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24,681 | # Pigeonhole sort
\_\_NOTOC\_\_
**Pigeonhole sorting** is a sorting algorithm that is suitable for sorting lists of elements where the number *n* of elements and the length *N* of the range of possible key values are approximately the same. It requires O(*n* + *N*) time. It is similar to counting sort, but differs in... | 470 | Pigeonhole sort | 0 |
24,683 | # Pope Innocent XIII
**Pope Innocent XIII** (*Innocentius XIII*; *Innocenzo XIII*; 13 May 1655 -- 7 March 1724), born as **Michelangelo dei Conti**, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 May 1721 to his death in March 1724. He remains the most recent pope to take the pontifical name \"In... | 449 | Pope Innocent XIII | 0 |
24,683 | # Pope Innocent XIII
## Pontificate
### Papal election {#papal_election}
After the death of Pope Clement XI in 1721, a conclave was called to choose a new pope. It took 75 ballots just to reach a decision and choose Conti as the successor of Clement XI. After all candidates seemed to slip, support turned to Conti. T... | 343 | Pope Innocent XIII | 1 |
24,683 | # Pope Innocent XIII
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Innocent XIII fell ill in 1724. He was tormented by a hernia of which he spoke to nobody but his valet. At one point, it had burst and caused inflammation and fever. Innocent XIII asked for the last rites, made his profession of faith, and died on 7 March 1... | 359 | Pope Innocent XIII | 2 |
24,686 | # Pope Eugene I
**Pope Eugene I** (*Eugenius I*; died 2 June 657) was the bishop of Rome from 10 August 654 to his death on 2 June 657. He was chosen to become Pope after the deposition and banishment of Martin I by Emperor Constans II over the dispute about Monothelitism.
## Unusual election {#unusual_election}
Eug... | 525 | Pope Eugene I | 0 |
24,687 | # Pope Eugene II
**Pope Eugene II** (*Eugenius II*; died 27 August 827) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 6 June 824 to his death on 27 August 827. A native of Rome, he was chosen by nobles to succeed Paschal I as pope despite the clergy and the people favoring Zinzinnus. The influence of the C... | 499 | Pope Eugene II | 0 |
24,687 | # Pope Eugene II
## Pontificate
Seemingly before Lothair left Rome, there arrived ambassadors from Emperor Louis and from the Greeks concerning the controversy of Byzantine Iconoclasm. At first the iconoclast Eastern Roman Emperor Michael II showed himself tolerant towards the icon worshippers, and their great champi... | 553 | Pope Eugene II | 1 |
24,696 | # Prima facie
*Prima Facie* (play)}} `{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} ***Prima facie*** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|aɪ|m|ə|_|ˈ|f|eɪ|ʃ|i|,_|-|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ʃ|i|iː}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{ety|la|prīmā faciē}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Latin expression meaning \"at first sight\", or \"based on first impression\". The literal translati... | 797 | Prima facie | 0 |
24,698 | # Proximate cause
In law and insurance, a **proximate cause** is an event sufficiently related to an injury that the courts deem the event to be the cause of that injury. There are two types of causation in the law: cause-in-fact, and proximate (or legal) cause. Cause-in-fact is determined by the \"but for\" test: But... | 717 | Proximate cause | 0 |
24,698 | # Proximate cause
## Other factors {#other_factors}
There are several competing theories of proximate cause.
