id int64 39 11.1M | section stringlengths 3 4.51M | length int64 2 49.9k | title stringlengths 1 182 | chunk_id int64 0 68 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
6,511 | # Computational complexity
## Problem complexity (lower bounds) {#problem_complexity_lower_bounds}
The complexity of a problem is the infimum of the complexities of the algorithms that may solve the problem, including unknown algorithms. Thus the complexity of a problem is not greater than the complexity of any algor... | 441 | Computational complexity | 2 |
6,511 | # Computational complexity
## Use in algorithm design {#use_in_algorithm_design}
Evaluating the complexity of an algorithm is an important part of algorithm design, as this gives useful information on the performance that may be expected.
It is a common misconception that the evaluation of the complexity of algorith... | 272 | Computational complexity | 3 |
6,516 | # Cosmological argument
In the philosophy of religion, a **cosmological argument** is an argument for the existence of God based upon observational and factual statements concerning the universe (or some general category of its natural contents) typically in the context of causation, change, contingency or finitude. I... | 972 | Cosmological argument | 0 |
6,516 | # Cosmological argument
## General principles {#general_principles}
### The infinite regress {#the_infinite_regress}
A *regress* is a series of related elements, arranged in some type of sequence of succession, examined in backwards succession (regression) from a fixed point of reference. Depending on the type of re... | 703 | Cosmological argument | 1 |
6,516 | # Cosmological argument
## Versions of the argument {#versions_of_the_argument}
### Aquinas\'s argument from contingency {#aquinass_argument_from_contingency}
In the scholastic era, Aquinas formulated the \"argument from contingency\", following Aristotle, in claiming that there must be something to explain the exis... | 586 | Cosmological argument | 2 |
6,516 | # Cosmological argument
## Versions of the argument {#versions_of_the_argument}
### Duns Scotus\'s metaphysical argument {#duns_scotuss_metaphysical_argument}
At the turn of the 14th century, medieval Christian theologian John Duns Scotus (1265/66--1308) formulated a metaphysical argument for the existence of God ins... | 387 | Cosmological argument | 3 |
6,516 | # Cosmological argument
## Versions of the argument {#versions_of_the_argument}
### Kalam cosmological argument {#kalam_cosmological_argument}
The Kalam cosmological argument\'s central thesis is the impossibility of an infinite temporal regress of events (or past-infinite universe). Though a modern formulation that ... | 434 | Cosmological argument | 4 |
6,516 | # Cosmological argument
## Criticism and discourse {#criticism_and_discourse}
### \"What caused the first cause?\" {#what_caused_the_first_cause}
Objections to the cosmological argument may question why a first cause is unique in that it does not require any causes. Critics contend that the concept of a first cause ... | 857 | Cosmological argument | 5 |
6,516 | # Cosmological argument
## Criticism and discourse {#criticism_and_discourse}
### Causal loop arguments {#causal_loop_arguments}
Some objections to the cosmological argument refer to the possibility of loops in the structure of cause and effect that would avoid the need for a first cause. Gott and Li refer to the cur... | 141 | Cosmological argument | 6 |
6,526 | # Cassandra
**Cassandra** or **Kassandra** (`{{IPAc-en|k|ə|'|s|æ|n|d|r|ə}}`{=mediawiki}; *Κασσάνδρα*, `{{IPA|el|kas:ándra|pron}}`{=mediawiki}, sometimes referred to as **Alexandra**; *Ἀλεξάνδρα*) in Greek mythology was a Trojan priestess dedicated to the god Apollo and fated by him to utter true prophecies but never t... | 512 | Cassandra | 0 |
6,526 | # Cassandra
## Mythology
Cassandra appears in texts written by Homer, Virgil, Aeschylus and Euripides. Each author depicts her prophetic powers differently.
