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24,297 | # Pope Urban V
## Papacy
In September 1362, Grimoard was apostolic nuncio in Italy when Pope Innocent VI died. Exactly where he was when the news reached him summoning him to Avignon is unknown. Naples is just a guess; other possibilities are Florence and Lombardy.
Pope Innocent VI died on 12 September 1362. The Con... | 1,015 | Pope Urban V | 2 |
24,297 | # Pope Urban V
## Papacy
### Military campaigns {#military_campaigns}
The great feature of Urban V\'s reign was the effort to return the papacy to Rome and to suppress its powerful rivals for the temporal sovereignty there. He began by sending his brother, Cardinal Angelicus Grimoard, as legate in northern Italy. In ... | 480 | Pope Urban V | 3 |
24,297 | # Pope Urban V
## Papacy
### To Rome and back {#to_rome_and_back}
Continued troubles in Italy, as well as pleas from figures such as Petrarch and Bridget of Sweden, caused Urban V to set out for Rome, only to find that his Vicar, Cardinal Albornoz, had just died. He conducted the remains of the Cardinal to Assisi, wh... | 404 | Pope Urban V | 4 |
24,297 | # Pope Urban V
## Beatification
Pope Gregory XI opened the cause of beatification of his predecessor. Urban V\'s claimed miracles and his virtues were documented. But the cause stopped in 1379 in Rome. It stopped in Avignon in 1390, under the orders of the antipope Clement VII. The Western Schism caused the process t... | 106 | Pope Urban V | 5 |
24,303 | # Pope Urban VII
class=skin-invert }}
**Pope Urban VII** (*Urbanus VII*; *Urbano VII*; 4 August 1521 -- 27 September 1590), born **Giovanni Battista Castagna**, was head of the Catholic Church, and ruler of the Papal States from 15 to 27 September 1590. His papacy was the shortest recognized in history.
Castagna, bo... | 503 | Pope Urban VII | 0 |
24,303 | # Pope Urban VII
## Papacy
### Election
After the death of Pope Sixtus V, a conclave was convoked to elect a successor. Ferdinando I de\' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany had been appointed a cardinal at the age of fourteen but was never ordained to the priesthood. At the age of thirty-eight, he resigned from the cardi... | 365 | Pope Urban VII | 1 |
24,307 | # Potsdam Agreement
The **Potsdam Agreement** (*Potsdamer Abkommen*) was the agreement among three of the Allies of World War II: the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union after the war ended in Europe that was signed on 1 August 1945 and published the following day. A product of the Potsdam Conferen... | 664 | Potsdam Agreement | 0 |
24,307 | # Potsdam Agreement
## Protocol
In the Potsdam Agreement (Berlin Conference) the Allies (UK, USSR, US) agreed on the following matters:
1. Establishment of a Council of Foreign Ministers, also including France and China; tasked the preparation of a peace settlement for Germany, to be accepted by the Government of G... | 1,376 | Potsdam Agreement | 1 |
24,307 | # Potsdam Agreement
## Aftermath
Already during the Potsdam Conference, on 30 July 1945, the Allied Control Council was constituted in Berlin to execute the Allied resolutions (the \"Four Ds\"):
- Denazification of the German society to eradicate Nazi influence
- Demilitarization of the former Wehrmacht forces a... | 670 | Potsdam Agreement | 2 |
24,308 | # Pope Urban VIII
class=skin-invert }}
**Pope Urban VIII** (*Urbanus VIII*; *Urbano VIII*; baptised 5 April 1568 -- 29 July 1644), born **Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini**, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death, in July 1644. As pope, he expanded the papal territory b... | 382 | Pope Urban VIII | 0 |
24,308 | # Pope Urban VIII
## Papacy
`{{Infobox popestyles|
|image = C o a Urbanus VIII.svg
|dipstyle = His Holiness
|offstyle = Your Holiness
|relstyle = Holy Father
|deathstyle = None
}}`{=mediawiki}
### Papal election {#papal_election}
Barberini was considered someone who could be elected as pope, though there... | 1,063 | Pope Urban VIII | 1 |
24,308 | # Pope Urban VIII
## Papacy
### Patron of the arts {#patron_of_the_arts}
Urban VIII expended vast sums bringing polymaths like Athanasius Kircher to Rome and funding various substantial works by the sculptor and architect Bernini, from whom he had already commissioned *Boy with a Dragon* around 1617 and who was parti... | 832 | Pope Urban VIII | 2 |
24,309 | # Pope Silverius
**Pope Silverius** (died 2 December 537) was bishop of Rome from 8 June 536 to his deposition in 537, a few months before his death. His rapid rise to prominence from a deacon to the papacy coincided with the efforts of Ostrogothic king Theodahad (nephew to Theodoric the Great), who intended to instal... | 794 | Pope Silverius | 0 |
24,309 | # Pope Silverius
## Canonization
Silverius was later recognized as a saint by popular acclamation, and is now the patron saint of the island of Ponza, Italy. According to Ponza Islands legend, fishermen were in a small boat in a storm off Palmarola and they called on Saint Silverius for help. An apparition of Saint S... | 391 | Pope Silverius | 1 |
24,309 | # Pope Silverius
## Literature
- Louise Ropes Loomis, *The Book of Popes* (\"Liber Pontificalis\"). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. `{{ISBN|1-889758-86-8}}`{=mediawiki} (Reprint of the 1916 edition. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations).
