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28,547 | # Sokal affair
## Responses
### Criticism of social sciences {#criticism_of_social_sciences}
Sociologist Stephen Hilgartner, chairman of Cornell University\'s science and technology studies department, wrote \"The Sokal Affair in Context\" (1997), comparing Sokal\'s hoax to \"Confirmational Response: Bias Among Socia... | 372 | Sokal affair | 4 |
28,547 | # Sokal affair
## Influence
### Sociological follow-up study {#sociological_follow_up_study}
In 2009, Cornell sociologist Robb Willer performed an experiment in which undergraduate students read Sokal\'s paper and were told either that it was written by another student or that it was by a famous academic. He found t... | 147 | Sokal affair | 5 |
28,551 | # Sweet tea
**Sweet tea**, also known as **sweet iced tea**, is a popular style of iced tea commonly consumed in the United States (especially the South) and Indonesia. Sweet tea is most commonly made by adding sugar or simple syrup to black tea while the tea is either brewing or still hot, although artificial sweeten... | 490 | Sweet tea | 0 |
28,555 | # Serialization
thumb\|upright=1.35\|Flow diagram In computing, **serialization** (or **serialisation**, also referred to as **pickling** in Python) is the process of translating a data structure or object state into a format that can be stored (e.g. files in secondary storage devices, data buffers in primary storage ... | 710 | Serialization | 0 |
28,555 | # Serialization
## Serialization formats {#serialization_formats}
The Xerox Network Systems Courier technology in the early 1980s influenced the first widely adopted standard. Sun Microsystems published the External Data Representation (XDR) in 1987. XDR is an open format, and standardized as [STD 67](https://tools.i... | 319 | Serialization | 1 |
28,555 | # Serialization
## Programming language support {#programming_language_support}
Several object-oriented programming languages directly support *object serialization* (or *object archival*), either by syntactic sugar elements or providing a standard interface for doing so. The languages which do so include Ruby, Small... | 420 | Serialization | 2 |
28,555 | # Serialization
## Programming language support {#programming_language_support}
### Java
Java provides automatic serialization which requires that the object be marked by implementing the `{{Javadoc:SE|package=java.io|java/io|Serializable}}`{=mediawiki} interface. Implementing the interface marks the class as \"okay ... | 812 | Serialization | 3 |
28,555 | # Serialization
## Programming language support {#programming_language_support}
### OCaml
OCaml\'s standard library provides marshalling through the `Marshal` module and the Pervasives functions `output_value` and `input_value`. While OCaml programming is statically type-checked, uses of the `Marshal` module may brea... | 909 | Serialization | 4 |
28,555 | # Serialization
## Programming language support {#programming_language_support}
### REBOL
REBOL will serialize to file (`save/all`) or to a `string!` (`mold/all`). Strings and files can be deserialized using the polymorphic `load` function. `RProtoBuf` provides cross-language data serialization in R, using Protocol B... | 716 | Serialization | 5 |
28,566 | # Self-propelled artillery
thumb\|upright=1\|British AS-90s firing in Basra, Iraq, 2008 `{{History of the tank|state-uncollapsed}}`{=mediawiki}
**Self-propelled artillery** (also called **locomotive artillery**) is artillery equipped with its own propulsion system to move toward its firing position. Within the termin... | 377 | Self-propelled artillery | 0 |
28,566 | # Self-propelled artillery
## History
### Precursors
During the Thirty Years\' War, early 17th-century experiments were made with early types of horse artillery. Batteries towed light field guns where most or all of the crew rode horses into battle. The gunners were trained to quickly dismount, deploy the guns and p... | 446 | Self-propelled artillery | 1 |
28,566 | # Self-propelled artillery
## History
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
At the outbreak of World War II, virtually all artillery was still being moved around by artillery tractors or horses. While the German Blitzkrieg doctrine called for combined-arms action, which required fire support for armoured units, during the... | 843 | Self-propelled artillery | 2 |
28,566 | # Self-propelled artillery
## Mortars
*Main article: Mortar carrier* Many vehicles have used ancillary smoke mortars for local defense, which project one or more smoke grenades in a pattern that allows them to lay down a smoke screen some distance in order to conceal the vehicle from enemy observers. Mortar carriers ... | 271 | Self-propelled artillery | 3 |
28,566 | # Self-propelled artillery
## Howitzers and guns {#howitzers_and_guns}
Self-propelled artillery remains important in the equipment of many modern armies. It saw a significant role throughout the Cold War era conflicts and in the 1991 Gulf War.