### Foreseeability
The most common test of proximate cause under the American legal system is foreseeability. It determines if the harm resulting from an action could reasonably have been predicted. The test... | 519 | Proximate cause | 1 |
24,698 | # Proximate cause
## Other factors {#other_factors}
### The \"Risk Rule\" {#the_risk_rule}
Referred to by the Reporters of the Second and Third Restatements of the Law of Torts as the \"scope-of-the-risk\" test, the term \"Risk Rule\" was coined by the University of Texas School of Law\'s Dean Robert Keeton. The rule... | 359 | Proximate cause | 2 |
24,698 | # Proximate cause
## Controversy
The doctrine of proximate cause is notoriously confusing. The doctrine is phrased in the language of causation, but in most of the cases in which proximate cause is actively litigated, there is not much real dispute that the defendant but-for caused the plaintiff\'s injury. The doctri... | 587 | Proximate cause | 3 |
24,714 | # Precession
**Precession** is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In an appropriate reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In other words, if the axis of rotation of a body is itself rotating... | 564 | Precession | 0 |
24,714 | # Precession
## Torque-induced {#torque_induced}
Torque-induced precession (**gyroscopic precession**) is the phenomenon in which the axis of a spinning object (e.g., a gyroscope) describes a cone in space when an external torque is applied to it. The phenomenon is commonly seen in a spinning toy top, but all rotatin... | 975 | Precession | 1 |
24,714 | # Precession
## Astronomy
In astronomy, precession refers to any of several gravity-induced, slow and continuous changes in an astronomical body\'s rotational axis or orbital path. Precession of the equinoxes, perihelion precession, changes in the tilt of Earth\'s axis to its orbit, and the eccentricity of its orbit ... | 585 | Precession | 2 |
24,730 | # Patrick Abercromby
**Patrick Abercromby** (1656`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}c. 1716) was a Scottish physician and antiquarian, noted for being physician to King James VII (II of England) and his fervent opposition to the Act of Union between Scotland and England.
## Early life {#early_life}
Patrick Abercromby was the thir... | 475 | Patrick Abercromby | 0 |
24,734 | # Product of group subsets
In mathematics, one can define a **product of group subsets** in a natural way. If *S* and *T* are subsets of a group *G*, then their product is the subset of *G* defined by
$$ST = \{st : s \in S \text{ and } t\in T\}.$$ The subsets *S* and *T* need not be subgroups for this product to be w... | 1,041 | Product of group subsets | 0 |
24,736 | # PCHP
**1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine** (PCHP) is a metabolite of phencyclidine (PCP). PCHP can be detected in the hair, urine, stool, sweat, and saliva of PCP users | 25 | PCHP | 0 |
24,737 | # 4-Phenyl-4-(1-piperidinyl)cyclohexanol
**4-Phenyl-4-(1-piperidinyl)cyclohexanol**, also known as **PPC**, is an organic chemical which is a metabolite of phencyclidine (PCP). It can be detected in the hair of PCP users.
PPC has been shown to cause increases in locomotor activity in lab mice | 41 | 4-Phenyl-4-(1-piperidinyl)cyclohexanol | 0 |
24,738 | # PCAA
**PCAA**, or **5-\[*N*-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)amino\]pentanoic acid**, is a metabolite of phencyclidine (PCP). It can be detected in the urine of PCP users by mass spectrometry as means of drug screening | 30 | PCAA | 0 |
24,739 | # Piperidine
**Piperidine** is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH~2~)~5~NH. This heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing five methylene bridges (--CH~2~--) and one amine bridge (--NH--). It is a colorless liquid with an odor described as objectionable, typical of amines. The name ... | 743 | Piperidine | 0 |
24,740 | # Political question
In United States constitutional law, the **political question** doctrine holds that a constitutional dispute requiring knowledge of a non-legal character, techniques not suitable for a court, or matters explicitly assigned by the Constitution to Legislative or Executive branches lies within the po... | 564 | Political question | 0 |
24,740 | # Political question
## Other applications {#other_applications}
While the scope of the political question doctrine is still unsettled, its application has been mostly settled in a few decided areas. These areas are:
### Guarantee Clause {#guarantee_clause}
The Guarantee Clause of the US Constitution requires the f... | 547 | Political question | 1 |
24,740 | # Political question
## Court cases {#court_cases}
US Supreme Court cases discussing the political question doctrine:
- *Marbury v. Madison*, `{{Ussc|5|137|1803|Cranch|1}}`{=mediawiki} -- Origin of the phrase.
