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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#26 | Originally Watson signaled electronically, but show staff requested that it press a button physically, as the human contestants would.[46] Even with a robotic "finger" pressing the buzzer, Watson remained faster than its human competitors. Ken Jennings noted, "If you're trying to win on the show, the buzzer is all", an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#27 | e with computer circuits in this regard."[27][33][47] Stephen Baker, a journalist who recorded Watson's development in his book Final Jeopardy, reported that the conflict between IBM and Jeopardy! became so serious in May 2010 that the competition was almost cancelled.[25] As part of the preparation, IBM constructed a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#28 | eopardy! contestants, also participated in mock games against Watson with Todd Alan Crain of The Onion playing host.[23] About 100 test matches were conducted with Watson winning 65% of the games.[48]
To provide a physical presence in the televised games, Watson was represented by an "avatar" of a globe, inspired by th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#29 | ht—42 threads, to be precise",[49] and stated that the number of thought threads in the avatar was an in-joke referencing the significance of the number 42 in Douglas Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[49] Joshua Davis, the artist who designed the avatar for the project, explained to Stephen Baker that there are ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#30 | had hoped to be able to find forty-two, to add another level to the Hitchhiker's Guide reference, but he was unable to pinpoint enough game states.[50]
A practice match was recorded on January 13, 2011, and the official matches were recorded on January 14, 2011. All participants maintained secrecy about the outcome unt... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#31 | won a 15-question round against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter with a score of $4,400 to Jennings's $3,400 and Rutter's $1,200, though Jennings and Watson were tied before the final $1,000 question. None of the three players responded incorrectly to a clue.[52]
First match
[edit]The first round was broadcast February 14,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#32 | tter.[53] Watson, represented by a computer monitor display and artificial voice, responded correctly to the second clue and then selected the fourth clue of the first category, a deliberate strategy to find the Daily Double as quickly as possible.[54] Watson's guess at the Daily Double location was correct. At the end... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#33 | e quirks. In one instance, Watson repeated a reworded version of an incorrect response offered by Jennings. (Jennings said "What are the '20s?" in reference to the 1920s. Then Watson said "What is 1920s?") Because Watson could not recognize other contestants' responses, it did not know that Jennings had already given t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#34 | ctly responded "What is: he only had one hand?" to a clue about George Eyser (the correct response was, "What is: he's missing a leg?"). Because Watson, unlike a human, could not have been responding to Jennings's mistake, it was decided that this response was incorrect. The broadcast version of the episode was edited ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#35 | oubles, with one bet at $6,435 and another at $1,246.[56] Gerald Tesauro, one of the IBM researchers who worked on Watson, explained that Watson's wagers were based on its confidence level for the category and a complex regression model called the Game State Evaluator.[17]
Watson took a commanding lead in Double Jeopar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#36 | .[56]
However, during the Final Jeopardy! round, Watson was the only contestant to miss the clue in the category U.S. Cities ("Its largest airport was named for a World War II hero; its second largest, for a World War II battle"). Rutter and Jennings gave the correct response of Chicago, but Watson's response was "What... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#37 | on would appear to have guessed a Canadian city: categories only weakly suggest the type of response desired, the phrase "U.S. city" did not appear in the question, there are cities named Toronto in the U.S., and Toronto in Ontario has an American League baseball team.[59] Chris Welty, who also worked on Watson, sugges... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#38 | (which was not a standalone clause despite it following a semicolon, and required context to understand that it was referring to a second-largest airport).[60] Eric Nyberg, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a member of the development team, stated that the error occurred because Watson does not possess the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#39 | nal Jeopardy! questions, Watson's second choice was Chicago. Both Toronto and Chicago were well below Watson's confidence threshold, at 14% and 11% respectively. Watson wagered only $947 on the question.[61]
The game ended with Jennings with $4,800, Rutter with $10,400, and Watson with $35,734.[56]
Second match
[edit]D... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#40 | rst match prompted an IBM engineer to wear a Toronto Blue Jays jacket to the recording of the second match.[62]
In the first round, Jennings was finally able to choose a Daily Double clue,[63] while Watson responded to one Daily Double clue incorrectly for the first time in the Double Jeopardy! Round.[64] After the fir... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#41 | ng their dollar values before Watson could respond.[64][65] Nonetheless, the final result ended with a victory for Watson with a score of $77,147, besting Jennings who scored $24,000 and Rutter who scored $21,600.[66]
