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11,424 | # Flag
## Railway flags {#railway_flags}
Railways use a number of coloured flags. When used as wayside signals they usually use the following meanings (exact meanings are set by the individual railroad company):
- red = stop
- yellow = proceed with caution
- green or white = proceed.
- a flag of any colour w... | 275 | Flag | 8 |
11,424 | # Flag
## Flagpoles
A flagpole, flagmast, flagstaff, or staff can be a simple support made of wood or metal. If it is taller than can be easily reached to raise the flag, a cord is used, looping around a pulley at the top of the pole with the ends tied at the bottom. The flag is fixed to one lower end of the cord, an... | 709 | Flag | 9 |
11,424 | # Flag
## Flags in communication {#flags_in_communication}
Semaphore is a form of communication that utilises flags. The signalling is performed by an individual using two flags (or lighted wands), the positions of the flags indicating a symbol. The person who holds the flags is known as the signalman. This form of c... | 162 | Flag | 10 |
11,425 | # Father Dougal McGuire
**Father Dougal McGuire** is a character in the Channel 4 sitcom *Father Ted*. Created by Arthur Mathews and Graham Linehan, Dougal was portrayed by comedian Ardal O\'Hanlon for the programme\'s three series. The character is a childlike, simple-minded Roman Catholic curate exiled to Craggy Isl... | 500 | Father Dougal McGuire | 0 |
11,425 | # Father Dougal McGuire
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
References to Dougal\'s family are rare. In \"Grant Unto Him Eternal Rest\", he mentions that his parents are dead, and also refers to an uncle who died after his heart stopped beating for a week. It is unclear how Dougal entere... | 714 | Father Dougal McGuire | 1 |
11,425 | # Father Dougal McGuire
## Reception and legacy {#reception_and_legacy}
After the first episode aired, Ben Thompson of *The Independent* singled out O\'Hanlon as \"the real star of the show\", and said that Dougal\'s \"holy-fool innocence\" as \"worthy of James Stewart\". Writing for the *Irish Examiner*, Ed Power sa... | 179 | Father Dougal McGuire | 2 |
11,432 | # Full moon
The **full moon** is the lunar phase when the Moon appears fully illuminated from Earth\'s perspective. This occurs when Earth is located between the Sun and the Moon (when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180°). This means that the lunar hemisphere facing Earth---the near side---is co... | 336 | Full moon | 0 |
11,432 | # Full moon
## Characteristics
A full moon is often thought of as an event of a full night\'s duration, although its phase seen from Earth continuously waxes or wanes, and is full only at the instant when waxing ends and waning begins. For any given location, about half of these maximum full moons may be visible, whi... | 651 | Full moon | 1 |
11,432 | # Full moon
## In folklore and tradition {#in_folklore_and_tradition}
In Buddhism, Vesak is celebrated on the full moon day of the Vaisakha month, marking the birth, enlightenment, and the death of the Buddha.
In Arabic, badr (بدر ) means \'full moon\', but it is often translated as \'white moon\', referring to The ... | 852 | Full moon | 2 |
11,432 | # Full moon
## In folklore and tradition {#in_folklore_and_tradition}
### Full moon names {#full_moon_names}
#### Native American {#native_american}
Age of Adonxs}} Various 18th and 19th century writers gave what were claimed to be Native American or First Nations moon names. These were not the names of the full moon... | 1,154 | Full moon | 3 |
11,432 | # Full moon
## Lunar and lunisolar calendars {#lunar_and_lunisolar_calendars}
Most pre-modern calendars the world over were lunisolar, combining the solar year with the lunation by means of intercalary months. The Julian calendar abandoned this method in favour of a purely solar reckoning while conversely the 7th-cen... | 314 | Full moon | 4 |
11,433 | # Film format
A **film format** is a technical definition of a set of standard characteristics regarding image capture on photographic film for still images or film stock for filmmaking. It can also apply to projected film, either slides or movies. The primary characteristic of a film format is its size and shape.
