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7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
## Æthelstan
By 926 Sihtric had evidently acknowledged Æthelstan as overlord, adopting Christianity and marrying a sister of Æthelstan at Tamworth. Within the year he appears to have forsaken his new faith and repudiated his wife, but before Æthelstan could respond, Sihtric died suddenly ... | 607 | Constantine II of Scotland | 6 |
7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
## Brunanburh and after {#brunanburh_and_after}
Following his departure from Æthelstan\'s court after 935, there is no further report of Constantine until 937. In that year, together with Owain and Olaf Guthfrithson of Dublin, Constantine invaded England. The resulting battle of Brunanbur... | 411 | Constantine II of Scotland | 7 |
7,235 | # Constantine II of Scotland
## Abdication and posterity {#abdication_and_posterity}
By the early 940s, Constantine was an old man in his late sixties or seventies. The kingdom of Alba was too new to be said to have a customary rule of succession, but Pictish and Irish precedents favoured an adult successor descended... | 556 | Constantine II of Scotland | 8 |
7,237 | # Common Language Infrastructure
The **Common Language Infrastructure** (**CLI**) is an open specification and technical standard originally developed by Microsoft and standardized by ISO/IEC (**ISO/IEC 23271**) and Ecma International (**ECMA 335**) that describes executable code and a runtime environment that allows ... | 352 | Common Language Infrastructure | 0 |
7,237 | # Common Language Infrastructure
## Standardization and licensing {#standardization_and_licensing}
In August 2000, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, and others worked to standardize CLI. By December 2001, it was ratified by the Ecma, with ISO/IEC standardization following in April 2003.
Microsoft and its partners h... | 415 | Common Language Infrastructure | 1 |
7,242 | # Chinese classics
The **Chinese classics** or **canonical texts** are the works of Chinese literature authored prior to the establishment of the imperial Qin dynasty in 221 BC. Prominent examples include the Four Books and Five Classics in the Neo-Confucian tradition, themselves an abridgment of the Thirteen Classics... | 690 | Chinese classics | 0 |
7,242 | # Chinese classics
## Western Han dynasty {#western_han_dynasty}
### Five Classics {#five_classics}
The **Five Classics** (`{{zhi|t=五經|p=Wǔjīng}}`{=mediawiki}) are five pre-Qin texts that became part of the state-sponsored curriculum during the Western Han dynasty, which adopted Confucianism as its official ideology... | 538 | Chinese classics | 1 |
7,242 | # Chinese classics
## Song dynasty {#song_dynasty}
### Four Books {#four_books}
The **Four Books** (`{{zhi|t=四書|p=Sìshū}}`{=mediawiki}) are texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism. They were selected by Zhu Xi (1130--1200) during the Song dynasty to serve as general introduction to Confu... | 528 | Chinese classics | 2 |
7,242 | # Chinese classics
## List of classics {#list_of_classics}
### Before 221 BC {#before_221_bc}
It is often difficult or impossible to precisely date pre-Qin works beyond their being \"pre-Qin\", a period of 1000 years. Information in ancient China was often by oral tradition and passed down from generations before so... | 1,039 | Chinese classics | 3 |
7,242 | # Chinese classics
## List of classics {#list_of_classics}
### After 206 BC {#after_206_bc}
- The *Twenty-Four Histories*, a collection of authoritative histories of China for various dynasties:
- The *Records of the Grand Historian* by Sima Qian
- The *Book of Han* by Ban Gu.
