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9,459 | # Enniskillen
**Enniskillen** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|n|ᵻ|s|ˈ|k|ɪ|l|ən}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|EN|iss|KIL|ən}}`{=mediawiki}, from *Inis Ceithleann* `{{IPAc-ga|'|i|n'|i|s'|-|'|k'|e|l'|@|N}}`{=mediawiki}, \'Ceithlenn\'s island\') is the largest town in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is in the middle of the county, bet... | 798 | Enniskillen | 0 |
9,459 | # Enniskillen
## History
### Alleged sexual abuse and assault {#alleged_sexual_abuse_and_assault}
In 2019, at least nine men reported to the police and the press and said in public forums that, in the 1980s and 90s, when they were children, they were repeatedly molested and raped by a paedophile ring of at least 20 m... | 317 | Enniskillen | 1 |
9,459 | # Enniskillen
## Places of interest {#places_of_interest}
### Churches
There are four churches in the town centre. These are:
- St. Macartin\'s Cathedral (Church of Ireland) -- This church dates from 1840. It was built on the site of an earlier Plantation church.
- St. Michael\'s Church (Catholic) -- This churc... | 310 | Enniskillen | 2 |
9,459 | # Enniskillen
## Sports
### Association football {#association_football}
As of season 2023/24, the town has five association football teams, Enniskillen Rangers, Enniskillen Town United F.C., Enniskillen Athletic, Enniskillen Galaxy and Enniskillen Rovers. Founded in 1953, Enniskillen Rangers are the oldest and most... | 532 | Enniskillen | 3 |
9,459 | # Enniskillen
## Notable natives and residents {#notable_natives_and_residents}
### Arts and Media {#arts_and_media}
- Samuel Beckett, playwright, educated at Portora Royal School
- Nathan Carter, singer
- Charles Duff, Irish author of books on language learning and other subjects
- Adrian Dunbar, actor, bor... | 360 | Enniskillen | 4 |
9,459 | # Enniskillen
## Notable natives and residents {#notable_natives_and_residents}
### Sports {#sports_1}
- Robert Baloucoune, rugby union player, was born and grew up in Enniskillen, learned his rugby at Portora Royal School and made his international debut for Ireland in July 2021
- Declan Burns, Irish kayaking at... | 371 | Enniskillen | 5 |
9,459 | # Enniskillen
## Education
There are numerous schools and colleges in and around the Enniskillen area, from primary level to secondary level, including some further education colleges such as the technical college.
### Primary level {#primary_level}
- Enniskillen Integrated Primary school
- Model primary school... | 482 | Enniskillen | 6 |
9,459 | # Enniskillen
## Climate
Enniskillen has a maritime climate with a narrow range of temperatures and rainfall. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which online records are available is at Lough Navar Forest, about 8+1/2 mi northwest of Enniskillen. Data has also more recently been collected from Ennisk... | 824 | Enniskillen | 7 |
9,469 | # Eric S. Raymond
**Eric Steven Raymond** (born December 4, 1957), often referred to as **ESR**, is an American software developer, open-source software advocate, and author of the 1997 essay and 1999 book *The Cathedral and the Bazaar*. He wrote a guidebook for the Roguelike game *NetHack*. In the 1990s, he edited an... | 834 | Eric S. Raymond | 0 |
9,469 | # Eric S. Raymond
## Political beliefs and activism {#political_beliefs_and_activism}
Raymond is a member of the Libertarian Party and a gun rights advocate. He has endorsed the open source firearms organization Defense Distributed, calling them \"friends of freedom\" and writing \"I approve of any development that m... | 272 | Eric S. Raymond | 1 |
9,480 | # Edmund Stoiber
**Edmund Rüdiger Stoiber** (born 28 September 1941) is a German politician who served as the 16th minister-president of the state of Bavaria between 1993 and 2007 and chairman of the Christian Social Union (CSU) between 1999 and 2007. In 2002, he ran for the office of Chancellor of Germany in the fede... | 264 | Edmund Stoiber | 0 |
9,480 | # Edmund Stoiber
## Political career {#political_career}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Stoiber in 1981
In 1978, Stoiber was elected secretary general of the CSU, a post he held until 1982/83. In this capacity, he served as campaign manager of Franz-Josef Strauss, the first Bavarian leader to run for the chancellorship, in the... | 524 | Edmund Stoiber | 1 |
