traits more efficiently. Access to a wider range of structures and functions would allow organisms to evolve in different directions, increasing the number of niches that could be inhabited. Furthermore, organisms had the opportunity to become more specialized in their own niches.
Uniqueness of the early Cambrian biodiversification
The "Cambrian explosion" can be viewed as two waves of metazoan expansion into empty niches: first, a coevolutionary rise in diversity as animals explored niches on the Ediacaran sea floor, followed by a second expansion in the early Cambrian as they became established in the water column. The rate of diversification seen in the Cambrian phase of the explosion is unparalleled among marine animals: it affected all metazoan clades of which Cambrian fossils have been found. Later radiations, such as those of fish in the Silurian and Devonian periods, involved fewer taxa, mainly with very similar body plans. Although the recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction started with about as few animal species as the Cambrian explosion, the recovery produced far fewer significantly new types of animals.
Whatever triggered the early Cambrian diversification opened up an exceptionally wide range of previously unavailable ecological niches. When these were all occupied, limited space existed for such wide-ranging diversifications to occur again, because strong competition existed in all niches and incumbents usually had the advantage. If a wide range of empty niches had continued, clades would be able to continue diversifying and become disparate enough for us to recognise them as different phyla; when niches are filled, lineages will continue to resemble one another long after they diverge, as limited opportunity exists for them to change their life-styles and forms.
There were two similar explosions in the evolution of land plants: after a cryptic history beginning about , land plants underwent a uniquely rapid adaptive radiation during the Devonian period, about . Furthermore, angiosperms (flowering plants) originated and rapidly diversified during the Cretaceous period.
Footnotes
References
Further reading
Collins, Allen G. "Metazoa: Fossil record". Retrieved Dec. 14, 2005.
An enjoyable account.
Wood, Rachel A., "The Rise of Animals: New fossils and analyses of ancient ocean chemistry reveal the surprisingly deep roots of the Cambrian explosion", Scientific American, vol. 320, no. 6 (June 2019), pp. 24–31.
Timeline References:
External links
The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied?
On embryos and ancestors by Stephen Jay Gould
The Cambrian Explosion – In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 broadcast, 17 February 2005
, exhaustive details about the Burgess Shale, its fossils, and its significance for the Cambrian explosion
Utah's Cambrian life – new (2008) website with good images of a range of Burgess-shale-type and other Cambrian fossils
Smithsonian National Museum
Evolution
Evolution of the biosphere
Unsolved problems in biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Lake
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Alan Lake
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Alan Lake (24 November 1940 – 10 October 1984) was an English actor, best known as the third and final husband of screen star Diana Dors.
Biography
Alan Lake was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire on 24 November 1940. He studied acting at RADA, and began to work in television roles in 1964.
He is best known as the third husband of the actress Diana Dors, whom he met on the set of the 1968 television series The Inquisitors. He was initially not keen on Dors; his reaction on finding that he would be working with her was, "Oh no, not Madame Tits and Lips!", but within days, they had fallen in love and were married on 23 November 1968. Their stormy marriage produced a son, Jason David Dors Lake (11 November 1969 – 14 November 2019). Lake also had a daughter, Catherine Emma, born in 1967 with casting director Pamela Brown. Diana and Alan worked together in the early 1970s, on stage in plays such as Three Months Gone, for which Dors received her best critical reviews since Yield to the Night.They also received an offer to appear together in a TV sitcom, Queenie's Castle.
In July 1970, Lake was involved in a pub brawl for which he was sentenced to 18 months in prison, although he was released after serving a year. His friend, the singer Leapy Lee, was sentenced to three years for unlawfully wounding the pub's relief manager and was released after a year. Lake was a keen horseman, and on his release from prison Dors presented him with a mare named Sapphire. In 1972, Lake was unseated when the horse ran into the bough of a tree. He broke his back, and initially it was thought he might spend the rest of his life in a wheelchair. However, he was walking again within three weeks. After leaving hospital, unable to work while he recovered, and in severe pain, he began drinking heavily. Dors said of him at this time: "alcohol had unleashed a monster, uncontrollable and frightening".
