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9,685 | # Earley parser
## Example
Consider the following simple grammar for arithmetic expressions:
``` text
<P> ::= <S> # the start rule
<S> ::= <S> "+" <M> | <M>
<M> ::= <M> "*" <T> | <T>
<T> ::= "1" | "2" | "3" | "4"
```
With the input:
`2 + 3 * 4`
This is the sequence of state sets:
(state no.) Prod... | 462 | Earley parser | 1 |
9,685 | # Earley parser
## Constructing the parse forest {#constructing_the_parse_forest}
Earley\'s dissertation briefly describes an algorithm for constructing parse trees by adding a set of pointers from each non-terminal in an Earley item back to the items that caused it to be recognized. But Tomita noticed that this does... | 370 | Earley parser | 2 |
9,692 | # Eusebius Amort
**Eusebius Amort** (November 15, 1692`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}February 5, 1775) was a German Roman Catholic theologian.
## Life
Amort was born at Bibermuhle, near Tolz, in Upper Bavaria. He studied at Munich, and at an early age joined the Canons Regular at Polling, where, shortly after his ordination i... | 370 | Eusebius Amort | 0 |
9,695 | # Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
**Elizabeth Garrett Anderson** (9 June 1836 -- 17 December 1917) was an English physician and suffragist. She is known for being the first woman to qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon and as a co-founder and dean of the London School of Medicine for Women, which was the first med... | 505 | Elizabeth Garrett Anderson | 0 |
9,695 | # Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
## Early education {#early_education}
There was no school in Aldeburgh, so Garrett learned reading, writing, and arithmetic from her mother. When she was 10 years old, a governess, Miss Edgeworth, a poor gentlewoman, was employed to educate Garrett and her sister. Mornings were spent in t... | 557 | Elizabeth Garrett Anderson | 1 |
9,695 | # Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
## Medical education {#medical_education}
After an initial unsuccessful visit to leading doctors in Harley Street, Garrett decided to first spend six months as a surgery nurse at Middlesex Hospital, London in August 1860. On proving to be a good nurse, she was allowed to attend an outpati... | 489 | Elizabeth Garrett Anderson | 2 |
9,695 | # Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
## Career
Though she was now a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, as a woman, Garrett could not hold a medical post in any hospital. So in late 1865, Garrett opened her own practice at 20 Upper Berkeley Street, London. At first patients were scarce, but the practice gradually grew... | 497 | Elizabeth Garrett Anderson | 3 |
9,695 | # Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
## Career
### BMA membership {#bma_membership}
In 1873, Garrett gained membership of the British Medical Association (BMA). In 1878, a motion was proposed to exclude women following the election of Garrett Anderson and Frances Hoggan. The motion was opposed by Dr Norman Kerr who maintaine... | 403 | Elizabeth Garrett Anderson | 4 |
9,695 | # Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson once remarked that \"a doctor leads two lives, the professional and the private, and the boundaries between the two are never traversed\". In 1871, she married James George Skelton Anderson (died 1907) of the Orient Steam Naviga... | 428 | Elizabeth Garrett Anderson | 5 |
9,707 | # Electronegativity
*Electronegative* (EP)}} thumb\|alt=A water molecule is put into a see-through egg shape, which is color-coded by electrostatic potential. A concentration of red is near the top of the shape, where the oxygen atom is, and gradually shifts through yellow, green, and then to blue near the lower-right... | 606 | Electronegativity | 0 |
9,707 | # Electronegativity
## Methods of calculation {#methods_of_calculation}
### Pauling electronegativity {#pauling_electronegativity}
Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 to explain why the covalent bond between two different atoms (A--B) is stronger than the average of the A--A and the B--B ... | 992 | Electronegativity | 1 |
9,707 | # Electronegativity
## Methods of calculation {#methods_of_calculation}
### Allred--Rochow electronegativity {#allredrochow_electronegativity}
thumb\|upright=1.35\|The correlation between Allred--Rochow electronegativities (*x*-axis, in Å^−2^) and Pauling electronegativities (*y*-axis). A. Louis Allred and Eugene G. ... | 443 | Electronegativity | 2 |
9,707 | # Electronegativity
## Correlation of electronegativity with other properties {#correlation_of_electronegativity_with_other_properties}
\[\[Image:Sn-119 isomer shifts in hexahalostannates.png\|thumb\|upright=1.35\|The variation of the isomer shift (*y*-axis, in mm/s) of \[SnX~6~\]^2−^ anions, as measured by ^119^Sn M... | 464 | Electronegativity | 3 |
9,707 | # Electronegativity
## Trends in electronegativity {#trends_in_electronegativity}
### Variation of electronegativity with oxidation number {#variation_of_electronegativity_with_oxidation_number}
In inorganic chemistry, it is common to consider a single value of electronegativity to be valid for most \"normal\" situat... | 557 | Electronegativity | 4 |
9,707 | # Electronegativity
## Electropositivity
**Electropositivity** is a measure of an element\'s ability to donate electrons, and therefore form positive ions; thus, it is antipode to electronegativity.