In... | 104 | Film format | 0 |
11,439 | # Faster-than-light
**Faster-than-light** (**superluminal** or **supercausal**) travel and communication are the conjectural propagation of matter or information faster than the speed of light in vacuum (`{{mvar|'''c'''}}`{=mediawiki}). The special theory of relativity implies that only particles with zero rest mass (... | 1,000 | Faster-than-light | 0 |
11,439 | # Faster-than-light
## Superluminal travel of non-information {#superluminal_travel_of_non_information}
### Phase velocities above *c* {#phase_velocities_above_c}
The phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave, when traveling through a medium, can routinely exceed *c*, the vacuum velocity of light. For example, this o... | 727 | Faster-than-light | 1 |
11,439 | # Faster-than-light
## Superluminal travel of non-information {#superluminal_travel_of_non_information}
### Quantum mechanics {#quantum_mechanics}
Certain phenomena in quantum mechanics, such as quantum entanglement, might give the superficial impression of allowing communication of information faster than light. Acc... | 895 | Faster-than-light | 2 |
11,439 | # Faster-than-light
## Superluminal communication {#superluminal_communication}
Faster-than-light communication is, according to relativity, equivalent to time travel. What we measure as the speed of light in vacuum (or near vacuum) is actually the fundamental physical constant *c*. This means that all inertial and, ... | 388 | Faster-than-light | 3 |
11,439 | # Faster-than-light
## Justifications
### Casimir vacuum and quantum tunnelling {#casimir_vacuum_and_quantum_tunnelling}
Special relativity postulates that the speed of light in vacuum is invariant in inertial frames. That is, it will be the same from any frame of reference moving at a constant speed. The equations ... | 627 | Faster-than-light | 4 |
11,439 | # Faster-than-light
## Justifications
### Spacetime distortion {#spacetime_distortion}
Although the theory of special relativity forbids objects to have a relative velocity greater than light speed, and general relativity reduces to special relativity in a local sense (in small regions of spacetime where curvature is... | 855 | Faster-than-light | 5 |
11,439 | # Faster-than-light
## Justifications
### OPERA neutrino anomaly {#opera_neutrino_anomaly}
On September 22, 2011, a preprint from the OPERA Collaboration indicated detection of 17 and 28 GeV muon neutrinos, sent 730 kilometers (454 miles) from CERN near Geneva, Switzerland to the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Ita... | 168 | Faster-than-light | 6 |
11,439 | # Faster-than-light
## Tachyons
In special relativity, it is impossible to accelerate an object `{{em|to}}`{=mediawiki} the speed of light, or for a massive object to move `{{em|at}}`{=mediawiki} the speed of light. However, it might be possible for an object to exist which `{{em|always}}`{=mediawiki} moves faster th... | 412 | Faster-than-light | 7 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
__
/ \
/|oo \
(_| /_)
_`@/_ \ _
| | \ \\
| (*) | \ ))
______ |__U__| / \//
/ FIDO \ _//|| _\ /
(________... | 293 | FidoNet | 0 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## History
### Origins
There are two major accounts of the development of the FidoNet, differing only in small details.
#### Tom Jennings\' account {#tom_jennings_account}
Around Christmas 1983, Tom Jennings started work on a new bulletin board system that would emerge as Fido BBS. It was called \"Fido\"... | 1,039 | FidoNet | 1 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## History
### Nets and nodes {#nets_and_nodes}
Growth continued to accelerate, and by the spring of 1985, the system was already reaching its limit of 250 nodes. In addition to the limits on the growth of what was clearly a popular system, nodelist maintenance continued to grow more and more time-consuming... | 798 | FidoNet | 2 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## History
### Echomail
Sometime during the evolution of Fido, file attachments were added to the system, allowing a file to be referenced from an email message. During the normal exchange between two instances of FIDONET, any files attached to the messages in the packets were delivered after the packet its... | 482 | FidoNet | 3 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## History
### Zones and points {#zones_and_points}
The evolution towards the net/node addressing scheme was also useful for reducing communications costs between continents, where time zone differences on either end of the connection might also come into play. For instance, the best time to forward mail in... | 943 | FidoNet | 4 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## History
### Resurgence
Around 2014, a retro movement led to a slow increase in internet-connected BBS and nodes. Telnet, rlogin, and SSH are being used between systems. This means the user can telnet to any BBS worldwide as cheaply as ones next door. Also, Usenet and internet mail has been added, along w... | 224 | FidoNet | 5 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## Technical structure {#technical_structure}
FidoNet was historically designed to use modem-based dial-up access between bulletin board systems, and much of its policy and structure reflected this.
