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Originally Watson signaled electronically, but show staff requested that it press a button physically, as the human contestants would.[46] Even with a robotic "finger" pressing the buzzer, Watson remained faster than its human competitors. Ken Jennings noted, "If you're trying to win on the show, the buzzer is all", and that Watson "can knock out a microsecond-precise buzz every single time with little or no variation. Human reflexes can't compete with computer circuits in this regard."[27][33][
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e with computer circuits in this regard."[27][33][47] Stephen Baker, a journalist who recorded Watson's development in his book Final Jeopardy, reported that the conflict between IBM and Jeopardy! became so serious in May 2010 that the competition was almost cancelled.[25] As part of the preparation, IBM constructed a mock set in a conference room at one of its technology sites to model the one used on Jeopardy!. Human players, including former Jeopardy! contestants, also participated in mock ga
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eopardy! contestants, also participated in mock games against Watson with Todd Alan Crain of The Onion playing host.[23] About 100 test matches were conducted with Watson winning 65% of the games.[48]
To provide a physical presence in the televised games, Watson was represented by an "avatar" of a globe, inspired by the IBM "smarter planet" symbol. Jennings described the computer's avatar as a "glowing blue ball crisscrossed by 'threads' of thought—42 threads, to be precise",[49] and stated that
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ht—42 threads, to be precise",[49] and stated that the number of thought threads in the avatar was an in-joke referencing the significance of the number 42 in Douglas Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[49] Joshua Davis, the artist who designed the avatar for the project, explained to Stephen Baker that there are 36 triggerable states that Watson was able to use throughout the game to show its confidence in responding to a clue correctly; he had hoped to be able to find forty-two, to add an
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had hoped to be able to find forty-two, to add another level to the Hitchhiker's Guide reference, but he was unable to pinpoint enough game states.[50]
A practice match was recorded on January 13, 2011, and the official matches were recorded on January 14, 2011. All participants maintained secrecy about the outcome until the match was broadcast in February.[51]
Practice match
[edit]In a practice match before the press on January 13, 2011, Watson won a 15-question round against Ken Jennings and
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won a 15-question round against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter with a score of $4,400 to Jennings's $3,400 and Rutter's $1,200, though Jennings and Watson were tied before the final $1,000 question. None of the three players responded incorrectly to a clue.[52]
First match
[edit]The first round was broadcast February 14, 2011, and the second round, on February 15, 2011. The right to choose the first category had been determined by a draw won by Rutter.[53] Watson, represented by a computer monito
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tter.[53] Watson, represented by a computer monitor display and artificial voice, responded correctly to the second clue and then selected the fourth clue of the first category, a deliberate strategy to find the Daily Double as quickly as possible.[54] Watson's guess at the Daily Double location was correct. At the end of the first round, Watson was tied with Rutter at $5,000; Jennings had $2,000.[53]
Watson's performance was characterized by some quirks. In one instance, Watson repeated a rewor
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e quirks. In one instance, Watson repeated a reworded version of an incorrect response offered by Jennings. (Jennings said "What are the '20s?" in reference to the 1920s. Then Watson said "What is 1920s?") Because Watson could not recognize other contestants' responses, it did not know that Jennings had already given the same response. In another instance, Watson was initially given credit for a response of "What is a leg?" after Jennings incorrectly responded "What is: he only had one hand?" to
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ctly responded "What is: he only had one hand?" to a clue about George Eyser (the correct response was, "What is: he's missing a leg?"). Because Watson, unlike a human, could not have been responding to Jennings's mistake, it was decided that this response was incorrect. The broadcast version of the episode was edited to omit Trebek's original acceptance of Watson's response.[55] Watson also demonstrated complex wagering strategies on the Daily Doubles, with one bet at $6,435 and another at $1,2
