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6,751 | # Cottingley Fairies
## 1917 photographs
In mid-1917 nine-year-old Frances Griffiths and her mother`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}both newly arrived in England from South Africa`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}were staying with Frances\'s aunt, Elsie Wright\'s mother, Polly, in the village of Cottingley in West Yorkshire; Elsie was then 1... | 419 | Cottingley Fairies | 1 |
6,751 | # Cottingley Fairies
## Initial examinations {#initial_examinations}
Gardner sent the prints along with the original glass-plate negatives to Harold Snelling, a photography expert. Snelling\'s opinion was that \"the two negatives are entirely genuine, unfaked photographs \... \[with\] no trace whatsoever of studio wo... | 512 | Cottingley Fairies | 2 |
6,751 | # Cottingley Fairies
## 1920 photographs {#photographs_1}
Doyle was preoccupied with organising an imminent lecture tour of Australia, and in July 1920, sent Gardner to meet the Wright family. By this point, Frances was living with her parents in Scarborough, but Elsie\'s father told Gardner that he had been so certa... | 436 | Cottingley Fairies | 3 |
6,751 | # Cottingley Fairies
## Publication and reaction {#publication_and_reaction}
Doyle\'s article in the December 1920 issue of *The Strand* contained two higher-resolution prints of the 1917 photographs, and sold out within days of publication. To protect the girls\' anonymity, Frances and Elsie were called Alice and Ir... | 893 | Cottingley Fairies | 4 |
6,751 | # Cottingley Fairies
## Confession
In 1983, the cousins admitted in an article published in the magazine *The Unexplained* that the photographs had been faked, although both maintained that they really had seen fairies. Elsie had copied illustrations of three dancing fairies by Claude Shepperson from a book that Fran... | 373 | Cottingley Fairies | 5 |
6,751 | # Cottingley Fairies
## Subsequent history {#subsequent_history}
thumb\|right\|upright=0.5\|Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths, June 1917
Frances died in 1986, and Elsie in 1988. Prints of their photographs of the fairies, along with a few other items including a first edition of Doyle\'s book *The Coming of the Fai... | 520 | Cottingley Fairies | 6 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
--
--
: European patent with unitary effect
The **European patent with unitary effect**, also known as the **unitary patent**, is a European patent which benefits from unitary effect in the participating member states of the European Union.`{{refn|States only participate in the unitary patent ... | 654 | Unitary patent | 0 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
## Background
### Legislative history {#legislative_history}
In 2009, three draft documents were published regarding a community patent: a European patent in which the European Community was designated:
1. Council regulation on the community patent,
2. Agreement on the European and Community Pate... | 1,571 | Unitary patent | 1 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
## Legal basis and implementation {#legal_basis_and_implementation}
The implementation of the unitary patent is based on three legal instruments:
- Regulation (EU) No 1257/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2012 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the cr... | 847 | Unitary patent | 2 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
## Legal basis and implementation {#legal_basis_and_implementation}
### Agreement on a Unified Patent Court {#agreement_on_a_unified_patent_court}
The Agreement on a Unified Patent Court provides the legal basis for the Unified Patent Court (UPC): a patent court for European patents (with and without... | 606 | Unitary patent | 3 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
## Legal basis and implementation {#legal_basis_and_implementation}
### Geographical scope of and request for unitary effect {#geographical_scope_of_and_request_for_unitary_effect}
While the regulations formally apply to all 25 member states participating in the enhanced cooperation for a unitary pat... | 645 | Unitary patent | 4 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
## Costs
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ImageSize = width:auto height:180 bari... | 533 | Unitary patent | 5 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
## Statistics
During the first year of the unitary patent, that is, from 1 June 2023, to 31 May 2024, more than 27500 European patents with unitary effect have been registered. This corresponds to almost a quarter of all European patents granted during that period.