9,480 | # Edmund Stoiber
## Political career {#political_career}
### Later political career {#later_political_career}
Stoiber subsequently led the CSU to an absolute majority in the 2003 Bavarian state elections, for the third time in a row, winning this time 60.7% of the votes and a two-thirds majority in the Landtag. This ... | 589 | Edmund Stoiber | 2 |
9,480 | # Edmund Stoiber
## Political positions {#political_positions}
### Foreign policy {#foreign_policy}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Stoiber and Vladimir Putin in 2000 In his capacity as Minister-President, Stoiber made 58 foreign trips, including to China (1995, 2003), Israel (2001), Egypt (2001), India (2004, 2007) and South K... | 816 | Edmund Stoiber | 3 |
9,480 | # Edmund Stoiber
## Controversies
### Comments on East Germany {#comments_on_east_germany}
During the run-up to the German general election in 2005, which was held ahead of schedule, Stoiber created controversy through a campaign speech held in the beginning of August 2005 in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. ... | 534 | Edmund Stoiber | 4 |
9,480 | # Edmund Stoiber
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Stoiber is Roman Catholic. He is married to Karin Stoiber. They have three children: Constanze (born 1971, married *Hausmann*), Veronica (born 1977, married *Saß*), Dominic (born 1980) and five grandchildren: Johannes (1999), Benedikt (2001), Theresa Marie (2005), Fe... | 366 | Edmund Stoiber | 5 |
9,498 | # Esperantujo
**Esperantujo** (`{{IPA|eo|esperanˈtujo|IPA}}`{=mediawiki}) or **Esperantio** (`{{IPA|eo|esperanˈtio|IPA}}`{=mediawiki}) is the community of speakers of the Esperanto language and their culture, as well as the places and institutions where the language is used. The term is used \"as if it were a country.... | 387 | Esperantujo | 0 |
9,498 | # Esperantujo
## Geography
`{{see also|Pasporta Servo|Zamenhof-Esperanto object}}`{=mediawiki} Esperantujo includes any physical place where Esperanto speakers meet, such as Esperanto gatherings or virtual networks. Sometimes it is said that it is everywhere where Esperanto speakers are connected.
Although Esperantu... | 274 | Esperantujo | 1 |
9,498 | # Esperantujo
## Politics
### Associations
`{{Main article|List of Esperanto organizations}}`{=mediawiki} `{{See also|Universal Esperanto Association|World Esperanto Youth Organization|Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda}}`{=mediawiki} There is no governmental system in Esperantujo because it is not a true state. However, th... | 823 | Esperantujo | 2 |
9,498 | # Esperantujo
## Population
### Education
`{{See also|International League of Esperanto Teachers|Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology}}`{=mediawiki} In addition to textbooks, including the *Fundamento de Esperanto* by Zamenhof, the Assimil-methods and the video-methods such as Muzzy i... | 843 | Esperantujo | 3 |
9,498 | # Esperantujo
## Economy
### Businesses
Publishing and selling books, the so-called book services, is the main market and is often the first expenditure of many Esperanto associations. Some companies are already well known: for example Vinilkosmo, which publishes and makes popular Esperanto music since 1990. Then th... | 779 | Esperantujo | 4 |
9,502 | # List of explorations
This is a list of some of the most important explorations of State Societies, in chronological order:
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+... | 648 | List of explorations | 0 |
9,509 | # Endometrium
The **endometrium** is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus. It has a basal layer and a functional layer: the basal layer contains stem cells which regenerate the functional layer. The functional layer thickens and then is shed during menstruation in humans ... | 881 | Endometrium | 0 |
9,509 | # Endometrium
## Function
The endometrium is the innermost lining layer of the uterus, and functions to prevent adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium, thereby maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity. During the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich... | 494 | Endometrium | 1 |