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oubles, with one bet at $6,435 and another at $1,246.[56] Gerald Tesauro, one of the IBM researchers who worked on Watson, explained that Watson's wagers were based on its confidence level for the category and a complex regression model called the Game State Evaluator.[17]
Watson took a commanding lead in Double Jeopardy!, correctly responding to both Daily Doubles. Watson responded to the second Daily Double correctly with a 32% confidence score.[56]
However, during the Final Jeopardy! round, W
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.[56]
However, during the Final Jeopardy! round, Watson was the only contestant to miss the clue in the category U.S. Cities ("Its largest airport was named for a World War II hero; its second largest, for a World War II battle"). Rutter and Jennings gave the correct response of Chicago, but Watson's response was "What is Toronto?????" with five question marks appended indicating a lack of confidence.[56][57][58] Ferrucci offered reasons why Watson would appear to have guessed a Canadian city: c
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on would appear to have guessed a Canadian city: categories only weakly suggest the type of response desired, the phrase "U.S. city" did not appear in the question, there are cities named Toronto in the U.S., and Toronto in Ontario has an American League baseball team.[59] Chris Welty, who also worked on Watson, suggested that it may not have been able to correctly parse the second part of the clue, "its second largest, for a World War II battle" (which was not a standalone clause despite it fol
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(which was not a standalone clause despite it following a semicolon, and required context to understand that it was referring to a second-largest airport).[60] Eric Nyberg, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a member of the development team, stated that the error occurred because Watson does not possess the comparative knowledge to discard that potential response as not viable.[58] Although not displayed to the audience as with non-Final Jeopardy! questions, Watson's second choice wa
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nal Jeopardy! questions, Watson's second choice was Chicago. Both Toronto and Chicago were well below Watson's confidence threshold, at 14% and 11% respectively. Watson wagered only $947 on the question.[61]
The game ended with Jennings with $4,800, Rutter with $10,400, and Watson with $35,734.[56]
Second match
[edit]During the introduction, Trebek (a Canadian native) joked that he had learned Toronto was a U.S. city, and Watson's error in the first match prompted an IBM engineer to wear a Toron
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rst match prompted an IBM engineer to wear a Toronto Blue Jays jacket to the recording of the second match.[62]
In the first round, Jennings was finally able to choose a Daily Double clue,[63] while Watson responded to one Daily Double clue incorrectly for the first time in the Double Jeopardy! Round.[64] After the first round, Watson placed second for the first time in the competition after Rutter and Jennings were briefly successful in increasing their dollar values before Watson could respond
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ng their dollar values before Watson could respond.[64][65] Nonetheless, the final result ended with a victory for Watson with a score of $77,147, besting Jennings who scored $24,000 and Rutter who scored $21,600.[66]
Final outcome
[edit]The prizes for the competition were $1 million for first place (Watson), $300,000 for second place (Jennings), and $200,000 for third place (Rutter). As promised, IBM donated 100% of Watson's winnings to charity, with 50% of those winnings going to World Vision
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with 50% of those winnings going to World Vision and 50% going to World Community Grid.[67] Similarly, Jennings and Rutter donated 50% of their winnings to their respective charities.[68]
In acknowledgement of IBM and Watson's achievements, Jennings made an additional remark in his Final Jeopardy! response: "I for one welcome our new computer overlords", paraphrasing a joke from The Simpsons.[69][70] Jennings later wrote an article for Slate, in which he stated:
IBM has bragged to the media tha
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which he stated:
IBM has bragged to the media that Watson's question-answering skills are good for more than annoying Alex Trebek. The company sees a future in which fields like medical diagnosis, business analytics, and tech support are automated by question-answering software like Watson. Just as factory jobs were eliminated in the 20th century by new assembly-line robots, Brad and I were the first knowledge-industry workers put out of work by the new generation of 'thinking' machines. 'Quiz
