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7,772 | # Carrier battle group
`{{Naval units}}`{=mediawiki} A **carrier battle group** (**CVBG**) is a naval fleet consisting of an aircraft carrier capital ship and its large number of escorts, together defining the group. The *CV* in *CVBG* is the United States Navy hull classification code for an aircraft carrier.
The fi... | 354 | Carrier battle group | 0 |
7,772 | # Carrier battle group
## Carrier battle groups in crises {#carrier_battle_groups_in_crises}
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, most uses of carrier battle groups by the United States as well as that of other Western nations have been in situations where their use has been uncontested by other comparable forc... | 445 | Carrier battle group | 1 |
7,772 | # Carrier battle group
## Applications
### China
China plans to set up several carrier battle groups in the future. At present China\'s two aircraft carriers, `{{ship|Chinese aircraft carrier|Liaoning||2}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{ship|Chinese aircraft carrier|Shandong||2}}`{=mediawiki}, use Type 055 destroyers for area ... | 837 | Carrier battle group | 2 |
7,772 | # Carrier battle group
## Applications
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
As one of the pioneers of aircraft carriers, the Royal Navy has maintained a carrier strike capability since the commissioning of `{{HMS|Argus|I49|6}}`{=mediawiki} in 1918. However, the capability was temporarily lost between 2010 and 2018, f... | 368 | Carrier battle group | 3 |
7,772 | # Carrier battle group
## Applications
### United States {#united_states}
#### Carrier strike group {#carrier_strike_group}
In modern United States Navy carrier air operations, a carrier strike group (CSG) normally consists of one aircraft carrier, one guided missile cruiser (for air defense), two LAMPS-capable wars... | 494 | Carrier battle group | 4 |
7,772 | # Carrier battle group
## Debate on future viability {#debate_on_future_viability}
There is debate in naval warfare circles as to the viability of carrier battle groups in 21st century naval warfare. Proponents of the CVBG argue that it provides unmatched firepower and force projection capabilities. Opponents argue t... | 507 | Carrier battle group | 5 |
7,780 | # Costa Smeralda
The **Costa Smeralda** (`{{IPA|it|ˈkɔsta zmeˈralda|lang}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Emerald Coast}}`{=mediawiki}; *\'\'\'Monti di Mola\'\'\'*; *\'\'\'Montes de Mola\'\'\'*) is a coastal area and tourist destination in northern Sardinia, Italy, with a length of some 20 km, although the term originally desig... | 228 | Costa Smeralda | 0 |
7,781 | # Chianti
**Chianti** is an Italian red wine produced in the Chianti region of central Tuscany, principally from the Sangiovese grape. It was historically associated with a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called a *fiasco* (\"flask\"; `{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki}: *fiaschi*). However, the *fiasco* is now onl... | 410 | Chianti | 0 |
7,781 | # Chianti
## History
The earliest documentation of a \"Chianti wine\" dates back to the 14th century, when viticulture was known to flourish in the *\"Chianti Mountains\"* around Florence. A military league called *Lega del Chianti* (League of Chianti) was formed around 1250 between the townships of Castellina, Gaiol... | 832 | Chianti | 1 |
7,781 | # Chianti
## Chianti subregions {#chianti_subregions}
The Chianti region covers a vast area of Tuscany and includes within its boundaries several overlapping *Denominazione di origine controllata* (DOC) and *Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita* (DOCG) regions. Other well known Sangiovese-based Tuscan win... | 480 | Chianti | 2 |
7,781 | # Chianti
## Chianti subregions {#chianti_subregions}
### Chianti Classico {#chianti_classico}
The original area dictated by the edict of Cosimo III de\' Medici would eventually be considered the heart of the modern \"Chianti Classico\" subregion. `{{As of|2006}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 17640 acre of vineyards in th... | 903 | Chianti | 3 |
7,781 | # Chianti
## Grapes and classification {#grapes_and_classification}
Since 1996 the blend for Chianti and Chianti Classico has been 75--100% Sangiovese, up to 10% Canaiolo and up to 20% of any other approved red grape variety such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot or Syrah. Since 2006, the use of white grape varieties suc... | 762 | Chianti | 4 |
