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magnetogram : pictoral representation, or map, of the magnetic activity at the Sunâs surface | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
metastable state : state in which an electron âlingersâ in an excited state | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
monochromatic : light that consists of photons with the same frequency | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
Moseley plot : plot of the atomic number versus the square root of X-ray frequency | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
Moseleyâs law : relationship between the atomic number and X-ray photon frequency for X-ray production | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
orbital magnetic dipole moment : measure of the strength of the magnetic field produced by the orbital angular momentum of the electron | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
Pauliâs exclusion principle : no two electrons in an atom can have the same values for all four quantum numbers(n,l,m,ms)(n,l,m,ms) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
population inversion : condition in which a majority of atoms contain electrons in a metastable state | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
principal quantum number (n) : quantum number associated with the total energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
radial probability density function : function use to determine the probability of a electron to be found in a spatial interval inr | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
selection rules : rules that determine whether atomic transitions are allowed or forbidden (rare) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
spin projection quantum number (msms) : quantum number associated with thez-component of the spin angular momentum of an electron | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
spin quantum number (s) : quantum number associated with the spin angular momentum of an electron | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
spin-flip transitions : atomic transitions between states of an electron-proton system in which the magnetic moments are aligned and not aligned | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
spin-orbit coupling : interaction between the electron magnetic moment and the magnetic field produced by the orbital angular momentum of the electron | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
stimulated emission : when a photon of energy triggers an electron in a metastable state to drop in energy emitting an additional photon | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
transition metal : element that is located in the gap between the first two columns and the last six columns of the table of elements that contains electrons that fill thedsubshell | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
valence electron : electron in the outer shell of an atom that participates in chemical bonding | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
Zeeman effect : splitting of energy levels by an external magnetic field | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-key-terms |
A hydrogen atom can be described in terms of its wave function, probability density, total energy, and orbital angular momentum. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The state of an electron in a hydrogen atom is specified by its quantum numbers (n,l,m). | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
In contrast to the Bohr model of the atom, the Schrödinger model makes predictions based on probability statements. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The quantum numbers of a hydrogen atom can be used to calculate important information about the atom. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
A hydrogen atom has magnetic properties because the motion of the electron acts as a current loop. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The energy levels of a hydrogen atom associated with orbital angular momentum are split by an external magnetic field because the orbital angular magnetic moment interacts with the field. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The quantum numbers of an electron in a hydrogen atom can be used to calculate the magnitude and direction of the orbital magnetic dipole moment of the atom. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The state of an electron in a hydrogen atom can be expressed in terms of five quantum numbers. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The spin angular momentum quantum of an electron is=+½+½. The spin angular momentum projection quantum number isms=+½orâ½=+½orâ½(spin up or spin down). | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The fine and hyperfine structures of the hydrogen spectrum are explained by magnetic interactions within the atom. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
Pauliâs exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have all the same quantum numbers. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The structure of the periodic table of elements can be explained in terms of the total energy, orbital angular momentum, and spin of electrons in an atom. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The state of an atom can be expressed by its electron configuration, which describes the shells and subshells that are filled in the atom. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
Radiation is absorbed and emitted by atomic energy-level transitions. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
Quantum numbers can be used to estimate the energy, frequency, and wavelength of photons produced by atomic transitions. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
Atomic fluorescence occurs when an electron in an atom is excited several steps above the ground state by the absorption of a high-energy ultraviolet (UV) photon. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
X-ray photons are produced when a vacancy in an inner shell of an atom is filled by an electron from the outer shell of the atom. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
The frequency of X-ray radiation is related to the atomic numberZof an atom. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
Laser light is coherent (monochromatic and âphase linkedâ) light. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
Laser light is produced by population inversion and subsequent de-excitation of electrons in a material (solid, liquid, or gas). | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
CD and Blu-Ray players uses lasers to read digital information stored on discs. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/8-summary |
U coul = â k e 2 r 0 U coul = â k e 2 r 0 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
U form = E transfer + U coul + U ex U form = E transfer + U coul + U ex | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
B c ( T ) = B c ( 0 ) [ 1 â ( T T c ) 2 ] B c ( T ) = B c ( 0 ) [ 1 â ( T T c ) 2 ] | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
E r = l ( l + 1 ) â 2 2 I E r = l ( l + 1 ) â 2 2 I | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
