text stringlengths 2 2.33k | source stringclasses 826
values |
|---|---|
Synovial joints are the most common type of joints in the body. They are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity, inside of which the bones of the joint articulate with each other. The articulating surfaces of the bones at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other by connective tissue or cartila... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Synovial joints are strengthened by the presence of ligaments, which hold the bones together and resist excessive or abnormal movements of the joint. Ligaments are classified as extrinsic ligaments if they are located outside of the articular capsule, intrinsic ligaments if they are fused to the wall of the articular c... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Bursae contain a lubricating fluid that serves to reduce friction between structures. Subcutaneous bursae prevent friction between the skin and an underlying bone, submuscular bursae protect muscles from rubbing against a bone or another muscle, and a subtendinous bursa prevents friction between bone and a muscle tendo... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Based on the shape of the articulating bone surfaces and the types of movement allowed, synovial joints are classified into six types. At a pivot joint, one bone is held within a ring by a ligament and its articulation with a second bone. Pivot joints only allow for rotation around a single axis. These are found at the... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Condyloid joints are found where the shallow depression of one bone receives a rounded bony area formed by one or two bones. Condyloid joints are found at the base of the fingers (metacarpophalangeal joints) and at the wrist (radiocarpal joint). At a saddle joint, the articulating bones fit together like a rider and a ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Plane joints are formed between the small, flattened surfaces of adjacent bones. These joints allow the bones to slide or rotate against each other, but the range of motion is usually slight and tightly limited by ligaments or surrounding bones. This type of joint is found between the articular processes of adjacent ve... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
The variety of movements provided by the different types of synovial joints allows for a large range of body motions and gives you tremendous mobility. These movements allow you to flex or extend your body or limbs, medially rotate and adduct your arms and flex your elbows to hold a heavy object against your chest, rai... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Each of the different structural types of synovial joints also allow for specific motions. The atlantoaxial pivot joint provides side-to-side rotation of the head, while the proximal radioulnar articulation allows for rotation of the radius during pronation and supination of the forearm. Hinge joints, such as at the kn... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Condyloid and saddle joints are biaxial. These allow for flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction. The sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction produces circumduction. Multiaxial plane joints provide for only small motions, but these can add together over several adjacent joints ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Although synovial joints share many common features, each joint of the body is specialized for certain movements and activities. The joints of the upper limb provide for large ranges of motion, which give the upper limb great mobility, thus enabling actions such as the throwing of a ball or typing on a keyboard. The jo... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
The joints of the vertebral column include the symphysis joints formed by each intervertebral disc and the plane synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. Each of these joints provide for limited motions, but these sum together to produce flexion, extension, lateral fl... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
The temporomandibular joint is the articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the skull temporal bone. An articular disc is located between the bony components of this joint. A combination of gliding and hinge motions of the mandibular condyle allows for elevatio... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint that provides flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation of the humerus. The head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. The glenoid labrum extends around the margin of the glenoid... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
The elbow is a uniaxial hinge joint that allows for flexion/extension of the forearm. It includes the humeroulnar joint and the humeroradial joint. The medial elbow is supported by the ulnar collateral ligament and the radial collateral ligament supports the lateral side. These ligaments prevent side-to-side movements ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint whose motions are more restricted than at the shoulder to provide greater stability during weight bearing. The hip joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone. The acetabulum is deepened by the acetabular labrum. The iliofemoral, pu... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
The knee includes three articulations. The femoropatellar joint is between the patella and distal femur. The patella, a sesamoid bone incorporated into the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle of the anterior thigh, serves to protect this tendon from rubbing against the distal femur during knee movements. The medial... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
Two extrinsic ligaments, the tibial collateral ligament on the medial side and the fibular collateral ligament on the lateral side, serve to resist hyperextension or rotation of the extended knee joint. Two intracapsular ligaments, the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament, span between the tibia a... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
The talocrural joint forms the ankle. It consists of the articulation between the talus bone and the medial malleolus of the tibia, the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral malleolus of the fibula. This is a uniaxial hinge joint that allows only dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot. Gliding motions at the s... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
During embryonic growth, bones and joints develop from mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue that gives rise to bone, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissues. In the skull, the bones develop either directly from mesenchyme through the process of intramembranous ossification, or indirectly through endochondral ossification,... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-chapter-review |
abduction : movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb laterally away from the body; spreading of the fingers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
acetabular labrum : lip of fibrocartilage that surrounds outer margin of the acetabulum on the hip bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
