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Disaggregated data on IDPs who are not protected or assisted by UNHCR are collected by other agencies, including IOM, but data are not comprehensive and therefore not published in IDMC ’ s global reports. 93 The difficulties of collecting disaggregated data on locations of IDPs are compounded by the fluidity of IDP mov... | {
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World Bank team undertook field supervision, providing on-time and on-the-spot guidance for the field teams whenever and wherever they encountered a challenge. (e) Challenges faced and lessons learned The SESRE served as a learning experience for including refugees in future rounds of the official household survey (HoW... | {
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There is one limit to our approximation in Equation 4. The ethnic composition of refugees in each year t for a given origin – destination pair of countries obtained from the EPR-ER database is assumed to be homogeneous across camps of the same origin – destination pair of countries for the refugees at year t. This may ... | {
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16 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). 6. Gender differences in multidimensional poverty Next we examine differences in multidimensional poverty outcomes by the gender of the household head.... | {
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income has not led to more happiness using Eurobarometer and US GSS data. Variables used
or panel data) but a few use variables transformations of income and relative income that would
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Chew et al. (2018) use a baseline convolutional neural network model on a gridded population sampling frame to select a sample of households in Nigeria and Guatemala. The authors found this technique to be on par with human canvassing in terms of accuracy, and to outperform other machine learning models based on crowds... | {
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The panel database was constructed by merging administrative enrollment records with survey data collected at baseline for a representative sample of 1,800 households. Individual household identifiers were assigned at enrollment and used to link administrative and survey records throughout the panel. The panel database... | {
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The relation- ships between displacement dynamics and perceptions of each manifestation of social cohesion are analyzed separately by running 12 models for each independent variable (6 regressions for each sample). The regressions are correlations and should not be interpreted causally. Hosting status and displacement ... | {
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HIV behavioural surveillance surveys 149
Table I. Internationally accepted key BSS indicators.
Knowledge International standard
Prevention Percentage of young women and men
aged 15 �24 years who, in response to
prompted questions, say that:
1) people can protect themselves from
contracting HIV by having sex with onl... | {
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twins) variation on 6th grade ENLACE, identifying, therefore, the relationship between
as captured by ENLACE, on future outcomes and the (within-family) individual-level
characteristics. In the ENLACE panel, this last specification uses the sample of students
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<!-- PAGE 3 -->
**Estimating a Poverty Line for Brazil Based on the 2017/18 Household Budget Survey** **[+]**
**Keywords:** poverty lines; food poverty line; basic needs; household budget survey; Brazil | {
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FAO (2012) being the latest. More recently, the FAO indicator is used to track progress toward the first
country. [2] Combining this with population data allows the FAO to estimate the total kilo calories available
number of HCES. [3] For most countries the CV was kept constant across years and only the mean was
rev... | {
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**3.3** **Open Street Map (OSM) Road Network Data Set**
In addition to the five public transportation networks, we also added the drive as well as the pedestrian network leveraging the Open Street Map data set to account for commuters who walk or drive to work.
**3.4** **Fathom Flood Maps**
<!-- PAGE 10 --> Pluvial ... | {
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In practice, most of those approved for the OCP have family and friends in Ethiopia who support them with remittances—fewer than 1,500 OCP work permits were issued by 2022. The permit allows refugees to freely move and establish residence in all areas of the country except restricted areas. OCP refugees are systematica... | {
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Impacts on the labor market are unclear; initial research suggests that there has been a supply shock to informal labor markets. This has had a large-scale impact on the employment of natives in the informal sector. At the same time, research suggests there has been a boost to formal employment for the Turks, but this ... | {
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camp refugee households with improved bathing facilities36 is low, especially among Somali refugees and their hosts. In addition, few refugee and host households have a place or item designated for hand washing in their dwellings. Availability of water or detergent for hand washing is low, especially among refugees (An... | {
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23 86 % of the IDPs, 91 % of the refugees and 88 % of the returnees are confident or fully confident that a coalition like this would be capable of providing security. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. In an open-ended question on who can be trusted most when it comes to ensuring security in the North... | {
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Most papers with few exceptions use standard OLS estimators or some of its variants (Table 2). Two papers use general equilibrium models (Bodvarsson, Van den Berg, and Lewer 2008; Hercowitz and Yashiv 2002) and two papers simply compare means between treated and non-treated groups resulting in simple difference estimat... | {
