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28,758 | # Spacetime
## Spacetime in special relativity `{{anchor|In special relativity}}`{=mediawiki} {#spacetime_in_special_relativity}
### Reference frames {#reference_frames}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Figure 2--3. (a) Galilean diagram of two frames of reference in standard configuration, (b) spacetime diagram of two frames of r... | 566 | Spacetime | 4 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Spacetime in special relativity `{{anchor|In special relativity}}`{=mediawiki} {#spacetime_in_special_relativity}
### Light cone {#light_cone}
In Fig. 2--4, event O is at the origin of a spacetime diagram, and the two diagonal lines represent all events that have zero spacetime interval with respect to... | 439 | Spacetime | 5 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Spacetime in special relativity `{{anchor|In special relativity}}`{=mediawiki} {#spacetime_in_special_relativity}
### Relativity of simultaneity {#relativity_of_simultaneity}
All observers will agree that for any given event, an event within the given event\'s future light cone occurs *after* the given... | 753 | Spacetime | 6 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Spacetime in special relativity `{{anchor|In special relativity}}`{=mediawiki} {#spacetime_in_special_relativity}
### Time dilation and length contraction {#time_dilation_and_length_contraction}
Fig. 2-8 illustrates the invariant hyperbola for all events that can be reached from the origin in a proper ... | 508 | Spacetime | 7 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Spacetime in special relativity `{{anchor|In special relativity}}`{=mediawiki} {#spacetime_in_special_relativity}
### Mutual time dilation and the twin paradox {#mutual_time_dilation_and_the_twin_paradox}
#### Mutual time dilation {#mutual_time_dilation}
Mutual time dilation and length contraction ten... | 1,190 | Spacetime | 8 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Spacetime in special relativity `{{anchor|In special relativity}}`{=mediawiki} {#spacetime_in_special_relativity}
### Mutual time dilation and the twin paradox {#mutual_time_dilation_and_the_twin_paradox}
#### Twin paradox {#twin_paradox}
Many introductions to special relativity illustrate the differen... | 937 | Spacetime | 9 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Basic mathematics of spacetime `{{anchor|Mathematics}}`{=mediawiki} {#basic_mathematics_of_spacetime}
### Galilean transformations {#galilean_transformations}
A basic goal is to be able to compare measurements made by observers in relative motion. If there is an observer O in frame S who has measured ... | 371 | Spacetime | 10 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Basic mathematics of spacetime `{{anchor|Mathematics}}`{=mediawiki} {#basic_mathematics_of_spacetime}
### Relativistic composition of velocities {#relativistic_composition_of_velocities}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Figure 3--2. Relativistic composition of velocities The composition of velocities is quite diffe... | 370 | Spacetime | 11 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Basic mathematics of spacetime `{{anchor|Mathematics}}`{=mediawiki} {#basic_mathematics_of_spacetime}
### Time dilation and length contraction revisited {#time_dilation_and_length_contraction_revisited}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Figure 3-3. Spacetime diagrams illustrating time dilation and length contraction... | 375 | Spacetime | 12 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Basic mathematics of spacetime `{{anchor|Mathematics}}`{=mediawiki} {#basic_mathematics_of_spacetime}
### Lorentz transformations {#lorentz_transformations}
The Galilean transformations and their consequent commonsense law of addition of velocities work well in our ordinary low-speed world of planes, c... | 1,036 | Spacetime | 13 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Basic mathematics of spacetime `{{anchor|Mathematics}}`{=mediawiki} {#basic_mathematics_of_spacetime}
### Doppler effect {#doppler_effect}
The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave for a receiver and source in relative motion. For simplicity, we consider here two basic scena... | 1,077 | Spacetime | 14 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Basic mathematics of spacetime `{{anchor|Mathematics}}`{=mediawiki} {#basic_mathematics_of_spacetime}
### Energy and momentum {#energy_and_momentum}
#### Extending momentum to four dimensions {#extending_momentum_to_four_dimensions}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Figure 3--8. Relativistic spacetime momentum vect... | 961 | Spacetime | 15 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Basic mathematics of spacetime `{{anchor|Mathematics}}`{=mediawiki} {#basic_mathematics_of_spacetime}
### Conservation laws {#conservation_laws}
In physics, conservation laws state that certain particular measurable properties of an isolated physical system do not change as the system evolves over time... | 940 | Spacetime | 16 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Introduction to curved spacetime {#introduction_to_curved_spacetime}