-
- Claire Sotinel: *[Silverio](http:... | 41 | Pope Silverius | 2 |
24,316 | # Pellucidar
**Pellucidar** is the fictional internal surface of a Hollow Earth invented by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs for a series of action adventure stories. In a crossover event, Tarzan, who was also created by Burroughs, visits Pellucidar.
The stories initially involve the adventures of mining heir Dav... | 626 | Pellucidar | 0 |
24,316 | # Pellucidar
## Wildlife
Various animals reside in Pellucidar. Many of Pellucidar\'s fauna consist of prehistoric creatures, which are extinct on the surface world. However, some animals are creations of Edgar Rice Burroughs himself. They are listed below by outer world name (if known), Pellucidarian name (if known),... | 970 | Pellucidar | 1 |
24,316 | # Pellucidar
## Races and tribes {#races_and_tribes}
Pellucidar is also inhabited by enclaves of various non-human or semi-human races one of whom are the stone age humans of the inner world. Among the known races and tribes in Pellucidar are:
- **Ape-Men** --- A race of black-skinned creatures with prehensile tai... | 636 | Pellucidar | 2 |
24,316 | # Pellucidar
## Sequels by John Eric Holmes {#sequels_by_john_eric_holmes}
John Eric Holmes\'s *Mahars of Pellucidar* was a sequel to Burroughs\' Pellucidar novels authorized by the Burroughs estate. Publication of Holmes\' follow-up novel, *Red Axe of Pellucidar*, reportedly ready for print in 1980, was reportedly b... | 478 | Pellucidar | 3 |
24,316 | # Pellucidar
## Influence
A tribute story, \"Maureen Birnbaum at the Earth\'s Core\", appeared in George Alec Effinger\'s *Maureen Birnbaum, Barbarian Swordsperson*.