9,509 | # Endometrium
## Diseases related with endometrium {#diseases_related_with_endometrium}
Chorionic tissue can result in marked endometrial changes, known as an Arias-Stella reaction, that have an appearance similar to cancer. Historically, this change was diagnosed as endometrial cancer and it is important only in so ... | 714 | Endometrium | 2 |
9,545 | # Empirical research
thumb\|right\|upright=1.2\|A scientist gathering data for her research **Empirical research** is research using empirical evidence. It is also a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values some research more than other kinds. Empirical evid... | 664 | Empirical research | 0 |
9,545 | # Empirical research
## Usage
The researcher attempts to describe accurately the interaction between the instrument (or the human senses) and the entity being observed. If instrumentation is involved, the researcher is expected to calibrate his/her instrument by applying it to known standard objects and documenting t... | 969 | Empirical research | 1 |
9,546 | # Engineering statistics
**Engineering statistics** combines engineering and statistics using scientific methods for analyzing data. Engineering statistics involves data concerning manufacturing processes such as: component dimensions, tolerances, type of material, and fabrication process control. There are many metho... | 582 | Engineering statistics | 0 |
9,555 | # Ericaceae
The **Ericaceae** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛr|ɪ|ˈ|k|eɪ|s|i|.|aɪ|,_|-|iː}}`{=mediawiki}) are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the **heath** or **heather family**, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread across 124 genera,... | 488 | Ericaceae | 0 |
9,555 | # Ericaceae
## Distribution and ecology {#distribution_and_ecology}
The Ericaceae have a nearly worldwide distribution. They are absent from continental Antarctica, parts of the high Arctic, central Greenland, northern and central Australia, and much of the lowland tropics and neotropics.
The family is largely compo... | 590 | Ericaceae | 1 |
9,567 | # Egoism
**Egoism** is a philosophy concerned with the role of the self, or `{{linktext|ego}}`{=mediawiki}, as the motivation and goal of one\'s own action. Different theories of egoism encompass a range of disparate ideas and can generally be categorized into descriptive or normative forms. That is, they may be inter... | 582 | Egoism | 0 |
9,567 | # Egoism
## Theoreticians
### Stirner
### Nietzsche
The philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche has been linked to forms of both descriptive and normative egoism. Nietzsche, in attacking the widely held moral abhorrence for egoistic action, seeks to free higher human beings from their belief that this morality is good fo... | 409 | Egoism | 1 |
9,567 | # Egoism
## Relation to altruism {#relation_to_altruism}
In 1851, French philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term altruism (*altruisme\]\]*; `{{etymology|it|altrui}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{etymology|la|alteri|others}}`{=mediawiki}) as an antonym for egoism. In this sense, altruism defined Comte\'s position that all self-r... | 410 | Egoism | 2 |
9,567 | # Egoism
## Relation to nihilism {#relation_to_nihilism}
The history of egoist thought has often overlapped with that of nihilism. For example, Max Stirner\'s rejection of absolutes and abstract concepts often places him among the first philosophical nihilists. The popular description of Stirner as a moral nihilist, ... | 272 | Egoism | 3 |
9,567 | # Egoism
## Political egoism {#political_egoism}
Since normative egoism rejects the moral obligation to subordinate the ego to society-at-large or to a ruling class, it may be predisposed to certain political implications. The *Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy* states: `{{Blockquote|text=Egoists ironically can be ... | 445 | Egoism | 4 |
9,574 | # Eric Hoffer