The FidoNet system officially referred only to the transfer of *Netmail*---the individual private messages b... | 804 | FidoNet | 6 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## Technical structure {#technical_structure}
### Routing of FidoNet mail {#routing_of_fidonet_mail}
In a theoretical situation, a node would normally forward messages to a *hub*. The hub, acting as a distribution point for mail, might then send the message to the Net Coordinator. From there it may be sent ... | 630 | FidoNet | 7 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## Technical structure {#technical_structure}
### Points
As the number of messages in Echomail grew over time, it became very difficult for users to keep up with the volume while logged into their local BBS. *Points* were introduced to address this, allowing technically savvy users to receive the already co... | 654 | FidoNet | 8 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## FidoNet deployments {#fidonet_deployments}
Most FidoNet deployments were designed in a modular fashion. A typical deployment would involve several applications that would communicate through shared files and directories, and switch between each other through carefully designed scripts or batch files. How... | 906 | FidoNet | 9 |
11,442 | # FidoNet
## FidoNet availability {#fidonet_availability}
While the use of FidoNet has dropped dramatically compared with its use up to the mid-1990s, it is still used`{{as of?|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} in many countries and especially Russia and former republics of the USSR. Some BBSes, including those that are n... | 175 | FidoNet | 10 |
11,459 | # Frédéric Bazille
**Jean Frédéric Bazille** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ fʁedeʁik bazij}}`{=mediawiki}; December 6, 1841 -- November 28, 1870) was a French Impressionist painter. Many of Bazille\'s major works are examples of figure painting in which he placed the subject figure within a landscape painted *en plein air*.
## Life ... | 573 | Frédéric Bazille | 0 |
11,459 | # Frédéric Bazille
## Gallery
<File:Bazille>, Frédéric - Self Portrait.jpeg\|*Self Portrait,* unknown date <File:Frédéric> Bazille Study of Trees.jpg\|*Study of Trees*, 1863 <File:Jean> Frédéric Bazille - Reclining Nude - 1864.jpg\|*Reclining Nude*, 1864 <File:Frédéric> Bazille - The Pink Dress - Google Art Project.j... | 321 | Frédéric Bazille | 1 |
11,460 | # Ford Madox Brown
**Ford Madox Brown** (16 April 1821 -- 6 October 1893) was a British painter of moral and historical subjects, notable for his distinctively graphic and often Hogarthian version of the Pre-Raphaelite style. Arguably, his most notable painting was *Work* (1852--1865). Brown spent the latter years of ... | 288 | Ford Madox Brown | 0 |
11,460 | # Ford Madox Brown
## Works
The Tate Gallery holds an early example of Brown\'s work, a portrait of his father. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1840, a work inspired by Lord Byron\'s poem *The Giaour* (now lost) and then completed a version of *The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots*, with his cousin and fu... | 784 | Ford Madox Brown | 1 |
11,460 | # Ford Madox Brown
## Family
Ford Madox Brown was married twice. His first wife Elizabeth Bromley was his first cousin, the daughter of his mother\'s sister Mary. They were married in Meopham in Kent in April 1841, shortly before his 20th birthday and less than a year after the sudden death of his sister Elizabeth. T... | 375 | Ford Madox Brown | 2 |
11,460 | # Ford Madox Brown
## Death
Brown\'s second wife died in October 1890, and he died in Primrose Hill, north London, in 1893. He is buried in the St Pancras and Islington Cemetery in East Finchley. He was given a secular funeral, and the funeral oration was delivered by the American Moncure D. Conway, the secularist af... | 370 | Ford Madox Brown | 3 |
11,463 | # Francis van Aarssens
**Baron Francis van Aarssens** or **Baron François van Aerssen** (27 September 1572 - 27 December 1641), from 1611 on lord of Sommelsdijk, was a diplomat and statesman of the United Provinces.