Mainly, this is an attribute of metals, meaning that, in general, the greater the metallic character of an element the... | 157 | Electronegativity | 5 |
9,708 | # European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
The **European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages** (**ECRML**) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. However, the charter doe... | 498 | European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages | 0 |
9,708 | # European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
## Protections
Countries can ratify the charter in respect of its minority languages based on Part II or Part III of the charter, which contain varying principles. Countries can treat languages differently under the charter, for example, in the United Kingdom, the... | 360 | European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages | 1 |
9,708 | # European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
## Languages protected under the Charter {#languages_protected_under_the_charter}
+---------+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 2,158 | European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages | 2 |
9,719 | # Eight-bar blues
In music, an **eight-bar blues** is a common blues chord progression. Music writers have described it as \"the second most common blues form\" being \"common to folk, rock, and jazz forms of the blues\". It is often notated in `{{music|time|4|4}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{music|time|12|8}}`{=mediawiki} time... | 740 | Eight-bar blues | 0 |
9,723 | # Edward Waring
**Edward Waring** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}}`{=mediawiki} (c. 1736`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}15 August 1798) was a British mathematician. He entered Magdalene College, Cambridge as a sizar and became Senior wrangler in 1757. He was elected a Fellow of Magdalene and in 1760 Lucasian Professor... | 467 | Edward Waring | 0 |
9,723 | # Edward Waring
## Work
Waring wrote a number of papers in the *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society*, dealing with the resolution of algebraic equations, number theory, series, approximation of roots, interpolation, the geometry of conic sections, and dynamics. The *Meditationes Algebraicae* (1770), where... | 693 | Edward Waring | 1 |
9,724 | # Eden Phillpotts
**Eden Phillpotts** (4 November 1862 -- 29 December 1960) was an English author, poet and dramatist. He was born in Mount Abu, India, was educated in Plymouth, Devon, and worked as an insurance officer for ten years before studying for the stage and eventually becoming a writer.
## Life
Eden Phillp... | 555 | Eden Phillpotts | 0 |
9,724 | # Eden Phillpotts
## Writings
Phillpotts wrote a great many books with a Dartmoor setting. One of his novels, *Widecombe Fair* (1913), inspired by an annual fair at the village of Widecombe-in-the-Moor, provided the scenario for his comic play *The Farmer\'s Wife* (1916). It went on to become a 1928 silent film of th... | 325 | Eden Phillpotts | 1 |
9,724 | # Eden Phillpotts
## Photographs
Postbridge Clapper Bridge 2005-07-21.jpg\|The clapper bridge at Postbridge, which is the central location of Phillpotts\' novel *The Thief of Virtue*.
