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11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 20th century {#th_century}
Any residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the new century, and it was reported in 1915, \"The majority of children to-day \... do not know of any difference between our old Father Christmas and the compa... | 491 | Father Christmas | 8 |
11,561 | # Father Christmas
## 21st century {#st_century}
Modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous. The respective characters are now to all intents and purposes indistinguishable, although some people are still said to prefer the term \'Father Christmas\' over \'Santa Claus\', ... | 102 | Father Christmas | 9 |
11,563 | # Federal jurisdiction (United States)
**Federal jurisdiction** refers to the legal scope of the government\'s powers in the United States of America.
The United States is a federal republic, governed by the U.S. Constitution, containing fifty states and a federal district which elect the President and Vice President... | 344 | Federal jurisdiction (United States) | 0 |
11,563 | # Federal jurisdiction (United States)
## Judicial branch {#judicial_branch}
The American legal system includes both state courts and federal courts. State courts hear cases involving state law, and such federal laws as are not restricted to hearing in federal courts. Federal courts may only hear cases where federal ... | 482 | Federal jurisdiction (United States) | 1 |
11,564 | # Fossil Record
***Fossil Record*** is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering palaeontology. It was established in 1998 as the ***Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe*** and originally published on behalf of the Museum für Naturkunde by Wiley-VCH. On 1 January ... | 97 | Fossil Record | 0 |
11,569 | # Frequency modulation synthesis
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 3, column 2):
unexpected '+'
|+ '''FM synthesis using 2 operators'''
^
`` | 23 | Frequency modulation synthesis | 0 |
11,585 | # Show Me Love (film)
***Show Me Love*** (*\'\'\'Fucking Åmål\'\'\'*) is a 1998 Swedish romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Lukas Moodysson in his feature-length directorial debut. It stars Rebecka Liljeberg and Alexandra Dahlström as two seemingly disparate teenage girls who begin a tentative romantic ... | 825 | Show Me Love (film) | 0 |
11,585 | # Show Me Love (film)
## Title
The original title of the film, *Fucking Åmål*, refers to the girls\' feelings about their small town: In a key scene, Elin shouts in desperation \"*varför måste vi bo i fucking jävla kuk-Åmål?*\" (which roughly translates to \"why do we have to live in fucking bloody cock-Åmål?\").
Ac... | 678 | Show Me Love (film) | 1 |
11,585 | # Show Me Love (film)
## Reception
### Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
\|- ! rowspan=\"24\" \| 1999 \| rowspan=\"2\" \| Amanda Award \| Best Foreign Feature Film \| *Fucking Åmål*, director Lukas Moodysson \| `{{won}}`{=mediawiki} \| \|- \| Best Nordic Feature Film \| Lukas Moodysson \| `{{nom}}`{=me... | 479 | Show Me Love (film) | 2 |
11,603 | # Frances Abington
**Frances Abington** (`{{nee|'''Barton'''}}`{=mediawiki}; 1737 -- 4 March 1815) was an English actress who was also known for her sense of fashion. Writer and politician Horace Walpole described her as one of the finest actors of their time, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan was said to have written the... | 593 | Frances Abington | 0 |
11,621 | # Futurama (New York World's Fair)
**Futurama** was an exhibit and ride at the 1939 New York World\'s Fair designed by Norman Bel Geddes, which presented a possible model of the world 20 years into the future (1959--1960). The installation was sponsored by the General Motors Corporation and was characterized by automa... | 718 | Futurama (New York World's Fair) | 0 |
11,621 | # Futurama (New York World's Fair)
## Reception
Before General Motors invited Bel Geddes to submit a proposal for the exhibit, they had planned to put in another production line as was featured at their exhibit in the Century of Progress Exposition of 1933 in Chicago. However, after they heard Bel Geddes outline his ... | 279 | Futurama (New York World's Fair) | 1 |
11,621 | # Futurama (New York World's Fair)
## Legacy
Multiple Federal-Aid Highway Act bills of legislation, which led to the Interstate Highway System, were influenced by massive attendance at Futurama that helped to popularize the concept of modern interstate highways.