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16 5. 3 Desire to return (Y / N) Keeping our attention on refugees and IDPs, we wanted to deepen our understanding about their migration plans. In particular, we would like to discover which characteristics are associated with the desire to return to Northern Mali. To this end, we estimated a probit model using the sam... | {
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Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The pa... | {
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They exclude other categories of displaced people who were not forced to move because of conflict or violence, such as economic migrants and victims of natural or environmental disasters. 4 Of course, many people cannot be simply categorized in these groups and this makes statistics on FDPs gross estimates, but the gro... | {
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assignment process was conducted to assign the trainees to the first or second round of training. 9 Of those entered into the random selection, 1273 young women were assigned to the first round of training, with the remaining 808 to serve as a control group (the control group would participate in the second round of tr... | {
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milk and milk products, oils and fats, sugar/honey, and others. Food consumption status is determined based on food consumption score. a. Dietary diversity score (out of 12 groups) b. Food consumption status Refugees’ Aspirations 49 Moreover, insecurity and displacement-related shocks are common for Eritrean refugees, ... | {
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These people are then expected to return to their place of origin once the conflict is over and governments are typically over optimistic about the duration of civil conflicts and about return of IDPs. In some cases, governments also have an interest in denying the very existence of IDPs for political purposes. Therefo... | {
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ESS translated the survey instrument into different main languages and undertook an in- depth training of supervisors and enumerators for enumerators to understand better the concepts of the questions related to the refugee context. Moreover, a close follow-up and coordination in the field helped to get better quality ... | {
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Road data quality in the southern provinces is lower than in other regions due to the absence of electronic traffic count equipment on rural roads and the reliance on visual condition assessments conducted by untrained district public works staff. The project will support a road condition data quality improvement progr... | {
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The SEIS was fielded over a 14-week period by a nationally certified survey firm using CAPI on Android tablets. Interviewers received five days of training covering the survey instrument, tablet operation, and protocols for interviewing households with protection concerns. The SEIS questionnaire was translated into fou... | {
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4 The only publicly available sources of data to document patterns of enrollment and available educational options for Pakistani families are household-based surveys. These are the official 1998 Census of Population (Government of Pakistan) 3, the 1991, 1998, and 2001 rounds of the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey4... | {
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come ratios relative to extractives,<br>2008-13|
|---|---|
||Kayes<br>Sikasso<br>Other<br>regions<br>Total<br>Agriculture<br>6%<br>37%<br>60%<br>40%<br>**Extractives**<br>**100%**<br>**100%**<br>**100%**<br>**100%**<br>Industry<br>111%<br>50%<br>110%<br>85%<br>Construction<br>14%<br>75%<br>413%<br>214%<br>Services (tra... | {
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Ideally, we would conduct a comparative analysis of the characteristics of migrants residing in Medellin versus those in other parts of the coun- try to discern the extent of these differences. However, the lack of comprehensive data regarding the living conditions of this population makes such analysis unfeasible. To ... | {
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composite measure for human capital. We extract real GDP and human capital data from Penn World
Table 10 (Feenstra et al., 2015), using the "rgdpna" series, which measures real GDP in constant 2017
schooling and returns to education (Inklaar and Timmer, 2013). We extract the population from World
Development Indicat... | {
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Poverty remains widespread and social indicators are well below the average for Sub-Saharan Africa. Chad is ranked 173 among the 177 countries surveyed in the 2006 UNDP Human Development Report. The incidence of poverty (defined as the proportion of households with annual spending below what is necessary to meet minima... | {
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a relatively higher percentage of married individuals. In Addis Ababa, 60 percent of refugees are unmarried. 16.2 15.7 14.9 8.8 14.1 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis refugees All 0 20 40 Percent 60 80 100 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis refugees Conflict and violence Natural/man-made disaster Personal threat a... | {
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The ESMF prepared for this project builds on environmental screening templates developed under the predecessor operation and incorporates updated guidelines on asbestos management and e-waste disposal issued by the Ministry of Environment in 2023. Subproject screening will be conducted using the ESMF's standardized che... | {
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Kreibaum (2016) corroborate the finding that host communities near refugee settlements in Uganda have relatively higher consumption levels using data on three south-western districts, though the effect is small in magnitude. d ’ Errico et al. (2021) find that the presence of refugees has only modest effects on local househ... | {
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recently introduced the first version of their Global Internal Displacement Database (GIDD) that allows users to explore, filter and sort IDMC ’ s data to produce graphs and tables, and export underlying data. 102 Such platforms need to incorporate safeguards to protect the privacy and confidentiality of individuals ’ ... | {