Pellucidar was the major inspiration for Lin Carter\'s *Zanthodon* novels of the late 1970s and early 1980s, set in the vast cavern of Zanthodon beneat... | 374 | Pellucidar | 4 |
24,341 | # Pope Sergius I
**Pope Sergius I** (c. 650`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}8 September 701) was the bishop of Rome from 15 December 687 to his death on 8 September 701, and is revered as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. He was elected at a time when two rivals, Paschal and Theodore, were locked in a dispute about which of t... | 381 | Pope Sergius I | 0 |
24,341 | # Pope Sergius I
## Papacy
On 10 April 689, Sergius baptised King Cædwalla of Wessex in Rome. He also ordained Willibrord as bishop of the Frisians. After Berhtwald was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury by Archbishop Godwin of Lyon, he travelled to Rome and received the pallium from Pope Sergius. Sergius was activ... | 669 | Pope Sergius I | 1 |
24,353 | # Pacific Beach, San Diego
**Pacific Beach** is a neighborhood in San Diego, California, bounded by La Jolla to the north, Mission Beach and Mission Bay to the south, Interstate 5 and Clairemont to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. While formerly largely populated by young people, surfers, and college studen... | 710 | Pacific Beach, San Diego | 0 |
24,353 | # Pacific Beach, San Diego
## Geography
### The beach {#the_beach}
The beach stretches for miles from the Mission Bay jetty to the cliffs of La Jolla. The boardwalk, officially called Ocean Front Walk/Ocean Boulevard, is a pedestrian walkway that runs approximately 3.2 miles along the beach from the end of Law St. i... | 351 | Pacific Beach, San Diego | 1 |
24,353 | # Pacific Beach, San Diego
## Geography
### Climate
Pacific Beach has a semi-arid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: *BSk*) with warm-summer Mediterranean characteristics. The sun shines more than 300 days each year in Pacific Beach, and rainfall averages less than 11 inches per year. `{{Weather box
... | 499 | Pacific Beach, San Diego | 2 |
24,353 | # Pacific Beach, San Diego
## Parks and recreation {#parks_and_recreation}
In addition to bordering the Pacific Ocean and Mission Bay Park, Pacific Beach includes Kate Sessions Park and the Pacific Beach Recreation Center. Kate Sessions Park has a playground, a large lawn with ocean views, and a many-acre unmaintaine... | 530 | Pacific Beach, San Diego | 3 |
24,363 | # People Against Gangsterism and Drugs
**People Against Gangsterism and Drugs** (**PAGAD**) is a group formed in 1996 in the Cape Flats area of Cape Town, South Africa. The organisation came to prominence for acts against gangsters, including arson and murder.
## Origins
PAGAD was founded by a handful of Pan African... | 342 | People Against Gangsterism and Drugs | 0 |
24,363 | # People Against Gangsterism and Drugs
## Cape Town bombings {#cape_town_bombings}
Although PAGAD\'s leadership denied involvement, PAGAD\'s G-Force, operating in small cells, was believed responsible for killing a large number of gang leaders, and also for a bout of urban terrorism---particularly bombings---in Cape ... | 361 | People Against Gangsterism and Drugs | 1 |
24,374 | # List of pacifist organisations
A **Pacifist organization** promotes the pacifist principle of renouncing war and violence for political ends. They are distinguished from organizations concerned only with removing nuclear weapons from war, though those organization may call for suspension of hostilities as well. Othe... | 59 | List of pacifist organisations | 0 |
24,375 | # Porsche 944
The **Porsche 944** is a sports car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Porsche from 1982 until 1991. A front-engine, rear-wheel drive mid-level model based on the 924 platform, the 944 was available in coupé or cabriolet body styles, with either naturally aspirated or turbocharged engines. Wi... | 915 | Porsche 944 | 0 |
24,375 | # Porsche 944
## Models
+------------+-------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+
| Year | Model | Power | Engine |
+============+===================+========================+==============================+
| 1982--1987 | 944 ... | 842 | Porsche 944 | 1 |
24,375 | # Porsche 944
## Models
### 944 Turbo (951 LHD/952 RHD) {#turbo_951_lhd952_rhd}
For the 1986 model year, Porsche introduced the 944 Turbo, known internally as the 951. The Turbo had a turbocharged and intercooled version of the standard 944\'s engine that generated 220 PS (217 hp in the US) at 6,000 rpm. In 1987, *Ca... | 828 | Porsche 944 | 2 |
24,375 | # Porsche 944
## Models
### 944 S
For the 1987 model year, the 944 S (the S being the abbreviation of **S**uper) was introduced. The 944 S featured a high performance naturally aspirated, dual-overhead-cam 16-valve 190 PS version of the 2.5 L engine (M44/40) featuring a self-adjusting timing belt tensioner. This mark... | 488 | Porsche 944 | 3 |
24,375 | # Porsche 944
## Models
### 944 S2 Cabriolet {#s2_cabriolet}
The first Porsche 944 Cabriolet prototype was introduced at the Frankfurt Auto show in 1985. This first prototype was styled by Anotele Lapine and built by Bauer. This new Porsche 944 Cabriolet was very well received, but it wasn\'t until 1987 that the Amer... | 871 | Porsche 944 | 4 |
24,375 | # Porsche 944
## Production
A grand total 163,192 cars in the 944 family were produced between 1982 and 1991. This made it the most successful sports car in Porsche\'s history until the introduction of the Boxster/Cayman and 997 Carrera.