The General Motors pavilion at the 1964 New York World... | 171 | Futurama (New York World's Fair) | 2 |
11,634 | # Field extension
In mathematics, particularly in algebra, a **field extension** is a pair of fields $K \subseteq L$, such that the operations of *K* are those of *L* restricted to *K*. In this case, *L* is an **extension field** of *K* and *K* is a **subfield** of *L*. For example, under the usual notions of addition... | 749 | Field extension | 0 |
11,634 | # Field extension
## Examples
The field of complex numbers $\Complex$ is an extension field of the field of real numbers $\R$, and $\R$ in turn is an extension field of the field of rational numbers $\Q$. Clearly then, $\Complex/\Q$ is also a field extension. We have $[\Complex:\R] =2$ because $\{1, i\}$ is a basis, ... | 564 | Field extension | 1 |
11,634 | # Field extension
## Algebraic extension {#algebraic_extension}
An element *x* of a field extension $L/K$ is algebraic over *K* if it is a root of a nonzero polynomial with coefficients in *K*. For example, $\sqrt 2$ is algebraic over the rational numbers, because it is a root of $x^2-2.$ If an element *x* of *L* is ... | 394 | Field extension | 2 |
11,634 | # Field extension
## Transcendental extension {#transcendental_extension}
Given a field extension $L/K$, a subset *S* of *L* is called algebraically independent over *K* if no non-trivial polynomial relation with coefficients in *K* exists among the elements of *S*. The largest cardinality of an algebraically indepen... | 750 | Field extension | 3 |
11,634 | # Field extension
## Extension of scalars {#extension_of_scalars}
Given a field extension, one can \"extend scalars\" on associated algebraic objects. For example, given a real vector space, one can produce a complex vector space via complexification. In addition to vector spaces, one can perform extension of scalars... | 106 | Field extension | 4 |
11,644 | # Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)
The **Fourth Council of Constantinople** was held in 879--880. It confirmed the reinstatement of Photius I as patriarch of Constantinople.
The result of this council is accepted by the Eastern Orthodox as having the authority of an ecumenical council. Eastern Orth... | 315 | Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox) | 0 |
11,644 | # Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)
## Council of 879--880 {#council_of_879880}
After the death of Ignatius in 877, the Emperor made Photius again Patriarch of Constantinople. A council was convened in 879, held at Constantinople, comprising the representatives of all the five patriarchates, includi... | 323 | Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox) | 1 |
11,644 | # Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)
## Confirmation and further reception {#confirmation_and_further_reception}
The council was held in the presence of papal legates, who approved of the proceedings.
Roman Catholic historian Francis Dvornik argues that the pope accepted the acts of the council and ... | 292 | Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox) | 2 |
11,652 | # Fred Brooks
**Frederick Phillips Brooks Jr.** (April 19, 1931 -- November 17, 2022) was an American computer architect, software engineer, and computer scientist, best known for managing development of IBM\'s System/360 family of mainframe computers and the OS/360 software support package, then later writing candidl... | 567 | Fred Brooks | 0 |
11,652 | # Fred Brooks
## Career and research {#career_and_research}
### Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
In chronological order:
- Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1968)
- W. Wallace McDowell Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Computer Art, IEEE Computer Group (1970)
- Computer S... | 362 | Fred Brooks | 1 |
11,656 | # Figured bass
**Figured bass** is musical notation in which numerals and symbols appear above or below (or next to) a bass note. The numerals and symbols (often accidentals) indicate intervals, chords, and non-chord tones that a musician playing piano, harpsichord, organ, or lute (or other instruments capable of play... | 655 | Figured bass | 0 |
11,656 | # Figured bass
## Figured bass notation {#figured_bass_notation}
A part notated with figured bass consists of a bass line notated with notes on a musical staff plus added numbers and accidentals (or in some cases (back)slashes added to a number) beneath the staff to indicate what intervals above the bass notes should... | 865 | Figured bass | 1 |