Lake began hallucinating and experiencing psychotic episodes, but was diverted from drinking after becoming a Roman Catholic, also convincing Dors to follow him in adopting the faith. In 1974, Dors was rushed to hospital suffering from meningitis, and Lake fainted when he was told that she might not survive the night. In 1975, within months of her illness, at the age of 43, Dors became pregnant with their second child and was advised by doctors to have an abortion, but because of her newly-adopted religion, and regret at two previous abortions, she decided to go ahead with the pregnancy. She miscarried, which led Lake to return to heavy drinking.
For the remainder of the 1970s, Lake's once promising acting career was reduced to appearances in low-budget comedy films and small parts in television dramas. However, in 1974, he had a significant role as a singer Jack Daniels in the Slade vehicle Slade In Flame, and also as John Merrick in the first episode of the hugely popular TV series The Sweeney. Both he and Dors attended the film's premiere at the Metropole Theatre, Victoria, London, on 13 February 1975.
In 1980, the pair separated for a time, although they were reconciled when Lake promised to undergo treatment for his alcoholism. Lake's acting work became less frequent in the 1980s, and Dors' health began to deteriorate. She was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 1982, and died in May 1984. Lake then burnt all of Dors' clothes, and fell into a depression. On 10 October 1984, five months after Dors' death, and 16 years to the day since they had first met, he took their teenage son Jason to the railway station, returned to his Sunningdale home, and committed suicide by shooting himself in the mouth in their son's bedroom.
His roles included Herrick in the Doctor Who story Underworld; and parts in Cluff, Redcap, Sergeant Cork, The Saint, Public Eye, The Avengers, Department S, Dixon of Dock Green, The Protectors, Z-Cars, Softly, Softly: Taskforce, Crown Court, The Sweeney, Angels, Target, Hazel, Strangers, Blake's 7, Juliet Bravo, The Gentle Touch, Hart to Hart, and Bergerac.
In 1969, he recorded a pop single, "Good Times"/"Got To Have Tenderness" (the former a cover of a song written by Harry Nilsson), which was released by Ember Records (EMBS 278).
Acting roles
Film
Catch Us If You Can, aka Having a Wild Weekend (1965) — Cameraman (uncredited)
Sky West and Crooked, aka Gypsy Girl (1966) — Camlo
The Christmas Tree (1966) — Truck driver (uncredited)
Charlie Bubbles (1967) — Airman
Freelance (1971) — Dean
Swedish Wildcats (1972) — Bodyguard
Hide and Seek (1972) — Lorrimer
Layout for 5 Models (1972) — Andy
Percy's Progress (1974) — Derry Hogan
The Swordsman (1974) — Reynaud Duval
The Amorous Milkman (1975) — Sandy
Slade In Flame (1975) — Jack Daniels
The Office Party (1976) — Mr Barnes
The Playbirds (1978) — Harry Dougan
Confessions from the David Galaxy Affair (1979) — David Galaxy
Yesterday's Hero (1979) — Georgie Moore
Don't Open Till Christmas (1984) — Giles Harrison
Television
Catch Hand, episode "Fifteen-Bob-An-Hour Men" (1964) — Charlie
No Hiding Place, episode "Real Class" (1964) — Third Player
The Wednesday Play: Wear a Very Big Hat (1965) — Harry Atkins
Cluff, episode "The Village Constable" (1965) — Tod Meller
Mary Barton (1964), 1 episode — Knobstick
The Wednesday Play: Stand Up, Nigel Barton (1965) (TV)
Hereward the Wake: four episodes (1965) — Edwin
Redcap, episode "The Moneylenders" (1966) — Lance Corporal Farrington
The Saint, episode "Locate and Destroy" (1966) — Jacob
Thirteen Against Fate, episode "The Traveller" (1966) — Robert Eloi
The Avengers, episode "The House That Jack Built" (1966) — prison officer (uncredited)
Thirty-Minute Theatre, episode "The Wake" (1967)
The Wednesday Play: Dial Rudolph Valentino One One (1967) — Con
Z-Cars, episode "She's Not Yours, She's Mine: Part 2" (1967) — Speedy
Public Eye, episode "It Must Be the Architecture – Can't Be the Climate" (1968) — Murchinson
Thief (1968)
The Avengers, episode "The Forget-Me-Knot" (1968) — Karl
