id int64 39 11.1M | section stringlengths 3 4.51M | length int64 2 49.9k | title stringlengths 1 182 | chunk_id int64 0 68 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5,840 | # Communications in Colombia
Since being liberalized in 1991, the **Colombian telecommunications sector** has added new services, expanded coverage, improved efficiency, and lowered costs. The sector has had the second largest (after energy) investment in infrastructure (54 percent) since 1997. However, the economic d... | 626 | Communications in Colombia | 0 |
5,841 | # Transport in Colombia
**Transport in Colombia** is regulated by the Ministry of Transport.
Road travel is the main means of transport; 69 percent of cargo is transported by road, as compared with 27 percent by railroad, 3 percent by internal waterways, and 1 percent by air.
## History
### Indigenous peoples influ... | 557 | Transport in Colombia | 0 |
5,841 | # Transport in Colombia
## Infrastructure
### Railways
Colombia has 3,034 km of rail lines, 150 km of which are `{{RailGauge|1435mm}}`{=mediawiki} gauge and 3,154 km of which are `{{RailGauge|914mm}}`{=mediawiki} gauge. However, only 2,611 km of lines are still in use. Rail transport in Colombia remains underdevelop... | 960 | Transport in Colombia | 1 |
5,841 | # Transport in Colombia
## Infrastructure
### Urban transport {#urban_transport}
Urban transport systems have been developed in Barranquilla, Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín. Traffic congestion in Bogotá had been greatly exacerbated by a lack of rail transport; however, this problem was alleviated, to a degree, by the for... | 438 | Transport in Colombia | 2 |
5,844 | # History of Colombia
The **history of Colombia** includes its settlement by indigenous peoples and the establishment of agrarian societies, notably the Muisca Confederation, Quimbaya Civilization, and Tairona Chiefdoms. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of annexation and colonization, ultimately crea... | 877 | History of Colombia | 0 |
5,844 | # History of Colombia
## Colonial Period {#colonial_period}
### Pre-Columbian history {#pre_columbian_history}
*Main article: Spanish conquest of New Granada, Spanish conquest of the Muisca*
Europeans first visited the territory that became Colombia in 1499 when the first expedition of Alonso de Ojeda arrived at th... | 534 | History of Colombia | 1 |
5,844 | # History of Colombia
## Gran Colombia: independence re-claimed {#gran_colombia_independence_re_claimed}
From then on, the long independence struggle was led mainly by Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander in neighboring Venezuela. Bolívar returned to New Granada only in 1819 after establishing himself as leader o... | 313 | History of Colombia | 2 |
5,844 | # History of Colombia
## The Republic: Liberal and Conservative conflict {#the_republic_liberal_and_conservative_conflict}
In 1863 the name of the republic was changed officially to \"United States of Colombia,\" and in 1886 the country adopted its present name: \"Republic of Colombia\".
Two political parties grew o... | 476 | History of Colombia | 3 |
5,844 | # History of Colombia
## The National Front regime (1958--1974) {#the_national_front_regime_19581974}
In July 1957, former Conservative President Laureano Gómez (1950--1953) and former Liberal President Alberto Lleras (1945--1946. 1958--1962) issued the \"Declaration of Sitges,\" in which they proposed a \"National F... | 361 | History of Colombia | 4 |
5,844 | # History of Colombia
## Post-National Front {#post_national_front}
From 1974 until 1982, different presidential administrations chose to focus on ending the persistent insurgencies that sought to undermine Colombia\'s traditional political system. Both groups claimed to represent the poor and weak against the rich a... | 933 | History of Colombia | 5 |
5,844 | # History of Colombia
## Post-1990 {#post_1990}
Following administrations had to contend with the guerrillas, paramilitaries, narcotics traffickers and the violence and corruption that they all perpetuated, both through force and negotiation. Narcoterrorists assassinated three presidential candidates before César Gav... | 675 | History of Colombia | 6 |
5,844 | # History of Colombia
## From 2004 and on {#from_2004_and_on}
By 2004, the security situation of Colombia had shown improvement, and the economy, while still fragile, had also shown some positive signs. On the other hand, relatively little had been accomplished in structurally solving most of the country\'s other gra... | 728 | History of Colombia | 7 |
5,846 | # Geography of the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the north. It consists mostly of low hills and plateaus surrounded along the borders by low mountains. Two areas of lowlands fo... | 809 | Geography of the Czech Republic | 0 |
5,848 | # Politics of the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic, in which the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the Government of the Czech Republic, which reports to the Chamber of Deputies. The legislature is exerc... | 732 | Politics of the Czech Republic | 0 |
5,848 | # Politics of the Czech Republic
## Legislative branch {#legislative_branch}
The Parliament (*Parlament* in Czech) consists of two houses. The lower house is the Chamber of Deputies, and the upper house is the Senate.