**Eric Hoffer** (July 25, 1902 -- May 21, 1983) was an American philosopher and social critic. A conservative moderate with an atypical working-class background, Hoffer authored ten books over his career and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 1983. His first book, *The True Believe... | 795 | Eric Hoffer | 0 |
9,574 | # Eric Hoffer
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hoffer, who was an only child, never married. He fathered a child with Lili Fabilli Osborne, named Eric Osborne, who was born in 1955 and raised by Lili Osborne and her husband, Selden Osborne. Lili Fabilli Osborne had become acquainted with Hoffer through her husband, ... | 286 | Eric Hoffer | 1 |
9,574 | # Eric Hoffer
## Books and opinions {#books_and_opinions}
### *The True Believer* {#the_true_believer}
Hoffer came to public attention with the 1951 publication of his first book, *The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements*, which consists of a preface and 125 sections, which are divided into 18 ch... | 667 | Eric Hoffer | 2 |
9,574 | # Eric Hoffer
## Published works {#published_works}
: 1951 *The True Believer: Thoughts On The Nature of Mass Movements*. `{{ISBN|0-06-050591-5}}`{=mediawiki}
: 1955 *The Passionate State of Mind, and Other Aphorisms*. `{{ISBN|1-933435-09-7}}`{=mediawiki}
: 1963 *The Ordeal of Change*. `{{ISBN|1-933435-10-0}}`{... | 170 | Eric Hoffer | 3 |
9,582 | # European Council
The **European Council** (informally **EUCO**) is a collegiate body (directorial system) and a symbolic collective head of state, that defines the overall political direction and general priorities of the European Union (EU). It is composed of the heads of state or of government of the EU member sta... | 1,180 | European Council | 0 |
9,582 | # European Council
## Powers and functions {#powers_and_functions}
The European Council is an official institution of the EU, described in the Lisbon Treaty as a body which \"*shall provide the Union with the necessary impetus for its development*\". Essentially it defines the EU\'s policy agenda and has thus been co... | 295 | European Council | 1 |
9,582 | # European Council
## Composition
The European Council consists of the heads of state or government of the member states, alongside its own President and the Commission President (both non-voting). The meetings used to be regularly attended by the national foreign minister as well, and the Commission President likewi... | 718 | European Council | 2 |
9,582 | # European Council
## Composition
### Political alliances {#political_alliances}
Almost all members of the European Council are members of a political party at the national level. Most of them are also members of political alliances at the European level such as European political parties and political groups of the ... | 239 | European Council | 3 |
9,582 | # European Council
## Seat and meetings {#seat_and_meetings}
The European Council is required by Article 15.3 TEU to meet at least twice every six months, but convenes more frequently in practice. Despite efforts to contain business, meetings typically last for at least two days, and run long into the night.
Until 2... | 385 | European Council | 4 |
9,589 | # European Strategic Programme on Research in Information Technology
**European Strategic Programme on Research in Information Technology** (**ESPRIT**) was a series of integrated programmes of information technology research and development projects and industrial technology transfer measures. It was a European Union... | 792 | European Strategic Programme on Research in Information Technology | 0 |
9,611 | # E-commerce
**E-commerce** (**electronic commerce**) refers to commercial activities including the electronic buying or selling products and services which are conducted on online platforms or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain manageme... | 497 | E-commerce | 0 |
9,611 | # E-commerce
## Governmental regulation {#governmental_regulation}
In the United States, California\'s Electronic Commerce Act (1984), enacted by the Legislature, the more recent California Privacy Rights Act (2020), enacted through a popular election proposition and to control specifically how electronic commerce ma... | 804 | E-commerce | 1 |
9,611 | # E-commerce
## Global trends {#global_trends}
E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them.