A Bit of Crucifixion, Father (1968) — Gilbert
Dixon of Dock Green, episode "A Quiet Sunday" (1968) — Kimber
Dixon of Dock Green, episode "No Love Lost" (1969) — Keith Proctor
The Contenders (miniseries, 1969) — Tom Stocker
Department S, episode "Dead Men Die Twice" (1969) — The Dandy
Dixon of Dock Green, episode "The Informant" (1972) — Dennis Brown
The Protectors, episode "See No Evil" (1972) — — Thug
The Adventurer, episode "Icons Are Forever" (1973) — Carlo
Z-Cars, episode "Hi-Jack" (1973) — Brian Peake
Dixon of Dock Green, episode "Knocker" (1974) — Jimmy Goddard
Softly, Softly: Task Force, episode "See What You've Done" (1974) — Richard Spencer
The Sweeney, episode "The Ringer" (1975) — Merrick
Crown Court, episode "Two in the Mind of One" (1975)
Z-Cars, episode "Tonight and Every Night" (1975) — Danny
Dixon of Dock Green, episode "Domino" (1976) — Ron Mason
Angels, episode "Celebration" (1976) — Tony
Target, episode "Lady Luck" (1977) — Swain
Z-Cars, episode "Error of Judgement" (1977) — Stan
Doctor Who, episode "Underworld" (1978) — Herrick
Play for Today: "Destiny" (1978) — Monty Goodman
Hazell, episode "Hazell Settles the Accounts" (1978) — Creasey
Z-Cars, episode "Driver" (1978) — George Armstrong
The Black Stuff (1980) — Dominic
Blake's 7, episode "Aftermath" (1980) — Chel
Rumpole of the Bailey: "Rumpole's Return" (1980) — Meacher
Juliet Bravo, episode "Trouble at T'Mill" (1980) — Ted Galway
The Olympian Way (1981)
Dick Turpin, episode "The Secret Folk" (1982) — Zsika
The Gentle Touch, episode "Joker" (1982) — Malcolm Webster
Juliet Bravo, episode "A Breach of the Peace" (1982) — Tom Tully
Hart to Hart, episode "Passing Chance" (1983) — Nick
Bergerac, episode "Tug of War" (1984) — Jack Broughton
Juliet Bravo, episode "Work Force" (1984) — Grogan
Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense: "Paint Me a Murder" (1984) — Davey
References
Simon Sheridan Keeping the British End Up: Four Decades of Saucy Cinema (fourth edition) (Titan Publishing, London) (2011)
External links
Alan Lake biography at Avengers Forever
1940 births
1984 deaths
Alumni of RADA
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English Roman Catholics
Actors from Stoke-on-Trent
Suicides by firearm in England
20th-century English male actors
1984 suicides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20R%C3%B6pke%20Institute
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Wilhelm Röpke Institute
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The Wilhelm Röpke Institut is an economic research institute in the Thuringian state capital Erfurt.
History
The institute was named after the German economist Wilhelm Röpke. It was founded on May 23, 2007, and has the legal form of a registered association. It was initiated, among others, by the economist Thomas Straubhaar.
The institute is in close cooperation with the Hamburg Institute of International Economics, which operated a temporary branch office in Erfurt in the early days. The institute is one of the initiators of the Jena Alliance and is a partner of NOUS – Network for Economics of Order and Social Philosophy. In addition to other cooperations with various domestic and foreign research institutions, the institute is associated with the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt. After initially being located in Erfurt's Gorkistraße, it has now moved to the Faculty of Political Science.
Tasks and goals
The central task of the institute is to reappraise the legacy of the economist Röpke. This includes, in addition to the promotion of young academics, two areas of responsibility. On the one hand, according to the statutes, "research is to be conducted in the field of economic policy, whereby the intellectual legacy of Wilhelm Röpke is of central importance, on the reform processes in the young federal states and in East-Central and Eastern Europe, as well as on the economic development and business cycle in Thuringia". In addition, these "results of the research are to be made accessible to a broader public through public events, workshops, etc."