## Technical topics {#technical_topics}
### Is spacetime really curved? {#is_spacetime_really_curved}
In Poincaré\'s conventionalist views, the essential criteria according to which one should select a Euclidean versus non-Euclidean... | 678 | Spacetime | 17 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Technical topics {#technical_topics}
### Curved manifolds {#curved_manifolds}
For physical reasons, a spacetime continuum is mathematically defined as a four-dimensional, smooth, connected Lorentzian manifold $(M, g)$. This means the smooth Lorentz metric $g$ has signature $(3,1)$. The metric determine... | 419 | Spacetime | 18 |
28,762 | # SameGame
thumb\|upright=1.3\|*SameGame* for Mac, by Takahiro Sumiya `{{Nihongo|'''''SameGame'''''|さめがめ}}`{=mediawiki} is a tile-matching puzzle video game originally released under the name ***CHAIN SHOT*** in 1985 by Kuniaki \"Morisuke\" Moribe. It has since been ported to numerous computer platforms, handheld devi... | 275 | SameGame | 0 |
28,762 | # SameGame
## Gameplay
### Game mechanics {#game_mechanics}
*SameGame* is played on a rectangular field, typically initially filled with four or five kinds of blocks placed at random. By selecting a group of adjoining blocks of the same color, a player may remove them from the screen. Blocks that are no longer suppo... | 763 | SameGame | 1 |
28,762 | # SameGame
## Gameplay
### Scoring
Most versions of the game give $(n-k)^2$ points for removing $n$ tiles at once, where $k = 1$ or $2$, depending on the implementation. For instance, *Insane Game* for Texas Instruments calculators uses $(n-1)^2$; Ikuo Hirohata\'s implementation uses the formula $n^2-3n+4$. The *Bubb... | 555 | SameGame | 2 |
28,762 | # SameGame
## Gameplay
### Variations {#variations_1}
Reveal the picture
: The SameGame concept can be extended to a \"Reveal the picture\" game. A picture or photo is behind the blocks; it becomes increasingly visible as blocks are removed, until it is completely revealed. Examples include *Same Pets*, *Same Heart... | 140 | SameGame | 3 |
28,762 | # SameGame
## Versions
+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------... | 1,155 | SameGame | 4 |
28,763 | # Sather
**Sather** is an object-oriented programming language. It originated circa 1990 at the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) at the University of California, Berkeley, developed by an international team led by Steve Omohundro. It supports garbage collection and generics by subtypes.
Originally, it ... | 662 | Sather | 0 |
28,767 | # Statics
Static\|other uses\|Static analysis}} `{{distinguish|statistics}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Classical mechanics|cTopic=Branches}}`{=mediawiki}
**Statics** is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of force and torque acting on a physical system that does not experience an acceleration, ... | 273 | Statics | 0 |
28,767 | # Statics
## Background
### Force
*Force* is the action of one body on another. A force is either a push or a pull, and it tends to move a body in the direction of its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its action, and by its *point of application* (or *point of cont... | 785 | Statics | 1 |
28,767 | # Statics
## Applications
### Solids
Statics is used in the analysis of structures, for instance in architectural and structural engineering. *Strength of materials* is a related field of mechanics that relies heavily on the application of static equilibrium. A key concept is the center of gravity of a body at rest:... | 277 | Statics | 2 |
28,769 | # Maritime transport
`{{Transport}}`{=mediawiki} **Maritime transport** (or **ocean transport**) or more generally **waterborne transport**, is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) via waterways. Freight transport by watercraft has been widely used throughout recorded history, as it provides a higher-... | 361 | Maritime transport | 0 |
28,769 | # Maritime transport
## Description
thumb\|upright=1.3\|2005 registration of merchant ships (`{{GT|1,000|disp=long}}`{=mediawiki} and over) per country A nation\'s shipping fleet (variously called merchant navy, merchant marine, or merchant fleet) consists of the ships operated by civilian crews to transport passenge... | 550 | Maritime transport | 1 |
28,769 | # Maritime transport
## Professional mariners {#professional_mariners}
Further information: Seafarer\'s professions and ranks A ship\'s complement can be divided into four categories:
1. The deck department
2. The engine department
3. The steward\'s department
4. Other.
### Deck department {#deck_department}
O... | 728 | Maritime transport | 2 |
28,769 | # Maritime transport
## Professional mariners {#professional_mariners}
### Life at sea {#life_at_sea}
Mariners spend much of their life beyond the reach of land. They sometimes face dangerous conditions at sea or on lakes -- the fishing port of Gloucester, Massachusetts has a seaside memorial listing over 10,000 fish... | 969 | Maritime transport | 3 |
28,769 | # Maritime transport
## Environmental impact {#environmental_impact}
The environmental impact of shipping includes greenhouse gas emissions, acoustic, and oil pollution. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) estimates that Carbon dioxide emissions from shipping were equal to 2.2% of the global human-made emis... | 630 | Maritime transport | 4 |
28,779 | # Sigtuna Municipality
**Sigtuna Municipality** (*Sigtuna kommun*) is a municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Märsta, approximately 37 km north of the Swedish capital, Stockholm. The municipality is a part of Metropolitan Stockholm.
The municipality consists of several former lo... | 603 | Sigtuna Municipality | 0 |
28,782 | # Self-similarity
In mathematics, a **self-similar** object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i.e., the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts). Many objects in the real world, such as coastlines, are statistically self-similar: parts of them show the same statistical properties at... | 462 | Self-similarity | 0 |
28,782 | # Self-similarity
## Examples
The Mandelbrot set is also self-similar around Misiurewicz points.
Self-similarity has important consequences for the design of computer networks, as typical network traffic has self-similar properties. For example, in teletraffic engineering, packet switched data traffic patterns seem ... | 324 | Self-similarity | 1 |
28,785 | # Small beer
**Small beer** (also known as **small ale** or **table beer**) is a lager or ale that contains a lower amount of alcohol by volume than most others, usually between 0.5% and 2.8%. Sometimes unfiltered and porridge-like, it was a favoured drink in Medieval Europe and colonial North America compared with mo... | 576 | Small beer | 0 |
28,785 | # Small beer
## In art and history {#in_art_and_history}
### Literature
Metaphorically, *small beer* means a trifle, or a thing of little importance.
- \"Small ale\" appears in the works of Shakespeare, William Thackeray\'s *Vanity Fair*, and in Ellis Peters\' Brother Cadfael series, and \"small beer\" appears in... | 391 | Small beer | 1 |
28,787 | # Sambia Peninsula
**Sambia** (*translit=Sambiysky poluostrov*) or **Samland** (*translit=Zemlandsky poluostrov*) or **Kaliningrad Peninsula** (official name, *Калининградский полуостров*, *Kaliningradsky poluostrov*) is a peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. The ... | 437 | Sambia Peninsula | 0 |
28,787 | # Sambia Peninsula
## History
Reference to the Sambia Peninsula begins with Greek traveller Pytheas, referring to an amber island called \"Abalus\". The name probably described the whole lagoon area known in Finnic as AVA (open expanse = lagoon) and -LA (place of) Historic scholars could not find the mysterious amber... | 654 | Sambia Peninsula | 1 |
28,798 | # SNAFU
Snafu}}
**SNAFU** is an acronym that is widely used to stand for the sarcastic expression \"**Situation normal: all fucked up**\". It is a well-known example of military acronym slang. It is sometimes censored to \"all fouled up\" or similar. It means that the situation is bad, but that this is a normal state... | 410 | SNAFU | 0 |
28,804 | # Signal separation
**Source separation**, **blind signal separation** (**BSS**) or **blind source separation**, is the separation of a set of source signals from a set of mixed signals, without the aid of information (or with very little information) about the source signals or the mixing process. It is most commonly... | 304 | Signal separation | 0 |
28,804 | # Signal separation