\|President of the Chamber of Deputies \|Markéta Pekarová Adamová \|TOP 09 \|10 November 2021 \|- \... | 288 | Politics of the Czech Republic | 1 |
5,848 | # Politics of the Czech Republic
## Judicial branch {#judicial_branch}
The Czech court system recognizes four categories of courts and the Constitutional Court, which stands outside of the court system.
### Constitutional Court {#constitutional_court}
The Constitutional Court\'s main purpose is to protect people\'s... | 627 | Politics of the Czech Republic | 2 |
5,848 | # Politics of the Czech Republic
## Recent political developments {#recent_political_developments}
From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own right, has been a member of the Visegrád Group and from 1995, the OECD. The Czech Republic joined NATO on 12 March 1999 and t... | 215 | Politics of the Czech Republic | 3 |
5,850 | # Telecommunications in the Czech Republic
There are telecommunications in the Czech Republic.
## Office
There is a Czech Telecommunication Office (Czech: Český Telekomunikační Úřad) called CTU.
## Companies
Telecom companies have included České Radiokomunikace, O2 Czech Republic (formerly Telefonica O2 Czech Repu... | 254 | Telecommunications in the Czech Republic | 0 |
5,851 | # Transport in the Czech Republic
**Transport in the Czech Republic** relies on several main modes, including transport by road, rail, water and air.
## Railways
The Czech Republic has a total railway length of 9435 km which makes it a country with the second highest rail density in the world. The vast majority (934... | 564 | Transport in the Czech Republic | 0 |
5,859 | # Continuity Irish Republican Army
The **Continuity Irish Republican Army** (**Continuity IRA** or **CIRA**), styling itself as the **Irish Republican Army** (*\[\[Óglaigh na hÉireann\]\]*), is an Irish republican paramilitary group that aims to bring about a united Ireland. It claims to be a direct continuation of th... | 599 | Continuity Irish Republican Army | 0 |
5,859 | # Continuity Irish Republican Army
## Campaign
Initially, the Continuity IRA did not reveal its existence, either in the form of press statements or paramilitary activity. Although the Garda Síochána had suspicions that the organisation existed, they were unsure of its name, labelling it the \"Irish National Republic... | 953 | Continuity Irish Republican Army | 1 |
5,859 | # Continuity Irish Republican Army
## Claim to legitimacy {#claim_to_legitimacy}
Similar to the claim put forward by the Provisional IRA after its split from the Official IRA in 1969, the Continuity IRA claims to be the legitimate continuation of the original Irish Republican Army or *Óglaigh na hÉireann*. This argum... | 652 | Continuity Irish Republican Army | 2 |
5,859 | # Continuity Irish Republican Army
## Internal tension and splits {#internal_tension_and_splits}
In 2005, several members of the CIRA, who were serving prison sentences in Portlaoise Prison for paramilitary activity, left the organisation. Some transferred to the INLA landing of the prison, but the majority of those ... | 555 | Continuity Irish Republican Army | 3 |
5,881 | # Century
A **century** is a period of 100 years or 10 decades. Centuries are numbered ordinally in English and many other languages. The word *century* comes from the Latin *centum*, meaning *one hundred*. *Century* is sometimes abbreviated as **c.**
A centennial or centenary is a hundredth anniversary, or a celebra... | 669 | Century | 0 |
5,903 | # Cultural movement
A **cultural movement** is a shared effort by loosely affiliated individuals to change the way others in society think by disseminating ideas through various art forms and making intentional choices in daily life. By definition, cultural movements are intertwined with other phenomena such as social... | 448 | Cultural movement | 0 |
5,903 | # Cultural movement
## Cultural movements {#cultural_movements}
- Graeco-Roman