Modern SP artillery is highly computerized, with the ability to self-surv... | 376 | Self-propelled artillery | 4 |
28,568 | # Sinatra Doctrine
The **Sinatra Doctrine** was a Soviet foreign policy under Mikhail Gorbachev for allowing member states of the Warsaw Pact to determine their own domestic affairs. The name humorously alluded to the song \"My Way\" popularized by Frank Sinatra---the Soviet Union was allowing these states to go their... | 572 | Sinatra Doctrine | 0 |
28,569 | # Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
The **Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System** (**SMILES**) is a specification in the form of a line notation for describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into... | 731 | Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System | 0 |
28,569 | # Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
## SMILES definition as strings of a context-free language {#smiles_definition_as_strings_of_a_context_free_language}
From the view point of a formal language theory, SMILES is a word. A SMILES is parsable with a context-free parser. The use of this representation has be... | 1,078 | Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System | 1 |
28,569 | # Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
## Description
### Branching
Branches are described with parentheses, as in `CCC(=O)O` for propionic acid and `FC(F)F` for fluoroform. The first atom within the parentheses, and the first atom after the parenthesized group, are both bonded to the same branch point atom. ... | 973 | Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System | 2 |
28,569 | # Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
## Description
### Other examples of SMILES {#other_examples_of_smiles}
The SMILES notation is described extensively in the SMILES theory manual provided by Daylight Chemical Information Systems and a number of illustrative examples are presented. Daylight\'s depict util... | 255 | Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System | 3 |
28,569 | # Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
## Conversion
SMILES can be converted back to two-dimensional representations using structure diagram generation (SDG) algorithms. This conversion is sometimes ambiguous. Conversion to three-dimensional representation is achieved by energy-minimization approaches. There ... | 45 | Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System | 4 |
28,576 | # Sysop
A **sysop** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|ɒ|p}}`{=mediawiki}, an abbreviation of **system operator**) is an administrator of a multi-user computer system, such as a bulletin board system (BBS) or an online service virtual community. The phrase may also be used to refer to administrators of other Internet-based network s... | 228 | Sysop | 0 |
28,577 | # Skuld (Oh My Goddess!)
is a fictional character in the anime/manga *Oh My Goddess!* and is the younger sister of Belldandy. Her character design shows influences from shoujo and Art Nouveau.
## Creation and conception {#creation_and_conception}
Skuld was one of a series of characters created by Kōsuke Fujishima, a... | 1,436 | Skuld (Oh My Goddess!) | 0 |
28,577 | # Skuld (Oh My Goddess!)