Final outcome
[edit]The prizes for the competition were $1 million for first place (Watson), $300,000 ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#42 | with 50% of those winnings going to World Vision and 50% going to World Community Grid.[67] Similarly, Jennings and Rutter donated 50% of their winnings to their respective charities.[68]
In acknowledgement of IBM and Watson's achievements, Jennings made an additional remark in his Final Jeopardy! response: "I for one ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#43 | which he stated:
IBM has bragged to the media that Watson's question-answering skills are good for more than annoying Alex Trebek. The company sees a future in which fields like medical diagnosis, business analytics, and tech support are automated by question-answering software like Watson. Just as factory jobs were el... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#44 | the new generation of 'thinking' machines. 'Quiz show contestant' may be the first job made redundant by Watson, but I'm sure it won't be the last.[49]
Philosophy
[edit]Philosopher John Searle argues that Watson—despite impressive capabilities—cannot actually think.[71] Drawing on his Chinese room thought experiment, S... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#45 | stand the meaning of those symbols; however, Searle's experiment has its detractors.[72]
Match against members of the United States Congress
[edit]On February 28, 2011, Watson played an untelevised exhibition match of Jeopardy! against members of the United States House of Representatives. In the first round, Rush D. H... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#46 | iana), led with Watson in second place. However, combining the scores between all matches, the final score was $40,300 for Watson and $30,000 for the congressional players combined.[73]
IBM's Christopher Padilla said of the match, "The technology behind Watson represents a major advancement in computing. In the data-in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#47 | helps its citizens."[73]
Applications
[edit]After the national press attention gained by the 2011 Jeopardy! appearance, IBM sought out partnerships from education to weather and cancer to retail chatbots in order convince business about Watson's alleged capabilities. This ultimately led to the failure of Watson to find... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#48 | law profession will become more efficient and better with Watson.[75] After the national attention Jeopardy! afforded them, began an ultimately unsuccessful and expensive project that began when the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center tried to use Watson to help doctors diagnose and treat cancer patients. Ultimately... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#49 | IBM losing 10% of its stock value, costing four times more than what it brought to the company and resulting in mass layoffs.[74]
From 2012 through the late 2010s, Watson's technology was used to create applications—mostly discontinued[77] to help people make decisions in a variety of areas, among them:
- diagnosing ca... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#50 | nservation,[83]
- hospitality management,[84]
- human genetic sequencing,[84]
- music development and identification,[85]
- weather forecasting[86]
- to sell ads with weather forecasts,[87]
- to tutor students,[88]
- and tax preparations,[89]
In 2021, technology reporter at The New York Times for Steve Rohr, explained:... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#51 | im and sizable revenue for the company, according to many of the more than a dozen current and former IBM managers and scientists interviewed for this article. Several of those people asked not to be named because they had not been authorized to speak or still had business ties to IBM.
— Steve Rohr, "What Ever Happened... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#52 | y did not understand the technology, leading to the hardship and strain caused by the project, saying:
But the suits in charge went after the bigger and more technically challenging game of feeding the machine entirely different types of material. They viewed Watson as a generational meal ticket.
— Mac Schwerin, "Ameri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#53 | chnology capable of revolutionizing industries did not materialize as anticipated.[91] Watson's capabilities were primarily suited to specific tasks, like natural language processing for trivia games, rather than generalized commercial problem-solving.[92] Watson's mismatch between capabilities and IBM's marketing cont... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#54 | aused public sentiment to turn against the idea of Watson and artificial intelligence.[77]
Between 2019 and 2023, IBM shifted focus to a separate initiative WatsonX, distinctly different from Watson, aiming for narrower, industry-targeted technology within IBM's cloud computing and platform-based strategies IBM Watsonx... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#55 | cancer treatment decisions.[93][94] When a physician submitted a query to Watson, the system started a multi-step process by parsing the input to identify key information, examining patient data to uncover relevant medical and hereditary history, and finally compare various data sources to form and test hypotheses.[95]... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#56 | , and research materials.[94] Although, company executives would later blame the lack of data on the projects ultimate failure.[76]
Notably, Watson has not been involved in the actual diagnosis process, but rather assists doctors in identifying suitable treatment options for patients who have already been diagnosed.[96... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#57 | essive 99% of cases.[97]