- The *Book of Later... | 829 | Chinese classics | 4 |
7,246 | # Charles Messier
**Charles Messier** (`{{IPA|fr|ʃaʁl me.sje|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 26 June 1730 -- 12 April 1817) was a French astronomer. He published an astronomical catalogue consisting of 110 nebulae and star clusters, which came to be known as the *Messier objects*, referred to with the letter M and their number b... | 456 | Charles Messier | 0 |
7,246 | # Charles Messier
## Messier catalogue {#messier_catalogue}
Messier\'s occupation as a comet hunter led him to continually come across fixed diffuse objects in the night sky which could be mistaken for comets. He compiled a list of them, in collaboration with his friend and assistant Pierre Méchain (who may have foun... | 356 | Charles Messier | 1 |
7,249 | # Crankshaft
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Crankshaft (red), pistons (gray), cylinders (blue) and flywheel (black)
A **crankshaft** is a mechanical component used in a piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion. The crankshaft is a rotating shaft containing one or more crankpins, that are driven b... | 824 | Crankshaft | 0 |
7,249 | # Crankshaft
## Construction
### Forged crankshafts {#forged_crankshafts}
thumb\|upright=0.8\|Forged crankshaft
Crankshafts can be created from a steel bar using roll forging. Today, manufacturers tend to favour the use of forged crankshafts due to their lighter weight, more compact dimensions and better inherent da... | 246 | Crankshaft | 1 |
7,249 | # Crankshaft
## History
### Crankshaft
In 9th century Abbasid Baghdad, automatically operated cranks appear in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in the *Book of Ingenious Devices*. These automatically operated cranks appear in several devices, two of which contain an action which a... | 350 | Crankshaft | 2 |
7,251 | # Central nervous system
The **central nervous system** (**CNS**) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain, spinal cord and retina. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally ... | 331 | Central nervous system | 0 |
7,251 | # Central nervous system
## Structure
The CNS consists of two major structures: the brain and spinal cord. The brain is encased in the skull, and protected by the cranium. The spinal cord is continuous with the brain and lies caudally to the brain. It is protected by the vertebrae. The spinal cord reaches from the ba... | 673 | Central nervous system | 1 |
7,251 | # Central nervous system
## Structure
### Brain
At the anterior end of the spinal cord lies the brain. The brain makes up the largest portion of the CNS. It is often the main structure referred to when speaking of the nervous system in general. The brain is the major functional unit of the CNS. While the spinal cord ... | 1,017 | Central nervous system | 2 |
7,251 | # Central nervous system
## Development
During early development of the vertebrate embryo, a longitudinal groove on the neural plate gradually deepens and the ridges on either side of the groove (the neural folds) become elevated, and ultimately meet, transforming the groove into a closed tube called the neural tube.... | 358 | Central nervous system | 3 |
7,251 | # Central nervous system
## Development
### Evolution
#### Planaria
Planarians, members of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), have the simplest, clearly defined delineation of a nervous system into a CNS and a PNS. Their primitive brains, consisting of two fused anterior ganglia, and longitudinal nerve cords fo... | 480 | Central nervous system | 4 |
7,251 | # Central nervous system
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
### Diseases
There are many CNS diseases and conditions, including infections such as encephalitis and poliomyelitis, early-onset neurological disorders including ADHD and autism, seizure disorders such as epilepsy, headache disorders such as... | 156 | Central nervous system | 5 |
7,255 | # Connection (dance)
In partner dancing, **connection** is physical, non-verbal communication between dancers to facilitate synchronized or coordinated dance movements. Some forms of connection involve \"lead/follow\" in which one dancer (the \"lead\") directs the movements of the other dancer (the \"follower\") by me... | 763 | Connection (dance) | 0 |
7,262 | # CORAL
**CORAL**, short for **Computer On-line Real-time Applications Language** is a programming language originally developed in 1964 at the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE), Malvern, Worcestershire, in the United Kingdom. The R was originally for \"radar\", not \"real-time\". It was influenced primarily by JOVIAL, ... | 696 | CORAL | 0 |
7,279 | # Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code
**Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code** (Title 11 of the United States Code) permits reorganization under the bankruptcy laws of the United States. Such reorganization, known as **Chapter 11 bankruptcy**, is available to every business, whether organized as a corp... | 489 | Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code | 0 |
7,279 | # Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code
