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9,941 | # Æthelberht of Kent
## Trade and coinage {#trade_and_coinage}
There is little documentary evidence about the nature of trade in Æthelberht\'s Kent. It is known that the kings of Kent had established royal control of trade by the late seventh century, but it is not known how early this control began. There is archaeo... | 616 | Æthelberht of Kent | 8 |
9,945 | # EasyWriter
**EasyWriter** was the first word processor for the Apple II. It was written by John Draper and released in 1979.
## History
Published by Information Unlimited Software (IUS),`{{r|freibergerius19820823}}`{=mediawiki} it was written by John Draper\'s Cap\'n Software, which also produced a version of Fort... | 529 | EasyWriter | 0 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
**Nitrox** refers to any gas mixture composed (excepting trace gases) of nitrogen and oxygen. It is usually used for mixtures that contain less than 78% nitrogen by volume. In the usual application, underwater diving, nitrox is normally distinguished from air and handled differently. The most common use of ni... | 643 | Nitrox | 0 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## Physiological effects under pressure {#physiological_effects_under_pressure}
### Oxygen toxicity {#oxygen_toxicity}
Diving with and handling nitrox raise a number of potentially fatal dangers due to the high partial pressure of oxygen (ppO~2~). Nitrox is not a deep-diving gas mixture owing to the increase... | 809 | Nitrox | 1 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## Uses
### Underwater diving {#underwater_diving}
Enriched Air Nitrox`{{r|EANx}}`{=mediawiki}, nitrox with an oxygen content above 21%, is mainly used in scuba diving to reduce the proportion of nitrogen in the breathing gas mixture. The main benefit is reduced decompression risk. To a considerably lesser ... | 421 | Nitrox | 2 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## Terminology
Nitrox is known by many names: Enriched Air Nitrox, Oxygen Enriched Air, Nitrox, EANx or Safe Air. Since the word is a compound contraction or coined word and not an acronym, it should not be written in all upper case characters as \"NITROX\", but may be initially capitalized when referring to... | 609 | Nitrox | 3 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## Choice of mixture {#choice_of_mixture}
The two most common recreational diving nitrox mixes contain 32% and 36% oxygen, which have maximum operating depths (MODs) of 34 m and 29 m respectively when limited to a maximum partial pressure of oxygen of 1.4 bar. Divers may calculate an equivalent air depth to ... | 460 | Nitrox | 4 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## Production
There are several methods of production:
- Mixing by partial pressure: a measured pressure of oxygen is decanted into the cylinder and cylinder is \"topped up\" with air from the diving air compressor. This method is very versatile and requires relatively little additional equipment if a sui... | 638 | Nitrox | 5 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## Regional standards and conventions {#regional_standards_and_conventions}
### European Union {#european_union}
Within the EU, valves with M26x2 outlet thread are recommended for cylinders with increased oxygen content. Regulators for use with these cylinders require compatible connectors, and are not dire... | 360 | Nitrox | 6 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## Hazards
Nitrox can be a hazard to the blender and to the user, for different reasons.
### Fire and toxic cylinder contamination from oxygen reactions {#fire_and_toxic_cylinder_contamination_from_oxygen_reactions}
Partial pressure blending using pure oxygen decanted into the cylinder before topping up wi... | 837 | Nitrox | 7 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## History
In 1874, Henry Fleuss made what was possibly the first Nitrox dive using a rebreather.
