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lesser pelvis : (also, lesser pelvic cavity or true pelvis) narrow space located within the pelvis, defined superiorly by the pelvic brim (pelvic inlet) and inferiorly by the pelvic outlet
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lesser sciatic foramen : pelvic opening formed by the lesser sciatic notch of the hip bone, the sacrospinous ligament, and the sacrotuberous ligament
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lesser sciatic notch : shallow indentation along the posterior margin of the ischium, inferior to the ischial spine
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lesser trochanter : small, bony projection on the medial side of the proximal femur, at the base of the femoral neck
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lesser tubercle : small, bony prominence located on anterior side of the proximal humerus
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ligament of the head of the femur : ligament that spans the acetabulum of the hip bone and the fovea capitis of the femoral head
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limb bud : small elevation that appears on the lateral side of the embryo during the fourth or fifth week of development, which gives rise to an upper or lower limb
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linea aspera : longitudinally running bony ridge located in the middle third of the posterior femur
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lunate : from the lateral side, the second of the four proximal carpal bones; articulates with the radius proximally, the capitate and hamate distally, the scaphoid laterally, and the triquetrum medially
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medial border of the scapula : elongated, medial margin of the scapula
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medial condyle of the femur : smooth, articulating surface that forms the distal and posterior sides of the medial expansion of the distal femur
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medial condyle of the tibia : medial, expanded region of the proximal tibia that includes the smooth surface that articulates with the medial condyle of the femur as part of the knee joint
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medial cuneiform : most medial of the three cuneiform tarsal bones; articulates posteriorly with the navicular bone, laterally with the intermediate cuneiform bone, and anteriorly with the first and second metatarsal bones
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medial epicondyle of the femur : roughened area of the distal femur located on the medial side of the medial condyle
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medial epicondyle of the humerus : enlarged projection located on the medial side of the distal humerus
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medial malleolus : bony expansion located on the medial side of the distal tibia
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metacarpal bone : one of the five long bones that form the palm of the hand; numbered 1–5, starting on the lateral (thumb) side of the hand
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metacarpophalangeal joint : articulation between the distal end of a metacarpal bone of the hand and a proximal phalanx bone of the thumb or a finger
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metatarsal bone : one of the five elongated bones that forms the anterior half of the foot; numbered 1–5, starting on the medial side of the foot
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metatarsophalangeal joint : articulation between a metatarsal bone of the foot and the proximal phalanx bone of a toe
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midcarpal joint : articulation between the proximal and distal rows of the carpal bones; contributes to movements of the hand at the wrist
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navicular : tarsal bone that articulates posteriorly with the talus bone, laterally with the cuboid bone, and anteriorly with the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones
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neck of the femur : narrowed region located inferior to the head of the femur
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neck of the radius : narrowed region immediately distal to the head of the radius
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obturator foramen : large opening located in the anterior hip bone, between the pubis and ischium regions
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olecranon fossa : large depression located on the posterior side of the distal humerus; this space receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is fully extended
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olecranon process : expanded posterior and superior portions of the proximal ulna; forms the bony tip of the elbow
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patella : kneecap; the largest sesamoid bone of the body; articulates with the distal femur
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patellar surface : smooth groove located on the anterior side of the distal femur, between the medial and lateral condyles; site of articulation for the patella
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pectineal line : narrow ridge located on the superior surface of the superior pubic ramus
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pectoral girdle : shoulder girdle; the set of bones, consisting of the scapula and clavicle, which attaches each upper limb to the axial skeleton
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pelvic brim : pelvic inlet; the dividing line between the greater and lesser pelvic regions; formed by the superior margin of the pubic symphysis, the pectineal lines of each pubis, the arcuate lines of each ilium, and the sacral promontory
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pelvic girdle : hip girdle; consists of a single hip bone, which attaches a lower limb to the sacrum of the axial skeleton
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pelvic inlet : pelvic brim
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pelvic outlet : inferior opening of the lesser pelvis; formed by the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis, right and left ischiopubic rami and sacrotuberous ligaments, and the tip of the coccyx
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pelvis : ring of bone consisting of the right and left hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx
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phalanx bone of the foot : (plural = phalanges) one of the 14 bones that form the toes; these include the proximal and distal phalanges of the big toe, and the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones of toes two through five
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phalanx bone of the hand : (plural = phalanges) one of the 14 bones that form the thumb and fingers; these include the proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb, and the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones of the fingers two through five
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pisiform : from the lateral side, the fourth of the four proximal carpal bones; articulates with the anterior surface of the triquetrum
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pollex : (also, thumb) digit 1 of the hand
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posterior inferior iliac spine : small, bony projection located at the inferior margin of the auricular surface on the posterior ilium
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posterior sacroiliac ligament : strong ligament spanning the sacrum and ilium of the hip bone that supports the posterior side of the sacroiliac joint
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posterior superior iliac spine : rounded, posterior end of the iliac crest
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proximal radioulnar joint : articulation formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the head of the radius
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proximal tibiofibular joint : articulation between the head of the fibula and the inferior aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia
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pubic arch : bony structure formed by the pubic symphysis, and the bodies and inferior pubic rami of the right and left pubic bones
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pubic body : enlarged, medial portion of the pubis region of the hip bone
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pubic symphysis : joint formed by the articulation between the pubic bodies of the right and left hip bones
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pubic tubercle : small bump located on the superior aspect of the pubic body
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pubis : anterior portion of the hip bone
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radial fossa : small depression located on the anterior humerus above the capitulum; this space receives the head of the radius when the elbow is maximally flexed