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Although 86 % of the refugee sample was surveyed at least once, there was some differential attrition between the treatment and control refugee sam- ples, and therefore we estimate bounded effects following Lee (2009) (and the text highlights the results for which both estimated bounds take the same sign unless otherwi... | {
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14 do selected volunteers increase their teamwork / leadership and their communication skills? Do they increase their self-esteem / self-satisfaction? iii) As a result of their assignment to NVSP volunteering experience, are selected youth more likely to find a job than non-selected ones? (a) IMPACTS ON SOCIAL COHESION... | {
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14 Figure 3 Sample Distribution for Refugee Children Compared to Global Distribution (n = 92) Figure 4 Sample Distribution for Children Living in Rural Areas Compared to Global Distribution (n = 902) AIM-ECD direct assessment scores were created by calculating the percent correct out of the 77 direct assessment tasks a... | {
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Gender may influence how members of the host community experience and perceive their role as hosts. Since each of the samples are gender-balanced, Figure 6 re-reruns the logistic regres- sions above but after sub-setting the data by gender. Hosting IDPs is associated with improved perceptions of social cohesion among me... | {
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The 2023 survey of transport infrastructure conditions found that 68 percent of rural access roads in the project's five target provinces were in poor or very poor condition, with pavement failure attributed primarily to inadequate drainage maintenance and axle-load violations by commercial freight vehicles. The 2023 s... | {
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The weight given to each province in constructing the synthetic control is based on pre-treatment outcomes. We use the pre-treatment average of the outcome dimension, Y, the unemployment rate, employment rate and the import and export per capita of the province to determine the degree of similarity between control grou... | {
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14 4. 1 Variation across Districts Pakistan is divided administratively into four provinces with 102 districts — Punjab, Balochistan, North-West Frontier Provinces (NWFP), and Sindh — plus the federal capital Islamabad, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), the federally administered Northern Areas and Azad J... | {
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stipend money, and they were formed into small groups or"EPAG teams", each with a coach or mentor, to foster support networks and boost attendance. 3. Methodology 3. 1. Research design The impact evaluation of the EPAG project uses a randomized controlled trial, in which eligible applicants to the program were randomly... | {
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Research on long-term migration has established positive effects on host countries and shown that these effects are larger or faster if migrants are permitted to integrate eco- nomically (Abramitzky and Boustan 2022). The features of PEP facilitate causal identification of its effects. First, the program was in- troduce... | {
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. 12 10. 45 – # 20 December 2019 5752 4. 71 8. 14 – # 21 November 2020 2627 4. 19 5. 14 – # 22 February-March 2021 5847 6. 86 9. 30 – Overall July 2017-March 2021 49831 4. 64 8. 19 30. 58 Table 2: Details on Surveys and Displacement Trends Second, the paper conducts an individual-level analysis of two cross-sectional s... | {
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Climate data on temperature and precipitation were taken from Bitan and Rubin (2000). Average annual temperature calculations are based on data collected in 38
Table 3 presents the results of the two models. In the first model, linking farm profits to
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The relation- ships between displacement dynamics and perceptions of each manifestation of social cohesion are analyzed separately by running 12 models for each independent variable (6 regressions for each sample). The regressions are correlations and should not be interpreted causally. Hosting status and displacement ... | {
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and improve their lives, along with refugee hosting communities. The SESRE covers all current major refugee camps: Eritreans, South Sudanese, and Somalis, as well as the out-of-camp refugees in Addis Ababa. In addition, the survey covers the respective host communities around the camps, including the host communities o... | {
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Notes: (1) The table displays the estimation of the probability of being enrolled in college, employed, or employed in a formal firm given ENLACE grade 12
scores and a set of socioconomic variables. (2) Sample: ENILEMS-ENLACE panel. (3) All specifications include school fixed effects
45
<!-- PAGE 48 -->
Table A.6: ... | {
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Maps provided by the humanitarian coordination body delineated displacement hotspots, areas of refugee concentration, and border crossing points used in the preparation of the targeting methodology. These maps were produced using UNHCR's population of concern data combined with host government administrative records. T... | {
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Thirty-eight percent of the sample was already engaged in at least one income-generating activity (IGA) at baseline. This is consistent with the national figures from the 2007 DHS survey, which found labor force participation rates of 34 % for women aged 15-19 and 49 % for women ages 20-24. It is also consistent with t... | {
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and geospatial analysis can be used to map, monitor and analyze data on forced displacement. Triangulation of this information with socio-economic and other indicators can provide a rich source of data and enable insights into underlying patterns and trends over time. (e) Use of big... | {
