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6,978 | # Concept
## Ontology of concepts {#ontology_of_concepts}
### Concepts as abstract objects {#concepts_as_abstract_objects}
The semantic view of concepts suggests that concepts are abstract objects. In this view, concepts are abstract objects of a category out of a human\'s mind rather than some mental representations... | 1,173 | Concept | 2 |
6,978 | # Concept
## Notable theories on the structure of concepts {#notable_theories_on_the_structure_of_concepts}
### Classical theory {#classical_theory}
The classical theory of concepts, also referred to as the empiricist theory of concepts, is the oldest theory about the structure of concepts (it can be traced back to ... | 699 | Concept | 3 |
6,978 | # Concept
## Notable theories on the structure of concepts {#notable_theories_on_the_structure_of_concepts}
### Prototype theory {#prototype_theory}
Prototype theory came out of problems with the classical view of conceptual structure. Prototype theory says that concepts specify properties that members of a class ten... | 767 | Concept | 4 |
6,978 | # Concept
## Methodology of conceptualisation {#methodology_of_conceptualisation}
Regarding conceptualisation, the conventional approach, influenced by Giovanni Sartori, treats concepts as precise categories with defined attributes. It uses a \"ladder of abstraction\" to adjust a concept\'s generality for clear class... | 320 | Concept | 5 |
6,991 | # Cimabue
**Giovanni Cimabue** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|tʃ|iː|m|ə|ˈ|b|uː|eɪ}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|CHEE|mə|BOO|ay}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|it|tʃimaˈbuːe|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{c.|1240}}`{=mediawiki} -- 1302), also known as **Cenni di Pepo** or **Cenni di Pepi**, was an Italian painter and designer of mosaics from Florence.
Al... | 922 | Cimabue | 0 |
6,991 | # Cimabue
## Legacy
History has long regarded Cimabue as the last of an era that was overshadowed by the Italian Renaissance. As early as 1543, Vasari wrote of Cimabue, \"Cimabue was, in one sense, the principal cause of the renewal of painting,\" with the qualification that, \"Giotto truly eclipsed Cimabue\'s fame j... | 629 | Cimabue | 1 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
The **culture of Canada** embodies the artistic, culinary, literary, humour, musical, political and social elements that are representative of Canadians. Throughout Canada\'s history, its culture has been influenced firstly by its indigenous cultures, and later by European culture and traditions, m... | 302 | Culture of Canada | 0 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Cultural components {#cultural_components}
### History
#### Influences
For thousands of years, Canada has been inhabited by indigenous peoples from a variety of different cultures and of several major linguistic groupings. Although not without conflict and bloodshed, early European interactio... | 822 | Culture of Canada | 1 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Cultural components {#cultural_components}
### Political culture {#political_culture}
#### Cultural legislation {#cultural_legislation}
French Canada\'s early development was relatively cohesive during the 17th and 18th centuries, and this was preserved by the Quebec Act 1774, which allowed Ro... | 912 | Culture of Canada | 2 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Cultural components {#cultural_components}
### Values
Canadian values are the perceived commonly shared ethical and human values of Canadians. Canadians generally value freedom and individuality, often making personal decisions based on family interests rather than collective Canadian identity.... | 1,162 | Culture of Canada | 3 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Cultural components {#cultural_components}
### Humour
Canadian humour is an integral part of the Canadian Identity. There are several traditions in Canadian humour in both English and French. While these traditions are distinct and at times very different, there are common themes that relate to... | 505 | Culture of Canada | 4 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Arts
### Visual arts {#visual_arts}
Indigenous artists were producing art in the territory that is now called Canada for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state. Like the peoples that produced them, indige... | 675 | Culture of Canada | 5 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Arts
### Theatre
Canada has had a thriving stage theatre scene since the late 1800s. Theatre festivals draw many tourists in the summer months, especially the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario, and the Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. The Famous People Players a... | 874 | Culture of Canada | 6 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Arts