## Personality
Perper and Cornog described Skuld as being \"\"somewhat bratty\" - a view that is in keeping with her behavior throughout the series. Skuld started as very defensive of Belldandy and interpreted anyone having any kind of intimate relationship with her as an attempt to steal Bel... | 335 | Skuld (Oh My Goddess!) | 1 |
28,604 | # Scarlatti
**Scarlatti** is an Italian surname | 7 | Scarlatti | 0 |
28,608 | # Soong Mei-ling
**Soong Mei-ling** (also spelled **Soong May-ling**; March 4, 1898 -- October 23, 2003), also known as **Madame Chiang** (`{{zh|t=蔣夫人}}`{=mediawiki}), was a Chinese political figure and socialite. The youngest of the Soong sisters, she married Chiang Kai-shek and played a prominent role in Chinese pol... | 454 | Soong Mei-ling | 0 |
28,608 | # Soong Mei-ling
## Madame Chiang {#madame_chiang}
Soong Mei-ling met Chiang Kai-shek in 1920. Since he was eleven years her elder, already married, and a Buddhist, Mei-ling\'s mother vehemently opposed the marriage between the two, but finally agreed after Chiang showed proof of his divorce and promised to convert t... | 450 | Soong Mei-ling | 1 |
28,608 | # Soong Mei-ling
## Visits to the U.S. {#visits_to_the_u.s.}
Soong Mei-ling made several tours to the United States to lobby support for the Nationalists\' war effort. She drew crowds as large as 30,000 people and in 1943 made the cover of *Time* magazine for a third time. She had earlier appeared on the October 26, ... | 302 | Soong Mei-ling | 2 |
28,608 | # Soong Mei-ling
## Allegations of corruption {#allegations_of_corruption}
Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Soong\'s family embezzled \$20 million. During this period, the Nationalist Government\'s revenues were less than \$30 million per year. One of the key reasons was that Soong Mei-ling ignored her family\'s invol... | 589 | Soong Mei-ling | 3 |
28,608 | # Soong Mei-ling
## Later life {#later_life}
After the death of her husband in 1975, Madame Chiang assumed a low profile. She was first diagnosed with breast cancer in 1975 and would undergo two mastectomies in Taiwan. She also had an ovarian tumor removed in 1991.
Chang Hsien-yi claimed that Soong Mei-ling and mili... | 338 | Soong Mei-ling | 4 |
28,608 | # Soong Mei-ling
## Death
Madame Chiang died in her sleep in New York City, in her Manhattan apartment on October 23, 2003, at the age of 105. Her remains were interred at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, pending an eventual burial with her late husband who was entombed in Cihu, Taiwan. The stated intention... | 577 | Soong Mei-ling | 5 |
28,609 | # Soong sisters
The **Soong sisters**,`{{notetag|{{zh|t=宋氏姐妹|s=宋氏姐妹|p=Sòngshì Jiěmèi}}}}`{=mediawiki} Soong Ai-ling, Soong Ching-ling, and Soong Mei-ling, were three prominent women in modern Chinese history. All three sisters married powerful men, respectively, from eldest to youngest, H. H. Kung, Sun Yat-sen, and Ch... | 1,119 | Soong sisters | 0 |
28,609 | # Soong sisters
## History
### Break-up and deaths {#break_up_and_deaths}
In 1944, Soong Ai-ling left China for Brazil to receive medical treatment and later settled in the United States in 1946. In November 1948, Soong Mei-ling travelled to the United States to seek support for her husband, Chiang Kai-shek, and the ... | 626 | Soong sisters | 1 |
28,615 | # Sequencing
In genetics and biochemistry, **sequencing** means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a **sequence** which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of... | 354 | Sequencing | 0 |
28,615 | # Sequencing
## DNA sequencing {#dna_sequencing}
### Sanger sequencing {#sanger_sequencing}
In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide \'primer\' complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide pr... | 722 | Sequencing | 1 |
28,615 | # Sequencing
## DNA sequencing {#dna_sequencing}
### Large-scale sequencing {#large_scale_sequencing}
Whereas the methods above describe various sequencing methods, separate related terms are used when a large portion of a genome is sequenced. Several platforms were developed to perform exome sequencing (a subset of ... | 298 | Sequencing | 2 |
28,615 | # Sequencing
## Protein sequencing {#protein_sequencing}
Methods for performing protein sequencing include:
- Edman degradation
- Peptide mass fingerprinting
- Mass spectrometry
- Protease digests
If the gene encoding the protein is known, it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protei... | 213 | Sequencing | 3 |
28,618 | # Speech coding
**Speech coding** is an application of data compression to digital audio signals containing speech. Speech coding uses speech-specific parameter estimation using audio signal processing techniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression algorithms to represent the resulting m... | 492 | Speech coding | 0 |
28,618 | # Speech coding
## Modern speech compression {#modern_speech_compression}
Much of the later work in speech compression was motivated by military research into digital communications for secure military radios, where very low data rates were used to achieve effective operation in a hostile radio environment. At the sa... | 555 | Speech coding | 1 |
