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train_0 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 4 shows the TGA thermograms of P-CNT, A-CNT, and D-CNT Fig. 4. TGA thermograms of CNT samples. | |
train_1 | What is described in this image? | Both XRD patterns (Fig. 1) and IR spectrum (Fig. 2) (Fig. 2). IR bands at 3573 and 632 cm-1 were assigned to OH stretching and librational modes, respectively, and the bands at 1090 and 1048, 963, and 602 and Fig. 2. IR spectrum of stoichiometric (Ca/P = 5/3) HAp powder. | |
train_2 | What is described in this image? | Chitosan, a partially deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a linear polysaccharide consisting of ß (1,4)-linked D-glucosamine residues (deacetylated unit) with a variable number of randomly located N-acetyl-glucosamine groups (acetylated unit) (Figure 1). As one of the most abundant natural biopolymers on earth, it is... | |
train_3 | What is described in this image? | The cross-sectional morphologies of these two samples are shown in Figs. 18 and 19. Fig. 18 shows a homogeneous morphology of the PEBAX® MH 1657 nanocomposite membrane, while Fig. 19 shows an inhomogeneous structure with ellipsoidal inclusions for the PEBAX® 2533 nanocomposite membrane. These inclusions are located all... | |
train_4 | What is described in this image? | Based on the diffractograms presented in Fig. 5 (A), it can be suggested that loratadine is present in its crystalline form since it exhibits several well defined peaks at a diffractogram angle of 20. This phenomenon was also observed by Skapin and Matijevic (25), when studying the preparation of colloidal particles of... | |
train_5 | What is described in this image? | Figure 220 kJ mol -1, A = 1015 min-1. 1 to 9: models F1, A2, A3, R2, R3, D2, D3 and D4, respectively. (With the permission of Wiley-Heyden Ltd.) | |
train_6 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 8 illustrates the TGA thermograms of microcapsule samples, which well describe the thermal stabilities of the microcapsules. As shown in Fig. 8, pure n-eicosane exhibits a typical one-step thermal degradation behavior and suffers a rapid weight loss in the range of 172–210 °C due to the major pyrolysis of linear a... | |
train_7 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 6. FT-IR spectra of paraffin, HDPE, SEBS and SEBS/paraffin/HDPE (1:6:0.5). HDPE (1:6:0.5) are shown in Fig. 6. As it can be seen, paraffin, HDPE and SEBS/paraffin/HDPE (1:6:0.5) have three identical characteristic absorption peaks: stretching vibration absorption peaks of -CH2 at around 2918 cm-1 and 2849 cm-1, -C... | |
train_8 | What is described in this image? | The precursor of this Ca-rich phase was partially crystallized after the decomposition of the nitrates by calcination at 600℃ for 30 min (Fig. 8). The crystalline phase detected by XRD is CaO. The DSC curve displays a weak exothermic event at about 880°C. After heating to 930°C, the major phases evidenced by XRD are Ca... | |
train_9 | What is described in this image? | The IR spectra of the present glass system are shown in Fig. 3. The spectra consist of strong absorption bands at 640-675, 926-935, 1236-1256, and 1342-1406 cm-1 and weak bands at 420-490, 766–783, 1100 and 1544–1748 cm–1. The observed IR bands are given in Table 2 and the band assignments are given in Table 3. The ban... | |
train_10 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 4a shows a DSC plot for mannitol, showing an endothermic peak at 167 °C, with the onset of the melting at approximately 160 ℃. This corresponds well to the value of 166-168 ℃ given by the Merck Index (Budavari). Fig. 4b ~ 172 and ~ 187 ℃. The DSC in Fig. 4a shows endothermic peaks at ~ 175 ℃ and ~ 200 ℃, | |
train_11 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 5. POM images of green WPUs. Fig. 5 exhibits the POM images of crystals of green WPUs with a magnification of 25 times. As is presented obviously in Fig. 5, crystals of green WPUs become smaller and their numbers reduce from WPU-I to WPU-VI. As the phase separation degree increases form WPU-I to WPU-VI, more and l... | |
train_12 | What is described in this image? | (Scheme 2). The structure of HODEAz (8) was confirmed by FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectrum shows a strong absorption band at 2133 cm-1 due to asymmetric stretching vibration of azide group (N3) and also a shift of the carbonyl group band from 1707 to 1720 cm-1 due to the formation of a more electron with... | |