### Music
The music of Canada has reflected the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the country. Indigenous, the French, and the British have all made historical contributions to the musical heritage of Canada. The country has produced its own composers, musicians and ensembles sinc... | 518 | Culture of Canada | 7 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Sports
Sports in Canada consists of a variety of games. Although there are many contests that Canadians value, the most common are ice hockey, box lacrosse, Canadian football, basketball, soccer, curling and ringette. All but curling and soccer are considered domestic sports as they were either... | 823 | Culture of Canada | 8 |
6,999 | # Culture of Canada
## Outside views {#outside_views}
In a 2002 interview with the *Globe and Mail*, Aga Khan, the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims, described Canada as \"the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe\", citing it as \"a model for the world\". A 2007 poll ranked Canada as the country ... | 253 | Culture of Canada | 9 |
7,011 | # Control engineering
**Control engineering**, also known as **control systems engineering** and, in some European countries, **automation engineering**, is an engineering discipline that deals with control systems, applying control theory to design equipment and systems with desired behaviors in control environments.... | 521 | Control engineering | 0 |
7,011 | # Control engineering
## History
Automatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. The first feedback control device on record is thought to be the ancient Ktesibios\'s water clock in Alexandria, Egypt, around the third century BCE. It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and,... | 569 | Control engineering | 1 |
7,011 | # Control engineering
## Control theory {#control_theory}
## Education
At many universities around the world, control engineering courses are taught primarily in electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, but some courses can be instructed in mechatronics engineering, and aerospace engineering. In others, co... | 807 | Control engineering | 2 |
7,019 | # Jean Siméon Chardin
**Jean Siméon Chardin** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ simeɔ̃ ʃaʁdɛ̃|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; November 2, 1699 -- December 6, 1779) was an 18th-century French painter. He is considered a master of still life, and is also noted for his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities. Car... | 671 | Jean Siméon Chardin | 0 |
7,019 | # Jean Siméon Chardin
## Work
Chardin worked very slowly and painted only slightly more than 200 pictures (about four a year) in total.
Chardin\'s work had little in common with the Rococo painting that dominated French art in the 18th century. At a time when history painting was considered the supreme classificatio... | 449 | Jean Siméon Chardin | 1 |
7,019 | # Jean Siméon Chardin
## Influence
Chardin\'s influence on the art of the modern era was wide-ranging and has been well-documented. Édouard Manet\'s half-length *Boy Blowing Bubbles* and the still lifes of Paul Cézanne are equally indebted to their predecessor. He was one of Henri Matisse\'s most admired painters; as... | 742 | Jean Siméon Chardin | 2 |
7,030 | # Code coverage
In software engineering, **code coverage**, also called **test coverage**, is a percentage measure of the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a particular test suite is run. A program with high code coverage has more of its source code executed during testing, which suggests i... | 888 | Code coverage | 0 |
7,030 | # Code coverage
## Coverage criteria {#coverage_criteria}
### Parameter value coverage {#parameter_value_coverage}
**Parameter value coverage** (PVC) requires that in a method taking parameters, all the common values for such parameters be considered. The idea is that all common possible values for a parameter are te... | 508 | Code coverage | 1 |
7,030 | # Code coverage
## In practice {#in_practice}
The target software is built with special options or libraries and run under a controlled environment, to map every executed function to the function points in the source code. This allows testing parts of the target software that are rarely or never accessed under normal... | 624 | Code coverage | 2 |
7,030 | # Code coverage
## Usage in industry {#usage_in_industry}
Test coverage is one consideration in the safety certification of avionics equipment. The guidelines by which avionics gear is certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is documented in DO-178B and DO-178C.