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the new generation of 'thinking' machines. 'Quiz show contestant' may be the first job made redundant by Watson, but I'm sure it won't be the last.[49]
Philosophy
[edit]Philosopher John Searle argues that Watson—despite impressive capabilities—cannot actually think.[71] Drawing on his Chinese room thought experiment, Searle claims that Watson, like other computational machines, is capable only of manipulating symbols, but has no ability to understand the meaning of those symbols; however, Searl
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stand the meaning of those symbols; however, Searle's experiment has its detractors.[72]
Match against members of the United States Congress
[edit]On February 28, 2011, Watson played an untelevised exhibition match of Jeopardy! against members of the United States House of Representatives. In the first round, Rush D. Holt, Jr. (D-NJ, a former Jeopardy! contestant), who was challenging the computer with Bill Cassidy (R-LA, later Senator from Louisiana), led with Watson in second place. However, c
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iana), led with Watson in second place. However, combining the scores between all matches, the final score was $40,300 for Watson and $30,000 for the congressional players combined.[73]
IBM's Christopher Padilla said of the match, "The technology behind Watson represents a major advancement in computing. In the data-intensive environment of government, this type of technology can help organizations make better decisions and improve how government helps its citizens."[73]
Applications
[edit]After
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helps its citizens."[73]
Applications
[edit]After the national press attention gained by the 2011 Jeopardy! appearance, IBM sought out partnerships from education to weather and cancer to retail chatbots in order convince business about Watson's alleged capabilities. This ultimately led to the failure of Watson to find a profit-making product for the company.[74]
In 2011, the IBM general counsel wrote in The National Law Review arguing that the law profession will become more efficient and bett
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law profession will become more efficient and better with Watson.[75] After the national attention Jeopardy! afforded them, began an ultimately unsuccessful and expensive project that began when the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center tried to use Watson to help doctors diagnose and treat cancer patients. Ultimately, the division cost $4 billion to develop but was sold for a quarter of that—$1 billion, in 2022.[76] By 2023, Watson resulted in IBM losing 10% of its stock value, costing four ti
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IBM losing 10% of its stock value, costing four times more than what it brought to the company and resulting in mass layoffs.[74]
From 2012 through the late 2010s, Watson's technology was used to create applications—mostly discontinued[77] to help people make decisions in a variety of areas, among them:
- diagnosing cancer and treatment plans,[78]
- retail shopping,[79]
- medical equipment purchasing,[80]
- cooking and recipes,[81][82]
- water conservation,[83]
- hospitality management,[84]
- hu
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nservation,[83]
- hospitality management,[84]
- human genetic sequencing,[84]
- music development and identification,[85]
- weather forecasting[86]
- to sell ads with weather forecasts,[87]
- to tutor students,[88]
- and tax preparations,[89]
In 2021, technology reporter at The New York Times for Steve Rohr, explained:
The company’s missteps with Watson began with its early emphasis on big and difficult initiatives intended to generate both acclaim and sizable revenue for the company, according
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im and sizable revenue for the company, according to many of the more than a dozen current and former IBM managers and scientists interviewed for this article. Several of those people asked not to be named because they had not been authorized to speak or still had business ties to IBM.
— Steve Rohr, "What Ever Happened to IBM’s Watson?", The New York Times[77]
Writing in The Atlantic in 2023, Mac Schwerin argued that IBM's leadership fundamentally did not understand the technology, leading to th
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y did not understand the technology, leading to the hardship and strain caused by the project, saying:
But the suits in charge went after the bigger and more technically challenging game of feeding the machine entirely different types of material. They viewed Watson as a generational meal ticket.