## Features of Chapter 11 reorganization {#features_of_chapter_11_reorganization}
Chapter 11 retains many of the features present in all or most bankruptcy proceedings in the United States. It provides additional tools for debtors as well. Most importantly, `{{usc|11|1108}}`... | 519 | Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code | 1 |
7,279 | # Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code
## Features of Chapter 11 reorganization {#features_of_chapter_11_reorganization}
### Confirmation
If the judge approves the reorganization plan and the creditors agree, the plan can be confirmed. If at least one class of creditors objects and votes against the plan, it may ... | 1,001 | Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code | 2 |
7,279 | # Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code
## Features of Chapter 11 reorganization {#features_of_chapter_11_reorganization}
### Priority
Chapter 11 follows the same priority scheme as other bankruptcy chapters. The priority structure is defined primarily by § 507 of the Bankruptcy Code (`{{usc|11|507}}`{=mediawiki})... | 585 | Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code | 3 |
7,279 | # Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code
## Statistics
### Frequency
Chapter 11 cases dropped by 60% from 1991 to 2003. One 2007 study found this was because businesses were turning to bankruptcy-like proceedings under state law, rather than the federal bankruptcy proceedings, including those under chapter 11. Ins... | 367 | Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code | 4 |
7,283 | # Controversy
\[\[<File:Carl> Schleicher Eine Streitfrage aus dem Talmud.jpg\|thumb\|A scene of rabbis
`in debate in ``Carl Schleicher``'s painting `*`A controversy from the Talmud`*`, 19th century]]`
**Controversy** (`{{IPA-cen|UK|k|ə|n|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|v|ə|r|s|i}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA-cen|US|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|t|r|ə|v|ɜː|r|s|i}}`{=me... | 344 | Controversy | 0 |
7,283 | # Controversy
## Psychological bases {#psychological_bases}
Controversies are frequently thought to be a result of a lack of confidence on the part of the disputants -- as implied by Benford\'s law of controversy, which only talks about lack of information (\"passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real in... | 654 | Controversy | 1 |
7,291 | # CuteFTP
**CuteFTP** is a series of FTP (file transfer protocol) client applications distributed and supported since 1996 by GlobalSCAPE, who later bought the rights to the software. Both a Windows-based or Mac-based interface were made for both home and professional use.
CuteFTP is used to transfer files between co... | 109 | CuteFTP | 0 |
7,309 | # Coleco Telstar series
The **Coleco** **Telstar** brand is a series of dedicated first-generation home video game consoles produced, released and marketed by Coleco from 1976 to 1978. Starting with Coleco Telstar *Pong* clone based video game console on General Instrument\'s AY-3-8500 chip in 1976, there were 14 cons... | 1,270 | Coleco Telstar series | 0 |
7,310 | # Conventional warfare
`{{history of war}}`{=mediawiki} **Conventional warfare** is a form of warfare conducted by using conventional weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation. The forces on each side are well-defined and fight by using weapons that target primarily the opponent\... | 692 | Conventional warfare | 0 |
7,330 | # Complementary DNA
In genetics, **complementary DNA** (**cDNA**) is DNA that was reverse transcribed (via reverse transcriptase) from an RNA (e.g., messenger RNA or microRNA). cDNA exists in both single-stranded and double-stranded forms and in both natural and engineered forms.
In engineered forms, it often is a co... | 273 | Complementary DNA | 0 |
7,330 | # Complementary DNA
## Synthesis
RNA serves as a template for cDNA synthesis. In cellular life, cDNA is generated by viruses and retrotransposons for integration of RNA into target genomic DNA. In molecular biology, RNA is purified from source material after genomic DNA, proteins and other cellular components are rem... | 533 | Complementary DNA | 1 |
7,330 | # Complementary DNA
## Applications
Complementary DNA is often used in gene cloning or as gene probes or in the creation of a cDNA library. When scientists transfer a gene from one cell into another cell in order to express the new genetic material as a protein in the recipient cell, the cDNA will be added to the rec... | 330 | Complementary DNA | 2 |
7,330 | # Complementary DNA
## Viruses and retrotransposons {#viruses_and_retrotransposons}
Some viruses also use cDNA to turn their viral RNA into mRNA (viral RNA → cDNA → mRNA). The mRNA is used to make viral proteins to take over the host cell.