The successor to the 944 was the 968, which was introduced in the 1992 model ye... | 760 | Porsche 944 | 5 |
24,375 | # Porsche 944
## Motorsport
### SCCA Production Class and Trans Am {#scca_production_class_and_trans_am}
After numerous successes in Europe by both the Porsche factory team and privateers at Le Mans and various supporting races, the 924/944 platform was then introduced with relative success over in North America und... | 566 | Porsche 944 | 6 |
24,375 | # Porsche 944
## Awards
The 944 was on *Car and Driver\'s* Ten Best list from 1983 through 1985, and the *Turbo* made the list for 1986.
In 1984, *Car and Driver* named the 944 the Best Handling Production Car in America | 42 | Porsche 944 | 7 |
24,376 | # Porsche 968
The **Porsche 968** is a sports car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Porsche AG from 1991 until 1995. It was the final evolution of a series of water-cooled front-engine rear wheel drive models that began almost 20 years earlier with the introduction of the 924. It was intended to take over... | 575 | Porsche 968 | 0 |
24,376 | # Porsche 968
## Models
### 968
Like its predecessor, the 968 was offered in coupé and convertible bodystyles. The 968 was powered by an updated version of the 944\'s straight-four engine, now displacing 3.0 L with a 104 mm bore and an 88 mm stroke and rated at 240 PS at 6,200 rpm and 305 Nm of torque at 4,100 rpm. ... | 410 | Porsche 968 | 1 |
24,376 | # Porsche 968
## Models
### 968 CS (Club Sport) {#cs_club_sport}
From October 1992 through 1995, Porsche offered a lighter-weight \"Club Sport\" version of the 968 designed for enthusiasts seeking increased track performance. Much of the 968\'s luxury-oriented equipment was removed or taken off the options list; less... | 776 | Porsche 968 | 2 |
24,376 | # Porsche 968
## Motorsport
### 968 Turbo RS {#turbo_rs}
Between 1992 and 1994, Porsche Motorsports Research and Development built and provided a full \"Race\" version (stripped out 968 Turbo S) for Porsche\'s customer race teams. The 968 Turbo RS was available in two variations; a 342 PS version using the K27 turbo... | 379 | Porsche 968 | 3 |
24,377 | # Porsche 912
The **Porsche 912** is a sports car produced by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany, for the 1965 through 1969 model years. An entry-level variant of the 911, it was also offered in compact 2+2 Coupé and Targa body styles. The nimble-handling 912 was fitted with a 1.6-liter air cooled flat-4 from the last o... | 948 | Porsche 912 | 0 |
24,377 | # Porsche 912
## History
### 912E (1975--1976) {#e_19751976}
After a six-year absence, the 912 was re-introduced to North America for the 1976 model year as the 912E (internal factory designation 923) to fill the entry-level position left vacant by the discontinuation of the 914, while the new 924 -- another Porsche-... | 690 | Porsche 912 | 1 |
24,380 | # Pope Zachary
**Pope Zachary** (*Zacharias*; 679 -- March 752) was the bishop of Rome from 28 November 741 to his death in March 752. He was the last pope of the Byzantine Papacy. Zachary built the original church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, forbade the traffic of slaves in Rome, negotiated peace with the Lombards,... | 656 | Pope Zachary | 0 |
24,387 | # Pribislav-Henry
**Pribislav-Henry** (*Pribislaw-Heinrich*; d. 1150) was a Slavic Christian prince and the last ruler of the Hevelli (Stodorani) tribe in the Northern March of Brandenburg. His reign started, probably supported by the Ascanians, after the prior Hevelli prince Meinfried had been murdered in 1127. Havin... | 107 | Pribislav-Henry | 0 |
24,389 | # Public relations
**Public relations** (**PR**) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception. Public relations and publicity differ in that PR is... | 435 | Public relations | 0 |
24,389 | # Public relations
## Definitions
Ivy Lee, the man who turned around the Rockefeller name and image, and his friend, Edward Louis Bernays, established the first definition of public relations in the early 20th century as: \"a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and ... | 506 | Public relations | 1 |
24,389 | # Public relations
## History
Public relations has historical roots pre-dating the 20th century. Most textbooks regard the establishment of the \"Publicity Bureau\" in Boston in 1900 as marking the founding of a public relations profession. Academics have found early forms of public influence and communications manag... | 356 | Public relations | 2 |
24,389 | # Public relations
## Tactics
Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual, usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and main... | 734 | Public relations | 3 |
24,389 | # Public relations
## Tactics
### The public in public relations {#the_public_in_public_relations}
A public is any group whose members have a common interest or common values in a particular subject, such as a political party. Those members would then be considered stakeholders, which are people who have a stake or a... | 440 | Public relations | 4 |
