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25,135 | # Padstow
## Culture
### \'Obby \'Oss festival {#obby_oss_festival}
The \"\'Obby \'Oss\" festival is a major tourist attraction. The festival starts at midnight on May Eve when townspeople gather outside the Golden Lion Inn to sing the \"Night Song.\" By morning, the town has been dressed with greenery and flowers p... | 525 | Padstow | 3 |
25,135 | # Padstow
## Cornish wrestling {#cornish_wrestling}
There have been Cornish wrestling tournaments held in Padstow for at least the last 200 years. Tournaments have been held at the Drill Hall, the \"Lawn\" overlooking the harbour and at the Commercial Hotel.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Paul Ainsworth, M... | 121 | Padstow | 4 |
25,156 | # Pinuccio Sciola
**Pinuccio Sciola** (15 March 1942 -- 13 May 2016) was an Italian sculptor and muralist from San Sperate, Sardinia. His work has been mentioned as a major attraction of the nearby town of Assemini and Alghero.
In 1973 Sciola travelled to Mexico City to work with David Alfaro Siqueiros. He then focus... | 150 | Pinuccio Sciola | 0 |
25,157 | # Paolo Fresu
**Paolo Fresu** (*Pàulu*; born 10 February 1961) is an Italian jazz trumpet and flugelhorn player, as well as a composer and arranger of music. His unique trumpet sound is recognized as one of the most distinctive in the contemporary jazz scene.
Fresu plays four distinct instruments: trumpet, flugelhorn... | 807 | Paolo Fresu | 0 |
25,157 | # Paolo Fresu
## Partial discography {#partial_discography}
The complete official discography of Paolo Fresu can be found on his official website (more than 600 tracks).
- 1987 *Mamut: Music for a Mime* (Splasc(H), 1987)
- 1989 *Opale* with Francesco Tattara, Furio Di Castri (Clac, 1989)
- 1991 *Umiliani Jazz ... | 456 | Paolo Fresu | 1 |
25,163 | # Plymouth Sound
**Plymouth Sound**, or locally just **The Sound**, is a deep inlet or sound in the English Channel near Plymouth in England.
## Description
Its southwest and southeast corners are Penlee Point in Cornwall and Wembury Point in Devon, a distance of about 3 nautical miles (6 km). Its northern limit is ... | 417 | Plymouth Sound | 0 |
25,163 | # Plymouth Sound
## History
Mount Batten, a former Royal Air Force flying boat and search and rescue base, is located at the northeast corner of the Sound. T. E. Lawrence was stationed here as Aircraftman Shaw.
Over the years, the Sound has been defended by Drake\'s Island, Picklecombe Fort, Cawsand Fort, the Breakw... | 550 | Plymouth Sound | 1 |
25,178 | # Applications of quantum mechanics
Quantum physics is a branch of modern physics in which energy and matter are described at their most fundamental level, that of energy quanta, elementary particles, and quantum fields. Quantum physics encompasses any discipline concerned with systems that exhibit notable quantum-mec... | 661 | Applications of quantum mechanics | 0 |
25,178 | # Applications of quantum mechanics
## Quantum computing {#quantum_computing}
Another goal is the development of quantum computers, which are expected to perform certain computational tasks exponentially faster than classical computers. Instead of using classical bits, quantum computers use qubits, which can be in su... | 358 | Applications of quantum mechanics | 1 |
25,185 | # Q
**Q**, or **q**, is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is pronounced `{{IPAc-en|'|k|j|uː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Q.wav}}`{=mediawiki}, most commonly spelled *cue*... | 377 | Q | 0 |
25,185 | # Q
## History
### Typographic variants {#typographic_variants}
#### Uppercase \"Q\" {#uppercase_q}
Depending on the typeface used to typeset the letter Q, the letter\'s tail may either bisect its bowl as in Helvetica, meet the bowl as in Univers, or lie completely outside the bowl as in PT Sans. In writing block le... | 644 | Q | 1 |
25,185 | # Q
## Use in writing systems {#use_in_writing_systems}
Orthography Spelling Phonemes
-------------------- ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Afar
Albanian
... | 350 | Q | 2 |
25,185 | # Q
## Other uses {#other_uses}
- The capital letter Q is used as the currency symbol for the Guatemalan quetzal.