- *Luther v. Borden*, `{{ussc|48|1|1849}}`{=mediawiki} -- Guarantee of a republican form of government ... | 795 | Political question | 2 |
24,740 | # Political question
## International use {#international_use}
### International law {#international_law}
The International Court of Justice has dealt with the doctrine in its advisory function, and the European Court of Human Rights has engaged with the doctrine through the margin of appreciation. The Court of Justi... | 77 | Political question | 3 |
24,750 | # Porter Blanchard
**Porter George Blanchard** (February 28, 1886 -- November 1, 1973) was an American silversmith living and working in Pacoima, California. He is considered to have been part of the Arts and Crafts Movement.
## Career
Blanchard learned the trade of the silversmith from his father, George Porter Bla... | 241 | Porter Blanchard | 0 |
24,760 | # Pope Eusebius
**Pope Eusebius** (died 21 October 310) was the bishop of Rome from 18 April 309 until his exile on 17 August 310.
## Biography
Not much is known about Eusebius\' early life, but he was probably a Greek.
As in the case of his predecessor, Marcellus I, difficulty arose out of Eusebius\'s attitude tow... | 201 | Pope Eusebius | 0 |
24,774 | # Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
A **phosphodiesterase inhibitor** is a drug that blocks one or more of the five subtypes of the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE), thereby preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by th... | 748 | Phosphodiesterase inhibitor | 0 |
24,774 | # Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
## Classification
### PDE9 selective inhibitors {#pde9_selective_inhibitors}
Paraxanthine, the main metabolite of caffeine (84% in humans), is another cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits PDE9, a cGMP preferring phosphodiesterase. PDE9 is expressed as high as PDE5 in ... | 91 | Phosphodiesterase inhibitor | 1 |
24,776 | # Piston
A **piston** is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer fo... | 1,041 | Piston | 0 |
24,776 | # Piston
## Piston engines {#piston_engines}
### Internal combustion engines {#internal_combustion_engines}
#### Slipper pistons {#slipper_pistons}
A **slipper piston** is a piston for a petrol engine that has been reduced in size and weight as much as possible. In the extreme case, they are reduced to the piston cro... | 501 | Piston | 1 |
24,776 | # Piston
## Piston engines {#piston_engines}
### Steam engines {#steam_engines}
Steam engines are usually double-acting (i.e. steam pressure acts alternately on each side of the piston) and the admission and release of steam is controlled by slide valves, piston valves or poppet valves. Consequently, steam engine pis... | 135 | Piston | 2 |
24,776 | # Piston
## Air cannons {#air_cannons}
There are two special type of pistons used in air cannons: close tolerance pistons and double pistons. In close tolerance pistons O-rings serve as a valve, but O-rings are not used in double piston types | 41 | Piston | 3 |
24,783 | # Pompatus
***Pompatus**\'\' (or***Pompitus**\'\') (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|m|p|ə|t|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}) is a nonce word coined by Steve Miller in his hit single \"The Joker\" (1973).
## Etymology
The word is probably a corruption of---or imagined variation on---the word \"puppetutes\", which was itself a coinage, originate... | 627 | Pompatus | 0 |
24,788 | # UGM-73 Poseidon
The **UGM-73 Poseidon** missile was the second US Navy nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) system, powered by a two-stage solid-fuel rocket. It succeeded the UGM-27 Polaris beginning in 1972, bringing major advances in warheads and accuracy. It was followed by Trident I in 1979,... | 442 | UGM-73 Poseidon | 0 |
24,799 | # Production team
A **production team** is the group of technical staff who produce a play, television show, recording, or film. Generally the term refers to all individuals responsible for the technical aspects of creating of a particular product, regardless of where in the process their expertise is required, or how... | 134 | Production team | 0 |
24,801 | # Pinconning cheese
**Pinconning cheese** is an aged semi-hard whole cow\'s milk, Colby-style cheese named after Pinconning, Michigan. It is made and distributed by a number of different companies including Pinconning Cheese Company and Wilson\'s (Horn) Cheese Shoppe in Pinconning, Michigan, and Williams Cheese in nea... | 192 | Pinconning cheese | 0 |
24,807 | # Pleading
In law as practiced in countries that follow the English models, a **pleading** is a formal written statement of one party\'s claims or defenses in response to another party\'s complaint(s) in a civil action. The parties\' pleadings in a case define the issues to be adjudicated in the action.