## Earlier attempts {#earlier_atte... | 890 | Unitary patent | 6 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
## Earlier attempts {#earlier_attempts}
### Since 2005: stalemate and new debate {#since_2005_stalemate_and_new_debate}
Thus, in 2005, the Community patent looked unlikely to be implemented in the near future. However, on 16 January 2006 the European Commission \"launched a public consultation on how... | 395 | Unitary patent | 7 |
6,761 | # Unitary patent
## Earlier attempts {#earlier_attempts}
### Agreement in December 2009, and language issue {#agreement_in_december_2009_and_language_issue}
In December 2009, it was reported that the Swedish EU presidency had achieved a breakthrough in negotiations concerning the community patent. The breakthrough wa... | 197 | Unitary patent | 8 |
6,763 | # Cistron
A **cistron** is a region of DNA that is conceptually equivalent to some definitions of a gene, such that the terms are synonymous from certain viewpoints, especially with regard to the molecular gene as contrasted with the Mendelian gene. The question of which scope of a subset of DNA (that is, how large a ... | 565 | Cistron | 0 |
6,767 | # Commodore 1541
The **Commodore 1541** (also known as the **CBM 1541** and **VIC-1541**) is a floppy disk drive which was made by Commodore International for the Commodore 64 (C64), Commodore\'s most popular home computer. The best-known floppy disk drive for the C64, the 1541 is a single-sided 170-kilobyte drive for... | 774 | Commodore 1541 | 0 |
6,767 | # Commodore 1541
## Design
### Hardware
The 1541 does not have DIP switches to change the device number. If a user adds more than one drive to a system, the user has to cut a trace in the circuit board to permanently change the drive\'s device number, or hand-wire an external switch to allow it to be changed externa... | 1,001 | Commodore 1541 | 1 |
6,767 | # Commodore 1541
## Design
### Control
| 7 | Commodore 1541 | 2 |
6,767 | # Commodore 1541
## Throughput and software {#throughput_and_software}
*IEEE Spectrum* in 1985 stated that:
The C-64\'s designers blamed the 1541\'s slow speed on the marketing department\'s insistence that the computer be compatible with the 1540, which is slow because of a flaw in the 6522 VIA interface controller... | 530 | Commodore 1541 | 3 |
6,767 | # Commodore 1541
## Media
The 1541 drive uses standard 5¼-inch double-density floppy media; high-density media will not work due to its different magnetic coating requiring a higher magnetic coercivity. As the GCR encoding scheme does not use the index hole, the drive was also compatible with hard-sectored disks. The... | 596 | Commodore 1541 | 4 |
6,767 | # Commodore 1541
## Uses
Early copy protection schemes deliberately introduce read errors on the disk, the software refusing to load unless the correct error message is returned. The general idea is that simple disk-copy programs are incapable of copying the errors. When one of these errors is encountered, the disk d... | 158 | Commodore 1541 | 5 |
6,769 | # Commodore 1581
\| discontinued = 1990`{{r|w81}}`{=mediawiki} \| media = 3½\" floppy disk DS`{{r|w81}}`{=mediawiki}`{{r|1987_1581UsersGuide|page=125}}`{=mediawiki} DD using MFM \| os = CBM DOS 10.0 \| power = 10 W (220 V at 50 Hz) \| cpu = MOS 6502 @ `{{nowrap|2 MHz}}`{=mediawiki} , WD1770 or WD1772 \| memory = 8 KB ... | 858 | Commodore 1581 | 0 |
6,774 | # Consubstantiation
**Consubstantiation** is a Christian theological doctrine that (like transubstantiation) describes the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. It holds that during the sacrament, the substance of the body and blood of Christ are present alongside the substance of the bread and wine, which remain ... | 493 | Consubstantiation | 0 |
6,814 | # Congregational polity
**Congregational polity**, or **congregationalist polity**, often known as **congregationalism**, is a system of ecclesiastical polity in which every local church (congregation) is independent, ecclesiastically sovereign, or \"autonomous\". Its first articulation in writing is the Cambridge Pla... | 328 | Congregational polity | 0 |
6,814 | # Congregational polity
## Denominational families {#denominational_families}
These Christian traditions use forms of congregational polity.