An example of this first step from viral RNA to cDNA can be seen in the HIV c... | 155 | Complementary DNA | 3 |
7,331 | # Cellular digital packet data
**Cellular Digital Packet Data** (**CDPD**) is an obsolete wide-area mobile data service which used unused bandwidth normally used by Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) mobile phones between 800 and 900 MHz to transfer data. Speeds up to 19.2 kbit/s were possible, though real world spee... | 657 | Cellular digital packet data | 0 |
7,335 | # Creature of statute
A **creature of statute** (also known as **creature of the state**) is a legal entity, such as a corporation, created by statute. Creatures of statute may include municipalities and other artificial legal entities or relationships. Thus, when a statute in some fashion requires the formation of a ... | 325 | Creature of statute | 0 |
7,339 | # General Conference on Weights and Measures
The **General Conference on Weights and Measures** (abbreviated **CGPM** from the *Conférence générale des poids et mesures*) is the supreme authority of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), the intergovernmental organization established in 1875 under th... | 291 | General Conference on Weights and Measures | 0 |
7,339 | # General Conference on Weights and Measures
## Establishment
On 20 May 1875 an international treaty known as the *Convention du Mètre* (Metre Convention) was signed by 17 states. This treaty established an international organisation, the Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM), which has two governing organ... | 809 | General Conference on Weights and Measures | 1 |
7,339 | # General Conference on Weights and Measures
## CGPM meetings {#cgpm_meetings}
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 804 | General Conference on Weights and Measures | 2 |
7,339 | # General Conference on Weights and Measures
## International Committee for Weights and Measures {#international_committee_for_weights_and_measures}
The International Committee for Weights and Measures consists of eighteen persons, each of a different nationality. elected by the General Conference on Weights and Mea... | 434 | General Conference on Weights and Measures | 3 |
7,339 | # General Conference on Weights and Measures
## International Committee for Weights and Measures {#international_committee_for_weights_and_measures}
### Major reports {#major_reports}
Official reports of the CIPM include:
- Reports of CIPM meetings (*Procès-Verbaux*) (CIPM Minutes)
- Annual Report to Government... | 420 | General Conference on Weights and Measures | 4 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
*Duckman*}} `{{original research|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox comics creator
| image = Carl barks.jpg
| caption = Barks in 1982
| alt =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|3|27|mf=y}}<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JG4V-6ZF "United States Social Security Dea... | 359 | Carl Barks | 0 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
## Biography
Barks was born near Merrill, Oregon, to William Barks and his wife, Arminta Johnson. He had an older brother named Clyde. His paternal grandparents were David Barks and his wife Ruth Shrum. Barks\' maternal grandparents were Carl Johnson and his wife, Suzanna Massey, but little else is known... | 1,155 | Carl Barks | 1 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
## Biography
### First and second marriages {#first_and_second_marriages}
While he continued drifting through various jobs, he met Pearl Turner (1904--1987). In 1921 they married and had two daughters:
- Peggy Barks (1923--1963)
- Dorothy Barks (1924--2014)
In 1923 he returned to his paternal farm ... | 498 | Carl Barks | 2 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
## Biography
### The Good Duck Artist {#the_good_duck_artist}
Unhappy at the emerging wartime working conditions at Disney, and bothered by ongoing sinus problems caused by the studio\'s air conditioning, Barks quit in 1942. Shortly before quitting, he moonlighted as a comic book artist, contributing hal... | 1,064 | Carl Barks | 3 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
## Biography
### No longer anonymous {#no_longer_anonymous}
People who worked for Disney (and its comic book licensees) generally did so in relative anonymity; stories would only carry Walt Disney\'s name and (sometimes) a short identification number. Prior to 1960 Barks\' identity remained a mystery to ... | 1,148 | Carl Barks | 4 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
## Biography
### Later life {#later_life}
In 1985, a new division was founded, Gladstone Publishing, which took up the then-dormant Disney comic book license. Gladstone introduced a new generation of Disney comic book readers to the storytelling of Barks, Paul Murry, and Floyd Gottfredson, as well as pre... | 617 | Carl Barks | 5 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
## Influence
\"(A)n asteroid was named after the Duck Man in 1983 \-\-- 2730 Barks, a carbonaceous C-type asteroid with a diameter of between 10 and 16 kilometers, an ordital period of six years and four months, and a rotation period of just over six hours.\" In a 1983 interview, Barks says that \"Island... | 687 | Carl Barks | 6 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
## Filmography
Films where Barks served as storyman or story director include:
- *Modern Inventions* (May 29, 1937). Barks also drew many of the storyboards for the film.