Test coverage is also a requirement in ... | 61 | Code coverage | 3 |
7,033 | # Caitlin Clarke
**Caitlin Clarke** (born **Katherine Anne Clarke**; May 3, 1952 -- September 9, 2004) was an American actress best known for her roles as Valerian in the 1981 fantasy film *Dragonslayer* and Charlotte Cardoza in the 1998--1999 Broadway musical *Titanic*.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_e... | 444 | Caitlin Clarke | 0 |
7,043 | # Chemical formula
-\\overset{\\displaystyle H \\atop \|}{\\underset{\| \\atop \\displaystyle H}{C}}-\\overset{\\displaystyle H \\atop \|}{\\underset{\| \\atop \\displaystyle H}{C}}-\\overset{\\displaystyle H \\atop \|}{\\underset{\| \\atop \\displaystyle H}{C}}-H \| data2 = Structural formula for butane }}
A **chemi... | 561 | Chemical formula | 0 |
7,043 | # Chemical formula
## Overview
A chemical formula identifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol and indicates the proportionate number of atoms of each element. In empirical formulae, these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound, by rat... | 510 | Chemical formula | 1 |
7,043 | # Chemical formula
## Types
### Empirical formula {#empirical_formula}
In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom or ratio of the elements in the compound. Empirical formulae are the standard for ionic compounds, such as `{{chem2|CaCl2}}`{=med... | 428 | Chemical formula | 2 |
7,043 | # Chemical formula
## Types
### Condensed formula {#condensed_formula}
The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemic... | 942 | Chemical formula | 3 |
7,043 | # Chemical formula
## Trapped atoms {#trapped_atoms}
*Main article: Endohedral fullerene* The @ symbol (at sign) indicates an atom or molecule trapped inside a cage but not chemically bound to it. For example, a buckminsterfullerene (`{{chem2|C60}}`{=mediawiki}) with an atom (M) would simply be represented as `{{chem... | 522 | Chemical formula | 4 |
7,060 | # Chymotrypsin
**Chymotrypsin** (`{{EC number|3.4.21.1}}`{=mediawiki}, chymotrypsins A and B, alpha-chymar ophth, avazyme, chymar, chymotest, enzeon, quimar, quimotrase, alpha-chymar, alpha-chymotrypsin A, alpha-chymotrypsin) is a digestive enzyme component of pancreatic juice acting in the duodenum, where it performs... | 666 | Chymotrypsin | 0 |
7,060 | # Chymotrypsin
## Isozymes
------------------- ---------------------------- ----------- --------- ---------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------------- --------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------- ------------------ --------------------- ----------------- --------- ... | 208 | Chymotrypsin | 1 |
7,063 | # Catapult
A **catapult** is a ballistic device used to launch a projectile at a great distance without the aid of gunpowder or other propellants -- particularly various types of ancient and medieval siege engines. A catapult uses the sudden release of stored potential energy to propel its payload. Most convert tensio... | 335 | Catapult | 0 |
7,063 | # Catapult
## Greek and Roman catapults {#greek_and_roman_catapults}
The catapult and crossbow in Greece are closely intertwined. Primitive catapults were essentially \"the product of relatively straightforward attempts to increase the range and penetrating power of missiles by strengthening the bow which propelled t... | 922 | Catapult | 1 |
7,063 | # Catapult
## Medieval catapults {#medieval_catapults}
Castles and fortified walled cities were common during this period and catapults were used as siege weapons against them. As well as their use in attempts to breach walls, incendiary missiles, or diseased carcasses or garbage could be catapulted over the walls.
... | 650 | Catapult | 2 |
7,063 | # Catapult
## Modern use {#modern_use}
### Military
The last large scale military use of catapults was during the trench warfare of World War I. During the early stages of the war, catapults were used to throw hand grenades across no man\'s land into enemy trenches. They were eventually replaced by small mortars.