- The Roman numeral Q is sometimes used to represent the number 500,000 | 34 | Q | 3 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
The **history of Qatar** spans from its first duration of human occupation to its formation as a modern state. Human occupation of Qatar dates back 50,000 years, and Stone Age encampments and tools have been unearthed in the Arabian Peninsula. Mesopotamia was the first civilization to have a presenc... | 423 | History of Qatar | 0 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Prehistory
### Paleolithic Age {#paleolithic_age}
In 1961, a Danish archaeological expedition carried out on the peninsula uncovered approximately 30,000 stone implements from 122 Paleolithic sites. Most of the sites were situated along the coastline, and were divided into four separate cultura... | 636 | History of Qatar | 1 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Antiquity
### Iron Age and Babylonian--Persian control (680--325 BC) {#iron_age_and_babylonianpersian_control_680325_bc}
Assyrian king Esarhaddon led a successful campaign against *Bazu*, an area which encompassed Dilmun and Qatar, in c. 680 BC. To date, no archaeological evidence of early Iron... | 757 | History of Qatar | 2 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Caliphate rule {#caliphate_rule}
### Umayyad period (661--750) {#umayyad_period_661750}
Qatar was described as a famous horse and camel breeding centre during the Umayyad period. It began benefiting from its commercially strategic position in the Persian Gulf during the 8th century, going on to... | 575 | History of Qatar | 3 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Post-Islamic Golden Age {#post_islamic_golden_age}
### Usfurids and Ormus control (1253--1515) {#usfurids_and_ormus_control_12531515}
Much of Eastern Arabia was controlled by the Usfurids in 1253, but control of the region was later seized by the prince of Ormus in 1320. Qatar\'s pearls provide... | 489 | History of Qatar | 4 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Al Khalifa and Saudi control (1783--1868) {#al_khalifa_and_saudi_control_17831868}
Following Persian aggression towards Zubarah, the Utub and other Arab tribes drove the Persians from Bahrain in 1783. Al Jalahma seceded from the Utub alliance sometime before the Utub annexed Bahrain in 1783 and ... | 716 | History of Qatar | 5 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Al Khalifa and Saudi control (1783--1868) {#al_khalifa_and_saudi_control_17831868}
### Bahraini--Saudi contention {#bahrainisaudi_contention}
Desiring to keep surveillance over the proceedings of the Wahhabis, Bahrain stationed a government official named Abdullah bin Ahmad Al-Khalifa on the coa... | 895 | History of Qatar | 6 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Al Khalifa and Saudi control (1783--1868) {#al_khalifa_and_saudi_control_17831868}
### Economic repercussions {#economic_repercussions}
In a move which angered Mohammed bin Khalifa, Faisal bin Turki provided a safe haven for Abdullah bin Ahmed\'s sons in Dammam in 1852. Consequently, the Bahrain... | 395 | History of Qatar | 7 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Al Khalifa and Saudi control (1783--1868) {#al_khalifa_and_saudi_control_17831868}
### Qatari--Bahraini War {#qataribahraini_war}
In June 1867, Ali bin Khalifa, the Bahraini representative in Qatar and brother of Muhammad bin Khalifa, seized a Bedouin from Al Wakrah and deported him to Bahrain. ... | 509 | History of Qatar | 8 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Ottoman control (1871--1913) {#ottoman_control_18711913}
The Ottoman Empire expanded into Eastern Arabia in 1871. After establishing themselves on the Al-Hasa coast, they advanced towards Qatar. Al Bidda soon came to serve as a base of operations for Bedouins harassing the Ottomans in the south,... | 1,225 | History of Qatar | 9 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Ottoman control (1871--1913) {#ottoman_control_18711913}
### Later Ottoman presence {#later_ottoman_presence}
On the cusp of Ottoman withdrawal from the Peninsula in 1915, the British government wrote the following description of the Ottoman presence in Qatar:
| 38 | History of Qatar | 10 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## British protectorate (1916--1971) {#british_protectorate_19161971}
The Ottomans officially renounced sovereignty over Qatar in 1913, and in 1916, the new ruler Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani signed a treaty with Britain, thereby instating the area under the trucial system. This meant that Qatar re... | 950 | History of Qatar | 11 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## British protectorate (1916--1971) {#british_protectorate_19161971}
### Protests and reforms {#protests_and_reforms}
Large numbers of protests against the British and the ruling family occurred during the 1950s. One of the largest took place in 1956; it drew 2,000 participants, most of whom were ... | 693 | History of Qatar | 12 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## British protectorate (1916--1971) {#british_protectorate_19161971}
### Federation of nine Emirates {#federation_of_nine_emirates}
In 1968, Britain announced its plans to withdraw its military commitments east of Suez (including those in force with Qatar) in the following three years. Because of ... | 442 | History of Qatar | 13 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Independence (1971--present) {#independence_1971present}
Qatar declared its independence on 1 September 1971 and became an independent state on 3 September. When Ahmad bin Ali issued the formal announcement from his Swiss villa instead of from his palace in Doha, many Qataris were convinced that... | 577 | History of Qatar | 14 |
25,187 | # History of Qatar
## Independence (1971--present) {#independence_1971present}
### Arab Spring and military involvement (2010--) {#arab_spring_and_military_involvement_2010}
Qatar played a role in the revolutionary wave of demonstrations, protests, and civil wars in the Arab world collectively known as the Arab Sprin... | 387 | History of Qatar | 15 |
25,190 | # Politics of Qatar
The political system of Qatar runs under an authoritarian semi-constitutional monarchy with the emir as head of state and chief executive, and the prime minister as the head of government. Under the Constitution of Qatar, the partially-elected Consultative Assembly has a limited ability to reject l... | 980 | Politics of Qatar | 0 |
25,190 | # Politics of Qatar
## Executive branch {#executive_branch}
Qatar is ruled by the House of Thani as a semi-constitutional hereditary monarchy. The head of state and chief executive is the emir. There is a prime minister (who serves as the head of government) and a cabinet appointed by the emir. Under the Constitution... | 429 | Politics of Qatar | 1 |
25,190 | # Politics of Qatar
## Ministries
- The Ministry of Commerce and Industry in Qatar is responsible for overseeing and directing commercial and industrial activities in line with national development goals. Its mandate includes promoting business development to attract investments, supporting exports, regulating trad... | 1,060 | Politics of Qatar | 2 |
25,190 | # Politics of Qatar
## Political parties and elections {#political_parties_and_elections}
Qatar held a constitutional referendum in 2003, which was overwhelmingly supported. The first municipal elections with men and women voters and candidates were held in 1999 Central Municipal Council. The first legislative electi... | 1,200 | Politics of Qatar | 3 |
25,192 | # Telecommunications in Qatar
**Telephones - main lines in use:** 327,000 (2012)
**Telephones - mobile cellular:** 2,600,000 (2012)
**Telephone system:** modern system centered in Doha\
*domestic:* NA\
*international:* tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to... | 271 | Telecommunications in Qatar | 0 |
25,207 | # QuakeC
**QuakeC** is a compiled language developed in 1996 by John Carmack of id Software to program parts of the video game *Quake*. Using QuakeC, a programmer is able to customize *Quake* to great extents by adding weapons, changing game logic and physics, and programming complex scenarios. It can be used to contr... | 909 | QuakeC | 0 |
25,207 | # QuakeC