In Homer\'s work, Cassandra is mentioned a total of four times \"as a virgin daughter of Priam, as bewailing Hector\'s death, as chosen by Agamemnon as his slav... | 705 | Cassandra | 1 |
6,526 | # Cassandra
## Mythology
### Cassandra and the Fall of Troy {#cassandra_and_the_fall_of_troy}
#### Before the fall of Troy {#before_the_fall_of_troy}
Before the fall of Troy took place, Cassandra foresaw that if Paris went to Sparta and brought Helen back as his wife, the arrival of Helen would spark the downfall an... | 1,004 | Cassandra | 2 |
6,530 | # Couplet
In poetry, a **couplet** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʌ|p|l|ə|t}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|CUP|lət}}`{=mediawiki}) or **distich** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɪ|s|t|ɪ|k}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|DISS|tick}}`{=mediawiki}) is a pair of successive lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open)... | 386 | Couplet | 0 |
6,530 | # Couplet
## In English poetry {#in_english_poetry}
Regular rhyme was not originally a feature of English poetry: Old English verse came in metrically paired units somewhat analogous to couplets, but constructed according to alliterative verse principles. The rhyming couplet entered English verse in the early Middle ... | 725 | Couplet | 1 |
6,530 | # Couplet
## Distich
The American poet J. V. Cunningham was noted for many distichs included in the various forms of epigrams included in his poetry collections, as exampled here:
Deep summer, and time passes. Sorrow wastes\
To a new sorrow | 41 | Couplet | 2 |
6,533 | # Charles Williams (British writer)
**Charles Walter Stansby Williams** (20 September 1886 -- 15 May 1945) was an English poet, novelist, playwright, theologian and literary critic. Most of his life was spent in London, where he was born, but in 1939 he moved to Oxford with the university press for which he worked unt... | 1,078 | Charles Williams (British writer) | 0 |
6,533 | # Charles Williams (British writer)
## Theology
Williams developed the concept of co-inherence and gave rare consideration to the theology of romantic love. Falling in love for Williams was a form of mystical envisioning in which one saw the beloved as he or she was seen through the eyes of God. Co-inherence was a te... | 944 | Charles Williams (British writer) | 1 |
6,533 | # Charles Williams (British writer)
## Works
### Theology {#theology_1}
- 1938: *He Came Down from Heaven* (London: Heinemann).
- 1939: *The Descent of the Dove: A Short History of the Holy Spirit in the Church* (London: Longmans, Green)
- 1941: *Witchcraft* (London: Faber & Faber)
- 1942: *The Forgiveness of... | 444 | Charles Williams (British writer) | 2 |
6,539 | # Cessna
**Cessna** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|s|n|ə|}}`{=mediawiki}) is an American brand of general aviation aircraft owned by Textron Aviation since 2014, headquartered in Wichita, Kansas. Originally, it was a brand of the **Cessna Aircraft Company**, an American general aviation aircraft manufacturing corporation also head... | 493 | Cessna | 0 |
6,539 | # Cessna
## History
### Postwar boom {#postwar_boom}
Cessna returned to commercial production in 1946, after the revocation of wartime production restrictions (L-48), with the release of the Model 120 and Model 140. The approach was to introduce a new line of all-metal aircraft that used production tools, dies and ji... | 535 | Cessna | 1 |
6,539 | # Cessna
## History
### 2008--2010 economic crisis {#economic_crisis}
The company\'s business suffered notably during the late-2000s recession, laying off more than half its workforce between January 2009 and September 2010.
On November 4, 2008, Cessna\'s parent company, Textron, indicated that Citation production w... | 935 | Cessna | 2 |
6,539 | # Cessna
## Marketing initiatives {#marketing_initiatives}
During the 1950s and 1960s, Cessna\'s marketing department followed the lead of Detroit automakers and came up with many unique marketing terms in an effort to differentiate its product line from their competitors.