- The Greek culture marked a departure from the other Mediterranean cultures that preceded and surrounded it. The Romans adopted Greek and other styles, and spread the result throughout Western Europe, North Africa, and the Middle ... | 952 | Cultural movement | 1 |
5,909 | # Counterpoint
In music theory, **counterpoint** is the relationship of two or more simultaneous musical lines (also called voices) that are harmonically dependent on each other, yet independent in rhythm and melodic contour. The term originates from the Latin *punctus contra punctum* meaning \"point against point\", ... | 416 | Counterpoint | 0 |
5,909 | # Counterpoint
## Examples from the repertoire {#examples_from_the_repertoire}
There are many examples of song melodies that are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and melodic contour. For example, \"Frère Jacques\" and \"Three Blind Mice\" combine euphoniously when sung together. A number of popul... | 358 | Counterpoint | 1 |
5,909 | # Counterpoint
## Species counterpoint {#species_counterpoint}
Species counterpoint was developed as a pedagogical tool in which students progress through several \"species\" of increasing complexity, with a very simple part that remains constant known as the cantus firmus (Latin for \"fixed melody\"). Species counte... | 638 | Counterpoint | 2 |
5,909 | # Counterpoint
## Species counterpoint {#species_counterpoint}
### First species {#first_species}
In *first species* counterpoint, each note in every added part (parts being also referred to as *lines* or *voices*) sounds against one note in the cantus firmus. Notes in all parts are sounded simultaneously, and move a... | 916 | Counterpoint | 3 |
5,909 | # Counterpoint
## Species counterpoint {#species_counterpoint}
### Fourth species {#fourth_species}
In *fourth species* counterpoint, some notes are sustained or *suspended* in an added part while notes move against them in the given part, often creating a dissonance on the beat, followed by the suspended note then c... | 311 | Counterpoint | 4 |
5,909 | # Counterpoint
## Contrapuntal derivations {#contrapuntal_derivations}
Since the Renaissance period in European music, much contrapuntal music has been written in imitative counterpoint. In imitative counterpoint, two or more voices enter at different times, and (especially when entering) each voice repeats some vers... | 282 | Counterpoint | 5 |
5,909 | # Counterpoint
## Free counterpoint {#free_counterpoint}
Broadly speaking, due to the development of harmony, from the Baroque period on, most contrapuntal compositions were written in the style of free counterpoint. This means that the general focus of the composer had shifted away from how the intervals of added me... | 534 | Counterpoint | 6 |
5,912 | # Carbonate
A **carbonate** is a salt of carbonic acid, (`{{chem2|H2CO3}}`{=mediawiki}), characterized by the presence of the **carbonate ion**, a polyatomic ion with the formula `{{chem2|CO3(2-)}}`{=mediawiki}. The word \"carbonate\" may also refer to a carbonate ester, an organic compound containing the **carbonate ... | 426 | Carbonate | 0 |
5,912 | # Carbonate
## Chemical properties {#chemical_properties}
right\|thumb\|190px\|Stalactites and stalagmites are carbonate minerals. Metal carbonates generally decompose on heating, liberating carbon dioxide leaving behind an oxide of the metal. This process is called calcination, after *calx*, the Latin name of quickl... | 595 | Carbonate | 1 |
5,912 | # Carbonate
## Presence outside Earth {#presence_outside_earth}
It is generally thought that the presence of carbonates in rock is strong evidence for the presence of liquid water. Recent observations of the planetary nebula NGC 6302 show evidence for carbonates in space, where aqueous alteration similar to that on E... | 90 | Carbonate | 2 |
5,916 | # Circumference
`{{General geometry}}`{=mediawiki}