- *Donald\'s Ostrich* (December 10, 1937).
- *Self Control* (February 11, 1938). Barks served as the story director.
- *Donal... | 777 | Carl Barks | 7 |
7,345 | # Carl Barks
## Awards
- The Shazam Award for Best Writer (Humor Division) in 1970
- The Academy of Comic Book Arts Hall of Fame Award in 1973
- The Inkpot in 1977 from San Diego Comic-Con
- Inducted into the Eisner Awards Hall of Fame in 1987
- Inducted into the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1987
- Inducted... | 148 | Carl Barks | 8 |
7,346 | # Centimetre–gram–second system of units
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 336, column 2):
unexpected '!'
! Constant
^
`` | 20 | Centimetre–gram–second system of units | 0 |
7,366 | # Chastity
**Chastity**, also known as **purity**, is a virtue related to temperance. Someone who is *chaste* refrains from sexual activity that is considered immoral or from any sexual activity, according to their state of life. In some contexts, for example when making a vow of chastity, chastity means celibacy.
##... | 1,270 | Chastity | 0 |
7,366 | # Chastity
## In Abrahamic religions {#in_abrahamic_religions}
### Baháʼí Faith {#baháʼí_faith}
Chastity is highly prized in the Baháʼí Faith. Similar to other Abrahamic religions, Baháʼí teachings call for the restriction of sexual activity to that between a wife and husband in Baháʼí marriage, and discourage member... | 76 | Chastity | 1 |
7,366 | # Chastity
## In Eastern religions {#in_eastern_religions}
### Hinduism
Hinduism\'s view on premarital sex is rooted in its concept of `{{transliteration|sa|[[Ashrama (stage)|ashrama]]}}`{=mediawiki} or the stages of life. The first of these stages, known as `{{transliteration|sa|[[brahmacharya]]}}`{=mediawiki}, rou... | 299 | Chastity | 2 |
7,366 | # Chastity
## Government
In Iran, women are required to wear hijabs as part of that society\'s efforts to enforce chastity. In 2023 the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance announced a new bill titled the Protection of the Culture of Chastity and Hijab Law, expanding its former sections from 15 to 70 | 53 | Chastity | 3 |
7,425 | # Electromagnetic coil
An **electromagnetic coil** is an electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of a coil (spiral or helix). Electromagnetic coils are used in electrical engineering, in applications where electric currents interact with magnetic fields, in devices such as electric motors, generators, inducto... | 538 | Electromagnetic coil | 0 |
7,425 | # Electromagnetic coil
## Magnetic core {#magnetic_core}
Many electromagnetic coils have a magnetic core, a piece of ferromagnetic material like iron in the center to increase the magnetic field. The current through the coil magnetizes the iron, and the field of the magnetized material adds to the field produced by t... | 285 | Electromagnetic coil | 1 |
7,425 | # Electromagnetic coil
## Types of coils {#types_of_coils}
Coils can be classified by the frequency of the current they are designed to operate with:
:\**Direct current* or *DC* coils or electromagnets operate with a steady direct current in their windings
:\**Audio-frequency* or *AF* coils, inductors or transforme... | 988 | Electromagnetic coil | 2 |
7,425 | # Electromagnetic coil
## Types of coils {#types_of_coils}
### Transducer coils {#transducer_coils}
thumb\|upright=0.7\|The sensor coil of a metal detector. These are coils used to translate time-varying magnetic fields to electric signals, and vice versa. A few types:
:\*Sensor or pickup coils - these are used to d... | 239 | Electromagnetic coil | 3 |
7,435 | # Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
The **diagnostic tests in cardiology** are methods of identifying heart conditions associated with healthy vs. unhealthy, pathologic heart function.