24,389 | # Public relations
## Tactics
### Messaging
Messaging is the process of creating a consistent story around: a product, person, company, or service. Messaging aims to prevent readers from receiving contradictory or confusing information that could instill doubt in their purchasing choices, or other decisions that affe... | 532 | Public relations | 5 |
24,389 | # Public relations
## Crisis management in public relations {#crisis_management_in_public_relations}
Public relations plays a crucial role in crisis management by helping organizations prepare for, navigate, and recover from unexpected events that threaten their reputation, operations, or stakeholders. A crisis can r... | 318 | Public relations | 6 |
24,389 | # Public relations
## Ethics
Public relations professionals both serve the public\'s interest and private interests of businesses, associations, non-profit organizations, and governments. This dual obligation gave rise to heated debates among scholars of the discipline and practitioners over its fundamental values. T... | 1,141 | Public relations | 7 |
24,389 | # Public relations
## Ethics
### Negative
Negative public relations, also called dark public relations (DPR), \'black hat PR\' and in some earlier writing \"Black PR\", is a process of destroying the target\'s reputation and/or corporate identity. The objective in DPR is to discredit someone else, who may pose a thre... | 870 | Public relations | 8 |
24,402 | # Pongo de Manseriche
The **Pongo de Manseriche** is a gorge in northwest Peru. The Marañón River runs through this gorge (and water gap) before it reaches the Amazon Basin.
The Pongo (\'gate\' in Quechua) de Manseriche is 3 mi long, located at 4° 27′ 30″ south latitude and 77° 34′ 51″ west longitude, just below the ... | 299 | Pongo de Manseriche | 0 |
24,430 | # Pope Innocent IV
**Pope Innocent IV** (*Innocentius IV*; c. 1195 -- 7 December 1254), born **Sinibaldo Fieschi**, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254.
Fieschi was born in Genoa and studied at the universities of Parma and Bologna. He was considered in... | 581 | Pope Innocent IV | 0 |
24,430 | # Pope Innocent IV
## New pope, same emperor {#new_pope_same_emperor}
After a year and a half of contentious debate and coercion, the papal conclave finally reached a unanimous decision. The choice fell upon Cardinal Sinibaldo de\' Fieschi, who very reluctantly accepted election as Pope on 25 June 1243, taking the na... | 370 | Pope Innocent IV | 1 |
24,430 | # Pope Innocent IV
## First Council of Lyon {#first_council_of_lyon}
`{{see also|Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem}}`{=mediawiki} The First Council of Lyon of 1245 had the fewest participants of any previous General Council. However, three patriarchs and the Latin emperor of Constantinople attended, along with about 1... | 725 | Pope Innocent IV | 2 |
24,430 | # Pope Innocent IV
## Vicar of Christ {#vicar_of_christ}
The papal preoccupation with imperial matters and secular princes caused other matters to suffer. On the one hand, the internal governance of the Papal States was neglected. Taxation increased in proportion to the discontent of the inhabitants. On the other han... | 327 | Pope Innocent IV | 3 |
24,430 | # Pope Innocent IV
## Compromise on the Talmud {#compromise_on_the_talmud}
Possibly prompted by the persistence of heretical movements such as the Albigensians, an earlier pope, Gregory IX (1227--1241), had issued letters on 9 June 1239, ordering all the bishops of France to confiscate all Talmuds in the possession o... | 560 | Pope Innocent IV | 4 |
24,430 | # Pope Innocent IV
## Diplomatic relations {#diplomatic_relations}
### Relations with the Portuguese {#relations_with_the_portuguese}
Innocent IV was responsible for the eventual deposition of King Sancho II of Portugal at the request of his brother Afonso (later King Afonso III of Portugal). One of the arguments he... | 309 | Pope Innocent IV | 5 |
24,430 | # Pope Innocent IV
## Later politics {#later_politics}
Despite other concerns, the later years of Innocent\'s life were largely directed to political schemes for encompassing the overthrow of Manfred of Sicily, the natural son of Frederick II, whom the towns and the nobility had for the most part received as his fath... | 473 | Pope Innocent IV | 6 |
24,437 | # Paranasal sinuses
Sinus}} `{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Paranasal sinuses
| Latin = sinus paranasales
| Image = Paranasal Sinuses ant.jpg
| Caption = Paranasal sinuses seen in a frontal view
| Width = 300
| Image2 = Paranasal Sinuses lat.jpg
| Caption2 = Lateral projection of the p... | 786 | Paranasal sinuses | 0 |
24,437 | # Paranasal sinuses
## Etymology
*Sinus* is a Latin word meaning a fold, curve, or bay. Compare *sine*.