The Civil Pro... | 529 | Pleading | 0 |
24,807 | # Pleading
## Systems
### Common law {#common_law}
Common law pleading was the system of civil procedure used in England, which early on developed a strong emphasis on the form of action rather than the cause of action (as a result of the Provisions of Oxford, which severely limited the evolution of the common law w... | 588 | Pleading | 1 |
24,807 | # Pleading
## Systems
### Code
**Code pleading** was first introduced in 1850 in New York and in 1851 in California, and eventually spread to 26 other states. Code pleading sought to abolish the distinction between law and equity. It unified civil procedure for all types of actions as much as possible. The focus shif... | 647 | Pleading | 2 |
24,807 | # Pleading
## Linguistic
### \"pleaded\" vs \"pled\" {#pleaded_vs_pled}
The use of \"pleaded\" versus \"pled\" as the past tense version of \"pleading\" has been a subject of controversy among many of those that practice law. \"Pled\" is almost never used in Australian publications, while being somewhat common in Am... | 106 | Pleading | 3 |
24,808 | # Personal Communications Service
A **personal communications service** (**PCS**) is set of communications capabilities that provide a combination of terminal mobility, personal mobility, and service profile management. This class of services comprises several types of wireless voice or wireless data communications sy... | 567 | Personal Communications Service | 0 |
24,815 | # Polaris Sales Agreement
The **Polaris Sales Agreement** was a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom which began the UK Polaris programme. The agreement was signed on 6 April 1963. It formally arranged the terms and conditions under which the Polaris missile system was provided to the United Kingdom... | 277 | Polaris Sales Agreement | 0 |
24,815 | # Polaris Sales Agreement
## Background
During the early part of the Second World War, Britain had a nuclear weapons project, codenamed Tube Alloys. In August 1943, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill and the President of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt, signed the Quebec Agreement, whic... | 712 | Polaris Sales Agreement | 1 |
24,815 | # Polaris Sales Agreement
## Negotiations
With the Nassau Agreement in hand, it remained to work out the details. Vice Admiral Michael Le Fanu had a meeting with the United States Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, on 21 December 1962, the final day of the Nassau conference. He found McNamara eager to help, an... | 1,444 | Polaris Sales Agreement | 2 |
24,815 | # Polaris Sales Agreement
## Outcome
The two liaison officers were appointed in April; Captain Peter la Niece became the Royal Navy project officer in Washington, D.C., while Captain Phil Rollings became the US Navy project officer in London. The Joint Steering Task Group held its first meeting in Washington on 26 Ju... | 316 | Polaris Sales Agreement | 3 |
24,826 | # Passive voice
A **passive voice** construction is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the *theme* or *patient* of the main verb -- that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This cont... | 295 | Passive voice | 0 |
24,826 | # Passive voice
## Passive marking {#passive_marking}
Different languages use various grammatical forms to indicate passive voice.
In some languages, passive voice is indicated by verb conjugation, specific forms of the verb. Examples of languages that indicate voice through conjugation include Greek, Latin, and Nor... | 622 | Passive voice | 1 |
24,826 | # Passive voice
## Defining \"passive\" {#defining_passive}
In the field of linguistics, the term *passive* is applied to a wide range of grammatical structures. Linguists therefore find it difficult to define the term in a way that makes sense across all human languages. The canonical passive in European languages h... | 296 | Passive voice | 2 |
24,826 | # Passive voice
## Adversative passive {#adversative_passive}
In some languages, including several Southeast Asian languages, the passive voice is sometimes used to indicate that an action or event was unpleasant or undesirable. This so-called *adversative passive* works like the ordinary passive voice in terms of sy... | 889 | Passive voice | 3 |
24,837 | # Pinochle
**Pinochle** (`{{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|p|iː|n|ʌ|k|əl}}`{=mediawiki}), also called **pinocle** or **penuchle**, is a trick-taking ace--ten card game, typically for two to four players and played with a 48-card deck. It is derived from the card game bezique; players score points by trick-taking and also by form... | 584 | Pinochle | 0 |
24,837 | # Pinochle
## Partnership auction pinochle {#partnership_auction_pinochle}
### Dealing
The game is played with a deck of 48 cards and four players; one player is the dealer.