7,787 | # Claude Louis Berthollet
**Claude Louis Berthollet** (`{{IPA|fr|klod lwi bɛʁtɔlɛ}}`{=mediawiki}, 9 December 1748 -- 6 November 1822) was a Savoyard-French chemist who became vice president of the French Senate in 1804. He is known for his scientific contributions to the theory of chemical equilibria via the mechanism... | 711 | Claude Louis Berthollet | 0 |
7,791 | # Chilean Constitution of 1980
The **Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile of 1980** (*Constitución Política de la República de Chile*) is the fundamental law in force in Chile. It was approved and promulgated under the military dictatorship headed by Augusto Pinochet, being ratified by the Chilean citizenry... | 348 | Chilean Constitution of 1980 | 0 |
7,791 | # Chilean Constitution of 1980
## Background
The Commission for the Study of the New Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile\', commonly known as the Ortúzar Commission\', was a body established in 1973 by the Military Government Junta that ruled the country during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinoche... | 269 | Chilean Constitution of 1980 | 1 |
7,791 | # Chilean Constitution of 1980
## Legitimacy
According to the law professor Camel Cazor Aliste, the Constitution of 1980 has problems of legitimacy stemming from two facts. First, the constitutional commission was not representative of the political spectrum of Chile: its members had been handpicked by the Pinochet d... | 467 | Chilean Constitution of 1980 | 2 |
7,794 | # Crystallography
**Crystallography** is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. The word *crystallography* is derived from the Ancient Greek word `{{wikt-lang|grc|κρύσταλλος}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{grc-transl|κρύσταλλος}}`{=mediawiki}; \"clear ice, rock-crystal\"),... | 684 | Crystallography | 0 |
7,794 | # Crystallography
## Applications in various areas {#applications_in_various_areas}
### Materials science {#materials_science}
Crystallography is used by materials scientists to characterize different materials. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopica... | 547 | Crystallography | 1 |
7,794 | # Crystallography
## Notation
- Coordinates in *square brackets* such as **\[100\]** denote a direction vector (in real space).
- Coordinates in *angle brackets* or *chevrons* such as **\<100\>** denote a *family* of directions which are related by symmetry operations. In the cubic crystal system for example, **\... | 305 | Crystallography | 2 |
7,801 | # Critical psychology
**Critical psychology** is a perspective on psychology that draws extensively on critical theory. Critical psychology challenges the assumptions, theories and methods of mainstream psychology and attempts to apply psychological understandings in different ways.
The field of critical psychology d... | 392 | Critical psychology | 0 |
7,801 | # Critical psychology
## Origins
### Klaus Holzkamp {#klaus_holzkamp}
One of the most important and sophisticated books in the German development of the field is the *Grundlegung der Psychologie* (*Foundations of Psychology*) by Klaus Holzkamp, who might be considered the theoretical founder of German critical psycho... | 926 | Critical psychology | 1 |
7,801 | # Critical psychology
## Origins
### 1990s
Starting in the 1990s a new wave of books started to appear on critical psychology, the most influential being the edited book *Critical Psychology* by Dennis Fox and Isaac Prilleltensky. Various introductory texts to critical psychology written in the United Kingdom have te... | 573 | Critical psychology | 2 |
7,801 | # Critical psychology
## Aims of Critical Psychology {#aims_of_critical_psychology}
Central themes of critical psychology is the concept of "oppression" and "emancipation". Critical psychology reflects not only on the connection of mainstream psychology with power, but also work toward emancipation (or liberation). O... | 448 | Critical psychology | 3 |
7,801 | # Critical psychology
## Internationally
An early international overview of critical psychology perspectives can be found in *Critical Psychology: Voices for Change*, edited by Tod Sloan (Macmillan, 2000). In 2015, Ian Parker edited the *Handbook of Critical Psychology*.