Cross-border e-Commerce is also an essential field for e-Commerce businesses. It has responded to the trend of globalization. It sh... | 796 | E-commerce | 2 |
9,611 | # E-commerce
## Global trends {#global_trends}
### Arab states {#arab_states}
The rate of growth of the number of internet users in the Arab countries has been rapid -- 13.1% in 2015. A significant portion of the e-commerce market in the Middle East comprises people in the 30--34 year age group. Egypt has the largest... | 741 | E-commerce | 3 |
9,611 | # E-commerce
## Logistics
Logistics in e-commerce mainly concerns fulfillment. Online markets and retailers have to find the best possible way to fill orders and deliver products. Small companies usually control their own logistic operation because they do not have the ability to hire an outside company. Most large c... | 851 | E-commerce | 4 |
9,611 | # E-commerce
## Impacts
### Impact on customers {#impact_on_customers}
E-commerce brings convenience for customers as they do not have to leave home and only need to browse websites online, especially for buying products which are not sold in nearby shops. It could help customers buy a wider range of products and sav... | 684 | E-commerce | 5 |
9,611 | # E-commerce
## Business application {#business_application}
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
## Timeline
A timeline for the development of e-commerce:
- 1971 or 1972: The ARPANET is used to arrange a cannabis sale between students at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory an... | 883 | E-commerce | 6 |
9,616 | # Evolutionarily stable strategy
An **evolutionarily stable strategy** (**ESS**) is a strategy (or set of strategies) that is *impermeable* when adopted by a population in adaptation to a specific environment, that is to say it cannot be displaced by an alternative strategy (or set of strategies) which may be novel or... | 704 | Evolutionarily stable strategy | 0 |
9,616 | # Evolutionarily stable strategy
## Nash equilibrium {#nash_equilibrium}
An ESS is a refined or modified form of a Nash equilibrium. (See the next section for examples which contrast the two.) In a Nash equilibrium, if all players adopt their respective parts, no player can *benefit* by switching to any alternative s... | 469 | Evolutionarily stable strategy | 1 |
9,616 | # Evolutionarily stable strategy
## Nash equilibrium {#nash_equilibrium}
### Examples of differences between Nash equilibria and ESSes {#examples_of_differences_between_nash_equilibria_and_esses}
----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 555 | Evolutionarily stable strategy | 2 |
9,616 | # Evolutionarily stable strategy
## Vs. evolutionarily stable state {#vs._evolutionarily_stable_state}
In population biology, the two concepts of an *evolutionarily stable strategy* (ESS) and an *evolutionarily stable state* are closely linked but describe different situations.
In an evolutionarily stable *strategy,... | 282 | Evolutionarily stable strategy | 3 |
9,616 | # Evolutionarily stable strategy
## Prisoner\'s dilemma {#prisoners_dilemma}
A common model of altruism and social cooperation is the Prisoner\'s dilemma. Here a group of players would collectively be better off if they could play *Cooperate*, but since *Defect* fares better each individual player has an incentive to... | 500 | Evolutionarily stable strategy | 4 |
9,627 | # Elizabeth Barrett Browning
**Elizabeth Barrett Browning** (née **Moulton-Barrett**; 6 March 1806 -- 29 June 1861) was an English poet of the Victorian era, popular in Britain and the United States during her lifetime and frequently anthologised after her death. Her work received renewed attention following the femin... | 420 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning | 0 |
9,627 | # Elizabeth Barrett Browning
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Family background {#family_background}
Elizabeth Barrett had both maternal and paternal family who profited from slavery. Her father\'s family had lived in the colony of Jamaica since 1655, though her father chose to raise his family in England, ... | 1,566 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning | 1 |
9,627 | # Elizabeth Barrett Browning
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Robert Browning and Italy {#robert_browning_and_italy}
Her 1844 volume *Poems* made her one of the more popular writers in the country and inspired Robert Browning to write to her. He wrote \"I love your verses with all my heart, dear Miss Barrett... | 761 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning | 2 |
9,627 | # Elizabeth Barrett Browning
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Publications
Barrett Browning\'s first known poem \"On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man\" was written at the age of 6 or 8. The manuscript, which protests against impressment, is currently in the Berg Collection of the New York Public Library; the ... | 628 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning | 3 |
9,627 | # Elizabeth Barrett Browning
## Spiritual influence {#spiritual_influence}
Much of Barrett Browning\'s work carries a religious theme. She had read and studied such works as Milton\'s *Paradise Lost* and Dante\'s *Inferno*. She says in her writing, \"We want the sense of the saturation of Christ\'s blood upon the sou... | 286 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning | 4 |
9,627 | # Elizabeth Barrett Browning