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daily changes in the amount of time spent at different places within a given geographic area. These data
capture daily percent changes from February 15 through July 15 relative to a baseline representing the
Figure 2 displays the Google Community Mobility data for both the entire country of Mali and
for Bamako spe... | {
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Estimation Results Using Proposition 3 (i), we start first with transforming some positive variables including household size and age in the HEIS and LFS to normality using the Box-Cox method, then standardizing the variables in the LFS according to the distributions of the corresponding variables in the HEIS respectiv... | {
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The other source of micro data for Jordan during the pandemic is the COVID-19 MENA Monitor (CMM) data (OAMDI, 2021). This data was collected over three waves in February, June and August 2021 through a phone survey. It also has retrospective data on individuals ’ employment 6 Defence order number 6 stipulated, early Ap... | {
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consultation with UNHCR and RRS. We used the ESS EA maps to assess the settlement of communities around camps, ensuring a precise fit to the definition of a “host community”. The assessment highlighted that using the list of EAs obtained from the new cartographic frame57 meets the definition of host community In the SE... | {
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In households with more than two children, one child from each age group was chosen through a random selection process to participate, ensuring a broad representation of experiences within the study ’ s scope. Sampling frame. We use the 2018 population census data as a sampling frame for the Colombian sample. It allowe... | {
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Regrettably, until now almost all enrollment numbers cited have been based on establishment surveys which do just that. These data sources show that around 200, 000 children were enrolled full-time in madrassas before 2001. Since 2001, our school census suggests that these numbers may have increased somewhat, although ... | {
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15 causes of death. The Danish Epidemiology Science Centre (1999) found severe malnutrition and high mortality in a survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau. They report higher malnutrition and higher mortality for children living in a non ‐ camp setting, compared to children living in a camp. The Goma epidemi... | {
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Our research complements and extends the findings of Demirci, Foster and Kirdar (2022), who investigated health and nutrition disparities between native children and Syrian refugee children aged 0 to 5 years in T ¨ urkiye, using data from the Demographic and Health Survey. The authors document find no significant diffe... | {
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The ZAR dataset includes all foreigners residing in Switzerland and contains similar information than AUPER. We are combining these two datasets with the yearly population census data that includes ZAR and AUPER starting from 2010. By combining these three datasets we can follow refugees and migrants over 1997-2018 and... | {
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The severe escalation of the conflict has led to significant destruction of UNHCR property.
During the month of June, both UNHCR offices in Khartoum were destroyed, the UNHCR
warehouse in Al Obeid was looted, and other UNHCR warehouses remain inaccessible or
have recently been looted such as in South Darfur. In locatio... | {
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29 should be entered immediately into the accounts; and (c) Payment must be recorded as soon as they are made. Budget implementation should be reviewed periodically to ensure that programs are implemented effectively and to identify any financial or policy derailment. The review of budget execution should cover financi... | {
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- The XCO2 database (https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0062760), an OCO2 panel database for a 25 km grid (G25), in Stata format, beginning in September 2014 and
updated regularly. The database includes G25 grid cell ID numbers, cell centroid coordinates,
monthly means of measured CO2 concentrations, and ... | {
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Border crossings The registration of people crossing internationals borders is conducted in many countries, and in some cases these data are used to estimate migration flows. Identifying refugees among people crossing borders is a significant challenge, particularly if individuals decide not to apply for asylum or refu... | {
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select EAs and 12 households per EA, whereby the EAs were considered a Primary Sampling Unit and the households as the Secondary Sampling Unit. The SESRE is designed to estimate demographic, socioeconomic, welfare, and refugee- specific indicators of the eight domains. 57 The cartographic map (frame) was prepared in 20... | {
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Primary well-being outcomes: This category includes three main outcomes that seek to cap- ture refugee household well-being, including household consumption, mental health (mea- sured through the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), and an index summarizing the 25-item child Strengths and Difficu... | {
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Colombian and Venezuelan migrant children and adolescents. VII Discussion In this study, we analyze novel and unique data on forcibly displaced migrants and hosts, focusing on children and adolescents, to highlight the disparities in human development between them. The structure our analysis in two parts. In the first ... | {
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We complete this data with exact geographic location data from MineAtlas (2013), where satellite imagery shows the actual mine boundaries, which allows us to identify and update the center point of each mine.