After the shuffle, the dealer will offer a cut to the player on their right, then distribute the cards. All the cards are dealt in partnership... | 746 | Pinochle | 1 |
24,837 | # Pinochle
## Partnership auction pinochle {#partnership_auction_pinochle}
### Melding
Melding consists of displaying specific combinations of cards to all players. Typically this is done by placing the combination of cards face up on the playing surface until all players have had the opportunity to examine them. All... | 750 | Pinochle | 2 |
24,837 | # Pinochle
## Partnership auction pinochle {#partnership_auction_pinochle}
### Playing tricks {#playing_tricks}
In playing cards for tricks, there are strict rules of forced play, which limit a player\'s ability to strategically retain high cards. The high bidder leads the play with the first card, which can be any c... | 654 | Pinochle | 3 |
24,837 | # Pinochle
## Game variations {#game_variations}
### Two-handed {#two_handed}
Two-handed pinochle is the original pinochle game, while partnership, auction, and all other variants are derived from it. It is the game most similar to the original Bezique game, whence pinochle was derived, via the German game of Binoke... | 464 | Pinochle | 4 |
24,837 | # Pinochle
## Game variations {#game_variations}
### Three-handed {#three_handed}
In Three-handed pinochle using a single deck, each player plays for him or herself. The dealer deals 15 cards to each player and three cards to the kitty---a separate pile in the middle.
All players review their cards and silently dete... | 957 | Pinochle | 5 |
24,837 | # Pinochle
## Game variations {#game_variations}
### Four-handed {#four_handed}
Four-handed pinochle, or \"partnership pinochle\" is played with two teams of two players each. Partners are seated opposite from each other. Each player is dealt 12 cards. The opening bid is typically 150, but can be a higher agreed on v... | 1,053 | Pinochle | 6 |
24,837 | # Pinochle
## Game variations {#game_variations}
### Eight-player double-deck {#eight_player_double_deck}
Two full decks are dealt between eight players, forming four teams. Team members are spaced so that they are not able to see any other hands. The game is usually played to a score of 5,000 or higher. Other than t... | 447 | Pinochle | 7 |
24,845 | # Pope Sixtus IV
class=skin-invert \|other=Sixtus}} `{{Infobox popestyles
|image = C o a popes Della Rovere.svg
|dipstyle = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle = Your Holiness
|relstyle = Holy Father
|deathstyle = None
|}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Ordination
| name = Pope Sixtus IV
| surname =
| ... | 475 | Pope Sixtus IV | 0 |
24,845 | # Pope Sixtus IV
## Papacy
Upon being elected Pope, Della Rovere adopted the name Sixtus, which had not been used since the 5th century. One of his first acts was to declare a renewed crusade against the Ottoman Turks in Smyrna. However, after the conquest of Smyrna, the fleet disbanded. Some fruitless attempts were ... | 1,182 | Pope Sixtus IV | 1 |
24,845 | # Pope Sixtus IV
## Papacy
### Princely patronage {#princely_patronage}
As a civic patron in Rome, even the anti-papal chronicler Stefano Infessura agreed that Sixtus should be admired. The dedicatory inscription in the fresco by Melozzo da Forlì in the Vatican Palace records: \"You gave your city temples, streets, s... | 683 | Pope Sixtus IV | 2 |
24,845 | # Pope Sixtus IV
## Death
Sixtus IV became ill on 8 August 1484; this illness worsened on 10 August while the pope was attending an event in Rome. He felt unwell that evening and was forced to cancel a meeting he was to hold with his cardinals the following morning. The Pope grew weaker during the night of 11 August ... | 283 | Pope Sixtus IV | 3 |
24,845 | # Pope Sixtus IV
## Cardinals
Sixtus created an unusually large number of cardinals during his pontificate (23) who were drawn from the roster of the princely houses of Italy, France and Spain, thus ensuring that many of his policies continued after his death:
- Giuliano della Rovere (later Pope Julius II)
- Ste... | 193 | Pope Sixtus IV | 4 |
24,856 | # Prohibition
thumb\|upright=1.35\|A police raid confiscating illegal alcohol, in Elk Lake, Canada, in 1925