28,620 | # 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
The **Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent** is a 1985 protocol to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution agr... | 105 | 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions | 0 |
28,626 | # Single European Sky
The **Single European Sky** (SES) is a European Commission initiative that seeks to reform the European air traffic management system through a series of actions carried out in four different levels (institutional, operational, technological and control and supervision) with the aim of satisfying... | 635 | Single European Sky | 0 |
28,626 | # Single European Sky
## History
### Origins (1999--2004) {#origins_19992004}
After the Prodi Commission took office in September 1999, Transport Commissioner Loyola de Palacio launched efforts to structurally reform air traffic management across Europe, as she and many others had concluded that Eurocontrol was inca... | 960 | Single European Sky | 1 |
28,626 | # Single European Sky
## History
### Amended SES 2+ (2019--present) {#amended_ses_2_2019present}
By 2019, nothing of the plan had yet been officially realised, adding an extra 6 billion euros in costs, and 11.6 million megatonnes of excess `{{CO2}}`{=mediawiki} emissions for that year alone. In September 2019, 21 avi... | 254 | Single European Sky | 2 |
28,626 | # Single European Sky
## Timeline
- Late 1999: European Commission appoints expert group to study the creation of a single European sky.
- November 2000: expert group publishes report with recommendations.
- 11 December 2003: SES-I (Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 alias Service Provision Regulation) adopted.
- 20... | 81 | Single European Sky | 3 |
28,637 | # Scroll Lock
**Scroll Lock** or **ScrLk** (sometimes notated **⤓** or **↕**) is a lock key (typically with an associated status light) on most IBM-compatible computer keyboards. Depending on the operating system, it may be used for different purposes, and applications may assign functions to the key or change their b... | 954 | Scroll Lock | 0 |
28,637 | # Scroll Lock
## Function
### `{{anchor|CC}}`{=mediawiki}Copy and paste {#copy_and_paste}
In conjunction with the alternative DOS keyboard and console drivers FreeKEYB and K3PLUS, `{{keypress|Scroll Lock}}`{=mediawiki} also serves as part of a copy & paste facility between applications. Compared to the standard keybo... | 676 | Scroll Lock | 1 |
28,638 | # List of synthetic polymers
Some familiar household synthetic polymers include: Nylons in textiles and fabrics, Teflon in non-stick pans, Bakelite for electrical switches, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in pipes, etc. The common PET bottles are made of a synthetic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate. The plastic kits and c... | 351 | List of synthetic polymers | 0 |
28,638 | # List of synthetic polymers
## Brand names {#brand_names}
These polymers are often better known through their brand names, for instance:
\
{\| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"background:#F2F2F2\" \|- ! Brand Name !! Polymer !! Characteristic properties !! Uses \|- \| Bakelite \|\| Phenol-formaldehyde resin \|\| High el... | 511 | List of synthetic polymers | 1 |
28,639 | # Stop codon
In molecular biology, a **stop codon** (or **termination codon**) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, wh... | 813 | Stop codon | 0 |
28,639 | # Stop codon
## Nomenclature
Stop codons were historically given many different names, as they each corresponded to a distinct class of mutants that all behaved in a similar manner. These mutants were first isolated within bacteriophages (T4 and lambda), viruses that infect the bacteria *Escherichia coli*. Mutations ... | 449 | Stop codon | 1 |
28,639 | # Stop codon
## Mutations and disease {#mutations_and_disease}
### Nonsense
Nonsense mutations are changes in DNA sequence that introduce a premature stop codon, causing any resulting protein to be abnormally shortened. This often causes a loss of function in the protein, as critical parts of the amino acid chain ar... | 637 | Stop codon | 2 |
28,643 | # Secondary sex characteristic
A **secondary sex characteristic** is a physical characteristic of an organism that is related to or derived from its sex, but not directly part of its reproductive system. In humans, these characteristics typically start to appear during puberty---and include enlarged breasts and widene... | 736 | Secondary sex characteristic | 0 |
28,643 | # Secondary sex characteristic
## In humans {#in_humans}
Sexual differentiation begins during gestation, when the gonads are formed. The general structure and shape of the body and face, as well as sex hormone levels, are similar in preadolescent boys and girls. As puberty begins and sex hormone levels rise, differen... | 428 | Secondary sex characteristic | 1 |
28,653 | # Outline of sculpture
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to sculpture:
A **sculpture** -- human-made three-dimensional art object.