## Bedside
### History
Obtaining a medical history is always the first \"test\", part of understanding the likelihood of s... | 428 | Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures | 0 |
7,435 | # Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
## Electrophysiology
### Electrocardiogram
*Electrocardiography* (ECG/EKG in German vernacular. Elektrokardiogram) monitors electrical activity of the heart, primarily as recorded from the skin surface. A 12 lead recording, recording the electrical activity in three plane... | 596 | Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures | 1 |
7,446 | # Chalcolithic
The **Chalcolithic** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|l|k|ə|ˌ|l|ɪ|θ|ɪ|k}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|KAL|kə|LI|thik}}`{=mediawiki}) (also called the **Copper Age** and **Eneolithic**) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper. It followed the Neolithic and preceded the Bronze Age.... | 308 | Chalcolithic | 0 |
7,446 | # Chalcolithic
## Terminology
The multiple names result from multiple definitions of the period. Originally, the term Bronze Age meant that either copper or bronze was being used as the chief hard substance for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Ancient writers, who provided the essential cultural references for e... | 429 | Chalcolithic | 1 |
7,446 | # Chalcolithic
## Regions
### Near East {#near_east}
The emergence of metallurgy may have occurred first in the Fertile Crescent.
Lead may have been the first ore that humans smelted, since it can be easily obtained by heating galena.
Possible early examples of lead smelting, supported by the extreme rarity of nat... | 1,113 | Chalcolithic | 2 |
7,446 | # Chalcolithic
## Regions
### Pre-Columbian Americas {#pre_columbian_americas}
In the Archaeology of the Americas, a five-period system is conventionally used which does not include metal ages, though metalworking technology did precede European contact in some areas.
Andean civilizations in South America appear to ... | 343 | Chalcolithic | 3 |
7,449 | # Called to Common Mission
**Called to Common Mission** (**CCM**) is an agreement between The Episcopal Church (ECUSA) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in the United States, establishing full communion between them. It was ratified by the ELCA in 1999, the ECUSA in 2000, after the narrow failure o... | 463 | Called to Common Mission | 0 |
7,450 | # Context menu
A **context menu** (also called **contextual**, **shortcut**, and **pop up** or **pop-up** **menu**) is a menu in a graphical user interface (GUI) that appears upon user interaction, such as a right-click mouse operation. A context menu offers a limited set of choices that are available in the current s... | 780 | Context menu | 0 |
7,450 | # Context menu
## In documentation {#in_documentation}
Microsoft\'s guidelines call for always using the term *context menu*, and explicitly deprecate *shortcut menu* | 22 | Context menu | 1 |
7,477 | # Cuitláhuac
**Cuitláhuac** (`{{IPA|es|kwiˈtlawak|-|Cuitlahuac1.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{audio|Kuitlawatsin.ogg|modern Nahuatl pronunciation}}`{=mediawiki}) (c. 1476 -- 1520) or **Cuitláhuac** (in Spanish orthography; *Cuitlāhuac*, `{{IPA|nah|kʷiˈt͡ɬaːwak}}`{=mediawiki}, honorific form: **Cuitlahuatzin**) was the 10th *... | 431 | Cuitláhuac | 0 |
7,480 | # Cross section (physics)
In physics, the **cross section** is a measure of the probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles. For example, the Rutherford cross-section is a measure of probability that an alpha particle will be deflected by a given angle during an interaction with... | 818 | Cross section (physics) | 0 |
7,480 | # Cross section (physics)
## Attenuation of a beam of particles {#attenuation_of_a_beam_of_particles}
If a beam of particles enters a thin layer of material of thickness `{{math|d''z''}}`{=mediawiki}, the flux `{{math|Φ}}`{=mediawiki} of the beam will decrease by `{{math|dΦ}}`{=mediawiki} according to
: $\frac{\ma... | 766 | Cross section (physics) | 1 |
7,480 | # Cross section (physics)
## Quantum scattering {#quantum_scattering}
In the time-independent formalism of quantum scattering, the initial wave function (before scattering) is taken to be a plane wave with definite momentum `{{math|''k''}}`{=mediawiki}:
: $\phi_-(\mathbf r) \;\stackrel{r \to \infty}{\longrightarro... | 485 | Cross section (physics) | 2 |
7,480 | # Cross section (physics)
## Units
Although the SI unit of total cross sections is m^2^, a smaller unit is usually used in practice.