## Barrett Browning Institute {#barrett_browning_institute}
In 1892, Ledbury, Herefordshire, held a design competition to build an Institute in honour of Barrett Browning. Brightwen Binyon beat 44 other designs. It was based on the timber-framed Market House, which was opposite the site, ... | 577 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning | 5 |
9,627 | # Elizabeth Barrett Browning
## Works (collections) {#works_collections}
- 1820: *The Battle of Marathon: A Poem*. Privately printed
- 1826: *An Essay on Mind, with Other Poems*. London: James Duncan
- 1833: *Prometheus Bound, Translated from the Greek of Aeschylus, and Miscellaneous Poems*. London: A.J. Valpy
... | 452 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning | 6 |
9,628 | # Enlil
**Enlil**, later known as **Elil** and **Ellil**, is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms.`{{snf|Coleman|Davidson|2015|page=108}}`{=mediawiki} He is first attested as the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon,`{{snf|Kramer|1983|pages=115–121}}`{=mediawiki} but he was later wo... | 522 | Enlil | 0 |
9,628 | # Enlil
## Worship
Enlil was the patron god of the Sumerian city-state of Nippur`{{snf|Hallo|1996|pages=231–234}}`{=mediawiki} and his main center of worship was the Ekur temple located there.`{{snf|Black|Green|1992|pages=74 and 76}}`{=mediawiki} The name of the temple literally means \"Mountain House\" in ancient Su... | 883 | Enlil | 1 |
9,628 | # Enlil
## Mythology
### Origins myths {#origins_myths}
The main source of information about Sumerian creation mythology is the prologue to the epic poem *Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld* (ETCSL [1.8.1.4](http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm)),`{{snf|Kramer|1961|pages=30–33}}`{=mediawiki} which br... | 869 | Enlil | 2 |
9,628 | # Enlil
## Mythology
### Ninurta myths {#ninurta_myths}
In the Sumerian poem *Lugale* (ETCSL [1.6.2](http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.6.2#)), Enlil gives advice to his son, the god Ninurta, advising him on a strategy to slay the demon Asag.`{{snf|Penglase|1994|page=68}}`{=mediawiki} This advice... | 377 | Enlil | 3 |
9,631 | # Glossary of country dance terms
An alphabetic list of modern country dance terminology:
{{defn\| A figure in which ladies dance first with each other in the center of the set and then with the gentlemen on the sides. In its simplest form, two ladies begin in `{{gli|second corner}}`{=mediawiki} positions (nearer the... | 222 | Glossary of country dance terms | 0 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
}} `{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| background color = white
| image1 = Blue Linckia Starfish.JPG
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = [[Coral reef]]s are a highly [[Productivity (ecology)|productive]] [[marine ecosystem]].
| image2 = HohRiverTrail 73... | 599 | Ecosystem | 0 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
## Definition
An ecosystem (or ecological system) consists of all the organisms and the abiotic pools (or physical environment) with which they interact. The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
\"Ecosystem processes\" are the transfers of energy and... | 302 | Ecosystem | 1 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
## Processes
### External and internal factors {#external_and_internal_factors}
Ecosystems are controlled by both external and internal factors. External factors, also called state factors, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced ... | 548 | Ecosystem | 2 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
## Processes
### Energy flow {#energy_flow}
Energy and carbon enter ecosystems through photosynthesis, are incorporated into living tissue, transferred to other organisms that feed on the living and dead plant matter, and eventually released through respiration. The carbon and energy incorporated into pla... | 371 | Ecosystem | 3 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
## Processes
### Decomposition
thumb\|upright=3.0\|Sequence of a decomposing pig carcass over time The carbon and nutrients in dead organic matter are broken down by a group of processes known as decomposition. This releases nutrients that can then be re-used for plant and microbial production and returns... | 526 | Ecosystem | 4 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
## Processes
### Dynamics and resilience {#dynamics_and_resilience}
Ecosystems are dynamic entities. They are subject to periodic disturbances and are always in the process of recovering from past disturbances. When a perturbation occurs, an ecosystem responds by moving away from its initial state. The te... | 437 | Ecosystem | 5 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
## Processes
### Nutrient cycling {#nutrient_cycling}
thumb\|right\|upright=1.8\|Biological nitrogen cycling Ecosystems continually exchange energy and carbon with the wider environment. Mineral nutrients, on the other hand, are mostly cycled back and forth between plants, animals, microbes and the soil. ... | 787 | Ecosystem | 6 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
## Study approaches {#study_approaches}
### Ecosystem ecology {#ecosystem_ecology}
Ecosystem ecology is the \"study of the interactions between organisms and their environment as an integrated system\". The size of ecosystems can range up to ten orders of magnitude, from the surface layers of rocks to th... | 484 | Ecosystem | 7 |
9,632 | # Ecosystem
## Human interactions with ecosystems {#human_interactions_with_ecosystems}
Human activities are important in almost all ecosystems. Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.