In geometry, the **circumference** (`{{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|circumferēns}}|carrying around, circling}}`{=mediawiki}) is the perimeter of a circle or ellipse. The circumference is the arc length of the circle, as if it were opened up and straightened out to a l... | 588 | Circumference | 0 |
5,930 | # Coffea
***Coffea*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. *Coffea* species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor various beverages and products. The fruits, like the seeds, contain a lar... | 639 | Coffea | 0 |
5,930 | # Coffea
## Research
New species of *Coffea* are still being identified in the 2000s. In 2008 and 2009, researchers from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, named seven from the mountains of northern Madagascar, including *C. ambongensis*, *C. boinensis*, *C. labatii*, *C. pterocarpa*, *C. bissetiae*, and *C. namorokensi... | 362 | Coffea | 1 |
5,930 | # Coffea
## Species
As of May 2024, Plants of the World Online includes: `{{div col|colwidth=20em}}`{=mediawiki}
1. *Coffea abbayesii* J.-F. Leroy
2. *Coffea affinis* De Wild.
3. *Coffea alleizettii* Dubard
4. *Coffea ambanjensis* J.-F. Leroy
5. *Coffea ambongenis* J.-F. Leroy ex A. P. Davis
6. *Coffea andramb... | 805 | Coffea | 2 |
5,936 | # Chemical thermodynamics
**Chemical thermodynamics** is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, bu... | 529 | Chemical thermodynamics | 0 |
5,936 | # Chemical thermodynamics
## Chemical energy {#chemical_energy}
**Chemical energy** is the energy that can be released when chemical substances undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction. Breaking and making chemical bonds involves energy release or uptake, often as heat that may be either absorbed by or ev... | 302 | Chemical thermodynamics | 1 |
5,936 | # Chemical thermodynamics
## Chemical reactions {#chemical_reactions}
In most cases of interest in chemical thermodynamics there are internal degrees of freedom and processes, such as chemical reactions and phase transitions, which create entropy in the universe unless they are at equilibrium or are maintained at a \... | 1,112 | Chemical thermodynamics | 2 |
5,936 | # Chemical thermodynamics
## Non-equilibrium {#non_equilibrium}
Generally the systems treated with the conventional chemical thermodynamics are either at equilibrium or near equilibrium. Ilya Prigogine developed the thermodynamic treatment of open systems that are far from equilibrium. In doing so he has discovered p... | 660 | Chemical thermodynamics | 3 |
5,938 | # Standard works
The **Standard Works** of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church, the largest in the Latter Day Saint movement) are the four books that currently constitute its open scriptural canon. The four books of the standard works are:
- The Authorized King James Version (KJV) as the off... | 265 | Standard works | 0 |
5,938 | # Standard works
## Differences in canonicity across sects {#differences_in_canonicity_across_sects}
Canons of various Latter Day Saint denominations reject some of the *Standard Works* canonized by the LDS Church or have included additional works. For instance, the Bickertonite sect does not consider the Pearl of Gr... | 771 | Standard works | 1 |
5,938 | # Standard works
## Process of addition or alteration {#process_of_addition_or_alteration}
The D&C teaches that \"all things must be done in order, and by common consent in the church\". This applies to adding new scripture. LDS Church president Harold B. Lee taught \"The only one authorized to bring forth any new do... | 476 | Standard works | 2 |
5,938 | # Standard works
## The Bible {#the_bible}
English-speaking Latter-day Saints typically study a custom edition of the KJV, which includes custom chapter headings, footnotes referencing books in the Standard Works, and select passages from the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible.