train_13 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 5 shows the DSC curves of PMMA/paraffin microcapsules after 200, 500 and 1000 of thermal cycling. The melting peak point of the PMMA/paraffin microcapsules changed in the range 33.40–35.71 °C when its crystallizing peak point changed in the range 25.41-27.56 ℃ after 200, 500 and 1000 of cycling, respectively. Base... | |
train_14 | What is described in this image? | based on the self-diffusion coefficient (0.8 × 10-15 cm2/s) at 170 °C for polystyrene of Mw = 1000 kg/mol is ~2 h.20,81 In order to further prove that the Tg depression observed is not an artifact caused by degradation of the material, we perform a combination of compression and thermal annealing under an inert environ... | |
train_15 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 4 represents at the left-hand side HPer DSC curves of the PP melting at heating rates of 10°C/min (Fig. 4a) and 300 °C/min (Fig. 4b) after applying controlled cooling rates from 5 up to 250 °C/min. The HPer DSC curves are corrected for the extrapolated onset values according to Table III in [2]. At the right-hand ... | |
train_16 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 7. Evolution of storage modulus C' and complex viscosity nº as a function of time for 25 wt% UHMWPE in "inverse quenching" with a fixed frequency of 0.1 Hz and strain of 2.0% Fig. 7 displays the changes of storage modulus and complex viscosity during time sweeps with a fixed frequency of 0.1 Hz and strain of 2.0% ... | |
train_17 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 2. Plot of the DSC data for the 5 mol% Eu-doped FCZ glass with different heating rates from 5 K/min to 25 K/min in steps of 5 K/min. The curves are vertically displaced for clarity. where To is the onset, To the end of crystallization temperature and dHc/dT the heat flow into or out of the sample when it is heated... | |
train_18 | What is described in this image? | scan. The optimum annealing condition would be to hold a sample at the T' temperature for a considerable period of time, because the maximum amount of ice could then form, which would allow the solution to concentrate maximally up to the C' concentration. However, the exact T' temperature and the required annealing tim... | |
train_19 | What is described in this image? | Sample I was measured in the temperature range of 90–360 K in order to investigate melting process of the title compound. Fig. 1 shows the temperature dependences of the heat flow (DSC curves) obtained while first cooling (lower curve) at the rate of 20 K min-1 and subsequent heating (upper curve) of [Ca(H2O)4](ClO4)2 ... | |
train_20 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 5 shows the conversion dependence of the glass transition temperature. The one-to-one relation between the glass transition temperature and conversion can be seen. The relation between the glass transition temperature and conversion was precisely discussed in a previous study by Wisanrakkit and Gillham [3]. Accord... | |
train_21 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 5. Temperature-modulated DSC of prepreg material pre-cured for 30 min at 180 °C, modulation amplitude 0.5 K, underlying heating rate 10 K/min, modulation period 60 s; total, reversing and non-reversing signals. | |
train_22 | What is described in this image? | (Figure 11) allows to obtain the activation energy for the nonautocatalytic reaction, Eal and for the autocatalytic | |
train_23 | What is described in this image? | Figure 26. Thermograms at different heating rates ß and for a solution at xo = 0.2; from [16]. we can also plot a curve whose extrapolation gives also Tiquidus However, in certain cases, it is not always possible to locate correctly these points. For example, in Figure 26, the points of the top are rather characterist... | |
train_24 | What is described in this image? | By observing the fractured samples, it is possible to relate the stress-strain trends slopes to the failure modes experienced by the laminates. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show macrographs of the tested samples at the beginning and at the end of the aging exposition (i.e., after 0 and 84 days, respectively). and the area interes... | |
train_25 | What is described in this image? | under a nitrogen atmosphere. TGA thermograms are shown in Figure 8. The onset temperature of degradation of the polymers increased with poly(ether diamine) length. The values of 5% weight reduction temperature, Tas, for poly- Figure 8. TGA thermograms for cross-linked poly(BA-eda600), poly- | |