## Works
**Novels**
- *The End of a Life* (1891)
- *Folly and Fresh Air* (1891)
- *A Tiger\'s Club* (1892)
- [*A Deal with ... | 1,494 | Eden Phillpotts | 2 |
9,734 | # The American Prisoner
***The American Prisoner*** is a British novel written by Eden Phillpotts and published in 1904 and adapted into a film by the same name in 1929. The story concerns an English woman who lives at Fox Tor farm, and an American captured during the American War of Independence and held at the priso... | 128 | The American Prisoner | 0 |
9,735 | # Electromagnetic field
An **electromagnetic field** (also **EM field**) is a physical field, varying in space and time, that represents the electric and magnetic influences generated by and acting upon electric charges. The field at any point in space and time can be regarded as a combination of an electric field and... | 265 | Electromagnetic field | 0 |
9,735 | # Electromagnetic field
## History
The empirical investigation of electromagnetism is at least as old as the ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and scientist Thales of Miletus, who around 600 BCE described his experiments rubbing fur of animals on various materials such as amber creating static electricity. By ... | 372 | Electromagnetic field | 1 |
9,735 | # Electromagnetic field
## Mathematical description {#mathematical_description}
There are different mathematical ways of representing the electromagnetic field. The first one views the electric and magnetic fields as three-dimensional vector fields. These vector fields each have a value defined at every point of spac... | 378 | Electromagnetic field | 2 |
9,735 | # Electromagnetic field
## Properties of the field {#properties_of_the_field}
### Electrostatics and magnetostatics {#electrostatics_and_magnetostatics}
The Maxwell equations simplify when the charge density at each point in space does not change over time and all electric currents likewise remain constant. All of t... | 1,108 | Electromagnetic field | 3 |
9,752 | # Evangelist (Latter Day Saints)
In the Latter Day Saint movement, an **evangelist** is an ordained office of the ministry. In some denominations of the movement, an evangelist is referred to as a **patriarch**. However, the latter term was deprecated by the Community of Christ after the church began ordaining women t... | 441 | Evangelist (Latter Day Saints) | 0 |
9,752 | # Evangelist (Latter Day Saints)
## Community of Christ {#community_of_christ}
In the Community of Christ, which was formerly known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church), an evangelist is an office in the Melchizedec Order of the priesthood.
An evangelist-patriarch\'s primary r... | 577 | Evangelist (Latter Day Saints) | 1 |
9,755 | # Elegiac couplet
The **elegiac couplet** or **elegiac distich** is a poetic form used by Greek lyric poets for a variety of themes usually of smaller scale than the epic. Roman poets, particularly Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid, adopted the same form in Latin many years later. As with the English heroic cou... | 269 | Elegiac couplet | 0 |
9,755 | # Elegiac couplet
## Greek origins {#greek_origins}
The elegiac couplet is presumed to be the oldest Greek form of epodic poetry (a form where a later verse is sung in response or comment to a previous one). Scholars, who even in the past did not know who created it, theorize the form was originally used in Ionian di... | 689 | Elegiac couplet | 1 |
9,755 | # Elegiac couplet
## Elegy in the Augustan Age {#elegy_in_the_augustan_age}
The form reached its zenith with the collections of Tibullus and Propertius and several collections of Ovid (the *Amores*, *Ars Amatoria*, *Heroides*, *Tristia*, and *Epistulae ex Ponto*). The vogue of elegy during this time is seen in the so... | 601 | Elegiac couplet | 2 |
9,755 | # Elegiac couplet
## Post-Augustan writers {#post_augustan_writers}
Although no classical poet wrote collections of love elegies after Ovid, the verse retained its popularity as a vehicle for popular occasional poetry. Elegiac verses appear, for example, in Petronius\' *Satyricon*, and Martial\'s Epigrams uses it for... | 310 | Elegiac couplet | 3 |
9,758 | # Era
An **era** is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.
Comparable terms are Epoch, age, period, saeculum, aeon (Greek *aion... | 1,020 | Era | 0 |
9,771 | # Ed (software)
**`{{tt|ed}}`{=mediawiki}** (pronounced as distinct letters, `{{IPAc-en|ˌ|iː|ˈ|d|iː}}`{=mediawiki}) is a line editor for Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It was one of the first parts of the Unix operating system that was developed, in August 1969. It remains part of the POSIX and Open Group stand... | 635 | Ed (software) | 0 |
9,771 | # Ed (software)
## Example
Here is an example transcript of an ed session. For clarity, commands and text typed by the user are in normal face, and output from ed is **emphasized**.