## Other animals {#other_animals}
Paranasal sinuses occur in many other animals, including most mammals, birds, and crocodilians. They have also been discovered in non-avian dinosaurs. The bones occupied by sinus... | 60 | Paranasal sinuses | 1 |
24,449 | # Pumping lemma
In the theory of formal languages, the **pumping lemma** may refer to:
- Pumping lemma for regular languages, the fact that all sufficiently long strings in such a language have a substring that can be repeated arbitrarily many times, usually used to prove that certain languages are not regular
- ... | 104 | Pumping lemma | 0 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
**Philip Henry Gosse** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{IPAc-en|g|ɒ|s}}`{=mediawiki}; 6 April 1810 -- 23 August 1888), known to his friends as Henry, was an English naturalist and populariser of natural science, prolific author, \"Father of the Aquarium\", scientific illustrator... | 323 | Philip Henry Gosse | 0 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
## Early life {#early_life}
Philip Henry Gosse was born in Worcester in 1810, second of four children of Thomas Gosse (1765--1844), a mezzotint engraver and itinerant painter of miniature portraits, and Hannah (née Best), a lady\'s maid before her marriage. He spent his childhood mostly in Poole,... | 346 | Philip Henry Gosse | 1 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
## Young naturalist and lay preacher {#young_naturalist_and_lay_preacher}
Returning to England in 1839, Gosse was hard pressed to make a living, subsisting on eightpence a day (\"one herring eaten as slowly as possible, and a little bread\"). His fortunes began to improve when John Van Voorst, th... | 435 | Philip Henry Gosse | 2 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
## Popular nature writer {#popular_nature_writer}
Back in England, Gosse wrote books on religion-related and scientific subjects, including the first of his books on Bible lands, *Monuments of Ancient Egypt* (1847), as well as a *History of the Jews*(1851), both written for the Society for Promot... | 516 | Philip Henry Gosse | 3 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
## Prophetic and Religious Writer {#prophetic_and_religious_writer}
Prior to 1842, Christian eschatalogical systems were not a major concern to Gosse. He was familiar with works on unfulfilled prophecy, but had no particular position on the subject. In June of that year, he was given a copy of *D... | 339 | Philip Henry Gosse | 4 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
## *Omphalos*
The often-repeated narrative about the events leading up to the publication of *Omphalos,* the analysis of the work, and the response to it, all based upon the writings of Edmund Gosse, are as follows: In the months following Emily\'s death, Gosse worked with remarkable diligence on... | 573 | Philip Henry Gosse | 5 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
## Later career {#later_career}
According to Edmund Gosse, his father\'s career was destroyed by his \"strange act of wilfulness\" in publishing *Omphalos*; Edmund claimed his father had \"closed the doors upon himself forever.\" Douglas Wertheimer argues that this claim is disconnected from the ... | 659 | Philip Henry Gosse | 6 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
## *Father and Son* {#father_and_son}
After his father\'s death, Edmund Gosse published a typical Victorian biography, *The Life of Philip Henry Gosse* (1890). After reading it, the writer George Moore suggested to Edmund that it contained \"the germ of a great book.\" Edmund Gosse revised his ma... | 395 | Philip Henry Gosse | 7 |
24,464 | # Philip Henry Gosse
## Works
- [*The Canadian Naturalist: A Series of Conversations on the Natural History of Lower Canada*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_b0NKAAAAYAAJ) (1840).