### Germany
At FU-Berlin, critical psycholog... | 859 | Critical psychology | 4 |
7,803 | # Crossfire
`{{wiktionary}}`{=mediawiki} A **crossfire** (also known as **interlocking fire**) is a military term for the siting of weapons (often automatic weapons such as assault rifles or sub-machine guns) so that their arcs of fire overlap. This tactic came to prominence in World War I.
Siting weapons this way is... | 458 | Crossfire | 0 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
thumb\|upright=1\|right\|Cavitating propeller model in a water tunnel experiment thumb\|upright=1\|Cavitation damage on a valve plate for an axial piston hydraulic pump thumb\|upright=1\|This video shows cavitation in a gear pump right\|thumb\|upright=1\|Cavitation damage evident on the propeller of a per... | 434 | Cavitation | 0 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
## Physics
### Inertial cavitation {#inertial_cavitation}
Inertial cavitation was first observed in the late 19th century, considering the collapse of a spherical void within a liquid. When a volume of liquid is subjected to a sufficiently low pressure, it may rupture and form a cavity. This phenomenon ... | 609 | Cavitation | 1 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
## Physics
### Hydrodynamic cavitation {#hydrodynamic_cavitation}
Hydrodynamic cavitation is the process of vaporisation, bubble generation and bubble implosion which occurs in a flowing liquid as a result of a decrease and subsequent increase in local pressure. Cavitation will only occur if the local pr... | 1,215 | Cavitation | 2 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
## Physics
### Aerodyamic cavitation {#aerodyamic_cavitation}
Although predominant in liquids, cavitation exists to an extent in gas as it has fluid dynamics at high speeds. For example, a bullet with a flat tip moves faster underwater as it creates cavitation compared to a bullet with a sharp tip. A dun... | 151 | Cavitation | 3 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
## Applications
### Chemical engineering {#chemical_engineering}
In industry, cavitation is often used to homogenize, or mix and break down, suspended particles in a colloidal liquid compound such as paint mixtures or milk. Many industrial mixing machines are based upon this design principle. It is usua... | 731 | Cavitation | 4 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
## Cavitation damage`{{anchor|Cavitation erosion}}`{=mediawiki} {#cavitation_damage}
thumb\|right\|upright=1.05\|Cavitation damage to a Francis turbine
Cavitation is usually an undesirable occurrence. In devices such as propellers and pumps, cavitation causes a great deal of noise, damage to components,... | 1,266 | Cavitation | 5 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
## Cavitation damage`{{anchor|Cavitation erosion}}`{=mediawiki} {#cavitation_damage}
### Spillways
When water flows over a dam spillway, the irregularities on the spillway surface will cause small areas of flow separation in a high-speed flow, and, in these regions, the pressure will be lowered. If the f... | 597 | Cavitation | 6 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
## In nature {#in_nature}
### Geology
Some hypotheses`{{by whom|date=December 2019}}`{=mediawiki}`{{example needed|date=December 2019}}`{=mediawiki} relating to diamond formation posit a possible role for cavitation---namely cavitation in the kimberlite pipes providing the extreme pressure needed to cha... | 569 | Cavitation | 7 |
7,807 | # Cavitation
## History
As early as 1754, the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707--1783) speculated about the possibility of cavitation. In 1859, the English mathematician William Henry Besant (1828--1917) published a solution to the problem of the dynamics of the collapse of a spherical cavity in a fluid, which... | 752 | Cavitation | 8 |
7,808 | # Cyprinodontiformes
**Cyprinodontiformes** `{{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɪ|p|r|ᵻ|n|oʊ-|ˈ|d|ɒ|n|t|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}`{=mediawiki} is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising mostly small, freshwater fish. Many popular aquarium fish, such as killifish and live-bearers, are included. They are closely related to the Atheriniformes and are... | 653 | Cyprinodontiformes | 0 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
**Click consonants**, or **clicks**, are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in three languages of East Africa. Examples familiar to English-speakers are the *tut-tut* (British spelling) or *tsk! tsk!* (American spelling) used to express disapproval or pity... | 860 | Click consonant | 0 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Languages with clicks {#languages_with_clicks}
### Southern Africa {#southern_africa}
Clicks occur in all three Khoisan language families of southern Africa, where they may be the most numerous consonants. To a lesser extent they occur in three neighbouring groups of Bantu languages---which borr... | 333 | Click consonant | 1 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Use