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radial notch of the ulna : small, smooth area on the lateral side of the proximal ulna; articulates with the head of the radius as part of the proximal radioulnar joint
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radial tuberosity : oval-shaped, roughened protuberance located on the medial side of the proximal radius
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radiocarpal joint : wrist joint, located between the forearm and hand regions of the upper limb; articulation formed proximally by the distal end of the radius and the fibrocartilaginous pad that unites the distal radius and ulna bone, and distally by the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum carpal bones
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radius : bone located on the lateral side of the forearm
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sacroiliac joint : joint formed by the articulation between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium
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sacrospinous ligament : ligament that spans the sacrum to the ischial spine of the hip bone
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sacrotuberous ligament : ligament that spans the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity of the hip bone
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scaphoid : from the lateral side, the first of the four proximal carpal bones; articulates with the radius proximally, the trapezoid, trapezium, and capitate distally, and the lunate medially
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scapula : shoulder blade bone located on the posterior side of the shoulder
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shaft of the femur : cylindrically shaped region that forms the central portion of the femur
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shaft of the fibula : elongated, slender portion located between the expanded ends of the fibula
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shaft of the humerus : narrow, elongated, central region of the humerus
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shaft of the radius : narrow, elongated, central region of the radius
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shaft of the tibia : triangular-shaped, central portion of the tibia
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shaft of the ulna : narrow, elongated, central region of the ulna
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soleal line : small, diagonally running ridge located on the posterior side of the proximal tibia
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spine of the scapula : prominent ridge passing mediolaterally across the upper portion of the posterior scapular surface
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sternal end of the clavicle : medial end of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
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sternoclavicular joint : articulation between the manubrium of the sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle; forms the only bony attachment between the pectoral girdle of the upper limb and the axial skeleton
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styloid process of the radius : pointed projection located on the lateral end of the distal radius
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styloid process of the ulna : short, bony projection located on the medial end of the distal ulna
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subpubic angle : inverted V-shape formed by the convergence of the right and left ischiopubic rami; this angle is greater than 80 degrees in females and less than 70 degrees in males
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subscapular fossa : broad depression located on the anterior (deep) surface of the scapula
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superior angle of the scapula : corner of the scapula between the superior and medial borders of the scapula
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superior border of the scapula : superior margin of the scapula
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superior pubic ramus : narrow segment of bone that passes laterally from the pubic body to join the ilium
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supraglenoid tubercle : small bump located at the superior margin of the glenoid cavity
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suprascapular notch : small notch located along the superior border of the scapula, medial to the coracoid process
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supraspinous fossa : narrow depression located on the posterior scapula, superior to the spine
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surgical neck : region of the humerus where the expanded, proximal end joins with the narrower shaft
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sustentaculum tali : bony ledge extending from the medial side of the calcaneus bone
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talus : tarsal bone that articulates superiorly with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint; also articulates inferiorly with the calcaneus bone and anteriorly with the navicular bone
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tarsal bone : one of the seven bones that make up the posterior foot; includes the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform bones
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thigh : portion of the lower limb located between the hip and knee joints
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tibia : shin bone; the large, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg
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tibial tuberosity : elevated area on the anterior surface of the proximal tibia
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trapezium : from the lateral side, the first of the four distal carpal bones; articulates with the scaphoid proximally, the first and second metacarpals distally, and the trapezoid medially
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trapezoid : from the lateral side, the second of the four distal carpal bones; articulates with the scaphoid proximally, the second metacarpal distally, the trapezium laterally, and the capitate medially
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triquetrum : from the lateral side, the third of the four proximal carpal bones; articulates with the lunate laterally, the hamate distally, and has a facet for the pisiform
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trochlea : pulley-shaped region located medially at the distal end of the humerus; articulates at the elbow with the trochlear notch of the ulna
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trochlear notch : large, C-shaped depression located on the anterior side of the proximal ulna; articulates at the elbow with the trochlea of the humerus
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ulna : bone located on the medial side of the forearm
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ulnar notch of the radius : shallow, smooth area located on the medial side of the distal radius; articulates with the head of the ulna at the distal radioulnar joint
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ulnar tuberosity : roughened area located on the anterior, proximal ulna inferior to the coronoid process
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Structural classifications of the body joints are based on how the bones are held together and articulate with each other. At fibrous joints, the adjacent bones are directly united to each other by fibrous connective tissue. Similarly, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage. In contrast, a...
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The functional classification of body joints is based on the degree of movement found at each joint. A synarthrosis is a joint that is essentially immobile. This type of joint provides for a strong connection between the adjacent bones, which serves to protect internal structures such as the brain or heart. Examples in...
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review
The most common type of joint is the diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint. All synovial joints are functionally classified as diarthroses. A uniaxial diarthrosis, such as the elbow, is a joint that only allows for movement within a single anatomical plane. Joints that allow for movements in two planes are biax...
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review
Fibrous joints are where adjacent bones are strongly united by fibrous connective tissue. The gap filled by connective tissue may be narrow or wide. The three types of fibrous joints are sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. A suture is the narrow fibrous joint that unites most bones of the skull. At a gomphosis, the ro...
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There are two types of cartilaginous joints. A synchondrosis is formed when the adjacent bones are united by hyaline cartilage. A temporary synchondrosis is formed by the epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone, which is lost when the epiphyseal plate ossifies as the bone reaches maturity. The synchondrosis is thus rep...
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