## Applications
### Cocktail party problem {#cocktail_party_problem}
At a cocktail party, there is a group of people talking at the same time. You have multiple microphones picking up mixed signals, but you want to isolate the speech of a single person. BSS can be used to separate the individual ... | 640 | Signal separation | 1 |
28,811 | # Static program analysis
In computer science, **static program analysis** (also known as **static analysis** or **static simulation**) is the analysis of computer programs performed without executing them, in contrast with dynamic program analysis, which is performed on programs during their execution in the integrat... | 652 | Static program analysis | 0 |
28,811 | # Static program analysis
## Formal methods {#formal_methods}
Formal methods is the term applied to the analysis of software (and computer hardware) whose results are obtained purely through the use of rigorous mathematical methods. The mathematical techniques used include denotational semantics, axiomatic semantics,... | 377 | Static program analysis | 1 |
28,811 | # Static program analysis
## Data-driven static analysis {#data_driven_static_analysis}
Data-driven static analysis leverages extensive codebases to infer coding rules and improve the accuracy of the analysis. For instance, one can use all Java open-source packages available on GitHub to learn good analysis strategie... | 99 | Static program analysis | 2 |
28,812 | # Samuel Mudd
**Samuel Alexander Mudd Sr.** (December 20, 1833 -- January 10, 1883) was an American physician who was imprisoned for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth concerning the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Mudd worked as a doctor and tobacco farmer in Southern Maryland. The Civil War seriously damaged his b... | 600 | Samuel Mudd | 0 |
28,812 | # Samuel Mudd
## Booth connection {#booth_connection}
According to a statement made by associated conspirator George Atzerodt, discovered long after his death and recorded while he was in federal custody on May 1, 1865, Mudd knew in advance about Booth\'s plans; Atzerodt was sure the doctor knew, he said, because Boo... | 750 | Samuel Mudd | 1 |
28,812 | # Samuel Mudd
## Trial
After Booth\'s death on April 26, 1865, Mudd was arrested and charged with conspiracy to murder Lincoln. Representative Frederick Stone was the senior defense counsel for Mudd. On May 1, President Johnson ordered the formation of a nine-man military commission to try the conspirators. Mudd was ... | 326 | Samuel Mudd | 2 |
28,812 | # Samuel Mudd
## Imprisonment
Mudd, O\'Laughlen, Arnold, and Spangler were imprisoned at Fort Jefferson, in the Dry Tortugas, about 70 mi west of Key West, Florida. The fort housed Union Army deserters and held about 600 prisoners when Mudd and the others arrived. Prisoners lived on the second tier of the fort, in un... | 387 | Samuel Mudd | 3 |
28,812 | # Samuel Mudd
## Later life {#later_life}
The influence of his defense attorney, Thomas Ewing Jr., who had connections in President Johnson\'s administration, was one reason why Mudd was pardoned by Johnson on February 8, 1869. He was released from prison on March 8, 1869, and returned to his home in Maryland on Marc... | 391 | Samuel Mudd | 4 |
28,812 | # Samuel Mudd
## Rehabilitation attempts {#rehabilitation_attempts}
The degree of Samuel Mudd\'s culpability has remained controversial. Some claim that Mudd was innocent of any wrongdoing, including Mudd\'s grandson Richard Mudd, and that he had merely been imprisoned for treating a man who came to his house late at... | 720 | Samuel Mudd | 5 |
28,812 | # Samuel Mudd
## Portrayals
Mudd\'s life was the subject of a 1936 film, *The Prisoner of Shark Island*, directed by John Ford and scripted by Nunnally Johnson. Mudd was portrayed by Warner Baxter. Film critic Leonard Maltin in his *Classic Movie Guide* (2015) described Baxter\'s performance as \"superb\".