— Mac Schwerin, "America Forgot About IBM Watson. Is ChatGPT Next?", The Atlantic[90]
In the end, IBM's initial vision for Watson as a transformative technology capable of revolutionizing industries did
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chnology capable of revolutionizing industries did not materialize as anticipated.[91] Watson's capabilities were primarily suited to specific tasks, like natural language processing for trivia games, rather than generalized commercial problem-solving.[92] Watson's mismatch between capabilities and IBM's marketing contributed significantly to Watson's commercial struggles and eventual decline. The overstated claims about Watson's abilities also caused public sentiment to turn against the idea of
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aused public sentiment to turn against the idea of Watson and artificial intelligence.[77]
Between 2019 and 2023, IBM shifted focus to a separate initiative WatsonX, distinctly different from Watson, aiming for narrower, industry-targeted technology within IBM's cloud computing and platform-based strategies IBM Watsonx.[77][74]
Healthcare
[edit]IBM's Watson was used to analyze medical datasets to provide physicians with guidance on diagnoses and cancer treatment decisions.[93][94] When a physici
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cancer treatment decisions.[93][94] When a physician submitted a query to Watson, the system started a multi-step process by parsing the input to identify key information, examining patient data to uncover relevant medical and hereditary history, and finally compare various data sources to form and test hypotheses.[95][94]
IBM claimed that Watson's could draw from a wide range of sources, including treatment guidelines, electronic medical records, and research materials.[94] Although, company ex
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, and research materials.[94] Although, company executives would later blame the lack of data on the projects ultimate failure.[76]
Notably, Watson has not been involved in the actual diagnosis process, but rather assists doctors in identifying suitable treatment options for patients who have already been diagnosed.[96]In fact, a study of 1,000 challenging patient cases found that Watson's recommendations matched those of human doctors in an impressive 99% of cases.[97]
IBM established partnersh
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essive 99% of cases.[97]
IBM established partnerships with the Cleveland Clinic,[98] the MD Anderson Cancer Center, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center to further its mission in healthcare. In 2011, IBM entered into a research partnership with Nuance Communications and physicians at the University of Maryland and Harvard to develop a commercial product using Watson's clinical decision support capabilities. IBM partnered with WellPoint (now Anthem) in 2011 to utilize Watson in suggesting t
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Anthem) in 2011 to utilize Watson in suggesting treatment options to physicians,[99] and in 2013, Watson was deployed in its first commercial application for utilization management decisions in lung cancer treatment at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.[8] The Cleveland Clinic collaboration aimed to enhance Watson's health expertise and support medical professionals in treating patients more effectively. However, the MD Anderson Cancer Center pilot program, initiated in 2013, ultimately fa
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er pilot program, initiated in 2013, ultimately failed to meet its goals and was discontinued after $65 million in investment.[100][101][98]
In 2016, IBM launched "IBM Watson for Oncology," a product designed to provide personalized, evidence-based cancer care options to physicians and patients.[91] This initiative marked a significant milestone in the adoption of Watson's technology in the healthcare industry. Additionally, IBM partnered with Manipal Hospitals in India to offer Watson's experti
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nipal Hospitals in India to offer Watson's expertise to patients online.[102][103]
The company ultimately faced challenges in the healthcare market, with no profit and increased competition.[91] In 2022, IBM announced the sell-off of its Watson Health unit to Francisco Partners, marking a significant shift in the company's approach to the healthcare industry.[91][76]
IBM Watson Group
[edit]On January 9, 2014, IBM announced it was creating a business unit around Watson.[104] IBM Watson Group will
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ess unit around Watson.[104] IBM Watson Group will have headquarters in New York City's Silicon Alley and will employ 2,000 people. IBM has invested $1 billion to get the division going. Watson Group will develop three new cloud-delivered services: Watson Discovery Advisor, Watson Engagement Advisor, and Watson Explorer. Watson Discovery Advisor will focus on research and development projects in pharmaceutical industry, publishing, and biotechnology, Watson Engagement Advisor will focus on self-
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ogy, Watson Engagement Advisor will focus on self-service applications using insights on the basis of natural language questions posed by business users, and Watson Explorer will focus on helping enterprise users uncover and share data-driven insights based on federated search more easily.[104] The company is also launching a $100 million venture fund to spur application development for "cognitive" applications. According to IBM, the cloud-delivered enterprise-ready Watson has seen its speed inc