Sculpture or **sculpting** -- activity of creating sculptures. A person who creates sculptures is called a *sculptor*. `{{TOC limit|limit=2}}`{=mediaw... | 470 | Outline of sculpture | 0 |
28,653 | # Outline of sculpture
## Notable works of sculpture {#notable_works_of_sculpture}
- Venus of Hohle Fels (c. 40--42,000 BP)
- *Lion-man* (c. 35--41,000 BP)
- Venus of Willendorf (c. 24--26,000 BP)
- Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2558--2532 BCE)
- Nefertiti Bust (c. 1345 BCE)
- Mask of Tutankhamun (c. 1323 BCE)... | 274 | Outline of sculpture | 1 |
28,653 | # Outline of sculpture
## Selected sculptors {#selected_sculptors}
### Antiquity to the 19th century {#antiquity_to_the_19th_century}
- Agesander of Rhodes --
- Antonio Canova --
- Baccio da Montelupo --
- Bartolommeo Bandinelli --
- Benedetto da Maiano --
- Benvenuto Cellini --
- Bertoldo di Giovanni ... | 476 | Outline of sculpture | 2 |
28,677 | # Steve Lacy (saxophonist)
**Steve Lacy** (born **Steven Norman Lackritz**; July 23, 1934 -- June 4, 2004) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer recognized as one of the important players of soprano saxophone. Coming to prominence in the 1950s as a progressive dixieland musician, Lacy went on to a long and pro... | 307 | Steve Lacy (saxophonist) | 0 |
28,677 | # Steve Lacy (saxophonist)
## Europe and sextet {#europe_and_sextet}
Lacy\'s first visit to Europe came in 1965, with a visit to Copenhagen in the company of Kenny Drew; he went to Italy and formed a quartet with Italian trumpeter Enrico Rava and the South African musicians Johnny Dyani and Louis Moholo (their visit ... | 337 | Steve Lacy (saxophonist) | 1 |
28,677 | # Steve Lacy (saxophonist)
## Later career {#later_career}
In 1992, he was the recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship (nicknamed the \"genius grant\").
He also collaborated with a wide range of musicians, from traditional jazz to the avant-garde to contemporary classical music. Outside of his regular sextet, his most r... | 271 | Steve Lacy (saxophonist) | 2 |
28,677 | # Steve Lacy (saxophonist)
## Discography
### As leader/co-leader {#as_leaderco_leader}
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Recording date | Title ... | 1,939 | Steve Lacy (saxophonist) | 3 |
28,677 | # Steve Lacy (saxophonist)
## Discography
### As leader/co-leader {#as_leaderco_leader}
- *Scratching the Seventies/Dreams* (Saravah, 1996)
- *Associates* (Musica Jazz, 1996)
- *Opium* with Bill Dixon, Franz Koglmann (Between The Lines, 2001) -- rec. 1973-76; compiles tracks from the Koglmann/Lacy album *Flaps*... | 262 | Steve Lacy (saxophonist) | 4 |
28,677 | # Steve Lacy (saxophonist)
## Discography
### As sideman {#as_sideman}
**With Area**
- *Maledetti* (Cramps, 1976)
- *Event \'76* (Cramps, 1979) -- rec. 1976
**With Miles Davis**
- *Miles Davis at Carnegie Hall* (Columbia , 1962) -- rec. 1961
- *Quiet Nights* (Columbia , 1963) -- rec. 1962--63
**With Gil E... | 426 | Steve Lacy (saxophonist) | 5 |
28,684 | # Session Initiation Protocol
The **Session Initiation Protocol** (**SIP**) is a signaling protocol used for initiating, maintaining, and terminating communication sessions that include voice, video and messaging applications. SIP is used in Internet telephony, in private IP telephone systems, as well as mobile phone ... | 433 | Session Initiation Protocol | 0 |
28,684 | # Session Initiation Protocol
## Protocol operation {#protocol_operation}
SIP is only involved in the signaling operations of a media communication session and is primarily used to set up and terminate voice or video calls. SIP can be used to establish two-party (unicast) or multiparty (multicast) sessions. It also a... | 459 | Session Initiation Protocol | 1 |
28,684 | # Session Initiation Protocol