- *An Introduction to Zoology* (1844).
- [*The Ocean*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lyUIAQAAIAAJ) (1844), edition of 1874 u... | 387 | Philip Henry Gosse | 8 |
24,473 | # Pope Innocent VI
**Pope Innocent VI** (*Innocentius VI*; 1282 -- 12 September 1362), born **Étienne Aubert**, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 December 1352 to his death, in September 1362. He was the fifth Avignon pope and the only one with the pontifical name of \"Innocent\".
... | 372 | Pope Innocent VI | 0 |
24,473 | # Pope Innocent VI
## His papacy {#his_papacy}
Etienne was crowned pope on 30 December 1352 by Cardinal Gaillard de la Mothe after the papal conclave of 1352. Upon his election, he revoked a signed agreement stating the college of cardinals was superior to the pope. His subsequent policy compares favourably with that... | 335 | Pope Innocent VI | 1 |
24,474 | # Polyandry
thumb\|upright=1.20\|alt=Illustration of Draupadi, a princess and queen in the ancient Indian epic \"Mahabharata\", with her five brother husbands\|Draupadi and her five brother husbands, the Pandavas. Top down, from left to right: the twins Nakula and Sahadeva stand either side of the throne on which Yudh... | 438 | Polyandry | 0 |
24,474 | # Polyandry
## Types
### Successional polyandry {#successional_polyandry}
Unlike in fraternal polyandry (where a woman will receive a number of husbands simultaneously), in successional polyandry, a woman will acquire one husband after another in sequence.
This form is flexible. These men may or may not be related.... | 751 | Polyandry | 1 |
24,474 | # Polyandry
## Known cases {#known_cases}
Polyandry in Tibet was a common practice and continues to a lesser extent today. A survey of 753 Tibetan families by Tibet University in 1988 found that 13% practiced polyandry. Polyandry in India still exists among minorities, and also in Bhutan, and the northern parts of Ne... | 842 | Polyandry | 2 |
24,474 | # Polyandry
## Known cases {#known_cases}
### Oceania
- Among the Kanak of New Caledonia, \"every woman is the property of several husbands. It is this collection of husbands, having one wife in common, that\...live together in a hut, with their common wife.\"
- Marquesans had \"a society in which households were... | 140 | Polyandry | 3 |
24,474 | # Polyandry
## Religious attitudes {#religious_attitudes}
### Hinduism
There is at least one reference to polyandry in the ancient Hindu epic *Mahabharata*. Draupadi married the five Pandava brothers, as this is what she chose in a previous life. This ancient text remains largely neutral to the concept of polyandry,... | 383 | Polyandry | 4 |
24,474 | # Polyandry
## In biology {#in_biology}
Polyandrous behaviour exists in the animal kingdom, occurring for example in certain insects, fish, birds, and mammals | 23 | Polyandry | 5 |
24,481 | # Provirus
A **provirus** is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), proviruses are often referred to as prophages. However, proviruses are distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably. Unlike prophages,... | 414 | Provirus | 0 |
24,493 | # Outline of public affairs
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to public affairs:
**Public affairs** -- catch-all term that includes public policy as well as public administration, both of which are closely related to and draw upon the fields of political science and economics.
## ... | 174 | Outline of public affairs | 0 |
24,494 | # Index of painting-related articles
This is an alphabetical **index of articles related to painting** | 15 | Index of painting-related articles | 0 |
24,510 | # Pushdown automaton
In the theory of computation, a branch of theoretical computer science, a **pushdown automaton** (**PDA**) is a type of automaton that employs a stack.
Pushdown automata are used in theories about what can be computed by machines. They are more capable than finite-state machines but less capable ... | 451 | Pushdown automaton | 0 |
24,510 | # Pushdown automaton
## Formal definition {#formal_definition}
We use standard formal language notation: $\Gamma^{*}$ denotes the set of finite-length strings over alphabet $\Gamma$ and $\varepsilon$ denotes the empty string.