train_26 | What is described in this image? | study). The addition of sucrose enhanced both the peak and final viscosities of the gum-starch pastes (p< 0.05) and had a much greater influence than Xan substitution (Fig. 3a and b), indicating After TS or TS/Xan dispersions were gelatinized, the pastes were subjected to both thermal and shear stresses at the holding ... | |
train_27 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 5a and b shows the changes of ΔHm and Tm of chitosan and galactomannan films, respectively, with the increase of glycerol concentration. For chitosan films the increase of glycerol concentration leads to an increase of AHm, and to a decrease of Tm values. The higher values of ΔΗΜ are possibly explained by the incr... | |
train_28 | What is described in this image? | For example, the amount of exotherms after blending 5 wt% of SWCNTs into coumarin-Py BZ was 139.2 J g-1, approximately 30.3 J g-1 lower than that of pure coumarin-Py BZ. Kim et al. observed a decrease in the enthalpy of a PBZ derivative after blending with CNTs, attributable to the hindered mobility of the ring-opened ... | |
train_29 | What is described in this image? | 4.2.3. Fit of experimental data Last step in the kinetic analysis is determination of the preexponential factor A. As was already suggested earlier, it is advantageous to confirm the value of this parameter by independent evaluation within the framework of different models (if possible). In our work the values of A we... | |
train_30 | What is described in this image? | Based on recently collected test results, the authors recommend that at least three temperature steps above and below the approximate temperature range for the PCM phase transition process shall be considered. Fig. 7 describes a proposed process of development of a temperature range for the dynamic HFMA testing. A majo... | |
train_31 | What is described in this image? | Cold-crystallization was chosen as a crystallization method because it leads to more intense spherulite nucleation resulting in shorter crystallization time and smaller spherulite sizes.17 Pristine PLA showed cold-crystallization temperature at about 124.11°C. The cold-crystallization temperature of PLA decreased as th... | |
train_32 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 3 shows the solid-solid and liquid-liquid thermal transitions (Tr) of the oleic acid detected during heating and cooler processes both Fig. 3. Thermal cycle of oleic acid from Solid 1 to Liquid 1 (heating process) and from Liquid 1 to Solid 1 (cooling process) with the Tand AH experimental data for the transitions... | |
train_33 | What is described in this image? | 3.1. SEM images of MFC–PVA composite surface and fracture topographies Fig. 1 shows typical SEM images of MFC–PVA composite (noncrosslinked, 10% MFC), surface topography (A) that shows the MFC distribution and facture surface (B) after tensile testing. From Fig. 1A, it can be clearly seen that the MFC fibrils are rando... | |
train_34 | What is described in this image? | where T, is the peak exothermic temperature at a certain heating rate. The plots of In(B/T_2) versus 1/Tp are shown in Figure 3, and the values of E and A could be obtained from the slope and intercept of the linear fitting curve, respectively. The linear fit results of Ozawa method are also displayed in Figure 3. The ... | |
train_35 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 9 shows representative stress vs strain curves of PLA specimens (PLA-I, PLA-EI, PLA-IA and PLA-EIA). The values of the main mechanical properties obtained from those curves are summarized in Table 8. Fig. 9. Representative stress vs strain curves from tensile testing for processed PLA. | |
train_36 | What is described in this image? | A peak value of Von Mises stress of 1134 MPa at a depth of 352 µm was calculated based on the axial and hoop stress o1 and o3, Fig. 5. A study of residual stress in LPBF by Mercelis and Kruth (24) showed that the as-built residual stresses are in the range of the material yield stress. However, the residual stresses ar... | |
train_37 | What is described in this image? | naringenin-PC complex. The results of the DSC test confirmed the association of naringenin and PC in the complex as both peaks representing naringenin and PC changed position (Fig. 3). Phospholipids (Fig. 3b) showed two major peaks at 83.21 and 107.90 ℃ and a small peak at 64.45 ℃. naringenin-PC complex. The results of... | |
