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pyruvic acid : product of glycolysis that can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to lactic acid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
recruitment : increase in the number of motor units involved in contraction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
relaxation phase : period after twitch contraction when tension decreases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
sarcolemma : plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
sarcomere : longitudinally, repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
sarcopenia : age-related muscle atrophy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
sarcoplasm : cytoplasm of a muscle cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) : specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca++ | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
satellite cell : stem cell that helps to repair muscle cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
skeletal muscle : striated, multinucleated muscle that requires signaling from the nervous system to trigger contraction; most skeletal muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles that move bones and produce movement | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
slow oxidative (SO) : muscle fiber that primarily uses aerobic respiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
smooth muscle : nonstriated, mononucleated muscle in the skin that is associated with hair follicles; assists in moving materials in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
somites : blocks of paraxial mesoderm cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
stress-relaxation response : relaxation of smooth muscle tissue after being stretched | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
synaptic cleft : space between a nerve (axon) terminal and a motor end-plate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
T-tubule : projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
tetanus : a continuous fused contraction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
thick filament : the thick myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all to way to, the Z-discs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
thin filament : thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
treppe : stepwise increase in contraction tension | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
triad : the grouping of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
tropomyosin : regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
troponin : regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
twitch : single contraction produced by one action potential | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
varicosity : enlargement of neurons that release neurotransmitters into synaptic clefts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
visceral muscle : smooth muscle found in the walls of visceral organs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
voltage-gated sodium channels : membrane proteins that open sodium channels in response to a sufficient voltage change, and initiate and transmit the action potential as Na+enters through the channel | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
wave summation : addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-key-terms |
Skeletal muscles each have an origin and an insertion. The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscleâs insertion and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed, or stabilized, bone is called the origin. The muscle primarily responsible for a movement is called the prime mover, and m... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
Muscle names are based on many characteristics. The location of a muscle in the body is important. Some muscles are named based on their size and location, such as the gluteal muscles of the buttocks. Other muscle names can indicate the location in the body or bones with which the muscle is associated, such as the tibi... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
Muscles are either axial muscles or appendicular. The axial muscles are grouped based on location, function, or both. Some axial muscles cross over to the appendicular skeleton. The muscles of the head and neck are all axial. The muscles in the face create facial expression by inserting into the skin rather than onto b... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The muscles of the back and neck that move the vertebral column are complex, overlapping, and can be divided into five groups. The splenius group includes the splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis. The erector spinae has three subgroups. The iliocostalis group includes the iliocostalis cervicis, the iliocostalis t... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
Made of skin, fascia, and four pairs of muscle, the anterior abdominal wall protects the organs located in the abdomen and moves the vertebral column. These muscles include the rectus abdominis, which extends through the entire length of the trunk, the external oblique, the internal oblique, and the transversus abdomin... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The muscles of the thorax play a large role in breathing, especially the dome-shaped diaphragm. When it contracts and flattens, the volume inside the pleural cavities increases, which decreases the pressure within them. As a result, air will flow into the lungs. The external and internal intercostal muscles span the sp... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The perineum muscles play roles in urination in both sexes, ejaculation in males, and vaginal contraction in females. The pelvic floor muscles support the pelvic organs, resist intra-abdominal pressure, and work as sphincters for the urethra, rectum, and vagina. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The clavicle and scapula make up the pectoral girdle, which provides a stable origin for the muscles that move the humerus. The muscles that position and stabilize the pectoral girdle are located on the thorax. The anterior thoracic muscles are the subclavius, pectoralis minor, and the serratus anterior. The posterior ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The forearm flexors include the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The extensors are the triceps brachii and anconeus. The pronators are the pronator teres and the pronator quadratus. The supinator is the only one that turns the forearm anteriorly. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The extrinsic muscles of the hands originate along the forearm and insert into the hand in order to facilitate crude movements of the wrists, hands, and fingers. The superficial anterior compartment of the forearm produces flexion. These muscles are the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, and ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
Finally, the intrinsic muscles of the hands allow our fingers to make precise movements, such as typing and writing. They both originate and insert within the hand. The thenar muscles, which are located on the lateral part of the palm, are the abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, and add... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The pelvic girdle attaches the legs to the axial skeleton. The hip joint is where the pelvic girdle and the leg come together. The hip is joined to the pelvic girdle by many muscles. In the gluteal region, the psoas major and iliacus form the iliopsoas. The large and strong gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The thigh muscles that move the femur, tibia, and fibula are divided into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments. The medial compartment includes the adductors, pectineus, and the gracilis. The anterior compartment comprises the quadriceps femoris, quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament, and the sartorius. The quad... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
The muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes are divided into anterior, lateral, superficial- and deep-posterior compartments. The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, the extensor hallucis longus, the extensor digitorum longus, and the fibularis (peroneus) tertius. The lateral compartment houses ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-chapter-review |
abduct : move away from midline in the sagittal plane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
abductor : moves the bone away from the midline | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
abductor digiti minimi : muscle that abducts the little finger | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
abductor pollicis brevis : muscle that abducts the thumb | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
abductor pollicis longus : muscle that inserts into the first metacarpal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
adductor : moves the bone toward the midline | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
adductor brevis : muscle that adducts and medially rotates the thigh | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
adductor longus : muscle that adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
adductor magnus : muscle with an anterior fascicle that adducts, medially rotates and flexes the thigh, and a posterior fascicle that assists in thigh extension | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
adductor pollicis : muscle that adducts the thumb | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
agonist : (also, prime mover) muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular motion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
anal triangle : posterior triangle of the perineum that includes the anus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
anconeus : small muscle on the lateral posterior elbow that extends the forearm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
antagonist : muscle that opposes the action of an agonist | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
anterior compartment of the arm : (anterior flexor compartment of the arm) the biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and their associated blood vessels and nerves | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
anterior compartment of the forearm : (anterior flexor compartment of the forearm) deep and superficial muscles that originate on the humerus and insert into the hand | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
anterior compartment of the leg : region that includes muscles that dorsiflex the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
anterior compartment of the thigh : region that includes muscles that flex the thigh and extend the leg | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
anterior scalene : a muscle anterior to the middle scalene | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
appendicular : of the arms and legs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
axial : of the trunk and head | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
belly : bulky central body of a muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
bi : two | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
biceps brachii : two-headed muscle that crosses the shoulder and elbow joints to flex the forearm while assisting in supinating it and flexing the arm at the shoulder | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
biceps femoris : hamstring muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
bipennate : pennate muscle that has fascicles that are located on both sides of the tendon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
brachialis : muscle deep to the biceps brachii that provides power in flexing the forearm. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
brachioradialis : muscle that can flex the forearm quickly or help lift a load slowly | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
brevis : short | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
buccinator : muscle that compresses the cheek | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
calcaneal tendon : (also, Achilles tendon) strong tendon that inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
caval opening : opening in the diaphragm that allows the inferior vena cava to pass through; foramen for the vena cava | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
circular : (also, sphincter) fascicles that are concentrically arranged around an opening | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
compressor urethrae : deep perineal muscle in females | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
convergent : fascicles that extend over a broad area and converge on a common attachment site | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
coracobrachialis : muscle that flexes and adducts the arm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
corrugator supercilii : prime mover of the eyebrows | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
deep anterior compartment : flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, and their associated blood vessels and nerves | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
deep posterior compartment of the forearm : (deep posterior extensor compartment of the forearm) the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis, and their associated blood vessels and nerves | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
deep transverse perineal : deep perineal muscle in males | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
deglutition : swallowing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
deltoid : shoulder muscle that abducts the arm as well as flexes and medially rotates it, and extends and laterally rotates it | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
diaphragm : skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is dome-shaped at rest | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
digastric : muscle that has anterior and posterior bellies and elevates the hyoid bone and larynx when one swallows; it also depresses the mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
dorsal group : region that includes the extensor digitorum brevis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
dorsal interossei : muscles that abduct and flex the three middle fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend them at the interphalangeal joints | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
epicranial aponeurosis : (also, galea aponeurosis) flat broad tendon that connects the frontalis and occipitalis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
erector spinae group : large muscle mass of the back; primary extensor of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor : muscle that increases the angle at the joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor carpi radialis brevis : muscle that extends and abducts the hand at the wrist | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor carpi ulnaris : muscle that extends and adducts the hand | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor digiti minimi : muscle that extends the little finger | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor digitorum : muscle that extends the hand at the wrist and the phalanges | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor digitorum brevis : muscle that extends the toes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor digitorum longus : muscle that is lateral to the tibialis anterior | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor hallucis longus : muscle that is partly deep to the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor indicis : muscle that inserts onto the tendon of the extensor digitorum of the index finger | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
extensor pollicis brevis : muscle that inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-key-terms |
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