11,656 | # Figured bass
## Figured bass notation {#figured_bass_notation}
### Accidentals
When an accidental is shown on its own without a number, it applies to the note a third above the lowest note; most commonly, this is the third of the chord. Otherwise, if a number is shown, the accidental affects the said interval. For ... | 371 | Figured bass | 2 |
11,656 | # Figured bass
## Figured bass notation {#figured_bass_notation}
### Example in context {#example_in_context}
:
| 14 | Figured bass | 3 |
11,656 | # Figured bass
## Contemporary uses {#contemporary_uses}
In the 20th and 21st century, figured bass is also sometimes used by classical musicians as a shorthand way of indicating chords when a composer is sketching out ideas for a new piece or when a music student is analyzing the harmony of a notated piece of music ... | 264 | Figured bass | 4 |
11,659 | # Fourier analysis
thumb\|upright=1.5\| Bass guitar time signal of open string A note (55 Hz). thumb\|upright=1.5\| Fourier transform of bass guitar time signal of open string A note (55 Hz). Fourier analysis reveals the oscillatory components of signals and functions. `{{Fourier transforms}}`{=mediawiki}
In mathemat... | 349 | Fourier analysis | 0 |
11,659 | # Fourier analysis
## Applications
Fourier analysis has many scientific applications -- in physics, partial differential equations, number theory, combinatorics, signal processing, digital image processing, probability theory, statistics, forensics, option pricing, cryptography, numerical analysis, acoustics, oceanog... | 727 | Fourier analysis | 1 |
11,659 | # Fourier analysis
## Variants of Fourier analysis {#variants_of_fourier_analysis}
### (Continuous) Fourier transform {#continuous_fourier_transform}
Most often, the unqualified term **Fourier transform** refers to the transform of functions of a continuous real argument, and it produces a continuous function of fre... | 1,041 | Fourier analysis | 2 |
11,659 | # Fourier analysis
## Variants of Fourier analysis {#variants_of_fourier_analysis}
### Summary
For periodic functions, both the Fourier transform and the DTFT comprise only a discrete set of frequency components (Fourier series), and the transforms diverge at those frequencies. One common practice (not discussed abov... | 265 | Fourier analysis | 3 |
11,659 | # Fourier analysis
## Symmetry properties {#symmetry_properties}
When the real and imaginary parts of a complex function are decomposed into their even and odd parts, there are four components, denoted below by the subscripts RE, RO, IE, and IO. And there is a one-to-one mapping between the four components of a compl... | 811 | Fourier analysis | 4 |
11,659 | # Fourier analysis
## Fourier transforms on arbitrary locally compact abelian topological groups {#fourier_transforms_on_arbitrary_locally_compact_abelian_topological_groups}
The Fourier variants can also be generalized to Fourier transforms on arbitrary locally compact Abelian topological groups, which are studied i... | 94 | Fourier analysis | 5 |
11,669 | # Functional linguistics
**Functional linguistics** is an approach to the study of language characterized by taking systematically into account the speaker\'s and the hearer\'s side, and the communicative needs of the speaker and of the given language community. Linguistic functionalism spawned in the 1920s to 1930s f... | 332 | Functional linguistics | 0 |
11,669 | # Functional linguistics
## History
### 1920s to 1970s: early developments {#s_to_1970s_early_developments}
The establishment of functional linguistics follows from a shift from structural to functional explanation in 1920s sociology. Prague, at the crossroads of western European structuralism and Russian formalism,... | 850 | Functional linguistics | 1 |
11,669 | # Functional linguistics
## Functional explanation {#functional_explanation}
In the functional mode of explanation, a linguistic structure is explained with an appeal to its function. Functional linguistics takes as its starting point the notion that communication is the primary purpose of language. Therefore, genera... | 516 | Functional linguistics | 2 |
11,669 | # Functional linguistics
## Frameworks
There are several distinct grammatical frameworks that employ a functional approach.
- The structuralist functionalism of the Prague school was the earliest functionalist framework developed in the 1920s.