The second task area is the research of Röpke's intellectual legacy. This includes researching the estate.
The Institute holds the Wilhelm Röpke Lecture once a year and also seminars and colloquia. In addition, the Institute organizes the conferences on the New Economics of Order at Ettersburg Castle, as well as other individual conferences. For example, the 2016 International Wilhelm Röpke Congress in Geneva, which the Institute organized together with the Graduate Institute Geneva and the Liberal Institute.
Membership structure
The institute has an international field of members. In addition to well-known economists such as economist Lars Feld, Michel Wohlgemuth, Nils Goldschmidt, Joachim Starbatty and Gerhard Wegner, it also includes prominent economic journalists such as Karen Horn, representatives of associations such as Gerald Grusser, and scholars from other disciplines. Among others, the political scientist Aurelian Craiutu, who teaches in the U.S., the Italian philosopher Dario Antiseri, the French Germanist Patricia Commun, and the German jurist Hermann-Josef Blanke are members.
References
2007 establishments
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69400782
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20House%20%28Guyana%29
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Red House (Guyana)
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Red House (also: Kamana Court) located in Kingston, Georgetown, was the official residence of the Colonial Secretary and later the Premier of British Guiana. As of 22 March 2000, it houses the Cheddi Jagan Research Centre.
History
The Red House is a wooden colonial building from the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the building was owned by Eustace Woolford, a former Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. In 1925, the building was acquired by the government of British Guiana to serve as official residence of the Colonial Secretary.
In 1961, the Red House became the official residence for Cheddi Jagan, the first Premier of British Guiana. Forbes Burnham was elected in 1964 and changed the official residence to Castellani House. From 1964 onwards, the Red House was used by various governmental agencies. In 1972, the Non-Aligned Conference was held in Georgetown, and the Red House was renamed Kamana Court. The building was declared a national monument of Guyana.
Cheddi Jagan Research Centre
On 22 March 2000, the Cheddi Jagan Research Centre, a centre dedicated to the life and work of Cheddi Jagan, opened in the Red House. The centre is operated by friends and family of Jagan who had signed a 99-year lease on the building. On 29 December 2016, the lease was revoked by President David A. Granger who had planned to move the National Trust of Guyana into the building. The centre took the matter to the courts who ruled on 16 August 2020 that Granger's revocation was illegal and unlawful, and that the centre could retain the lease.
References
External links
Cheddi Jagan Research Centre
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
National Monuments in Guyana
Official residences in Guyana
Buildings and structures in Georgetown, Guyana
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25006202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattleya%20rex
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Cattleya rex
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Cattleya rex is a species of epiphytic orchid of showy white flowers, native to montane forests in Peru and Bolivia.
Description
Epiphytic herb with cylindric or spindle-shaped pseudobulbs, up to 35 cm. high, with one leaf at the top. Leaf oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, light green, up to 35 cm. long and up to 6 cm. wide, coriaceous. Inflorescence up to 20.3 cm. high, with 3 to 6 (or 10) flowers. Flowers large and showy, up to 17 cm wide, with sepals and petals being cream-colored or ivory white, except the lip or labellum, which is colored with yellow, rose and red. Sepals narrowly elliptic; petals ovate, elliptic or rhomboid; lip folded to form a tube, with very wavy front margin. Pollinia 4, with curved appendages.
Taxonomy
James O'Brien described the species for the first time in 1890 from a live flowering plant collected in the area of Moyobamba, San Martín by Mr. Bungeroth and cultivated at L'Horticulture International, Brussels, by Mr. L. Linden. That was the first known flowering plant outside the native habitat of C. rex.
Distribution and habitat
Cattleya rex is known from a few localities in the regions of San Martin and Puno in Peru and the department of La Paz in Bolivia. It occurs in montane forests and low montane seasonally dry forests at 800–2500 m, growing on tree branches.
Ecology
In its native habitat, flowering occurs between December and March.