**Prohibition** is the act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, poss... | 613 | Prohibition | 0 |
24,856 | # Prohibition
## Prohibition worldwide {#prohibition_worldwide}
### Africa
#### Nigeria
In the British colony of Nigeria, missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Both Africans and British found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and sm... | 686 | Prohibition | 1 |
24,856 | # Prohibition
## Prohibition worldwide {#prohibition_worldwide}
### Southeast Asia {#southeast_asia}
#### Brunei
In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public. Non-Muslims are allowed to purchase a limited amount of alcohol from their point of embarcation overseas for their own private consumption, and... | 564 | Prohibition | 2 |
24,856 | # Prohibition
## Prohibition worldwide {#prohibition_worldwide}
### Europe
#### Czech Republic {#czech_republic}
On 14 September 2012, the Government of the Czech Republic banned all sales of alcoholic drinks with more than 20% alcohol. From this date, it was illegal to sell such alcoholic beverages in shops, superm... | 999 | Prohibition | 3 |
24,856 | # Prohibition
## Prohibition worldwide {#prohibition_worldwide}
### North America {#north_america}
#### Canada
Indigenous peoples in Canada were subject to prohibitory alcohol laws under the *Indian Act* of 1876. Sections of the *Indian Act* regarding liquor were not repealed for over a hundred years, until 1985.
A... | 927 | Prohibition | 4 |
24,856 | # Prohibition
## Prohibition worldwide {#prohibition_worldwide}
### South America {#south_america}
#### Venezuela
In Venezuela, twenty-four hours before every election, the government prohibits the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages throughout the national territory, including the restriction to all dealer... | 735 | Prohibition | 5 |
24,856 | # Prohibition
## Elections
In many countries in Latin America, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey, India, and several US states, the sale but not the consumption of alcohol is prohibited before and during elections | 33 | Prohibition | 6 |
24,869 | # Pie menu
In user interface design, a **pie menu** or **radial menu** is a circular context menu where selection depends on direction. It is a graphical control element. A pie menu is made of several \"pie slices\" around an inactive center and works best with stylus input, and well with a mouse. Pie slices are drawn... | 410 | Pie menu | 0 |
24,869 | # Pie menu
## Comparison with other interaction techniques {#comparison_with_other_interaction_techniques}
Pie menus are faster and more reliable to select from than linear menus, because selection depends on direction instead of distance. The circular menu slices are large in size and near the pointer for fast inter... | 354 | Pie menu | 1 |
24,869 | # Pie menu
## Notable implementations {#notable_implementations}
### Software
- [Pie Menu](https://www.pie-menu.com) for Mac OS can trigger a Pie Menu for every active app
- [Pieoneer](https://apps.apple.com/app/id6739781207) for macOS lets users switch between running apps and launch favorites ones
- Android ... | 267 | Pie menu | 2 |
24,873 | # Polearm
thumb\|upright=1.2\|A variety of polearms consisting of morning stars, halberds, partisans, spontoons, war scythes, and a ranseur in the center thumb\|upright=1.2\|Evolution of various European polearms from the 13th to 18th centuries
A **polearm** or **pole weapon** is a close combat weapon in which the ma... | 587 | Polearm | 0 |
24,873 | # Polearm
## List of polearms {#list_of_polearms}
### Ancient polearms {#ancient_polearms}
#### European
- Dory (spear)
- Falx
- Kontos (weapon)
- Rhomphaia
- Sarissa
- Trident
- Xyston
#### Asian
##### Dagger-axe {#dagger_axe}
The *dagger-axe* (Chinese: 戈; pinyin: gē; Wade--Giles: ko; sometimes co... | 1,001 | Polearm | 1 |
24,873 | # Polearm
## List of polearms {#list_of_polearms}
### Post-classical polearms {#post_classical_polearms}
#### Asian {#asian_1}
##### Naginata
A *naginata* (なぎなた or 薙刀) is a Japanese polearm that was traditionally used by members of the samurai class. A naginata consists of a wood shaft with a curved blade on the end... | 1,030 | Polearm | 2 |