- André Martinet\'s Functional Syntax, with two major books, *A funct... | 428 | Functional linguistics | 3 |
11,684 | # Fundamental analysis
**Fundamental analysis**, in accounting and finance, is the analysis of a business\'s financial statements (usually to analyze the business\'s assets, liabilities, and earnings); health; competitors and markets. It also considers the overall state of the economy and factors including interest ra... | 759 | Fundamental analysis | 0 |
11,684 | # Fundamental analysis
## Procedures
The analysis of a business\'s health starts with a financial statement analysis that includes financial ratios. It looks at dividends paid, operating cash flow, new equity issues and capital financing. The earnings estimates and growth rate projections published widely by Thomson ... | 427 | Fundamental analysis | 1 |
11,690 | # Fantasy Games Unlimited
**Fantasy Games Unlimited** (**FGU**) is a publishing house for tabletop and role-playing games. The company has no in-house design teams and relies on submitted material from outside talent.
## History
Founded in the summer of 1975 in Jericho, New York by Scott Bizar, the company\'s first ... | 266 | Fantasy Games Unlimited | 0 |
11,691 | # Functional decomposition
In engineering, **functional decomposition** is the process of resolving a functional relationship into its constituent parts in such a way that the original function can be reconstructed (i.e., recomposed) from those parts.
This process of decomposition may be undertaken to gain insight in... | 541 | Functional decomposition | 0 |
11,691 | # Functional decomposition
## Machine learning {#machine_learning}
In practical scientific applications, it is almost never possible to achieve perfect functional decomposition because of the incredible complexity of the systems under study. This complexity is manifested in the presence of \"noise,\" which is just a ... | 707 | Functional decomposition | 1 |
11,702 | # Flirting
**Flirting** or **coquetry** is a social and sexual behavior involving body language, or spoken or written communication between humans. It is used to suggest interest in a deeper relationship with another person and for amusement. Flirting can change in intention as well as intensity, whether it is harmles... | 829 | Flirting | 0 |
11,702 | # Flirting
## Cultural variations {#cultural_variations}
Flirting behavior varies between cultures due to different modes of social etiquette, such as how closely people should stand, how long to hold eye contact, how much touching is appropriate and so forth. Nonetheless, some behaviors may be universal. Ethologist ... | 459 | Flirting | 1 |
11,705 | # Franklin J. Schaffner
**Franklin James Schaffner** (May 30, 1920`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}July 2, 1989) was an American film, television, and stage director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for *Patton* (1970), and is known for the films *Planet of the Apes* (1968), *Nicholas and Alexandra* (1971), *P... | 553 | Franklin J. Schaffner | 0 |
11,705 | # Franklin J. Schaffner
## Feature films {#feature_films}
### Early films {#early_films}
In January 1960 Schaffner signed a multi picture deal with Columbia Pictures.
In May 1961 he signed to make *A Summer Place* at 20th Century Fox with Fabian and Dolores Hart. The film was not made. Schaffner directed *The Good ... | 522 | Franklin J. Schaffner | 1 |
11,705 | # Franklin J. Schaffner
## Frequent collaborators {#frequent_collaborators}
Jerry Goldsmith composed the music for seven of his films: *The Stripper*, *Planet of the Apes*, *Patton*, *Papillon*, *Islands in the Stream*, *The Boys from Brazil* and *Lionheart*. Four of them were nominated for the Academy Award for Best... | 514 | Franklin J. Schaffner | 2 |
11,705 | # Franklin J. Schaffner
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
### Film {#film_1}
Year Title Academy Awards Golden Globe Awards
------------- -------------------------- ---------------- ------ ---------------------
Nominations Wins Nom... | 310 | Franklin J. Schaffner | 3 |
11,709 | # False etymology
A **false etymology** (**fake etymology** or **pseudo-etymology**) is a false theory about the origin or derivation of a specific word or phrase. When a false etymology becomes a popular belief in a cultural/linguistic community, it is a **folk etymology** (or **popular etymology**). Nevertheless, fo... | 361 | False etymology | 0 |
11,723 | # Freddy Heineken
**Alfred Henry Heineken** (4 November 1923 -- 3 January 2002) was a Dutch businessman for Heineken International, the brewing company created in 1864 by his grandfather Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. He served as chairman of the board of directors and CEO from 1971 until 1989. After his retire... | 593 | Freddy Heineken | 0 |
11,745 | # Farmer Giles of Ham
***Farmer Giles of Ham*** is a comic medieval fable written by J. R. R. Tolkien in 1937 and published in 1949. The story describes the encounters between Farmer Giles and a wily dragon named Chrysophylax, and how Giles manages to use these to rise from humble beginnings to rival the king of the l... | 274 | Farmer Giles of Ham | 0 |
11,745 | # Farmer Giles of Ham
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Farmer Giles (*Ægidius Ahenobarbus Julius Agricola de Hammo*, \"Giles Redbeard Julius, Farmer of Ham\") is fat and red-bearded and enjoys a slow, comfortable life. A rather deaf and short-sighted giant blunders on to his land, and Giles manages to send him away wi... | 387 | Farmer Giles of Ham | 1 |