Conservation
Cattleya rex has been assigned an endangered conservation status in 1997 by the IUCN. Previously believed to be a Peruvian endemic, in 2013 a new locality was reported in Bolivia, thus increasing the area of extension for the species.
Cultivation
Cattleya rex requires a temperate climate (16 °C at night and 28 °C during the day) and good ventilation (a dark and enclosed environment will attract fungi or bacterial diseases).
This species does not tolerate dryness for long periods, so watering must be done regularly and should be reduced in frequency during winter. However, the growing medium (cork slabs, baskets or pots) must have good drainage, so the roots can dry properly after watering or root rot may appear.
Light requirements are high but not direct sunlight. Shade is needed during summer and brightest days of other seasons (especially if leaves turn yellow).
Humidity must be between 50-70%, it can be achieved with the help of misters or humidifiers.
References
External links
rex
rex
Orchids of Peru
Orchids of Bolivia
Flora of Peru
Plants described in 1890
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15693884
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mancisidor
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José Mancisidor
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José Mancisidor Ortiz (Veracruz, Veracruz; April 20, 1894 – Monterrey, Nuevo León; August 22, 1956) was a Mexican writer, historian and politician.
Biography
José Mancisidor Ortiz was born on April 20, 1894, in Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico, the fifth of eleven children to Jorge Tomás Mancisidor Oyarzábal (1860–1921) and Catalina Ortiz Alpuche: Jorge, Rodolfo, Catalina, Esperanza, José, Anselmo, Carmela, Raimundo, María, Emilio and Francisco. He received his primary education from the "Francisco Javier Clavijero" School, and later went to learn a trade at the vocational school of the Secretariat of the Navy, located at the San Juan de Ulúa Fortress, until his third year reaching the rank of sergeant. In April 1914 he participated in the defense of the port of Veracruz against the occupation by the United States Marine Corps. He escaped to join the Constitutionalist Army of General Cándido Aguilar who incorporated him to the First Regiment of Artillery of the First Eastern Division with the rank of lieutenant. His military career continued till 1920, and participated in the Mexican Revolution within the Constitutionalist Army of Venustiano Carranza, reaching the rank of Lieutenant Colonel of Artillery and getting appointed Military Commander and Governor of the Quintana Roo territory. He married Dolores Varela in 1917 with whom he had five children: Orlando, Arnaldo, Kolda, Elvia and Yolanda. Between 1920 and 1922 he was municipal syndic of Xalapa. On December 8, 1923, he helped to organise the civil defense of the city against the de la Huerta uprising. From 1926 to 1929, he was local deputy for the Xalapa district. He supported the uprising of General Arnulfo R. Gómez in the state under the orders of General Miguel Alemán González; however, after the execution of Gómez in 1927 he accepted to amnesty offered by the government. One more time, in 1929, he joined the failed Escobar uprising led by General Jesús M. Aguirre, who adhered to General José Gonzalo Escobar, who previously fought against, defeated and executed General Arnulfo R. Gómez.
Left without political or military possibilities, José Mancisidor was appointed director of the Veracruz state government press by Governor Adalberto Tejeda, who had already distanced himself from the Jefe Máximo, the political chieftain, Plutarco Elías Calles. In 1932, Mancisidor became History Professor at the Veracruzan Normal School "Enrique C. Rébsamen", counting only with his primary education. In those years he collaborated with Simiente journal, he edited a journal titled Ruta, created his own publishing house called "Integrales", and published his first novels: La asonada (The Riot) and La ciudad roja (The Red City).
In April 1935 he traveled to New York City as the Mexican Delegate to the First American Writers Congress which eventually founded the League of American Writers. Fomented by Communists who hoped to nurture Proletarian literature the First Congress was presided over by Waldo Frank and was attended by important novelists, such as John Steinbeck, John Dos Passos and many others, who eventually abandoned the push for Marxist literature. Mancisidor remained faithful to the cause and published numerous works.
In June 1935, the governor of the state of Veracruz, Gonzalo Vázquez Vela, was appointed as Secretary of Public Education by President Lázaro Cárdenas, and included José Mancisidor within his team of associates that also included Luis Chávez Orozco, Rafael Ramos Pedrueza and Germán Lizt Arzubide, among others.