adduction : movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb medially toward or across the midline of the body; bringing fingers together | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
amphiarthrosis : slightly mobile joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
annular ligament : intrinsic ligament of the elbow articular capsule that surrounds and supports the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
anterior cruciate ligament : intracapsular ligament of the knee; extends from anterior, superior surface of the tibia to the inner aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur; resists hyperextension of knee | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
anterior talofibular ligament : intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between talus bone and lateral malleolus of fibula; supports talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess inversion of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
articular capsule : connective tissue structure that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
articular cartilage : thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of bones at a synovial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
articular disc : meniscus; a fibrocartilage structure found between the bones of some synovial joints; provides padding or smooths movements between the bones; strongly unites the bones together | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
articulation : joint of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
atlanto-occipital joint : articulation between the occipital condyles of the skull and the superior articular processes of the atlas (C1 vertebra) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
atlantoaxial joint : series of three articulations between the atlas (C1) vertebra and the axis (C2) vertebra, consisting of the joints between the inferior articular processes of C1 and the superior articular processes of C2, and the articulation between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of C1 | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
ball-and-socket joint : synovial joint formed between the spherical end of one bone (the ball) that fits into the depression of a second bone (the socket); found at the hip and shoulder joints; functionally classified as a multiaxial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
biaxial joint : type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within two planes (two axes) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
bursa : connective tissue sac containing lubricating fluid that prevents friction between adjacent structures, such as skin and bone, tendons and bone, or between muscles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
calcaneofibular ligament : intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between the calcaneus bone and lateral malleolus of the fibula; supports the talus bone at the ankle joint and resists excess inversion of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
cartilaginous joint : joint at which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
circumduction : circular motion of the arm, thigh, hand, thumb, or finger that is produced by the sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
condyloid joint : synovial joint in which the shallow depression at the end of one bone receives a rounded end from a second bone or a rounded structure formed by two bones; found at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers or the radiocarpal joint of the wrist; functionally classified as a biaxial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
coracohumeral ligament : intrinsic ligament of the shoulder joint; runs from the coracoid process of the scapula to the anterior humerus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
deltoid ligament : broad intrinsic ligament located on the medial side of the ankle joint; supports the talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess eversion of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
depression : downward (inferior) motion of the scapula or mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
diarthrosis : freely mobile joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
dorsiflexion : movement at the ankle that brings the top of the foot toward the anterior leg | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
elbow joint : humeroulnar joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
elevation : upward (superior) motion of the scapula or mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
eversion : foot movement involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned laterally, away from the midline | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
extension : movement in the sagittal plane that increases the angle of a joint (straightens the joint); motion involving posterior bending of the vertebral column or returning to the upright position from a flexed position | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
extrinsic ligament : ligament located outside of the articular capsule of a synovial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
femoropatellar joint : portion of the knee joint consisting of the articulation between the distal femur and the patella | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
fibrous joint : joint where the articulating areas of the adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
fibular collateral ligament : extrinsic ligament of the knee joint that spans from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula; resists hyperextension and rotation of the extended knee | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
flexion : movement in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of a joint (bends the joint); motion involving anterior bending of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
fontanelles : expanded areas of fibrous connective tissue that separate the braincase bones of the skull prior to birth and during the first year after birth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
glenohumeral joint : shoulder joint; articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and head of the humerus; multiaxial ball-and-socket joint that allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation of the humerus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
glenohumeral ligament : one of the three intrinsic ligaments of the shoulder joint that strengthen the anterior articular capsule | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
glenoid labrum : lip of fibrocartilage located around the outside margin of the glenoid cavity of the scapula | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
gomphosis : type of fibrous joint in which the root of a tooth is anchored into its bony jaw socket by strong periodontal ligaments | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
hinge joint : synovial joint at which the convex surface of one bone articulates with the concave surface of a second bone; includes the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints; functionally classified as a uniaxial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