Though the KJV was always commonly ... | 531 | Standard works | 3 |
5,938 | # Standard works
## The Book of Mormon {#the_book_of_mormon}
LDS Church members, and others in the Latter Day Saint movement, consider the Book of Mormon a volume of holy scripture comparable to the Bible. It contains a record of God\'s dealings with the prophets and ancient inhabitants of the Americas. The introduct... | 386 | Standard works | 4 |
5,938 | # Standard works
## The Doctrine and Covenants {#the_doctrine_and_covenants}
The LDS Church\'s D&C is a collection of revelations, policies, letters, and statements given to the modern church by past church presidents. This record contains points of church doctrine and direction on church government. The book has exi... | 283 | Standard works | 5 |
5,938 | # Standard works
## Table of canonicity {#table_of_canonicity}
All denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement listed below use the same canon of the Book of Mormon. Other uses and content vary among their respective canons.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 1,092 | Standard works | 6 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The **history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints** (LDS Church) has three main periods, described generally as:
1. the early history during the lifetime of Joseph Smith, which is in common with most Latter Day Saint movement churches;
2. t... | 672 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 0 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## Early history (1820s to 1846) {#early_history_1820s_to_1846}
Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, was raised in Western New York during the Second Great Awakening. Smith gained a small following in the late 1820s as he was dictating th... | 644 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 1 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## Pioneer era (c. 1846 to c. 1900) {#pioneer_era_c._1846_to_c._1900}
### Migration to Utah and colonization of the West {#migration_to_utah_and_colonization_of_the_west}
*Main article: Mormon pioneers, History of Utah* Under the leadership of Brigham Youn... | 398 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 2 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## Pioneer era (c. 1846 to c. 1900) {#pioneer_era_c._1846_to_c._1900}
### Mormon Reformation {#mormon_reformation}
In 1856--1858, the church underwent what is commonly called the Mormon Reformation. In 1855, a drought struck the flourishing territory. Very ... | 727 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 3 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## Pioneer era (c. 1846 to c. 1900) {#pioneer_era_c._1846_to_c._1900}
### Polygamy and the United States \"Mormon question\" {#polygamy_and_the_united_states_mormon_question}
For several decades, polygamy was preached as God\'s law. Brigham Young, the churc... | 403 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 4 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## 20th century {#th_century}
The church\'s modern era began soon after it renounced polygamy in 1890. Prior to the 1890 Manifesto, church leaders had been in hiding, many ecclesiastical matters had been neglected, and the church organization itself had bee... | 616 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 5 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## 20th century {#th_century}
### Involvement in national politics {#involvement_in_national_politics}
#### Relationship to the women\'s suffrage movement {#relationship_to_the_womens_suffrage_movement}
In 1870, the Utah Territory had become one of the fir... | 1,224 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 6 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## 20th century {#th_century}
### Institutional reforms {#institutional_reforms}
#### Developments in Church financing {#developments_in_church_financing}
Soon after the 1890 Manifesto, the LDS Church was in a dire financial condition. It was recovering fr... | 533 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 7 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## 20th century {#th_century}
### LDS multiculturalism {#lds_multiculturalism}
As the church began to collide and meld with cultures outside of Utah and the United States, the church began to jettison some of the parochialisms and prejudices that had become... | 807 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 8 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## 20th century {#th_century}