T... | 488 | Catapult | 3 |
7,073 | # Telecommunications in the Cook Islands
Like most countries and territories in Oceania, telecommunications in the Cook Islands is limited by its isolation and low population, with only one major television broadcasting station and six radio stations. However, most residents have a main line or mobile phone. Its telec... | 644 | Telecommunications in the Cook Islands | 0 |
7,073 | # Telecommunications in the Cook Islands
## Digital transformation {#digital_transformation}
### The challenges {#the_challenges}
As a small island digital state (SIDS) the Cook Islands faces a unique set of challenges in digital transformation. One being that they are heavily reliant on international support and co... | 781 | Telecommunications in the Cook Islands | 1 |
7,118 | # Churnsike Lodge
**Churnsike Lodge** is an early Victorian hunting lodge situated in the parish of Greystead, west Northumberland, England. Constructed in 1850 by the Charlton family, descendants of the noted Border Reivers family of the English Middle March, the lodge formed part of the extensive Hesleyside estate, ... | 247 | Churnsike Lodge | 0 |
7,122 | # Crannog
`{{wikt | crannog}}`{=mediawiki} A **crannog** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|æ|n|ə|ɡ}}`{=mediawiki}; *crannóg* `{{IPA|ga|ˈkɾˠan̪ˠoːɡ|}}`{=mediawiki}; *crannag* `{{IPA|gd|ˈkʰɾan̪ˠak|}}`{=mediawiki}) is typically a partially or entirely artificial island, usually constructed in lakes, bogs and estuarine waters of Ireland,... | 446 | Crannog | 0 |
7,122 | # Crannog
## Location
Crannogs are widespread in Ireland, with an estimated 1,200 examples, while Scotland has 389 sites officially listed as such. The actual number in Scotland varies considerably depending on definition---between about 350 and 500, due to the use of the term \"island dun\" for well over one hundred... | 299 | Crannog | 1 |
7,122 | # Crannog
## Types and problems with definition {#types_and_problems_with_definition}
Crannogs took on many different forms and methods of construction based on what was available in the immediate landscape. The classic image of a prehistoric crannog stems from both post-medieval illustrations and highly influential ... | 916 | Crannog | 2 |
7,122 | # Crannog
## Construction
The construction techniques for a crannog (prehistoric or otherwise) are as varied as the multitude of finished forms that make up the archaeological record. Island settlement in Scotland and Ireland is manifest through the entire range of possibilities ranging from entirely natural, small i... | 391 | Crannog | 3 |
7,123 | # Calendar date
A **calendar date** is a reference to a particular day, represented within a calendar system, enabling a specific day to be unambiguously identified. Simple math can be performed between dates; commonly, the number of days between two dates may be calculated, e.g., \"25 `{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}`{=mediawik... | 319 | Calendar date | 0 |
7,123 | # Calendar date
## Date format {#date_format}
thumb\|center\|upright=3.2\|`{{legend|#0860a6|Day-Month-Year}}`{=mediawiki} `{{legend|#feb930|Year-Month-Day}}`{=mediawiki} `{{legend|#fd489d|Month-Day-Year}}`{=mediawiki} `{{legend striped|#0860a6|#feb930|DMY and YMD|up=yes}}`{=mediawiki} `{{legend striped|#0860a6|#fd489... | 470 | Calendar date | 1 |
7,123 | # Calendar date
## Date format {#date_format}
### Gregorian, year--month--day (YMD) {#gregorian_yearmonthday_ymd}
In this format, the most significant data item is written before lesser data items i.e. the year before the month before the day. It is consistent with the big-endianness of the Hindu--Arabic numeral sys... | 747 | Calendar date | 2 |
7,123 | # Calendar date
## Date format {#date_format}
### Difficulties
Many numerical forms can create confusion when used in international correspondence, particularly when abbreviating the year to its final two digits, with no context. For example, \"07/08/06\" could refer to either 7 August 2006 or July 8, 2006 (or 1906, ... | 390 | Calendar date | 3 |
7,123 | # Calendar date
## Specialized usage {#specialized_usage}
### Day and year only {#day_and_year_only}
The U.S. military sometimes uses a system, known to them as the \"Julian date format\", which indicates the year and the actual day out of the 365 days of the year (and thus a designation of the month would not be ne... | 593 | Calendar date | 4 |
7,124 | # Cist
`{{wikt | cist}}`{=mediawiki}
In archeology, a **cist** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|s|t}}`{=mediawiki}; also **kist** `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|s|t}}`{=mediawiki}; ultimately from *κίστη*; cognate to *chest*) or **cist grave** is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead. In some ways, it... | 148 | Cist | 0 |