24,873 | # Polearm
## List of polearms {#list_of_polearms}
### Later polearms {#later_polearms}
#### European {#european_2}
- Bardiche
- Bec de Corbin
- Bill
- Bohemian earspoon
- Brandistock
- Lochaber axe
- Lucerne hammer
- Military fork
- Partisan
- Pike
- Ranseur
- Scottish polearms
- Sovnya
- ... | 420 | Polearm | 3 |
24,875 | # Personal jurisdiction
**Personal jurisdiction** is a court\'s jurisdiction over the *parties*, as determined by the facts in evidence, which bind the parties to a lawsuit, as opposed to subject-matter jurisdiction, which is jurisdiction over the *law* involved in the suit. Without personal jurisdiction over a party,... | 1,052 | Personal jurisdiction | 0 |
24,875 | # Personal jurisdiction
## United States {#united_states}
The intersection of American federalism and the rules and theories of jurisdiction inherited from the common law of England has resulted in a highly complex body of law respecting personal jurisdiction in the United States. These rules limit both state and fed... | 431 | Personal jurisdiction | 1 |
24,875 | # Personal jurisdiction
## United States {#united_states}
### Historical background: territorial jurisdiction {#historical_background_territorial_jurisdiction}
Originally, jurisdiction over parties in the United States was determined by strict interpretation of the geographic boundaries of each state\'s sovereign pow... | 877 | Personal jurisdiction | 2 |
24,875 | # Personal jurisdiction
## United States {#united_states}
### Modern Constitutional doctrine: *International Shoe* doctrine {#modern_constitutional_doctrine_international_shoe_doctrine}
In the modern era, the reach of personal jurisdiction has been expanded by judicial re-interpretation and legislative enactments. Un... | 512 | Personal jurisdiction | 3 |
24,875 | # Personal jurisdiction
## United States {#united_states}
### General v. specific {#general_v._specific}
In the 21st century, the Supreme Court began to develop an important distinction between specific and general forms of personal jurisdiction. In the 2011 case of *Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S. A. v. Brown*,... | 967 | Personal jurisdiction | 4 |
24,884 | # Peppered moth
The **peppered moth** (***Biston betularia***) is a temperate species of night-flying moth. It is mostly found in the northern hemisphere in places like Asia, Europe and North America. Peppered moth evolution is an example of population genetics and natural selection.
The caterpillars of the peppered ... | 274 | Peppered moth | 0 |
24,884 | # Peppered moth
## Ecology and life cycle {#ecology_and_life_cycle}
In Great Britain and Ireland, the peppered moth is univoltine (*i.e.*, it has one generation per year), whilst in south-eastern North America it is bivoltine (two generations per year). The lepidopteran life cycle consists of four stages: ova (eggs),... | 686 | Peppered moth | 1 |
24,884 | # Peppered moth
## Polymorphism
### Introduction on forms {#introduction_on_forms}
There are several melanic and non-melanic morphs of the peppered moth. These are controlled genetically. A particular colour morph can be indicated in a standard way by following the species name in the form \"morpha *morph name*\". T... | 391 | Peppered moth | 2 |
24,884 | # Peppered moth
## Evolution
The evolution of the peppered moth over the last two hundred years has been studied in detail. At the start of this period, the vast majority of peppered moths had light coloured wing patterns which effectively camouflaged them against the light-coloured trees and lichens upon which they ... | 335 | Peppered moth | 3 |
24,888 | # Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a **promoter** is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein (mRNA), or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA. Promoters are locate... | 435 | Promoter (genetics) | 0 |
24,888 | # Promoter (genetics)
## Elements
### Bacterial
In bacteria, the promoter contains two short sequence elements approximately 10 (Pribnow Box) and 35 nucleotides *upstream* from the transcription start site.