### Spread of clicks from loanwords {#spread_of_clicks_from_loanwords}
Once clicks are borrowed into a language as regular speech sounds, they may spread to native words, as has happened due to *hlonipa* word-taboo in the Nguni languages. In Gciriku, for example, the European loanword *tomat... | 677 | Click consonant | 2 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Types of clicks {#types_of_clicks}
Like other consonants, clicks can be described using four parameters: place of articulation, manner of articulation, phonation (including glottalisation) and airstream mechanism. As noted above, clicks necessarily involve at least two closures, which in some cas... | 506 | Click consonant | 3 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Transcription
The six places of articulation of clicks that have dedicated letters in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are labial `{{angbr IPA|ʘ}}`{=mediawiki}, dental `{{angbr IPA|ǀ}}`{=mediawiki}, lateral `{{angbr IPA|ǁ}}`{=mediawiki}, palatal (\"palato-alveolar\") `{{angbr IPA|ǂ}}`{=m... | 1,021 | Click consonant | 4 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Places of articulation {#places_of_articulation}
Places of articulation are often called click *types, releases,* or *influxes,* though \'release\' is also used for the accompaniment/efflux. There are seven or eight known places of articulation, not counting slapped or egressive clicks. These are... | 759 | Click consonant | 5 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Manners of articulation {#manners_of_articulation}
Click manners are often called click *accompaniments* or *effluxes*, but both terms have met with objections on theoretical grounds.
There is a great variety of click manners, both simplex and complex, the latter variously analysed as consonant ... | 884 | Click consonant | 6 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Manners of articulation {#manners_of_articulation}
### Variation among languages {#variation_among_languages}
In a comparative study of clicks across various languages, using her own field work as well as phonetic descriptions and data by other field researchers, Miller (2011) posits 21 types of ... | 1,561 | Click consonant | 7 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Phonotactics
Languages of the southern African Khoisan families only permit clicks at the beginning of a word root. However, they also restrict other classes of consonant, such as ejectives and affricates, to root-initial position. The Bantu languages, Hadza and Sandawe allow clicks within roots.... | 754 | Click consonant | 8 |
7,816 | # Click consonant
## Click genesis and click loss {#click_genesis_and_click_loss}
One genetic study concluded that clicks, which occur in the languages of the genetically divergent populations Hadza and !Kung, may be an ancient element of human language. However, this conclusion relies on several dubious assumptions ... | 385 | Click consonant | 9 |
7,817 | # The Cider House Rules
***The Cider House Rules*** (1985) is a *Bildungsroman* by American writer John Irving that was later adapted into a 1999 film by Lasse Hallström and a stage play by Peter Parnell. Set in the pre-- and post--World War II era, the story tells of a young man named Homer Wells growing up in an orp... | 684 | The Cider House Rules | 0 |
7,817 | # The Cider House Rules
## Film adaptation {#film_adaptation}
The novel was adapted into a film of the same name released in 1999 directed by Lasse Hallström. It starred Tobey Maguire as Homer Wells | 34 | The Cider House Rules | 1 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
The **Civilian Conservation Corps** (**CCC**) was a voluntary government work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18--25 and eventually expanded to ages 17--28. The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt\'s New... | 348 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 0 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## Founding
As governor of New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale, known as the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA). It was started in early 1932 to \"use men from the lists of the unemployed to improve our existing reforestation ar... | 385 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 1 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## U.S. Army {#u.s._army}