### Congregational churches {#congregational_churches}
Congregationalism is a Protestant tradition with roots in the Puritan and Independent movements. In congregational gover... | 788 | Congregational polity | 1 |
6,839 | # Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow
**Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow** (*\'\'\'Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme\'\'\'*, **CRESU**) is an experiment investigating chemical reactions taking place at very low temperatures.
The technique involves the expansion of a gas or... | 464 | Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow | 0 |
6,845 | # Corinth
**Corinth** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒr|ɪ|n|θ}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|KORR|inth}}`{=mediawiki}; *Kórinthos*, `{{IPA|el|ˈkorinθos|label=[[Modern Greek]] pronunciation:|Ell-Korinthos.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece. The successor to the ancient city of Corinth, it is a former municipality... | 450 | Corinth | 0 |
6,845 | # Corinth
## Geography
Located about 78 km west of Athens, Corinth is surrounded by the coastal townlets of (clockwise) Lechaio, Isthmia, Kechries, and the inland townlets of Examilia and the archaeological site and village of ancient Corinth. Natural features around the city include the narrow coastal plain of Vocha... | 665 | Corinth | 1 |
6,845 | # Corinth
## Transport
### Roads
Corinth is a major road hub. The A7 toll motorway for Tripoli and Kalamata, (and Sparta via the A71 toll), branches off the A8/E94 toll motorway from Athens at Corinth. Corinth is the main entry point to the Peloponnesian peninsula, the southernmost area of continental Greece.
### B... | 642 | Corinth | 2 |
6,845 | # Corinth
## Twin towns/sister cities {#twin_townssister_cities}
Corinth is twinned with:
- Syracuse, Sicily
- Jagodina, Serbia
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Anastasios Bakasetas (1993--), Greek footballer
- Evangelos Ikonomou (1987--), Greek footballer
- George Kollias (1977--), drummer for US ... | 177 | Corinth | 3 |
6,848 | # Charge of the Goddess
The **Charge of the Goddess** (or **Charge of the Star Goddess**) is an inspirational text often used in the neopagan religion of Wicca. The Charge of the Goddess is recited during most rituals in which the Wiccan priest/priestess is expected to represent, and/or embody, the Goddess within the ... | 576 | Charge of the Goddess | 0 |
6,848 | # Charge of the Goddess
## History
### Ancient precedents {#ancient_precedents}
In book eleven, chapter 47 of Apuleius\'s *The Golden Ass*, Isis delivers what Ceisiwr Serith calls \"essentially a charge of a goddess\". This is rather different from the modern version known in Wicca, though they have the same premise... | 447 | Charge of the Goddess | 1 |
6,856 | # Chomsky (surname)
**Chomsky** (*Chomski*, *Хомскі*, *Хомский*, *Хомський*, *חומסקי*, \"from (Vyoska) Chomsk/ Khomsk (nearby Brest, now Belarus)\") is a surname of Slavic origin. Notable people with the surname include:
- Alejandro Chomski (born 1968), Argentine film director and screenwriter
- Aviva Chomsky (b... | 77 | Chomsky (surname) | 0 |
6,857 | # Computer multitasking
In computing, **multitasking** is the concurrent execution of multiple tasks (also known as processes) over a certain period of time. New tasks can interrupt already started ones before they finish, instead of waiting for them to end. As a result, a computer executes segments of multiple tasks ... | 449 | Computer multitasking | 0 |
6,857 | # Computer multitasking
## Multiprogramming
In the early days of computing, CPU time was expensive, and peripherals were very slow. When the computer ran a program that needed access to a peripheral, the central processing unit (CPU) would have to stop executing program instructions while the peripheral processed the... | 452 | Computer multitasking | 1 |
6,857 | # Computer multitasking
## Preemptive multitasking {#preemptive_multitasking}
Preemptive multitasking allows the computer system to more reliably guarantee to each process a regular \"slice\" of operating time. It also allows the system to deal rapidly with important external events like incoming data, which might re... | 850 | Computer multitasking | 2 |
6,857 | # Computer multitasking
## Programming
Over the years, multitasking systems have been refined. Modern operating systems generally include detailed mechanisms for prioritizing processes, while symmetric multiprocessing has introduced new complexities and capabilities | 32 | Computer multitasking | 3 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