In 1911, Draeger of Germany tested an injector operated rebreather backpack for a standard diving suit. This concept was produced and marketed as the DM20 oxygen rebreather system and the DM40 nitrox rebreather... | 959 | Nitrox | 8 |
9,955 | # Nitrox
## In nature {#in_nature}
At times in the geological past, the Earth\'s atmosphere contained much more than 20% oxygen: e.g. up to 35% in the Upper Carboniferous period. This let animals absorb oxygen more easily and influenced their evolutionary patterns | 42 | Nitrox | 9 |
9,970 | # Eightfold path (policy analysis)
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki} The **eightfold path** is a method of policy analysis assembled by Eugene Bardach, a professor at the Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley. It is outlined in his book *A Practical Gu... | 216 | Eightfold path (policy analysis) | 0 |
9,974 | # European Commission
{{ Infobox executive government
`| nativename = ``{{Name in official languages
| name = Name in official languages
| bg = Европейска комисия
| hr = Europska komisija
| cs = Evropská komise
| da = Europa-Kommissionen
| nl = Europese Commissie
| en = European Commission
| et = Euro... | 889 | European Commission | 0 |
9,974 | # European Commission
## History
The European Commission derives from one of the five key institutions created in the supranational European Community system, following the proposal of Robert Schuman, French Foreign Minister, on 9 May 1950. Originating in 1951 as the High Authority in the European Coal and Steel Comm... | 888 | European Commission | 1 |
9,974 | # European Commission
## History
### Romano Prodi {#romano_prodi}
Following Santer, Romano Prodi took office. The Amsterdam Treaty had increased the commission\'s powers and Prodi was dubbed by the press as something akin to a Prime Minister. Powers were strengthened again; the Treaty of Nice, signed in 2001, gave th... | 926 | European Commission | 2 |
9,974 | # European Commission
## Powers and functions {#powers_and_functions}
The commission was set up from the start to act as an independent supranational authority separate from governments; it has been described as \"the only body paid to think European\". The members are proposed by their member state governments, one ... | 373 | European Commission | 3 |
9,974 | # European Commission
## Powers and functions {#powers_and_functions}
### Legislative initiative {#legislative_initiative}
The Commission differs from the other institutions in that it alone has legislative initiative in the EU. Only the commission can make formal proposals for legislation: they cannot originate in t... | 677 | European Commission | 4 |
9,974 | # European Commission
## College of Commissioners {#college_of_commissioners}
The commission is composed of a \"College of Commissioners\" of `{{EUnum}}`{=mediawiki} members, including the President and vice-presidents. Even though each member is nominated on the basis of the suggestions made by the national governme... | 710 | European Commission | 5 |
9,974 | # European Commission
## Administration
The commission is divided into departments known as Directorates-General (DGs) that can be likened to departments or ministries. Each covers a specific policy area such as agriculture or justice and citizens\' rights or internal services such as human resources and translation ... | 556 | European Commission | 6 |
9,974 | # European Commission
## Legitimacy and criticism {#legitimacy_and_criticism}
As the commission is the executive branch, candidates are chosen individually by the `{{EUnum}}`{=mediawiki} national governments. Within the EU, the legitimacy of the commission is mainly drawn from the vote of approval that is required fr... | 455 | European Commission | 7 |
9,974 | # European Commission
## Initiatives
### Anti-terrorism {#anti_terrorism}
The European Commission has an Action Plan to enhance preparedness against chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) security risks as part of its anti-terrorism package released in October 2017. In recent times Europe has seen an ... | 383 | European Commission | 8 |
9,975 | # Linear filter
**Linear filters** process time-varying input signals to produce output signals, subject to the constraint of linearity. In most cases these linear filters are also time invariant (or shift invariant) in which case they can be analyzed exactly using LTI (\"linear time-invariant\") system theory reveali... | 858 | Linear filter | 0 |
9,975 | # Linear filter
## Frequency response {#frequency_response}
The frequency response or transfer function $|H(\omega)|$ of a filter can be obtained if the impulse response is known, or directly through analysis using Laplace transforms, or in discrete-time systems the Z-transform. The frequency response also includes t... | 816 | Linear filter | 1 |
9,975 | # Linear filter
## Example implementations {#example_implementations}
A popular circuit implementing a second order active R-C filter is the Sallen-Key design, whose schematic diagram is shown here. This topology can be adapted to produce low-pass, band-pass, and high pass filters.
An N^th^ order FIR filter can be i... | 629 | Linear filter | 2 |
9,976 | # Ergative case
In grammar, the **ergative case** (abbreviated `{{smallcaps|'''erg'''}}`{=mediawiki}) is the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb in ergative--absolutive languages.