train_38 | What is described in this image? | Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of PHMB shows a clear water loss up to 420 K, with a water mass of 5.47% (Figure 8); it means less than one water molecule per biguanide group in the solid material. Probably, a higher amount of water is adsorbed at material surface and an even lower molar ratio of water to biguanide is... | |
train_39 | What is described in this image? | Figure 13 compares the two runs that exhibited endothermic peaks. In both the peak occurs at a much higher temperature than the decomposition peak exhibited by Cu(OH)2 alone (Figure 6) and above the temperature where the exothermic peak was expected. In both cases, it appears that the pressure capsule leaked during the... | |
train_40 | What is described in this image? | Changing the orientational order in the CLCPs leads to internal stresses and changes of the sample shape.[23,25] We measured the stress generated in the CLCP fibers upon exposure to UV light by thermomechanical analysis (TMA). It was difficult to measure the generated stress in a single fiber due to the measurement lim... | |
train_41 | What is described in this image? | (black line in Fig. 5). The total integrated measured heat flow is proportional to the latent heat release due to ice formation. Fig. 5 Freezing signals of homogeneous ice nucleation of five monodisperse droplet samples (diameter indicated). Black lines are experimental data and the orange solid lines and grey dashed l... | |
train_42 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 6. TCR of the main heater resistance as function of the temperature. The two curves correspond to the measurements performed with the two ovens (CTS and metrology well). The calculated TCR as function of temperature is reported in Fig. 6. Once the relation between temperature and main heater resistance is known th... | |
train_43 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 1 shows thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses of starch films. As observed in Fig. 1(A), dehydration takes place in the starch from ambient temperature up to 130 °C. The weight loss during this phase is related to the moisture content. After the isothermal of 30 min to complete the dehyd... | |
train_44 | What is described in this image? | Frequently melting of drug substance is accompanied by decomposition. MDSC is capable of deconvoluting overlapping melting and decomposition processes as shown in Fig. 5 where the total heat flow signal shows inadequate resolution of the melt endotherm and the decomposition exotherm. Separation of the events by MDSC Fi... | |
train_45 | What is described in this image? | the degree of transformation as a function of the time or the temperature can be calculated and plotted. The calculated results for different cooling rates are presented in Figure 3. The calculated curves labeled "Transformed fraction vs Temperature" and "Transformed fraction vs Time" (Figure 3) trace the course of the... | |
train_46 | What is described in this image? | Data of the temperature dependence of the glass transition width can hardly be found in the literature. More data are published from the average temperature fluctuation in the cooperative rearrangement regions (CRR), 8T.2,9,45,46 The temperature dependence of 8T for PS was measured by Huth et al.47 and recently by Chua... | |
train_47 | What is described in this image? | ~1200cm ̄1 (C-OH stretching) from carboxylic groups and at ~1050 cm-1 (skeletal C-O or C-C stretching) peak from carbonyl, carboxylic, and epoxy groups, which confirms the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups.28,29 The peak at 1620 cm-1 can be assigned to the vibrations of the adsorbed water molecules and al... | |
train_48 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 4. Relative mechanical properties for PCL based nanocomposites reinforced with unmodified and chemically modified Luffa cylindrica nanocrystals. The non-linear mechanical behavior of PCL based nanocomposites was characterized by tensile tests performed at room temperature. The tensile modulus, strength and strain ... | |
train_49 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 1. The XRD pattern of NBT–BT calcined at 850 °C compared with the standard XRD pattern (PDF 36-0340). Fig. 1 shows the XRD pattern of NBT and 0.92NBT-0.08BT | |