A radio a... | 346 | Samuel Mudd | 6 |
28,819 | # Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead
\"**Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead**\" is a catchphrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of *NBC\'s Saturday Night* (now called *Saturday Night Live*, or *SNL*) and which mocked the weeks-long media reports of the impending death of Francisco ... | 313 | Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead | 0 |
28,819 | # Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead
## Legacy
The phrase has remained in use since Franco\'s death. James Taranto\'s *Best of the Web Today* column at OpinionJournal.com used the phrase as a tag for newspaper headlines that indicate something is still happening when it should be obvious. On February 8, 200... | 301 | Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead | 1 |
28,834 | # Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood
**Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood**{{#tag:ref \|alternative spellings: **Sultan Bashir-ud-Din Mehmood**. In news media of Pakistan, he is often known as **Dr. Bashiruddin** \|name=\"name\" \|group=\"note\"}} (*سلطان بشیر الدین محمود*; b. 1940) is a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scholar of Is... | 462 | Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood | 0 |
28,834 | # Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood
## Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission {#pakistan_atomic_energy_commission}
Mahmood joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in 1968, joining the Nuclear Physics Division at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) working under Dr. Naeem Ahmad Khan. Hi... | 799 | Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood | 1 |
28,834 | # Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood
## 2001 debriefing and detention {#debriefing_and_detention}
Since 1999 and 2000 onwards, Pakistan\'s intelligence community had been tracking and monitoring Mahmood whose bushy beard advertised his deep attachment to the Afghan Taliban. After the September 11 attacks in the United States... | 357 | Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood | 2 |
28,834 | # Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood
## Mahmood-Hoodbhoy debates {#mahmood_hoodbhoy_debates}
Mahmood has written over fifteen books, the most well-known being \"*The Mechanics of Doomsday and Life After Death*\", which is an analysis of the events leading to doomsday in light of scientific theories and Quranic knowledge. How... | 642 | Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood | 3 |
28,851 | # Sap beetle
The **sap beetles**, also known as **Nitidulidae**, are a family of beetles.
They are small (2--6 mm) ovoid, usually dull-coloured beetles, with knobbed antennae. Some have red or yellow spots or bands. They feed mainly on decaying vegetable matter, over-ripe fruit, and sap. Some sap beetle species coexi... | 176 | Sap beetle | 0 |
28,857 | # Signal transduction
**Signal transduction** is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events. Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. The changes elicited by ligand bi... | 308 | Signal transduction | 0 |
28,857 | # Signal transduction
## Stimuli
The basis for signal transduction is the transformation of a certain stimulus into a biochemical signal. The nature of such stimuli can vary widely, ranging from extracellular cues, such as the presence of EGF, to intracellular events, such as the DNA damage resulting from replicative... | 699 | Signal transduction | 1 |
28,857 | # Signal transduction
## Receptors
Receptors can be roughly divided into two major classes: intracellular and extracellular receptors.
### Extracellular receptors {#extracellular_receptors}
Extracellular receptors are integral transmembrane proteins and make up most receptors. They span the plasma membrane of the c... | 1,275 | Signal transduction | 2 |
28,857 | # Signal transduction
## Receptors
### Extracellular receptors {#extracellular_receptors}
#### Toll-like receptors {#toll_like_receptors}
When activated, toll-like receptors (TLRs) take adapter molecules within the cytoplasm of cells in order to propagate a signal. Four adaptor molecules are known to be involved in s... | 238 | Signal transduction | 3 |
28,857 | # Signal transduction
## Receptors
### Intracellular receptors {#intracellular_receptors}
Intracellular receptors, such as nuclear receptors and cytoplasmic receptors, are soluble proteins localized within their respective areas. The typical ligands for nuclear receptors are non-polar hormones like the steroid hormon... | 512 | Signal transduction | 4 |
28,857 | # Signal transduction