## Network elements {#network_elements}
The network elements that use the Session Initiation Protocol for communication are called *SIP user agents*. Each *user agent* (UA) performs the function of a *user agent client* (UAC) when it is requesting a service function, and that of a *user ... | 759 | Session Initiation Protocol | 2 |
28,684 | # Session Initiation Protocol
## SIP messages {#sip_messages}
SIP is a text-based protocol with syntax similar to that of HTTP. There are two different types of SIP messages: requests and responses. The first line of a request has a *method*, defining the nature of the request, and a Request-URI, indicating where the... | 520 | Session Initiation Protocol | 3 |
28,684 | # Session Initiation Protocol
## Transactions
SIP defines a transaction mechanism to control the exchanges between participants and deliver messages reliably. A transaction is a state of a session, which is controlled by various timers. Client transactions send requests and server transactions respond to those reques... | 622 | Session Initiation Protocol | 4 |
28,684 | # Session Initiation Protocol
## Encryption
Concerns about the security of calls via the public Internet have been addressed by encryption of the SIP protocol for secure transmission. The URI scheme SIPS is used to mandate that SIP communication be secured with Transport Layer Security (TLS). SIPS URIs take the form ... | 228 | Session Initiation Protocol | 5 |
28,694 | # Space Quest
*Space Quest I*\|other uses\|Space Quest (disambiguation)}} `{{italic title}}`{=mediawiki}
***Space Quest*** is a series of six comic science fiction adventure games released between 1986 and 1995. The games follow the adventures of a hapless janitor named Roger Wilco, who campaigns through the galaxy f... | 487 | Space Quest | 0 |
28,694 | # Space Quest
## Games
### *Space Quest: The Sarien Encounter* {#space_quest_the_sarien_encounter}
The original *Space Quest* game was released in October 1986 and quickly became a hit, selling in excess of 100,000 copies (sales are believed to be around 200,000 to date, not including the many compilations it has be... | 836 | Space Quest | 1 |
28,694 | # Space Quest
## Cancelled games {#cancelled_games}
### *Space Quest VII: Return to Roman Numerals* {#space_quest_vii_return_to_roman_numerals}
Sierra tried on several occasions to revive the series for another episode, with a working subtitle of *The Return to Roman Numerals*, since the previous game was titled *Sp... | 448 | Space Quest | 2 |
28,694 | # Space Quest
## Collections
- *The Space Quest Trilogy: Roger Wilco -- The Other World Series* (1992) -- a collection containing *Space Quest* VGA, *Space Quest II* and *Space Quest III* on floppy disks.
- *The Space Quest Saga* (1993) -- This collection contained games I (VGA remake), II, III and IV all on flop... | 373 | Space Quest | 3 |
28,694 | # Space Quest
## Legacy
*Thy Dungeonman II*, a text adventure game from the creators of Homestar Runner, uses cover art that depicts the title character holding a mop in the same way Roger Wilco does on the *Space Quest* box art. He is also described as a \"custodial knight\" and the mop is also used to defeat enemie... | 593 | Space Quest | 4 |
28,702 | # Session Description Protocol
The **Session Description Protocol** (**SDP**) is a format for describing multimedia communication sessions for the purposes of announcement and invitation. Its predominant use is in support of streaming media applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP) and video conferencing. SDP does no... | 766 | Session Description Protocol | 0 |
28,702 | # Session Description Protocol
## Attributes
SDP uses attributes to extend the core protocol. Attributes can appear within the Session or Media sections and are scoped accordingly as *session-level* or *media-level*. New attributes are added to the standard occasionally through registration with IANA.