train_50 | What is described in this image? | Thermograms shown in Fig. 3 enlighten differences between samples obtained from different cultivars (Cornulara and Cellina di Nardò), but identical growing area (Carpignano) and extraction system (SS). Moreover, crystallization and melting profiles of EVOOs from the same cultivar (Ogliarola salentina) and growing area ... | |
train_51 | What is described in this image? | (TGA), and the weight loss are shown in Figure 3. The weight loss of 5% is taken as the effective decomposition temperature Figure 3. TGA spectra of thermoplastic shape-memory polyimides. | |
train_52 | What is described in this image? | transformation, but the transformation temperatures change remarkably with the change of SLM process parameters (i.e. v, h or P). Fig. 4a shows that the transformation peaks shift gradually to lower temperatures with the increase of scanning speeds. The A->M transformation peak temperature (Mg) of the as-built samples ... | |
train_53 | What is described in this image? | interactions (Figure 4c). These intermolecular interactions propagate through the cocrystal structure to form 2D layers, with each layer making a dihedral angle of 55.6° with the (001) direction with a repetition period equal to the length of the aaxis (8.035 Å; Figure 4a).12 After the phase transition of the crystal i... | |
train_54 | What is described in this image? | were performed by X-ray diffractometer and given in Fig. 1. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the micro morphologies of NMK and EVM and introduced in Fig. 2. The physical properties of EVM are summarized in Table 2 NMK has plate like structure and characterized by large length to thickness ... | |
train_55 | What is described in this image? | Figure 2 shows a typical H NMR spectrum for a HPCB sample (prepared from dissolved bagasse pulp): the strong peak at 1.0 ppm is assigned to methyl protons, whereas the broad peak from 2.8 to 4.7 ppm is attributed to the cyclic glucose units. 1H NMR spectroscopy was employed for determining the DS of the HPC sample. The... | |
train_56 | What is described in this image? | fracture surfaces are found in Fig. 3(a,b). The rough surfaces are formed by the shear band propagation along wavy paths. Close examination finds that fracture of a relatively ductile metallic glass sample consists of three stages. As representatively shown by the as-cast sample in Fig. 3(a), as soon as a sharp crack i... | |
train_57 | What is described in this image? | It can be seen from Fig. 6 that, with increasing the crosslink density in the first-formed PU network, the transition This indicated that the increase in crosslink density of the first-formed PU network obstructs phase separation and increases component mixing. Compared with Fig. 6, Fig. Fig. 6. dC./dT versus temperatu... | |
train_58 | What is described in this image? | Electrooptical properties of eutectic mixtures. At 35 °C all eight tricomponent mixtures except mixture W-240 are orthoconic having strictly 45° tilt, as demonstrated by rotating the cells between crossed polarizers without changing of quality of the dark state (Fig. 7). The electrooptical response characterization of ... | |
train_59 | What is described in this image? | PGA = 309 K, PLLA = 332 K, and PTMC = 261 K [31] In particular, Eq. 2 calculates the Tg of terpolymers with same composition as those investigated in this work, and the obtained values are plotted in a bar graph in Fig. 6, where they are compared with the experimental DSC and DMTA data. It is clear that the calculated ... | |
train_60 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 10 illustrates the magnetization hysteresis loops of the ballmilled Ni-Mn-Ga powder and sintered samples measured at room temperature (25 °C). The hysteresis loops confirm that the used powder and sample sintered in argon atmosphere exhibited ferromagnetic behaviors at room temperature. The measured values of satu... | |
train_61 | What is described in this image? | Figure 6. Emission wavelength of the repeated vapochromic behavior by grinding (around 545 nm) and exposing to ether (around 592 nm) treatments (excited at 365 nm). the formed orange sample further converted to green when the exposure time was long enough (over 0.5 h, d process). After the produced green emissive sampl... | |