## Characteristics
In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most salient... | 306 | Ergative case | 0 |
9,988 | # Outline of entertainment
The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to entertainment and the entertainment industry:
**Entertainment** is any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time, and may also provide fun, enjoyment, and laughter. Peopl... | 182 | Outline of entertainment | 0 |
9,993 | # Edda
\"**Edda**\" (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|d|ə}}`{=mediawiki}; Old Norse *Edda*, plural *Eddur*) is an Old Norse term that has been applied by modern scholars to the collective of two Medieval Icelandic literary works: what is now known as the *Prose Edda* and an older collection of poems (without an original title) now know... | 319 | Edda | 0 |
9,993 | # Edda
## The *Poetic Edda* {#the_poetic_edda}
The *Poetic Edda*, also known as *Sæmundar Edda* or the *Elder Edda*, is a collection of Old Norse poems from the Icelandic medieval manuscript Codex Regius (\"Royal Book\"). Along with the *Prose Edda*, the *Poetic Edda* is the most expansive source on Norse mythology. ... | 424 | Edda | 1 |
10,004 | # Educational essentialism
**Educational essentialism** is an educational philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the traditional basic subjects thoroughly. In this philosophical school of thought, the aim is to instill students with the \"essentials\" of academic knowledge, enacting a back-to-ba... | 381 | Educational essentialism | 0 |
10,004 | # Educational essentialism
## History of essentialism {#history_of_essentialism}
The Essentialist movement first began in the United States in the year 1938. In Atlantic City, New Jersey, a group met for the first time called \"The Essentialist\'s Committee for the Advancement of Education.\" Their emphasis was to re... | 700 | Educational essentialism | 1 |
10,004 | # Educational essentialism
## Criticism of essentialism {#criticism_of_essentialism}
Because Essentialism is largely teacher-centered, the role of the student is often called into question. Presumably, in an essentialist classroom, the teacher is the one designing the curriculum for the students based upon the core d... | 164 | Educational essentialism | 2 |
10,005 | # Progressive education
**Progressive education**, or **educational progressivism**, is a pedagogical movement that began in the late 19th century and has persisted in various forms to the present. In Europe, progressive education took the form of the New Education Movement. The term *progressive* was engaged to disti... | 976 | Progressive education | 0 |
10,005 | # Progressive education
## History
### Cecil Reddie {#cecil_reddie}
While studying for his doctorate in Göttingen in 1882--1883, Cecil Reddie was greatly impressed by the progressive educational theories being applied there. Reddie founded Abbotsholme School in Derbyshire, England, in 1889. Its curriculum enacted the... | 1,148 | Progressive education | 1 |
10,005 | # Progressive education
## History
### Comparison with traditional education {#comparison_with_traditional_education}
Traditional education uses extrinsic motivation, such as grades and prizes. Progressive education is more likely to use intrinsic motivation, basing activities on the interests of the child. Praise ma... | 197 | Progressive education | 2 |
10,005 | # Progressive education
## In the West {#in_the_west}
### Germany
Hermann Lietz founded three Landerziehungsheime (country boarding schools) in 1904 based on Reddie\'s model for boys of different ages. Lietz eventually succeeded in establishing five more Landerziehungsheime. Edith and Paul Geheeb founded Odenwaldsch... | 538 | Progressive education | 3 |
10,005 | # Progressive education
## In the West {#in_the_west}
### United States {#united_states}
#### Early practitioners {#early_practitioners}
Fröbel\'s student Margarethe Schurz founded the first kindergarten in the United States at Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1856, and she also inspired Elizabeth Peabody, who went on to fo... | 1,181 | Progressive education | 4 |
10,005 | # Progressive education
## In the West {#in_the_west}
### United States {#united_states}
#### Early practitioners {#early_practitioners}
By mid-century, many public school programs had also adopted elements of progressive curriculum. At mid-century Dewey believed that progressive education had \"not really penetrated... | 608 | Progressive education | 5 |
