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reposition : movement of the thumb from opposition back to the anatomical position (next to index finger) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
retraction : posterior motion of the scapula or mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
rotation : movement of a bone around a central axis (atlantoaxial joint) or around its long axis (proximal radioulnar joint; shoulder or hip joint); twisting of the vertebral column resulting from the summation of small motions between adjacent vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
rotator cuff : strong connective tissue structure formed by the fusion of four rotator cuff muscle tendons to the articular capsule of the shoulder joint; surrounds and supports superior, anterior, lateral, and posterior sides of the humeral head | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
saddle joint : synovial joint in which the articulating ends of both bones are convex and concave in shape, such as at the first carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb; functionally classified as a biaxial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
subacromial bursa : bursa that protects the supraspinatus muscle tendon and superior end of the humerus from rubbing against the acromion of the scapula | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
subcutaneous bursa : bursa that prevents friction between skin and an underlying bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
submuscular bursa : bursa that prevents friction between bone and a muscle or between adjacent muscles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
subscapular bursa : bursa that prevents rubbing of the subscapularis muscle tendon against the scapula | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
subtalar joint : articulation between the talus and calcaneus bones of the foot; allows motions that contribute to inversion/eversion of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
subtendinous bursa : bursa that prevents friction between bone and a muscle tendon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
superior rotation : movement of the scapula during upper limb abduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula moves in an upward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in a downward direction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
supinated position : forearm position in which the palm faces anteriorly (anatomical position) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
supination : forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm backward to the palm forward position | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
suture : fibrous joint that connects the bones of the skull (except the mandible); an immobile joint (synarthrosis) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
symphysis : type of cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
synarthrosis : immobile or nearly immobile joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
synchondrosis : type of cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
syndesmosis : type of fibrous joint in which two separated, parallel bones are connected by an interosseous membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
synostosis : site at which adjacent bones or bony components have fused together | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
synovial fluid : thick, lubricating fluid that fills the interior of a synovial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
synovial joint : joint at which the articulating surfaces of the bones are located within a joint cavity formed by an articular capsule | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
synovial membrane : thin layer that lines the inner surface of the joint cavity at a synovial joint; produces the synovial fluid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
talocrural joint : ankle joint; articulation between the talus bone of the foot and medial malleolus of the tibia, distal tibia, and lateral malleolus of the fibula; a uniaxial hinge joint that allows only for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) : articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone of the skull; allows for depression/elevation (opening/closing of mouth), protraction/retraction, and side-to-side motions of the mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
tendon : dense connective tissue structure that anchors a muscle to bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
tendon sheath : connective tissue that surrounds a tendon at places where the tendon crosses a joint; contains a lubricating fluid to prevent friction and allow smooth movements of the tendon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
tibial collateral ligament : extrinsic ligament of knee joint that spans from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial tibia; resists hyperextension and rotation of extended knee | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
ulnar collateral ligament : intrinsic ligament on the medial side of the elbow joint; spans from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial ulna | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
uniaxial joint : type of diarthrosis; joint that allows for motion within only one plane (one axis) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
zygapophysial joints : facet joints; plane joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
Muscle is the tissue in animals that allows for active movement of the body or materials within the body. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Most of the bodyâs skeletal muscle produces movement by acting on the skeleton. Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of t... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
Smooth muscle is found in the skin, where it is associated with hair follicles; it also is found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways, where it assists in moving materials. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
Skeletal muscles contain connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. There are three layers of connective tissue: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. Skeletal muscle fibers are organized into groups called fascicles. Blood vessels and nerves enter the connective tissue and branch in the cell. Muscles attach to bon... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
Skeletal muscle fibers are long, multinucleated cells. The membrane of the cell is the sarcolemma; the cytoplasm of the cell is the sarcoplasm. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a form of endoplasmic reticulum. Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils. The striations are created by the organization of actin and myosin... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
A sarcomere is the smallest contractile portion of a muscle. Myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments. Thick filaments are composed of the protein myosin; thin filaments are composed of the protein actin. Troponin and tropomyosin are regulatory proteins. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
Muscle contraction is described by the sliding filament model of contraction. ACh is the neurotransmitter that binds at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to trigger depolarization, and an action potential travels along the sarcolemma to trigger calcium release from SR. The actin sites are exposed after Ca++enters the sa... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