Officers from the U.S. Army were in charge of the camps, but there was no military training. The Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General Douglas MacArthur, was placed in charge of the program. Initially, about 3,800 of the Regular Army\'s 13,000 office... | 461 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 2 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## History
An implicit goal of the CCC was to restore morale in an era of 25% unemployment for all men and much higher rates for poorly educated teenagers. Jeffrey Suzik argues in \"\'Building Better Men\': The CCC Boy and the Changing Social Ideal of Manliness\" that the CCC provided an... | 1,086 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 3 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## History
### African American people {#african_american_people}
Because of the power of conservative Solid South white Democrats in Congress, who insisted on racial segregation, most New Deal programs were racially segregated; African American and white people rarely worked alongside e... | 888 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 4 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## History
### From conservation to defense, 1939--1940 {#from_conservation_to_defense_19391940}
In 1939 Congress ended the independent status of the CCC, transferring it to the control of the Federal Security Agency. The National Youth Administration, U.S. Employment Service, the Office... | 497 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 5 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## Museums
- Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at DeSoto State Park, Fort Payne, Alabama
- Civilian Conservation Corps Museum and Memorial, at Monte Sano State Park, Huntsville, Alabama
- Colossal Cave Mountain Park, Vail, Arizona
- Conservation Corps State Museum at Camp San Lu... | 314 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 6 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## Notable alumni and administrators {#notable_alumni_and_administrators}
- David \"Stringbean\" Akeman, enrollee, country music singer
- Norman Borlaug, leader, agronomist, Nobel Peace Prize recipient
- Raymond Burr, enrollee, actor
- Borden Deal, enrollee
- Hutton Gibson, aut... | 791 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 7 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## Inspired programs {#inspired_programs}
### Minnesota Conservation Corps {#minnesota_conservation_corps}
Conservation Corps Minnesota & Iowa provides environmental stewardship and service-learning opportunities to youth and young adults while accomplishing conservation, natural resourc... | 830 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 8 |
7,821 | # Civilian Conservation Corps
## Inspired programs {#inspired_programs}
### Aina Corps {#aina_corps}
The Aina Corps performed environmental restoration work in Hawaii in 2020, funded by the CARES Act.
### American Climate Corps {#american_climate_corps}
The American Climate Corps is an organization created by the J... | 105 | Civilian Conservation Corps | 9 |
7,822 | # Caribbean Sea
The **Caribbean Sea** is a sea of the North Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere, located south of the Gulf of Mexico and southwest of the Sargasso Sea. It is bounded by the Greater Antilles to the north from Cuba to Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles to the east from the Virgin Island... | 622 | Caribbean Sea | 0 |
7,822 | # Caribbean Sea
## Geology
The Caribbean Sea is an oceanic sea on the Caribbean Plate. The Caribbean Sea is separated from the ocean by several island arcs of various ages. The youngest stretches from the Lesser Antilles to the Virgin Islands to north of Trinidad and Tobago, which is in the Atlantic. This arc was for... | 671 | Caribbean Sea | 1 |
7,822 | # Caribbean Sea
## Oceanography
The hydrology of the sea has a high level of homogeneity. Annual variations in monthly average water temperatures at the surface do not exceed 3 C-change. In the past 50 years, the Caribbean has gone through three stages: cooling until 1974, a cold phase with peaks during 1974--1976 an... | 741 | Caribbean Sea | 2 |
7,822 | # Caribbean Sea
## Climate
The climate of the Caribbean is driven by the low latitude and tropical ocean currents that run through it. The principal ocean current is the North Equatorial Current, which enters the region from the tropical Atlantic. The climate of the area is tropical, varying from tropical rainforest ... | 300 | Caribbean Sea | 3 |
7,822 | # Caribbean Sea
## Flora and fauna {#flora_and_fauna}
The region has a high level of biodiversity and many species are endemic to the Caribbean.