10,005 | # Progressive education
## In the East {#in_the_east}
### India
Rabindranath Tagore (1861--1941) was one of the most effective practitioners of the concept of [progressive education](https://www.mitvpu.ac.in/). He expanded Santiniketan, which is a small town near Bolpur in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India,... | 179 | Progressive education | 6 |
10,008 | # Electrode
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Electrodes used in shielded metal arc welding `{{wikt | electrode}}`{=mediawiki}
An **electrode** is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or a gas). In electrochemical cells, electrodes are ess... | 678 | Electrode | 0 |
10,008 | # Electrode
## Marcus\'s theory of electron transfer {#marcuss_theory_of_electron_transfer}
Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by Nobel laureate Rudolph A. Marcus and explains the rate at which an electron can move from one chemical species to another, for this article this can be seen as \'jumping\' from... | 644 | Electrode | 1 |
10,008 | # Electrode
## Efficiency
The physical properties of electrodes are mainly determined by the material of the electrode and the topology of the electrode. The properties required depend on the application and therefore there are many kinds of electrodes in circulation. The defining property for a material to be used a... | 321 | Electrode | 2 |
10,008 | # Electrode
## Manufacturing
The production of electrodes for Li-ion batteries is done in various steps as follows:
1. The various constituents of the electrode are mixed into a solvent to produce an \'electrode slurry\'. This mixture is designed such that it improves the performance of the electrodes. Common compo... | 405 | Electrode | 3 |
10,008 | # Electrode
## Electrodes in lithium-ion batteries {#electrodes_in_lithium_ion_batteries}
A modern application of electrodes is in lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion batteries). A Li-ion battery is a kind of flow battery which can be seen in the image on the right.
alt=Redox Flow Battery\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|A typical fl... | 458 | Electrode | 4 |
10,008 | # Electrode
## Electrodes in lithium-ion batteries {#electrodes_in_lithium_ion_batteries}
### Anodes
The anodes used in mass-produced Li-ion batteries are either carbon based (usually graphite) or made out of spinel lithium titanate (Li~4~Ti~5~O~12~). Graphite anodes have been successfully implemented in many modern ... | 369 | Electrode | 5 |
10,008 | # Electrode
## Electrodes in lithium-ion batteries {#electrodes_in_lithium_ion_batteries}
### Mechanical properties {#mechanical_properties}
A common failure mechanism of batteries is mechanical shock, which breaks either the electrode or the system\'s container, leading to poor conductivity and electrolyte leakage. ... | 547 | Electrode | 6 |
10,008 | # Electrode
## Welding electrodes {#welding_electrodes}
In arc welding, an electrode is used to conduct current through a workpiece to fuse two pieces together. Depending upon the process, the electrode is either consumable, in the case of gas metal arc welding or shielded metal arc welding, or non-consumable, such a... | 214 | Electrode | 7 |
10,029 | # Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
The **timeline of the evolutionary history of life** represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. Dates in this article are consensus estimates based on scientific evidence, mainly fossils.
In biology... | 441 | Timeline of the evolutionary history of life | 0 |
10,029 | # Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
## Detailed timeline {#detailed_timeline}
In this timeline, **Ma** (for *megaannum*) means \"million years ago,\" **ka** (for *kiloannum*) means \"thousand years ago,\" and **ya** means \"years ago.\"
### Hadean Eon {#hadean_eon}
*Main article: Hadean* 4540 Ma -- 4031 ... | 530 | Timeline of the evolutionary history of life | 1 |
10,029 | # Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
## Detailed timeline {#detailed_timeline}
### Proterozoic Eon {#proterozoic_eon}
*Main article: Proterozoic* 2500 Ma -- 539 Ma. Contains the Palaeoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic eras.