7,125 | # Center (group theory)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 11, column 2):
unexpected '-'
|-
^
`` | 18 | Center (group theory) | 0 |
7,145 | # Chambered cairn
A **chambered cairn** is a burial monument, usually constructed during the Neolithic, consisting of a sizeable (usually stone) chamber around and over which a cairn of stones was constructed. Some chambered cairns are also passage-graves. They are found throughout Britain and Ireland, with the larges... | 982 | Chambered cairn | 0 |
7,145 | # Chambered cairn
## Scotland
### Bookan
The Bookan type is named after a cairn found to the north-west of the Ring of Brodgar in Orkney, which is now a dilapidated oval mound, about 16 metres in diameter. Excavations in 1861 indicated a rectangular central chamber surrounded by five smaller chambers. Because of the ... | 550 | Chambered cairn | 1 |
7,160 | # European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
The **European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations** (**CEPT**) was established on 26 June 1959 by nineteen European states in Montreux, Switzerland, as a coordinating body for European state telecommunications and postal or... | 284 | European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations | 0 |
7,165 | # Cartoon
thumb\|upright=1.35\|Example of a modern cartoon. The text was excerpted by cartoonist Greg Williams from the Wikipedia article on Dr. Seuss.\|alt=A cartoon shows a bearded man with a red bow tie holding the hat from Dr. Seuss\'s \"The Cat in the Hat\". A **cartoon** is a type of visual art that is typically... | 419 | Cartoon | 0 |
7,165 | # Cartoon
## Mass media {#mass_media}
In print media, a cartoon is a drawing or series of drawings, usually humorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843, when *Punch* magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoo... | 407 | Cartoon | 1 |
7,165 | # Cartoon
## Mass media {#mass_media}
### Political
Political cartoons are like illustrated editorials that serve visual commentaries on political events. They offer subtle criticism which are cleverly quoted with humour and satire to the extent that the criticized does not get embittered.
The pictorial satire of Wi... | 789 | Cartoon | 2 |
7,167 | # Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
The **chief minister of the Northern Territory** is the head of government of the Northern Territory. The office is the equivalent of a state premier. When the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was created in 1974, the head of government was officially known as **majori... | 724 | Chief Minister of the Northern Territory | 0 |
7,174 | # Chinese historiography
**Chinese historiography** is the study of the techniques and sources used by historians to develop the recorded history of China.
## Overview of Chinese history {#overview_of_chinese_history}
The recording of events in Chinese history dates back to the Shang dynasty (c. 1600--1046 BC). Man... | 846 | Chinese historiography | 0 |
7,174 | # Chinese historiography
## Key organizing concepts {#key_organizing_concepts}
### Dynastic cycle {#dynastic_cycle}
Like the three ages of the Greek poet Hesiod, the oldest Chinese historiography viewed mankind as living in a fallen age of depravity, cut off from the virtues of the past, as Confucius and his discipl... | 941 | Chinese historiography | 1 |
7,174 | # Chinese historiography
## Key organizing concepts {#key_organizing_concepts}
### Marxism
Most Chinese history that is published in the People\'s Republic of China is based on a Marxist interpretation of history. These theories were first applied in the 1920s by Chinese scholars such as Guo Moruo, and became orthodo... | 660 | Chinese historiography | 2 |
7,174 | # Chinese historiography
## Key organizing concepts {#key_organizing_concepts}
### Modernization
This view of Chinese history sees Chinese society as a traditional society needing to become modern, usually with the implicit assumption of Western society as the model. Such a view was common amongst European and Americ... | 917 | Chinese historiography | 3 |
7,174 | # Chinese historiography
## Key organizing concepts {#key_organizing_concepts}
### Anti-imperialism {#anti_imperialism}
Closely related are colonial and anti-imperialist narratives. These often merge or are part of Marxist critiques from within China or the former Soviet Union, or are postmodern critiques such as Edw... | 376 | Chinese historiography | 4 |
7,174 | # Chinese historiography