The number of cross-bridges formed between actin and myosin determines the amount of tension produced by a muscle. The length of a sarcomere is optimal when the zone of overlap between thin and thick filaments is greatest. Muscles that are stretched or compressed too greatly do not produce maximal amounts of power. A m... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction. The three mechanisms for ATP regeneration are creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic metabolism. Creatine phosphate provides about the first 15 seconds of ATP at the beginning of muscle contraction. Anaerobic glycolysis produces small amounts of ATP in the ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle mass due to the addition of structural proteins. The opposite of hypertrophy is atrophy, the loss of muscle mass due to the breakdown of structural proteins. Endurance exercise causes an increase in cellular mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillary networks in SO fibers. Endurance ath... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
Cardiac muscle is striated muscle that is present only in the heart. Cardiac muscle fibers have a single nucleus, are branched, and joined to one another by intercalated discs that contain gap junctions for depolarization between cells and desmosomes to hold the fibers together when the heart contracts. Contraction in ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
Smooth muscle is found throughout the body around various organs and tracts. Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus, and are spindle-shaped. Smooth muscle cells can undergo hyperplasia, mitotically dividing to produce new cells. The smooth cells are nonstriated, but their sarcoplasm is filled with actin and myosin, ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
Muscle tissue arises from embryonic mesoderm. Somites give rise to myoblasts and fuse to form a myotube. The nucleus of each contributing myoblast remains intact in the mature skeletal muscle cell, resulting in a mature, multinucleate cell. Satellite cells help to repair skeletal muscle cells. Smooth muscle tissue can ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-chapter-review |
acetylcholine (ACh) : neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
actin : protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
action potential : change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
aerobic respiration : production of ATP in the presence of oxygen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
angiogenesis : formation of blood capillary networks | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
aponeurosis : broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
ATPase : enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
atrophy : loss of structural proteins from muscle fibers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
autorhythmicity : heartâs ability to control its own contractions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
calmodulin : regulatory protein that facilitates contraction in smooth muscles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
cardiac muscle : striated muscle found in the heart; joined to one another at intercalated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
concentric contraction : muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
contractility : ability to shorten (contract) forcibly | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
contraction phase : twitch contraction phase when tension increases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
creatine phosphate : phosphagen used to store energy from ATP and transfer it to muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
dense body : sarcoplasmic structure that attaches to the sarcolemma and shortens the muscle as thin filaments slide past thick filaments | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
depolarize : to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cellâs plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
desmosome : cell structure that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to allow contraction to occur | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
eccentric contraction : muscle contraction that lengthens the muscle as the tension is diminished | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
elasticity : ability to stretch and rebound | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
endomysium : loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
epimysium : outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
excitability : ability to undergo neural stimulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
excitation-contraction coupling : sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiberâs sarcomeres | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
extensibility : ability to lengthen (extend) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
fascicle : bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
fast glycolytic (FG) : muscle fiber that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
fast oxidative (FO) : intermediate muscle fiber that is between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
fibrosis : replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
glycolysis : anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ATP | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
graded muscle response : modification of contraction strength | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
hyperplasia : process in which one cell splits to produce new cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
hypertonia : abnormally high muscle tone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
hypertrophy : addition of structural proteins to muscle fibers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
hypotonia : abnormally low muscle tone caused by the absence of low-level contractions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
intercalated disc : part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
isometric contraction : muscle contraction that occurs with no change in muscle length | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
isotonic contraction : muscle contraction that involves changes in muscle length | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
lactic acid : product of anaerobic glycolysis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
latch-bridges : subset of a cross-bridge in which actin and myosin remain locked together | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
latent period : the time when a twitch does not produce contraction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
motor end-plate : sarcolemma of muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
motor unit : motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
muscle tension : force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
muscle tone : low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
myoblast : muscle-forming stem cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
myofibril : long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
myogram : instrument used to measure twitch tension | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
myosin : protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
myotube : fusion of many myoblast cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
neuromuscular junction (NMJ) : synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
neurotransmitter : signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
oxygen debt : amount of oxygen needed to compensate for ATP produced without oxygen during muscle contraction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
pacesetter cell : cell that triggers action potentials in smooth muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
pericyte : stem cell that regenerates smooth muscle cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
perimysium : connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
power stroke : action of myosin pulling actin inward (toward the M line) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
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