## Second messengers {#second_messengers}
First messengers are the signaling molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine/autocrine agents) that reach the cell from the extracellular fluid and bind to their specific receptors. Second messengers are the substances that enter the cytoplas... | 436 | Signal transduction | 5 |
28,857 | # Signal transduction
## Cellular responses {#cellular_responses}
Gene activations and metabolism alterations are examples of cellular responses to extracellular stimulation that require signal transduction. Gene activation leads to further cellular effects, since the products of responding genes include instigators ... | 510 | Signal transduction | 6 |
28,857 | # Signal transduction
## History
The earliest notion of signal transduction can be traced back to 1855, when Claude Bernard proposed that ductless glands such as the spleen, the thyroid and adrenal glands, were responsible for the release of \"internal secretions\" with physiological effects. Bernard\'s \"secretions\... | 910 | Signal transduction | 7 |
28,867 | # Sigyn
**Sigyn** (Old Norse \"(woman) friend of victory\") is a deity from Norse mythology. She is attested in the *Poetic Edda*, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the *Prose Edda*, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In the *Poetic Edda*, little information is provided a... | 605 | Sigyn | 0 |
28,867 | # Sigyn
## Scholastic reception {#scholastic_reception}
While the name *Sigyn* is found as a female personal name in Old Norse sources (Old Norse *sigr* meaning \'victory\' and *vina* meaning \'female friend\'), and though in surviving sources she is largely restricted to a single role, she appears in the 9th century... | 204 | Sigyn | 1 |
28,878 | # Software Engineering Body of Knowledge
The **Software Engineering Body of Knowledge** (**SWEBOK** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|iː|ˌ|b|ɒ|k}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Respell|SWEE|bok}}`{=mediawiki})) refers to the collective knowledge, skills, techniques, methodologies, best practices, and experiences accumulated within the field of sof... | 496 | Software Engineering Body of Knowledge | 0 |
28,904 | # Short Message Peer-to-Peer
**Short Message Peer-to-Peer** (**SMPP**) in the telecommunications industry is an open, industry standard protocol designed to provide a flexible data communication interface for the transfer of short message data between External Short Messaging Entities (ESMEs), Routing Entities (REs) a... | 276 | Short Message Peer-to-Peer | 0 |
28,904 | # Short Message Peer-to-Peer
## Operation
SMPP uses the client--server model of operation, despite \"peer-to-peer\" in the name. The Short Message Service Center (SMSC) usually acts as a server, awaiting connections from ESMEs. When SMPP is used for SMS peering, the sending MC usually acts as a client.
The protocol ... | 568 | Short Message Peer-to-Peer | 1 |
28,904 | # Short Message Peer-to-Peer
## Example
This is an example of the binary encoding of a 60-octet *submit_sm* PDU. The data is shown in Hex octet values as a single dump and followed by a header and body break-down of that PDU.
This is best compared with the definition of the submit_sm PDU from the SMPP specification ... | 565 | Short Message Peer-to-Peer | 2 |
28,904 | # Short Message Peer-to-Peer
## Quirks
Despite its wide acceptance, the SMPP has a number of problematic features:
- No standardized `data_coding` value for GSM default alphabet
- No standardized meaning of `data_coding=0`
- Unclear support for Shift-JIS encoding
- Incompatibility of `submit_sm_resp` between... | 397 | Short Message Peer-to-Peer | 3 |
28,904 | # Short Message Peer-to-Peer
## Quirks
### Message ID in SMPP 3.3 SMSC Delivery Receipts {#message_id_in_smpp_3.3_smsc_delivery_receipts}
The only way to pass delivery receipts in SMPP 3.3 is to put information in a text form to the `short_message` field; however, the format of the text is described in Appendix B of ... | 424 | Short Message Peer-to-Peer | 4 |
28,904 | # Short Message Peer-to-Peer
## Security
The SMPP protocol is designed on a clear-text binary protocol which needs to be considered if using for potentially sensitive information such as one-time passwords via SMS. There are, however, implementations of SMPP over SSL/TLS if required | 43 | Short Message Peer-to-Peer | 5 |
28,915 | # Small Isles
thumb\|upright=1.3333\|Blaeu\'s 1654 Atlas of Scotland - The Small Isles. Rùm is at centre, surrounded by \"Kannay\', \'Egg\' and \'Muck\'. thumb\|upright=1.3333\|Ordnance Survey Map of 1896 The **Small Isles** (*Na h-Eileanan Tarsainn*) are a small archipelago in the Inner Hebrides, off the west coast o... | 546 | Small Isles | 0 |
28,915 | # Small Isles
## Nature and conservation {#nature_and_conservation}
The Small Isles are all important for their wildlife, with Rùm being designated as both a national nature reserve and a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Rùm is home to one of the world\'s largest colonies of Manx shearwater, and was the location f... | 269 | Small Isles | 1 |