## Recent trends {#recent_trends}
From the beginning of CCP rule in 1949 until the 1980s, Chinese historical scholarship focused largely on the officially sanctioned Marxist theory of class struggle. From the time of Deng Xiaoping (1978--1992) on, there has been a drift towards a Marxist-insp... | 648 | Chinese historiography | 5 |
7,184 | # C*-algebra
In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis, a **C^∗^-algebra** (pronounced \"C-star\") is a Banach algebra together with an involution satisfying the properties of the adjoint. A particular case is that of a complex algebra *A* of continuous linear operators on a complex Hilbert space with two ad... | 724 | C*-algebra | 0 |
7,184 | # C*-algebra
## Structure of C\*-algebras {#structure_of_c_algebras}
C\*-algebras have a large number of properties that are technically convenient. Some of these properties can be established by using the continuous functional calculus or by reduction to commutative C\*-algebras. In the latter case, we can use the f... | 377 | C*-algebra | 1 |
7,184 | # C*-algebra
## Examples
### Finite-dimensional C\*-algebras {#finite_dimensional_c_algebras}
The algebra M(*n*, **C**) of *n* × *n* matrices over **C** becomes a C\*-algebra if we consider matrices as operators on the Euclidean space, **C**^*n*^, and use the operator norm \|\|·\|\| on matrices. The involution is gi... | 879 | C*-algebra | 2 |
7,184 | # C*-algebra
## Examples
### Von Neumann algebras {#von_neumann_algebras}
Von Neumann algebras, known as W\* algebras before the 1960s, are a special kind of C\*-algebra. They are required to be closed in the weak operator topology, which is weaker than the norm topology.
The Sherman--Takeda theorem implies that any... | 191 | C*-algebra | 3 |
7,184 | # C*-algebra
## C\*-algebras and quantum field theory {#c_algebras_and_quantum_field_theory}
In quantum mechanics, one typically describes a physical system with a C\*-algebra *A* with unit element; the self-adjoint elements of *A* (elements *x* with *x\** = *x*) are thought of as the *observables*, the measurable qu... | 126 | C*-algebra | 4 |
7,201 | # Contempt of court
**Contempt of court**, often referred to simply as \"**contempt**\", is the crime of being disobedient to or disrespectful toward a court of law and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the authority, justice, and dignity of the court. A similar attitude toward a legislative ... | 320 | Contempt of court | 0 |
7,201 | # Contempt of court
## In use today {#in_use_today}
Contempt of court is essentially seen as a form of disturbance that may impede the functioning of the court. The judge may impose fines and/or jail time upon any person committing contempt of court. The person is usually let out upon an agreement to fulfill the wish... | 512 | Contempt of court | 1 |
7,201 | # Contempt of court
## In use today {#in_use_today}
### Canada
#### Common law offense {#common_law_offense}
In Canada, contempt of court is an exception to the general principle that all criminal offences are set out in the federal *Criminal Code*. Contempt of court is the only remaining common law offence in Canad... | 600 | Contempt of court | 2 |
7,201 | # Contempt of court
## In use today {#in_use_today}
### England and Wales {#england_and_wales}
In England and Wales (a common law jurisdiction), the law on contempt is partly set out in case law (common law), and partly codified by the Contempt of Court Act 1981. Contempt may be classified as *criminal* or *civil*. T... | 1,012 | Contempt of court | 3 |
7,201 | # Contempt of court
## In use today {#in_use_today}
### Pakistan
### Singapore
### United States {#united_states}
In United States jurisprudence, acts of contempt are generally divided into direct or indirect, and civil or criminal. Direct contempt occurs in the presence of a judge; civil contempt is \"coercive and... | 950 | Contempt of court | 4 |
7,202 | # Corroborating evidence
**Corroborating evidence**, also referred to as **corroboration**, is a type of evidence in lawful command.
## Types and uses {#types_and_uses}
Corroborating evidence tends to support a proposition that is already supported by some initial evidence, therefore confirming the proposition. For ... | 385 | Corroborating evidence | 0 |
7,203 | # Cross-examination
`{{Evidence law}}`{=mediawiki} In law, **cross-examination** is the interrogation of a witness by one\'s opponent. It is preceded by direct examination (known as examination-in-chief in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, South Africa, India and Pakistan) and may be followed by a redire... | 546 | Cross-examination | 0 |
7,207 | # Charles d'Abancourt
**Charles Xavier Joseph de Franque Ville d\'Abancourt** (4 July 1758`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}9 September 1792) was a French statesman, minister to Louis XVI.