## Client-side QuakeC {#client_side_quakec}
Some enhanced *Quake* engines (notably DarkPlaces and FTEQW)`{{clarify|What is FTEQW?|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki} have support for an extension of regular QuakeC (now commonly referred to as server-side QuakeC) that allows client-side-only scripting of the *Quake... | 78 | QuakeC | 1 |
25,211 | # Quantum chemistry
**Quantum chemistry**, also called **molecular quantum mechanics**, is a branch of physical chemistry focused on the application of quantum mechanics to chemical systems, particularly towards the quantum-mechanical calculation of electronic contributions to physical and chemical properties of molec... | 322 | Quantum chemistry | 0 |
25,211 | # Quantum chemistry
## History
Some view the birth of quantum chemistry as starting with the discovery of the Schrödinger equation and its application to the hydrogen atom. However, a 1927 article of Walter Heitler (1904--1981) and Fritz London is often recognized as the first milestone in the history of quantum chem... | 313 | Quantum chemistry | 1 |
25,211 | # Quantum chemistry
## Electronic structure {#electronic_structure}
The **electronic structure** of an atom or molecule is the quantum state of its electrons. The first step in solving a quantum chemical problem is usually solving the Schrödinger equation (or Dirac equation in relativistic quantum chemistry) with the... | 496 | Quantum chemistry | 2 |
25,211 | # Quantum chemistry
## Chemical dynamics {#chemical_dynamics}
A further step can consist of solving the Schrödinger equation with the total molecular Hamiltonian in order to study the motion of molecules. Direct solution of the Schrödinger equation is called *quantum dynamics*, whereas its solution within the semicla... | 321 | Quantum chemistry | 3 |
25,229 | # Quagga
The **quagga** (`{{IPAc-en|'|k|w|ɑː||x|ɑː}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{IPAc-en|'|k|w|æ|g|ə}}`{=mediawiki}) (***Equus quagga quagga***) is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra that was endemic to South Africa until it was hunted to extinction in the late 19th century. It was long thought to be a distinct species,... | 298 | Quagga | 0 |
25,229 | # Quagga
## Taxonomy
It has been historically suggested that the name *quagga* is derived from the Khoikhoi word for *zebra* (cf. Tshwa *llkoaah* \'zebra\'), thereby being an onomatopoeic word, resembling the quagga\'s call, variously transcribed as \"kwa-ha-ha\", \"kwahaah\", or \"oug-ga\". The name is still used co... | 411 | Quagga | 1 |
25,229 | # Quagga
## Taxonomy
### Evolution
The quagga is poorly represented in the fossil record, and the identification of these fossils is uncertain, as they were collected at a time when the name \"quagga\" referred to all zebras. Fossil skulls of *Equus mauritanicus* from Algeria have been claimed to show affinities with... | 518 | Quagga | 2 |
25,229 | # Quagga
## Description
The quagga is believed to have been 257 cm long and 125 -- tall at the shoulders. Based on measurements of skins, mares were significantly longer and slightly taller than stallions, whereas the stallions of extant zebras are the largest. Its coat pattern was unique among equids: zebra-like in ... | 424 | Quagga | 3 |
25,229 | # Quagga
## Behaviour and ecology {#behaviour_and_ecology}
The quagga was the southernmost distributed plains zebra, mainly living south of the Orange River. It was a grazer, and its habitat range was restricted to the grasslands and arid interior scrubland of the Karoo region of South Africa, today forming parts of ... | 704 | Quagga | 4 |
25,229 | # Quagga
## Relationship with humans {#relationship_with_humans}
Quaggas have been identified in cave art attributed to the indigenous San people of Southern Africa. As it was easy to find and kill, the quagga was hunted by early Dutch settlers and later by Afrikaners to provide meat or for their skins. The skins wer... | 981 | Quagga | 5 |
25,234 | # Quadrivium
thumb\|upright=1.0\|For most medieval scholars, who believed that God created the universe according to geometric and harmonic principles, science---particularly geometry and astronomy---was linked directly to the divine. To seek these principles, therefore, would be to seek God.