Other manufacturers and the aviation press ... | 571 | Cessna | 3 |
6,558 | # Cello
The **violoncello** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|aɪ|ə|l|ə|n|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|l|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cello.wav}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|VY|ə|lən|CHEL|oh}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|it|vjolonˈtʃɛllo}}`{=mediawiki}), commonly abbreviated as **cello** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|l|oʊ}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|CHEL|oh}}`{=mediawiki... | 376 | Cello | 0 |
6,558 | # Cello
## General description {#general_description}
### Tuning
Cellos are tuned in fifths, starting with C~2~ (two octaves below middle C), followed by G~2~, D~3~, and then A~3~. It is tuned in the exact same intervals and strings as the viola, but an octave lower. Similar to the double bass, the cello has an endp... | 711 | Cello | 1 |
6,558 | # Cello
## History
The violin family, including cello-sized instruments, emerged c. 1500 as a family of instruments distinct from the viola da gamba family. The earliest depictions of the violin family, from Italy c. 1530, show three sizes of instruments, roughly corresponding to what we now call violins, violas, and... | 862 | Cello | 2 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Modern use {#modern_use}
### Orchestral
thumb\|left\|upright=0.9\|The cello section of the orchestra of the Munich University of Applied Sciences is shown here. Cellos are part of the standard symphony orchestra, which usually includes eight to twelve cellists. The cello section, in standard orchestral se... | 842 | Cello | 3 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Modern use {#modern_use}
### Popular music, jazz, world music and neoclassical {#popular_music_jazz_world_music_and_neoclassical}
The cello is less common in popular music than in classical music. Several bands feature a cello in their standard line-up, including Hoppy Jones of the Ink Spots and Joe Kwon o... | 966 | Cello | 4 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Construction
The cello is typically made from carved wood, although other materials such as carbon fiber or aluminum may be used. A traditional cello has a spruce top, with maple for the back, sides, and neck. Other woods, such as poplar or willow, are sometimes used for the back and sides. Less expensive ... | 804 | Cello | 5 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Construction
### Tailpiece and endpin {#tailpiece_and_endpin}
The tailpiece and endpin are found in the lower part of the cello. The tailpiece is the part of the cello to which the \"ball ends\" of the strings are attached by passing them through holes. The tailpiece is attached to the bottom of the cello.... | 445 | Cello | 6 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Construction
### Bridge and f-holes {#bridge_and_f_holes}
The bridge holds the strings above the cello and transfers their vibrations to the top of the instrument and the soundpost inside (see below). The bridge is not glued but rather held in place by the tension of the strings. The bridge is usually posi... | 396 | Cello | 7 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Construction
### Bow
thumb\|right\|upright=0.7\|A cello French bow *sul ponticello* Traditionally, bows are made from pernambuco or brazilwood. Both come from the same species of tree (*Caesalpinia echinata*), but Pernambuco, used for higher-quality bows, is the heartwood of the tree and is darker in color... | 483 | Cello | 8 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Physics
### Physical aspects {#physical_aspects}
When a string is bowed or plucked, it vibrates and moves the air around it, producing sound waves. Because the string is quite thin, not much air is moved by the string itself, and consequently, if the string was not mounted on a hollow body, the sound woul... | 647 | Cello | 9 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Playing technique {#playing_technique}
Playing the cello is done while seated with the instrument supported on the floor by the endpin. The right hand bows (or sometimes plucks) the strings to sound the notes. The left-hand fingertips stop the strings along their length, determining the pitch of each finge... | 895 | Cello | 10 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Sizes
Standard-sized cellos are referred to as \"full-size\" or \"`{{frac|4|4}}`{=mediawiki}\" but are also made in smaller (fractional) sizes, including `{{frac|15|16}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{frac|7|8}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{frac|1|4}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{frac|1|8... | 338 | Cello | 11 |
6,558 | # Cello
## Accessories
thumb\|right\|upright=0.9\|Rosin is applied to bow hair to increase the friction of the bow on the strings. thumb\|upright=0.7\|A brass wolf tone eliminator typically placed on the G string (second string from the left) of a cello, between the bridge and the tailpiece. (The black rubber piece o... | 652 | Cello | 12 |
6,562 | # Conditional proof
A **conditional proof** is a proof that takes the form of asserting a conditional, and proving that the antecedent of the conditional necessarily leads to the consequent.
## Overview
The assumed antecedent of a conditional proof is called the **conditional proof assumption** (**CPA**). Thus, the ... | 309 | Conditional proof | 0 |
6,563 | # Conjunction introduction
**Conjunction introduction** (often abbreviated simply as **conjunction** and also called **and introduction** or **adjunction**) is a valid rule of inference of propositional logic. The rule makes it possible to introduce a conjunction into a logical proof. It is the inference that if the p... | 139 | Conjunction introduction | 0 |
6,566 | # English in the Commonwealth of Nations
The use of the English language in current and former countries of the Commonwealth was largely inherited from British colonisation, with some exceptions. English forms part of the Commonwealth\'s common culture and serves as the medium of inter-Commonwealth relations.