train_62 | What is described in this image? | Figure 1. Growth rates of the various compounds plotted after (a) normalizing to the glass transition temperature (T.) and (b) normalizing to the melting temperature (In). Growth rates of the different compounds are color coded on the basis of whether they are class I and II (red symbols) or class III (blue symbols). C... | |
train_63 | What is described in this image? | | PDES II | Melts cooled at a rate 2.5℃/ | Fig.5, curves | | | a1 and B1 crystals; ad- | PDES II | Melts cooled at a rate 2.5℃/ | Fi... | |
train_64 | What is described in this image? | was placed in a plastic syringe. Fig. 1 shows the scheme for the melt coaxial electrospinning. PEG was put into a stainless steel syringe that was preheated to 70 °C. PEG melt and PVDF solution Fig. 1. Scheme for melt coaxial electrospinning setup. | |
train_65 | What is described in this image? | Figure 1. The absolute C, of bulk PS is shown in Figure 1 for different sample weights to verify that the step-scan method gives reliable Cp results and to examine the Cp dependence on the sample weight. For the five samples tested, ranging from 1.93 to 12.99 mg, the standard deviation in C, is less than 0.6%, indicati... | |
train_66 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 9a depicts the variation of dynamic storage modulus (G) of neat TPU and TPU/CNF nanocomposites with frequency. The storage modulus monotonically increases with increase in frequency and also concentration of VGCNF. However, the rate of increase in modulus is less pronounced for the higher nanofiber content than th... | |
train_67 | What is described in this image? | Figure 6 TEM morphology in the deformed zone of PLA/MBS blends: (a) 95/5, (b) 93/7, (c) 90/10, (d) 85/15, (e) 80/20, and (f) 75/25. important in notched specimens because it enables the blend to yield at moderate stresses under plane strain conditions 30,31 Deformed morphology inside the fracture zone of PLA/MBS blends... | |
train_68 | What is described in this image? | Figure 2. Reversing apparent specific heat capacity of PTFE as a function of temperature between 275 and 315 K obtained by TMDSC on continuous heating with an underlying heating rate of 0.4 K min-1; frequencies of 2m/240, 2m/120, and 2m/60 rad s-1; and modulation amplitudes of 0.1 and 1.0 K. Figure 2 depicts the revers... | |
train_69 | What is described in this image? | (2A = (h(0-Ex(T)2 where w = 2nc/2, 2 is the wavelength of incident photons. The Eg(T) values of the PNC films were deduced from the A1/2/2, versus 1/2 plots as shown in Fig. 9. The intersection of the extrapolated linear portion of these curve gives the values of gap wavelength 2% from which the Eo(T) values of these m... | |
train_70 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 6 summarizes the evolution of Ms and Mp temperatures with respect to the increase of energy density (Ev). The increase of Ev is achieved by decreasing scanning speed, increasing laser power, or decreasing hatch spacing, respectively, while keeping other SLM process parameters unchanged. It is clear that the MTTs i... | |
train_71 | What is described in this image? | D974-12. In this method, the acid number is measured as the quantity of KOH (in mg) which is required to reach the equivalent point when titrating 1 g of the resin dissolved in xylene/isopropyl alcohol solvent. Figure 4 demonstrates the acid number of reaction mixture in the first step for FDCA/ Fig. 4 The acid number ... | |
train_72 | What is described in this image? | Figure 1(a) shows the specific heat flow versus temperature curve while initially heating and subsequently cooling PLA in the "as-printed" state. The measurement starts at ambient temperature using a heating rate of 10 K/min. A (cold) crystallization is an exothermic process as the value of specific heat shows a dip-li... | |
train_73 | What is described in this image? | (David 1977). The introduction of Pb in Se-Te system reduces the effective bond energy of [(Se-Se) + (Se-Te)- ((Se-Pb) + (Te-Pb))] = 11-1 kcal/mol. Hence increase of Pb at.% in the Se-Te system causes the decrease of Tg in the system. A similar decreasing trend has also been shown (figure 3) by T. as the atomic wt.% of... | |
train_74 | What is described in this image? | (typically ca. 60 ℃). Below the crystallization temperature, the situation is different of course; but, we have chosen a very low molecular weight PEO to circumvent the interference of crystallization. Figure 5 shows a photograph of a piece of the 50:50 blend at room temperature; it is completely transparent. Figure 5.... | |