From the time of Plato t... | 804 | Quadrivium | 0 |
25,234 | # Quadrivium
## Modern usage {#modern_usage}
In modern applications of the liberal arts as curriculum in colleges or universities, the quadrivium may be considered to be the study of number and its relationship to space or time: arithmetic was pure number, geometry was number in space, music was number in time, and a... | 137 | Quadrivium | 1 |
25,239 | # Quasar
thumb\|upright=1.35\|Artist\'s rendering of the accretion disc in ULAS J1120+0641, a very distant quasar containing a supermassive black hole with a mass two billion times that of the Sun
A **quasar** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|eɪ|z|ɑːr}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Respell|KWAY|zar}}`{=mediawiki}) is an extremely luminous activ... | 431 | Quasar | 0 |
25,239 | # Quasar
## History of observation and interpretation {#history_of_observation_and_interpretation}
### Background
Between 1917 and 1922, it became clear from work by Heber Doust Curtis, Ernst Öpik and others that some objects (\"nebulae\") seen by astronomers were in fact distant galaxies like the Milky Way. But whe... | 646 | Quasar | 1 |
25,239 | # Quasar
## History of observation and interpretation {#history_of_observation_and_interpretation}
### Development of physical understanding (1960s) {#development_of_physical_understanding_1960s}
An extreme redshift could imply great distance and velocity but could also be due to extreme mass or perhaps some other un... | 1,074 | Quasar | 2 |
25,239 | # Quasar
## Current understanding {#current_understanding}
It is now known that quasars are distant but extremely luminous objects, so any light that reaches the Earth is redshifted due to the expansion of the universe.
Quasars inhabit the centers of active galaxies and are among the most luminous, powerful, and ene... | 677 | Quasar | 3 |
25,239 | # Quasar
## Properties
More than `{{val|900000|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki} quasars have been found (as of July 2023), most from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. All observed quasar spectra have redshifts between 0.056 and 10.1 (as of 2024), which means they range between 600 million and 30 billion light-years away from Ea... | 1,217 | Quasar | 4 |
25,239 | # Quasar
## Properties
Like all (unobscured) active galaxies, quasars can be strong X-ray sources. Radio-loud quasars can also produce X-rays and gamma rays by inverse Compton scattering of lower-energy photons by the radio-emitting electrons in the jet.
*Iron quasars* show strong emission lines resulting from low-i... | 378 | Quasar | 5 |
25,239 | # Quasar
## Subtypes
The taxonomy of quasars includes various subtypes representing subsets of the quasar population having distinct properties.
- **Radio-loud quasars** are quasars with powerful jets that are strong sources of radio-wavelength emission. These make up about 10% of the overall quasar population.
- ... | 290 | Quasar | 6 |
25,239 | # Quasar
## Role in celestial reference systems {#role_in_celestial_reference_systems}
Because quasars are extremely distant, bright, and small in apparent size, they are useful reference points in establishing a measurement grid on the sky. The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is based on hundreds of ... | 591 | Quasar | 7 |
25,240 | # Quinquagesima
**Quinquagesima** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|w|ɪ|ŋ|k|w|ə|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|s|ɪ|m|ə}}`{=mediawiki}), in the Western Christian Churches, is the last pre-Lenten Sunday, being the Sunday before Ash Wednesday, and the first day of Carnival (also known as Shrovetide). It is also called **Quinquagesima Sunday**, **Quinquagesimae**... | 328 | Quinquagesima | 0 |
25,240 | # Quinquagesima
## Significance
### Western Christianity {#western_christianity}
#### Roman Catholic Church {#roman_catholic_church}
In the Roman Catholic Church, the terms for this Sunday and the two immediately before it (Sexagesima and Septuagesima Sundays) were eliminated in the reforms following the Second Vat... | 691 | Quinquagesima | 1 |
25,241 | # Quassia
***Quassia*** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɒ|ʃ|ə|}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɒ|ʃ|i|ə|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a plant genus in the family Simaroubaceae. Its size is disputed; some botanists treat it as consisting of only one species, *Quassia amara* from tropical South America, while others treat it in a wide circum... | 592 | Quassia | 0 |
25,248 | # Quo vadis?