upright=1.5\|alt=Image of the original document\|thumb\|The Concordat of Worms, written in Papal minuscule on Vellum The **Concordat of Worms** (*Concordatum Wormatiense*; *Wormser Konkordat*), also referred to as the ***Pactum Callixtinum**\'\' or***Pactum Calixtinum**\'\', was an agreement betwe... | 735 | Concordat of Worms | 0 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
## Further negotiations {#further_negotiations}
After the failure of the Mouzon negotiations, and the disappearance into the horizon of the chances of Henry\'s unconditional surrender, the majority of the clergy became willing to compromise in order to settle the dispute. The polemic writings and... | 763 | Concordat of Worms | 1 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
## Worms
The Emperor received the papal legates in Worms with due ceremony, where he awaited the outcome of the negotiations which appear to have actually taken place in nearby Mainz, which was hostile territory to Henry. As such, he had to communicate via messenger to keep up with events. Abbot ... | 270 | Concordat of Worms | 2 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
## Concordat
The agreements come to at Worms were in the nature of both concessions and assurances to the other party. Henry, on oath before God, the apostles and the church renounced his right to invest bishops and abbots with ring and crosier, and opened ecclesiastical appointments in his realm... | 922 | Concordat of Worms | 3 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
## Concordat
### Agreements
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 598 | Concordat of Worms | 4 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
## Concordat
### Preservation
The concordat was ratified at the First Council of the Lateran and the original *Henricianum* charter is preserved at the Vatican Apostolic Archive; the *Calixtinum* has not survived except in subsequent copies. A copy of the former is also held in the *Codex Udalric... | 217 | Concordat of Worms | 5 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
## Aftermath
The first invocation of the concordat was not in the empire, as it turned out, but by Henry I of England the following year. Following a long-running dispute between Canterbury--York which ended up in the Papal court, Joseph Huffman argues that it would have been controversial for th... | 464 | Concordat of Worms | 6 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
## Reception
The most detailed contemporary description of the Concordat comes to historians through a brief chronicle known as the 1125 continuation chronicle. This pro-papal document lays the blame for the schism squarely upon Henry---by his recognition of Gregory VIII---and the praise for endi... | 581 | Concordat of Worms | 7 |
6,865 | # Concordat of Worms
## Reception
### Historiography
`{{Catholic Church sidebar}}`{=mediawiki} Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz called the agreements made at Worms \"the oldest concordat in German history, an international treaty\", while Augustin Fliche argued that the Concordat effectively instituted the statutes of Ivo o... | 570 | Concordat of Worms | 8 |
6,867 | # Context-free language
In formal language theory, a **context-free language** (**CFL**), also called a **Chomsky type-2 language**, is a language generated by a context-free grammar (CFG).
Context-free languages have many applications in programming languages, in particular, most arithmetic expressions are generated... | 360 | Context-free language | 0 |
6,867 | # Context-free language
## Properties
### Context-free parsing {#context_free_parsing}
The context-free nature of the language makes it simple to parse with a pushdown automaton.
Determining an instance of the membership problem; i.e. given a string $w$, determine whether $w \in L(G)$ where $L$ is the language gene... | 840 | Context-free language | 1 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
In amniotes, the **clitoris** (`{{IPAc-en|audio=Clitoris pronunciation 1.ogg|ˈ|k|l|ɪ|t|ər|ɪ|s}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|KLIT|ər|iss}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{IPAc-en|audio=Clitoris pronunciation 2.ogg|k|l|ɪ|ˈ|t|ɔər|ɪ|s}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|klih|TOR|iss}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki}: **clitor... | 443 | Clitoris | 0 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Structure
Most of the clitoris is composed of internal parts. Regarding humans, it consists of the glans, the body (which is composed of two erectile structures known as the corpora cavernosa), the prepuce, and the root. The frenulum is beneath the glans.