train_75 | What is described in this image? | DSC curves (heat flow signal) for the low Figure 2 and high molecular weight PEO/PMMA blends at 40, 60, and 80 wt % PEO. Figure 2 shows the heat flow signals for the melting endotherms of the semicrystalline blends. | |
train_76 | What is described in this image? | Figure 1 shows typical stress-strain curves for virgin PLA, PLA/PEG blend and their blend nanocomposites. It is observed from Fig. 1 that the virgin PLA shows brittleness behavior with a strain of 2.9%, whereas incorporation of PEG as a plasticizer into PLA renders ductile behavior in the virgin matrix. The significant... | |
train_77 | What is described in this image? | The thermotropic behavior of mixtures of two PCs differing in the nature of their fatty acyl constituents has been investigated. Disaturated PCs differing by only two carbons in the length of their hydrocarbon chains exhibit almost ideal behavior in binary phospholipid-water dispersions (see Fig. 3). Although a differe... | |
train_78 | What is described in this image? | for constant O-acyl chain length (see Fig. 6, A and B). The incremental values and end contributions are 0.925 ± 0.041 kcal/mol/CH2, -2.65 ± 0.64 kcal/mol and 2.43 ± 0.14 cal/mol/K/CH2, -2.9 ± 2.2 cal/mol/K for the transition enthalpy and entropy, respectively. The "end contributions" For N-acyl DPPEs, by taking the tr... | |
train_79 | What is described in this image? | In Fig. 1(a) and (b) are shown typical DSC It was mentioned earlier in the text that the glass transition of polystyrene carries with it a positive heat effect. In differential scanning calorimetry such heat effects can readily be determined by comparing endothermic areas in the DSC thermograms (Fig. 1) with correspond... | |
train_80 | What is described in this image? | Figure 13. Deviation range of phase transition temperature for the hydrated salt-based PCM. | |
train_81 | What is described in this image? | It is also considered a powerful method for studying the conformational changes in biopolymer systems [35]. The FTIR spectra of pure PVA and its blends at various PEG loadings in the wave number range of 4000-500 cm-1 are shown in Figure 1(a). Both polymers have good solubility in water. The characteristic absorption p... | |
train_82 | What is described in this image? | addition, the thermal conductivity increases with temperature linearly especially at the low density samples. The profiles indicate that the thermal conductivity of the specimens are weak function of temperature since the maximum change percentage of thermal conductivity with temperature is 22.7, 22.4, 20.4 and 22.9 fo... | |
train_83 | What is described in this image? | For 0.92NBT-0.08BT, with the rise of temperature, the highfield polarization increases and the low-field polarization decreases (Fig. 5). Hence, the calculated AS and AT have opposite signs under high and low applied fields. 3.4. Discussion Previous ECE studies concern the entropy change between dipole-ordered ferroele... | |
train_84 | What is described in this image? | were investigated by WAXD measurement and the results are illustrated in Fig. 3. Cellulose and pure PLLA show their typical crystallization peaks. PLLA showed the strongest diffraction peak at 20 = 17.0°, whereas cellulose showed the strongest diffraction peak at 20 = 22.4° . However, neither the crystallization peak o... | |
train_85 | What is described in this image? | The crystallization and melting behavior of PP has been investigated further using various cooling and heating rates. The cooling curves at various rates, from 5 up to 250 °C/min are plotted as a function of the temperature in Fig. 2, which curves are not corrected for the cooling rate. The curves, and by that the onse... | |
train_86 | What is described in this image? | with (1/7p), yields also the crystallization activation energy, Ec, as shown in Fig. 9. The calculated value of Ec giving by using this assumption is 73 kJ/mol. Fig. 9. (0) In[a/(Tp = To)] versus (1000/7,) for GasSe95 glass. (.) In(a/Tp) versus (1000/Tp) for GasSe95 glass. | |
train_87 | What is described in this image? | (Peppas and Colombo, 1997). The swelling behavior of our co-polymeric hydrogels also depends upon the composition of the gels, particularly when at least one constituent monomer contains ionizable groups. In this case, the increase in ionic monomer within the polymer matrix causes an enhancement in its swelling capacit... | |