***Comm... | 468 | English in the Commonwealth of Nations | 0 |
6,566 | # English in the Commonwealth of Nations
## Non-native varieties {#non_native_varieties}
Second-language varieties of English in Africa and Asia have often undergone \"indigenisation\"; that is, each English-speaking community has developed (or is in the process of developing) its own standards of usage, often under ... | 396 | English in the Commonwealth of Nations | 1 |
6,569 | # Charles McCarry
**Charles McCarry** (June 14, 1930 -- February 26, 2019) was an American writer, primarily of spy fiction, and a former undercover operative for the Central Intelligence Agency.
## Biography
McCarry\'s family came from The Berkshires area of western Massachusetts. He was born in Pittsfield, and liv... | 488 | Charles McCarry | 0 |
6,569 | # Charles McCarry
## Paul Christopher series {#paul_christopher_series}
Ten of McCarry\'s novels involve the life story of a fictional character named Paul Christopher, who grew up in pre-Nazi Germany, and later served in the Marines and became an operative for a U.S. government entity known as \"the Outfit\", meant ... | 382 | Charles McCarry | 1 |
6,569 | # Charles McCarry
## Other books and publications {#other_books_and_publications}
### Non-Paul Christopher novels {#non_paul_christopher_novels}
- *Lucky Bastard* (1999). A comic novel in which a likeable but amoral, devious, and oversexed politician (thought by many to evoke Bill Clinton, when in fact McCarry him... | 400 | Charles McCarry | 2 |
6,586 | # Claus Sluter
thumb\|upright=1.4\|David and Jeremiah from the *Well of Moses* **Claus Sluter** (1340s in Haarlem -- 1405 or 1406 in Dijon) was a Dutch sculptor, living in the Duchy of Burgundy from about 1380. He was the most important northern European sculptor of his age and is considered a pioneer of the \"norther... | 507 | Claus Sluter | 0 |
6,620 | # Cotangent space
In differential geometry, the **cotangent space** is a vector space associated with a point $x$ on a smooth (or differentiable) manifold $\mathcal M$; one can define a cotangent space for every point on a smooth manifold. Typically, the cotangent space, $T^*_x\!\mathcal M$ is defined as the dual spac... | 543 | Cotangent space | 0 |
6,620 | # Cotangent space
## The differential of a function {#the_differential_of_a_function}
Let $M$ be a smooth manifold and let $f\in C^\infty(M)$ be a smooth function. The differential of $f$ at a point $x$ is the map
$$\mathrm d f_x(X_x) = X_x(f)$$ where $X_x$ is a tangent vector at $x$, thought of as a derivation. Tha... | 307 | Cotangent space | 1 |
6,620 | # Cotangent space
## The pullback of a smooth map {#the_pullback_of_a_smooth_map}
Just as every differentiable map $f:M\to N$ between manifolds induces a linear map (called the *pushforward* or *derivative*) between the tangent spaces
$$f_{*}^{}\colon T_x M \to T_{f(x)} N$$ every such map induces a linear map (calle... | 249 | Cotangent space | 2 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
**Cnidaria** (`{{IPAc-en|n|ᵻ|ˈ|d|ɛər|i|ə|,_|n|aɪ|-}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|nih|DAIR|ee|ə|,_|ny|-}}`{=mediawiki}) is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in freshwater and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydr... | 595 | Cnidaria | 0 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Distinguishing features {#distinguishing_features}
Cnidarians form a phylum of animals that are more complex than sponges, about as complex as ctenophores (comb jellies), and less complex than bilaterians, which include almost all other animals. Both cnidarians and ctenophores are more complex than spon... | 320 | Cnidaria | 1 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Description
### Basic body forms {#basic_body_forms}
Most adult cnidarians appear as either free-swimming medusae or sessile polyps, and many hydrozoans species are known to alternate between the two forms.