Research indicates that clitoral tissue extends... | 768 | Clitoris | 1 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Structure
### Root
Lying in the perineum (space between the vulva and anus) and within the superficial perineal pouch is the **root of the clitoris**, which consists of the posterior ends of the clitoris, the crura and the bulbs of vestibule.
The crura (\"legs\") are the parts of the corpora cavernosa ... | 371 | Clitoris | 2 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Structure
### Hood
The clitoral hood or prepuce projects at the front of the labia commissure, where the edges of the labia majora meet at the base of the pubic mound. It is partially formed by fusion of the upper labia minora. The hood\'s function is to cover and protect the glans and external shaft. T... | 365 | Clitoris | 3 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Function
### Sexual stimulation and arousal {#sexual_stimulation_and_arousal}
The clitoris has an abundance of nerve endings, and is the human female\'s most erogenous part of the body. When sexually stimulated, it may incite sexual arousal, which may result from mental stimulation (sexual fantasy), ac... | 813 | Clitoris | 4 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Function
### Sexual stimulation and arousal {#sexual_stimulation_and_arousal}
#### Clitoral and vaginal orgasmic factors {#clitoral_and_vaginal_orgasmic_factors}
General statistics indicate that 70`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}80 percent of women require direct clitoral stimulation (consistent manual, oral, or... | 1,550 | Clitoris | 5 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Function
### Vestigiality, adaptionist and reproductive views {#vestigiality_adaptionist_and_reproductive_views}
Whether the clitoris is vestigial, an adaptation, or serves a reproductive function has been debated. Geoffrey Miller stated that Helen Fisher, Meredith Small and Sarah Blaffer Hrdy \"have vi... | 599 | Clitoris | 6 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
### Modification
Genital modification may be for aesthetic, medical or cultural reasons. This includes female genital mutilation (FGM), sex reassignment surgery (for trans men as part of transitioning), intersex surgery, and genital piercings. Use of anabo... | 1,086 | Clitoris | 7 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
### Smegma
The secretion of smegma (smegma clitoridis) comes from the apocrine glands of the clitoris (sweat), the sebaceous glands of the clitoris (sebum) and desquamating epithelial cells.
| 34 | Clitoris | 8 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### Ancient Greek--16th century knowledge and vernacular {#ancient_greek16th_century_knowledge_and_vernacular}
Concerning historical and modern perceptions of the clitoris, the clitoris and the penis were considered equivalent by some scholars for more than 2,... | 927 | Clitoris | 9 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### 17th century--present day knowledge and vernacular {#th_centurypresent_day_knowledge_and_vernacular}
thumb\|right\|upright=1\|A Georg Ludwig Kobelt illustration of the anatomy of the clitoris (1844)
Caspar Bartholin (whom Bartholin\'s glands are named afte... | 1,274 | Clitoris | 10 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### Contemporary art {#contemporary_art}
New York artist Sophia Wallace started work in 2012 on a multimedia project to challenge misconceptions about the clitoris. Based on O\'Connell\'s 1998 research, Wallace\'s work emphasizes the sheer scope and size of the... | 368 | Clitoris | 11 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### Influence on female genital mutilation {#influence_on_female_genital_mutilation}
Significant controversy surrounds female genital mutilation (FGM), with the World Health Organization (WHO) being one of many health organizations that have campaigned against ... | 388 | Clitoris | 12 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Other animals {#other_animals}
Although the clitoris (and clitoral prepuce/sheath) exists in all mammal species, there are few detailed studies of the anatomy of the clitoris in non-humans. Studies have been done on the clitoris of cats, sheep and mice. Some mammals have clitoral glands. The clitoris is... | 749 | Clitoris | 13 |