### Vegetation
The vegetation of the region is mostly tropical but differences in topography, soil and climatic conditions increase species diversity. Where there are poro... | 992 | Caribbean Sea | 4 |
7,822 | # Caribbean Sea
## Gallery
<File:Jamaica> sunrise.JPG\|Sunrise over the south beach of Jamaica <File:Village> Gran Roque.jpg\|Los Roques Archipelago, Venezuela <File:Marie> Galante - on the beach (407689602).jpg\|Marie Galante, Guadeloupe <File:Strand> Auf Klein Curacao (213574363).jpeg\|Beach of Curaçao <File:Mona> ... | 67 | Caribbean Sea | 5 |
7,824 | # Colin Maclaurin
**Colin Maclaurin** (`{{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|k|l|ɔː|r|ə|n}}`{=mediawiki}; *Cailean MacLabhruinn*;`{{pronunciation needed|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki} February 1698 -- 14 June 1746) was a Scottish mathematician who made important contributions to geometry and algebra. He is also known for being a child... | 408 | Colin Maclaurin | 0 |
7,824 | # Colin Maclaurin
## Contributions to mathematics {#contributions_to_mathematics}
Maclaurin used Taylor series to characterize maxima, minima, and points of inflection for infinitely differentiable functions in his *Treatise of Fluxions*. Maclaurin attributed the series to Brook Taylor, though the series was known be... | 665 | Colin Maclaurin | 1 |
7,828 | # Concord, Michigan
**Concord** is a village in Jackson County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,050 at the 2010 census. The village is within Concord Township.
Settled in 1831, much of the village\'s downtown area is designated as part of the Concord Village Historic District. The village is locate... | 776 | Concord, Michigan | 0 |
7,832 | # Complete metric space
In mathematical analysis, a metric space `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} is called **complete** (or a **Cauchy space**) if every Cauchy sequence of points in `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} has a limit that is also in `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}.
Intuitively, a space is complete if there are no \"points missin... | 663 | Complete metric space | 0 |
7,832 | # Complete metric space
## Some theorems {#some_theorems}
Every compact metric space is complete, though complete spaces need not be compact. In fact, a metric space is compact if and only if it is complete and totally bounded. This is a generalization of the Heine--Borel theorem, which states that any closed and bou... | 269 | Complete metric space | 1 |
7,832 | # Complete metric space
## Completion
For any metric space *M*, it is possible to construct a complete metric space *M′* (which is also denoted as $\overline{M}$), which contains *M* as a dense subspace. It has the following universal property: if *N* is any complete metric space and *f* is any uniformly continuous f... | 949 | Complete metric space | 2 |
7,834 | # Chain reaction
A **chain reaction** is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events.
Chain reactions are one way that systems which are not in thermodynamic equilibrium can ... | 275 | Chain reaction | 0 |
7,834 | # Chain reaction
## Chemical chain reactions {#chemical_chain_reactions}
### History
In 1913, the German chemist Max Bodenstein first put forth the idea of chemical chain reactions. If two molecules react, not only molecules of the final reaction products are formed, but also some unstable molecules which can furthe... | 883 | Chain reaction | 1 |
7,834 | # Chain reaction
## Chemical chain reactions {#chemical_chain_reactions}
### Acetaldehyde pyrolysis and rate equation {#acetaldehyde_pyrolysis_and_rate_equation}
The pyrolysis (thermal decomposition) of acetaldehyde, CH~3~CHO (g) → CH~4~ (g) + CO (g), proceeds via the Rice-Herzfeld mechanism:
- Initiation (formati... | 317 | Chain reaction | 2 |
7,834 | # Chain reaction
## Nuclear chain reactions {#nuclear_chain_reactions}
A *nuclear* chain reaction was proposed by Leo Szilard in 1933, shortly after the neutron was discovered, yet more than five years before nuclear fission was first discovered. Szilárd knew of *chemical* chain reactions, and he had been reading abo... | 313 | Chain reaction | 3 |
7,834 | # Chain reaction
## Electron avalanche in gases {#electron_avalanche_in_gases}
An electron avalanche happens between two unconnected electrodes in a gas when an electric field exceeds a certain threshold. Random thermal collisions of gas atoms may result in a few free electrons and positively charged gas ions, in a p... | 487 | Chain reaction | 4 |