IBM established partnerships with the Cleveland Clinic,[98] the MD Anderson Cancer Center, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center to further its mission in healthcare. In 2011, IBM entered into a research partnership with Nuance Communications and physicians at the University of Maryland an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#58 | Anthem) in 2011 to utilize Watson in suggesting treatment options to physicians,[99] and in 2013, Watson was deployed in its first commercial application for utilization management decisions in lung cancer treatment at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.[8] The Cleveland Clinic collaboration aimed to enhance Watson... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#59 | er pilot program, initiated in 2013, ultimately failed to meet its goals and was discontinued after $65 million in investment.[100][101][98]
In 2016, IBM launched "IBM Watson for Oncology," a product designed to provide personalized, evidence-based cancer care options to physicians and patients.[91] This initiative mar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#60 | nipal Hospitals in India to offer Watson's expertise to patients online.[102][103]
The company ultimately faced challenges in the healthcare market, with no profit and increased competition.[91] In 2022, IBM announced the sell-off of its Watson Health unit to Francisco Partners, marking a significant shift in the compa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#61 | ess unit around Watson.[104] IBM Watson Group will have headquarters in New York City's Silicon Alley and will employ 2,000 people. IBM has invested $1 billion to get the division going. Watson Group will develop three new cloud-delivered services: Watson Discovery Advisor, Watson Engagement Advisor, and Watson Explore... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#62 | ogy, Watson Engagement Advisor will focus on self-service applications using insights on the basis of natural language questions posed by business users, and Watson Explorer will focus on helping enterprise users uncover and share data-driven insights based on federated search more easily.[104] The company is also laun... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#63 | red enterprise-ready Watson has seen its speed increase 24 times over—a 2,300 percent improvement in performance and its physical size shrank by 90 percent—from the size of a master bedroom to three stacked pizza boxes.[104] IBM CEO Virginia Rometty said she wants Watson to generate $10 billion in annual revenue within... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#64 | on to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab in partnership with MIT, which brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI research, with projects ranging from computer vision and NLP to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure.[106] In March 2018, IBM's CEO Ginni Rometty ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#65 | ee also
[edit]- Artificial intelligence
- Blue Gene
- IBM Watsonx
- Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
- Glossary of artificial intelligence
- Artificial general intelligence
- Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area
- Wolfram Alpha
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- ^ Ante, Spencer E. (January 9, 2014). "IBM Set to Expand Watson's Reach". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved January 9, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#106 | O Rometty Proposes 'Watson's Law': AI In Everything" Archived 2021-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Adrian Bridgewater, Forbes, March 20, 2018
Bibliography
[edit]- Baker, Stephen (2011). Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-48316-0.
F... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#107 | ner Books.
- Jackson, Joab (2014). IBM bets big on Watson-branded cognitive computing PCWorld: Jan 9, 2014 2:30 PM
- Greenemeier, Larry. (2013). Will IBM's Watson Usher in a New Era of Cognitive Computing? Scientific American. Nov 13, 2013 |* Lazarus, R. S. (1982).
- Kelly, J.E. and Hamm, S. ( 2013). Smart Machines: IB... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#108 | homepage
- About Watson on Jeopardy.com
- Smartest Machine on Earth (PBS NOVA documentary about the making of Watson)
- Power Systems
- The Watson Trivia Challenge. The New York Times. June 16, 2010.
- This is Watson – IBM Journal of Research and Development (published by the IEEE)
J! Archive
[edit]- Jeopardy! Show #60... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#109 | n the making of Watson
- Building Watson – A Brief Overview of the DeepQA Project on YouTube (21:42), IBMLabs
- How Watson Answers a Question on YouTube
- David Ferrucci, Dan Cerutti and Ken Jennings on IBM's Watson at Singularity Summit 2011 on YouTube
- A Computer Called Watson on YouTube – November 15, 2011, David F... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#110 | n and Future Applications on YouTube – IBM at EDGE 2012
- IBM Watson for Healthcare on YouTube – Martin Kohn, 2013
- IBM Watson playlist, IBMLabs Watson playlist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#0 | List of IBM products
The list of IBM products is a partial list of products, services, and subsidiaries of International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation and its predecessor corporations, beginning in the 1890s.[1]
Context
[edit]Products, services, and subsidiaries have been offered from International Business Machi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#1 | includes, for example, the AN/FSQ-7, which was not a product in the sense of offered for sale, but was a product in the sense of manufactured—produced by the labor of IBM. Several machines manufactured for the Astronomical Computing Bureau at Columbia University are included, as are some machines built only as demonstr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#2 | mple). These products and others are missing simply because no one has added them.