11,745 | # Farmer Giles of Ham
## Analysis
### Quasi-realistic geographical setting {#quasi_realistic_geographical_setting}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Sketch map of real places in and around Oxfordshire in the English midlands, used for the \"Little Kingdom\" of *Farmer Giles of Ham*.
Tolkien, a philologist, sprinkled philological... | 903 | Farmer Giles of Ham | 2 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
A vast number of freshwater species have successfully adapted to live in aquariums. This list gives some examples of the most common species found in home aquariums.
## Catfish
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Armored catf... | 1,311 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 0 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Catfish
+-----------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 1,040 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 1 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Catfish
+------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------... | 759 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 2 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Characoids
------------
**Tetras**
------------
+--------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 1,394 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 3 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Characoids
+--------------------------+----------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------+-------------------+----------+----------------+
| Common name | Scientific name ... | 768 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 4 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Cichlids
--------------------------
**Lake Malawi cichlids**
--------------------------
+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------... | 740 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 5 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Cichlids
+----------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------... | 1,272 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 6 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Cichlids
+-----------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 906 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 7 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Cyprinids
-----------
**Barbs**
-----------
+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------... | 1,311 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 8 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Cyprinids
+--------------------------+-------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------+-------------------+----------+----------------+
| Common name | Scientific name | I... | 495 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 9 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Loaches
-------------
**Loaches**
-------------
+-------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 770 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 10 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Live-bearers {#live_bearers}
-------------------------
**Guppies and mollies**
-------------------------
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------... | 760 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 11 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Killifish
-------------------------
**African killifishes**
-------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+----... | 555 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 12 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Labyrinth fish {#labyrinth_fish}
-------------
**Gourami**
-------------
+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------... | 1,245 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 13 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Rainbowfish
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 481 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 14 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Gobies and sleepers {#gobies_and_sleepers}
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 464 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 15 |
11,748 | # List of freshwater aquarium fish species
## Other fish {#other_fish}
+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 1,594 | List of freshwater aquarium fish species | 16 |
11,751 | # Foresight Institute
The **Foresight Institute** (Foresight) is a San Francisco-based research non-profit that promotes the development of nanotechnology and other emerging technologies, such as safe AGI, biotech and longevity.
Foresight runs four cross-disciplinary program tracks to research, advance, and govern ma... | 682 | Foresight Institute | 0 |
11,752 | # List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species
This is a list of invertebrates, animals without a backbone, that are commonly kept in freshwater aquaria by hobby aquarists. Numerous shrimp species of various kinds, crayfish, a number of freshwater snail species, and at least one freshwater clam species are found i... | 867 | List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species | 0 |
11,754 | # Fonni
**Fonni** (*Fonne*) is a town and *comune* in Sardinia, in the province of Nuoro (Italy).
It is the highest town in Sardinia, and situated among fine scenery with some chestnut woods. Fonni is a winter sports centre with a ski lift to Monte Spada and Bruncu Spina.