In 1936, he traveled to the Soviet Union where he met President Mikhail Kalinin, the Azerbaijani President Majid Afandiyev, among other politicians, and attended Maxim Gorky's funerals. When Manuel Ávila Camacho became president, changes were made within the Secretariat of Public Education, thus Mancisidor left his position and continued to teach history classes at the National Professors School, the National Normal School, the Secondary School for Young Women No. 8 and the Worker's University of Mexico. He died on August 22, 1956, after fainting while giving a conference at the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, in Monterrey.
Works
Novels
La asonada (1931)
La ciudad roja (1932)
Nueva York revolucionario (1935)
De una madre española (1938)
En la rosa de los vientos (1940)
Frontera junto al mar (1953)
El alba de las simas (1955)
Nuestro petróleo (1956)
Se llamaba Catalina (1958)
Otra vez aquellos días, unfinished.
La semilla del hombre, unfinished.
Imágenes de mi tiempo, unfinished.
Short stories
Cómo cayeron los héroes (1930)
120 días (1937)
El juramento (1947)
El destino (1947), honorary mention by the Republic of Cuba.
La primera piedra (1950), containing La primera piedra, El regreso de Juan, El ojo siniestro e implacable, Un ladrón honrado, Mejor que perros, Los cuentos de abuelita, La culpa la tuvo el jefe, El tragalumbre, El mandato del espíritu, Crepúsculo, El tiras, El hombre que desintegró el átomo, ¡Terrible noche!, El juramento, Tierra y pan, El destino.
Me lo dijo María Kaimlova (1955)
Essay
Carranza y su política internacional (1929)
Lenin (1934)
Marx (1934)
Romain Rolland (1935)
Zola, soñador y hombre (1940)
Hidalgo y la cuestión agraria (1944)
Miguel Hidalgo, constructor de una patria (1944)
Henri Barbusse, ingeniero de almas (1945)
Stalin, el hombre de acero (1950)
Balzac, el sentido humano de su obra (1952), awarded in Balzac's Centennial.
El Huertismo (1953), in Historia mexicana 3 (1), July–August, pp. 34–51.
Sobre literatura y filosofía (1956)
Máximo Gorki, su filosofía y su religión (1956)
El fin del porfiriato
Playwright
Juárez, drama in three acts.
Frontera junto al mar (1953)
Screenplays
El joven Juárez (1955)
Yanga
Tres relatos
El duelo
Valentín Gómez Farías
El camino de la libertad (1956), or Arriba Madero or Aquellos días
El asesino
El juramento
El mundo de la infancia y adolescencia de Juárez
El caso de Pascual Durán
History
Síntesis histórica del movimiento social mexicano (1940)
Historia de las luchas sociales en México
Hidalgo, Morelos, Guerrero (1956), historic trilogy.
Historia de la Revolución Mexicana (1958)
Anthologies
Angulos de México (1940), selection of short stories.
Antología de cuentistas mexicanos del siglo XIX (1946)
Antología de cuentistas contemporáneos (1946)
Conferences
Zola (1933)
References
1894 births
1956 deaths
Mexican male novelists
20th-century Mexican historians
20th-century Mexican novelists
20th-century Mexican male writers
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30751091
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Welcome%20%28J386%29
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HMS Welcome (J386)
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HMS Welcome was a reciprocating engine-powered built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. She survived the war and was scrapped in 1962.
Design and description
The reciprocating group displaced at standard load and at deep load The ships measured long overall with a beam of . They had a draught of . The ships' complement consisted of 85 officers and ratings.
The reciprocating ships had two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines produced a total of and gave a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of of fuel oil that gave them a range of at .
The Algerine class was armed with a QF Mk V anti-aircraft gun and four twin-gun mounts for Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. The latter guns were in short supply when the first ships were being completed and they often got a proportion of single mounts. By 1944, single-barrel Bofors 40 mm mounts began replacing the twin 20 mm mounts on a one for one basis. All of the ships were fitted for four throwers and two rails for depth charges.