28,918 | # Storytelling game
A **storytelling game** is a game where multiple players collaborate on telling a story. Some games primarily feature spoken storytelling, while others primarily feature collaborative writing. In some storytelling games, such as many tabletop role-playing games, each player represents one or more c... | 452 | Storytelling game | 0 |
28,925 | # Science fiction fandom
**Science fiction fandom** or **SF fandom** is a community or fandom of people interested in science fiction in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization (although formal clubs such as the Futurians (1937-... | 631 | Science fiction fandom | 0 |
28,925 | # Science fiction fandom
## By country {#by_country}
### Sweden
Organized fandom in Sweden (\"Sverifandom\") emerged during the early 1950s. The first Swedish science fiction fanzine was started in the early 1950s. The oldest still existing club, Club Cosmos in Gothenburg, was formed in 1954, and the first Swedish s... | 597 | Science fiction fandom | 1 |
28,925 | # Science fiction fandom
## Conventions
Since the late 1930s, SF fans have organized conventions, non-profit gatherings where the fans (some of whom are also professionals in the field) meet to discuss SF and generally enjoy themselves. (A few fannish couples have held their weddings at conventions.) The 1st World Sc... | 438 | Science fiction fandom | 2 |
28,925 | # Science fiction fandom
## Offshoots and subcommunities {#offshoots_and_subcommunities}
As a community devoted to discussion and exploration of new ideas, fandom has become an incubator for many groups that started out as special interests within fandom, some of which have partially separated into independent intent... | 506 | Science fiction fandom | 3 |
28,925 | # Science fiction fandom
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
As science fiction fans became professional writers, they started slipping the names of their friends into stories. Wilson \"Bob\" Tucker slipped so many of his fellow fans and authors into his works that doing so is called tuckerization.
The subgenre of \"recursi... | 420 | Science fiction fandom | 4 |
28,925 | # Science fiction fandom
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
### Figures in the history of fandom {#figures_in_the_history_of_fandom}
+------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------+
| - Forrest J Ackerman | - Lee Hoffman | - Frank M. Robinson |
| - Isaac Asimov ... | 405 | Science fiction fandom | 5 |
28,930 | # SN 1987A
**SN 1987A** was a Type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. It occurred approximately 51.4 kpc from Earth and was the closest observed supernova since Kepler\'s Supernova in 1604. Light and neutrinos from the explosion reached Earth on February 23, 1987, an... | 419 | SN 1987A | 0 |
28,930 | # SN 1987A
## Neutrino emissions {#neutrino_emissions}
Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at three neutrino observatories. This was likely due to neutrino emission which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible l... | 388 | SN 1987A | 1 |
28,930 | # SN 1987A
## Neutron star {#neutron_star}
SN 1987A appears to be a core-collapse supernova, which should result in a neutron star given the size of the original star. The neutrino data indicate that a compact object did form at the star\'s core, and astronomers immediately began searching for the collapsed core. The... | 350 | SN 1987A | 2 |
28,930 | # SN 1987A
## Light curve {#light_curve}
\[\[<File:SN1987ALightCurve.png%7Cthumb%7Cleft%7CA> visual band light curve for SN 1987A. The inset plot shows the time around peak brightness. Plotted from data published by several sources.
\]\]
Much of the light curve, or graph of luminosity as a function of time, after t... | 393 | SN 1987A | 3 |
28,930 | # SN 1987A
## Interaction with circumstellar material {#interaction_with_circumstellar_material}
The three bright rings around SN 1987A that were visible after a few months in images by the Hubble Space Telescope are material from the stellar wind of the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash f... | 488 | SN 1987A | 4 |
28,930 | # SN 1987A
## Condensation of warm dust in the ejecta {#condensation_of_warm_dust_in_the_ejecta}
Soon after the SN 1987A outburst, three major groups embarked in a photometric monitoring of the supernova: the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), and the Eu... | 622 | SN 1987A | 5 |
28,936 | # Cyanoacrylate
**Cyanoacrylates** are a family of strong fast-acting adhesives with industrial, medical, and household uses. They are derived from ethyl cyanoacrylate and related esters. The cyanoacrylate group in the monomer rapidly polymerizes in the presence of water to form long, strong chains.