train_88 | What is described in this image? | Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of the epoxy resin and the amine. Before being used, DGEBA was placed in a vacuum oven at 80 ℃ overnight to remove any water present and amine was used as received without purification. Figure 1. (a) DGEBA epoxy resin and (b) 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) structures. | |
train_89 | What is described in this image? | The glass transition of a system can be observed experimentally by studying the thermodynamic properties of the system. In Fig. 1 the results from the DSC scans obtained for hydrated myoglobin at the two different hydration levels h=0.33 (1A) and h=0.5 (1B), and for myoglobin in the water:glycerol 33:67 wt.% mixture at... | |
train_90 | What is described in this image? | Fig. 6(a, b) show the XRD scans of pure PVA/PVP (50/50) blend and PVA/PVP blend filled with various mass fractions of chitosan filler. The observed diffractograms exhibit an amorphous feature which is characterized by two halos centered at about 20=12.8° and 20.1° characteristic of the (101) and (020) planes of semicry... | |
train_91 | What is described in this image? | First term represents the energy used for wall pore deformation, the second one represents the energy required for melting a volume fraction f" of salt, and the third one is the term of sensible heat accumulation. Such three terms are represented in Fig. 6. One notices that mechanical energy is negligible compared to t... | |
train_92 | What is described in this image? | 3.1 Crystallization of a and y-phase PVDF films using DMSO solvent Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern of PVDF In figure 1(b), the maximum intensity peak is observed at 19-9 (20 values) along with peaks at 17-7 and 18-4 (20 values), which belong to a-phase. Therefore only aphase exists in PVDF films, cast at r... | |
train_93 | What is described in this image? | Figure 1. Change in swelling ratio of different silk/HA hydrogels with time. The swelling times are shown in a log scale. The number after SH means the weight percentage of silk fibroin in the silk/HA blends, e.g., SH80 is the sample with silk (wt)/HA (wt) = 80:20. Each data point is averaged from three samples with er... | |
train_94 | What is described in this image? | PS film holding the PS nanorods were vacuum filtered using excess deionized (DI) water and then dried in vacuo at 50 °C for 24 h. For the Flash DSC sample, the PS nanorods are separated from the excess PS film by delicately cutting them with a scalpel. SEM images of unsupported PS nanorods are shown in Fig. 1. Images w... | |
train_95 | What is described in this image? | The glass transitions of fiber reinforced composites are primarily influenced by the matrix material. Polybenzoxazines generally show higher T2 because of hydrogen bonding arising when the strained ring structure is converted to an open chain structure containing phenolic OH groups. The hydroxyl protons can form hydrog... | |
train_96 | What is described in this image? | As shown in Fig. 4 and Table 2, according to ellipsometry the 50/ 50 wt% PPO/PS blend has the broadest glass transition region; this outcome differs from DSC results which show that the 85/15 wt% PPO/PS blend has the largest Tx breadth with ATg = 20.3 °C by the heat flow method and ATg = 35.6 °C by the first derivative... | |
train_97 | What is described in this image? | Ti50Ni35Cu15 (22=0.995),125) and Ti50Ni39Pd11 (22=1.008) alloys were also prepared and characterized by the same methods as the quaternary Ti-Ni-Cu-Pd SMAs. Earlier measurements have established both Ti50Ni35Cu15 and Ti50Ni39Pd11 as the alloys with the lowest 22 values within the corresponding ternary system.[25] Figur... | |
train_98 | What is described in this image? | The dynamic temperature program and the corresponding heat flow curve can be seen in Figure 4a. Generally, it is accompanied with two isothermal periods at the starting and ending temperatures with a heating ramp in between. The difference between the two temperatures could be up to 150 ℃. One can adjust the isothermal... | |
train_99 | What is described in this image? | The C-C carbon distances in all structures whose intensity data were collected at room and higher temperatures, did not have normal carbon distances as a result of thermal motion of the carbon chains. All carbon distances were then restrained in SHELX to reasonable molecular geometries and the anisotropic displacement ... |
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