- The sequence at -10 (the -10 element) has the consensus sequence TATAAT.
- The sequence at -35 (the -35... | 545 | Promoter (genetics) | 1 |
24,888 | # Promoter (genetics)
## Elements
### Eukaryotic
Gene promoters are typically located upstream of the gene and can have regulatory elements several kilobases away from the transcriptional start site (enhancers). In eukaryotes, the transcriptional complex can cause the DNA to bend back on itself, which allows for plac... | 948 | Promoter (genetics) | 2 |
24,888 | # Promoter (genetics)
## Elements
### Eukaryotic
#### Bidirectional (mammalian) {#bidirectional_mammalian}
Bidirectional promoters are short (\<1 kbp) intergenic regions of DNA between the 5\' ends of the genes in a bidirectional gene pair. A \"bidirectional gene pair\" refers to two adjacent genes coded on opposite ... | 780 | Promoter (genetics) | 3 |
24,888 | # Promoter (genetics)
## Detection
A wide variety of algorithms have been developed to facilitate detection of promoters in genomic sequence, and promoter prediction is a common element of many gene prediction methods. Many such tools have been developed. A bacterial promoter region is located before the -35 and -10 ... | 442 | Promoter (genetics) | 4 |
24,888 | # Promoter (genetics)
## CpG islands in promoters {#cpg_islands_in_promoters}
In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a CpG island. CpG islands are generally 200 to 2000 base pairs long, have a C:G base pair content \>50%, and have regions of ... | 581 | Promoter (genetics) | 5 |
24,888 | # Promoter (genetics)
## Constitutive vs regulated {#constitutive_vs_regulated}
Some promoters are called constitutive as they are active in all circumstances in the cell, while others are regulated, becoming active in the cell only in response to specific stimuli.
## Tissue-specific promoter {#tissue_specific_promo... | 136 | Promoter (genetics) | 6 |
24,894 | # PaintShop Pro
**PaintShop Pro** (**PSP**) is a raster and vector graphics editor for Microsoft Windows. It was originally published by Jasc Software. In October 2004, Corel purchased Jasc Software and the distribution rights to PaintShop Pro. PSP functionality can be extended by Photoshop-compatible plugins.
The X-... | 435 | PaintShop Pro | 0 |
24,894 | # PaintShop Pro
## History
### Version history {#version_history}
#### JASC Paint Shop releases: 1990?--1993 {#jasc_paint_shop_releases_19901993}
In the table below, *italicized* dates are approximate, based on the earliest file timestamp on JASC or Corel\'s FTP server. Non-italicized dates are sourced from official... | 525 | PaintShop Pro | 1 |
24,894 | # PaintShop Pro
## History
### Version history {#version_history}
#### JASC Paint Shop Pro releases: 1990--2004 {#jasc_paint_shop_pro_releases_19902004}
+------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------... | 2,119 | PaintShop Pro | 2 |
24,894 | # PaintShop Pro
## History
### Version history {#version_history}
#### Corel Paint Shop Pro releases: 2005 {#corel_paint_shop_pro_releases_2005}
+----------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 795 | PaintShop Pro | 3 |
24,894 | # PaintShop Pro
## History
### Version history {#version_history}
#### Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo releases: 2006--2008 {#corel_paint_shop_pro_photo_releases_20062008}
+----------------+-----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 1,003 | PaintShop Pro | 4 |
24,894 | # PaintShop Pro
## History
### Version history {#version_history}
#### Corel PaintShop Photo Pro releases: 2010-2011 {#corel_paintshop_photo_pro_releases_2010_2011}
+---------------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 767 | PaintShop Pro | 5 |
24,894 | # PaintShop Pro
## History
### Version history {#version_history}
#### Corel PaintShop Pro releases: 2011--present {#corel_paintshop_pro_releases_2011present}
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 2,167 | PaintShop Pro | 6 |
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