`a`\
`{{as written|ed is the standard Unix text editor.}}`{=mediawiki}\
`This is line number two.`\
`.`\
`2i`\
` .`\
`,l`\
**`ed is the... | 373 | Ed (software) | 1 |
9,772 | # Edlin
**Edlin** is a line editor, and the only text editor provided with early versions of IBM PC DOS, MS-DOS and OS/2. Although superseded in MS-DOS 5.0 and later by the full-screen MS-DOS Editor, and by Notepad in Microsoft Windows, it continued to be included in the 32-bit versions of Microsoft operating systems ... | 788 | Edlin | 0 |
9,772 | # Edlin
## Usage
### FreeDOS Edlin {#freedos_edlin}
A GPL-licensed clone of Edlin that includes long filename support is available for download as part of the FreeDOS project. This runs on operating systems such as Linux or Unix as well as MS-DOS | 42 | Edlin | 1 |
9,775 | # Endoplasmic reticulum
`{{Organelle diagram}}`{=mediawiki}
The **endoplasmic reticulum** (**ER**) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. The word endoplasmic means \"within the cytoplasm\", and reticulum is Latin for \"little net\"... | 288 | Endoplasmic reticulum | 0 |
9,775 | # Endoplasmic reticulum
## Structure
The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes called cisternae. These sac-like structures are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the perinuclear space but sep... | 651 | Endoplasmic reticulum | 1 |
9,775 | # Endoplasmic reticulum
## Structure
### Smooth endoplasmic reticulum {#smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum}
In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated **SER**) is scarce. Instead there are areas where the ER is partly smooth and partly rough, this area is called the transitional ER. The transitional ER get... | 403 | Endoplasmic reticulum | 2 |
9,775 | # Endoplasmic reticulum
## Functions
The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is also involved in protein synthesis. Correct fol... | 526 | Endoplasmic reticulum | 3 |
9,775 | # Endoplasmic reticulum
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
Increased and supraphysiological ER stress in pancreatic β cells disrupts normal insulin secretion, leading to hyperinsulinemia and consequently peripheral insulin resistance associated with obesity in humans. Human clinical trials also suggest... | 196 | Endoplasmic reticulum | 4 |
9,804 | # Electric charge
**Electric charge** (symbol *q*, sometimes *Q*) is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be *positive* or *negative*. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with no net ch... | 436 | Electric charge | 0 |
9,804 | # Electric charge
## Overview
Charge is the fundamental property of matter that exhibits electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter with charge. Electric charge is a characteristic property of many subatomic particles. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elem... | 943 | Electric charge | 1 |
9,804 | # Electric charge
## History
From ancient times, people were familiar with four types of phenomena that today would all be explained using the concept of electric charge: (a) lightning, (b) the torpedo fish (or electric ray), (c) St Elmo\'s Fire, and (d) that amber rubbed with fur would attract small, light objects. ... | 1,341 | Electric charge | 2 |
9,804 | # Electric charge
## History
Until 1800 it was only possible to study conduction of electric charge by using an electrostatic discharge. In 1800 Alessandro Volta was the first to show that charge could be maintained in continuous motion through a closed path.