### Ecosystem goods and services ... | 752 | Ecosystem | 8 |
9,638 | # Epimenides paradox
The **Epimenides paradox** reveals a problem with self-reference in logic. It is named after the Cretan philosopher Epimenides of Knossos (alive circa 600 BC) who is credited with the original statement. A typical description of the problem is given in the book *Gödel, Escher, Bach*, by Douglas Ho... | 890 | Epimenides paradox | 0 |
9,638 | # Epimenides paradox
## Emergence as a logical contradiction {#emergence_as_a_logical_contradiction}
The logical inconsistency of a Cretan asserting all Cretans are always liars may not have occurred to Epimenides, nor to Callimachus, who both used the phrase to emphasize their point, without irony, perhaps meaning t... | 174 | Epimenides paradox | 1 |
9,643 | # Economic and monetary union
An **economic and monetary union** (**EMU**) is a type of trade bloc that features a combination of a common market, customs union, and monetary union. Established via a trade pact, an EMU constitutes the sixth of seven stages in the process of economic integration. An EMU agreement usual... | 323 | Economic and monetary union | 0 |
9,643 | # Economic and monetary union
## Processes in the European EMU {#processes_in_the_european_emu}
The EMU involves four main activities.
The first responsibility is to be in charge of implementing effective monetary policy for the euro area with price stability. There is a group of economists whose only role is studyi... | 326 | Economic and monetary union | 1 |
9,643 | # Economic and monetary union
## List of economic and monetary unions {#list_of_economic_and_monetary_unions}
- Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU) (1999/2002) with the Euro for the Eurozone members
- *de facto* the sovereign states in the OECS Eastern Caribbean Currency Union with the East Ca... | 552 | Economic and monetary union | 2 |
9,647 | # Euphoria (programming language)
**Euphoria** is a programming language created by Robert Craig of Rapid Deployment Software in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Initially developed (though not publicly released) on the Atari ST, the first commercial release was for MS-DOS as proprietary software. In 2006, with the release o... | 658 | Euphoria (programming language) | 0 |
9,647 | # Euphoria (programming language)
## Execution modes {#execution_modes}
- Interpreter
- C translator (E2C) for standalone executables or dynamic linking
- Bytecode compiler and interpreter (shrouder)
- The Binder binds the Euphoria source code to the interpreter to create an executable.
- A read--eval--prin... | 431 | Euphoria (programming language) | 1 |
9,647 | # Euphoria (programming language)
## Examples
Program comments start with a double hyphen `--` and go through the end of line.
The following code looks for an old item in a group of items. If found, it removes it by concatenating all the elements before it with all the elements after it. Note that the first element ... | 402 | Euphoria (programming language) | 2 |
9,659 | # Endocarditis
**Endocarditis** is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. It usually involves the heart valves. Other structures that may be involved include the interventricular septum, the chordae tendineae, the mural endocardium, or the surfaces of intracardiac devices. Endocarditis is ch... | 710 | Endocarditis | 0 |
9,665 | # Ectopia (medicine)
An **ectopia** (`{{IPAc-en|ɛ|k|ˈ|t|oʊ|p|i|ə}}`{=mediawiki}) is a displacement or malposition of an organ or other body part, which is then referred to as **ectopic** (`{{IPAc-en|ɛ|k|ˈ|t|ɒ|p|ɪ|k}}`{=mediawiki}).
## Examples
- Ectopic ACTH syndrome, also known as small-cell carcinoma.