In nuclear and particle physics, the conventional unit is the barn b, where 1 b = 10^−28^ m^2^ = 100 fm^2^. Smaller prefixed units such as mb and μb are also widely used. Corresponding... | 450 | Cross section (physics) | 3 |
7,480 | # Cross section (physics)
## Scattering of light {#scattering_of_light}
### Cross section and Mie theory {#cross_section_and_mie_theory}
Cross sections commonly calculated using Mie theory include efficiency coefficients for extinction $Q_\text{ext}$, scattering $Q_\text{sc}$, and Absorption $Q_\text{abs}$ cross sect... | 1,007 | Cross section (physics) | 4 |
7,480 | # Cross section (physics)
## Examples
### Elastic collision of two hard spheres {#elastic_collision_of_two_hard_spheres}
The following equations apply to two hard spheres that undergo a perfectly elastic collision. Let `{{math|''R''}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|''r''}}`{=mediawiki} denote the radii of the scattering c... | 639 | Cross section (physics) | 5 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
`{{Christianity|expanded=hide}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Mythology}}`{=mediawiki} **Christian mythology** is the body of myths associated with Christianity. The term encompasses a broad variety of legends and narratives, especially those considered sacred narratives. Mythological themes and elements occur... | 269 | Christian mythology | 0 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Attitudes
Christian theologian and professor of New Testament, Rudolf Bultmann wrote that:
> The cosmology of the New Testament is essentially mythical in character. The world is viewed as a three storied structure, with the earth in the center, the heaven above, and the underworld beneath. ... | 1,095 | Christian mythology | 1 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Eschatology
- The coming of the Antichrist
- The Second Coming
- The resurrection of the dead
- Judgement Day
- The final and total establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth
## Other examples {#other_examples}
Examples of (1) Christian myths not mentioned in canon and (2) liter... | 370 | Christian mythology | 2 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Connections to other belief systems {#connections_to_other_belief_systems}
### Jewish mythology {#jewish_mythology}
- Cosmogony
- The 7-day creation week narrative (Genesis 1:1---2:3)
- The Eden narrative (Genesis 2:4---3:24)
- Origins
- The Fall of Man: Although the Bo... | 511 | Christian mythology | 3 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Mythical themes and types {#mythical_themes_and_types}
Academic studies of mythology often define mythology as deeply valued stories that explain a society\'s existence and world order: those narratives of a society\'s creation, the society\'s origins and foundations, their god(s), their orig... | 952 | Christian mythology | 4 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Mythical themes and types {#mythical_themes_and_types}
### Combat myth {#combat_myth}
Many Near Eastern religions include a story about a battle between a divine being and a dragon or other monster representing chaos---a theme found, for example, in the *Enuma Elish*. A number of scholars cal... | 1,054 | Christian mythology | 5 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Mythical themes and types {#mythical_themes_and_types}
### Sacrifice
Sacrifice is an element in many religious traditions and often represented in myths. In *The Oxford Companion to World Mythology*, David Leeming lists the story of Abraham and Isaac and the story of Christ\'s death as exampl... | 756 | Christian mythology | 6 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Mythical themes and types {#mythical_themes_and_types}
### Eschatological myths {#eschatological_myths}
Christian eschatological myths include stories of the afterlife: the narratives of Jesus Christ rising from the dead and now acting as a saviour of all generations of Christians, and storie... | 1,439 | Christian mythology | 7 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Mythical themes and types {#mythical_themes_and_types}
### Witches
In the early modern period, distinguished Christian theologians developed elaborated witch mythologies which contributed to the intensification of witch hunts. Major works in Christian demonology, such as Malleus Maleficarum, ... | 333 | Christian mythology | 8 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Attitudes toward time {#attitudes_toward_time}