Both are radially symmetrical, like a wheel and a tube respectively. Since these animals have n... | 713 | Cnidaria | 2 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Description
### Cnidocytes
These \"nettle cells\" function as harpoons, since their payloads remain connected to the bodies of the cells by threads. Three types of cnidocytes are known:
- Nematocysts inject venom into prey, and usually have barbs to keep them embedded in the victims. Most species hav... | 536 | Cnidaria | 3 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Description
### Locomotion
Medusae swim by a form of jet propulsion: muscles, especially inside the rim of the bell, squeeze water out of the cavity inside the bell, and the springiness of the mesoglea powers the recovery stroke. Since the tissue layers are very thin, they provide too little power to sw... | 475 | Cnidaria | 4 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Description
### Feeding and excretion {#feeding_and_excretion}
Cnidarians feed in several ways: predation, absorbing dissolved organic chemicals, filtering food particles out of the water, obtaining nutrients from symbiotic algae within their cells, and parasitism. Most obtain the majority of their food... | 578 | Cnidaria | 5 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Reproduction
### Sexual
Cnidarian sexual reproduction often involves a complex life cycle with both polyp and medusa stages. For example, in Scyphozoa (jellyfish) and Cubozoa (box jellies), a larva swims until it finds a good site, and then becomes a polyp. This grows normally but then absorbs its tent... | 737 | Cnidaria | 6 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Classification
Cnidarians were for a long time grouped with ctenophores in the phylum Coelenterata, but increasing awareness of their differences caused them to be placed in separate phyla. Modern cnidarians are generally classified into four main classes: sessile Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals, sea pen... | 495 | Cnidaria | 7 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Ecology
Many cnidarians are limited to shallow waters because they depend on endosymbiotic algae for much of their nutrients. The life cycles of most have polyp stages, which are limited to locations that offer stable substrates. Nevertheless, major cnidarian groups contain species that have escaped the... | 504 | Cnidaria | 8 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Evolutionary history {#evolutionary_history}
### Fossil record {#fossil_record}
The earliest widely accepted animal fossils are rather modern-looking cnidarians, possibly from around `{{ma|580}}`{=mediawiki}, although fossils from the Doushantuo Formation can only be dated approximately. The identifica... | 852 | Cnidaria | 9 |
6,621 | # Cnidaria
## Interaction with humans {#interaction_with_humans}
Jellyfish stings killed about 1,500 people in the 20th century, and cubozoans are particularly dangerous. On the other hand, some large jellyfish are considered a delicacy in East and Southeast Asia. Coral reefs have long been economically important as ... | 500 | Cnidaria | 10 |
6,628 | # Children of Dune
***Children of Dune*** is a 1976 science fiction novel by Frank Herbert, the third in his *Dune* series of six novels. Originally serialized in *Analog Science Fiction and Fact* in 1976, it was the last *Dune* novel to be serialized before book publication.
At the end of *Dune Messiah*, Paul Atreid... | 1,018 | Children of Dune | 0 |
6,628 | # Children of Dune
## Analysis
Herbert likened the initial trilogy of novels (*Dune*, *Dune Messiah*, and *Children of Dune*) to a fugue -- *Dune* was a heroic melody, *Dune Messiah* was its inversion, while *Children of Dune* expands the number of interplaying themes. Paul rises to power in *Dune* by seizing control... | 331 | Children of Dune | 1 |
6,630 | # Chapterhouse: Dune
***Chapterhouse: Dune*** is a 1985 science fiction novel by Frank Herbert, the last in his *Dune* series of six novels. It rose to No. 2 on *The New York Times* Best Seller list.