In 1833, Michael Faraday sought to remove any doubt that ... | 281 | Electric charge | 3 |
9,804 | # Electric charge
## Role of charge in static electricity {#role_of_charge_in_static_electricity}
Static electricity refers to the electric charge of an object and the related electrostatic discharge when two objects are brought together that are not at equilibrium. An electrostatic discharge creates a change in the ... | 356 | Electric charge | 4 |
9,804 | # Electric charge
## Role of charge in electric current {#role_of_charge_in_electric_current}
Electric current is the flow of electric charge through an object. The most common charge carriers are the positively charged proton and the negatively charged electron. The movement of any of these charged particles constit... | 453 | Electric charge | 5 |
9,820 | # Ennius
**Quintus Ennius** (`{{IPA|la|ˈkᶣiːnt̪ʊs̺ ˈɛnːiʊs̺}}`{=mediawiki} ; c. 239) was a writer and poet who lived during the Roman Republic. He is often considered the father of Roman poetry. He was born in the small town of Rudiae, located near modern Lecce (ancient *Calabria*, today Salento), a town founded by th... | 589 | Ennius | 0 |
9,820 | # Ennius
## Literature
Ennius continued the nascent literary tradition by writing plays in Greek and Roman style (praetextae and palliatae), as well as his most famous work, a historical epic in hexameters called the *Annales*. Other minor works include the *Epicharmus*, *Epigrammata*, the *Euhemerus*, the *Hedyphage... | 639 | Ennius | 1 |
9,820 | # Ennius
## Editions
- Quinto Ennio. *Le opere minori, Vol. I. Praecepta, Protrepticus, Saturae, Scipio, Sota*. Ed., tr., comm. Alessandro Russo. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2007 (Testi e studi di cultura classica, 40).
- Warmington, E. H. (1935). Ennius (Q. Ennius). *Remains of Old Latin.* Edited by Eric Herbert Warming... | 59 | Ennius | 2 |
9,828 | # Execution unit
In computer engineering, an **execution unit** (**E-unit** or **EU**) is a part of a processing unit that performs the operations and calculations forwarded from the instruction unit. It may have its own internal control sequence unit (not to be confused with a CPU\'s main control unit), some register... | 145 | Execution unit | 0 |
9,829 | # Eskilstuna Municipality
**Eskilstuna Municipality** (*Eskilstuna kommun*) is a municipality in Södermanland County in southeast Sweden, between Lake Mälaren and Lake Hjälmaren. The seat of the municipality is in the city of Eskilstuna.
The present municipality was formed in 1971 by the merger of the City of Eskilst... | 918 | Eskilstuna Municipality | 0 |
9,829 | # Eskilstuna Municipality
## Elections
### Riksdag
These are the results of the Riksdag elections of Eskilstuna Municipality since the 1972 municipality reform. The results of the Sweden Democrats were not published by SCB between 1988 and 1998 at a municipal level to the party\'s small nationwide size at the time. ... | 506 | Eskilstuna Municipality | 1 |
9,862 | # Europe of Democracies and Diversities
**Europe of Democracies and Diversities** (EDD) was an Eurosceptic political group with seats in the European Parliament between 1999 and 2004. Following the 2004 European elections, the group reformed as Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) | 38 | Europe of Democracies and Diversities | 0 |
9,877 | # Erg
The **erg** is a unit of energy equal to 10^−7^ joules (100 nJ). It is not an SI unit, instead originating from the centimetre--gram--second system of units (CGS). Its name is derived from `{{Transliteration|grc|ergon}}`{=mediawiki} (*ἔργον*), a Greek word meaning \'work\' or \'task\'.
An erg is the amount of w... | 332 | Erg | 0 |
9,883 | # Eurocard (printed circuit board)
**Eurocard** is an IEEE standard format for printed circuit board (PCB) cards that can be plugged together into a standard chassis which, in turn, can be mounted in a 19-inch rack. The chassis consists of a series of slotted card guides on the top and bottom, into which the cards are... | 508 | Eurocard (printed circuit board) | 0 |
9,883 | # Eurocard (printed circuit board)
## Standards and architecture {#standards_and_architecture}
The Eurocard mechanical architecture was defined originally under IEC-60297-3. Today, the most widely recognized standards for this mechanical structure are IEEE 1101.1, IEEE 1101.10 (also known commonly as \"dot ten\") and... | 324 | Eurocard (printed circuit board) | 1 |
9,907 | # Eureka, Missouri
**Eureka** is a city mainly in St. Louis County, with a small portion in Jefferson County, Missouri, adjacent to Wildwood and Pacific. It is in the extreme southwest of the Greater St. Louis metro area. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 11,646. Since 1971, Eureka has been known as ... | 387 | Eureka, Missouri | 0 |
9,907 | # Eureka, Missouri
## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.45 sqmi, of which 10.35 sqmi is land, and 0.10 sqmi is water.