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red enterprise-ready Watson has seen its speed increase 24 times over—a 2,300 percent improvement in performance and its physical size shrank by 90 percent—from the size of a master bedroom to three stacked pizza boxes.[104] IBM CEO Virginia Rometty said she wants Watson to generate $10 billion in annual revenue within ten years.[105] In 2017, IBM and MIT established a new joint research venture in artificial intelligence. IBM invested $240 million to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab in partners
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on to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab in partnership with MIT, which brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI research, with projects ranging from computer vision and NLP to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure.[106] In March 2018, IBM's CEO Ginni Rometty proposed "Watson's Law," the "use of and application of business, smart cities, consumer applications and life in general."[107]
See also
[edit]- Artificial intelligence
- Blue Gen
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ee also
[edit]- Artificial intelligence
- Blue Gene
- IBM Watsonx
- Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
- Glossary of artificial intelligence
- Artificial general intelligence
- Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area
- Wolfram Alpha
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bertson, Jordan; Borenstein, Seth (February 16, 2011). "For Watson, Jeopardy! victory was elementary". The Globe and Mail. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
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O Rometty Proposes 'Watson's Law': AI In Everything" Archived 2021-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Adrian Bridgewater, Forbes, March 20, 2018
Bibliography
[edit]- Baker, Stephen (2011). Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-48316-0.
Further reading
[edit]- Baker, Stephen (2012) Final Jeopardy: The Story of Watson, the Computer That Will Transform Our World, Mariner Books.
- Jackson, Joab (2014). IBM bets big on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#107
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ner Books.
- Jackson, Joab (2014). IBM bets big on Watson-branded cognitive computing PCWorld: Jan 9, 2014 2:30 PM
- Greenemeier, Larry. (2013). Will IBM's Watson Usher in a New Era of Cognitive Computing? Scientific American. Nov 13, 2013 |* Lazarus, R. S. (1982).
- Kelly, J.E. and Hamm, S. ( 2013). Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing. Columbia Business School Publishing
External links
[edit]- Watson homepage
- DeepQA homepage
- About Watson on Jeopardy.com
- Smartes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#108
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homepage
- About Watson on Jeopardy.com
- Smartest Machine on Earth (PBS NOVA documentary about the making of Watson)
- Power Systems
- The Watson Trivia Challenge. The New York Times. June 16, 2010.
- This is Watson – IBM Journal of Research and Development (published by the IEEE)
J! Archive
[edit]- Jeopardy! Show #6086 – Game 1, Part 1
- Jeopardy! Show #6087 – Game 1, Part 2
- Jeopardy! Show #6088 – Game 2
Videos
[edit]- PBS NOVA documentary on the making of Watson
- Building Watson – A Brief
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#109
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n the making of Watson
- Building Watson – A Brief Overview of the DeepQA Project on YouTube (21:42), IBMLabs
- How Watson Answers a Question on YouTube
- David Ferrucci, Dan Cerutti and Ken Jennings on IBM's Watson at Singularity Summit 2011 on YouTube
- A Computer Called Watson on YouTube – November 15, 2011, David Ferrucci at Computer History Museum, alternate
- IBM Watson and the Future of Healthcare on YouTube – 2012
- IBM Watson-Introduction and Future Applications on YouTube – IBM at EDGE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson#110
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n and Future Applications on YouTube – IBM at EDGE 2012
- IBM Watson for Healthcare on YouTube – Martin Kohn, 2013
- IBM Watson playlist, IBMLabs Watson playlist
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List of IBM products
The list of IBM products is a partial list of products, services, and subsidiaries of International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation and its predecessor corporations, beginning in the 1890s.[1]
Context
[edit]Products, services, and subsidiaries have been offered from International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation and its predecessor corporations since the 1890s.[1] This list comprises those offerings and is eclectic; it includes, for example, the AN/FSQ-7, which was no
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includes, for example, the AN/FSQ-7, which was not a product in the sense of offered for sale, but was a product in the sense of manufactured—produced by the labor of IBM. Several machines manufactured for the Astronomical Computing Bureau at Columbia University are included, as are some machines built only as demonstrations of IBM technology. Missing are many RPQs, OEM products (semiconductors, for example), and supplies (punched cards, for example). These products and others are missing simpl
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mple). These products and others are missing simply because no one has added them.