Date Event
-------------------... | 368 | Timeline of the evolutionary history of life | 2 |
10,029 | # Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
## Detailed timeline {#detailed_timeline}
### Phanerozoic Eon {#phanerozoic_eon}
539 Ma -- present
The Phanerozoic Eon (Greek: period of well-displayed life) marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdiv... | 596 | Timeline of the evolutionary history of life | 3 |
10,029 | # Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
## Detailed timeline {#detailed_timeline}
### Phanerozoic Eon {#phanerozoic_eon}
#### Mesozoic Era {#mesozoic_era}
From 251.9 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Date Event
---------... | 685 | Timeline of the evolutionary history of life | 4 |
10,029 | # Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
## Detailed timeline {#detailed_timeline}
### Phanerozoic Eon {#phanerozoic_eon}
#### Cenozoic Era {#cenozoic_era}
`{{table alignment}}`{=mediawiki}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 1,147 | Timeline of the evolutionary history of life | 5 |
10,033 | # Early music
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Renaissance-era lute and viol, depicted in a detail from a painting by Francesco Francia `{{History of Western art music}}`{=mediawiki} **Early music** generally comprises Medieval music (500--1400) and Renaissance music (1400--1600), but can also include Baroque music (1600--1750) or... | 536 | Early music | 0 |
10,035 | # Elfenland
***Elfenland*** is a German-style board game designed by Alan R. Moon and published by Amigo Spiele in German and Rio Grande Games in English in 1998. *Elfenland* won the Spiel des Jahres award in 1998.
## Background
The game was originally based on his earlier game *Elfenroads* (published by White Wind)... | 478 | Elfenland | 0 |
10,065 | # Empirical formula
In chemistry, the **empirical formula** of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or SO, is simply SO, as is the empirical formula of disulfur dioxide, S~2~O~2~. Thus, ... | 302 | Empirical formula | 0 |
10,065 | # Empirical formula
## Calculation example {#calculation_example}
A chemical analysis of a sample of methyl acetate provides the following elemental data: 48.64% carbon (C), 8.16% hydrogen (H), and 43.20% oxygen (O). For the purposes of determining empirical formulas, it\'s assumed that we have 100 grams of the compo... | 293 | Empirical formula | 1 |
10,074 | # Epitaph
}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Globalize|article|Western culture|date=March 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
An **epitaph** (`{{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἐπιτάφιος}}'' (epitáphios)|a funeral oration}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{etymology||''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἐπι-}}'' (epi-)|at, over||''{{wikt-lang|grc|τ... | 409 | Epitaph | 0 |
10,074 | # Epitaph
## History
The history of epitaphs extends as far back as the ancient Egyptians and have differed in delivery. The ancient Greeks utilised emotive expression, written in elegiac verse, later in prose. Ancient Romans\' use of epitaphs was more blunt and uniform, typically detailing facts of the deceased -- a... | 757 | Epitaph | 1 |
10,080 | # European Convention on Nationality
The **European Convention on Nationality** (E.T.S. No. 166) was signed in Strasbourg on 6 November 1997. It is a comprehensive convention of the Council of Europe dealing with the law of nationality. The convention is open for signature by the member States of the Council of Europe... | 597 | European Convention on Nationality | 0 |
10,087 | # European Currency Unit
The **European Currency Unit** (*Unité de compte européenne*, *Unidad Monetaria Europea*, *Europäische Währungseinheit*`{{Hsp}}`{=mediawiki}; ⟨**`{{char|₠}}`{=mediawiki}**⟩, **ECU**, or **XEU**) was a unit of account used by the European Economic Community and composed of a basket of member co... | 379 | European Currency Unit | 0 |
10,087 | # European Currency Unit
## Euro replaces the ECU {#euro_replaces_the_ecu}
### Legal implications {#legal_implications}
Due to the ECU being used in some international financial transactions, there was a concern that foreign courts might not recognize the euro as the legal successor to the ECU. This was unlikely to b... | 370 | European Currency Unit | 1 |
10,088 | # Eastern Caribbean dollar