- Ectopi... | 78 | Ectopia (medicine) | 0 |
9,667 | # Entorhinal cortex
The **entorhinal cortex** (**EC**) is an area of the brain\'s allocortex, located in the medial temporal lobe, whose functions include being a widespread network hub for memory, navigation, and the perception of time. The EC is the main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex. The EC-hippoc... | 326 | Entorhinal cortex | 0 |
9,667 | # Entorhinal cortex
## Function
### Neuron information processing {#neuron_information_processing}
In 2005, it was discovered that entorhinal cortex contains a neural map of the spatial environment in rats. In 2014, John O\'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, p... | 712 | Entorhinal cortex | 1 |
9,667 | # Entorhinal cortex
## In other animals {#in_other_animals}
In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. The rodent entorhinal cortex shows a modular organization, with different properties and connections in different areas.
In primates it is located at the rostral`{{Broken anchor|date=2025... | 83 | Entorhinal cortex | 2 |
9,670 | # Evolutionism
**Evolutionism** is a term used (often derogatorily) to denote the theory of evolution. Its exact meaning has changed over time as the study of evolution has progressed. In the 19th century, it was used to describe the belief that organisms deliberately improved themselves through progressive inherited ... | 495 | Evolutionism | 0 |
9,672 | # Entscheidungsproblem
In mathematics and computer science, the `{{lang for|de|'''Entscheidungsproblem'''|decision problem|paren=left}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|de|ɛntˈʃaɪ̯dʊŋspʁoˌbleːm|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a challenge posed by David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann in 1928. It asks for an algorithm that considers an inpu... | 322 | Entscheidungsproblem | 0 |
9,672 | # Entscheidungsproblem
## Negative answer {#negative_answer}
Before the question could be answered, the notion of \"algorithm\" had to be formally defined. This was done by Alonzo Church in 1935 with the concept of \"effective calculability\" based on his λ-calculus, and by Alan Turing the next year with his concept ... | 450 | Entscheidungsproblem | 1 |
9,672 | # Entscheidungsproblem
## Fragments
By default, the citations in the section are from Pratt-Hartmann (2023).
The classical *Entscheidungsproblem* asks that, given a first-order formula, whether it is true in all models. The finitary problem asks whether it is true in all finite models. Trakhtenbrot\'s theorem shows ... | 431 | Entscheidungsproblem | 2 |
9,672 | # Entscheidungsproblem
## Fragments
### Quantifier prefix {#quantifier_prefix}
Any first-order formula has a prenex normal form. For each possible quantifier prefix to the prenex normal form, we have a fragment of first-order logic. For example, the Bernays--Schönfinkel class, $[\exists^*\forall^*]_=$, is the class o... | 411 | Entscheidungsproblem | 3 |
9,674 | # Einhard
**Einhard** (also **Eginhard** or **Einhart**; *E(g)inhardus*; c. 775 -- 14 March 840) was a Frankish scholar and courtier. Einhard was a dedicated servant of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the *Vita Karoli Magni*, \"one of the most precious literary be... | 688 | Einhard | 0 |
9,674 | # Einhard
## Works
The most famous of Einhard\'s works is his biography of Charlemagne, the *Vita Karoli Magni*, \"The Life of Charlemagne\" (c. 817--836), which provides much direct information about Charlemagne\'s life and character, written sometime between 817 and 830. In composing this he relied heavily upon the... | 282 | Einhard | 1 |
9,684 | # Erasmus Alberus
**Erasmus Alberus** (c. 1500`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}5 May 1553) was a German humanist, Lutheran reformer, and poet.
## Life
He was born in the village of Bruchenbrücken (now part of Friedberg, Hesse) about the year 1500. Although his father Tilemann Alber was a schoolmaster, his early education was ne... | 373 | Erasmus Alberus | 0 |
9,685 | # Earley parser
In computer science, the **Earley parser** is an algorithm for parsing strings that belong to a given context-free language, though (depending on the variant) it may suffer problems with certain nullable grammars. The algorithm, named after its inventor Jay Earley, is a chart parser that uses dynamic p... | 840 | Earley parser | 0 |
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