IBM sometimes uses the same number for a system and for the principal component of that system. For example, the IBM 604 Calculating Unit is a component of the IBM 604 Calculating Punch. And different IBM divisions used the same model nu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#3 | equence may not correspond to product development sequence. For example, the 402 tabulator was an improved, modernized 405.[2]
IBM uses two naming structures for its modern hardware products. Products are normally given a three- or four-digit machine type and a model number (it can be a mix of letters and numbers). A p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#4 | e majority of products are listed here by machine type, there are instances where only a marketing or brand name is used. Care should be taken when searching for a particular product as sometimes the type and model numbers overlap. For instance the IBM storage product known as the Enterprise Storage Server is machine t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#5 | sult in two different products—or the wrong product—being found.
IBM introduced the 80-column rectangular hole punched card in 1928. Pre-1928 machine models that continued in production with the new 80-column card format had the same model number as before. Machines manufactured prior to 1928 were, in some cases, retro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#6 | technology.
This list is organized by classifications of both machines and applications, rather than by product name. Thus some (few) entries will be duplicated. The 1420, for example, is listed both as a member of the 1401 family and as a machine for Bank and finance.
IBM product names have varied over the years; for ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#7 | 936)
- Mechanical Punch, Type 001 (in IBM Electric Punched Card Accounting Machines: Principles of Operation, IBM, 1946)
This article uses the name, or combination of names, most descriptive of the product. Thus the entry for the above is
- IBM 001: Mechanical Key Punch
Products of The Tabulating Machine Company can be... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#8 | [edit]- Hollerith Keyboard (pantograph) punch: Manual card punch, 1890[3]
- IBM 001: Mechanical Key Punch, 1910[4][5]
- IBM 003: Lever Set Gang Punch, 1920[4]
- IBM 010: Card Punch[6]
- IBM 011: Electric Key Punch, 1923[7]
- IBM 012: Electric Duplicating Key Punch, 1926[4]
- IBM 013: Badge Punch[6]
- IBM 015: Motor Dri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#9 | ctronic—tube, BCD zone codes); 1949
- IBM 026: Printing Card Punch (electronic—tube, BCD zone codes); 1949
- IBM 027: Card Proof Punch, 1956[4]
- IBM 028: Printing Card Proof Punch, 1956[4]
- IBM 029: Card Punch (electric—diodes & relays, EBCDIC zone codes); 1964[9]
- IBM 031: Alphabetic Duplicating Key Punch; 1933[10]... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#10 | : Alphabetic Duplicating Printing Key Punch; 1933[13]
- IBM 036: Alphabetic Printing Punch, 1930[4]
- IBM 037: Alphabetic Stencil Punch[8]
- IBM 040: Tape Controlled Card Punch; 1941[14]
- IBM 041: Tape to Card Punch[8]
- IBM 043: Tape Controlled Card Punch[8]
- IBM 044: Tape Controlled Card Punch[8]
- IBM 046: Tape-to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#11 | 3: Motor Drive Verifier[8]
- IBM 054: Motor Drive Verifier[8]
- IBM 055: Alphabetic Verifier, 1946[4]
- IBM 056: Card Verifier (electronic—tube, BCD zone codes); 1949[15]
- IBM 058: Card Operated Typewriter[8]
- IBM 059: Card Verifier (electric, diodes & relays, EBCDIC zone codes); 1964[9]
- IBM 060: Card to Tape Punch... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#12 | BM 116: Numeric Duplicating Punch[8]
- IBM 129: Card Data Recorder (integrated circuits—SLT, EBCDIC zone codes); 1971
- IBM 131: Alphabetic Duplicating Punch[8]
- IBM 143: Tape Controlled Card Punch[8]
- IBM 151: Verifier[8]
- IBM 155: Numeric Verifier[8]
- IBM 156: Alphabetic Verifier[8]
- IBM 163: Card Controlled Tap... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#13 | M 826: Typewriter Card Punch Printing[15]
- IBM 884: Typewriter Tape Punch[17]
- IBM 963: Tape Punch[4]
- IBM 5471: Printer-Keyboard for System/3
- IBM 5475: Data Entry Keyboard for System/3
- IBM 5496: Data Recorder, Keypunch for IBM System/3's 96 column cards
- IBM 5924: IBM 029 attached with a special keyboard to al... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#14 | ine (Port-A-Punch balloting, 1965)[19][20]
Sorters, statistical, and derived machines
[edit]- Hollerith automatic sorter: Horizontal sorter, 1901[21]
- Hollerith 2: Card counting sorter[7]
- IBM 70: Hollerith Vertical Sorter; 1908[22][23]
- IBM 71: Vertical Sorter; 1928[24]
- IBM 74: Printing Card Counting Sorter, 1930... |
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