### Floods
The city of Eureka has suffered multiple floods, the two most catastrophic being in 2015 and 2017. This caused the city and U.S. Army... | 329 | Eureka, Missouri | 1 |
9,907 | # Eureka, Missouri
## Demographics
### 2020 census
The 2020 United States census counted 11,646 people, 3,486 households, and 2,575 families in Eureka. The population density was 1,053.9 per square mile (406.9/km`{{sup|2}}`{=mediawiki}). There were 3,740 housing units at an average density of 338.5 per square mile (... | 532 | Eureka, Missouri | 2 |
9,907 | # Eureka, Missouri
## Demographics
### 2000 census {#census_2}
As of the 2000 census, there were 7,676 people in the city, organized into 2,487 households and two families. Its population density was 763.7 PD/sqmi. There were 2,622 housing units at an average density of 260.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was ... | 376 | Eureka, Missouri | 3 |
9,907 | # Eureka, Missouri
## News media {#news_media}
Local news coverage for the town and some of its neighbors is provided by the *Tri-County Journal*, the *Eureka and Pacific Current NewsMagazine*, and the *Washington Missourian*.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Clayton Echard, undrafted rookie for the Seattle ... | 55 | Eureka, Missouri | 4 |
9,908 | # Equation of state
In physics and chemistry, an **equation of state** is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmh... | 455 | Equation of state | 0 |
9,908 | # Equation of state
## Historical background {#historical_background}
Equations of state essentially begin three centuries ago with the history of the ideal gas law:
$pV = nRT$
Boyle\'s law was one of the earliest formulation of an equation of state. In 1662, the Irish physicist and chemist Robert Boyle performed a... | 450 | Equation of state | 1 |
9,908 | # Equation of state
## Ideal gas law {#ideal_gas_law}
### Classical ideal gas law {#classical_ideal_gas_law}
The classical ideal gas law may be written $pV = nRT.$
In the form shown above, the equation of state is thus $f(p, V, T) = pV - nRT = 0.$
If the calorically perfect gas approximation is used, then the idea... | 473 | Equation of state | 2 |
9,908 | # Equation of state
## Virial equations of state {#virial_equations_of_state}
### Virial equation of state {#virial_equation_of_state}
$\frac{pV_m}{RT} = A + \frac{B}{V_m} + \frac{C}{V_m^2} + \frac{D}{V_m^3} + \cdots$
Although usually not the most convenient equation of state, the virial equation is important becau... | 366 | Equation of state | 3 |
9,908 | # Equation of state
## Physically based equations of state {#physically_based_equations_of_state}
There is a large number of physically based equations of state available today. Most of those are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy as a function of temperature, density (and for mixtures additionally the compositi... | 327 | Equation of state | 4 |
9,908 | # Equation of state
## Multiparameter equations of state {#multiparameter_equations_of_state}
Multiparameter equations of state are empirical equations of state that can be used to represent pure fluids with high accuracy. Multiparameter equations of state are empirical correlations of experimental data and are usual... | 332 | Equation of state | 5 |
9,908 | # Equation of state
## List of further equations of state {#list_of_further_equations_of_state}
### Stiffened equation of state {#stiffened_equation_of_state}
When considering water under very high pressures, in situations such as underwater nuclear explosions, sonic shock lithotripsy, and sonoluminescence, the stif... | 617 | Equation of state | 6 |
9,922 | # Societas Europaea
A ***societas Europaea*** (`{{IPA|la-x-classic|sɔˈkɪ.ɛtaːs eu̯roːˈpae̯.a|lang|link=yes}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|la-x-church|soˈtʃi.etas eu̯roˈpe.a|lang|link=yes}}`{=mediawiki}; \"European society\" or \"company\"; plural: *\'\'\'societates Europaeae\'\'\'*; abbr. **SE**) is a public company registere... | 584 | Societas Europaea | 0 |
9,922 | # Societas Europaea
## Statutes
The statutes of the SE must provide as governing bodies the annual general meeting of shareholders and either a management board and a supervisory board (two-tier system) or an administrative board (single-tier system). Under the two-tier system the SE is managed by a management board.... | 656 | Societas Europaea | 1 |
9,922 | # Societas Europaea
## Employee participation {#employee_participation}
The regulation is complemented by the **Council Directive supplementing the Statute for a European Company with regard to the involvement of employees** (informally \"Council Directive on Employee Participation\"), adopted 8 October 2001. The dir... | 915 | Societas Europaea | 2 |
9,922 | # Societas Europaea
## Registrations
As of 11 April 2018, 3,015 registrations have been made. In terms of registrations, the Czech Republic is vastly overrepresented, accounting for 79% of all *Societates Europaeae* as of December 2015. 9 of the 50 constituents of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index of leading euroz... | 667 | Societas Europaea | 3 |
9,925 | # Eubulides
**Eubulides** (*Εὐβουλίδης*; fl. 4th century BCE) of Miletus was a philosopher of the Megarian school who is famous for his paradoxes.