## Etymology
The term \"Fonni/-e\" probably... | 233 | Fonni | 0 |
11,757 | # Fast combat support ship
The **fast combat support ship** (US Navy hull classification symbol: **AOE**) is a type of replenishment auxiliary ship. Different from traditional logistic ships, the fast combat support ship is designed with high speed to keep up with the carrier battle group/carrier strike group, while t... | 486 | Fast combat support ship | 0 |
11,758 | # FASA
**FASA Corporation** was an American publisher of role-playing games, wargames and board games between 1980 and 2001, after which they closed publishing operations for several years, becoming an IP holding company under the name FASA Inc. In 2012, a wholly owned subsidiary called FASA Games Inc. went into opera... | 489 | FASA | 0 |
11,758 | # FASA
## Current status and intellectual property {#current_status_and_intellectual_property}
FASA unexpectedly ceased active operations on April 30, 2001, but still exists as a corporation holding intellectual property rights, which it licenses to other publishers. Contrary to popular belief, the company did not go... | 508 | FASA | 1 |
11,761 | # McDonnell FH Phantom
The **McDonnell FH Phantom** is a twinjet, straight-wing, carrier-based fighter aircraft designed and first flown during late World War II for the United States Navy. As a first-generation jet fighter, the Phantom was the first purely jet-powered aircraft to land on an American aircraft carrier{... | 1,175 | McDonnell FH Phantom | 0 |
11,761 | # McDonnell FH Phantom
## Operational history {#operational_history}
The first Phantoms were delivered to USN fighter squadron VF-17A (later redesignated VF-171) in August 1947; the squadron received a full complement of 24 aircraft on 29 May 1948. Beginning in November 1947, Phantoms were delivered to United States ... | 628 | McDonnell FH Phantom | 1 |
11,761 | # McDonnell FH Phantom
## Variants
XFD-1
: Company designation **Model 11A**, prototype aircraft powered by 1165 lbf Westinghouse 19XB-2B engines (J-30). Two built.
FH-1 (FD-1)
: Company designation **Model 23**, production version with 1600 lbf Westinghouse J30-WE-20 engines (originally designated FD-1). 60 bui... | 305 | McDonnell FH Phantom | 2 |
11,762 | # Fricative
A **fricative** is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of `{{IPA|[f]}}`{=mediawiki}; the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German `{{IPA|[x]}}`{=... | 820 | Fricative | 0 |
11,762 | # Fricative
## Types
### Pseudo-fricatives {#pseudo_fricatives}
- voiceless glottal transition, as in English *hat*
- breathy-voiced glottal transition
In many languages, such as English or Korean, the glottal \"fricatives\" are unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fri... | 400 | Fricative | 1 |
11,762 | # Fricative
## Occurrence
Until its extinction, Ubykh may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including `{{IPA|/h/}}`{=mediawiki}), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the IPA. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants... | 359 | Fricative | 2 |
11,762 | # Fricative
## Acoustics
Fricatives appear in waveforms as somewhat random noise caused by the turbulent airflow, upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced. Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back. The centre of gra... | 86 | Fricative | 3 |
11,763 | # Frost
thumb\|upright=1.35\|A patch of grass showing three zones. `{{ordered list|
|crystalline frost in the below-freezing shade (blue, lower right)
|frost in the warming but still below freezing strip most recently exposed to sunlight (white, center)
|frost-free region: here, the previous frost has melted from a mo... | 676 | Frost | 0 |
11,763 | # Frost
## Formation
If a solid surface is chilled below the dew point of the surrounding humid air, and the surface itself is colder than freezing, ice will form on it. If the water deposits as a liquid that then freezes, it forms a coating that may look glassy, opaque, or crystalline, depending on its type. Dependi... | 345 | Frost | 1 |
11,763 | # Frost
## Types
### Hoar frost {#hoar_frost}
`{{anchor|hoarfrost_anchor}}`{=mediawiki} **Hoar frost**, also **hoarfrost**, **radiation frost**, or **pruina**, refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. They form on cold, clear nights when co... | 1,043 | Frost | 2 |
11,763 | # Frost
## Types
### Rime
**Rime** is a type of ice deposition that occurs quickly, often under heavily humid and windy conditions. Technically speaking, it is not a type of frost, since usually supercooled water drops are involved, in contrast to the formation of hoar frost, in which water vapour desublimates slowly... | 166 | Frost | 3 |
11,763 | # Frost
## Effect on plants {#effect_on_plants}
### Damage
Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get; a \"light frost\" of -2 to damages fewer types of plants than a \"hard frost\" below -2 C.
