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phagocytosis : endocytosis of large particles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
pinocytosis : endocytosis of fluid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
pluripotent : describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
polypeptide : chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
polyribosome : simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
promoter : region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
prophase : first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
proteome : full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cellâs specific gene expression) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
reactive oxygen species (ROS) : a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
receptor : protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
receptor-mediated endocytosis : endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) : RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
ribosome : cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
RNA polymerase : enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
S phase : stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
selective permeability : feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
sister chromatid : one of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
sodium-potassium pump : (also, Na+/K+ATP-ase) membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+out of a cell and K+into the cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
somatic cell : all cells of the body excluding gamete cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
spliceosome : complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
splicing : the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
stem cell : cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
telophase : final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
totipotent : embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
transcription : process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
transcription factor : one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
transfer RNA (tRNA) : molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
translation : process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
triplet : consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
unipotent : describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
vesicle : membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
The human body contains more than 200 types of cells that can all be classified into four types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissues act as coverings controlling the movement of materials across the surface. Connective tissue integrates the various parts of the body and provides s... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
The study of the shape and arrangement of cells in tissue is called histology. All cells and tissues in the body derive from three germ layers in the embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
Different types of tissues form membranes that enclose organs, provide a friction-free interaction between organs, and keep organs together. Synovial membranes are connective tissue membranes that protect and line the joints. Epithelial membranes are formed from epithelial tissue attached to a layer of connective tissu... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
In epithelial tissue, cells are closely packed with little or no extracellular matrix except for the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from underlying tissue. The main functions of epithelia are protection from the environment, coverage, secretion and excretion, absorption, and filtration. Cells are bound toge... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
Glands are secretory tissues and organs that are derived from epithelial tissues. Exocrine glands release their products through ducts. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid and blood stream. Glands are classified both according to the type of secretion and by their structure. Merocrine... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
Connective tissue is a heterogeneous tissue with many cell shapes and tissue architecture. Structurally, all connective tissues contain cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix stabilized by proteins. The chemical nature and physical layout of the extracellular matrix and proteins vary enormously among tissue... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
Many different cells contribute to the formation of connective tissues. They originate in the mesodermal germ layer and differentiate from mesenchyme and hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow. Fibroblasts are the most abundant and secrete many protein fibers, adipocytes specialize in fat storage, hematopoietic cells ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
The major types of connective tissue are connective tissue proper, supportive tissue, and fluid tissue. Loose connective tissue proper includes adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and reticular tissue. These serve to hold organs and other tissues in place and, in the case of adipose tissue, isolate and store energy reserve... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
The three types of muscle cells are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Their morphologies match their specific functions in the body. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and responds to conscious stimuli. The cells are striated and multinucleated appearing as long, unbranched cylinders. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and found onl... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
The most prominent cell of the nervous tissue, the neuron, is characterized mainly by its ability to receive stimuli and respond by generating an electrical signal, known as an action potential, which can travel rapidly over great distances in the body. A typical neuron displays a distinctive morphology: a large cell b... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
Inflammation is the classic response of the body to injury and follows a common sequence of events. The area is red, feels warm to the touch, swells, and is painful. Injured cells, mast cells, and resident macrophages release chemical signals that cause vasodilation and fluid leakage in the surrounding tissue. The repa... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
Age affects all the tissues and organs of the body. Damaged cells do not regenerate as rapidly as in younger people. Perception of sensation and effectiveness of response are lost in the nervous system. Muscles atrophy, and bones lose mass and become brittle. Collagen decreases in some connective tissue, and joints sti... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-chapter-review |
adipocytes : lipid storage cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
adipose tissue : specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
anchoring junction : mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
apical : that part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
apocrine secretion : release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
apoptosis : programmed cell death | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
areolar tissue : (also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
astrocyte : star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
atrophy : loss of mass and function | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
basal lamina : thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
basement membrane : in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
cardiac muscle : heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
cell junction : point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
chondrocytes : cells of the cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
clotting : also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
collagen fiber : flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
connective tissue : type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the bodyâs organs and systems | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
connective tissue membrane : connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
connective tissue proper : connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
cutaneous membrane : skin; epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
dense connective tissue : connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
ectoderm : outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
elastic cartilage : type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
elastic fiber : fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
endocrine gland : groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
endoderm : innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
endothelium : tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
epithelial membrane : epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
epithelial tissue : type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
exocrine gland : group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
fibroblast : most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
fibrocartilage : tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
fibrocyte : less active form of fibroblast | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
fluid connective tissue : specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
gap junction : allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
goblet cell : unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
ground substance : fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
histamine : chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
histology : microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
holocrine secretion : release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
hyaline cartilage : most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
inflammation : response of tissue to injury | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
lacunae : (singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
lamina propria : areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
loose connective tissue : (also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
matrix : extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
merocrine secretion : release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
mesenchymal cell : adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
mesenchyme : embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
mesoderm : middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
mesothelium : simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
mucous connective tissue : specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
mucous gland : group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
mucous membrane : tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
muscle tissue : type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
myelin : layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
myocyte : muscle cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
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