## Biography
He was born in Brussels, the son of Cornelis van Aarsens, also a statesman. His talents ... | 243 | Francis van Aarssens | 0 |
11,467 | # Flash Crowd
\"**Flash Crowd**\" is a 1973 English-language novella by science fiction author Larry Niven, one of a series about the social consequence of inventing an instant, practically free displacement booth.
One consequence not foreseen by the builders of the system was that with the almost immediate reporting... | 608 | Flash Crowd | 0 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
**Fuerteventura** (`{{IPA|es|ˌfweɾteβenˈtuɾa|lang|Pronunciation of Fuerteventura in Spanish.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, geographically part of Macaronesia, and politically part of Spain. It is located 97 km away from the coast of North Africa. The island was... | 302 | Fuerteventura | 0 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## History
### Precolonial history {#precolonial_history}
The first settlers of Fuerteventura are believed to have come from North Africa. The word *Mahorero* (*Majorero*) or *Maho* is still used today to describe the people of Fuerteventura and is derived from the ancient word \'mahos\', a type of g... | 990 | Fuerteventura | 1 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Flag
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The coat of arms of Fuerteventura was prescribed by a Decree adopted on 15 October 1998 by the Government of the Canary Islands and published on 11 November 1998 in the official gazette of the Canary Islands, No. 142, pp. 13,432--13,433. It was adopted on 24 Ap... | 192 | Fuerteventura | 2 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Geography
### Environment
The elongated island is 100 km long and 31 km wide. It has an area of 1660 km2.
Located just 100 km off the coast of North Africa, it is the second biggest of the islands, after Tenerife, and has the longest white sand beaches in the archipelago. The island is a destinat... | 1,123 | Fuerteventura | 3 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Geography
### Geology
Fuerteventura is the oldest island in the Canary Islands dating back 20 million years to a volcanic eruption from the Canary hotspot. The majority of the island was created about 5 million years ago and since then has been eroded by wind and precipitation. On the seabed off th... | 463 | Fuerteventura | 4 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Demographics
### Population
The island had a population of 124,152 at the start of 2023. Throughout its long history, Fuerteventura has suffered from a population decline due to the economic situation and the climate, which have made it into a desert island. However, the development of tourism dur... | 702 | Fuerteventura | 5 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Economy
Both Fuerteventura and Lanzarote would have been the main exporters of wheat and cereals to the central islands of the archipelago during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries; Tenerife and Gran Canaria. However, this trade was of little benefit to the inhabitants of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura... | 468 | Fuerteventura | 6 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Art and culture {#art_and_culture}
### Traditional holidays {#traditional_holidays}
Like the rest of the Canaries, Carnival is traditionally one of the biggest festivals celebrated on the island. It is celebrated in different ways in all the towns during February and March. These festivities have ... | 514 | Fuerteventura | 7 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Main sights {#main_sights}
Sites of interest include Corralejo and El Jable to the north which are made up of fine sand dunes whilst the south is filled with long beaches and remote bays. The constant winds blowing onto the beaches provide a paradise for windsurfing. Surfing is common on the west a... | 499 | Fuerteventura | 8 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Transport and communications {#transport_and_communications}
The main methods of arriving and departing the islands are by flying and by ferry.
### Airports
The airport is the main access point to the island. It is situated in El Matorral, 5 km southwest of the capital city Puerto del Rosario. Th... | 383 | Fuerteventura | 9 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Sport
Many sports are commonly played in Fuerteventura, both in the open air and in sports centres across the island.