6,884 | # Clitoris
## Other animals {#other_animals}
### Spotted hyenas {#spotted_hyenas}
While female spotted hyenas were sometimes referred to as pseudohermaphrodites and scientists of ancient and later historical times believed that they were hermaphrodites, modern scientists do not refer to them as such. That designation... | 859 | Clitoris | 14 |
6,896 | # Outline of chemistry
The following outline acts as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry:
**Chemistry** is the science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they ... | 1,565 | Outline of chemistry | 0 |
6,896 | # Outline of chemistry
## History
History of chemistry
- Precursors to chemistry
- Alchemy (outline)
- History of alchemy
- History of the branches of chemistry
- History of analytical chemistry -- history of the study of separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical compon... | 1,593 | Outline of chemistry | 1 |
6,896 | # Outline of chemistry
## Chemicals
- Dictionary of chemical formulas
- List of biomolecules
- List of inorganic compounds
- Periodic table
## Atomic theory {#atomic_theory}
Atomic theory
- Atomic models
- Atomism -- natural philosophy that theorizes that the world is composed of indivisible pieces... | 352 | Outline of chemistry | 2 |
6,901 | # Outline of critical theory
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to critical theory:
**Critical theory** -- the examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. The term has two different meanings with different origin... | 693 | Outline of critical theory | 0 |
6,904 | # Context switch
In computing, a **context switch** is the process of storing the state of a process or thread, so that it can be restored and resume execution at a later point, and then restoring a different, previously saved, state. This allows multiple processes to share a single central processing unit (CPU), and ... | 525 | Context switch | 0 |
6,904 | # Context switch
## `{{Anchor|When to switch}}`{=mediawiki}Switching cases {#switching_cases}
There are three potential triggers for a context switch:
### Multitasking
Most commonly, within some scheduling scheme, one process must be switched out of the CPU so another process can run. This context switch can be tri... | 834 | Context switch | 1 |
6,904 | # Context switch
## `{{Anchor|LATENCY}}`{=mediawiki}Performance
Context switching itself has a cost in performance, due to running the task scheduler, TLB flushes, and indirectly due to sharing the CPU cache between multiple tasks. Switching between threads of a single process can be faster than between two separate ... | 368 | Context switch | 2 |
6,918 | # Rod (optical phenomenon)
In cryptozoology and ufology, \"**rods**\" (also known as \"**skyfish**\", \"**air rods**\", or \"**solar entities**\") are elongated visual artifacts appearing in photographic images and video recordings.
Most optical analyses to date have concluded that the images are insects moving acros... | 459 | Rod (optical phenomenon) | 0 |
6,922 | # Clitoridectomy
**Clitoridectomy** or **clitorectomy** is the surgical removal, reduction, or partial removal of the clitoris. It is rarely used as a therapeutic medical procedure, such as when cancer has developed in or spread to the clitoris. Commonly, non-medical removal of the clitoris is performed during female ... | 489 | Clitoridectomy | 0 |
6,922 | # Clitoridectomy
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### General
While much feminist scholarship has described clitoridectomy as a practice aimed at controlling women\'s sexuality, the historic emergence of the practice in ancient European and Middle Eastern cultures may also have derived from ideas about ... | 769 | Clitoridectomy | 1 |
6,925 | # Cytochrome
**Cytochromes** are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central iron (Fe) atom at its core, as a cofactor. They are involved in the electron transport chain and redox catalysis. They are classified according to the type of heme and its mode of binding. Four varieties are recognized by the Inte... | 680 | Cytochrome | 0 |
6,941 | # Colin Kapp
**Derek Ivor Colin Kapp** (3 April 1928 -- 3 August 2007), Known as **Colin Kapp,** was a British science fiction author best known for his stories about the Unorthodox Engineers.