According to Mircea Eliade, many traditional societies have a cyclic sense of time, periodically reenacting mythical events. Through this reenactment, these societies achieve an \"eternal return\" to the mythical age. According to Eliade, Christi... | 552 | Christian mythology | 9 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Legacy
### Concepts of progress {#concepts_of_progress}
According to Carl Mitcham, \"the Christian mythology of progress toward transcendent salvation\" created the conditions for modern ideas of scientific and technological progress. Hayden White describes \"the myth of Progress\" as the \"... | 400 | Christian mythology | 10 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## The Bible {#the_bible}
### Old Testament {#old_testament}
Mythic patterns such as the primordial struggle between good and evil appear in passages throughout the Hebrew Bible, including passages that describe historical events. A distinctive characteristic of the Hebrew Bible is the reinterp... | 762 | Christian mythology | 11 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Historical development {#historical_development}
### From Roman Empire to Europe {#from_roman_empire_to_europe}
After Christian theology was accepted by the Roman Empire, promoted by St. Augustine in the 5th century, Christian mythology began to predominate the Roman Empire. Later the theolo... | 940 | Christian mythology | 12 |
7,482 | # Christian mythology
## Historical development {#historical_development}
### Modern period {#modern_period}
Some commentators have categorized a number of modern fantasy works as \"Christian myth\" or \"Christian mythopoeia\". Examples include the fiction of C. S. Lewis, Madeleine L\'Engle, J.R.R. Tolkien, and Georg... | 87 | Christian mythology | 13 |
7,507 | # Chronicle
A **chronicle** (*chronica*, from Greek *χρονικά* *chroniká*, from *χρόνος*, *chrónos* -- \"time\") is a historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a timeline. Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and local events, the purpose being the recording of ev... | 661 | Chronicle | 0 |
7,507 | # Chronicle
## Cronista
A **cronista** is a term for a historical chronicler, a role that held historical significance in the European Middle Ages. Until the European Enlightenment, the occupation was largely equivalent to that of a historian, describing events chronologically that were of note in a given country or ... | 1,498 | Chronicle | 1 |
7,514 | # Christine Lavin
**Christine Lavin** (born January 2, 1952) is a New York City--based singer-songwriter and promoter of contemporary folk music. She has recorded numerous solo albums, and has also recorded under the name Four Bitchin\' Babes with three bandmates. She is known for her sense of humor, which is expresse... | 154 | Christine Lavin | 0 |
7,519 | # Convolution
In mathematics (in particular, functional analysis), **convolution** is a mathematical operation on two functions $f$ and $g$ that produces a third function $f*g$, as the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted. The term *convolution* refers to bot... | 290 | Convolution | 0 |
7,519 | # Convolution
## Definition
The convolution of $f$ and $g$ is written $f * g$, denoting the operator with the symbol $*$. It is defined as the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted. As such, it is a particular kind of integral transform:
$$(f * g)(t) := \int... | 591 | Convolution | 1 |
7,519 | # Convolution
## Visual explanation {#visual_explanation}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 427 | Convolution | 2 |
7,519 | # Convolution
## Historical developments {#historical_developments}
One of the earliest uses of the convolution integral appeared in D\'Alembert\'s derivation of Taylor\'s theorem in *Recherches sur différents points importants du système du monde,* published in 1754.
Also, an expression of the type:
$$\int f(u)\cd... | 295 | Convolution | 3 |
7,519 | # Convolution
## Discrete convolution {#discrete_convolution}
For complex-valued functions $f$ and $g$ defined on the set $\Z$ of integers, the *discrete convolution* of $f$ and $g$ is given by:
$$(f * g)[n] = \sum_{m=-\infty}^\infty f[m] g[n - m],$$
or equivalently (see commutativity) by:
$$(f * g)[n] = \sum_{m=-... | 556 | Convolution | 4 |
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