### Native sports {#native_sports}
These are the Canarian sports found on the island:
#### Canarian wrestling {#canarian_wrestling}
The wrestling takes place in a ring of sand c... | 363 | Fuerteventura | 10 |
11,475 | # Fuerteventura
## Sport
### Watersports
The sea and climate conditions make the island the perfect place for a huge variety of watersports.
#### Surfing, windsurfing and kitesurfing {#surfing_windsurfing_and_kitesurfing}
Many types of surfing are popular on the island, including traditional surfing, windsurfing (w... | 727 | Fuerteventura | 11 |
11,478 | # Free verse
**Free verse** is an open form of poetry which does not use a prescribed or regular meter or rhyme and tends to follow the rhythm of natural or irregular speech. Free verse encompasses a large range of poetic form, and the distinction between free verse and other forms (such as prose) is often ambiguous.
... | 646 | Free verse | 0 |
11,478 | # Free verse
## Vers libre {#vers_libre}
**Vers libre** is a free-verse poetic form of flexibility, complexity, and naturalness created in the late 19th century in France, in 1886. It was largely through the activities of *La Vogue*, a weekly journal founded by Gustave Kahn, as well as the appearance of a band of poe... | 692 | Free verse | 1 |
11,478 | # Free verse
## Antecedents
As the French-language term *vers libre* suggests, this technique of using more irregular cadences is often said to have its origin in the practices of 19th-century French poets such as Gustave Kahn and Jules Laforgue, in his *Derniers vers* of 1890. Taupin, the US-based French poet and cr... | 454 | Free verse | 2 |
11,488 | # Furlong
A **furlong** is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one-eighth of a mile, equivalent to any of 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains, or approximately 201 metres. It is now mostly confined to use in horse racing, where in many countries`{{which|date=September... | 859 | Furlong | 0 |
11,488 | # Furlong
## Use
In Myanmar furlongs are currently used in conjunction with miles to indicate distances on highway signs. Mileposts on the Yangon--Mandalay Expressway use miles and furlongs.
In the rest of the world the furlong has very limited use, with the notable exception of horse racing in most English-speaking... | 343 | Furlong | 1 |
11,488 | # Furlong
## Definition of length {#definition_of_length}
The exact length of the furlong varies slightly among English-speaking countries. In Canada and the United Kingdom, which define the furlong in terms of the international yard of exactly 0.9144 metres, a furlong is 201.168 m. Australia does not formally define... | 179 | Furlong | 2 |
11,490 | # Fundamental frequency
The **fundamental frequency**, often referred to simply as the ***fundamental*** (abbreviated as **`{{var|f}}`{=mediawiki}~0~** or **`{{var|f}}`{=mediawiki}~1~** ), is defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. In music, the fundamental is the musical pitch of a note that is percei... | 408 | Fundamental frequency | 0 |
11,490 | # Fundamental frequency
## In music {#in_music}
In music, the fundamental is the musical pitch of a note that is perceived as the lowest partial present. The fundamental may be created by vibration over the full length of a string or air column, or a higher harmonic chosen by the player. The fundamental is one of the... | 466 | Fundamental frequency | 1 |
11,494 | # History of the Federated States of Micronesia
thumb\|upright=2\|A map of the Federated States of Micronesia. The Federated States of Micronesia are located on the Caroline Islands in the western Pacific Ocean. The history of the modern Federated States of Micronesia is one of settlement by Micronesians; colonization... | 826 | History of the Federated States of Micronesia | 0 |
11,494 | # History of the Federated States of Micronesia
## Pre-colonial history {#pre_colonial_history}
### Pohnpei and Saudeleur rule {#pohnpei_and_saudeleur_rule}
On Pohnpei, pre-colonial history is divided into three eras: *Mwehin Kawa* or *Mwehin Aramas* (Period of Building, or Period of Peopling, before c. 1100); *Mwehi... | 429 | History of the Federated States of Micronesia | 1 |
11,494 | # History of the Federated States of Micronesia
## Empire of Japan {#empire_of_japan}
During World War I, many of the German possessions in the Pacific were conquered by Japan, who fought on the side of the Allies of World War I and was active in the Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I.