The **Eastern Caribbean dollar** (symbol: **EC\$**; code: **XCD**) is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbrevi... | 416 | Eastern Caribbean dollar | 0 |
10,088 | # Eastern Caribbean dollar
## History
Queen Anne\'s proclamation of 1704 was the first attempt to introduce sterling currency to the British West Indies, however it failed to displace the existing Spanish dollar currency system right up until the late 1870s. In 1822, the British government coined `{{1/4}}`{=mediawiki... | 1,398 | Eastern Caribbean dollar | 1 |
10,103 | # Electroweak interaction
In particle physics, the **electroweak interaction** or **electroweak force** is the unified description of two of the fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism (electromagnetic interaction) and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low e... | 474 | Electroweak interaction | 0 |
10,103 | # Electroweak interaction
## Formulation
upright=1.25\|thumb\|Weinberg\'s weak mixing angle `{{mvar|θ}}`{=mediawiki}`{{sub|W}}`{=mediawiki}, and relation between coupling constants `{{mvar|g, g′}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{mvar|e}}`{=mediawiki}. Adapted from Lee (1981). upright=1.25\|thumb\|The pattern of weak isospin, `{... | 566 | Electroweak interaction | 1 |
10,103 | # Electroweak interaction
## Lagrangian
### Before electroweak symmetry breaking {#before_electroweak_symmetry_breaking}
The Lagrangian for the electroweak interactions is divided into four parts before electroweak symmetry breaking manifests,
: $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{EW}} = \mathcal{L}_g + \mathcal{L}_f + \mathca... | 943 | Electroweak interaction | 2 |
10,105 | # Erasmus Reinhold
**Erasmus Reinhold** (22 October 1511 -- 19 February 1553) was a German astronomer and mathematician, considered to be the most influential astronomical pedagogue of his generation. He was born and died in Saalfeld, Saxony.
He was educated, under Jacob Milich, at the University of Wittenberg, where... | 358 | Erasmus Reinhold | 0 |
10,118 | # Ezra Abbot
**Ezra Abbot** (April 28, 1819, Jackson, Maine`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}March 21, 1884, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American biblical scholar.
## Life and writings {#life_and_writings}
Abbot was born at Jackson, Maine, April 28, 1819; son of Ezra and Phebe Abbot. He was educated at Phillips Exe... | 491 | Ezra Abbot | 0 |
10,119 | # Edwin Abbott Abbott
**Edwin Abbott Abbott** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA}}`{=mediawiki} (20 December 1838 -- 12 October 1926) was an English schoolmaster, theologian, and Anglican priest, best known as the author of the novella *Flatland* (1884).
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Edwin Ab... | 431 | Edwin Abbott Abbott | 0 |
10,120 | # Emma Abbott
**Emma Abbott** (December 9, 1850 -- January 5, 1891) was an American operatic soprano and impresario known for her pure, clear voice of great flexibility and volume.
## Early life {#early_life}
Emma Abbott was born in 1850 in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of the struggling Chicago musician Seth Abbo... | 668 | Emma Abbott | 0 |
10,125 | # Emperor Shōmu
was the 45th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Shōmu\'s reign spanned the years 724 through 749, during the Nara period.
## Traditional narrative {#traditional_narrative}
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (*imina*) is not clearly kno... | 652 | Emperor Shōmu | 0 |
10,125 | # Emperor Shōmu
## Traditional narrative {#traditional_narrative}
### Timeline
- **724** (*Jinki 1*): Emperor Shōmu rises to throne.
- **740** (*Tenpyō 12, 8th month*): In the Imperial court in Nara, Kibi no Makibi and Genbō conspire to discredit Fujiwara no Hirotsugu, who is *Dazai shoni* in Kyushu.
- **740** ... | 861 | Emperor Shōmu | 1 |
10,125 | # Emperor Shōmu
## Consorts and children {#consorts_and_children}
- Empress (Kōgō): Fujiwara Asukabehime (藤原 安宿媛), Fujiwara no Fuhito's daughter
- Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Abe (阿倍内親王) later Empress Kōken
- First Son: Prince Motoi (基王, 727--728)
- *Bunin*: Agatainukai no Hirotoji (県犬養広刀自, d.7... | 185 | Emperor Shōmu | 2 |
10,126 | # Emperor Kanmu
, or **Kammu**, was the 50th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Kammu reigned from 781 to 806, and it was during his reign that the scope of the emperor\'s powers reached its peak. His reign saw the transition from the Nara period to the Heian period.