humeroradial joint : articulation between the capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
humeroulnar joint : articulation between the trochlea of humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna; uniaxial hinge joint that allows for flexion/extension of the forearm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
hyperextension : excessive extension of joint, beyond the normal range of movement | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
hyperflexion : excessive flexion of joint, beyond the normal range of movement | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
iliofemoral ligament : intrinsic ligament spanning from the ilium of the hip bone to the femur, on the superior-anterior aspect of the hip joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
inferior rotation : movement of the scapula during upper limb adduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula moves in a downward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in an upward direction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
interosseous membrane : wide sheet of fibrous connective tissue that fills the gap between two parallel bones, forming a syndesmosis; found between the radius and ulna of the forearm and between the tibia and fibula of the leg | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
intracapsular ligament : ligament that is located within the articular capsule of a synovial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
intrinsic ligament : ligament that is fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule of a synovial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
inversion : foot movement involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned toward the midline | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
ischiofemoral ligament : intrinsic ligament spanning from the ischium of the hip bone to the femur, on the posterior aspect of the hip joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
joint : site at which two or more bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
joint cavity : space enclosed by the articular capsule of a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid and contains the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
joint interzone : site within a growing embryonic limb bud that will become a synovial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
lateral (external) rotation : movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at the hip joint that moves the anterior surface of the limb away from the midline of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
lateral excursion : side-to-side movement of the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
lateral flexion : bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
lateral meniscus : C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located at the knee, between the lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral condyle of the tibia | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
lateral tibiofemoral joint : portion of the knee consisting of the articulation between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the lateral condyle of the femur; allows for flexion/extension at the knee | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
ligament : strong band of dense connective tissue spanning between bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
ligament of the head of the femur : intracapsular ligament that runs from the acetabulum of the hip bone to the head of the femur | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
medial (internal) rotation : movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at the hip joint that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
medial excursion : side-to-side movement that returns the mandible to the midline | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
medial meniscus : C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located at the knee, between the medial condyle of the femur and medial condyle of the tibia | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
medial tibiofemoral joint : portion of the knee consisting of the articulation between the medial condyle of the tibia and the medial condyle of the femur; allows for flexion/extension at the knee | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
meniscus : articular disc | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
multiaxial joint : type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within three planes (three axes) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
opposition : thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
patellar ligament : ligament spanning from the patella to the anterior tibia; serves as the final attachment for the quadriceps femoris muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
periodontal ligament : band of dense connective tissue that anchors the root of a tooth into the bony jaw socket | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
pivot joint : synovial joint at which the rounded portion of a bone rotates within a ring formed by a ligament and an articulating bone; functionally classified as uniaxial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
plane joint : synovial joint formed between the flattened articulating surfaces of adjacent bones; functionally classified as a multiaxial joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
plantar flexion : foot movement at the ankle in which the heel is lifted off of the ground | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
posterior cruciate ligament : intracapsular ligament of the knee; extends from the posterior, superior surface of the tibia to the inner aspect of the medial condyle of the femur; prevents anterior displacement of the femur when the knee is flexed and weight bearing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
posterior talofibular ligament : intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between the talus bone and lateral malleolus of the fibula; supports the talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess inversion of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
pronated position : forearm position in which the palm faces backward | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
pronation : forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm forward to the palm backward position | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
protraction : anterior motion of the scapula or mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
proximal radioulnar joint : articulation between head of radius and radial notch of ulna; uniaxial pivot joint that allows for rotation of radius during pronation/supination of forearm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
pubofemoral ligament : intrinsic ligament spanning from the pubis of the hip bone to the femur, on the anterior-inferior aspect of the hip joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
radial collateral ligament : intrinsic ligament on the lateral side of the elbow joint; runs from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to merge with the annular ligament | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.