The Empire of Japan admi... | 484 | History of the Federated States of Micronesia | 2 |
11,495 | # Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia
The **politics of the Federated States of Micronesia** (FSM) takes place in a framework of a federal assembly-independent representative democratic republic. The President of the Federated States of Micronesia is both head of state and head of government. Executive powe... | 681 | Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia | 0 |
11,495 | # Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia
## Government Agencies {#government_agencies}
The government of Micronesia includes national agencies to serve the Micronesian people. The FSM Social Security Administration, FSM Telecommunications Corporation, Office of the Public Auditor, and FSM PetroCorp are indepe... | 282 | Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia | 1 |
11,496 | # Geography of the Federated States of Micronesia
**Geography of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)**, a country located in the western Pacific Ocean, and in the Micronesia cultural and ecological sub-region of Oceania. While its total land area is very small at 702 km2, it has the 14th largest exclusive economi... | 632 | Geography of the Federated States of Micronesia | 0 |
11,497 | # Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia
Demographic features of the population of the Federated States of Micronesia include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. The indigenous population of the Federated States ... | 353 | Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia | 0 |
11,498 | # Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia
The economic activity of the Federated States of Micronesia consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness... | 548 | Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia | 0 |
11,499 | # Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia
This article is about communications systems in the Federated States of Micronesia.
In 2010, Pohnpei State was connected to the Internet using the HANTRU-1 undersea communications cable to provide high-speed bandwidth. Kosrae State, Chuuk State, and Yap State... | 339 | Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia | 0 |
11,501 | # Transportation in the Federated States of Micronesia
**Railways:** 0 km
**Highways:**\
*total:* 388 km\
*paved:* 42 km\
*unpaved:* 198 km (1996 est | 23 | Transportation in the Federated States of Micronesia | 0 |
11,513 | # Fort William, Scotland
**Fort William** is a town in the Lochaber region of the Scottish Highlands, located on the eastern shore of Loch Linnhe in the Highland Council of Scotland.
At the 2011 census, Fort William had a population of 15,757, making it the second-largest settlement both in the Highland council area ... | 353 | Fort William, Scotland | 0 |
11,513 | # Fort William, Scotland
## History
Historically, the Fort William area of Lochaber was old Clan Chattan and then Clan Cameron country, and there were a number of mainly Cameron settlements in the area (such as Blarmacfoldach). Before the building of the fort, Inverlochy was the main local settlement and was also the... | 358 | Fort William, Scotland | 1 |
11,513 | # Fort William, Scotland
## Geography
The town lies at the southern end of the Great Glen. Fort William lies near the head of Loch Linnhe, one of Scotland\'s longest sea lochs, beside the mouth of the rivers Nevis and Lochy. They join in the intertidal zone and briefly become one river before discharging to the sea. ... | 409 | Fort William, Scotland | 2 |
11,513 | # Fort William, Scotland
## Geography
### Climate
Fort William has an oceanic climate (*Cfb*) with moderate, but generally cool, temperatures and abundant precipitation. In the towns immediate vicinity, there are significant variations in elevation, which leads to some uninhabited areas near the town having a subpola... | 779 | Fort William, Scotland | 3 |
11,513 | # Fort William, Scotland
## Transport
Trains - The West Highland Line passes through Fort William. Owing to the difficult terrain in the area, the line from Glasgow to the south enters from the north-east. Trains from Glasgow to Mallaig, the terminus of the line, have to reverse at Fort William railway station. An ov... | 669 | Fort William, Scotland | 4 |
11,513 | # Fort William, Scotland
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Danny Alexander (born 1972), the former Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Liberal Democrat MP for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey. Brought up in Invergarry, a small village near Fort William.