`{{Saint Peter}}`{=mediawiki}
***Quo vadis?*** (`{{IPA|la-x-classic|kʷoː ˈwaːdɪs|lang|link=yes}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|la-x-church|kwo ˈvadis|lang|link=yes}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Latin phrase meaning \"Where are you going?\". It is commonly translated, quoting the KJV translation of John 13:36, as \"Whither... | 551 | Quo vadis? | 0 |
25,265 | # Queue (abstract data type)
In computer science, a **queue** is a collection of entities that are maintained in a sequence and can be modified by the addition of entities at one end of the sequence and the removal of entities from the other end of the sequence. By convention, the end of the sequence at which elements... | 371 | Queue (abstract data type) | 0 |
25,265 | # Queue (abstract data type)
## `{{Anchor|BOUNDED}}`{=mediawiki}Queue implementation {#queue_implementation}
Theoretically, one characteristic of a queue is that it does not have a specific capacity. Regardless of how many elements are already contained, a new element can always be added. It can also be empty, at whi... | 561 | Queue (abstract data type) | 1 |
25,265 | # Queue (abstract data type)
## Purely functional implementation {#purely_functional_implementation}
Queues can also be implemented as a purely functional data structure. There are two implementations. The first one only achieves $O(1)$ per operation *on average*. That is, the amortized time is $O(1)$, but individual... | 660 | Queue (abstract data type) | 2 |
25,268 | # Quantum electrodynamics
In particle physics, **quantum electrodynamics** (**QED**) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathema... | 746 | Quantum electrodynamics | 0 |
25,268 | # Quantum electrodynamics
## Feynman\'s view of quantum electrodynamics {#feynmans_view_of_quantum_electrodynamics}
### Introduction
Near the end of his life, Richard Feynman gave a series of lectures on QED intended for the lay public. These lectures were transcribed and published as Feynman (1985), *QED: The Stran... | 712 | Quantum electrodynamics | 1 |
25,268 | # Quantum electrodynamics
## Feynman\'s view of quantum electrodynamics {#feynmans_view_of_quantum_electrodynamics}
### Basic constructions {#basic_constructions}
Suppose we start with one electron at a certain place and time (this place and time being given the arbitrary label *A*) and a photon at another place and ... | 676 | Quantum electrodynamics | 2 |
25,268 | # Quantum electrodynamics
## Feynman\'s view of quantum electrodynamics {#feynmans_view_of_quantum_electrodynamics}
### Probability amplitudes {#probability_amplitudes}
Quantum mechanics introduces an important change in the way probabilities are computed. Probabilities are still represented by the usual real numbers... | 952 | Quantum electrodynamics | 3 |
25,268 | # Quantum electrodynamics
## Feynman\'s view of quantum electrodynamics {#feynmans_view_of_quantum_electrodynamics}
### Conclusions
Within the above framework physicists were then able to calculate to a high degree of accuracy some of the properties of electrons, such as the anomalous magnetic dipole moment. However,... | 109 | Quantum electrodynamics | 4 |
25,268 | # Quantum electrodynamics
## Mathematical formulation {#mathematical_formulation}
### QED action {#qed_action}
Mathematically, QED is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1), defined on Minkowski space (flat spacetime). The gauge field, which mediates the interaction between the charged spin-1/2 fields,... | 1,120 | Quantum electrodynamics | 5 |
25,268 | # Quantum electrodynamics
## Mathematical formulation {#mathematical_formulation}
### Nonperturbative phenomena {#nonperturbative_phenomena}
The predictive success of quantum electrodynamics largely rests on the use of perturbation theory, expressed in Feynman diagrams. However, quantum electrodynamics also leads to ... | 314 | Quantum electrodynamics | 6 |
25,268 | # Quantum electrodynamics
## Nonconvergence of series {#nonconvergence_of_series}
An argument by Freeman Dyson shows that the radius of convergence of the perturbation series in QED is zero. The basic argument goes as follows: if the coupling constant were negative, this would be equivalent to the Coulomb force const... | 241 | Quantum electrodynamics | 7 |
25,270 | # Quine (computing)
A **quine** is a computer program that takes no input and produces a copy of its own source code as its only output. The standard terms for these programs in the computability theory and computer science literature are \"self-replicating programs\", \"self-reproducing programs\", and \"self-copying... | 808 | Quine (computing) | 0 |
25,270 | # Example C. %r will quote automatically.