E 0 r = â 2 2 I E 0 r = â 2 2 I | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
U ex = A r n U ex = A r n | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
U diss = α k e 2 r 0 ( 1 â 1 n ) U diss = α k e 2 r 0 ( 1 â 1 n ) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
I = μ r 0 2 I = μ r 0 2 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
E = Ï 2 â 2 2 m L 2 ( n 1 2 + n 2 2 + n 3 2 ) E = Ï 2 â 2 2 m L 2 ( n 1 2 + n 2 2 + n 3 2 ) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
g ( E ) = Ï V 2 ( 8 m e h 2 ) 3 / 2 E 1 / 2 g ( E ) = Ï V 2 ( 8 m e h 2 ) 3 / 2 E 1 / 2 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
E F = h 2 8 m e ( 3 N Ï V ) 2 / 3 E F = h 2 8 m e ( 3 N Ï V ) 2 / 3 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
T F = E F k B T F = E F k B | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
V H = u B w V H = u B w | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
I net = I 0 ( e e V b / k B T â 1 ) I net = I 0 ( e e V b / k B T â 1 ) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
I c = β I B I c = β I B | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
Πl = ± 1 Πl = ± 1 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
Πn = ± 1 Πn = ± 1 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-equations |
acceptor impurity : atom substituted for another in a semiconductor that results in a free electron | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
amplifier : electrical device that amplifies an electric signal | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
base current : current drawn from the basen-type material in a transistor | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
BCS theory : theory of superconductivity based on electron-lattice-electron interactions | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
body-centered cubic (BCC) : crystal structure in which an ion is surrounded by eight nearest neighbors located at the corners of a unit cell | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
breakdown voltage : in a diode, the reverse bias voltage needed to cause an avalanche of current | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
collector current : current drawn from the collectorp-type material | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
conduction band : above the valence band, the next available band in the energy structure of a crystal | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
Cooper pair : coupled electron pair in a superconductor | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
covalent bond : bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons between atoms | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
critical magnetic field : maximum field required to produce superconductivity | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
critical temperature : maximum temperature to produce superconductivity | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
density of states : number of allowed quantum states per unit energy | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
depletion layer : region near thep-njunction that produces an electric field | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
dissociation energy : amount of energy needed to break apart a molecule into atoms; also, total energy per ion pair to separate the crystal into isolated ions | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
donor impurity : atom substituted for another in a semiconductor that results in a free electron hole | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
doping : alteration of a semiconductor by the substitution of one type of atom with another | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
drift velocity : average velocity of a randomly moving particle | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
electric dipole transition : transition between energy levels brought by the absorption or emission of radiation | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
electron affinity : energy associated with an accepted (bound) electron | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
electron number density : number of electrons per unit volume | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
energy band : nearly continuous band of electronic energy levels in a solid | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
energy gap : gap between energy bands in a solid | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
equilibrium separation distance : distance between atoms in a molecule | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
exchange symmetry : how a total wave function changes under the exchange of two electrons | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
face-centered cubic (FCC) : crystal structure in which an ion is surrounded by six nearest neighbors located at the faces at the faces of a unit cell | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
Fermi energy : largest energy filled by electrons in a metal atT=0KT=0K | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
Fermi factor : number that expresses the probability that a state of given energy will be filled | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
Fermi temperature : effective temperature of electrons with energies equal to the Fermi energy | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
forward bias configuration : diode configuration that results in high current | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
free electron model : model of a metal that views electrons as a gas | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
hole : unoccupied states in an energy band | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
hybridization : change in the energy structure of an atom in which energetically favorable mixed states participate in bonding | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
impurity atom : acceptor or donor impurity atom | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
impurity band : new energy band create by semiconductor doping | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
ionic bond : bond formed by the Coulomb attraction of a positive and negative ions | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
junction transistor : electrical valve based on ap-n-pjunction | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
lattice : regular array or arrangement of atoms into a crystal structure | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
Madelung constant : constant that depends on the geometry of a crystal used to determine the total potential energy of an ion in a crystal | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
majority carrier : free electrons (or holes) contributed by impurity atoms | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
minority carrier : free electrons (or holes) produced by thermal excitations across the energy gap | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
n-type semiconductor : doped semiconductor that conducts electrons | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
p-njunction : junction formed by joiningp- andn-type semiconductors | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
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