A direct follow-up to *Heretics of Dune*, the novel chronicles the continued struggles of the Bene Gesserit sisterhood... | 1,199 | Chapterhouse: Dune | 0 |
6,630 | # Chapterhouse: Dune
## Sequels
Two decades after Frank Herbert\'s death, his son Brian Herbert, along with Kevin J. Anderson, published two sequels -- *Hunters of Dune* (2006) and *Sandworms of Dune* (2007) -- based on notes left behind by Frank Herbert for what he referred to as *Dune 7*, his own planned seventh no... | 75 | Chapterhouse: Dune | 1 |
6,639 | # Cantor Fitzgerald
**Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P.** is an American financial services firm that was founded in 1945. It specializes in institutional equity, fixed-income sales and trading, and serving the middle market with investment banking services, prime brokerage, and commercial real estate financing. It is also acti... | 329 | Cantor Fitzgerald | 0 |
6,639 | # Cantor Fitzgerald
## September 11 attacks {#september_11_attacks}
Cantor Fitzgerald\'s corporate headquarters and New York City office, on the 101st to the 105th floors of 1 World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan (2 to 6 floors above the impact zone of American Airlines Flight 11), were destroyed during the Septembe... | 873 | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
6,639 | # Cantor Fitzgerald
## Subsidiaries and affiliates {#subsidiaries_and_affiliates}
The firm has many subsidiaries and affiliates, including:
- BGC Partners, named after fixed-income trading innovator and founder B. Gerald Cantor, is a global brokerage company that services the wholesale financial markets and commer... | 206 | Cantor Fitzgerald | 2 |
6,650 | # Lists of composers
This is a list of lists of composers grouped by various criteria | 16 | Lists of composers | 0 |
6,660 | # Codec
A **codec** is a computer hardware or software component that encodes or decodes a data stream or signal. *Codec* is a portmanteau of **coder/decoder**.
In electronic communications, an **endec** is a device that acts as both an encoder and a decoder on a signal or data stream, and hence is a type of codec. *... | 504 | Codec | 0 |
6,660 | # Codec
## Media codecs {#media_codecs}
Two principal techniques are used in codecs, pulse-code modulation and delta modulation. Codecs are often designed to emphasize certain aspects of the media to be encoded. For example, a digital video (using a DV codec) of a sports event needs to encode motion well but not nece... | 612 | Codec | 1 |
6,666 | # Christopher Báthory
**Christopher Báthory** (*Báthory Kristóf*; 1530 -- 27 May 1581) was voivode of Transylvania from 1576 to 1581. He was a younger son of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó. Christopher\'s career began during the reign of Queen Isabella Jagiellon, who administered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of H... | 522 | Christopher Báthory | 0 |
6,666 | # Christopher Báthory
## Reign
Stephen Báthory was elected King of Poland on 15 December 1575. He adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania and made Christopher voivode on 14 January 1576. An Ottoman delegation confirmed Christopher\'s appointment at the Diet in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia in Romania) in July. Th... | 419 | Christopher Báthory | 1 |
6,672 | # Caribbean cuisine
**Caribbean cuisine** is a fusion of West African, Creole, Amerindian, European, Latin American, Indian/South Asian, Chinese, Javanese/Indonesian, North American, and Middle Eastern cuisines. These traditions were brought from many countries when they moved to the Caribbean. In addition, the popula... | 471 | Caribbean cuisine | 0 |
6,684 | # Communications in Afghanistan
**Communications in Afghanistan** is under the control of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT). It has rapidly expanded after the Karzai administration was formed in late 2001, and has embarked on wireless companies, internet, radio stations and television ch... | 800 | Communications in Afghanistan | 0 |
6,689 | # Christian of Oliva
**Christian of Oliva** (*Chrystian z Oliwy*), also **Christian of Prussia** (*Christian von Preußen*) (died 4 December(?) 1245) was the first missionary bishop of Prussia.
## History
Christian was born about 1180 in the Duchy of Pomerania, possibly in the area of Chociwel (according to Johannes ... | 686 | Christian of Oliva | 0 |
6,693 | # Cofinality
In mathematics, especially in order theory, the **cofinality** cf(*A*) of a partially ordered set *A* is the least of the cardinalities of the cofinal subsets of *A*. Formally,
$$\operatorname{cf}(A) = \inf \{|B| : B \subseteq A, (\forall x \in A) (\exists y \in B) (x \leq y)\}$$
This definition of cofi... | 782 | Cofinality | 0 |
6,693 | # Cofinality
## Cofinality of cardinals {#cofinality_of_cardinals}
If $\kappa$ is an infinite cardinal number, then $\operatorname{cf}(\kappa)$ is the least cardinal such that there is an unbounded function from $\operatorname{cf}(\kappa)$ to $\kappa;$ $\operatorname{cf}(\kappa)$ is also the cardinality of the smalle... | 238 | Cofinality | 1 |
6,695 | # Citadel
A **citadel** is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of *city*, meaning \"little city\", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core.