## Traditional na... | 421 | Emperor Kanmu | 0 |
10,126 | # Emperor Kanmu
## Traditional narrative {#traditional_narrative}
### Events of Kammu\'s life {#events_of_kammus_life}
Kammu was an active emperor who attempted to consolidate government hierarchies and functions. Kammu appointed Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758--811) to lead a military expedition against the Emishi.
- ... | 403 | Emperor Kanmu | 1 |
10,126 | # Emperor Kanmu
## Politics
### Domestic relations {#domestic_relations}
Earlier Imperial sponsorship of Buddhism, beginning with Prince Shōtoku (574--622), had led to a general politicization of the clergy, along with an increase in intrigue and corruption. In 784 Kammu shifted his capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō ... | 466 | Emperor Kanmu | 2 |
10,126 | # Emperor Kanmu
## Politics
### Foreign relations {#foreign_relations}
#### China
Kammu also sponsored the travels of the monks Saichō and Kūkai to China, from where they returned to found the Japanese branches of, respectively, Tendai and Shingon Buddhism.
#### Korea
He was specifically interested in Baekje (and ... | 398 | Emperor Kanmu | 3 |
10,126 | # Emperor Kanmu
## Kugyō
is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinn... | 918 | Emperor Kanmu | 4 |
10,126 | # Emperor Kanmu
## Legacy
In 2001, Japan\'s emperor Akihito told reporters \"I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea\", given the fact that it is recorded in the *Chronicles of Japan* that the Emperor Kammu\'s mother was one of the descendant of King Muryong of Baekje (462--523). It was the first time that a... | 100 | Emperor Kanmu | 5 |
10,134 | # Electromagnetic spectrum
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`` | 20 | Electromagnetic spectrum | 0 |
10,141 | # Erinyes
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Clytemnestra tries to awaken the sleeping Erinyes. Detail from an Apulian red-figure bell-krater, 380--370 BC. `{{Greek underworld}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Contains special characters |special=[[Linear B Syllabary|Linear B Unicode characters]] |fix=Help:Multilingual_support#Linear B |characters=... | 450 | Erinyes | 0 |
10,141 | # Erinyes
## Description
The Erinyes live in Erebus and are more ancient than any of the Olympian deities. Their task is to hear complaints brought by mortals against the insolence of the young to the aged, of children to parents, of hosts to guests, and of householders or city councils to suppliants---and to punish ... | 457 | Erinyes | 1 |
10,141 | # Erinyes
## Cult
Pausanias describes a sanctuary in Athens dedicated to the Erinyes under the name Semnai:
> Hard by \[the Areopagos the murder court of Athens\] is a sanctuary of the goddesses which the Athenians call the August, but Hesiod in the Theogony calls them Erinyes (Furies). It was Aeschylus who first re... | 436 | Erinyes | 2 |
10,141 | # Erinyes
## In ancient Greek literature {#in_ancient_greek_literature}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Orestes at Delphi, flanked by Athena and Pylades, among the Erinyes and priestesses of the oracle. Paestan red-figure bell-krater, c. 330 BC.
Myth fragments dealing with the Erinyes are found among the earliest extant records... | 596 | Erinyes | 3 |
10,142 | # Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair
**Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair**, in the County of Aberdeen, in the County of Meath and in the County of Argyll, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 4 January 1916 for John Hamilton-Gordon, 7th Earl of Aberdeen.
## Family history {#family_history}
#... | 707 | Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair | 0 |
10,142 | # Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair
## Family history {#family_history}
### Other family members {#other_family_members}
Numerous other members of the Gordon family have also gained distinction. The Hon. William Gordon (died 1816), eldest son from the third marriage of the second Earl, was a general in the Army. The Ho... | 500 | Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair | 1 |
10,142 | # Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair
## Earls of Aberdeen (1682) {#earls_of_aberdeen_1682}
: *Other titles (1st Earl onwards): Viscount of Formartine (Sc 1682), Lord Haddo, Methlick, Tarves and Kellie (Sc 1682)*
: *Other titles (4th Earl onwards): Viscount Gordon (UK 1814)*
- George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen (... | 517 | Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair | 2 |
10,168 | # Eusebius of Alexandria
**Eusebius of Alexandria** (*Εὐσέβιος*) was a 6th-century Christian author to whom certain extant homilies are attributed.