### \"Cheating\" quines {#cheating_quines}
#### Self-evaluation {#self_evaluation}
In many functional languages, including Scheme and other Lisps, and interactive languages such as APL, numbers are self-evaluating. In TI-BASIC, if the last line of a program returns a value, ... | 297 | Quine (computing) | 1 |
25,270 | #!/bin/cat
## Ouroboros programs {#ouroboros_programs}
The quine concept can be extended to multiple levels of recursion, giving rise to \"ouroboros programs\", or quine-relays. This should not be confused with multiquines.
### Example
This Java program outputs the source for a C++ program that outputs the original... | 632 | Quine (computing) | 2 |
25,270 | #!/bin/cat
## Multiquines
David Madore, creator of Unlambda, describes multiquines as follows:
> \"A multiquine is a set of r different programs (in r different languages -- without this condition we could take them all equal to a single quine), each of which is able to print any of the r programs (including itself)... | 457 | Quine (computing) | 3 |
25,271 | # Field of fractions
In abstract algebra, the **field of fractions** of an integral domain is the smallest field in which it can be embedded. The construction of the field of fractions is modeled on the relationship between the integral domain of integers and the field of rational numbers. Intuitively, it consists of ... | 625 | Field of fractions | 0 |
25,271 | # Field of fractions
## Generalizations
### Localization
For any commutative ring $R$ and any multiplicative set $S$ in $R$, the localization $S^{-1}R$ is the commutative ring consisting of fractions
$$\frac{r}{s}$$ with $r\in R$ and $s\in S$, where now $(r,s)$ is equivalent to $(r',s')$ if and only if there exists... | 273 | Field of fractions | 1 |
25,274 | # Quantum information
thumb\|upright=1\|Optical lattices use lasers to separate rubidium atoms (red) for use as information bits in neutral-atom quantum processors---prototype devices which designers are trying to develop into full-fledged quantum computers. **Quantum information** is the information of the state of a... | 361 | Quantum information | 0 |
25,274 | # Quantum information
## History and development {#history_and_development}
### Development from fundamental quantum mechanics {#development_from_fundamental_quantum_mechanics}
The history of quantum information theory began at the turn of the 20th century when classical physics was revolutionized into quantum physi... | 912 | Quantum information | 1 |
25,274 | # Quantum information
## Qubits and information theory {#qubits_and_information_theory}
Quantum information differs strongly from classical information, epitomized by the bit, in many striking and unfamiliar ways. While the fundamental unit of classical information is the bit, the most basic unit of quantum informati... | 368 | Quantum information | 2 |
25,274 | # Quantum information
## Quantum information processing {#quantum_information_processing}
The state of a qubit contains all of its information. This state is frequently expressed as a vector on the Bloch sphere. This state can be changed by applying linear transformations or quantum gates to them. These unitary trans... | 586 | Quantum information | 3 |
25,274 | # Quantum information
## Entropy and information {#entropy_and_information}
Entropy measures the uncertainty in the state of a physical system. Entropy can be studied from the point of view of both the classical and quantum information theories.