Construction and career
Welcome was ordered on 19 December 1942 and was built by Lobnitz & Co. Ltd, Renfrew, Scotland. She was laid down on 3 May 1944 and launched on 14 November 1944 and displaced 860 tons. She was completed in 1945 and commissioned on 20 January 1945.
In May 1945, Welcome joined the 10th Minesweeping Flotilla, and sailed for the Far East in October 1945, returning to British waters in July 1946. In September 1946, she was assigned to fishery protection duties in the Fishery Protection Squadron. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Welcome remained on fishery protection duties until December 1957, when she passed into the reserves. She was scrapped on 3 May 1962.
References
Bibliography
External links
HMS Welcome at uboat.net
HMS Welcome at battleships-cruisers.co.uk
1944 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Algerine-class minesweepers of the Royal Navy
Ships of the Fishery Protection Squadron of the United Kingdom
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25577161
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders%2C%20decorations%2C%20and%20medals%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Yugoslavia
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Orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
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The orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were inherited from the Kingdom of Serbia and also established during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia period from 1918 to 1945.
Orders
See also
Orders, decorations, and medals of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
External links
ROYAL ORDERS AND MEDALS-Official Website of the Serbian Royal Family
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23959642
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%20de%20t%C3%AAte%20%28disambiguation%29
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Coup de tête (disambiguation)
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Coup de tête is a 1979 French film by Jean-Jacques Annaud (English title Hothead).
The word generally means headbutt and may also refer to:
Coup de tête (album), a 1994 album by Roch Voisine
Coup de tête (sculpture), a sculpture by Adel Abdessemed, which depicts the infamous headbutt by French footballer Zinedine Zidane
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60417780
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrodon
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Acrodon
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Acrodon is a genus of ice plants from South Africa. It comprises five species, mostly endangered and all restricted to the southern Cape regions of the Western Cape and Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa.
Description
Species of Acrodon form dense, low mats or tufts of growth, and their leaves are triangular in cross-section.
Another distinctive feature is that the leaves and flowers have a few tiny teeth along the ends of their margins and keels.
The white or pink flowers often have striped petals. The fruits are solid and persistent, with five deep locules.
History
Initially, Acrodon consisted of just one species - Acrodon bellidiflorus. A closer examination of Ruschia in 1986, however, found that several species shared traits with Acrodon bellidiflorus, resulting in them being moved to the genus Acrodon. Specifically, species in Acrodon had a more compact growth for while those in Ruschia formed shrubs, and Acrodon species had evenly spaced petals while Ruschia species had petals in five bundles.
A later examination of Acrodon, specifically of the fruits, however, found that Acrodon likely consists of at least two distinct genera - Acrodon and Brianhuntleya. The species of Acrodon species have funnel-shaped capsule base while those of Brianhuntleya have flat capsule bases. These two fruit types require different positionings and orientations on and of the stalk holding them.
Species
The following species are recognised as of January 2023:
Acrodon bellidiflorus (L.) N.E.Br. A common Renosterveld species that extends from Hermanus to Oudtshoorn.
Acrodon caespitosus H.E.K.Hartmann (Synonyms: Acrodon duplessiae (Bolus) Glen)
Acrodon deminutus Klak. A rarer species restricted to quartz-fields in the Eastern Rûens Shale Renosterveld and Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos vegetation types.
Acrodon parvifolius R.du Plessis. An endangered species restricted to quartz and silcrete patches near to the coast, in the Botrivier area.
Acrodon subulatus (Mill.) N.E.Br. An endangered species restricted to shale Renostervelds in the far western Overberg. (Synonymns: Acrodon leptophyllus (Bolus) Glen)
The following were previously included in Acrodon but have been moved to other genera:
Acrodon purpureostylus (L.Bolus) Burgoyne - now Brianhuntleya purpureostyla (L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann
Acrodon quarcicola H.E.K.Hartmann - now Brianhuntleya quarcicola (H.E.K.Hartmann) H.E.K.Hartmann
Relatives
This species has historically been confused with Ruschia. It is frequently confused with related genera that grow in the same region, such as Brianhuntleya or Cerochlamys.
References
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
Aizoaceae genera
Taxa named by N. E. Brown
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