1 In the 2010 Ghana population census average district size is 112,000
We combine the respondents from all fo... | {
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percentage of government debt ...nanced by means of concessional resources, e.g. from
multilateral and bilateral donors. We assume that the higher the concessional share
of government debt the lower the incentive for the government to adopt a strategy
The standard deviation of exchange rate is computed using the ex... | {
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The MIS platform was procured through a competitive process and is hosted on servers maintained by the Ministry of Finance's Information Technology Department. The MIS uses role-based access control, with read-only access granted to Bank task team members to facilitate real-time supervision. Data backup procedures run ... | {
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REFodet = αod + γe + τt + β1Conflictot − 1 + β2Conflictet − 1 + β3Distanceed + ϵodet, (5) where REFodet is the stock of refugees of ethnic group e from country o in country d at year t. As we have data on yearly refugee stocks and would like to estimate the changes in these stocks over time using a gravity model, we in... | {
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20 of intense conflict. We examine also the overall impact of the 25 years of conflict on educational outcomes. This analysis allows us to consider the full long-term impact of the conflict on educational outcomes of different generations of children in Timor Leste. 4. 2. 1. The educational impact of the 1999 wave of v... | {
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proxied by observing student "i" sitting for ENLACE in Grades 9 and 12, respectively.
We also use the ENLACE panel to examine the relationship between Grade 6 test scores
The ENILEMS-ENLACE panel is used to examine the relationship between Grade 12
Learning achievement is measured using an aggregated ENLACE test sco... | {
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Geospatial data from the national forest inventory, covering forest type classifications, canopy density estimates, and deforestation risk scores at 100-meter resolution, were reviewed during the environmental baseline assessment. The geospatial data confirmed that three proposed subproject sites fall within degraded s... | {
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The ESMF consultation process documented 14 community meetings across the project area, attended by a total of 1,847 participants including women (52 percent), youth representatives, persons with disabilities, and representatives of indigenous communities. Meeting summaries, attendance lists, and photographic evidence ... | {
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Figure 3 also shows that there is considerable variation in both indexes within our sample when averaging these indexes at the regional level over the period of investigation. 16It is possible that our approximation is noisy and could potentially induce non-random measurement errors. In Section 4. 3, we propose an inst... | {
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This multiresolution decomposition is performed using Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transformation (MODWT) on first difference of the annual series from Penn World Tables 7.0.
Next, we consider actual data. We use annual series of income, consumption, and investment data from Penn World Tables 7.0, all in 2005 inte... | {
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The vulnerability of the Internally Displaced People in SSA has certainly been overlooked for too long, but the increased support provided by UNHCR is an encouraging but challenging sign in that respect. Figure 3. Refugees and Internally Displaced People in SSA, 2003 ‐ 2013 Source: Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR... | {
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natural log of a country ’ s population size and government consumption as a share of GDP; the latter is the most widespread measure of government size (Adsera and Boix, 2002; Alesina and Wacziarg, 1998; Rodrik, 1998). Tax compliance is also related to the government ’ s ability to effectively detect and punish tax avoi... | {
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##### **September/ October 2023 report**
### **MONITORING THE PROTECTION RESPONSE**
###### Venezuela
### **PERFORMANCE AND FUNDING**
The PC continues to reinforce the impor
tance of reporting, which allows it to
track funding and conduct advocacy.