- Colonel Hugh Cochrane (1829--1884), recipient... | 182 | Fort William, Scotland | 5 |
11,516 | # Financial rand
The South African **financial rand** was the most visible part of a system of capital controls. Although the financial rand was abolished in March 1995, some capital controls remain in place. These capital controls are locally referred to as \"exchange controls\", although the system has since 1995 mo... | 429 | Financial rand | 0 |
11,517 | # List of FIPS country codes
This is a list of FIPS 10-4 country codes for *Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions*.
The two-letter country codes were used by the US government for geographical data processing in many publications, such as the CIA World Fac... | 181 | List of FIPS country codes | 0 |
11,522 | # Fly-by-wire
**Fly-by-wire** (**FBW**) is a system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals, and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provid... | 872 | Fly-by-wire | 0 |
11,522 | # Fly-by-wire
## History
Servo-electrically operated control surfaces were first tested in the 1930s on the Soviet Tupolev ANT-20. Long runs of mechanical and hydraulic connections were replaced with wires and electric servos.
In 1934, Karl Otto Altvater filed a patent about the automatic-electronic system, which fl... | 656 | Fly-by-wire | 1 |
11,522 | # Fly-by-wire
## Digital systems {#digital_systems}
A digital fly-by-wire flight control system can be extended from its analog counterpart. Digital signal processing can receive and interpret input from multiple sensors simultaneously (such as the altimeters and the pitot tubes) and adjust the controls in real time.... | 973 | Fly-by-wire | 2 |
11,522 | # Fly-by-wire
## Digital systems {#digital_systems}
### Applications
- Concorde was the first production fly-by-wire aircraft with analog control.
- The General Dynamics F-16 was the first production aircraft to use digital fly-by-wire controls.
- The Space Shuttle orbiter had an all-digital fly-by-wire control... | 168 | Fly-by-wire | 3 |
11,522 | # Fly-by-wire
## Engine digital control {#engine_digital_control}
The advent of FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control) engines permits operation of the flight control systems and autothrottles for the engines to be fully integrated. On modern military aircraft other systems such as autostabilization, navigatio... | 746 | Fly-by-wire | 4 |
11,527 | # Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms
In abstract algebra, the **fundamental theorem on homomorphisms**, also known as the **fundamental homomorphism theorem**, or the **first isomorphism theorem**, relates the structure of two objects between which a homomorphism is given, and of the kernel and image of the homomorp... | 543 | Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms | 0 |
11,527 | # Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms
## Applications
The group theoretic version of the fundamental homomorphism theorem can be used to show that two selected groups are isomorphic. Two examples are shown below.
### Integers modulo *n* {#integers_modulo_n}
For each `{{tmath|1= n \in \mathbb{N} }}`{=mediawiki}, co... | 279 | Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms | 1 |
11,543 | # Firmin Abauzit
**Firmin Abauzit** (11 November 1679`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}20 March 1767) was a French scholar who worked on physics, theology and philosophy, and served as librarian in Geneva (Republic of Geneva) during his final 40 years. Abauzit is also notable for proofreading or correcting the writings of Isaac Ne... | 405 | Firmin Abauzit | 0 |
11,543 | # Firmin Abauzit
## Legacy
Abauzit was a man of great learning and of wonderful versatility. Whatever chanced to be discussed, it used to be said of Abauzit that he seemed to have made it a subject of particular study. Rousseau, who was jealously sparing of his praises, addressed to him, in his *Julie, ou la nouvelle... | 285 | Firmin Abauzit | 1 |
11,547 | # Furigana
is a Japanese reading aid consisting of smaller kana (syllabic characters) printed either above or next to kanji (logographic characters) or other characters to indicate their pronunciation. It is one type of ruby text. Furigana is also known as `{{nihongo|'''yomigana'''|読み仮名}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nihongo|'... | 982 | Furigana | 0 |
11,547 | # Furigana
## Usage
Furigana are most commonly used in works for children, who may not have sufficiently advanced reading skills to recognize the kanji, but can understand the word when written phonetically in hiragana. Because children learn hiragana before katakana, in books for very young children, there are hirag... | 702 | Furigana | 1 |