## Life
According to Diogenes Laërtius, Eubulides was a pupil of Euclid of Megara, the founder of the Megarian school. He was a contemporary of Aristotle, against whom he... | 584 | Eubulides | 0 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
An **amplifier**, **electronic amplifier** or (informally) **amp** is an electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It is a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude (magnitude of the voltage or... | 278 | Amplifier | 0 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## History
### Vacuum tubes {#vacuum_tubes}
The first practical prominent device that could amplify was the triode vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Vacuum tubes were used in almost all amplifiers until the 1960s--1970s when transistors replace... | 883 | Amplifier | 1 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Theory of Operation {#theory_of_operation}
In principle, an amplifier is an electrical two-port network that produces a signal at the output port that is a replica of the signal applied to the input port, but increased in magnitude.
The input port can be idealized as either being a voltage input, whic... | 456 | Amplifier | 2 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Properties
Amplifier properties are given by parameters that include:
- Gain, the ratio between the magnitude of output and input signals
- Bandwidth, the width of the useful frequency range
- Efficiency, the ratio between the power of the output and total power consumption
- Linearity, the ex... | 328 | Amplifier | 3 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Negative feedback {#negative_feedback}
Negative feedback is a technique used in most modern amplifiers to increase bandwidth, reduce distortion, and control gain. In a negative feedback amplifier part of the output is fed back and added to the input in the opposite phase, subtracting from the input. Th... | 370 | Amplifier | 4 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Categories
### Active devices {#active_devices}
All amplifiers include some form of active device: this is the device that does the actual amplification. The active device can be a vacuum tube, discrete solid state component, such as a single transistor, or part of an integrated circuit, as in an op-a... | 912 | Amplifier | 5 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Categories
### Switched mode amplifiers {#switched_mode_amplifiers}
These nonlinear amplifiers have much higher efficiencies than linear amps, and are used where the power saving justifies the extra complexity. Class-D amplifiers are the main example of this type of amplification.
### Negative resista... | 115 | Amplifier | 6 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Applications
### Video amplifiers {#video_amplifiers}
Video amplifiers are designed to process video signals and have varying bandwidths depending on whether the video signal is for SDTV, EDTV, HDTV 720p or 1080i/p etc. The specification of the bandwidth itself depends on what kind of filter is used--... | 358 | Amplifier | 7 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Classification of amplifier stages and systems {#classification_of_amplifier_stages_and_systems}
### Common terminal {#common_terminal}
One set of classifications for amplifiers is based on which device terminal is common to both the input and the output circuit. In the case of bipolar junction transi... | 436 | Amplifier | 8 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Classification of amplifier stages and systems {#classification_of_amplifier_stages_and_systems}
### Function
Other amplifiers may be classified by their function or output characteristics. These functional descriptions usually apply to complete amplifier systems or sub-systems and rarely to individual... | 973 | Amplifier | 9 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Classification of amplifier stages and systems {#classification_of_amplifier_stages_and_systems}
### Frequency range {#frequency_range}
Depending on the frequency range and other properties amplifiers are designed according to different principles.