### Classical information theory {#classical_information_theory}
Class... | 422 | Quantum information | 4 |
25,274 | # Quantum information
## Applications
### Quantum communication {#quantum_communication}
Quantum communication is one of the applications of quantum physics and quantum information. There are some famous theorems such as the no-cloning theorem that illustrate some important properties in quantum communication. Dense... | 842 | Quantum information | 5 |
25,275 | # Quinolone
| 2 | Quinolone | 0 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Schematic video demonstrating individual steps of quantum teleportation. A quantum state Q is sent from station A to station B using a pair of entangled particles created by source S. Station A measures its two particles and communicates the result to station B, which choose... | 292 | Quantum teleportation | 0 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Non-technical summary {#non_technical_summary}
In matters relating to quantum information theory, it is convenient to work with the simplest possible unit of information: the two-state system of the qubit. The qubit functions as the quantum analog of the classic computational part, the bit,... | 966 | Quantum teleportation | 1 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Protocol
upright=1.35\|thumb \|right\| Diagram for quantum teleportation of a photon
The resources required for quantum teleportation are a communication channel capable of transmitting two classical bits, a means of generating an entangled Bell state of qubits and distributing to two diff... | 437 | Quantum teleportation | 2 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Experimental results and records {#experimental_results_and_records}
Work in 1998 verified the initial predictions, and the distance of teleportation was increased in August 2004 to 600 meters, using optical fiber. Subsequently, the record distance for quantum teleportation has been gradual... | 1,122 | Quantum teleportation | 3 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Experimental results and records {#experimental_results_and_records}
### Quantum teleportation across the Danube River {#quantum_teleportation_across_the_danube_river}
In 2004, a quantum teleportation experiment was conducted across the Danube River in Vienna, a total of 600 meters. An 800-... | 634 | Quantum teleportation | 4 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Formal presentation {#formal_presentation}
There are a variety of ways in which the teleportation protocol can be written mathematically. Some are very compact but abstract, and some are verbose but straightforward and concrete. The presentation below is of the latter form: verbose, but has... | 1,220 | Quantum teleportation | 5 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Certifying quantum teleportation {#certifying_quantum_teleportation}
When implementing the quantum teleportation protocol, different experimental noises may arise affecting the state transference. The usual way to benchmark a particular teleportation procedure is by using the average fideli... | 561 | Quantum teleportation | 6 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Entanglement swapping {#entanglement_swapping}
Teleportation can be applied not just to pure states, but also mixed states, that can be regarded as the state of a single subsystem of an entangled pair. The so-called entanglement swapping is a simple and illustrative example.
If Alice and B... | 368 | Quantum teleportation | 7 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Generalizations of the teleportation protocol {#generalizations_of_the_teleportation_protocol}
The basic teleportation protocol for a qubit described above has been generalized in several directions, in particular regarding the dimension of the system teleported and the number of parties in... | 790 | Quantum teleportation | 8 |
25,280 | # Quantum teleportation
## Recent developments {#recent_developments}
While quantum teleportation is in an infancy stage, there are many aspects pertaining to teleportation that scientists are working to better understand or improve the process that include:
### Higher dimensions {#higher_dimensions}
Quantum telepo... | 370 | Quantum teleportation | 9 |
25,292 | # Quest for Glory
***Quest for Glory*** is a series of hybrid adventure/role-playing video games, which were designed by Corey and Lori Ann Cole. The series was created in the Sierra Creative Interpreter, a toolset developed at Sierra specifically to assist with adventure game development. The series combines humor, p... | 790 | Quest for Glory | 0 |
25,292 | # Quest for Glory
## Gameplay
The first four games are hybrid adventure/role playing video games with real-time combat, while the fifth game switches to the action RPG genre.
The gameplay standards established in earlier Sierra adventure games are enhanced by the player\'s ability to choose the character\'s career p... | 855 | Quest for Glory | 1 |
25,292 | # Quest for Glory
## Games
### *Quest for Glory: So You Want to Be a Hero* {#quest_for_glory_so_you_want_to_be_a_hero}
In the valley barony of Spielburg, the evil ogress Baba Yaga has cursed the land and the baron who tried to drive her off. His children have disappeared, while the land is ravaged by monsters and br... | 587 | Quest for Glory | 2 |
25,292 | # Quest for Glory
## Original concept {#original_concept}
Originally, the series was to be a tetralogy, consisting of four games, with the following themes and cycles: the four cardinal directions, the four classical elements, the four seasons and four different mythologies.
This is what the creators originally had ... | 630 | Quest for Glory | 3 |
25,292 | # Quest for Glory
## Characters
Along with the Hero, several recurring characters appear and re-appear throughout the series including: Rakeesh Sah Tarna, Baba Yaga, Abdullah Doo, Elsa von Spielburg, the evil Ad Avis, and others.
## World
The fictional world in which the Quest for Glory series takes place includes ... | 146 | Quest for Glory | 4 |
25,295 | # Quiver
A **quiver** is a container for holding arrows or bolts. It can be carried on an archer\'s body, the bow, or the ground, depending on the type of shooting and the archer\'s personal preference. Quivers were traditionally made of leather, wood, furs, and other natural materials, but are now often made of metal... | 629 | Quiver | 0 |
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