In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the stronge... | 774 | Citadel | 0 |
6,695 | # Citadel
## History
### 1600 to the present {#to_the_present}
In times of war, the citadel in many cases afforded retreat to the people living in the areas around the town. However, citadels were often used also to protect a garrison or political power from the inhabitants of the town where it was located, being des... | 395 | Citadel | 1 |
6,695 | # Citadel
## History
### Modern usage {#modern_usage}
The Citadelle of Québec (the construction was started in 1673 and completed in 1820) still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America. It is home to the Royal 22nd Regiment of the Canadian Army and forms part of the Rampa... | 233 | Citadel | 2 |
6,697 | # Cerberus
In Greek mythology, **Cerberus** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɜr|b|ər|ə|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Cerberus.wav}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɜr|b|ər|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Κέρβερος* *Kérberos* `{{IPA|el|ˈkerberos|}}`{=mediawiki}), often referred to as the **hound of Hades**, is a ... | 273 | Cerberus | 0 |
6,697 | # Cerberus
## Descriptions
Descriptions of Cerberus vary, including the number of his heads. Cerberus was usually three-headed, though not always. Cerberus had several multi-headed relatives. His father was the multi snake-footed Typhon, and Cerberus was the brother of three other multi-headed monsters, the multi-sna... | 501 | Cerberus | 1 |
6,697 | # Cerberus
## Twelfth Labour of Heracles {#twelfth_labour_of_heracles}
Cerberus\' only mythology concerns his capture by Heracles. As early as Homer we learn that Heracles was sent by Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns, to bring back Cerberus from Hades the king of the underworld. According to Apollodorus, this was the t... | 898 | Cerberus | 2 |
6,697 | # Cerberus
## Twelfth Labour of Heracles {#twelfth_labour_of_heracles}
### Exit from the underworld {#exit_from_the_underworld}
There were several locations which were said to be the place where Heracles brought up Cerberus from the underworld. The geographer Strabo (63/64 BC -- c. AD 24) reports that \"according to ... | 385 | Cerberus | 3 |
6,697 | # Cerberus
## Twelfth Labour of Heracles {#twelfth_labour_of_heracles}
### Presented to Eurystheus, returned to Hades {#presented_to_eurystheus_returned_to_hades}
In some accounts, after bringing Cerberus up from the underworld, Heracles paraded the captured Cerberus through Greece. Euphorion has Heracles lead Cerber... | 128 | Cerberus | 4 |
6,697 | # Cerberus
## Iconography
thumb\|upright=1.3\|One of the two earliest depictions of the capture of Cerberus (composed of the last five figures on the right) shows, from right to left: Cerberus, with a single dog head and snakes rising from his body, fleeing right, Hermes, with his characteristic hat (*petasos*) and c... | 669 | Cerberus | 5 |
6,697 | # Cerberus
## Cerberus rationalized {#cerberus_rationalized}
At least as early as the 6th century BC, some ancient writers attempted to explain away various fantastical features of Greek mythology; included in these are various rationalized accounts of the Cerberus story. The earliest such account (late 6th century B... | 452 | Cerberus | 6 |
6,697 | # Cerberus
## Cerberus allegorized {#cerberus_allegorized}
Servius, a medieval commentator on Virgil\'s *Aeneid*, derived Cerberus\' name from the Greek word *creoboros* meaning \"flesh-devouring\" (see above), and held that Cerberus symbolized the corpse-consuming earth, with Heracles\' triumph over Cerberus represe... | 438 | Cerberus | 7 |
6,716 | # Cardinal vowels
**Cardinal vowels** are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of languages. They are classified depending on the position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth, how far forward or back is the highest point of the tongue, and the position of the lips (rounde... | 849 | Cardinal vowels | 0 |
6,721 | # Cross-country skiing
**Cross-country skiing** is a form of skiing whereby skiers traverse snow-covered terrain without use of ski lifts or other assistance. Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity; however, some still use it as a means of travel. Variants of cross-country skiing... | 1,210 | Cross-country skiing | 0 |
6,721 | # Cross-country skiing