Frequency ranges down to DC are used only when this p... | 276 | Amplifier | 10 |
9,931 | # Amplifier
## Example amplifier circuit {#example_amplifier_circuit}
The practical amplifier circuit shown above could be the basis for a moderate-power audio amplifier. It features a typical (though substantially simplified) design as found in modern amplifiers, with a class-AB push--pull output stage, and uses som... | 498 | Amplifier | 11 |
9,935 | # Eadgyth
**Edith of England**, also spelt **Eadgyth** or **Ædgyth** (*Ēadgȳð*, *Edgitha*; 910--946), a member of the House of Wessex, was the East Frankish (German) queen from 936, by her marriage to King Otto the Great.
## Life
Edith was born to the reigning English king Edward the Elder by his second wife, Ælfflæ... | 581 | Eadgyth | 0 |
9,935 | # Eadgyth
## Tomb
Initially buried in the St Maurice monastery, Edith\'s tomb since the 16th century has been located in Magdeburg Cathedral. Long regarded as a cenotaph, a lead coffin inside a stone sarcophagus with her name on it was found and opened in 2008 by archaeologists during work on the building. An inscrip... | 192 | Eadgyth | 1 |
9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
**Æthelberht** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|θ|əl|b|ɚ|t}}`{=mediawiki}; also **Æthelbert**, **Aethelberht**, **Aethelbert** or **Ethelbert**; *Æðelberht* `{{IPA|ang|ˈæðelberˠxt|}}`{=mediawiki}; c. 550 -- 24 February 616) was King of Kent from about 589 until his death. The eighth-century monk Bede, in his *Ecc... | 295 | Æthelberht of Kent | 0 |
9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
## Historical context {#historical_context}
In the fifth century, raids on Britain by continental peoples had developed into full-scale migrations. The newcomers are known to have included Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and there is evidence of other groups as well. These groups captured ter... | 634 | Æthelberht of Kent | 1 |
9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
## Ancestry, accession and chronology {#ancestry_accession_and_chronology}
According to Bede, Æthelberht was descended directly from Hengist. Bede gives the line of descent as follows: \"Ethelbert was son of Irminric, son of Octa, and after his grandfather Oeric, surnamed Oisc, the kings of the K... | 839 | Æthelberht of Kent | 2 |
9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
## Kingship of Kent {#kingship_of_kent}
The later history of Kent shows clear evidence of a system of joint kingship, with the kingdom being divided into east Kent and west Kent, although it appears that there generally was a dominant king. This evidence is less clear for the earlier period, but ... | 707 | Æthelberht of Kent | 3 |
9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
## Rise to dominance {#rise_to_dominance}
### Bretwalda
In his *Ecclesiastical History*, Bede includes his list of seven kings who held *imperium* over the other kingdoms south of the Humber. The usual translation for *imperium* is \"overlordship\". Bede names Æthelberht as the third on the list... | 363 | Æthelberht of Kent | 4 |
9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
## Rise to dominance {#rise_to_dominance}
### Relationships with other kingdoms {#relationships_with_other_kingdoms}
In addition to the evidence of the *Chronicle* that Æthelberht was accorded the title of *bretwalda*, there is evidence of his domination in several of the southern kingdoms of the... | 384 | Æthelberht of Kent | 5 |
9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
## Augustine\'s mission and early Christianisation {#augustines_mission_and_early_christianisation}
The native Britons had converted to Christianity under Roman rule. The Anglo-Saxon invasions separated the British church from European Christianity for centuries, so the church in Rome had no pres... | 450 | Æthelberht of Kent | 6 |
9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
## Law code {#law_code}
*Main article: Law of Æthelberht* Some time after the arrival of Augustine\'s mission, perhaps in 602 or 603, Æthelberht issued a set of laws, in ninety sections. These laws are by far the earliest surviving code composed in any of the Germanic countries, and they were alm... | 458 | Æthelberht of Kent | 7 |
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