A PDA is formally defined as a 7-tuple:
$M=(Q, \Sigma, \Gamma, \delta, q_{0}, Z, F)$ where... | 715 | Pushdown automaton | 1 |
24,510 | # Pushdown automaton
## Example
The following is the formal description of the PDA which recognizes the language $\{0^n1^n \mid n \ge 0 \}$ by final state:
$M=(Q,\ \Sigma,\ \Gamma,\ \delta, \ q_{0},\ Z, \ F)$, where
- **states:** $Q = \{ p,q,r \}$
- **input alphabet:** $\Sigma = \{0, 1\}$
- **stack alphabe... | 443 | Pushdown automaton | 2 |
24,510 | # Pushdown automaton
## Context-free languages {#context_free_languages}
Every context-free grammar can be transformed into an equivalent nondeterministic pushdown automaton. The derivation process of the grammar is simulated in a leftmost way. Where the grammar rewrites a nonterminal, the PDA takes the topmost nonte... | 359 | Pushdown automaton | 3 |
24,510 | # Pushdown automaton
## Turing machines {#turing_machines}
A pushdown automaton is computationally equivalent to a \"restricted\" Turing Machine (TM) with two tapes which is restricted in the following manner- On the first tape, the TM can only read the input and move from left to right (it cannot make changes). On t... | 657 | Pushdown automaton | 4 |
24,510 | # Pushdown automaton
## Alternating pushdown automata `{{anchor|Alternating}}`{=mediawiki} {#alternating_pushdown_automata}
An **alternating pushdown automaton** (APDA) is a pushdown automaton with a state set
- $Q=Q_\exists \cup Q_\forall$ where $Q_\exists \cap Q_\forall=\emptyset$.
States in $Q_\exists$ and $Q_... | 148 | Pushdown automaton | 5 |
24,511 | # Protein primary structure
**Protein primary structure** is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. Protein biosynthesis is most commonly performed by ribosomes ... | 416 | Protein primary structure | 0 |
24,511 | # Protein primary structure
## Modification
In general, polypeptides are unbranched polymers, so their primary structure can often be specified by the sequence of amino acids along their backbone. However, proteins can become cross-linked, most commonly by disulfide bonds, and the primary structure also requires spec... | 1,352 | Protein primary structure | 1 |
24,511 | # Protein primary structure
## History
The proposal that proteins were linear chains of α-amino acids was made nearly simultaneously by two scientists at the same conference in 1902, the 74th meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians, held in Karlsbad. Franz Hofmeister made the proposal in the mornin... | 329 | Protein primary structure | 2 |
24,511 | # Protein primary structure
## Relation to secondary and tertiary structure {#relation_to_secondary_and_tertiary_structure}
The primary structure of a biological polymer to a large extent determines the three-dimensional shape (tertiary structure). Protein sequence can be used to predict local features, such as segme... | 115 | Protein primary structure | 3 |
24,521 | # Pico (text editor)
**Pico** (**Pine composer**) is a text editor for Unix and Unix-like computer systems. It is integrated with Pine and Alpine, email clients initially designed by the Office of Computing and Communications at the University of Washington.
From the Pine FAQ: \"Pine\'s message composition editor is ... | 577 | Pico (text editor) | 0 |
24,543 | # Phenotype
thumb\|right\|250px \|The shells of individuals within the bivalve mollusk species *Donax variabilis* show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. thumb\|right \|Here the relation between genotype and phenotype is illustrated, using a Punnett square, for the character of petal color in pea p... | 292 | Phenotype | 0 |
24,543 | # Phenotype
## Definition
Despite its seemingly straightforward definition, the concept of the phenotype has hidden subtleties. It may seem that anything dependent on the genotype is a phenotype, including molecules such as RNA and proteins. Most molecules and structures coded by the genetic material are not visible ... | 506 | Phenotype | 1 |
24,543 | # Phenotype
## Phenotypic variation {#phenotypic_variation}
Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection. It is the living organism as a whole that contributes (or not) to the next generation, so natural selection affects the gen... | 512 | Phenotype | 2 |
24,543 | # Phenotype
## Genes and phenotypes {#genes_and_phenotypes}
Phenotypes are determined by an interaction of genes and the environment, but the mechanism for each gene and phenotype is different. For instance, an albino phenotype may be caused by a mutation in the gene encoding tyrosinase which is a key enzyme in melan... | 430 | Phenotype | 3 |
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