Attributes are... | 279 | Session Description Protocol | 1 |
28,702 | # Session Description Protocol
## Time formats and repetitions {#time_formats_and_repetitions}
Absolute times are represented in Network Time Protocol (NTP) format (the number of seconds since 1900). If the stop time is 0 then the session is *unbounded*. If the start time is also zero then the session is considered *... | 653 | Session Description Protocol | 2 |
28,703 | # Session Announcement Protocol
The **Session Announcement Protocol** (**SAP**) is an experimental protocol for advertising multicast session information. SAP typically uses Session Description Protocol (SDP) as the format for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) session descriptions. Announcement data is sent using IP ... | 255 | Session Announcement Protocol | 0 |
28,704 | # Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
link=`{{filepath:Demo_animated_feTurbulence_feDisplacementMap_SMIL.svg}}`{=mediawiki} \| caption = SVG with an animated refraction effect using SMIL and SVG filter effects \| status = \| year_started = \| first_published = \| version = SMIL 3.0 \| version_date = `{{Start ... | 481 | Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language | 0 |
28,704 | # Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
## Authoring tools {#authoring_tools}
**Authoring and rendering tools for smilText and SMIL 3.0 PanZoom functionality**:
- Fluition by Confluent Technologies
- Ezer by SMIL Media
- Grins by Oratrix
- GoLive 6 by Adobe, discontinued in April 2008
- Hi-Caption, ... | 596 | Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language | 1 |
28,704 | # Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
## Combination with other XML-based standards {#combination_with_other_xml_based_standards}
SMIL was created during a time when structured data using XML was very popular and during a time when Internet Explorer was very popular. Thus \"combining\" SMIL with other markup... | 276 | Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language | 2 |
28,704 | # Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
## Status of SMIL {#status_of_smil}
SMIL is being implemented on handheld and mobile devices and has also spawned the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) which is a video and picture equivalent of Short Message Service (SMS).
SMIL is also one of the underlying technologi... | 297 | Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language | 3 |
28,710 | # Smelt (fish)
**Smelts** are a family of small fish, the **Osmeridae**, found in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans, as well as rivers, streams and lakes in Europe, North America and Northeast Asia. They are also known as **freshwater smelts** or **typical smelts** to distinguish them from the related Argent... | 428 | Smelt (fish) | 0 |
28,710 | # Smelt (fish)
## Culinary use {#culinary_use}
### North America {#north_america}
Smelts are an important winter catch in the saltwater mouths of rivers in New England and the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Fishermen would historically go to customary locations over the ice using horses and sleighs. Smelt taken out o... | 628 | Smelt (fish) | 1 |
28,710 | # Smelt (fish)
## Festivals
In the city of Inje, South Korea (Gangwon Province), an Ice Fishing Festival is held annually from 30 January to 2 February on Soyang Lake, coinciding with the smelt\'s yearly run into fresh water to spawn. They are locally known as *bing-eo* (빙어) and typically eaten alive or deep-fried.
... | 381 | Smelt (fish) | 2 |
28,724 | # Shirley Dean
**Shirley Ann Dean** (née **Bryant**; born 1935-36), considered moderate in Berkeley politics, is an American politician who served as the Mayor of Berkeley, California (1994-2002). Before serving two terms as Berkeley\'s Mayor, Dean served on the Berkeley City Council for 15 years (1975--94) and was a ... | 1,123 | Shirley Dean | 0 |
28,724 | # Shirley Dean
## Recent Community Involvement {#recent_community_involvement}
Since leaving the Mayor's Office in 2002, Dean has been involved in several community and environmental organizations, serving on the boards of:
- Save Strawberry Canyon, an organization working to preserve the watershed and woodlands o... | 195 | Shirley Dean | 1 |
28,730 | # Security engineering
**Security engineering** is the process of incorporating security controls into an information system so that the controls become an integral part of the system\'s operational capabilities. It is similar to other systems engineering activities in that its primary motivation is to support the del... | 555 | Security engineering | 0 |
28,730 | # Security engineering
## Methodologies
Technological advances, principally in the field of computers, have now allowed the creation of far more complex systems, with new and complex security problems. Because modern systems cut across many areas of human endeavor, security engineers not only need consider the mathem... | 422 | Security engineering | 1 |
28,732 | # Spaghetti code
**Spaghetti code** is a pejorative phrase for difficult-to-maintain and unstructured computer source code. Code being developed with poor structure can be due to any of several factors, such as volatile project requirements, lack of programming style rules, and software engineers with insufficient abi... | 694 | Spaghetti code | 0 |
28,738 | # Synchronization
**Synchronization** is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. For example, the conductor of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or *in time*. Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be **synchronous** or *in sync*---and those that are not are *asynchr... | 731 | Synchronization | 0 |
28,738 | # Synchronization
## Human movement {#human_movement}
Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned. This is different from mimicry, which occurs after a short delay. Line dance and military step are examples.