As an electronic engineer, he began his career with Mullard Electronics then specialised in electroplating techniques, eventu... | 275 | Colin Kapp | 0 |
6,943 | # Cathode ray
thumb\|upright=1.2\|A beam of cathode rays in a vacuum tube bent into a circle by a magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil. Cathode rays are normally invisible; in this demonstration Teltron tube, enough gas has been left in the tube for the gas atoms to luminesce when struck by the fast-moving ele... | 820 | Cathode ray | 0 |
6,943 | # Cathode ray
## History
After the invention of the vacuum pump in 1654 by Otto von Guericke, physicists began to experiment with passing high voltage electricity through rarefied air. In 1705, it was noted that electrostatic generator sparks travel a longer distance through low pressure air than through atmospheric ... | 401 | Cathode ray | 1 |
6,943 | # Cathode ray
## History
### Cathode rays {#cathode_rays}
By the 1870s, British physicist William Crookes and others were able to evacuate tubes to a lower pressure, below 10^−6^ atm. These were called Crookes tubes. Faraday had been the first to notice a dark space just in front of the cathode, where there was no lu... | 1,030 | Cathode ray | 2 |
6,943 | # Cathode ray
## Properties of cathode rays and the experiments that revealed them {#properties_of_cathode_rays_and_the_experiments_that_revealed_them}
During the last quarter of the 19th century dozens of historic experiments were conducted to try to find out what cathode rays were. There were two theories: British ... | 924 | Cathode ray | 3 |
6,943 | # Cathode ray
## Properties of cathode rays and the experiments that revealed them {#properties_of_cathode_rays_and_the_experiments_that_revealed_them}
### Negative electric charge {#negative_electric_charge}
Jean-Baptiste Perrin wanted to determine whether the cathode rays actually carried negative charge, or whethe... | 698 | Cathode ray | 4 |
6,945 | # Chrominance
**Chrominance** (*chroma* or *C* for short) is the signal used in video systems to convey the color information of the picture (see YUV color model), separately from the accompanying luma signal (or Y\' for short). Chrominance is usually represented as two color-difference components: U = B′ − Y′ (blue −... | 629 | Chrominance | 0 |
6,947 | # Campus
A **campus** traditionally refers to the land and buildings of a college or university. This will often include libraries, lecture halls, student centers and, for residential universities, residence halls and dining halls.
By extension, a **corporate campus** is a collection of buildings and grounds that bel... | 651 | Campus | 0 |
6,955 | # Chalcedonian Definition
The **Chalcedonian Definition** (also called the **Chalcedonian Creed** or the **Definition of Chalcedon**) is the declaration of the dyophysitism of Christ\'s nature, adopted at the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451. Chalcedon was an early centre of Christianity located in Asia Minor. The counc... | 488 | Chalcedonian Definition | 0 |
6,955 | # Chalcedonian Definition
## Oriental Orthodox dissent {#oriental_orthodox_dissent}
The Chalcedonian Definition was written amid controversy between the Western and Eastern churches over the meaning of the Incarnation (see Christology). The Western church readily accepted the creed, but some Eastern churches did not.... | 356 | Chalcedonian Definition | 1 |
6,960 | # Car Talk
***Car Talk*** is a metonym for the humorous work of \"Click and Clack, the Tappet Brothers\", Tom and Ray Magliozzi, on automobile repair. Originally, *Car Talk* was a radio show that ran on National Public Radio (NPR) from 1977 until October 2012, when the Magliozzi brothers retired. Since their retiremen... | 1,212 | Car Talk | 0 |
6,960 | # Car Talk
## Premise
### Humor
Humor and wisecracking pervaded the program. Tom and Ray are known for their self-deprecating humor, often joking about the supposedly poor quality of their advice and the show in general. They also commented at the end of each show: \"Well, it\'s happened again---you\'ve wasted anothe... | 723 | Car Talk | 1 |
6,960 | # Car Talk
## History
In 1977, radio station WBUR-FM in Boston scheduled a panel of local car mechanics to discuss car repairs on one of its programs, but only Tom Magliozzi showed up. He did so well that he was asked to return as a guest, and he invited his younger brother Ray (who was actually more of a car repair ... | 532 | Car Talk | 2 |
6,960 | # Car Talk
## Hosts
The Magliozzis were long-time auto mechanics. Ray Magliozzi has a Bachelor of Science degree in humanities and science from MIT, while Tom had a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from MIT, an MBA from Northeastern University, and a DBA from the Boston University School of Management.