## Biography
Nothing is known of the author. In all events, he was not a patriarch of Alexandria, as is affirmed in an early biography,`{{clarify|what is "MPG"?|date=Feb... | 637 | Eusebius of Alexandria | 0 |
10,175 | # Estampie
The **estampie** (*estampie*, Occitan and *estampida*, *istanpitta*) is a medieval dance and musical form which was a popular instrumental and vocal form in the 13th and 14th centuries. The name was also applied to poetry.
## Musical form {#musical_form}
The estampie is similar in form to the lai, consist... | 536 | Estampie | 0 |
10,190 | # Eusebius of Nicomedia
**Eusebius of Nicomedia** (`{{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|s|iː|b|i|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Εὐσέβιος*; died 341) was an Arian priest who baptised Constantine the Great on his deathbed in 337. A fifth-century legend evolved that Pope Sylvester I was the one to baptise Constantine, but this is dismissed by schola... | 350 | Eusebius of Nicomedia | 0 |
10,190 | # Eusebius of Nicomedia
## Relationship with Arius {#relationship_with_arius}
Like Arius, he was a pupil of Lucian of Antioch, and it is probable that he held the same views as Arius from the very beginning; he was also one of Arius\' most fervent supporters and encourager. It was also because of this relationship th... | 604 | Eusebius of Nicomedia | 1 |
10,201 | # Exothermic process
In thermodynamics, an **exothermic process** (`{{etymology|grc|''{{Wikt-lang|grc|έξω}}'' ({{grc-transl|έξω}})|outward||''{{Wikt-lang|grc|θερμικός}}'' ({{grc-transl|θερμικός}})|thermal}}`{=mediawiki}) is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, u... | 682 | Exothermic process | 0 |
10,201 | # Exothermic process
## Implications for chemical reactions {#implications_for_chemical_reactions}
Chemical exothermic reactions are generally more spontaneous than their counterparts, endothermic reactions.
In a thermochemical reaction that is exothermic, the heat may be listed among the products of the reaction | 39 | Exothermic process | 1 |
10,207 | # Émile Baudot
**Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot** (`{{IPA|fr|eˈmil boˈdo|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 11 September 1845 -- 28 March 1903), French telegraph engineer and inventor of the first means of digital communication Baudot code, was one of the pioneers of telecommunications. He invented a multiplexed printing telegraph syste... | 707 | Émile Baudot | 0 |
10,207 | # Émile Baudot
## Later career {#later_career}
After the first success of his system, Baudot was promoted to Controller in 1880, and was named Inspector-Engineer in 1882.
In July 1887 he conducted successful tests on the Atlantic telegraph cable between Weston-super-Mare and Waterville, Nova Scotia operated by the C... | 879 | Émile Baudot | 1 |
10,211 | # Economic security
**Economic security** or financial security is the condition of having stable income or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the foreseeable future. It includes:
- probable continued solvency
- predictability of the future cash flow of a person or other economic entity, s... | 365 | Economic security | 0 |
10,211 | # Economic security
## National economic security {#national_economic_security}
In the context of domestic politics and international relations, **national economic security** is the ability of a country to follow its choice of policies to develop the national economy in the manner desired. Historically, conquest of ... | 519 | Economic security | 1 |
10,217 | # Eth, Nord
**Eth** (`{{IPA|fr|ɛt}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
It is about 10 km east-southeast of Valenciennes. Residents are called Ethois (feminine plural Ethoises) | 30 | Eth, Nord | 0 |
10,221 | # Euphrates
The **Euphrates** (`{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Euphrates.ogg|juː|ˈ|f|r|eɪ|t|iː|z}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|yoo|FRAY|teez}}`{=mediawiki}; see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of West Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (`{{lit... | 425 | Euphrates | 0 |
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