Specific cyanoacr... | 701 | Cyanoacrylate | 0 |
28,936 | # Cyanoacrylate
## Uses
### Medical and veterinary {#medical_and_veterinary}
Cyanoacrylate glue is widely used in human and veterinary medicine. It was in veterinary use for mending bone, hide, and tortoise shell by the early 1970s or before. A cyanoacrylate spray was used in the Vietnam War to reduce bleeding in wo... | 484 | Cyanoacrylate | 1 |
28,936 | # Cyanoacrylate
## Uses
### Niche and hobbies {#niche_and_hobbies}
Cyanoacrylates are used to assemble prototype electronics (used in wire wrap), flying model aircraft, and as retention dressings for nuts and bolts. Their effectiveness in bonding metal and general versatility have made them popular among modeling and... | 386 | Cyanoacrylate | 2 |
28,936 | # Cyanoacrylate
## Safety issues {#safety_issues}
### Skin injuries {#skin_injuries}
Cyanoacrylate adhesives may make body parts adhere, and may cause skin to be torn off trying to separate them. Without force, however, the glue will spontaneously separate from the skin over time (up to four days). The glue can also... | 393 | Cyanoacrylate | 3 |
28,936 | # Cyanoacrylate
## Solvents and debonders {#solvents_and_debonders}
Acetone, commonly found as a fraction of nail polish remover (or at hardware stores in pure form), is a widely available solvent capable of softening cured cyanoacrylate. Other solvents include nitromethane, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and... | 354 | Cyanoacrylate | 4 |
28,957 | # Southern blot
**Southern blot** is a method used for detection and quantification of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. This method is used in molecular biology. Briefly, purified DNA from a biological sample (such as blood or tissue) is digested with restriction enzymes, and the resulting DNA fragments are sep... | 393 | Southern blot | 0 |
28,957 | # Southern blot
## Method
The genomic DNA is digested with either one or more than one restriction enzyme, then the DNA fragments are size-fractionated by gel electrophoresis. Before the DNA fragments are transferred to a solid membrane which is either nylon or nitrocellulose membrane they are first denatured by alka... | 909 | Southern blot | 1 |
28,957 | # Southern blot
## Interpretation of results {#interpretation_of_results}
Hybridization of the probe to a specific DNA fragment on the filter membrane indicates that this fragment contains a DNA sequence that is complementary to the probe. The transfer step of the DNA from the electrophoresis gel to a membrane permit... | 315 | Southern blot | 2 |
28,957 | # Southern blot
## Applications
1. Southern blotting transfer may be used for homology-based cloning based on amino acid sequence of the protein product of the target gene. Oligonucleotides are designed so that they are complementary to the target sequence. The oligonucleotides are chemically synthesized, radiolabel... | 364 | Southern blot | 3 |
28,967 | # Simpson Desert
Simpson Desert}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Australian English|date=July 2011}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox valley
| name = Simpson Desert
| other_name =Munga-Thirri
| photo = Andado2 - Christopher Watson.jpg
| photo_caption = Dunes at... | 366 | Simpson Desert | 0 |
28,967 | # Simpson Desert
## History
### Aboriginal history {#aboriginal_history}
Aboriginal people have lived in the Simpson Desert for at least 5000 years and continue to do so today. The Lower Southern Arrernte and Eastern Arrernte communities inhabited the western regions, while the Karangura and Wanggamala resided in th... | 805 | Simpson Desert | 1 |
28,967 | # Simpson Desert
## Visitor attractions {#visitor_attractions}
The desert is popular with tourists, particularly in winter, and popular landmarks include the ruins and mound springs at Dalhousie Springs, Purnie Bore wetlands, Approdinna Attora Knoll and Poeppel Corner (where Queensland, South Australia and the Northe... | 296 | Simpson Desert | 2 |
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