Muscular bonding is the idea that movin... | 480 | Synchronization | 1 |
28,748 | # Speed
In kinematics, the **speed** (commonly referred to as ***v***) of an object is the magnitude of the change of its position over time or the magnitude of the change of its position per unit of time; it is thus a non-negative scalar quantity. The **average speed** of an object in an interval of time is the dista... | 963 | Speed | 0 |
28,748 | # Speed
## Definition
### Tangential speed {#tangential_speed}
## Units
Units of speed include:
- metres per second (symbol m s^−1^ or m/s), the SI derived unit;
- kilometres per hour (symbol km/h);
- miles per hour (symbol mi/h or mph);
- knots (nautical miles per hour, symbol kn or kt);
- feet per secon... | 88 | Speed | 1 |
28,748 | # Speed
## Examples of different speeds {#examples_of_different_speeds}
Speed m/s ft/s km/h mph Notes
--------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------------------------------... | 540 | Speed | 2 |
28,751 | # Faster-than-light communication
**Faster-than-light communication**, also called **superluminal communication**, is a hypothetical process in which information is conveyed at faster-than-light speeds. The current scientific consensus is that faster-than-light communication is not possible, and to date it has not bee... | 485 | Faster-than-light communication | 0 |
28,751 | # Faster-than-light communication
## Fictional devices {#fictional_devices}
### Tachyon-like {#tachyon_like}
The *Dirac communicator* features in several of the works of James Blish, notably his 1954 short story \"Beep\" (later expanded into *The Quincunx of Time*). As alluded to in the title, any active device rece... | 858 | Faster-than-light communication | 1 |
28,751 | # Faster-than-light communication
## Fictional devices {#fictional_devices}
### Other devices {#other_devices}
Similar devices are present in the works of numerous others, such as Frank Herbert and Philip Pullman, who called his a *lodestone resonator*.
Anne McCaffrey\'s *Crystal Singer* series posited an instantane... | 367 | Faster-than-light communication | 2 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
In physics, **spacetime**, also called the **space-time continuum**, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects, such as how diff... | 927 | Spacetime | 0 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## History
By the mid-1800s, various experiments such as the observation of the Arago spot and differential measurements of the speed of light in air versus water were considered to have proven the wave nature of light as opposed to a corpuscular theory. Propagation of waves was then assumed to require th... | 1,142 | Spacetime | 1 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## History
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Figure 1--4. Hand-colored transparency presented by Minkowski in his 1908 *Raum und Zeit* lecture On 5 November 1907 (a little more than a year before his death), Minkowski introduced his geometric interpretation of spacetime in a lecture to the Göttingen Mathematical societ... | 628 | Spacetime | 2 |
28,758 | # Spacetime
## Spacetime in special relativity `{{anchor|In special relativity}}`{=mediawiki} {#spacetime_in_special_relativity}
### Spacetime interval {#spacetime_interval}
In three dimensions, the *distance* $\Delta{d}$ between two points can be defined using the Pythagorean theorem:
: $(\Delta{d})^2 = (\Delta{... | 1,091 | Spacetime | 3 |
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