IBM sometimes uses the same number for a system and for the principal component of that system. For example, the IBM 604 Calculating Unit is a component of the IBM 604 Calculating Punch. And different IBM divisions used the same model numbers; for example IBM 01 without context clues could be a reference to a keypunch or to IBM's first electric typewriter.
Number sequence may not correspond to product development
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equence may not correspond to product development sequence. For example, the 402 tabulator was an improved, modernized 405.[2]
IBM uses two naming structures for its modern hardware products. Products are normally given a three- or four-digit machine type and a model number (it can be a mix of letters and numbers). A product may also have a marketing or brand name. For instance, 2107 is the machine type for the IBM System Storage DS8000. While the majority of products are listed here by machine
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e majority of products are listed here by machine type, there are instances where only a marketing or brand name is used. Care should be taken when searching for a particular product as sometimes the type and model numbers overlap. For instance the IBM storage product known as the Enterprise Storage Server is machine type 2105, and the IBM printing product known as the IBM Infoprint 2105 is machine type 2705, so searching for an IBM 2105 could result in two different products—or the wrong produc
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sult in two different products—or the wrong product—being found.
IBM introduced the 80-column rectangular hole punched card in 1928. Pre-1928 machine models that continued in production with the new 80-column card format had the same model number as before. Machines manufactured prior to 1928 were, in some cases, retrofitted with 80-column card readers and/or punches thus there existed machines with pre-1928 dates of manufacture that contain 1928 technology.
This list is organized by classificat
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technology.
This list is organized by classifications of both machines and applications, rather than by product name. Thus some (few) entries will be duplicated. The 1420, for example, is listed both as a member of the 1401 family and as a machine for Bank and finance.
IBM product names have varied over the years; for example these two texts both reference the same product.
- Mechanical Key Punch, Type 1 (in Machine Methods of Accounting, IBM, 1936)
- Mechanical Punch, Type 001 (in IBM Electric
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936)
- Mechanical Punch, Type 001 (in IBM Electric Punched Card Accounting Machines: Principles of Operation, IBM, 1946)
This article uses the name, or combination of names, most descriptive of the product. Thus the entry for the above is
- IBM 001: Mechanical Key Punch
Products of The Tabulating Machine Company can be identified by date, before 1933 when the subsidiaries were merged into IBM.
Unit record equipment
[edit]Keypunches and verifiers
[edit]- Hollerith Keyboard (pantograph) punch: Man
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[edit]- Hollerith Keyboard (pantograph) punch: Manual card punch, 1890[3]
- IBM 001: Mechanical Key Punch, 1910[4][5]
- IBM 003: Lever Set Gang Punch, 1920[4]
- IBM 010: Card Punch[6]
- IBM 011: Electric Key Punch, 1923[7]
- IBM 012: Electric Duplicating Key Punch, 1926[4]
- IBM 013: Badge Punch[6]
- IBM 015: Motor Drive Key Punch, 1915[4]