## Biography
D\'Abancourt was born in Douai, and was the nephew of Charles Alexandre de Calonne. He was Louis XVI\'s last minister of war (Ju... | 156 | Charles d'Abancourt | 0 |
7,218 | # Cookie
A **cookie** is a sweet biscuit with high sugar and fat content. Cookie dough is softer than that used for other types of biscuit, and they are cooked longer at lower temperatures. The dough typically contains flour, sugar, egg, and some type of oil or fat. It may include other ingredients such as raisins, oa... | 434 | Cookie | 0 |
7,218 | # Cookie
## Description
Cookies are most commonly baked until crisp or else for just long enough to ensure a soft interior. Other types of cookies are not baked at all, such as varieties of peanut butter cookies that use solidified chocolate rather than set eggs and wheat gluten as a binder. Cookies are produced in a... | 276 | Cookie | 1 |
7,218 | # Cookie
## History
Cookie-like hard wafers have existed for as long as baking has been documented, in part because they survive travel very well, but they were usually not sweet enough to be considered cookies by modern standards.
Cookies appear to have their origins in 7th century AD Persia, shortly after the use ... | 328 | Cookie | 2 |
7,218 | # Cookie
## Classification
Cookies are broadly classified according to how they are formed or made, including at least these categories:
- *Bar cookies* consist of batter or other ingredients that are poured or pressed into a pan (sometimes in multiple layers) and cut into cookie-sized pieces after baking. In Brit... | 751 | Cookie | 3 |
7,218 | # Cookie
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
There are a number of slang usages of the term \"cookie\". The slang use of \"cookie\" to mean a person, \"especially an attractive woman\" is attested to in print since 1920. The catchphrase \"that\'s the way the cookie crumbles\", which means \"that\'s just the w... | 704 | Cookie | 4 |
7,218 | # Cookie
## Manufacturers
- Arnott\'s Biscuits
- Bahlsen
- Burton\'s Foods
- D.F. Stauffer Biscuit Company
- DeBeukelaer
- Famous Amos (division of Ferrero)
- Fazer
- Fox\'s Biscuits
- Interbake Foods
- Jules Destrooper
- Keebler
- Lance
- Lotte Confectionery (division of Lotte)
- Lotus Ba... | 59 | Cookie | 5 |
7,220 | # Common Gateway Interface
thumb\|The official CGI logo from the spec announcement
In computing, **Common Gateway Interface** (**CGI**) is an interface specification that enables web servers to execute an external program to process HTTP or HTTPS user requests.