### Doctrinal reforms and influences {#doctrinal_reforms_and_influences}
In 1927, the church implemented its \"Good Neighbor policy\", whereby it removed any suggestion in church literature, sermons, and ordinances that its mem... | 1,119 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 9 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## 20th century {#th_century}
### Doctrinal reforms and influences {#doctrinal_reforms_and_influences}
#### Mormon dissidents and scholars {#mormon_dissidents_and_scholars}
In 1989, George P. Lee, a Navajo member of the First Quorum of the Seventy who had p... | 320 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 10 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## 20th century {#th_century}
### Latter-day Saint public relations {#latter_day_saint_public_relations}
In the 1960s, the church formed the Church Information Service with the goal of being ready to respond to media inquiries and generate positive media co... | 336 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 11 |
5,942 | # History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## 21st century {#st_century}
On January 1, 2000, the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles released a proclamation entitled \"The Living Christ: The Testimony of the Apostles\". This document commemorated the birth of Jesus and set forth t... | 945 | History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 12 |
5,946 | # Casuistry
**Casuistry** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|zj|u|ᵻ|s|t|r|i}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|KAZ|ew|iss|tree}}`{=mediawiki}) is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending abstract rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applie... | 904 | Casuistry | 0 |
5,948 | # Chinese input method
Several input methods allow the use of Chinese characters with computers. Most allow selection of characters based either on their pronunciation or their graphical shape. Phonetic input methods are easier to learn but are less efficient, while graphical methods allow faster input, but have a ste... | 716 | Chinese input method | 0 |
5,948 | # Chinese input method
## Categories
### Phonetic-based {#phonetic_based}
The user enters pronunciations that are converted into relevant Chinese characters. The user must select the desired character from homophones, which are common in Chinese. Modern systems, such as Sogou Pinyin and Google Pinyin, predict the de... | 412 | Chinese input method | 1 |
5,980 | # Carbon sink
thumb\|upright=1.35 \|Carbon sinks (green bars on the right) remove carbon from the atmosphere, whereas carbon sources (greenhouse gas emissions) (grey bars on the left) add them. Since the 1850s, there are more carbon sources than sinks and therefore the carbon dioxide in Earth\'s atmosphere is rising.A... | 591 | Carbon sink | 0 |
5,980 | # Carbon sink
## Natural carbon sinks {#natural_carbon_sinks}
thumb\|right\|upright=2\|This diagram of the fast carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, soil and oceans in billions of tons of carbon per year. Yellow numbers are natural fluxes, red are human contributions in billions of tons... | 417 | Carbon sink | 1 |
5,980 | # Carbon sink
## Enhancing natural carbon sinks {#enhancing_natural_carbon_sinks}
### Purpose in the context of climate change {#purpose_in_the_context_of_climate_change}
### Carbon sequestration techniques in oceans {#carbon_sequestration_techniques_in_oceans}
To enhance carbon sequestration processes in oceans th... | 217 | Carbon sink | 2 |
5,993 | # Chemical bond
A **chemical bond** is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds, or some combination of these effects. C... | 263 | Chemical bond | 0 |
5,993 | # Chemical bond
## Overview of main types of chemical bonds {#overview_of_main_types_of_chemical_bonds}
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms. This attraction may be seen as the result of different behaviors of the outermost or valence electrons of atoms. These behaviors merge into each other seamlessly in v... | 819 | Chemical bond | 1 |
5,993 | # Chemical bond
## History
Early speculations about the nature of the **chemical bond**, from as early as the 12th century, supposed that certain types of chemical species were joined by a type of chemical affinity. In 1704, Sir Isaac Newton famously outlined his atomic bonding theory, in \"Query 31\" of his *Opticks... | 997 | Chemical bond | 2 |
5,993 | # Chemical bond