## Recreation
Recreational cross-country skiing includes ski touring and groomed-trail skiing, typically at resorts or in parklands. It is an accessible form of recreation for persons with vision and mobility impairments. A related form of recreation is dog skijoring---a winter sport where a cr... | 414 | Cross-country skiing | 1 |
6,721 | # Cross-country skiing
## Competition
Cross-country ski competition encompasses a variety of formats for races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) and by national organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association and Cross C... | 469 | Cross-country skiing | 2 |
6,721 | # Cross-country skiing
## Techniques
thumb\|Video of skiers demonstrating a variety of techniques. Cross-country skiing has two basic propulsion techniques, which apply to different surfaces: classic (undisturbed snow and tracked snow) and skate skiing (firm, smooth snow surfaces). The classic technique relies on a w... | 613 | Cross-country skiing | 3 |
6,721 | # Cross-country skiing
## Equipment
Equipment comprises skis, poles, boots and bindings; these vary according to:
- Technique, classic vs skate
- Terrain, which may vary from groomed trails to wilderness
- Performance level, from recreational use to competition at the elite level
### Skis
Skis used in cross-... | 1,118 | Cross-country skiing | 4 |
6,721 | # Cross-country skiing
## Equipment
### Poles
Ski poles are used for balance and propulsion. Modern cross-country ski poles are made from aluminium, fibreglass-reinforced plastic, or carbon fibre, depending on weight, cost and performance parameters. Formerly they were made of wood or bamboo. They feature a foot (cal... | 140 | Cross-country skiing | 5 |
6,721 | # Cross-country skiing
## Gallery
Image:Skigudinne.jpg\|An early depiction of a skier---a Sami woman or goddess hunting on skis by Olaus Magnus (1553). <File:Birkebeinerne> ski01.jpg\|Loyal retainers transporting Prince Haakon IV of Norway to safety on skis during the winter of 1206---1869 depiction by Knud Bergslien... | 115 | Cross-country skiing | 6 |
6,746 | # Constantius II
Constantine II\|Julius Constantius\|Constantius III}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
**Constantius II** (*Flavius Julius Constantius*; *Kōnstántios*; 7 August 317 -- 3 November 361) was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasan... | 614 | Constantius II | 0 |
6,746 | # Constantius II
## Augustus in the east {#augustus_in_the_east}
In early 337, Constantius hurried to Constantinople after receiving news that his father was near death. After Constantine died, Constantius buried him with lavish ceremony in the Church of the Holy Apostles. Soon after his father\'s death, the army mas... | 832 | Constantius II | 1 |
6,746 | # Constantius II
## Solo reign {#solo_reign}
Constantius spent much of the rest of 353 and early 354 on campaign against the Alamanni on the Danube frontier. The campaign was successful and raiding by the Alamanni ceased temporarily. In the meantime, Constantius had been receiving disturbing reports regarding the act... | 1,017 | Constantius II | 2 |
6,746 | # Constantius II
## Solo reign {#solo_reign}
### Usurpation of Julian and crises in the east {#usurpation_of_julian_and_crises_in_the_east}
In the meantime, Julian had won some victories against the Alamanni, who had once again invaded Roman Gaul. However, when Constantius requested reinforcements from Julian\'s army... | 390 | Constantius II | 3 |
6,746 | # Constantius II
## Family tree {#family_tree}
Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti, names with a thicker border appear in both sections
**1: Constantine\'s parents and half-siblings** `{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}`{=mediawiki} `{{tree chart| | | | | | |CGOTH|CGOTH={{ubl|[... | 275 | Constantius II | 4 |
6,746 | # Constantius II
## Reputation
According to DiMaio and Frakes, "\...Constantius is hard for the modern historian to fully understand both due to his own actions and due to the interests of the authors of primary sources for his reign." A. H. M. Jones writes that he \"appears in the pages of Ammianus as a conscientiou... | 273 | Constantius II | 5 |
6,751 | # Cottingley Fairies
The **Cottingley Fairies** are the subject of a hoax which purports to provide evidence of the existence of fairies. They appear in a series of five photographs taken by Elsie Wright (1901--1988) and Frances Griffiths (1907--1986), two young cousins who lived in Cottingley, near Bradford in Englan... | 274 | Cottingley Fairies | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.