7,837 | # Caddie
In golf, a **caddie** (or **caddy**) is a companion to the player, providing both practical support and strategic guidance on the course. Caddies are responsible for carrying the player's bag, managing clubs, and assisting with basic course maintenance like repairing divots and raking bunkers. Their role exte... | 513 | Caddie | 0 |
7,839 | # Stellar corona
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 115, column 24):
unexpected 't'
{| class="wikitable" | title="Typical length of observable coronal features"
^
`` | 25 | Stellar corona | 0 |
7,843 | # Planned economy
A **planned economy** is a type of economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized, participatory or Soviet-type forms of economic planning.... | 1,010 | Planned economy | 0 |
7,843 | # Planned economy
## Overview
### Cybernetics
The use of computers to coordinate production in an optimal fashion has been variously proposed for socialist economies. The Polish economist Oskar Lange (1904--1965) argued that the computer is more efficient than the market process at solving the multitude of simultaneo... | 211 | Planned economy | 1 |
7,843 | # Planned economy
## Central planning {#central_planning}
### Advantages
Supporters of a planned economy argue that the government can harness land, labor, and capital to serve the economic objectives of the state. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a... | 788 | Planned economy | 2 |
7,843 | # Planned economy
## Central planning {#central_planning}
### Command economy {#command_economy}
Planned economies contrast with command economies in that a planned economy is \"an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc.\" whereas a command economy necessa... | 467 | Planned economy | 3 |
7,843 | # Planned economy
## Decentralized planning {#decentralized_planning}
A decentralized-planned economy, occasionally called horizontally planned economy due to its horizontalism, is a type of planned economy in which the investment and allocation of consumer and capital goods is explicated accordingly to an economy-wi... | 622 | Planned economy | 4 |
7,849 | # Crystallographic defect
A **crystallographic defect** is an interruption of the regular patterns of arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids. The positions and orientations of particles, which are repeating at fixed distances determined by the unit cell parameters in crystals, exhibit a periodic cryst... | 957 | Crystallographic defect | 0 |
7,849 | # Crystallographic defect
## Line defects {#line_defects}
Line defects can be described by gauge theories.
Dislocations are linear defects, around which the atoms of the crystal lattice are misaligned. There are two basic types of dislocations, the *edge* dislocation and the *screw* dislocation. \"Mixed\" dislocatio... | 395 | Crystallographic defect | 1 |
7,849 | # Crystallographic defect
## Planar defects {#planar_defects}
- Grain boundaries occur where the crystallographic direction of the lattice abruptly changes. This usually occurs when two crystals begin growing separately and then meet.
- Antiphase boundaries occur in ordered alloys: in this case, the crystallograp... | 355 | Crystallographic defect | 2 |
7,850 | # Chomsky normal form
In formal language theory, a context-free grammar, *G*, is said to be in **Chomsky normal form** (first described by Noam Chomsky) if all of its production rules are of the form:
: *A* → *BC*, or
: *A* → *a*, or
: *S* → ε,
where *A*, *B*, and *C* are nonterminal symbols, the letter *a... | 828 | Chomsky normal form | 0 |
7,850 | # Chomsky normal form
## Converting a grammar to Chomsky normal form {#converting_a_grammar_to_chomsky_normal_form}
### Order of transformations {#order_of_transformations}
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transformation *X* `{{color|#004000|always pre... | 226 | Chomsky normal form | 1 |
7,850 | # Chomsky normal form
## Example
The following grammar, with start symbol *Expr*, describes a simplified version of the set of all syntactical valid arithmetic expressions in programming languages like C or Algol60. Both *number* and *variable* are considered terminal symbols here for simplicity, since in a compiler ... | 677 | Chomsky normal form | 2 |
7,850 | # Chomsky normal form
## Alternative definition {#alternative_definition}
### Chomsky reduced form {#chomsky_reduced_form}
Another way to define the Chomsky normal form is:
A formal grammar is in **Chomsky reduced form** if all of its production rules are of the form:
: $A \rightarrow\, BC$ or
: $A \rightarrow... | 279 | Chomsky normal form | 3 |
7,938 | # Diatomic molecule
**Diatomic molecules** (`{{ety|el|di-|two}}`{=mediawiki}) are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. If a diatomic molecule consists of two atoms of the same element, such as hydrogen (`{{chem2|H2}}`{=mediawiki}) or oxygen (`{{chem2|O2}}`{=mediawiki}), the... | 476 | Diatomic molecule | 0 |
7,938 | # Diatomic molecule
## Historical significance {#historical_significance}
Diatomic elements played an important role in the elucidation of the concepts of element, atom, and molecule in the 19th century, because some of the most common elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, occur as diatomic molecules. Joh... | 269 | Diatomic molecule | 1 |
7,938 | # Diatomic molecule
## Excited electronic states {#excited_electronic_states}
Diatomic molecules are normally in their lowest or ground state, which conventionally is also known as the $X$ state. When a gas of diatomic molecules is bombarded by energetic electrons, some of the molecules may be excited to higher elect... | 588 | Diatomic molecule | 2 |
7,938 | # Diatomic molecule
## Energy levels {#energy_levels}
The molecular term symbol is a shorthand expression of the angular momenta that characterize the electronic quantum states of a diatomic molecule, which are also eigenstates of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. It is also convenient, and common, to represent a... | 457 | Diatomic molecule | 3 |
7,938 | # Diatomic molecule
## Hund\'s cases {#hunds_cases}
The good quantum numbers for a diatomic molecule, as well as good approximations of rotational energy levels, can be obtained by modeling the molecule using Hund\'s cases.
## Mnemonics
The mnemonics *BrINClHOF*, pronounced \"Brinklehof\", *HONClBrIF*, pronounced \... | 88 | Diatomic molecule | 4 |
7,942 | # Disbarment
**Disbarment**, also known as **striking off**, is the removal of a lawyer from a bar association or the practice of law, thus revoking their law license or admission to practice law. Disbarment is usually a punishment for unethical or criminal conduct but may also be imposed for incompetence or incapacit... | 486 | Disbarment | 0 |
7,942 | # Disbarment
## United States {#united_states}
### Notable U.S. disbarments {#notable_u.s._disbarments}
In the 20th and 21st centuries, one former U.S. president and one former U.S. vice president have been disbarred, and another former president has been suspended from one bar and forced to resign from another bar r... | 746 | Disbarment | 1 |
7,954 | # Dead Kennedys
**Dead Kennedys** are an American punk rock band that formed in San Francisco, California, in 1978. The band was one of the defining punk bands during its initial eight-year run.
Initially consisting of lead guitarist East Bay Ray, bassist Klaus Flouride, lead vocalist Jello Biafra, drummer Ted and rh... | 369 | Dead Kennedys | 0 |
7,954 | # Dead Kennedys
## History
### Formation of the band (1978--1979) {#formation_of_the_band_19781979}
Dead Kennedys were formed in June 1978 in San Francisco, California, when East Bay Ray (Raymond Pepperell) advertised for bandmates in the newspaper *The Recycler*. The original band lineup consisted of East Bay Ray o... | 351 | Dead Kennedys | 1 |
7,954 | # Dead Kennedys
## History
### *Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables* (1980--1981) {#fresh_fruit_for_rotting_vegetables_19801981}
In early 1980, they recorded and released the single \"Holiday in Cambodia\". In June, the band recorded their debut album, *Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables*, released in September of tha... | 895 | Dead Kennedys | 2 |
7,954 | # Dead Kennedys
## History
### *Frankenchrist* and obscenity trial (1985--1986) {#frankenchrist_and_obscenity_trial_19851986}
The release of the album *Frankenchrist* in 1985 showed the band had grown in musical proficiency and lyrical maturity. While there were still a number of loud/fast songs, much of the music fe... | 505 | Dead Kennedys | 3 |
7,954 | # Dead Kennedys
## History
### *Bedtime for Democracy* and break-up (1986) {#bedtime_for_democracy_and_break_up_1986}
In addition to the obscenity lawsuit, the band became increasingly disillusioned with the underground scene as well. The hardcore scene, which had been a haven for free-thinking intellectuals and down... | 888 | Dead Kennedys | 4 |
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