## Bonds in chemical formulas {#bonds_in_chemical_formulas}
Because atoms and molecules are three-dimensional, it is difficult to use a single method to indicate orbitals and bonds. In **molecular formulas** the chemical bonds (binding orbitals) between atoms are indicated in different ways depending ... | 486 | Chemical bond | 3 |
5,993 | # Chemical bond
## Strong chemical bonds {#strong_chemical_bonds}
### Ionic bond {#ionic_bond}
Ionic bonding is a type of electrostatic interaction between atoms that have a large electronegativity difference. There is no precise value that distinguishes ionic from covalent bonding, but an electronegativity differenc... | 456 | Chemical bond | 4 |
5,993 | # Chemical bond
## Strong chemical bonds {#strong_chemical_bonds}
### Covalent bond {#covalent_bond}
Covalent bonding is a common type of bonding in which two or more atoms share valence electrons more or less equally. The simplest and most common type is a single bond in which two atoms share two electrons. Other ty... | 869 | Chemical bond | 5 |
5,993 | # Chemical bond
## Theories of chemical bonding {#theories_of_chemical_bonding}
In the (unrealistic) limit of \"pure\" ionic bonding, electrons are perfectly localized on one of the two atoms in the bond. Such bonds can be understood by classical physics. The force between the atoms depends on isotropic continuum ele... | 398 | Chemical bond | 6 |
6,001 | # Geography of the Comoros
The **Comoros archipelago** consists of four main islands aligned along a northwest--southeast axis at the north end of the Mozambique Channel, between Mozambique and the island of Madagascar. Still widely known by their French names, the islands officially have been called by their Swahili ... | 598 | Geography of the Comoros | 0 |
6,001 | # Geography of the Comoros
## Flora and fauna {#flora_and_fauna}
Comorian waters are the habitat of the coelacanth, a rare fish with limblike fins and a cartilaginous skeleton, the fossil remains of which date as far back as 400 million years and which was once thought to have become extinct about 70 million years ag... | 336 | Geography of the Comoros | 1 |
6,001 | # Geography of the Comoros
## Climate
The climate is marine tropical, with two seasons: hot and humid from November to April, the result of the northeastern monsoon, and a cooler, drier season the rest of the year. Average monthly temperatures range from 23 to along the coasts. Although the average annual precipitati... | 381 | Geography of the Comoros | 2 |
6,002 | # Demographics of the Comoros
The Comorians (*القمري*) inhabiting Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli (86% of the population) share African-Arab origins. Islam is the dominant religion, and Quranic schools for children reinforce its influence. Although Islamic culture is firmly established throughout, a small minority ... | 631 | Demographics of the Comoros | 0 |
6,002 | # Demographics of the Comoros
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
Statistics `{{as of|2010|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}:
Period ... | 429 | Demographics of the Comoros | 1 |
6,005 | # Telecommunications in the Comoros
In large part thanks to international aid programs, Moroni has international telecommunications service. Telephone service, however, is largely limited to the islands\' few towns.
## Overview
Telephones -- main lines in use: 5,000 (1995)
Telephones -- mobile cellular: 0 (1995)
T... | 188 | Telecommunications in the Comoros | 0 |
6,006 | # Transport in the Comoros
There are a number of systems of **transport in the Comoros**. The Comoros possesses 880 km of road, of which 673 km are paved. It has three seaports: Fomboni, Moroni and Moutsamoudou, but does not have a merchant marine, and no longer has any railway network. It has four airports, all with ... | 372 | Transport in the Comoros | 0 |
6,008 | # Army of National Development
The **Comorian Armed Forces** (*Armée nationale de développement, AND*; `{{literally|Army of National Development}}`{=mediawiki}) are the national military of the Comoros. The armed forces consist of a small standing army and a 500-member police force, as well as a 500-member defense for... | 236 | Army of National Development | 0 |
6,015 | # Crystal
thumb\|upright=1.25\|Crystals of amethyst quartz thumb\|upright=1.25\|Microscopically, a single crystal has atoms in a near-perfect periodic arrangement; a polycrystal is composed of many microscopic crystals (called \"crystallites\" or \"grains\"); and an amorphous solid (such as glass) has no periodic arra... | 575 | Crystal | 0 |
6,015 | # Crystal