Such programs are often written in a scripting language... | 421 | Common Gateway Interface | 0 |
7,220 | # Common Gateway Interface
## Purpose
Traditionally a Web server has a directory which is designated as a document collection, that is, a set of files that can be sent to Web browsers connected to the server. For example, if a web server has the fully-qualified domain name `www.example.com`, and its document collecti... | 407 | Common Gateway Interface | 1 |
7,220 | # Common Gateway Interface
## Deployment
A Web server that supports CGI can be configured to interpret a URL that it serves as a reference to a CGI script. A common convention is to have a `cgi-bin/` directory at the base of the directory tree and treat all executable files within this directory (and no other, for se... | 725 | Common Gateway Interface | 2 |
7,220 | # Common Gateway Interface
## Alternatives
For each incoming HTTP request, a Web server creates a new CGI process for handling it and destroys the CGI process after the HTTP request has been handled. Creating and destroying a process can consume more CPU time and memory resources than the actual work of generating th... | 435 | Common Gateway Interface | 3 |
7,225 | # Chemical affinity
In chemical physics and physical chemistry, **chemical affinity** is the electronic property by which dissimilar chemical species are capable of forming chemical compounds. Chemical affinity can also refer to the tendency of an atom or compound to combine by chemical reaction with atoms or compound... | 458 | Chemical affinity | 0 |
7,225 | # Chemical affinity
## History
### Visual representations {#visual_representations}
thumb\|500px\|Geoffroy\'s *Affinity Table* (1718): At the head of the column is a substance with which all the substances below can combine, where each column below the header is ranked by degrees of \"affinity\"
The affinity concept... | 417 | Chemical affinity | 1 |
7,225 | # Chemical affinity
## Thermodynamics
The present IUPAC definition is that affinity *A* is the negative partial derivative of Gibbs free energy *G* with respect to extent of reaction *ξ* at constant pressure and temperature. That is,
$$A = -\left(\frac{\partial G}{\partial \xi}\right)_{P,T}.$$
It follows that affin... | 192 | Chemical affinity | 2 |
7,230 | # Conspiracy
A **conspiracy**, also known as a **plot**, **ploy**, or **scheme**, is a secret plan or agreement between people (called **conspirers** or **conspirators**) for an unlawful or harmful purpose, such as murder, treason, or corruption, especially with a political motivation, while keeping their agreement se... | 648 | Conspiracy | 0 |
7,230 | # Conspiracy
## Types of conspiracies {#types_of_conspiracies}
- Conspiracy (civil), an agreement between people to deceive, mislead, or defraud others of their legal rights or to gain an unfair advantage.
- Conspiracy (criminal), an agreement between people to break the law in the future, in some cases having co... | 119 | Conspiracy | 1 |
7,234 | # Constantine II (emperor)
**Constantine II** (*Flavius Claudius Constantinus*; 316--340) was Roman emperor from 337 to 340. The son of the emperor Constantine I, he was proclaimed *caesar* by his father shortly after his birth. He was associated with military victories over the Sarmatians, Alamanni and Goths during h... | 1,010 | Constantine II (emperor) | 0 |
7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
**Causantín mac Áeda** (Modern Gaelic: *Còiseam mac Aoidh*, anglicised **Constantine II**; born no later than 879; died 952) was an early King of Scotland, known then by the Gaelic name *Alba*. The Kingdom of Alba, a name which first appears in Constantine\'s lifetime, was situated in what... | 427 | Constantine II of Scotland | 0 |
7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
## Pictland from Constantín mac Fergusa to Constantine I {#pictland_from_constantín_mac_fergusa_to_constantine_i}
The dominant kingdom in eastern Scotland before the Viking Age was the northern Pictish kingdom of Fortriu on the shores of the Moray Firth. By the 9th century, the Gaels of D... | 464 | Constantine II of Scotland | 1 |
7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
## Britain and Ireland at the end of the 9th century {#britain_and_ireland_at_the_end_of_the_9th_century}
In 899 Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, died leaving his son Edward the Elder as ruler of England south of the River Thames and his daughter Æthelflæd and son-in-law Æthelred ruling ... | 365 | Constantine II of Scotland | 2 |
7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
## Early life {#early_life}
Áed, Constantine\'s father, succeeded Constantine\'s uncle and namesake Constantine I in 876 but was killed in 878. Áed\'s short reign is glossed as being of no importance by most king lists. Although the date of his birth is nowhere recorded, Constantine II ca... | 374 | Constantine II of Scotland | 3 |
7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
## Vikings and bishops {#vikings_and_bishops}
The earliest event recorded in the *Chronicle of the Kings of Alba* in Constantine\'s reign is an attack by Vikings and the plundering of Dunkeld \"and all Albania\" in his third year. This is the first use of the word Albania, the Latin form ... | 484 | Constantine II of Scotland | 4 |
7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
## Return of the Uí Ímair {#return_of_the_uí_ímair}
Following the events at Scone, there is little of substance reported for a decade. A story in the *Fragmentary Annals of Ireland*, perhaps referring to events sometime after 911, claims that Æthelflæd, who ruled in Mercia, allied with th... | 707 | Constantine II of Scotland | 5 |
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