- IBM 016: Motor Drive Duplicating Key Punch, 1927[4][5]
- IBM 020: Card Punch[8]
- IBM 024: Card Punch (electronic—tube, BCD zone codes); 1949
- IBM 026: Pri
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ctronic—tube, BCD zone codes); 1949
- IBM 026: Printing Card Punch (electronic—tube, BCD zone codes); 1949
- IBM 027: Card Proof Punch, 1956[4]
- IBM 028: Printing Card Proof Punch, 1956[4]
- IBM 029: Card Punch (electric—diodes & relays, EBCDIC zone codes); 1964[9]
- IBM 031: Alphabetic Duplicating Key Punch; 1933[10]
- IBM 032: Alphabetic Printing Key Punch; 1933[11]
- IBM 033: Alphabetic Duplicating Printing Punch[12]: Appendix, p.22
- IBM 034: Alphabetic Duplicating Printing Key Punch; 1933[
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: Alphabetic Duplicating Printing Key Punch; 1933[13]
- IBM 036: Alphabetic Printing Punch, 1930[4]
- IBM 037: Alphabetic Stencil Punch[8]
- IBM 040: Tape Controlled Card Punch; 1941[14]
- IBM 041: Tape to Card Punch[8]
- IBM 043: Tape Controlled Card Punch[8]
- IBM 044: Tape Controlled Card Punch[8]
- IBM 046: Tape-to-Card Punch[15]
- IBM 047: Tape-to-Card Printing Punch[15]
- IBM 051: Mechanical Verifier
- IBM 052: Motor Drive Verifier
- IBM 053: Motor Drive Verifier[8]
- IBM 054: Motor Drive
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3: Motor Drive Verifier[8]
- IBM 054: Motor Drive Verifier[8]
- IBM 055: Alphabetic Verifier, 1946[4]
- IBM 056: Card Verifier (electronic—tube, BCD zone codes); 1949[15]
- IBM 058: Card Operated Typewriter[8]
- IBM 059: Card Verifier (electric, diodes & relays, EBCDIC zone codes); 1964[9]
- IBM 060: Card to Tape Punch (5 channel)[8]
- IBM 063: Card-Controlled Tape Punch[15]
- IBM Data Transceiver: A 65 or 66 in combination with a 67 or 68[6]
- IBM 116: Numeric Duplicating Punch[8]
- IBM 129: Ca
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BM 116: Numeric Duplicating Punch[8]
- IBM 129: Card Data Recorder (integrated circuits—SLT, EBCDIC zone codes); 1971
- IBM 131: Alphabetic Duplicating Punch[8]
- IBM 143: Tape Controlled Card Punch[8]
- IBM 151: Verifier[8]
- IBM 155: Numeric Verifier[8]
- IBM 156: Alphabetic Verifier[8]
- IBM 163: Card Controlled Tape Punch[8]
- IBM 210: Electric Verifier[8]
- IBM 797: Document Numbering Punch; 1951[16]
- IBM 824: Typewriter Card Punch[15]
- IBM 826: Typewriter Card Punch Printing[15]
- IBM 88
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M 826: Typewriter Card Punch Printing[15]
- IBM 884: Typewriter Tape Punch[17]
- IBM 963: Tape Punch[4]
- IBM 5471: Printer-Keyboard for System/3
- IBM 5475: Data Entry Keyboard for System/3
- IBM 5496: Data Recorder, Keypunch for IBM System/3's 96 column cards
- IBM 5924: IBM 029 attached with a special keyboard to allow input of Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters (RPQ)
- IBM Port-A-Punch: Port-A-Punch; 1958[18]
- IBM Votomatic: Voting machine (Port-A-Punch balloting, 1965)[19][20]
Sorters
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ine (Port-A-Punch balloting, 1965)[19][20]
Sorters, statistical, and derived machines
[edit]- Hollerith automatic sorter: Horizontal sorter, 1901[21]
- Hollerith 2: Card counting sorter[7]
- IBM 70: Hollerith Vertical Sorter; 1908[22][23]
- IBM 71: Vertical Sorter; 1928[24]
- IBM 74: Printing Card Counting Sorter, 1930[4]
- IBM 75: Card Counting Sorter[8]
- IBM 76: Searching Sorter Punch[8]
- IBM 80: Card Sorter, 1925[4][25]
- IBM 81: Card Stencil Sorter
- IBM 82: Card Sorter, 1948[4][15]
- IBM
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