Throughout the last years the number of
partners that regularly r... | {
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18 the local data on physical geography and population from the raster data. These data can then be imported into statistical programs for analysis. We aggregate all data up to a grid of 8. 6x8. 6km squares. Each grid square is assigned attributes of the country it is in along with information from data disaggregated t... | {
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It consists of seven questionnaires that collect information on demographics, work and income, quality-of-life perceptions, expenditures, and food consumption (at the household and individual level). For the estimation of the poverty line, we use data from the three expenditure questionnaires (POF 2-4), in addition to ... | {
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Ideally, we would conduct a comparative analysis of the characteristics of migrants residing in Medellin versus those in other parts of the coun- try to discern the extent of these differences. However, the lack of comprehensive data regarding the living conditions of this population makes such analysis unfeasible. To ... | {
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The objective of the survey was to analyze perceptions and priorities with regard to the Peace Accord, to analyze perceptions of security, to determine access to basic infrastructure and school attendance, to understand nutrition levels, and to measure household asset ownership. In addition to this baseline survey, the... | {
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Gender Perceptions- Violence (IPV) The standardized total score of five questions regarding norms for inti- mate partner violence (IPV) from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) (The important decisions in the family should be made only by the men of the family. How often would you agree? The wife has the right to ex... | {
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Formula (5) can be decomposed into two parts: eδs, which measures the average income level in district s, and eηszh ≡ eβs (Eh s − Es) + eχs (Hh s − Hs) which captures individual-specific variation in income. Migration models predict that, other things being equal, the choice of migration destination should depend on g E... | {
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Figure 3 also shows that there is considerable variation in both indexes within our sample when averaging these indexes at the regional level over the period of investigation. 16It is possible that our approximation is noisy and could potentially induce non-random measurement errors. In Section 4. 3, we propose an inst... | {
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Survey data
are available for the period 1995-2013 and contain information on a set of firm
5On the other hand, when comparing the distribution of firms across sectors in Orbis and in
the survey of firms provided by the Central Statistical Office of Poland (Figure A.3), the two
distributions are broadly aligned sugge... | {
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Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese In Camp Addis Ababa Total Average household expenditure on education (children in school) Average household expenditure on education per child (school age (4 to 18 years)) - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18.000 Figure D.6: Average annual house... | {
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**Annex 7: Environmental Baseline — Flood Risk Profile**
The project area encompasses portions of three river catchments classified as high-risk under the national flood hazard maps maintained by the Directorate of Water Resources. Flood hazard maps were last updated in 2019 using a hydrological model calibrated again... | {
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**Annex 6: Procurement Plan — Year 1**
Procurement of goods, works, and non-consulting services will follow the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers (2016, revised 2020). The Procurement Strategy for Development (PDSD) was agreed during preparation and disclosed on the Bank's website. All contracts abo... | {
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Data for these measures of German influence are obtained from Eurostat, OECD and UNIDO. Finally, we use data on exports from COMTRADE to construct a measure of Germany's revealed comparative advantage (RCA) relative to Poland and to the world.
Results in this section draw on the Orbis data set, and for this reason ref... | {
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**(1)**
**Enrollment at a JFPR**
**school**
Using local-level survey data collected for this purpose, we test whether the evidence supports the standard economic argument that there will be little or no impact on rural roads rehabilitated, given fungibility.
independent administrative data reports that an average of ... | {
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Annual surveys under the project are designed to be nationally representative and use the same sampling frame as the national statistics office's multi-purpose household survey, enabling comparison of project-area trends with national trends. The first annual survey field work was completed in March, covering 4,800 hou... | {
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6 3. Data Sources and Methods 3. 1. Administrative data on educational outcomes in Italy Two administrative data sources represent the backbone of this paper. These are the administrative data obtained from the Ministry of Education (MoE) for academic years 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023- 24, and standardized test score dat... | {
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destination. Building on a growing literature documenting the relationship between subjective welfare and relative income, Fafchamps and Shilpi (2008) show that Nepalese households care about their consumption level relative to that of others in the same location. If this is the case, it is conceivable that migrants ch... | {
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5. Time Use and Child Labor: The fifth module examined how children spend their leisure time, their involvement in child labor, and interactions with peers. 6. Pro-social Preferences and Migration Outlook: The sixth module concentrated on adolescents ’ pro-social behaviors, such as altruism and trust, and explored thei... | {
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Those who had moved out of the Kagera Region by 2004 experienced consumption growth that was 10 times higher compared to those who remained in their original community. These averages translate into very different poverty dynamics patterns for the physically mobile and immobile. For those who stayed in the community, p... | {
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