## Crystal faces, shapes and crystallographic forms {#crystal_faces_shapes_and_crystallographic_forms}
thumb\|upright=1.6\|As a halite crystal is growing, new atoms can very easily attach to the parts of the surface with rough atomic-scale structure and many dangling bonds. Therefore, these parts of the cry... | 509 | Crystal | 1 |
6,015 | # Crystal
## Occurrence in nature {#occurrence_in_nature}
### Rocks
By volume and weight, the largest concentrations of crystals in the Earth are part of its solid bedrock. Crystals found in rocks typically range in size from a fraction of a millimetre to several centimetres across, although exceptionally large crys... | 390 | Crystal | 2 |
6,015 | # Crystal
## Occurrence in nature {#occurrence_in_nature}
### Organigenic crystals {#organigenic_crystals}
Many living organisms are able to produce crystals grown from an aqueous solution, for example calcite and aragonite in the case of most molluscs or hydroxylapatite in the case of bones and teeth in vertebrates.... | 518 | Crystal | 3 |
6,015 | # Crystal
## Defects, impurities, and twinning {#defects_impurities_and_twinning}
thumb\|left\|upright=1.25\|Two types of crystallographic defects. Top right: edge dislocation. Bottom right: screw dislocation. An *ideal* crystal has every atom in a perfect, exactly repeating pattern. However, in reality, most crystal... | 301 | Crystal | 4 |
6,015 | # Crystal
## Chemical bonds {#chemical_bonds}
In general, solids can be held together by various types of chemical bonds, such as metallic bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, van der Waals bonds, and others. None of these are necessarily crystalline or non-crystalline. However, there are some general trends as follow... | 737 | Crystal | 5 |
6,015 | # Crystal
## Crystallography
*Crystallography* is the science of measuring the crystal structure (in other words, the atomic arrangement) of a crystal. One widely used crystallography technique is X-ray diffraction. Large numbers of known crystal structures are stored in crystallographic databases.
## Image gallery ... | 245 | Crystal | 6 |
6,016 | # Cytosine
**Cytosine** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|t|ə|ˌ|s|iː|n|,_|-|ˌ|z|iː|n|,_|-|ˌ|s|ɪ|n}}`{=mediawiki}) (symbol **C** or **Cyt**) is one of the four nucleotide bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two subst... | 508 | Cytosine | 0 |
6,023 | # Castle of the Winds
***Castle of the Winds*** is a tile-based roguelike video game for Microsoft Windows. It was developed by Rick Saada in 1989 and distributed by Epic MegaGames in 1993. The game was released around 1998 as a freeware download by the author. Though it is secondary to its hack and slash gameplay, *C... | 963 | Castle of the Winds | 0 |
6,023 | # Castle of the Winds
## Reception
*Computer Gaming World* rated the gameplay as good and the graphics simple but effective, while noticing the lack of audio, but regarded the game itself enjoyable | 33 | Castle of the Winds | 1 |
6,026 | # Countable set
In mathematics, a set is **countable** if either it is finite or it can be made in one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers. Equivalently, a set is *countable* if there exists an injective function from it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associa... | 474 | Countable set | 0 |
6,026 | # Countable set
## Introduction
A *set* is a collection of *elements*, and may be described in many ways. One way is simply to list all of its elements; for example, the set consisting of the integers 3, 4, and 5 may be denoted $\{3, 4, 5\}$, called roster form. This is only effective for small sets, however; for lar... | 527 | Countable set | 1 |
6,026 | # Countable set
## Formal overview {#formal_overview}
By definition, a set $S$ is *countable* if there exists a bijection between $S$ and a subset of the natural numbers $\N=\{0,1,2,\dots\}$. For example, define the correspondence $a \leftrightarrow 1,\ b \leftrightarrow 2,\ c \leftrightarrow 3$ Since every element o... | 1,209 | Countable set | 2 |
6,026 | # Countable set
## Total orders {#total_orders}
Countable sets can be totally ordered in various ways, for example:
- Well-orders (see also ordinal number):
- The usual order of natural numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, \...)
- The integers in the order (0, 1, 2, 3, \...; −1, −2, −3, \...)
- Other (*not* we... | 132 | Countable set | 3 |
6,050 | # List of equations in classical mechanics
Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects. It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known. The subject is based upon a three-d... | 1,006 | List of equations in classical mechanics | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.