11,547 | # Furigana
## Usage
### Other effects {#other_effects}
Furigana unrelated to the kanji they are assigned to are often used to convey certain effects, rather than to denote a phonetic guide, especially in manga, anime, video games, and tabletop games. This usage is known as *義訓* *gikun* (see also Kanji#Special reading... | 465 | Furigana | 2 |
11,547 | # Furigana
## Usage
### Okurigana
Okurigana are kana that appear inline at normal size following kanji stems, typically to complete and to inflect adjectives and verbs. In this use they may also help to disambiguate kanji with multiple readings; for example, *上がる* (*あがる*, *agaru*) vs. *上る* (*のぼる*, *noboru*). Unlike f... | 205 | Furigana | 3 |
11,552 | # Frederick Abel
**Sir Frederick Augustus Abel, 1st Baronet** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCVO|KCB|FRS}}`{=mediawiki} (17 July 1827`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}6 September 1902) was an English chemist who was recognised as the leading British authority on explosives. He is best known for the invention of cordite as a replace... | 842 | Frederick Abel | 0 |
11,552 | # Frederick Abel
## Books
- [*Handbook of Chemistry*](https://archive.org/details/handbookofchemis00abelrich) (with C. L. Bloxam)
- *The Modern History of Gunpowder* (1866)
- *Gun-cotton* (1866)
- *On Explosive Agents* (1872)
- *Researches in Explosives* (1875)
-
- *Electricity applied to Explosive Pur... | 54 | Frederick Abel | 1 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
**Father Christmas** is the traditional English name for the personification of Christmas. Although now known as a Christmas gift-bringer, and typically considered to be synonymous with Santa Claus, he was originally part of a much older and unrelated English folkloric tradition. The recognisably mo... | 744 | Father Christmas | 0 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 17th century---religion and politics {#th_centuryreligion_and_politics}
### Puritan criticisms {#puritan_criticisms}
Early 17th century writers used the techniques of personification and allegory as a means of defending Christmas from attacks by radical Protestants.
Responding to a perceived d... | 1,145 | Father Christmas | 1 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 18th century---a low profile {#th_centurya_low_profile}
As interest in Christmas customs waned, Father Christmas\'s profile declined. He still continued to be regarded as Christmas\'s presiding spirit, although his occasional earlier associations with the Lord of Misrule died out with the disapp... | 516 | Father Christmas | 2 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 19th century---revival {#th_centuryrevival}
During the Victorian period, Christmas customs enjoyed a significant revival, including the figure of Father Christmas himself as the emblem of \'good cheer\'. His physical appearance at this time became more variable, and he was by no means always por... | 671 | Father Christmas | 3 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 19th century---revival {#th_centuryrevival}
### Later 19th century mumming {#later_19th_century_mumming}
Old Father Christmas continued to make his annual appearance in Christmas folk plays throughout the 19th century, his appearance varying considerably according to local custom. Sometimes, as ... | 504 | Father Christmas | 4 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 19th century---revival {#th_centuryrevival}
### Santa Claus crosses the Atlantic {#santa_claus_crosses_the_atlantic}
The figure of Santa Claus had originated in the US, drawing at least partly upon Dutch St Nicolas traditions. A New York publication of 1821, *A New-Year's Present*, contained an ... | 602 | Father Christmas | 5 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 19th century---revival {#th_centuryrevival}
### Merger with Santa Claus {#merger_with_santa_claus}
As the US-inspired customs became popular in England, Father Christmas started to take on Santa Claus\'s attributes. His costume became more standardised, and although depictions often still showed... | 702 | Father Christmas | 6 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 19th century---revival {#th_centuryrevival}
### Merger with Santa Claus {#merger_with_santa_claus}
#### As secret nocturnal visitor {#as_secret_nocturnal_visitor}
The nocturnal visitor aspect of the American myth took much longer to become naturalised. From the 1840s it had been accepted readily... | 937 | Father Christmas | 7 |
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