The Ma... | 392 | Car Talk | 3 |
6,970 | # Chuck-a-luck
**Chuck-a-luck**, also known as **birdcage**, or **sweat rag**, is a game of chance played with three dice. It is derived from grand hazard and both can be considered a variant of sic bo, which is a popular casino game, although chuck-a-luck is more of a carnival game than a true casino game. The game i... | 521 | Chuck-a-luck | 0 |
6,970 | # Chuck-a-luck
## Rules
### House advantage or edge {#house_advantage_or_edge}
Chuck-a-luck is a game of chance. On average, the players are expected to lose more than they win. The casino\'s advantage (house advantage or house edge) is greater than most other casino games and can be much greater for certain wagers. ... | 427 | Chuck-a-luck | 1 |
6,970 | # Chuck-a-luck
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
There is a reference to chuck-a-luck in the Abbott and Costello film *Hold That Ghost*.
In Fritz Lang\'s 1952 film, *Rancho Notorious*, chuck-a-luck is the name of the ranch run by Altar Keane (played by Marlene Dietrich) where outlaws hide from the law. Chu... | 135 | Chuck-a-luck | 2 |
6,972 | # Chipmunk
**Chipmunks** are small, striped rodents of subtribe **Tamiina**. Chipmunks are found in North America, with the exception of the Siberian chipmunk which is found primarily in Asia.
## Taxonomy and systematics {#taxonomy_and_systematics}
Chipmunks are classified as four genera: *Tamias*, of which the east... | 412 | Chipmunk | 0 |
6,972 | # Chipmunk
## Ecology and life history {#ecology_and_life_history}
Eastern chipmunks, the largest of the chipmunks, mate in early spring and again in early summer, producing litters of four or five young twice each year. Western chipmunks breed only once a year. The young emerge from the burrow after about six weeks ... | 270 | Chipmunk | 1 |
6,974 | # Computer music
**Computer music** is the application of computing technology in music composition, to help human composers create new music or to have computers independently create music, such as with algorithmic composition programs. It includes the theory and application of new and existing computer software tech... | 1,235 | Computer music | 0 |
6,974 | # Computer music
## Research
There is considerable activity in the field of computer music as researchers continue to pursue new and interesting computer-based synthesis, composition, and performance approaches. Throughout the world there are many organizations and institutions dedicated to the area of computer and e... | 551 | Computer music | 1 |
6,974 | # Computer music
## Machine improvisation {#machine_improvisation}
Machine improvisation uses computer algorithms to create improvisation on existing music materials. This is usually done by sophisticated recombination of musical phrases extracted from existing music, either live or pre-recorded. In order to achieve ... | 522 | Computer music | 2 |
6,974 | # Computer music
## Live coding {#live_coding}
Live coding (sometimes known as \'interactive programming\', \'on-the-fly programming\', \'just in time programming\') is the name given to the process of writing software in real time as part of a performance. Recently it has been explored as a more rigorous alternative... | 65 | Computer music | 3 |
6,978 | # Concept
A **concept** is an abstract idea that serves as a foundation for more concrete principles, thoughts, and beliefs. Concepts play an important role in all aspects of cognition. As such, concepts are studied within such disciplines as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy, and these disciplines are intereste... | 305 | Concept | 0 |
6,978 | # Concept
## Ontology of concepts {#ontology_of_concepts}
A central question in the study of concepts is the question of what they *are*. Philosophers construe this question as one about the ontology of concepts---what kind of things they are. The ontology of concepts determines the answer to other questions, such as... | 454 | Concept | 1 |
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