Plants l... | 709 | Frost | 4 |
11,763 | # Frost
## Frost-free areas {#frost_free_areas}
Frost-free areas are found mainly in the lowland tropics, where they cover almost all land except at altitudes above about 3000 m near the equator and around 2000 m in the semiarid areas in tropical regions. Some areas on the oceanic margins of the subtropics are also f... | 537 | Frost | 5 |
11,774 | # Field ion microscope
The **field-ion microscope** (FIM) was invented by Müller in 1951. It is a type of microscope that can be used to image the arrangement of atoms at the surface of a sharp metal tip.
On October 11, 1955, Erwin Müller and his Ph.D. student, Kanwar Bahadur (Pennsylvania State University) observed ... | 277 | Field ion microscope | 0 |
11,774 | # Field ion microscope
## Design, limitations and applications {#design_limitations_and_applications}
FIM like field-emission microscopy (FEM) consists of a sharp sample tip and a fluorescent screen (now replaced by a multichannel plate) as the key elements. However, there are some essential differences as follows:
... | 597 | Field ion microscope | 1 |
11,788 | # Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
**Frederick I of Ansbach and Bayreuth** (also known as **Frederick V**; *Friedrich V. von Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach* or *Friedrich der Ältere*; 8 May 1460 -- 4 April 1536) was born at Ansbach as the eldest son of Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg by his second wife A... | 562 | Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach | 0 |
11,795 | # Felsic
In geology, **felsic** is a modifier describing igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz. It is contrasted with mafic rocks, which are richer in magnesium and iron. Felsic refers to silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as s... | 560 | Felsic | 0 |
11,801 | # Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
**Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti** (`{{IPA|it|fiˈlippo tomˈmaːzo mariˈnetti|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 22 December 1876 -- 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet, editor, art theorist and founder of the Futurist movement. He was associated with the utopian and Symbolist artistic and literary comm... | 289 | Filippo Tommaso Marinetti | 0 |
11,801 | # Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
## Futurism
Marinetti and Constantin Brâncuși were visitors of the Abbaye de Créteil around 1908, along with young writers like Roger Allard (one of the first to defend Cubism), Pierre Jean Jouve and Paul Castiaux, who wanted to publish their works through the Abbaye. The Abbaye de Créteil... | 1,166 | Filippo Tommaso Marinetti | 1 |
11,801 | # Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
## Marriage
After an extended courtship, in 1923`{{Disputed inline|Marriage|date=June 2022}}`{=mediawiki} Marinetti married Benedetta Cappa (1897--1977), a writer and painter and a pupil of Giacomo Balla. Born in Rome, she had joined the Futurists in 1917. They had met in 1918, moved in to... | 1,141 | Filippo Tommaso Marinetti | 2 |
11,801 | # Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
## Writings
- Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, *Il Fascino dell\'Egitto (The Charm of Egypt),* A. Mondadori -- Editore, 1933, <https://archive.org/details/marinetti_fascino_1933A/page/n3/mode/2up>, [Italian version available online](https://archive.org/details/marinetti-il-fascino-dellegitto-... | 272 | Filippo Tommaso Marinetti | 3 |
11,806 | # Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
**Foix--Alajouanine syndrome**, also called **subacute ascending necrotizing myelitis**, is a disease caused by an arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord. In particular, most cases involve dural arteriovenous malformations that present in the lower thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. The... | 270 | Foix–Alajouanine syndrome | 0 |
11,807 | # Ferromagnetism
`{{Condensed matter physics}}`{=mediawiki} **Ferromagnetism** is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materia... | 552 | Ferromagnetism | 0 |
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